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6866889 | Zázrivá | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zázrivá | Zázrivá
Zázrivá
Zázrivá is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia. It is located in the Orava region, around 35 km from Žilina and 20 km from Dolný Kubín. It was first mentioned in 1556.
# Etymology.
The name means "envied" (a village envied by others).
# External links.
- Zázrivá village website (in Slovak and English) | 6,122,400 |
6866874 | Powder of sympathy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powder%20of%20sympathy | Powder of sympathy
Powder of sympathy
Powder of sympathy was a form of sympathetic medicine, current in the 17th century in Europe, whereby a remedy was applied to the weapon that had caused a wound with the aim of healing the injury it had made. Weapon salve was a preparation, again applied to the weapon, but based on material from the wounded patient rather than on any remedy for the wound.
# History.
The method was first proposed by Rudolf Goclenius, Jr. and was later expanded upon by Sir Kenelm Digby. In 1658, Digby held a discourse on the sympathetic powder before the University of Montpellier.
The powder is said to have consisted of green vitriol, first dissolved in water and afterward recrystallized | 6,122,401 |
6866874 | Powder of sympathy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powder%20of%20sympathy | Powder of sympathy
or calcined in the sun. The Duke of Buckingham testified that Digby had healed his secretary of a gangrenous wound by simply soaking the bloody bandage in a solution of the powder (possibly due to the oligodynamic effect). Digby claimed to have got the secret remedy from a Carmelite monk in Florence, and attributed its potency to the fact that the sun's rays extracted the spirits of the blood and the vitriol, while, at the same time, the heat of the wound caused the healing principle thus produced to be attracted to it by means of a current of air — a sort of wireless therapy.
The powder was also applied to solve the longitude problem in the suggestion of an anonymous pamphlet of 1687 entitled | 6,122,402 |
6866874 | Powder of sympathy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powder%20of%20sympathy | Powder of sympathy
"Curious Enquiries." The pamphlet theorised that a wounded dog could be put aboard a ship, with the animal's discarded bandage left in the trust of a timekeeper on shore, who would then dip the bandage into the powder at a predetermined time and cause the creature to yelp, thus giving the captain of the ship an accurate knowledge of the time.
A weapon-salve (Latin unguentum armarium, Greek hoplocrisma) was a salve which was supposed to cure the wound, being applied to the weapon that made it. The salve consisted of the patient's blood and human fat, the wound itself being wrapped in wet lint. This doctrine was supported by Wilhelm Fabry, Robert Fludd, and Jan Baptist van Helmont, who attributed | 6,122,403 |
6866874 | Powder of sympathy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powder%20of%20sympathy | Powder of sympathy
rmined time and cause the creature to yelp, thus giving the captain of the ship an accurate knowledge of the time.
A weapon-salve (Latin unguentum armarium, Greek hoplocrisma) was a salve which was supposed to cure the wound, being applied to the weapon that made it. The salve consisted of the patient's blood and human fat, the wound itself being wrapped in wet lint. This doctrine was supported by Wilhelm Fabry, Robert Fludd, and Jan Baptist van Helmont, who attributed the cure to animal magnetism. The clergy held that the weapon cure was wrought by magic and the devil, and their view was set forth by William Foster in "Hoplocrisma Spongus, or a Sponge to Wipe away the Weapon-Salve" (1631). | 6,122,404 |
6866901 | Gokenin Zankurō | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gokenin%20Zankurō | Gokenin Zankurō
Gokenin Zankurō
From 1995 to 2002 "Gokenin Zankurō" was also a prime-time television series on the Fuji Television network in Japan. Ken Watanabe played the lead, with Kyōko Kishida as his mother and Mayumi Wakamura as the geisha (Tsutakichi in the series). Watanabe directed the final episode.
# External links.
- Fuji Television site | 6,122,405 |
6866893 | Feature story | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feature%20story | Feature story
Feature story
A feature story is a piece of non-fiction writing about news. A feature story is a type of soft news. The main sub-types are the "news feature" and the "human-interest story".
A feature story is distinguished from other types of non-fiction by the quality of the writing. Stories should be memorable for their reporting, crafting, creativity, and economy of expression.
# Style.
A feature story, as contrasted with straight news reporting, normally presents newsworthy events and information through a narrative story, complete with a plot and story characters. It differs from a short story primarily in that the content is not fictional. Like literature, the feature story relies upon | 6,122,406 |
6866893 | Feature story | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feature%20story | Feature story
creativity and subjectivity to make an emotional connection with the readers and may highlight some universal aspect of human nature. Unlike straight news, the feature story serves the purpose of entertaining the readers, in addition to informing them. Although truthful and based up good facts, they are less objective than straight news.
Unlike straight news, the subject of a feature story is usually not time sensitive. It generally features good news.
Feature stories are usually written in active voice, with an emphasis on lively, entertaining prose. Some forms, such as a "color story", uses description as the main mode.
# Published features and news.
Feature stories are stories with only | 6,122,407 |
6866893 | Feature story | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feature%20story | Feature story
one feature, but are creative and true. While the distinction between published features and news is often clear, when approached conceptually there are few hard boundaries between the two. It is quite possible to write a feature story in the style of a news story. Nevertheless, features do tend to take a more narrative approach, perhaps using opening paragraphs as scene-setting narrative hooks instead of the delivery of the most important facts. A feature story can be in a news article, a newspaper, and even online.
# Types.
In "The Universal Journalist", David Randall suggests the following categories of feature:
- Colour piece
- Fly on the wall
- Behind the scenes
- In disguise/undercover
- | 6,122,408 |
6866893 | Feature story | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feature%20story | Feature story
Interview
- Profile
- How-To
- Fact box / Chronology
- Backgrounder / A history of
- Full texts
- My testimony
- Analysis
- Vox pop / Expert roundup
- Opinion poll
- Review
Among sports writers, feature stories tend to be either human-interest stories or personality profiles of sports figures. A profile presents information about a person, but it differs from a biography by focusing on the person's personality or anecdotes, rather than the factual data about birth, education, or major achievements.
# See also.
- Documentary film
- Radio documentary
- Dictionary
- Language Arts
- Journalism
- Plot
- Setting
- Story
- Human interest story
# Further reading.
- Garrison, Bruce: | 6,122,409 |
6866893 | Feature story | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feature%20story | Feature story
under / A history of
- Full texts
- My testimony
- Analysis
- Vox pop / Expert roundup
- Opinion poll
- Review
Among sports writers, feature stories tend to be either human-interest stories or personality profiles of sports figures. A profile presents information about a person, but it differs from a biography by focusing on the person's personality or anecdotes, rather than the factual data about birth, education, or major achievements.
# See also.
- Documentary film
- Radio documentary
- Dictionary
- Language Arts
- Journalism
- Plot
- Setting
- Story
- Human interest story
# Further reading.
- Garrison, Bruce: "Professional Feature Writing." Routledge, 5th edition 2009. | 6,122,410 |
6866911 | Dlhá nad Oravou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dlhá%20nad%20Oravou | Dlhá nad Oravou
Dlhá nad Oravou
Dlhá nad Oravou is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia.
# See also.
- List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
# Genealogical resources.
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bytca, Slovakia"
- Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1697-1909 (parish B)
# External links.
- of living people in Dlha nad Oravou | 6,122,411 |
6866904 | My Country, My Country | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Country,%20My%20Country | My Country, My Country
My Country, My Country
My Country, My Country is a 2006 documentary film about Iraq under U.S. occupation by the filmmaker Laura Poitras.
# Film.
Laura Poitras spent over eight months working on her own and for some time following a US Army Civil Affairs team during the elections in Iraq filming the documentary. The film shows life in Iraq for average Iraqis under U.S. occupation. Poitras focuses primarily on Dr. Riyadh al-Adhadh, an Iraqi medical doctor, father of six and Sunni political candidate.
The film was well received by critics and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
The film had a limited U.S. theatrical release. The PBS program P.O.V. broadcast the | 6,122,412 |
6866904 | My Country, My Country | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Country,%20My%20Country | My Country, My Country
film in October 2006.
After completing the film, Poitras claims "Since completing My Country, My Country, I've been placed on the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) watch list" and to have been notified by airport security "that my 'threat rating' was the highest the Department of Homeland Security assigns". The film is one of three in a series, with the second being "The Oath" (2010). The third, "Citizenfour" (2014), focuses on the NSA's domestic surveillance programs. She is suing the U.S. government over her 40 detentions by US officials.
# See also.
- "Axis of Evil"
- "Baghdad or Bust"
- "Control Room"
- "Kill the Messenger"
- "The Unreturned"
- "War Feels Like War"
- "The | 6,122,413 |
6866904 | My Country, My Country | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Country,%20My%20Country | My Country, My Country
U.S. government over her 40 detentions by US officials.
# See also.
- "Axis of Evil"
- "Baghdad or Bust"
- "Control Room"
- "Kill the Messenger"
- "The Unreturned"
- "War Feels Like War"
- "The Oath"
- "Citizenfour", a 2014 documentary film directed by Laura Poitras about Edward Snowden and the first major disclosure of the National Security Agency's global surveillance system and its use against US citizens.
# External links.
- Laura Poitras Featured Video Interview: The Alcove with Mark Molaro
- Alternate Trailer site with the trailer.
- EPIC Ground Truth Project: Interview with Director Laura Poitras
- Joe M. O'Connell review in The Austin Chronicle
- Distributor's webpage. | 6,122,414 |
6866918 | Vyšný Kubín | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyšný%20Kubín | Vyšný Kubín
Vyšný Kubín
Vyšný Kubín (; ) is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia.
# Famous people.
- Margita Figuli, writer born in Vyšný Kubín
- Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, poet born in Vyšný Kubín
# External links.
- Vyšný Kubín village website (in Slovak) | 6,122,415 |
6866917 | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération%20Libanaise%20des%20Eclaireuses%20et%20des%20Guides | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
The Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides (FLEG, "Lebanese Federation of Girl Scouts and Girl Guides") () is the national Guiding organization of Lebanon. Guiding was introduced to Lebanon in 1937 and became a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) in 1954. The girls-only federation consists of five independent organizations with a total of 6,615 members(as of 2008).
# History.
Guiding in Lebanon started in 1937, when the Catholic "Association des Guides du Liban" (AGDL) was founded. The association followed mainly the program of the Guides de France. The "Guides de Liban" were admitted to WAGGGS | 6,122,416 |
6866917 | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération%20Libanaise%20des%20Eclaireuses%20et%20des%20Guides | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
as an associate member in 1954.
In 1957, a second organization was founded: the interreligious "Association des Eclaireuses du Liban" (AEL) which also sought international recognition. So both organizations joined and formed the "Organisation Nationale des Guides et des Eclaireuses du Liban" (ONGEL, National Organization of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts of Lebanon) in 1961. The WAGGGS membership was transferred to this joint organization, which became a full member in 1963. ONGEL was among the founding members of the WAGGGS-Arab Region in 1966.
Guiding continued even during the Lebanese Civil War from 1975 to 1990, but most activities on national and international level had to be stopped and | 6,122,417 |
6866917 | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération%20Libanaise%20des%20Eclaireuses%20et%20des%20Guides | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
membership dropped. After the end of the war new groups were founded and membership increased again. The end of the war marked also the beginning of contacts between ONGEL and a number of unrecognized Lebanese Guide associations. Thus led to the formation of the "Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides" in 1998 whose members were all unrecognized but wanted to adhere to WAGGGS.
During this process of adhesion both the AGDL and the AEL became members of the new federation. In 2005, five of the eight members of the federation were recognized by WAGGGS and the WAGGGS membership was finally transferred to the FLEG.
# Members.
Members of the federation are
- the "Association des Guides | 6,122,418 |
6866917 | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération%20Libanaise%20des%20Eclaireuses%20et%20des%20Guides | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
du Liban – Lebanese Girl Guides Association" (AGDL, Catholic)
- the "Association des Eclaireuses du Liban – Lebanese Girl Scouts Association" (AEL, interreligious)
- the "Association des Eclaireuses du Scout musulman au Liban" (Girl Scouts of the Muslim Scout Association of Lebanon)
- the "Association des Guides nationales orthodoxes – National Orthodox Guide Association" (GNO, Orthodox Christian)
- the "Association of Jarrah Guides" (interreligious)
During its formation the federation had up to eight member organizations. Three of them were not recognized by WAGGGS; among those were the "Masharih Girl Scouts Association" and the "Association of Guides for National Development".
# Program | 6,122,419 |
6866917 | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération%20Libanaise%20des%20Eclaireuses%20et%20des%20Guides | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
and ideals.
The Lebanese Guide organizations follow different program schemes that have to be recognized by the federation and by WAGGGS. All five members of the federation cooperate with the corresponding Boy Scout organizations who are all members of the Lebanese Scouting Federation.
## Association des Guides du Liban.
The association is divided in six branches, corresponding to age or needs:
- Farandoles (pre-Brownie section) – ages 6 and 7
- Jeannettes (Brownies) – ages 8 to 11
- Guides – ages 12 to 15
- Caravelles – ages 15 to 17
- Jeunes en Marche (Youth in movement) – ages 18 to 21
- Equipe Tournesol (Sunflower branch) – extension branch for Guides with special needs.
## Association | 6,122,420 |
6866917 | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération%20Libanaise%20des%20Eclaireuses%20et%20des%20Guides | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
des Eclaireuses du Liban.
The association is divided in three branches:
- Zahrat (Brownies) – ages 8 to 11
- Eclaireuses (Girl Scouts) – ages 12 to 14
- Caravelles – ages 15 to 17.
This association emphasizes on youth leadership; most leaders are between 17 and 22 years old.
# Emblems.
The membership badge of the Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides and many of the member Guide emblems incorporate the Cedar of Lebanon, the national symbol.
# See also.
- Lebanese Scouting Federation
# Further reading.
- World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau (1997), "Trefoil Round the World". Seventh Edition 1979.
- World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, | 6,122,421 |
6866917 | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération%20Libanaise%20des%20Eclaireuses%20et%20des%20Guides | Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
orate the Cedar of Lebanon, the national symbol.
# See also.
- Lebanese Scouting Federation
# Further reading.
- World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau (1997), "Trefoil Round the World". Seventh Edition 1979.
- World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau (1997), "Trefoil Round the World". Eleventh Edition 1997.
# External links.
- Fédération Libanaise des Eclaireuses et des Guides
- Association des Guides du Liban – Lebanese Girl Guides Association
- Association des Eclaireuses du Liban – Lebanese Girl Scouts Association
- Association des Guides Nationales Orthodoxes – National Orthodox Guide Association
- Masharih Girl Scouts Association | 6,122,422 |
6866931 | Lachlan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachlan | Lachlan
Lachlan
Lachlan may refer to:
# People.
- Lachlan (name), masculine given name.
# Places.
- Several places in New South Wales, Australia, named for Lachlan Macquarie. For a more complete list, see Places named after Macquarie
- Electoral district of Lachlan, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in New South Wales, Australia
- Electoral district of Lachlan and Lower Darling, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in New South Wales, Australia
- Lachlan River, a river in central New South Wales, Australia
- Lachlan Shire, a local government area in the central west of New South Wales, Australia
- Lachlan Valley Railway, a rail preservation society based at Cowra, | 6,122,423 |
6866931 | Lachlan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachlan | Lachlan
hlan River, a river in central New South Wales, Australia
- Lachlan Shire, a local government area in the central west of New South Wales, Australia
- Lachlan Valley Railway, a rail preservation society based at Cowra, New South Wales, Australia
- Lachlan Valley Way, a state highway in New South Wales, Australia
- Upper Lachlan Shire, a local government area in the state of New South Wales, Australia
- Lachlan Fold Belt
- Lachlan Island
# Other.
- Clan Maclachlan, a Scottish clan which is sometimes known as "Clan Lachlan"
- HMAS "Lachlan" (K364), a River-class frigate that served the Royal Australian Navy
- "Young Lachlan", a schooner that was stolen and wrecked by convicts in 1819 | 6,122,424 |
6866938 | Jasenová | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasenová | Jasenová
Jasenová
Jasenová () is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Zilina Region of northern Slovakia.
It has population of 401 people.
Its name comes from the Slovak word Jaseň, which is a kind of tree often found in the area. There is a church built in 1836 and an old elementary school from the 19th century. A hill named Choč (altitude 1611 m) can be seen from the village.
# Famous people.
- Martin Kukučín, writer
# See also.
- List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
# Genealogical resources.
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bytca, Slovakia"
- Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1672-1898 | 6,122,425 |
6866938 | Jasenová | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasenová | Jasenová
1 people.
Its name comes from the Slovak word Jaseň, which is a kind of tree often found in the area. There is a church built in 1836 and an old elementary school from the 19th century. A hill named Choč (altitude 1611 m) can be seen from the village.
# Famous people.
- Martin Kukučín, writer
# See also.
- List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
# Genealogical resources.
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bytca, Slovakia"
- Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1672-1898 (parish B)
- Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1786-1949 (parish A)
# External links.
- of living people in Jasenova | 6,122,426 |
6866923 | Charles-Ignace Gill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles-Ignace%20Gill | Charles-Ignace Gill
Charles-Ignace Gill
Charles-Ignace Gill (March 12, 1844 – September 16, 1901) was a Quebec lawyer and political figure. He represented Yamaska in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1871 to 1874 and in the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative member from 1874 to 1879.
He was born in Saint-François-du-Lac, Lower Canada in 1844, the son of Ignace Gill and studied at the Collège de Nicolet and the Université Laval. He articled in law with Ulric-Joseph Tessier, was admitted to the bar in 1867 and set up practice at Sorel. In 1870, he married Marie-Rosalie-Delphine, the daughter of Louis-Adélard Senécal. In 1871, he was elected to the provincial assembly. He resigned in 1874 to run for | 6,122,427 |
6866923 | Charles-Ignace Gill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles-Ignace%20Gill | Charles-Ignace Gill
9.
He was born in Saint-François-du-Lac, Lower Canada in 1844, the son of Ignace Gill and studied at the Collège de Nicolet and the Université Laval. He articled in law with Ulric-Joseph Tessier, was admitted to the bar in 1867 and set up practice at Sorel. In 1870, he married Marie-Rosalie-Delphine, the daughter of Louis-Adélard Senécal. In 1871, he was elected to the provincial assembly. He resigned in 1874 to run for a seat in the House of Commons. He resigned in 1879 when he was named as a judge to the Quebec Superior Court in Richelieu district; in 1886, he was named to Montreal district. He was also a director of the Montreal, Portland and Boston Railway.
He died in Montreal in 1901. | 6,122,428 |
6866927 | Istebné | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istebné | Istebné
Istebné
Istebné is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Zilina Region of northern Slovakia.
# See also.
- List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
# Genealogical resources.
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bytca, Slovakia"
- Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1781-1933 (parish A)
# External links.
- Local Website in Slovakian
- of living people in Istebne | 6,122,429 |
6866922 | Jeremy Hoad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20Hoad | Jeremy Hoad
Jeremy Hoad
Jeremy Hoad is an author, journalist and administrator best known as co-author of the BBC Doctor Who novel, "The Blue Angel" (with partner, Paul Magrs).
# Writing.
The Blue Angel has been adapted to script form by Piers Britton and was used as the basis of a course at the University of Redlands in Southern California in 2007. On 29 April 2016, Hoad admitted in an interview on Manchester's All FM to having very limited involvement in the writing of the novel, and stated that his role was largely limited to proof reading.
Hoad is also an occasional journalist having written for a variety of print and online media in the UK such as "The Guardian", "The Times", the "Times Higher Education | 6,122,430 |
6866922 | Jeremy Hoad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20Hoad | Jeremy Hoad
Supplement" and "The Independent" newspapers and the British Council among others. Hoad is currently working on a biography of television presenter Lorne Spicer.
# Education work.
Hoad has built a career managing representative organisations within the education sector most recently as chief executive officer of the British Educational Research Association (BERA). This role entailed the management and administration of an eminent UK charity in the field of education research. Hoad played a leading role in building links with partners across the UK in government and other stakeholders and represented the organisation both nationally and internationally in Europe, Australia, Asia and the USA. | 6,122,431 |
6866922 | Jeremy Hoad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20Hoad | Jeremy Hoad
In his time at BERA Hoad worked to create a new global organisation for education research (World Educational Research Association) and jointly led a Framework 7 European project (EERQI) as well as advising on the good governance and management of BERA as a national charity including the recruiting new staff for BERA and establishing a new office located in London in partnership with the Institute of Education, University of London.
He was General Secretary of the National Postgraduate Committee (1998–2000) and dramatically changed the profile and standing of the organisation, building links across the university sector and contributing to many policy papers and discussions. He wrote the NPC | 6,122,432 |
6866922 | Jeremy Hoad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20Hoad | Jeremy Hoad
Postgraduate Resource Folder with Ewan Gillon as an evolving resource for postgraduate students, students' unions and others interested in the support and management of graduate education. The Folder provides detailed information on postgraduate choices including funding, types of degrees and reasons why people undertake postgraduate study. Advice on areas such as establishing postgraduate societies and identifying ways in which institutions can provide better provision is also included. In addition to new information, the Folder also acts as a central reference source for any postgraduate activity and information and presents responses to various policy reviews which affect postgraduate life | 6,122,433 |
6866922 | Jeremy Hoad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20Hoad | Jeremy Hoad
such as the Harris and Dearing Reviews. A comprehensive listing of publications that may be of use to postgraduates is also provided.
As Executive Officer of the Association of Heads of University Administration (2001–2005) his knowledge and experience of the higher education sector in the UK is wide-ranging. This role focussed on higher education management and governance, working with the heads of university administration (typically known as University Registrars and Secretaries) across the UK.
His move into education management followed a period of academic training and research in the social sciences and human geography having studied at the University of Oxford, University of Newcastle | 6,122,434 |
6866922 | Jeremy Hoad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20Hoad | Jeremy Hoad
nistration (typically known as University Registrars and Secretaries) across the UK.
His move into education management followed a period of academic training and research in the social sciences and human geography having studied at the University of Oxford, University of Newcastle upon Tyne and the University of Edinburgh. He has taught and lectured at both Napier University and the University of Edinburgh while studying for a PhD in human geography (not submitted).
# External links.
- The Blue Angel script adaptation
- Jeremy Hoad interview with Paul Magrs
- National Postgraduate Committee
- Association of Heads of University Administration
- British Educational Research Association | 6,122,435 |
6866945 | Kraľovany | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kraľovany | Kraľovany
Kraľovany
Kraľovany is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia. It lies at the confluence of the Orava and Váh rivers. | 6,122,436 |
6867001 | Allotype | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allotype | Allotype
Allotype
Allotype can refer to:
- In zoological nomenclature, a designated paratype that is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype
- In biology, a variant protein sequence that is genetically determined, particularly:
- in immunology, an immunoglobulin allotype
# See also.
- Type (biology)
- Lectotype (zoology)
- Syntype (zoology) | 6,122,437 |
6867011 | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey%20Smith%20(radio%20presenter) | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter)
Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter)
Geoffrey Smith (born 1943, Michigan) is a British-based American radio presenter, author and former jazz percussionist. Smith was the regular presenter of BBC Radio 3's "Jazz Record Requests" for over twenty years and has also presented other programmes on the network.
# Biography.
Smith's father was a pianist who also played banjo in his local dance-band in Detroit. Smith's own active jazz career ended in 1969, discouraged by the rise of rock music. In 1973 he came to Britain to complete a PhD, where he began a new career as a freelance journalist and lecturer, contributing articles and reviews to "Country Life", "New Society" and "The Spectator" among others. | 6,122,438 |
6867011 | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey%20Smith%20(radio%20presenter) | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter)
He remains a regular contributor to "Country Life" and "The Economist", for whom he writes on music and other cultural subjects.
His first book, published in 1983, was a survey of the Savoy Opera. His biography of Stéphane Grappelli followed in 1987. In 1988 he adapted the Grappelli book into a series for BBC Radio 3, the first of his many broadcasts for the network. In 1991, on the death of Peter Clayton, he became the regular presenter of "Jazz Record Requests". In 2012 Alyn Shipton took over as the presenter of "JRR". A new series hosted by Smith, "Geoffrey Smith's Jazz", began hours after Shipton's first "JRR".
# Books.
- "The Savoy Operas: A New Guide to Gilbert and Sullivan", March | 6,122,439 |
6867011 | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey%20Smith%20(radio%20presenter) | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter)
tural subjects.
His first book, published in 1983, was a survey of the Savoy Opera. His biography of Stéphane Grappelli followed in 1987. In 1988 he adapted the Grappelli book into a series for BBC Radio 3, the first of his many broadcasts for the network. In 1991, on the death of Peter Clayton, he became the regular presenter of "Jazz Record Requests". In 2012 Alyn Shipton took over as the presenter of "JRR". A new series hosted by Smith, "Geoffrey Smith's Jazz", began hours after Shipton's first "JRR".
# Books.
- "The Savoy Operas: A New Guide to Gilbert and Sullivan", March 1985, Universe Pub,
- "Stéphane Grappelli: A Biography", 1987, Michael Joseph,
# External links.
- BBC profile | 6,122,440 |
6867027 | BisRock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BisRock | BisRock
BisRock
BisRock is a subgenre of Pinoy rock, propagated by the Cebu rock music industry in the Philippines. The term, which is in the blended form, comes from the Cebuano words "Bisaya", referring the Visayan languages, and "rock", for rock music. The term was coined by Cebuano writer Januar E. Yap in 2002 and was first applied to Missing Filemon's first album.
Earning wide reception among the young in the Visayas and Mindanao, Bisrock is a fairly recent cultural phenomenon. The style started around the 1980s, when Cebu's rock scene was beginning to be labeled as "Bisrock". During this time, a group of musicians from the University of San Carlos coined the local music scene as Bisrock in support | 6,122,441 |
6867027 | BisRock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BisRock | BisRock
of patriotism for the Cebuano music scene. However, this genre is debatable as Bisrock seems to be popular only in Cebu. As it is, the movement died down around 2009, as even Missing Filemon themselves distanced itself from the term "Bisrock".
# Notable BisRock bands.
Cebuano rock bands popularizing songs written in the Cebuano language include:
- Abscond
- Agipo
- Assembly Language
- Enchi
- Fervent
- Indephums
- Junior Kilat
- Kabobo
- Kanteen
- Kazoku
- Makadawa
- Mantequilla
- Missing Filemon
- Phylum
- Scrambled Eggs
- Smooth Friction
- TenSeventeen (1017)
- The Ambassadors
- The Agadiers
- WetSlipperz
- Zero Info
# See also.
- Yoyoy Villame
- Max Surban
# External | 6,122,442 |
6867027 | BisRock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BisRock | BisRock
ssing Filemon themselves distanced itself from the term "Bisrock".
# Notable BisRock bands.
Cebuano rock bands popularizing songs written in the Cebuano language include:
- Abscond
- Agipo
- Assembly Language
- Enchi
- Fervent
- Indephums
- Junior Kilat
- Kabobo
- Kanteen
- Kazoku
- Makadawa
- Mantequilla
- Missing Filemon
- Phylum
- Scrambled Eggs
- Smooth Friction
- TenSeventeen (1017)
- The Ambassadors
- The Agadiers
- WetSlipperz
- Zero Info
# See also.
- Yoyoy Villame
- Max Surban
# External links.
- The Bisrock Observer
- Bisrock Rules
- Handuraw Jamroom
- Combolata - Proudly Bisaya Musicians and Listeners
- BisRock.Org - BisRock Events, Lyrics and Bands | 6,122,443 |
6866975 | Cazenovia Seminary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cazenovia%20Seminary | Cazenovia Seminary
Cazenovia Seminary
Cazenovia Seminary was an academic (not exclusively theological) seminary (like an early high school) of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It was located in Cazenovia, New York, United States. It was founded in 1825, at the instigation of George Peck and several other prominent clergymen in the area. In 1839, the seminary initiated a "three year course", as it was called, which was focused at the education of females. The seminary also had a missionary course, and in 1843 Sophronia Farrington (class of 1828) went out as the first female missionary to Africa, under the auspices of the Young Men's Missionary Society of Boston. This was the earliest foreign mission established | 6,122,444 |
6866975 | Cazenovia Seminary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cazenovia%20Seminary | Cazenovia Seminary
by the Methodist Episcopal Church.
The seminary underwent a number of reorganizations over the years and is now a co-educational four year institution called Cazenovia College.
# Notable alumni.
- Wallace B. Douglas - Minnesota lawyer, judge, and state representative
- L. Fidelia Woolley Gillette - one of the first women to be ordained Universalist minister in the United States and the first woman ordained of any denomination in Canada
- Joseph B. Hamilton - Wisconsin lawyer, judge, and state senator
- Lewis Hartsough - Methodist minister and gospel song writer/composer
- Joseph E. Irish - Wisconsin clergyman and state senator
- William C. McDonald (governor) - United States Governor | 6,122,445 |
6866975 | Cazenovia Seminary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cazenovia%20Seminary | Cazenovia Seminary
n Canada
- Joseph B. Hamilton - Wisconsin lawyer, judge, and state senator
- Lewis Hartsough - Methodist minister and gospel song writer/composer
- Joseph E. Irish - Wisconsin clergyman and state senator
- William C. McDonald (governor) - United States Governor for New Mexico.
- John Philip Newman - Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church; previously three times the Chaplain of the United States Senate
- John W. North- pioneer statesman & founder of Riverside, California
- Daniel D. Pratt - United States Senator from Indiana
- James Wilson Seaton - American lawyer and legislator
- Jimmy Van Heusen - American songwriter
- David F. Wilber - United States Representative from New York | 6,122,446 |
6867049 | Thomas Hughes Corry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Hughes%20Corry | Thomas Hughes Corry
Thomas Hughes Corry
Thomas Hughes Corry (19 December 1859 – 9 August 1883) was a British botanist. He drowned at the age of 23 but was credited as a co-author of "Flora of the North East of Ireland" with S.A.Stewart.
# Life.
T. H. Corry was born in Belfast 19 December 1859. He studied botany at Cambridge and became Assistant to Cardale Babington. In 1877, as an undergraduate, he joined S.A. Stewart in the preparation of "Flora of the North-east of Ireland." In 1879 he discovered "Hieracium hypocharoides" in Ireland. In August 1883, before he was 24, Corry, with a companion Charles Dickson, lost his life in a boating accident on Lough Gill.
Corry's British specimens in the Ulster Museum are | 6,122,447 |
6867049 | Thomas Hughes Corry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Hughes%20Corry | Thomas Hughes Corry
lora of the North East of Ireland" with S.A.Stewart.
# Life.
T. H. Corry was born in Belfast 19 December 1859. He studied botany at Cambridge and became Assistant to Cardale Babington. In 1877, as an undergraduate, he joined S.A. Stewart in the preparation of "Flora of the North-east of Ireland." In 1879 he discovered "Hieracium hypocharoides" in Ireland. In August 1883, before he was 24, Corry, with a companion Charles Dickson, lost his life in a boating accident on Lough Gill.
Corry's British specimens in the Ulster Museum are dated mainly 1881 - 1883 and are mostly from England.
Corry remains a co-author of "Flora of the North-east of Ireland" which is still published in new editions. | 6,122,448 |
6867053 | Orthocladiinae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthocladiinae | Orthocladiinae
Orthocladiinae
Orthocladiinae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae). For lack of a better common name, they are simply referred to as orthoclads.
# Genera.
- "Aagaardia"
- "Abiskomyia"
- "Acamptocladius"
- "Acricotopus"
- "Antillocladius"
- "Apometriocnemus"
- "Austrobrillia"
- "Baeoctenus"
- "Boreosmittia"
- "Brillia"
- "Bryophaenocladius"
- "Camptocladius"
- "Cardiocladius"
- "Chaetocladius"
- "Chasmatonotus"
- "Clunio"
- "Compterosmittia"
- "Corynoneura"
- "Corynoneurella"
- "Cricotopus"
- "Diplocladius"
- "Diplosmittia"
- "Doithrix"
- "Doncricotopus"
- "Epoicocladius"
- "Eretmoptera"
- "Eufiefferiella"
- "Eukiefferiella"
- "Eurycnemus"
- | 6,122,449 |
6867053 | Orthocladiinae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthocladiinae | Orthocladiinae
"Euryhapsis"
- "Georthocladius"
- "Gravatamberus"
- "Gymnometriocnemus"
- "Gynocladius"
- "Halocladius"
- "Hanocladius"
- "Heleniella"
- "Heterotanytarsus"
- "Heterotrissocladius"
- "Hydrobaenus"
- "Ichthyocladius"
- "Irisobrillia"
- "Krenosmittia"
- "Labrundinia"
- "Lerheimia"
- "Limnophyes"
- "Lipurometriocnemus"
- "Litocladius"
- "Lopescladius"
- "Lyrocladius"
- "Mesocricotopus"
- "Mesosmittia"
- "Metriocnemus"
- "Nanocladius"
- "Oliveridia"
- "Onconeura"
- "Oreadomyia"
- "Orthocladius"
- "Parachaetocladius"
- "Paracladius"
- "Paracricotopus"
- "Parakiefferiella"
- "Paralauterborniella"
- "Paralimnophyes"
- "Parametriocnemus"
- "Paraphaenocladius"
- "Parasmittia"
- | 6,122,450 |
6867053 | Orthocladiinae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthocladiinae | Orthocladiinae
icotopus"
- "Parakiefferiella"
- "Paralauterborniella"
- "Paralimnophyes"
- "Parametriocnemus"
- "Paraphaenocladius"
- "Parasmittia"
- "Paratrichocladius"
- "Paratrissocladius"
- "Parorthocladius"
- "Platysmittia"
- "Plhudsonia"
- "Psectrocladius"
- "Pseudokiefferiella"
- "Pseudorthocladius"
- "Pseudosmittia"
- "Psilometriocnemus"
- "Qiniella"
- "Rheocricotopus"
- "Rheosmittia"
- "Saetheriella"
- "Semiocladius"
- "Smittia"
- "Stackelbergina"
- "Stilocladius"
- "Symbiocladius"
- "Synorthocladius"
- "Thalassosmittia"
- "Thienemannia"
- "Thienemanniella"
- "Tokunagaia"
- "Trissocladius"
- "Tvetenia"
- "Unniella"
- "Vivacricotopus"
- "Xylotopus"
- "Zalutschia" | 6,122,451 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Religion in Indonesia
Indonesia is officially a republic with a compromise made between the ideas of an Islamic state and a secular state. Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population and the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation Pancasila requires its citizens to "believe in the one and only God". Consequently, atheists in Indonesia experience official discrimination in the context of registration of births and marriages and the issuance of identity cards. In addition, the Aceh province officially enforces the Sharia law and is notorious for its discriminatory practices towards religious and sexual minorities. There are also pro-Sharia movements in other parts of the | 6,122,452 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
country with overwhelming Muslim majorities.
A number of different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant. The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. However, the government recognises only six official religions: Islam, Protestant Christianity, Roman Catholic Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism. According to the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Konstitusi) of 7 November 2017, the branches of beliefs (), or ethnic religions, must be recognized and included in an Indonesian identity card. Based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference | 6,122,453 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 unofficial religions in Indonesia.
Indonesian law requires that every citizen hold an identity card that identifies that person with one of these six religions, but citizens are able to leave that section blank. Indonesia does not recognise agnosticism or atheism, and blasphemy is illegal. In the 2010 Indonesian census, 87.18% of Indonesians identified themselves as Muslim (with Sunnis about 99%, Shias about 1% and Ahmadis 0.2%), 7% Protestant Christian, 2.91% Catholic Christian, 1.69% Hindu, 0.72% Buddhist, 0.05% Confucianist, 0.13% other, and 0.38% unstated or not asked.
Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the | 6,122,454 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
relations between groups, both positively and negatively, promoting mutual respect by affirming Pancasila but also promoting a Transmigration Program, which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country.
# History.
Historically, immigration from India, China, Portugal, Arabia, and the Netherlands has been a major contributor to the diversity of religion and culture within the country. However, these aspects have changed since some modifications have been made to suit the Indonesian culture.
Prior to the arrival of the Abrahamic faiths of Islam, Christianity and Judaism, the popular religions in the region were thoroughly influenced by Dharmic religious philosophy through | 6,122,455 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Hinduism and Buddhism. These religions were brought to Indonesia around the 2nd and 4th centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi, bringing their religion. Hinduism of Shaivite traditions started to develop in Java in the fifth century AD. The traders also established Buddhism in Indonesia which developed further in the following century and a number of Hindu and Buddhist influenced kingdoms were established, such as Kutai, Srivijaya, Majapahit, and Sailendra. The world's largest Buddhist monument, Borobudur, was built by the Kingdom of Sailendra and around the same time, the Hindu monument Prambanan was also built. The peak of Hindu-Javanese | 6,122,456 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
civilisation was the Majapahit Empire in the fourteenth century, described as a golden age in Indonesian history.
Islam was introduced to Indonesia in the 13th century. Coming from Gujarat, India (some scholars propose also the Arabian and Persian theories), Islam spread through the west coast of Sumatra and then developed to the east in Java. This period also saw kingdoms established but this time with Muslim influence, namely Demak, Pajang, Mataram and Banten. By the end of the fifteenth century, 20 Islam-based kingdoms had been established, reflecting the domination of Islam in Indonesia.
The Portuguese introduced Catholicism to Indonesia in the 16th century, notably to the island of Flores | 6,122,457 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
and to what was to become East Timor.
Protestantism was first introduced by the Dutch in the 16th century with Calvinist and Lutheran influences. For the Dutch, economic benefit rather than religious conversion were paramount and missionary efforts avoided predominantly Muslim areas such as Java. The Dutch East India Company regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago. Animist areas in eastern Indonesia, on the other hand, were the main focus Dutch conversion efforts, including Maluku, North Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua and Kalimantan. Later, Christianity spread from the coastal ports of Kalimantan and | 6,122,458 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
missionaries arrived among the Torajans on Sulawesi. Parts of Sumatra were also targeted, most notably the Batak people, who are predominantly Protestant today.
Sukarno's Old Order period (till 1966) was the distruct between religion and the state. Significant changes in religion aspect also happened during the New Order era. Following a purported coup in 1965 officially blamed on the Communist Party of Indonesia, around 1/2 million were killed in an anti-communist purge. Following the incident, the New Order government had tried to suppress the supporters of PKI, by applying a policy that everyone must choose a religion, since PKI supporters were mostly atheists. As a result, every Indonesian | 6,122,459 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
citizen was required to carry personal identification cards indicating their religion. The policy resulted in a mass religion conversions, topped by conversions to Protestantism and Catholicism (Christianity). The same situation happened with Indonesians with Chinese ethnicity, who mostly were Confucianists. Because Confucianism was not one of the state recognised religions, many Chinese Indonesians were also converted to Christianity.
# State recognised religions.
## Islam.
### Sunni Islam.
The history of Islam in Indonesia is complex and reflects the diversity of Indonesian cultures. There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century. Italian explorer | 6,122,460 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Marco Polo is credited with the earliest known record of a Muslim community around 1297 AD, whom he referred to as a new community of Moorish traders in Perlak, Aceh. Over the 15th and 16th century, the spread of the religion accelerated via the missionary work of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (also known as Sunan Gresik, originally from Samarkand) in Sumatra and Java and Admiral Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho, from China) in north Java, as well as militant campaigns led by sultans that targeted Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and various communities, with each trying to carve out a region or island for control. Four diverse and contentious sultanates emerged in northern and southern Sumatra, west and central | 6,122,461 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Java, and southern Kalimantan. The sultants declared Islam as state religion and pursued war against each other as well as the Hindus and other non-Muslim infidels.
Subsequently, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, animist communities and unbelievers bought peace by agreeing to pay jizya tax to a Muslim ruler, while others began adopting Islam to escape the tax. Islam in Indonesia is in many cases less meticulously practised in comparison to Islam in the Middle East region, in some regions, people continued their old beliefs and adopted a syncretic version of Islam, while others left and concentrated as communities in islands that they could defend, for example, Hindus of western Java (the Sundanese) | 6,122,462 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
moved to Bali and neighbouring small islands. While this period of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centers were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European powers arrived. The archipelago was soon dominated by the Dutch empire, who helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and slowly began the process of excavating, preserving and understanding the archipelago's ancient Hindu and Buddhist period, particularly in Java and the western islands.
The vast majority of Indonesian Muslims (about 99%) practice Sunni Islam of the Shafi‘i school. Smaller numbers follow other schools (madhhabs), and the Salafi movement.
Main divisions of Islam | 6,122,463 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
in Indonesia are Traditionalism (for instance, organization Nahdlatul Ulama) and Modernism (Muhammadiyah etc.). There are very important the orders of Sufism.
With regard to the political expansion of Islam, after the resignation of Suharto, political parties were again permitted to declare an ideology other than Pancasila. Several Muslim parties formed with Shariah as their ideology and the Crescent Star Party came in 6th place in the Indonesian legislative election, 1999. However, in the Indonesian legislative election, 2009, the Crescent Star Party ranked only 10th, while parties characterised by moderate and tolerant Islamic interpretations had more significant success, such as the Prosperous | 6,122,464 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Justice Party coming in 4th with nearly 8% of total votes.
### Shia Islam.
Shiism played an important role in the early period of the spread of Islam in North Sumatra and Java. Nowadays, there are approximately 1—3 million Shias-Twelvers at Sumatra, Java, Madura and Sulawesi islands, and also Shias-Ismaili in Bali, which approximates more 1% of the total Muslim population. For instance, Shias are segments of the Arab Indonesians — Hadrami. The main organization is “Ikatan Jamaah Ahlulbait Indonesia” (IJABI).
### Ahmadiyya.
The earliest history of Ahmadi Muslims in Indonesia dates back to the summer of 1925, when roughly two decades prior to the Indonesian revolution, a missionary of the | 6,122,465 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Community, Rahmat Ali, stepped on Sumatra, and established the movement with 13 devotees in Tapaktuan, in the province of Aceh. The Community has had an influential history in Indonesia's religious development, yet in modern times it has faced increasing intolerance from religious establishments in the country and physical hostilities from radical Muslim groups. In Ahmadiyya organization "Jamaah Muslim Ahmadiyah Indonesia" (JMAI) there are an estimated 400.000 followers, which equates to 0.2% of the total Muslim population, spread over 542 branches across the country; in contrast to independent estimates, the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia) estimates around 80.000 members.
The another, | 6,122,466 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
a separatist group, Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam, known as "Gerakan Ahmadiyah-Lahore Indonesia" (GAI) in Indonesia, exists at Java since 1924 and had only 708 members in the 1980s.
## Christianity.
The Government of Indonesia officially recognises the two main Christian divisions in Indonesia, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, as two separate religions.
### Protestantism.
Protestantism is largely a result of Dutch Reformed and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period. The Dutch Reformed Church was long at the forefront in introducing Christianity to native peoples, and was later joined by other Reformed churches that separated from it | 6,122,467 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
during the 19th century. The Dutch East India Company regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago. Although these two branches are the most common, a multitude of other denominations can be found elsewhere in Indonesia.
Protestants form a significant minority in some parts of the country. Statistically, 7% of the total population declared themselves Protestant in a nationwide census conducted in 2010. For example, on the island of Sulawesi, 17% of the citizens are Protestants, particularly in Tana Toraja regency in South Sulawesi province and Central Sulawesi. Furthermore, up to 65% of the ethnic Torajan | 6,122,468 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
population is Protestant. The Batak from North Sumatra is also one of the major Protestant groups in Indonesia, comprises around 65% out of all ethnic population. Christianity was brought by German Lutheran missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen who is known as apostle to the Batak people and started the Batak Christian Protestant Church (Huria Kristen Batak Protestant).
Chinese Indonesians are also significant part of the Protestant population, scattered throughout Indonesia with the majority concentrated in major urban areas. In 2000 approximately 35% of ethnic Chinese were Christian, however there is continuous increase among the younger generation. In some parts of the country, entire villages | 6,122,469 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
belong to a distinct denomination, such as Adventist, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Lutheran, Presbyterian or Salvation Army ("Bala Keselamatan") depending on the success of missionary activity.
Indonesia has 3 Protestant-majority provinces, which are West Papua, Papua and North Sulawesi, with 60%, 68% and 64% of the total population respectively. In Papua, the faith is most widely practised among the native Papuan population. In North Sulawesi, the Minahasan population centred around Manado converted to Christianity in the 19th century. Today most of the population native to North Sulawesi practice some form of Protestantism, while transmigrants from Java and Madura practice | 6,122,470 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Islam. The practitioners mostly live in North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, North Maluku, Maluku (province), West Papua (province), Papua (province).
### Roman Catholicism.
Catholicism arrived in Indonesia during the Portuguese arrival with spice trading over the 14th and 15th century. Many Portuguese had the goal of spreading Roman Catholicism in Indonesia, starting with Moluccas (Maluku) in 1534. Between 1546 and 1547, the pioneer Christian missionary, Saint Francis Xavier, visited the islands and baptised several thousand locals. During the Dutch East Indies (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) | 6,122,471 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
era, the number of Roman Catholicism practitioners fell significantly, due to VOC policy to ban the religion. Hostility of the Dutch toward Catholicism is due to its history where the Protestant Dutch gained their independence after the Eighty Years War against Catholic Spain's rule. The most significant result was on the island of Flores and East Timor, where VOC concentrated. Moreover, Roman Catholic priests were sent to prisons or punished and replaced by Protestant clergy from the Netherlands. One Roman Catholic priest was executed for celebrating Mass in a prison during Jan Pieterszoon Coen's tenure as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. After the VOC collapsed and with the legalisation | 6,122,472 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
of Catholicism in the Netherlands starting around 1800, Dutch Catholic clergy predominated until after Indonesia's independence.
Other than Flores, Central Java also have significant numbers of Catholics. Catholicism started to spread in Central Java when Frans van Lith, a priest from The Netherlands came to Muntilan, Central Java in 1896. Initially, his effort did not produce a satisfying result, until 1904 when four Javanese chiefs from Kalibawang region asked him to give them education in the religion. On 15 December 1904, a group of 178 Javanese were baptised at Semagung, Muntilan, district Magelang, Central Java, near the border of province DI Yogyakarta.
As of 2010, 3% of all Indonesians | 6,122,473 |
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are Catholics, near half the number of Protestants at 7%. The practitioners mostly live in West Kalimantan, Papua (province) and East Nusa Tenggara. The province of East Nusa Tenggara where the island of Flores and West Timor located is notable as the only province in Indonesia where Catholics are majority (about 54.14% of total population). In Java, next to Javanese, Catholicism also spread to Chinese Indonesian. In the present day, Catholic traditions close to Easter days remain, locally known as "Semana Santa". It involves a procession carrying statues of Jesus and the Virgin Mary (locally referred to as "Tuan Ana" and "Tuan Ma" respectively) to a local beach, then to Cathedral of the Queen | 6,122,474 |
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of the Rosary, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Larantuka, Flores.
## Hinduism.
Hindu culture and religion arrived in Indonesia around the 2nd century AD, which later produced a number of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms such as Kutai, Medang, and Majapahit. The largest Hindu temple in Indonesia Prambanan built during the Majapahit kingdom by the Sanjaya dynasty. This kingdom lived until the 16th century, when the Islamic empire began to develop, this period known as the Hindu-Indonesian period.
Hinduism in Indonesia takes on a tone distinct from other parts of the world. For instance, Hinduism in Indonesia, referred as Agama Hindu Dharma, just formally applied the caste system. It also incorporated | 6,122,475 |
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native Austronesian elements that revered hyangs, deities and spirits of nature and deceased ancestors. The Hindu religious epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, are expressed in uniquely Indonesian wayang puppetry and dance. All practitioners of Agama Hindu Dharma share many common beliefs, mostly the Five Points of Philosophy: the Panca Srada. These include the belief in one Almighty God (Brahman), belief in the souls and myriad of local and ancestral spirits and karma or the belief in the law of reciprocal actions. Rather than belief in cycles of rebirth and reincarnation. In addition, the religion focuses more on art and ritual rather than scriptures, laws and beliefs.
As of 2010, the | 6,122,476 |
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official number of Hindu practitioners was 4 million (1.7% of Indonesians), this number is disputed by the representative of Hinduism in Indonesia and may be 10 million giving Indonesia the fourth largest number of Hindus in the world. the Parisada Hindu Dharma. Of this number, the absolute majority of the practitioners are located in Bali and merged within the organization Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia. Besides Bali, Sumatra, Java, Lombok, Kalimantan and Sulawesi also have significant Hindu populations; most are Balinese who migrated to these areas through government sponsored transmigration program or urbanised Balinese attracted to cities in Java, especially the Greater Jakarta area. The | 6,122,477 |
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Tamil Indonesians in Medan represents another important concentration of Hindus.
There are indigenous religions those are incorporated into the Hinduism (not all followers agree): Hindu Kaharingan of Dayak people; Javanese Hinduism of Tenggerese tribe; Hindu Tolotang of Bugis; and Aluk Todolo of Toraja.
In many areas on Java, Hinduism and Islam have heavily influenced each other, in part resulting in Abangan and Kejawèn (Kebatinan) traditions.
There are presented also some international Hindu reform movements, e.g., International Society for Krishna Consciousness and Sathya Sai Organization, Chinmaya Mission, Brahma Kumaris, Ananda Marga, Sahaja Yoga, and Haidakhandi Samaj.
## Buddhism.
Buddhism | 6,122,478 |
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is the second oldest religion in Indonesia, arriving around the sixth century. The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires based on Buddhist culture were established around the same period. Indonesian archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires such as Sailendra dynasty, Srivijaya and Mataram Empires. The arrival of Buddhism was started with the trading activity that began in the early of first century on the Silk Road between Indonesia and India. According to some Chinese source, a Chinese traveller monk on his journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based on Sumatra. The | 6,122,479 |
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empire also served as a Buddhist learning centre in the region. A number of historical heritage monuments can be found in Indonesia, including the Borobudur Temple in Yogyakarta and statues or "prasasti" (inscriptions) from the earlier history of Buddhist empires.
Following the downfall of President Sukarno in the mid-1960s, Pancasila was reasserted as the official Indonesian policy on religion to only recognise monotheism. As a result, founder of Perbuddhi (Indonesian Buddhists Organisation), Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed that there was a single supreme deity, Sanghyang Adi Buddha. He was also backed up with the history behind the Indonesian version of Buddhism in ancient Javanese texts, | 6,122,480 |
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and the shape of the Borobudur Temple.
According to the 2010 national census, roughly 0,7% of the total citizens of Indonesia are Buddhists, which takes up about 2 million people. Most Buddhists are concentrated in Jakarta, although other provinces such as Riau, North Sumatra and West Kalimantan also have a significant number of practitioners. However, these totals are likely high, due to the fact that practitioners of Confucianism and Taoism, which are not considered official religions of Indonesia, referred to themselves as Buddhists on the census. Today, most Buddhists are to be found among Chinese Indonesians and, to a lesser extent, among Javanese and Bali people. Among the Indonesian | 6,122,481 |
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Buddhists are all major Buddhist schools: Mahayana, Vajrayana, and Theravada. Most Chinese Indonesians follow a syncretic flow with Chinese beliefs, such as Three teachings (Tridharma) and also Yiguandao (Maytreya).
## Confucianism.
Confucianism originated in China and was brought to Indonesia by Chinese merchants, as early as the 3rd century AD. Unlike other religions, Confucianism evolved more into loose individual practices and belief in the code of conduct, rather than a well-organized community religion with a firm theology—it was more like a way of life or social movement than a religion. It was not until the early 1900s that Confucianists formed an organisation, called "Khong Kauw Hwe" | 6,122,482 |
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(THHK) in Batavia (now Jakarta).
After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, Confucianism in Indonesia was affected by several political conflicts. In 1965, Sukarno issued Presidential Decree No. 1/Pn.Ps/1965, recognising that six religions are embraced by the Indonesian people, including Confucianism. In 1961, the "Association of Khung Chiao Hui Indonesia" (PKCHI) (now the Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) had declared that Confucianism is a religion and Confucius is their prophet.
Under the New Order regime of Suharto, anti-China policy became a scapegoat method to gain political support from the masses, especially after the fall of the Indonesian Communist Party, | 6,122,483 |
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which had allegedly been backed by China. In 1967, Suharto issued controversial Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967, which effectively banned Chinese culture, including documents printed in Chinese, expressions of Chinese belief, Chinese celebrations and festivities, and even Chinese names. However, Suharto knew that the Chinese Indonesian community had a lot of wealth and power even though it consisted of only 3% of the population.
In 1969, Statute No. 5/1969 was passed, restoring the official total of six religions. However, it was not always put into practice. In 1978, the Minister of Home Affairs issued a directive asserting there are only five religions, excluding Confucianism. On 27 | 6,122,484 |
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January 1979, a presidential cabinet meeting decided that Confucianism is not a religion. Another Minister of Home Affairs directive in 1990 re-iterated the total of five official religions in Indonesia.
Therefore, the status of Confucianism in Indonesia in the New Order regime was never clear. De jure, there were conflicting laws, because the higher law permitted Confucianism, but the lower law did not recognise it. De facto, Confucianists were not recognised by the government and they were forced to become Christians or Buddhists to maintain their citizenship. This practice was applied in many places, including the national registration card, marriage registration, and family registration | 6,122,485 |
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card. Civics education in Indonesia taught school children that there are only five official religions.
Following the fall of Suharto in 1998, Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as the country's fourth president. Wahid rescinded Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967 and the 1978 Minister of Home Affairs directive. Confucianism once again became officially recognised as a religion in Indonesia. Chinese culture and Chinese-affiliated activities were again permitted. However, after the implementation of "Otonomi Daerah" (Regional Autonomy), provinces and regencies were permitted to control their own administrative procedures. In 2014, there are again administrative districts that only permit five possible | 6,122,486 |
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religious affiliations on the national identity card, a restriction that they have programmed into their computer databases.
# Indigenous religions.
A number of ancestral animistic indigenous religions (Austronesian ethnic beliefs) which dominated throughout the archipelago before entering foreign religions. Some of them still exists in some parts of Indonesia as pure or syncretic, namely religions:
- Batak Parmalim
- Bugis Tolotang
- Dayak Kaharingan
- Javanese Kejawèn
- Karo Pemena
- Malaysian folk religion
- Manusela Naurus
- Sumbese Marapu
- Sundanese Wiwitan
- Toraja Aluk Todolo, and others.
The non-official number of ethnic believers is up to 20 million. The government of | 6,122,487 |
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Indonesia often views indigenous beliefs as "adat" (custom) rather that "agama" (religion) or as a variant of a recognised religion. Because the government did not recognise animism indigenous tribal belief systems as official religion, as a result followers of various native animistic religions such as Dayak Kaharingan have identified themselves as Hindu to avoid pressure to convert to Islam or Christianity. Several native tribal beliefs such as Sunda Wiwitan, Toraja Aluk Todolo, and Batak Parmalim — although different from Indian influenced Balinese Hinduism — might seek affiliation with Hinduism to survive, while at the same time also preserving their distinction from mainstream Indonesian | 6,122,488 |
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Hinduism dominated by Balinese. In many cases, some of the followers of these native beliefs might convert to Christianity or Islam, at least registered as such on their Indonesian identity card (KTP), but still uphold and perform their native beliefs.
However, the branches of beliefs () (native religions) Indonesia are already also partly recognized according to the Decision of the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) dated 7 November 2017 No. 97/PUU-XIV/2016, ruled that the Law which requires for people whose “religion is not recognized” or followers of indigenous religions (“Believers of the Faith”) leave blank the religion column on identity documents, is contrary to the constitution.
## | 6,122,489 |
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Kejawèn (Javanese beliefs).
"Kejawèn" (Javanese beliefs) or "Kebatinan" is an amalgam of animism, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic — especially Sufi — beliefs. The beliefs is rooted in Javanese history and spiritualism with the tendency to syncretise aspects of different religions in search of the common ground. "Kejawèn" is generally characterised as mystical, and some varieties were concerned with spiritual self-control. Although there were many varieties circulating in 1992, "Kejawèn" often implies pantheistic worship because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, human beings, artefacts, and grave sites of | 6,122,490 |
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important wali (Muslim saints). Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits, and if sacrifices or pilgrimages fail to placate angry deities, the advice of a "dukun" or healer is sought. "Kejawèn", while it connotes a turning away from the militant universalism of orthodox Islam, moves toward a more internalised universalism. In this way, Kebatinan moves toward eliminating the distinction between the universal and the local, the communal and the individual.
The "Kejawèn" have no certain prophet, sacred book, nor distinct religious festivals and rituals; it has more to do with each adherents internalised transcendental vision and beliefs in their relations with others and with the | 6,122,491 |
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supreme being. As the result there is an inclusiveness that the "kebatinan" believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognised religions, at least in their identity card, while still subscribe to their "kebatinan" belief and way of life. This loosely organised current of thought and practice was legitimised in the 1945 constitution and, in 1973, when it was recognised as "Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa" () that somewhat gain the status as one of the "agama", President Suharto counted himself as one of its adherents.
The formal Kejawen/Kebatinan movements are Subud, Sumarah, Pangestu, Amerta, and others.
### Subud.
Subud is an international spiritual movement | 6,122,492 |
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that began in Indonesia in the 1920s as a movement related to Sufism and Javanese beliefs founded by Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo. (The name Subud was first used in the late 1940s when Subud was legally registered in Indonesia.) The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the "latihan kejiwaan", which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force".
Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof | 6,122,493 |
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that humanity is looking for. There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10.000.
## Saminism.
Indonesian social-religious Saminism Movement rejected the capitalist views of the colonial Dutch, was founded by Surontiko Samin in north-central Java in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
## Black magic.
A dukun is a Malay term for shaman. Their societal role is that of a traditional healer, spirit medium, custom and tradition experts and on occasion sorcerers and masters of black magic. In common usage, the dukun is often confused with another type of shaman, the pawang. It is often mistranslated into English as "witch-doctor" or "medicine man". | 6,122,494 |
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Many self-styled dukun in Indonesia are simply scammers and criminals, preying on gullible and superstitious people who were raised to believe in the supernatural.
# Other religions, beliefs, and atheism.
## Judaism.
The early Sephardi Jews establishment in the archipelago came from Portugal and Spain in the 17th century. In the 1850s, about 20 Jewish families of Dutch and German origins lived in Jakarta (then Batavia). Some lived in Semarang and Surabaya. Several Baghdadi Jews also settled in the island. Prior to 1945, there were about 2.000 Dutch Jews in Indonesia. Some Jews even converted to Christianity or Islam during the Japanese Occupation, when Jews were sent to internment camps, | 6,122,495 |
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and the War of Independence, when Eurasians were targeted. In 1957, it was reported around 450 Jews remained, mainly Ashkenazim in Jakarta and Sephardim in Surabaya. The community decreased to 50 in 1963. In 1997, there were only 20 Jews, some of them in Jakarta and a few Baghdadi families in Surabaya.
Jews in Surabaya maintained a synagogue for many years, with sporadic support from relatives and co-religionists residing in Singapore. Beth Shalom closed in 2009 after radical groups protested against Israel's assault on the Gaza War (2008–09). Soon afterward, it was designated a heritage site by the Surabaya government, but it was demolished in May 2013 without warning, as part of a mysterious | 6,122,496 |
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real estate deal.
Since 2003, "Shaar Hashamayim" synagogue has been serving the local Jewish community of some 20 people in Tondano city, North Sulawesi, which is attended by around 10 Orthodox Jews (Hasidic Chabad group). Currently it is the only synagogue in Indonesia that provides services.
The organization "The United Indonesian Jewish Community" (UIJC) has been formed since 2009 and inaugurated in October 2010. In 2015, the first official Jewish center, "Beit Torat Chaim", was inaugurated by the Religious Affairs Ministry of the Indonesian government. It is located in Jakarta and will be led by Rabbi Tovia Singer.
## Bahá'í Faith.
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives | 6,122,497 |
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in the Bahá'í Faith in Indonesia had 22,115 adherents in 2005.
Indonesia's Bahais are subject to a measure of government discrimination. Since 2014, the situation has improved in the plans of the government for the possible recognition of this new religion (there is an erroneous opinion on already held the official recognition of the Bahai in 2014).
## Sikhism.
Sikhs migration to Indonesia began in the 1870s (guardians and traders). There are several gurdwaras and schools in Sumatra and Java, for example, in Medan was built in 1911. In 2015 was founded “Supreme Council for the Sikh Religion in Indonesia”. Apart from the orthodox Sikhism in Indonesia represented the Sikh reformist movement | 6,122,498 |
6866348 | Religion in Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Indonesia | Religion in Indonesia
Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB).
Numbering about 7.000 (or between 10.000 and 15.000), Sikhs are not included in the six religions recognized in the state, that's why filling in the religion column on their card KTP with the word “Hindu”.
## Jainism.
A small Jain community “Jain Social Group Indonesia (JSG Indonesia)” exists in Jakarta among Indian Indonesians.
## New religious movements.
The most famous of the new religious movements in Indonesia are Theosophical Society, Transcendental Meditation movement, Falun Gong, and originated in Indonesia Eden community (Jamaah Alamulla).
## Atheism.
Although there is no specific law that bans atheism, legal cases in which atheists have been | 6,122,499 |
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