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7540019 | Adrian Smith (basketball) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian%20Smith%20(basketball) | Adrian Smith (basketball)
the 1969–70 season, after 32 games with the Royals, Smith was traded to the San Francisco Warriors, for whom he played another 45 games, averaging 5.9 points per game for the season. In 1970–71, his 10th NBA season, he played only 21 games, averaging 5.3 points per game in his final NBA season.
In 1971–72 he played for the American Basketball Association's Virginia Squires, averaging 5.1 points per game. He also played 13 times for the United States.
# Honors.
The entire 1960 USA Olympic basketball team, including Smith, was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on August 13, 2010. Smith is also a member of the Northeast Mississippi Community College Sports Hall of Fame | 6,123,300 |
7540019 | Adrian Smith (basketball) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian%20Smith%20(basketball) | Adrian Smith (basketball)
and the Mississippi Community College Sports Hall of Fame.
# Life after basketball.
After 11 seasons of playing professional basketball, Smith became a banker, working for many years as a commercial relationship manager for Cincinnati-based Fifth Third Bank. He currently is a vice president for Fifth-Third Bank. He resides in Cincinnati with his wife, Paula, in the only house they've ever owned—and he still has the Ford Galaxie he won from the 1966 NBA All-Star Game.
# External links.
- NBA stats @ databasebasketball.com
- One-on-One with Adrian Smith
- The Mississippi Community College Sports Hall of Fame
- Northeast Mississippi Community College Sports Hall of Fame
- 1960 United States | 6,123,301 |
7540019 | Adrian Smith (basketball) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian%20Smith%20(basketball) | Adrian Smith (basketball)
basketball, Smith became a banker, working for many years as a commercial relationship manager for Cincinnati-based Fifth Third Bank. He currently is a vice president for Fifth-Third Bank. He resides in Cincinnati with his wife, Paula, in the only house they've ever owned—and he still has the Ford Galaxie he won from the 1966 NBA All-Star Game.
# External links.
- NBA stats @ databasebasketball.com
- One-on-One with Adrian Smith
- The Mississippi Community College Sports Hall of Fame
- Northeast Mississippi Community College Sports Hall of Fame
- 1960 United States Olympic Team page at The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Book, Cincinnati's Basketball Royalty by Gerry Schultz | 6,123,302 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
La Luz del Mundo
The Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo, (English: "Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of the Truth, The Light of the World")or simply La Luz del Mundo (LLDM)is a Nontrinitarian Christian denomination with international headquarters in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. La Luz del Mundo practices a form of restorationist theology centered on three leaders: Aarónborn EusebioJoaquín González (1896–1964), Samuel Joaquín Flores (1937–2014), and Naasón Joaquín García (born 1969), who are regarded as modern-day Apostles of Jesus Christ.
La Luz del Mundo had its beginnings in 1926 just as Mexico plunged into a violent struggle between the anti-clerical | 6,123,303 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
government and Catholic rebels. The conflict centered in the west-central states like Jalisco, where Aarón Joaquín focused his missionary efforts. Given the environment of the time, the Church remained a small missionary endeavor until 1934, when it built its first temple. Thereafter, it continued to grow and expand, interrupted only by an internal schism in 1942. Aarón Joaquín was succeeded by his son Samuel upon his death, who was in turn succeeded by his own son Naasón upon his death. The Church is now present in more than 50 countries and has between 1 and 5 million adherents worldwide.
La Luz del Mundo describes itself as the restoration of primitive Christianity. It does not use crosses | 6,123,304 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
or religious images in its worship services. Female members follow a dress code that includes long skirts and use head coverings during services. Although the Church does not allow women to hold leadership positions in its religious hierarchy, women do hold leadership positions in church public relations and in the various church-operated civil organizations.
Church leaders have faced accusations of sexual abuse. In June 2019, church leader Naasón Joaquín García was arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and charged with sex crimes by the California Department of Justice.
# Name.
The full name of the Church is "Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo" | 6,123,305 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
("Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of The Truth, The Light of the World") which is derived from two passages in the Bible, and .
# History.
## Historical background.
Eusebio Joaquín González was born on August 14, 1896 in Colotlán, Jalisco, Mexico. At a young age, he joined the Constitutional Army during the Mexican Revolution. While he was on leave in 1920, he met Elisa Flores, whom he later married. While stationed in the state of Coahuila in 1926, he came into contact with Saulo and Silas, two ascetic preachers from the Iglesia Cristiana Espiritual. Their teachings forbade their followers to keep good hygiene and wear regular clothes. After being baptized by the two itinerant | 6,123,306 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
preachers, Aarón Joaquín resigned from the army, and along with his wife became domestic workers to the two preachers.
During the 1920s, Mexico underwent a period of instability under the administration of Plutarco Elías Calles, who was seeking to limit the influence of the Catholic Church to modernize and centralize the state within the religious sphere of Mexican society. To protest Calles's policies, the Catholic Church suspended all religious services, bringing about an uprising in Mexico. This uprising, or Cristero War, lasted from 1926 to 1929 and reemerged in the 1930s. On April 6, 1926, Aarón Joaquín had a vision in which God changed his name from Eusebio to Aarón and told him to leave | 6,123,307 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
Monterrey, where he and his wife served Saulo and Silas. On his journey, he preached near the entrances of Catholic churchesoften facing religious persecutionuntil he arrived at Guadalajara on December 12, 1926. The Cristero Wars impacted both Catholic and non-Catholic congregations and preachers, especially evangelical movements. Small movements were attacked by the government and the Cristeros, resulting in a hostile environment for Aarón Joaquín's work.
## Ministry of Aarón Joaquín González (1926–1964).
### Early years.
Working as a shoe vendor, Aarón Joaquín formed a group of ten worshipers who met at his wife's apartment. He began constructing the Church's hierarchy by instituting the | 6,123,308 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
first two deaconesses, Elisa Flores and Francisca Cuevas. Later he charged the first minister to oversee fourteen congregations in Ameca, Jalisco. During these early years (late 1920s), Aarón Joaquín traveled to the states of Michoacán, Nayarit, and Sinaloa to preach. In 1931, the first "Santa Cena" (Holy Supper) was held to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus. The Church met in rural areas, fearing complaints from Catholic neighbors. Urbanization contributed migrants from the countryside who added a significant number of members to the Church.
In 1934, a temple was built in Sector Libertad of Guadalajara's urban zone and members were encouraged to buy homes in the same neighborhood, thereby | 6,123,309 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
establishing a community. The temple was registered as "Iglesia Cristiana Espiritual" (Spiritual Christian Church) but Aarón Joaquín claimed to have received God's word in the dedication of the temple, saying that it was "light of the world" and that they were the "Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad" (Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of the Truth). The Church used the latter name to identify itself. In 1939, it moved to a new meeting place at 12 de Octubre street in San Antonio in southeast Guadalajara, forming its second small community which was populated mainly by its members. This community was an attempt to escape the hostile environment, not to create an egalitarian | 6,123,310 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
society.
In 1938, Aarón Joaquín returned to Monterrey to preach to his former associates. There he learned that he had been baptized using the Trinitarian formula and not in the name of Jesus Christ as he preached. His re-baptism in the name of Christ by his collaborator Lino Figueroa marked Aarón Joaquín's separation from the rest of the Pentecostal community.
### Schism of 1942.
In 1942, during its most significant schism, at least 250 members left La Luz del Mundo. Tensions began to build after Aarón Joaquín's birthday, when the congregation gave him gifts of flowers and sang hymns celebrating his birthday.. This celebration generated a heated debate that culminated with the defection | 6,123,311 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
of several church members, including some pastors. Anthropologist Renée de la Torre described this schism as a power struggle in which Aarón Joaquín was accused of having enriched himself at the expense of the faithful. Church dissidents took to local newspaper "El Occidental" to accuse church members of committing immoralities with young women. Some of the accusations were aimed to close down a temple that the Church used with government permission. Members of La Luz del Mundo attribute this episode to the envy and ambition of the dissidents, who formed their own group called "El Buen Pastor" (The Good Shepherd) under the leadership of José María González, with doctrines and practices similar | 6,123,312 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
to those of La Luz del Mundo. The leader is considered a prophet of God. As of 2010, El Buen Pastor has a membership of 17,700 in Mexico.
Among those who defected to El Buen Pastor was Lino Figueroa, the pastor who had re-baptized Aarón Joaquín in 1938. Aarón Joaquín had a vision in July 1943 where the baptism by Figueroa was invalidated and he was ordered to re-baptize himself invoking Jesus' name. The whole congregation was re-baptized as well, as now Aarón Joaquín was the source of baptismal legitimacy and authenticity. With all those who had challenged him gone, Aarón Joaquín was able to consolidate leadership of La Luz del Mundo.
### Hermosa Provincia.
In 1952, Aarón Joaquín purchased | 6,123,313 |
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a plot of land outside the city and called it "Hermosa Provincia" (Beautiful Province), with the intent of forming a small community made up exclusively by church members. The land was then sold at reduced prices to church members. The community included most necessities; services provided in Hermosa Provincia included health, education, and other urban services, which were provided in full after six years partly with help that the Church received from municipal and non-municipal authorities. This dependency upon outside assistance to obtain public services ended by 1959 when residents formed the Association of Colonists of Hermosa Provincia, which was used to directly petition the government. | 6,123,314 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
Hermosa Provincia received official recognition from the city for being the only neighborhood that had eliminated illiteracy by the early 1970s. The neighborhood became a standard model for the Church, which has replicated it in many cities in Mexico and other countries. Aarón Joaquín started missionary efforts in Central America and by the early 1960s, La Luz del Mundo had 64 congregations and 35 missions. By 1964, after his death, the Church had between 20,000 and 30,000 members spread through five countries, including Mexico.
## Ministry of Samuel Joaquín Flores (1964–2014).
Samuel Joaquín Flores was born on February 14, 1937, the youngest of eight siblings. He became the leader of La Luz | 6,123,315 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
del Mundo by the age of 27 after the death of his father. He continued his father's desire for international expansion by traveling outside of Mexico extensively. He first visited church members in the Mexican state of Michoacán in August 1964 and later that year went to Los Angeles on a missionary trip. By 1970, the Church had expanded to Costa Rica, Colombia, and Guatemala. Its first small temple in Hermosa Provincia was demolished and replaced by a larger one in 1967. With Samuel Joaquín's work, La Luz del Mundo became integrated into Guadalajara and the Church replicated the model of Hermosa Provincia in many cities in Mexico and abroad. By 1972, there were approximately 72,000 members of | 6,123,316 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
the Church, which increased to 1.5 million by 1986 and to 4 million by 1993. Anthropologist Patricia Fortuny says that the Church's growth can be attributed to several factors, including its social benefits, which "improves the living conditions of believers." Samuel Joaquín oversaw the construction of schools, hospitals and other social services. The Church also expanded to countries including the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ethiopia and Israel between 1990 and 2010. By the end of Samuel Joaquín’s ministry, La Luz del Mundo was present in fifty countries. After fifty years at the head of La Luz del Mundo, Samuel Joaquín died in his home on December 8, 2014.
## Ministry of Naasón Joaquín | 6,123,317 |
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García (2014–present).
On December 14, 2014, Naasón Joaquín García, the fifth out of eight Joaquín children, became the leader of La Luz del Mundo upon the death of his father. Naasón Joaquín was born on May 7, 1969, in Guadalajara. He previously served as a church minister for 22 years, during which time he launched Berea Internacional, the church's media and publishing arm. Under his leadership the church has expanded to four additional countries.
# Beliefs and practices.
## Worship.
During La Luz del Mundo's religious services, male and female members are separated during worship; from the preacher's perspective, women sit on the left side of the temple and men on the right The Church | 6,123,318 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
does not use musical instruments during its worship services. There is no dancing or clapping, and women cover their heads with a veil during services. Hymns are sung a cappella; Despite this, members listen to instrumental music and some compose their own music. When singing, all congregants sing at the same time to maintain uniformity during their meetings. La Luz del Mundo believes that worship should be done "spiritually" and only to God, and thus temples are devoid of images, saints, crosses, and anything that might be considered idolatry. The places of worship have plain walls and wide, clear windows.
The Church holds three daily prayer meetings during the week, with two meetings on Sundays | 6,123,319 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
and one regular consecration. On Sunday mornings, congregants meet at the temple for Sunday school, which begins with prayers and hymns. After that, the preacherusually a ministerpresides over a talk during which he reads from the Bible and presents the material to be covered throughout the week. During the talk, it is common for members of either sex to read a cited verse from the Bible. At the end of the talk, more hymns and prayers are recited and voluntary donations are given. Sunday evening services begin with hymns and prayers, after which members of the congregation of both sexes recite from the Bible or sing hymns. A shorter talk is held with the aim of deepening the Sunday school's | 6,123,320 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
talk.
La Luz del Mundo holds three scheduled prayer meetings each day. The first daily prayer meeting is at 5:00 a.m. and usually lasts one hour. The service includes a talk that is meant to "recordar" (remember) the material covered in Sunday school. The 9:00 a.m. prayer was originally started by Aarón Joaquín's wife, Elisa Flores. A female church member presides over the prayer meeting, which includes a talk. The evening prayer has the same structure as the 5:00 a.m. meeting. In each prayer meeting members are expected to be prepared with their Bibles, hymn books and notebooks and to be consecrated.
## Bible.
Members of La Luz del Mundo believe that the Bible is the only source of Christian | 6,123,321 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
doctrine. It is used as the main source of ministers' and lay persons' talks during prayer meetings. Through organizational arrangements, such as Sunday school, church authorities attempt to maintain uniformity of teachings and beliefs throughout all congregations. The Bible is the only historical reference used by church members during religious services. Members can find cited Bible verses quickly, regardless of their level of education. It is also seen as the only and "sufficient rules of faith for salvation."
## Restorationism.
La Luz del Mundo teaches that there was no salvation on Earth between the death of the last Apostle (Apostle John) around 96 AD and the calling of Aarón Joaquín | 6,123,322 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
in 1926. Members believe that the Church itself was founded by Jesus Christ approximately two thousand years ago and that after the deaths of the Apostles, the church became corrupt and was lost. La Luz del Mundo claims that through Aarón Joaquín, it is the restoration of the primitive Christian church that was lost during the formation of the Catholic Church. After those times passed, the beginning of Aarón Joaquín's ministry is seen as the restoration of the original Christian Church. Salvation can be attained in the Church by following the Bible-based teachings of their leader.
## Calling of the Servants of God.
La Luz del Mundo believes its apostles are directly chosen and sent by God | 6,123,323 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
to "preach the will of God and Salvation". It believes that Aarón Joaquín was called by God to restore the primitive Christian Church. Aarón Joaquín was succeeded by his son Samuel upon his death in 1964; the latter was succeeded by his son Naasón upon his death in 2014. Although Church leadership has remained in the Joaquín family since its funding, La Luz del Mundo maintains that succession of power is by divine calling, not by kinship. La Luz del Mundo teaches that it is the only true Christian church founded by Jesus Christ because it is led by Naasón Joaquín, whom it considers the only true servant of God and Apostle of Jesus Christ in this era. Members believe that this Apostolic Authority | 6,123,324 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
allows them to find peace, feel close to God and attain meaning in their lives from the hopes of joining with Christ to reign with him for eternity.
## Christology.
La Luz del Mundo rejects the doctrine of the Trinity as a later addition to Christian theology. It believes in a "one and universal" God, and in Jesus Christ who is the "Son of God and Savior of the world", rather than part of a trinity. God is worshiped "by essence", whereas Jesus Christ is worshiped "by commandment." Moreover, by worshiping Christ they are also worshiping God through him according to their teachings. The Church also preaches baptism in the name of Jesus Christ for forgiveness of sins, and baptism with the Holy | 6,123,325 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
Spirit as confirmation from God for entrance into heaven.
## Role of women.
Female congregants of La Luz del Mundo are do not wear jewelry, makeup, and short hair. They are taught to dress modestly, which means wearing long dresses and skirts. These restrictions do not apply to recreational activities, such as swimming. Women wear a head covering during religious meetings. According to an interview of one adherent, women in La Luz del Mundo are considered equal to men in social spheres and have equal capacities for obtaining higher education, social careers, and other goals that may interest them. However, they are not allowed to become ministers or serve in major leadership roles within the | 6,123,326 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
Church. The women are taught to submit to their husbands. Aarón Joaquín established the 9 a.m. prayer after hearing about one of his followers who was being abused by her Catholic husband. This prayer became one led by women. These prayers are seen as a religious activity equal to all other activities, and provide space for empowerment in which women can express themselves and develop a status within the congregation's membership. Anthropologist Fortuny said, concerning the 9 a.m. prayer, that, "I infer from this that, if the membership considers this as [a] female [gathering], they would be giving authority to women in the religious or ecclesiastical framework of the ritual, and this then [would] | 6,123,327 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
put [them] on a plane of equality or [in] absence of subordination to men." She said that women of the Church may be playing with their subordinate roles to acquire certain benefits.
Church women personalize their attire, according to Fortuny. Rebozos are worn by indigenous members and specially designed veils by other female members. Fortuny says that, "... wearing long skirts does not negate the meaning of being a woman and, although it underlines the difference between men and women, [female members] say that it does not make them feel like inferior human beings". Fortuny says women describe their attire as part of obeying biblical commands found in 1 Timothy 2:9, and 1 Corinthians 11:15 | 6,123,328 |
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for long hair. Female members say the Church's dress code makes them feel they are honoring God and that it is part of their "essence".
Fortuny also states that dress codes are a sign of a patriarchal organization because men are only forbidden from growing their hair long or wearing shorts in public. Women, at times, can be more autonomous than those in the general population in Mexico. Fortuny says that the growing trend of educated women having husbands in supporting roles is also seen in both the Guadalajara and Houston, Texas congregations. Many young female members said they want to undergo post-secondary education, and some told Fortuny they were degree students. Both young men and women | 6,123,329 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
are equally encouraged to enter post-compulsory education. Male members are more likely than their mothers to direct their daughters towards attending university.
La Luz del Mundo does not practice ordination of women. According to Fortuny, women can become missionaries or evangelizers; the lowest tier of the Church's hierarchy. She states that "the rank of deaconess is not a position which common women could aspire to". Dormady states that the first two deaconesses were Elisa Flores and Francisca Cuevas. Wives of important members of the Church usually get the rank of deaconess, according to Dormady.
Women are active and play key roles in organizing activities and administering them in the | 6,123,330 |
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Church. Female office holders are always head of groups of women and not groups of men. A deaconess can help pastors and deacons, but cannot herself administer the sacrament. All members of the ministerial hierarchy are paid for their services as part of the tithe by the congregational members.
At the turn of the century, La Luz del Mundo began promoting women to public relations positions that were previously held by men only. As of December 2014, two women (and three men) serve as legal representatives of the church in Northern Mexico. Public relations positions that have been held by women include spokesperson, director of social communication, and assistant director of international affairs. | 6,123,331 |
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Within church operated civil organizations women also occupy executive positions such as director of La Luz del Mundo Family Services, a violence prevention and intervention center in Milwaukee; Director of Social Work and Psychology within the Ministry of Social Welfare; director of the Samuel Joaquín Flores Foundation; president of Recab de México A.C.; and director of the Association of Students and Professionals in the U.S.
## Other beliefs and practices.
La Luz del Mundo teaches moral and civil principles such as community service and that science is a gift from God. Church members do not celebrate Christmas or Holy Week. The most important yearly rituals are the Holy Supper ("Santa Cena" | 6,123,332 |
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in Spanish or "Santa Convocation"), held yearly on August 14, and the anniversary of Naasón Joaquín's birth is held on May 7
at its international headquarters in Guadalajara.
# Organization.
## Ecclesiastical organization.
The organization of La Luz del Mundo is hierarchical. At the top is Naasón Joaquín who serves as both the spiritual and administrative leader of the Church. Below him in rank are the pastors, who are expected to develop one or more of the qualities as doctor, prophet, and evangelist. All pastors are evangelists and are expected to undertake missionary tasks. As doctors, pastors explain the word of God and as prophets they interpret it. Below them are the deacons, who administer | 6,123,333 |
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the sacraments to the congregational members. Below the deacons are the "encargados" (managers or overseers), who have responsibility for the moral conduct and well-being of certain groups within the congregation. Overseers grant permits to members who wish to leave their congregations for vacations or to take jobs outside of the church district. At the lowest echelon of the hierarchy are the "obreros" (laborers), who mainly assist their higher-ups with missionary work.
## Territorial organization.
A church, or group, that is unable to fully provide for the religious needs of its members is called a mission. Missions are dependent on a congregation which is administered by a minister. A group | 6,123,334 |
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of several congregations with their missions form a district. The Church in each nation is divided into multiple districts. In Mexico, several districts form together into five jurisdictions that act as legal entities.
# Notable temples.
La Luz del Mundo uses the architecture of its temples to express its faith through symbolism and to attract potential converts. Among the church's buildings are a replica of a Mayan pyramid in Honduras, a mock Taj Mahal in Chiapas, and a Greco-Roman-inspired temple in Texas. Its flagship temple is located in its headquarters in Hermosa Provincia. Two smaller replicas of this temple are being built in Anchorage, Alaska, and in Chile to symbolize "the northern | 6,123,335 |
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and southern-most reach of the Church's missionary efforts".
## Hermosa Provincia Temple.
The flagship temple in Guadalajara is pyramidal and has an innovative structure. The project began in 1983, when the church's former temple, built to accommodate 8,000 people, was deemed insufficient to accommodate the growing membership who attended various annual celebrations. Construction began on July 3, 1983, when Samuel Joaquín laid the cornerstone, and lasted until August 1, 1992. The temple was completed largely by members of the church. It is a notable architectural feature in Guadalajara in a working-class district on the outskirts of the city.
Dozens of institutions, architects, and engineers | 6,123,336 |
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were invited to submit proposals for a new temple. The pyramidal design submitted by local architect Leopoldo Fernández Font was selected from the final shortlist of four proposals. Fernandez was later awarded an honorary degree for this and other structures. The temple was built to accommodate 12,000 worshipers and is used for annual ceremonies.
The building's design represents the infinite power and existence of God. It consists of seven levels over a base menorah, each of which symbolize steps toward the human spirit's perfection. In February 1991, a laser beacon was installed to commemorate the 449-year anniversary of the founding of Guadalajara. On July 1999, the pinnacle of the temple | 6,123,337 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
was replaced by Aaron's rod, a twenty-ton bronze sculpture by artist Jorge de la Peña. The installation of the long structure required a special crane.
## Houston Temple.
The main temple in Houston, Texas, was inspired by Greco-Roman architecture. It is the largest temple constructed by La Luz del Mundo in the United States as of 2011. The temple's pillars resemble the Parthenon. The front of the building is decorated with carved scenes from the Bible and three panes of stained glass also depict biblical scenes. The temple can hold 4,500 people. The interior has marble floors, glass chandeliers, and wood paneling.
The structure is worth and consists of the temple, classrooms, offices, and | 6,123,338 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
a parsonage. There is a sitting area with fourteen free-standing columns in a circle next to the temple. Each column represents each of the Apostles at the time of constructionincluding Aarón and Samuel Joaquín. On top of the temple under Aaron's rodthe Church's symbol which represents God's power to bring spiritual life to believersis a large, golden dome. The symbol is also a reference to the Church's founder.
Construction of the temple began in 2000 and was finished in 2005. Most of the construction was done by church volunteers, who provided funding and a skilled workforce. The structure was designed by church members and the design was revised by architects to ensure compliance with building | 6,123,339 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
codes. The decorations and ornaments were also designed and installed by church members. The temple serves as a central congregation for southeastern Texas.
# Membership Statistics.
There are no definitive statistics for the total membership of La Luz del Mundo. It has reported having over five million members worldwide in 2000, with 1.5 million in Mexico. The Church does not appear in the 1990 Mexican census or any census prior to that.
The 2000 Mexican census reported about 70,000 members five years or older nationwide, and the 2010 census reported 188,326 members of any age. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, whose numbers also differ significantly from those of the census1,234,545 | 6,123,340 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
compared to the census figure of 314,932said ambiguity in the census questionnaire was the source of the disparity. The World Christian Encyclopedia reports 430,000 adherents in Mexico in 2000 and 488,000 in Mexico in 2010. Based on the number of congregations and the average number of members per congregation, anthropologist Hugo G. Nutini estimated in 2000 that the Church had a total membership of around 1,125,000 adherents worldwide, with more than two-thirds of those in Mexico. In 2008, Fortuny and Williams reported a membership of 7,000,000. Anthropologist Ávila Meléndez says that the membership official membership figures are plausible given the great interest it has generated among "religious | 6,123,341 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
authorities" and the following it receives in Mexico.
In El Salvador, as of 2009, there are an estimated 70,000 members of La Luz del Mundo, which had 140 congregations with a minister and 160 other congregations with between 13 and 80 members. As of 2008, there were around 60,000 church members in the United States.
# Controversies and criticism.
La Luz del Mundo has been the subject of several controversies. Church leaders have been accused of creating a cult of personality, sexually abusing members, and amassing wealth.
## Status of church apostles.
La Luz del Mundo has been accused of having a "cult of personality" centered around its leaders, and at times of worshiping its leaders. | 6,123,342 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
The birthdays of church leaders are celebrated as religious festivals, and church members describe seeing or listening to their leader as a religious experience. Toward the end of Samuel Joaquín's life, church members were using bibles with his key speeches and epistles appended at the end. In May 2019, La Luz del Mundo faced scrutiny for using the Palace of Fine Arts (a government funded public venue) in Mexico City to host a concert as tribute to its leader Naasón Joaquín for his 50th birthday.
A day after the Heaven's Gate mass suicide on March 26, 1997, on TV Azteca's evening newscast "Hechos", Jorge Erdely Graham of the anti-cult group Instituto Cristiano de Mexico (Christian Institute | 6,123,343 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
of Mexico) claimed that church members may commit mass suicide if so directed by their leader, Samuel Joaquín. No evidence ever surfaced to support such claims, which were later characterized by religious scholars Gordon Melton and David Bromley as "fraudulent reports by ideological enemies." The claims focused media attention on church leader Samuel Joaquín who would subsequently be accused of sexually abusing young church members.
## Sexual abuse accusations.
On May 18, 1997a day after Samuel Joaquín's 35th wedding anniversarya handful of women claimed on the Mexican network Televisa that they had been sexually abused by Samuel Joaquín approximately twenty years earlier. In a third report | 6,123,344 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
on August 17, shortly after the church's most significant holiday, former member Moisés Padilla Íñiguez also accused Samuel Joaquín of sexually abusing him when he was a teenager. These accusations were spearheaded by Erdely's anti-cult group, which demanded that La Luz del Mundo be stripped of its legal recognition as a religious organization. Four people later filed formal complaints with the state prosecutor, but the statute of limitations for the alleged crimes had passed.
The issue came back to life in February 1998 when, two days before Samuel Joaquín's birthday, Padilla reported being kidnapped and stabbed by two gunmen. Padilla received 57 shallow slashes from a dagger which, although | 6,123,345 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
they did not put his life in immediate danger, could have resulted in death from blood loss. Padilla blamed Samuel Joaquín for the stabbing and for an earlier attack in which he was allegedly beaten by men who warned him against criticizing the Church leader. A church spokesman denied that the Church or Samuel Joaquín had any involvement in the attack and suggested that Padilla may have orchestrated it in a desperate attempt to authenticate his previous charges against the organization.
Judicial authorities investigating the charges said the alleged victims were not being fully cooperative, whereas former church members expressed suspicion of the Mexican legal system, arguing that it favored | 6,123,346 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
the Church. Ten years later a spokesman for the state prosecutor said the criminal complaints were unsuccessful because, in addition to the statute of limitations, the accusations were incomplete.
On June 4, 2019, current La Luz del Mundo leader Naasón Joaquín García and a church follower were arrested after their chartered flight from Mexico landed at Los Angeles International Airport.. The California Department of Justice alleges that between 2015 and 2018 Naasón Joaquín and three co-defendants committed twenty-six felonies including human trafficking, production of child pornography, and forcible rape of a minor. Naasón Joaquín's bail was set at $50 million due to fears that his followers | 6,123,347 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
could raise enough money to free him and that he would then flee the country. According to California Attorney General Xavier Becerra, the bail is the highest ever imposed on anyone in Los Angeles county. La Luz del Mundo denies the accusations.
## Wealth of church apostles.
Church leaders have been criticized for accumulating wealth while the majority of church members belong to the lower economic classes. The Joaquín family owns a lavish private zoo-themed ranch called Silver Wolf Ranch in Seguin, Texas, valued at $3 million as of 2008, and includes horses and a collection of restored vintage cars. The ranch is divided into two parts, a federally registered nonprofit zoo and wildlife rescue | 6,123,348 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
refuge, and a private zoo-themed family retreat. The nonprofit part is funded by donations from church members in Texas, while the private part is funded by family earnings from businesses such as a travel agency in Guadalajara, per a church spokesperson.
# Discrimination.
## Opposition to new temple in California.
In 1995, La Luz del Mundo acquired a vacant nursery building in a commercial zone in Ontario, California. The Church planned to use it for religious activities and was assured that it could as long as building requirements were met. The city then passed a law requiring all new religious organizations to obtain a conditional use permit to operate a church in the commercial zone. | 6,123,349 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
In 1998, La Luz del Mundo petitioned for such a permit, but concerned residents objected to its plans. María de Lourdes Argüelles, professor at Claremont Graduate University and board member of the Instituto Cristiano de México, led the opposition against La Luz del Mundo, which she called a "destructive sect". She said she had seen children and teenagers working overnight on the site under precarious conditions.
Ontario officials met with objecting residents and began researching the Church, checking with cities where La Luz del Mundo had temples, but found no problems. After considering zoning questions and citing traffic, parking and disruption of economic plans for that area, the city denied | 6,123,350 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
the permit to the Church. La Luz del Mundo then sued the city for denying it use of its own building for services and for allegedly violating its civil rights. The case was settled out of court in 2004, and La Luz del Mundo was allowed to build the temple. The city agreed to pay about in cash and fee credits to the Church. The case was not taken to court because city officials and attorneys concluded the city would most likely lose the case and spend more money than the settlement.
## Denominational discrimination.
According to Fortuny, La Luz del Mundo members, along with members of other Protestant denominations, are treated as "second class citizens". She says the church is called a "sect" | 6,123,351 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
in an offensive manner in Mexico. Rodolfo Morán Quiroz, a sociologist, said that the discrimination started by the Catholic Church, which in the past caused La Luz del Mundo to establish its community in Hermosa Provincia, continues in Mexico. Church founder Aarón Joaquín was beaten by Cristeros and was jailed by the government for preaching in the open air.
In 1995, as thousands of members of the church traveled to the Holy Supper celebration in Guadalajara, several members of a neighboring community supported by Cardinal Juan Sandoval Íñiguez protested the use of schools to provide temporary shelters for church pilgrims. The protesters said that after the ceremony the schools were left in | 6,123,352 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
disarray; however church authorities presented photographic evidence to newspapers to refute these claims.
According to Church spokesperson Armando Maya Castro, many students who are members of La Luz del Mundo have been discriminated against and punished for refusing to partake in celebrations and customs concerning the Day of the Dead at school. In one case reported by a Mexican newspaper, "La Gaceta", a female church member riding a bus was pushed by another passenger, who then crossed herself because the member was wearing a long skirt. In July 25, 2008, a public official sealed the entrance to a temple in Puerto Vallarta, trapping the congregation inside, until other officials removed | 6,123,353 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
the seals. This incident occurred because of complaints from individuals who did not like the presence of the Church in the area. Reporter Rodolfo Chávez Calderón stated that La Luz del Mundo was in compliance with local laws.
Many female church members have faced discrimination and verbal abuse on buses, in schools, and in hospitals. Church members who were patients in a Mexican hospital were denied access to their ministers in 2011. The hospital required permission from Catholic clergy so that La Luz del Mundo ministers could visit patients.
La Luz del Mundo ministers reported that the site of a newly constructed temple in Silao was subject to harassment, vandalism, and physical threats | 6,123,354 |
7539583 | La Luz del Mundo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Luz%20del%20Mundo | La Luz del Mundo
from Catholic clergy so that La Luz del Mundo ministers could visit patients.
La Luz del Mundo ministers reported that the site of a newly constructed temple in Silao was subject to harassment, vandalism, and physical threats because of religious intolerance, which caused them to request increased police protection. In February 2012, seventy church ministers from different countries appeared before Mexican authorities in Guadalajara to denounce the lack of police protection for the church's residents in the city after a series of attacks left several members hospitalized.
# Further reading.
Note: Most of De la Torre's work listed below was incorporated into her book "Los hijos de La Luz". | 6,123,355 |
7540248 | Shakin' Like a Human Being | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakin'%20Like%20a%20Human%20Being | Shakin' Like a Human Being
Shakin' Like a Human Being
Shakin' like a Human Being is the second solo album by Canadian singer and guitarist Kim Mitchell. The album was released in 1986 and is certified triple platinum in Canada. It is Kim Mitchell's most successful album to date, and "Patio Lanterns" was his most successful song.
The title came from the song "I Am a Wild Party", which Mitchell included in his live performances but was not released until the "I Am a Wild Party" (Live) album came out.
# Track listing.
All songs written by Kim Mitchell and Pye Dubois unless otherwise shown.
- 1. "Get Lucky (Boys & Girls)" - 4:04
- 2. "In My Shoes" - 3:34
- 3. "Alana Loves Me" - 4:08
- 4. "Patio Lanterns" - 3:24
- | 6,123,356 |
7540248 | Shakin' Like a Human Being | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakin'%20Like%20a%20Human%20Being | Shakin' Like a Human Being
5. "That's the Hold" - 3:59
- 6. "In Your Arms" (Mitchell, Dubois, Todd Booth) - 4:08
- 7. "City Girl" - 4:04
- 8. "Easy to Tame" - 4:12
- 9. "Cameo Spirit" - 3:32
- 10. "Hitting the Ground" - 4:54
Singles:
- 1. "Patio Lanterns"
- 2. "Alana Loves Me"
- 3. "That's the Hold"
- 4. "Easy to Tame"
# Personnel.
- Kim Mitchell – lead guitar, vocals
- Peter Fredette – rhythm guitar, keyboards, vocals
- Robert Sinclair Wilson – bass, keyboards, vocals
- Paul Delong – drums
- Pye Dubois – lyrics
- Paul Northfield - Audio Engineer
## Additional musicians.
- Todd Booth – keyboards and arranging
- Floyd Bell & Steve Hollingworth – additional vocals
- This album was released in America | 6,123,357 |
7540248 | Shakin' Like a Human Being | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakin'%20Like%20a%20Human%20Being | Shakin' Like a Human Being
- 4:08
- 7. "City Girl" - 4:04
- 8. "Easy to Tame" - 4:12
- 9. "Cameo Spirit" - 3:32
- 10. "Hitting the Ground" - 4:54
Singles:
- 1. "Patio Lanterns"
- 2. "Alana Loves Me"
- 3. "That's the Hold"
- 4. "Easy to Tame"
# Personnel.
- Kim Mitchell – lead guitar, vocals
- Peter Fredette – rhythm guitar, keyboards, vocals
- Robert Sinclair Wilson – bass, keyboards, vocals
- Paul Delong – drums
- Pye Dubois – lyrics
- Paul Northfield - Audio Engineer
## Additional musicians.
- Todd Booth – keyboards and arranging
- Floyd Bell & Steve Hollingworth – additional vocals
- This album was released in America on the Atlantic Records label
# External links.
- http://www.kimmitchell.ca | 6,123,358 |
7540259 | Banque Internationale pour la Centrafrique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banque%20Internationale%20pour%20la%20Centrafrique | Banque Internationale pour la Centrafrique
Banque Internationale pour la Centrafrique
Banque Internationale pour la Centrafrique is a major bank of the Central African Republic.
The name of the bank is abbreviated to BICA.
# External links.
- BICA's page at Annulaires Afrique | 6,123,359 |
7540300 | Rockland (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockland%20(album) | Rockland (album)
Rockland (album)
Rockland is the third solo album from Canadian singer and guitarist Kim Mitchell. The album was released in 1989 and is certified double platinum in Canada.
# Track listing.
- 1. "Rocklandwonderland" (Kim Mitchell, Pye Dubois) - 4:19
- 2. "Lost Lovers Found" (Mitchell, Dubois) - 5:07
- 3. "Rock n Roll Duty" (Mitchell, Dubois) -3:20
- 4. "Tangle of Love" (Mitchell, Dubois) - 4:45
- 5. "Moodstreet" (Mitchell, Dubois) - 4:23
- 6. "The Crossroads" (Mitchell, Dubois) - 4:25
- 7. "Expedition Sailor" (Mitchell, Dubois) - 4:25
- 8. "O Mercy Louise" (Mitchell, Dubois) - 3:58
- 9. "This Dream" (Mitchell, Dubois) - 4:33
- 10. "The Great Embrace" (Mitchell, Dubois, Booth) - 5:29
- | 6,123,360 |
7540300 | Rockland (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockland%20(album) | Rockland (album)
Rockland was released internationally on the Atlantic Records label
# Personnel.
- Kim Mitchell – lead guitar, vocals
- Matthew Gerrard – bass
- Greg Wells – keyboards, backing vocals
- Lou Molino – drums
- Pye Dubois – lyrics
- Paul Devilliers - Audio Engineer
- Paul La Chapelle - audio engineer
- Phil Kaffel - audio engineer
- Brian Foraker - Mixing
- Greg Fulginiti Mastering
# Additional Musicians.
- Peter Fredette – backing vocals
- Pat Mastelotto – programming, additional drums
- Floyd Bell – backing vocals
- Kim Bullard - keyboards
- Rik Emmett - acoustic guitar in "Expedition Sailor"
- Sheree Geacocke - backing vocals
# Recorded at.
- One on One Studios, North Hollywood
- | 6,123,361 |
7540300 | Rockland (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockland%20(album) | Rockland (album)
ing vocals
- Lou Molino – drums
- Pye Dubois – lyrics
- Paul Devilliers - Audio Engineer
- Paul La Chapelle - audio engineer
- Phil Kaffel - audio engineer
- Brian Foraker - Mixing
- Greg Fulginiti Mastering
# Additional Musicians.
- Peter Fredette – backing vocals
- Pat Mastelotto – programming, additional drums
- Floyd Bell – backing vocals
- Kim Bullard - keyboards
- Rik Emmett - acoustic guitar in "Expedition Sailor"
- Sheree Geacocke - backing vocals
# Recorded at.
- One on One Studios, North Hollywood
- Southcombe Studio, Burbank
- Quest Studios, Oshawa
- McClear Place, Toronto
- Metalworks Studios, Mississauga, ON (Mixing)
# Resources.
- http://www.kimmitchell.ca | 6,123,362 |
7540264 | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living%20Eyes%20(Radio%20Birdman%20album) | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album)
Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album)
Living Eyes was the second studio album released by Sydney, Australia punk rock band Radio Birdman. It was the last recorded album by the band as they split up shortly after it was recorded in 1978. The album was recorded over a three-week period at the Rockfield Studios in Wales whilst the band was on its first overseas tour, supporting the Flamin' Groovies around Britain and Europe. The original master tapes disappeared before the album was released and as a result the album was mastered from a cassette recording of trial mixes, which impacted on the sound quality. "Living Eyes" sound was heavily influenced by the lead guitarist and producer Deniz Tek who | 6,123,363 |
7540264 | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living%20Eyes%20(Radio%20Birdman%20album) | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album)
had lived in Detroit before moving to Australia and been influenced musically by the "Motor City Rock" sound. The music of Birdman has been compared to that of The Stooges and MC5, but their sound is also comparable to that of 60's rock 'n' roll bands such as The Rolling Stones.
"Smith and Wesson Blues", "I-94" and "Burned My Eye" had all been previously released on the Burn My Eye EP, but were re-recorded for the album.
18 songs were recorded at Rockfield, with 13 songs making the album. Pip Hoyle's instrumental "Alien Skies" was considered out of step with the other music, and "Didn’t Tell The Man" had been released by The Hitmen in 1979. Tek later said that Seymour Stein was largely responsible | 6,123,364 |
7540264 | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living%20Eyes%20(Radio%20Birdman%20album) | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album)
for the delay in release. He said, "To me, it was already recorded. The expense had already been put into it. So there was no reason for his attitude and we wanted to have it out because we were proud of it. It was 'Yeah, Dennis, I agree it should come out. You've got my word on it.' The nothing happens."
In 1995, John Foy (Red Eye Records) retrieved the original master tapes from Rockfield Studios and the band had the songs remixed, remastered and re-sequenced. The remastered version of "Living Eyes" was issued in 2005 on Red Eye (through Polygram).
# Reception.
Reviewed at the time of release, Roadrunner said the album was, "less of a total blitz," than their previous work, "with perhaps | 6,123,365 |
7540264 | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living%20Eyes%20(Radio%20Birdman%20album) | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album)
more contrasts and definite attempts at greater tonal variation." "Crying Sun" was described as a "killer track," and "Do the Moving Change" a "pop classic."
# Track listing.
## 1981 original.
- 1. "More Fun"
- 2. "TPBR Combo"
- 3. "455 SD"
- 4. "Do The Movin' Change"
- 5. "I-94"
- 6. "Iskender Time"
- 7. "Burn My Eye '78"
- 8. "Time to Fall"
- 9. "Smith and Wesson Blues"
- 10. "Crying Sun"
- 11. "Breaks My Heart"
- 12. "Alone in the Endzone"
- 13. "Hanging On"
## 1995 Reassembled, remastered and re-mixed version.
- 1. "Hanging On"
- 2. "455 SD"
- 3. "Do The Movin' Change"
- 4. "TPBR Combo"
- 5. "I-94"
- 6. "Iskender Time"
- 7. "Burn My Eye '78"
- 8. "Alien Skies"
- | 6,123,366 |
7540264 | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living%20Eyes%20(Radio%20Birdman%20album) | Living Eyes (Radio Birdman album)
- 4. "TPBR Combo"
- 5. "I-94"
- 6. "Iskender Time"
- 7. "Burn My Eye '78"
- 8. "Alien Skies"
- 9. "Time to Fall"
- 10. "Smith and Wesson Blues"
- 11. "Crying Sun"
- 12. "If I Wanted To"
- 13. "Breaks My Heart"
- 14. "More Fun"
- 15. "Alone in the Endzone"
- 16. "Didn't Tell the Man"
- 17. "Dark Surprise"
# Personnel.
- Radio Birdman
- Warwick Gilbert - bass
- Ron Keeley - drums
- Pip Hoyle - organ, piano
- Chris Masuak - guitar, percussion, harmony vocals
- Deniz Tek - guitar, harmony vocals
- Rob Younger - lead vocals
# See also.
- Proto-punk
# External links.
- http://www.divinerites.com/dr_birdm.htm
- http://www.radio-birdman.com/ - Official Radio Birdman Website | 6,123,367 |
7540294 | Metromedia Restaurant Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metromedia%20Restaurant%20Group | Metromedia Restaurant Group
Metromedia Restaurant Group
The Metromedia Restaurant Group was a United States casual dining company that operated and franchised more than 800 restaurants under the names Steak and Ale, Bennigan's, Bonanza, Ponderosa, The Plano Tavern, The Southlake Tavern and the 29 Degree Tavern. The company was headquartered in Plano, Texas. It was part of the Metromedia Company, which was privately owned by businessman John Kluge until his death and is related in lineage to the former entertainment company of the same name.
# Bankruptcy of S&A Restaurant Group.
Metromedia Restaurant Group formerly operated certain Bennigan's and Steak and Ale restaurants under the S&A Restaurant Group division. This | 6,123,368 |
7540294 | Metromedia Restaurant Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metromedia%20Restaurant%20Group | Metromedia Restaurant Group
rant Group.
Metromedia Restaurant Group formerly operated certain Bennigan's and Steak and Ale restaurants under the S&A Restaurant Group division. This division was forced into an involuntary Chapter 7 liquidation by its lender, GE Capital, in August 2008, and closed over 300 company-owned Bennigan's and Steak & Ale restaurants. The franchise-owned Bennigan's locations were not named as debtors in the bankruptcy and continued to operate, nor were the Bonanza and Ponderosa Steakhouse chains, operated by a different subsidiary, Metromedia Steakhouses Co. LP, affected by the filing. Atalaya Capital Management bought the Bennigan's and Steak and Ale brands and their franchisor later that year. | 6,123,369 |
7540309 | Paul Reeve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Reeve | Paul Reeve
Paul Reeve
Paul Reeve is a record producer from Cornwall, UK. Working alongside John Leckie, he co-produced five tracks on Muse's acclaimed debut album "Showbiz". During his time as chief engineer at The Airfield Studios in Cornwall and during regular stints at the nearby Sawmills Studios and air studios in London he has assisted some highly respected and regarded producers, including the afore mentioned John Leckie as well as John Cornfield, Sam Williams and Chris Allison. He currently resides in Cornwall, UK.
Reeve has worked with many artists, including Beta Band, Muse, Steve Harley, Ruarri Joseph, Andrew Bate, Razorlight, Supergrass, and Armonite. He also produced Muse's debut EPs "Muse" | 6,123,370 |
7540309 | Paul Reeve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Reeve | Paul Reeve
and "Muscle Museum EP", of which three tracks, "Uno", "Muscle Museum", and "Unintended" have been released as singles, the last entering the UK chart at number 20. As well as co-production on Muse's 'Showbiz' and 'Absolution' albums, Paul co-produced and mixed a large selection of b-sides for the Muse compilation "Hullabaloo Soundtrack".
After mixing COX’s ‘Rien A Perdre’ album for Barclay in early 2003, Paul was called in to co-produce tracks for the number one MUSE album, ‘Absolution’ for Taste Media.
2004 saw him Producing and Mixing a new album and DVD by DAVID HALLYDAY/NOVA 6 for Mercury Records, France, and has co-producing material for the debut RAZORLIGHT album for Universal.
In 2005, | 6,123,371 |
7540309 | Paul Reeve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Reeve | Paul Reeve
he finished Producing and mixing the new album for THE GENERAL STORE and was developing new projects with Dangerous Records. He also was guitarist and Musical Director for the NOVA 6 European tour for Alias productions.
In 2007, Paul worked with Alan Smyth as engineer on the MILBURN album for Universal and produced tracks for the RUARRI JOSEPH debut album for Atlantic.
In 2009, Paul was asked to produce the vocals for the hugely successful Muse single 'Uprising'
In 2010-2011 Paul produced the Fainting in Coils EP by Andrew Bate, citing the singer as having "The best male voice I've ever heard".
In 2012, Paul co-produced vocals for the forthcoming 2012 Muse album, as well as developing promising | 6,123,372 |
7540309 | Paul Reeve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Reeve | Paul Reeve
ean tour for Alias productions.
In 2007, Paul worked with Alan Smyth as engineer on the MILBURN album for Universal and produced tracks for the RUARRI JOSEPH debut album for Atlantic.
In 2009, Paul was asked to produce the vocals for the hugely successful Muse single 'Uprising'
In 2010-2011 Paul produced the Fainting in Coils EP by Andrew Bate, citing the singer as having "The best male voice I've ever heard".
In 2012, Paul co-produced vocals for the forthcoming 2012 Muse album, as well as developing promising artists in the UK and Europe.
Paul Reeve has BPI awards for over 5 million record sales.
# External links.
- Official website
- https://www.discogs.com/artist/198609-Paul-Reeve | 6,123,373 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
2006 California's 4th congressional district election
The California's 4th congressional district election, 2006 was an election for the United States House of Representatives. The two major party candidates were longtime incumbent John Doolittle (R) and challenger Charles Brown (D). Doolittle retained his seat with 104,307 votes (49%) compared to Brown with 97,022 votes (46%). Libertarian Dan Warren got 5% of the vote.
# Primary.
In the Republican primary on June 6, 2006, Doolittle was challenged for his party's nomination by Mike Holmes, the mayor of Auburn. Citing Doolittle's score of -4 on its scorecard, Republicans for Environmental Protection endorsed Holmes. Doolittle raised more than | 6,123,374 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
$1.1 million in campaign contributions, more than 14 times that of Holmes, as of the last reporting deadline before the election. Doolittle won the primary with 67% of the vote. Doolittle’s tally in the GOP primary was a decline in both real numbers and margin of victory, however, compared to previous years and represented less than 42% of the overall votes cast in all parties' primaries for the 4th-district seat.
# Democratic challenger.
Charles D. "Charlie" Brown (born 1949) is a retired U.S. Air Force Lt. Colonel. Brown graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1972 and served 26 years on active duty in the Air Force, primarily as a pilot, first flying helicopters during the | 6,123,375 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
Vietnam War, and then fixed-wing aircraft. He holds a master's degree in aviation management from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and a California teaching credential. Brown was elected to two terms on the Supervisory Committee of the Sierra Central Credit Union and two terms as vice president of the Roseville Police Association. He worked for eight years on the professional staff of the Roseville Police Department after retiring from the Air Force.
A social moderate, Brown identified his other top priorities as: protecting Social Security; keeping American jobs at home; stopping out-of-control deficit spending; strengthening national security while bringing the war in Iraq to a quick | 6,123,376 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
and secure resolution; supporting strong, safe schools; ensuring clean water and air; and making good healthcare accessible to everyone.
# General election campaign.
## Themes.
Brown defined his number-one issue as "the Constitution, including the Second Amendment" and questioned whether the Republican leaders in the George W. Bush administration and the 109th Congress genuinely believed in individual liberties in light of policies allowing spying without a warrant on American citizens; or in small government given huge and ineffective bureaucracies; or in fiscal responsibility having run up huge deficits. He characterized the incumbent, John Doolittle, as being among extremists who had taken | 6,123,377 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
over the party and allowed corporations to binge on federal contracts in the midst of a war while underfunding the Veterans Administration and neglecting the needs of middle-class families.
With Doolittle involved in an ongoing federal investigation into congressional corruption, including ties to convicted lobbyist Jack Abramoff and defense contractor Brent R. Wilkes, an inindicted co-conspirator, Brown emphasized the need for ethical representation in Congress. Promising transparency in government service if elected, he pledged to publicly disclose anyone whom he would have met with to discuss legislation, including lobbyists.
## Controversies.
On Oct 21, 2006 Republicans for Charlie Brown | 6,123,378 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
asked the Doolittle campaign to "cease deceptive automated phone calls to voters that are initially represented as if they are coming from the Brown campaign--before going on to smear Brown." Republicans for Charlie Brown founder Joanne Neft cited "the $3,000 fine Doolittle received in 1984 for sending out fraudulent campaign mailers during a State Senate Campaign." Neft added, "John Doolittle has practiced dirty campaign tricks from the beginning. He can't run on his record of corruption and ineffectiveness, so he tries to trick people into thinking his opponent is calling them with gibberish and lies. These shameful tactics only serve to highlight his moral unfitness for office."
In late | 6,123,379 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
October, Monte Schulz, the son of Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz, objected to the use of fonts, colors schemes, and other elements of his father's cartoons in mailings attacking Brown and said that he believed such mailers infringed on the cartoon's copyrights. (The mailers did not use Peanuts' characters.) Schulz sent copies of the mailers to the two companies who owned the trademarks and had editorial and art control, which sent them on to lawyers for further review. A spokesman for the Doolittle campaign said that the mailers came from the National Republican Congressional Committee, which by law does not coordinate with the Doolittle campaign.
On November 3, "The Washington Post" reported, | 6,123,380 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
"two little-known nonprofit groups paid for Rep. John T. Doolittle (R-Calif.) and his 12-year-old daughter to travel to South Korea and Malaysia." These trips included a stop at "the Berjaya Beach & Spa Resort on the Malaysian island of Langkawi, where they bunked at an oceanfront chalet staffed with a personal butler, got massages and rode water scooters on Burau Bay." The trip cost $29,400 and was paid for by two groups that "were fronts for vigorous lobbying campaigns bankrolled by foreign entities and were operated by a Washington lobbying firm, Alexander Strategy Group, according to public records and people who worked with the firm." These "two nonprofits and the lobbying firm behind them | 6,123,381 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
have drawn the attention of the FBI."
## Fundraising.
Doolittle raised $216,000 during the second quarter of 2006, for a total of $1.2 million for the campaign. He had spent just over $1 million and had $261,000 cash on-hand at the end of the period. Brown raised $109,000 during the period, for a total of $254,000 during the campaign. He had spent $179,000 and has about $70,000 cash on-hand. Brown took in about $200,000 in campaign contributions in July and August.
## Debates.
On July 17, 2006, Doolittle agreed to engage in debates at a later date. At the last moment Doolittle decided not to participate in a debate that was to be held in Nevada County. The single remaining debate was held | 6,123,382 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
on October 11, 2006.
## Polls and ratings.
Although the 4th District of California was generally considered a safe seat for Republicans, a Benenson Strategy Group poll in late August found Doolittle just slightly ahead, 41% to 39%, with 17% undecided. By the end of September, the race was considered even.
In early October CQPolitics.com to change its rating on the race to "Republican Favored" from "Safe Republican". Both campaigns began airing their first ads of the general election shortly thereafter.
A USA Survey poll on November 3, 2006, found that Doolittle was leading 50% to 43%.
# After the election.
Brown announced in February 2007 that he would run again in 2008. Brown outraised | 6,123,383 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
Doolittle in the first and second quarters of 2007; as of June 30, he had a net cash balance of $251,000; Doolittle had a negative balance of $32,000. After much speculation, on January 10, 2008, John Doolittle announced he would finish his current term, and not run for re-election. In the 2008 general election, Brown ran against and lost to then-California State Senator Tom McClintock (R-Thousand Oaks).
# External links.
- Charles Brown for Congress- Official
- John Doolittle Official website
- "Doolittle takes stock after close win: He says he'll forgo any leadership role to focus on his district", "Sacramento Bee", Nov. 9, 2006
- "Abramoff ties stick to California Rep. Doolittle" (audio), | 6,123,384 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
"NPR Morning Edition", Oct. 5, 2006
- "Abramoff allegations make Brown a legit threat to Doolittle", "The New York Times", Oct. 4, 2006
- "Doolittle fires back against Brown ad: Ad says Doolittle tolerated forced abortions, sex slavery", "KCRA 3 Reports", Sep. 29, 2006
- "Doolittle, rival duel on alleged abuses", "Sacramento Bee", Sep. 28, 2006
- "Perhaps it's time for a fresh face in D.C.", "The Union", Sep. 26, 2006
- "Editorial: Time for Doolittle to go; elect Charlie Brown", "Sacramento Bee", Sep. 18, 2006
- "Editorial: No Doolittle debate? District's voters deserve face-to-face forum", "Sacramento Bee", Sep. 15, 2006
- "Doolittle was Abramoff island client's 'hero'", "TPM Muckraker", | 6,123,385 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
Aug. 4, 2006
- "Doolittle accepts offer to debate foe", "Sacramento Bee", Jul. 12, 2006
- "Doolittle will face Brown in November", "Tahoe Daily Tribune", Jun. 8, 2006
- "Drop in turnout hurts Doolittle", "Scripps Howard News Service", Jun. 7, 2006
- "What low turnout could mean for the November race" (video), "KXTV news10.net", Jun. 7, 2006
- "Doolittle’s primary will test effects of Abramoff ties", "Congressional Quarterly", Jun. 5, 2006
- "State by State", "The Hill", May 16, 2006
- "Democrats' best bet is Charles Brown", "Auburn Journal", May 13, 2006
- "Race for your life, Charlie Brown", "Sacramento News & Review", May 4, 2006
- "Doolittle's ties to Abramoff give opponents hope", | 6,123,386 |
7540103 | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%20California's%204th%20congressional%20district%20election | 2006 California's 4th congressional district election
Jun. 5, 2006
- "State by State", "The Hill", May 16, 2006
- "Democrats' best bet is Charles Brown", "Auburn Journal", May 13, 2006
- "Race for your life, Charlie Brown", "Sacramento News & Review", May 4, 2006
- "Doolittle's ties to Abramoff give opponents hope", "Sacramento Bee", Apr. 7, 2006
- "Rep. Doolittle is asleep at the switch", "Sierra Sun", Jan. 24, 2006
- "Brown joins other vets in House races", "The Union", Jan. 14, 2006
- "Veterans need to be remembered beyond today", "The Union", Nov. 11, 2005
- "Air Force vet to face Doolittle", "Tahoe Daily Tribune ", Oct. 19, 2005
- Biography: Charles Brown, "KXTV news10.net"
- "Valor: The "Mayaguez" Incident", "Air Force Magazine" | 6,123,387 |
7540337 | Commercial Bank Centrafrique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commercial%20Bank%20Centrafrique | Commercial Bank Centrafrique
Commercial Bank Centrafrique
Commercial Bank Centrafrique CBCA, is one of the largest banks in the Central African Republic. It is a member of the Commercial Bank Group and is affiliated with the Commercial Bank Tchad (CBT), the Commercial Bank of Cameroon (CBC), the Commercial Bank Equatorial Guinea (CBGE) and Commercial Bank São Tomé and Príncipe (CBSTP).
# External links.
- CBCA's page at Annulaires Afrique
# See also.
- Commercial Bank Group
- Commercial Bank of Cameroon
- Central Bank of Central African States | 6,123,388 |
7540335 | Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unforgivable%20Blackness:%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Jack%20Johnson | Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson is a documentary by filmmaker Ken Burns based on the nonfiction book of the same name by Geoffrey C. Ward (2004). In Burns' signature style the 220-minute film serves as a biography of Jack Johnson, the first African-American Heavyweight Boxing Champion of the World, as well as a documentary of racism and social inequality during the Jim Crow era against which Jack Johnson lived in defiant opposition.
The documentary was first broadcast on PBS in two parts on January 17 and January 18, 2005. The film is narrated by Keith David and features a soundtrack by Wynton Marsalis and Samuel | 6,123,389 |
7540335 | Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unforgivable%20Blackness:%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Jack%20Johnson | Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
L. Jackson as the voice of Jack Johnson. Alan Rickman also contributed his voice to the documentary. Stanley Crouch appears offering commentary, including a quote from Johnson responding to a question from a white woman about black people, "We eat cold eels and think distant thoughts."
This documentary is an example of a type frequently used by Burns, namely authority contributions, where a range of authorities give voiceovers to contribute particular details. Stanley Crouch is the star authority, whose personal recollections, storytelling ability, and frequent appearance, lend an air of intimacy and detail.
In 2005, the film earned Ken Burns an Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction | 6,123,390 |
7540335 | Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unforgivable%20Blackness:%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Jack%20Johnson | Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
whose personal recollections, storytelling ability, and frequent appearance, lend an air of intimacy and detail.
In 2005, the film earned Ken Burns an Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming and won for Outstanding Nonfiction Special. Geoffrey C. Ward won an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming. Keith David won an Emmy for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.
The film was produced by David Schaye, Paul Barnes and Ken Burns (Executive Producer) for Florentine Films.
# See also.
"The Great White Hope", Howard Sackler's 1967 dramatization of Jack Johnson's life.
# External link.
- "Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson" at PBS | 6,123,391 |
7540363 | Iragbiji | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iragbiji | Iragbiji
Iragbiji
Iragbiji (also Iragbigi) is a town and capital of Boripe Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria, and is inhabited by the Yoruba people. It is the birthplace of artist Yinka Adeyemi. Prince Adeleye Oyedokun former Osun broadcasting corporation, Chief Bisi Lawal, Former Official of Institute of Personal management of Nigeria. Prince Adesoji Atoyebi, Engineer CAPplc, Elder Bode Aremu, Former Principal Oke Iragbiji Grammar School, and Adventist Grammar School Ede, Osun State, and former chairman Boripe LGA.
# History.
According to local history, the town was founded by a hunter chasing an animal. After he finally caught and killed the animal, he sat down under an ira tree, and other | 6,123,392 |
7540363 | Iragbiji | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iragbiji | Iragbiji
imal. After he finally caught and killed the animal, he sat down under an ira tree, and other people joined him there. "Iragbiji" means "a settlement under a shady tree."
As of 2003, Timothy Oyelade was the Aragbiji, traditional ruler, of Iragbiji.
The world-renowned artist and traditionalist, Chief Muraina Oyelami hails from here. Tourist sites in Iragbiji include Ile-Ona Museum of Art and Archival materials (collection of M.O.), The Palace museum, Caves and other important landmarks.
# Health and education.
Iragbiji contains eight schools. As of 2006, about 75% of children in five different schools in Iragbiji were found to have intestinal helminth parasites (a type of parasitic worm.) | 6,123,393 |
7540384 | I Am a Wild Party (Live) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20Am%20a%20Wild%20Party%20(Live) | I Am a Wild Party (Live)
I Am a Wild Party (Live)
I Am a Wild Party (Live) is a live album from Canadian singer and guitarist Kim Mitchell. The album was released in 1990 and is certified platinum in Canada. It contains six live tracks; five of which were performed at The Oshawa Civic Auditorium in Oshawa, Ontario, and "Go For Soda" performed at The Kee, in Bala, Ontario. The album also contains two new studio tracks titled "I Am A Wild Party" and "Deep Dive".
# Track listing.
- 1. "I Am a Wild Party" (Kim Mitchell, Pye Dubois) – 4:25 (new studio track)
- 2. "That's the Hold" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 5:05
- 3. "Battle Scar" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 5:54
- 4. "Lager and Ale" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 4:11
- 5. "Deep Dive" (Mitchell, | 6,123,394 |
7540384 | I Am a Wild Party (Live) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20Am%20a%20Wild%20Party%20(Live) | I Am a Wild Party (Live)
listing.
- 1. "I Am a Wild Party" (Kim Mitchell, Pye Dubois) – 4:25 (new studio track)
- 2. "That's the Hold" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 5:05
- 3. "Battle Scar" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 5:54
- 4. "Lager and Ale" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 4:11
- 5. "Deep Dive" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 4:52 (new studio track)
- 6. "All We Are" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 5:41
- 7. "Rock n Roll Duty" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 4:17
- 8. "Go for Soda" (Mitchell, Dubois) – 3:59
# Personnel.
- Kim Mitchell – guitar, vocals
- Peter Fredette – bass, vocals
- Greg Wells – keyboards
- Greg Critchley – drums (tracks 2–4, 6–7)
- Matt Frenette – drums (tracks 1, 5)
- Lou Molino – drums (track 8)
# Resources.
- http://www.kimmitchell.ca | 6,123,395 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
Waterberg Biosphere
The Waterberg () is a mountainous massif of approximately in north Limpopo Province, South Africa.
The average height of the mountain range is 600 m with a few peaks rising up to 2000 m above sea level. Vaalwater town is located just north of the mountain range. The extensive rock formation was shaped by hundreds of millions of years of riverine erosion to yield diverse bluff and butte landform. The ecosystem can be characterised as a dry deciduous forest or Bushveld. Within the Waterberg there are archaeological finds dating to the Stone Age, and nearby are early evolutionary finds related to the origin of humans.
Waterberg (Thaba Meetse) is the first region in the northern | 6,123,396 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
part of South Africa to be named as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.
# Geology.
The underlying rock formation derives from the Kaapvaal Craton, formed as a precursor island roughly 2.7 billion years ago. This crustal formation became the base of the Waterberg, which was further transformed by upward extrusion of igneous rocks. These extruded rocks, containing minerals such as vanadium and platinum, are called the Bushveld Igneous Complex. The original extent of this rock upthrust involved about 250,000 square kilometers, and is sometimes called the Waterberg Supergroup.
Sedimentary deposition from rivers cutting through Waterberg endured until roughly 1.5 billion years ago. In more recent time | 6,123,397 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
(around 250 million years ago) the Kaapvaal craton collided with the supercontinent Gondwana, and split Gondwana into its modern-day continents. Waterberg today contains mesas, buttes and some kopje outcrops. Some of cliffs stand up to 550 meters above the plains, with exposed multi-coloured sandstone.
# History.
The sandstone formations could retain groundwater sufficient to make a suitable environment for primitive man. The cliff overhangs offered natural shelters for these early humans. The first human ancestors may have been at Waterberg as early as three million years ago, since Makapansgat, 40 kilometers distant, has yielded skeletons of "Australopithecus africanus". Hogan suggests that | 6,123,398 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
Homo erectus, whose evidence remains were also discovered in Makapansgat, "may have purposefully moved into the higher areas of the Waterberg for summer (December to March) game".
Bushmen entered Waterberg around two thousand years ago. They produced rock paintings at Lapalala within the Waterberg, including depictions of rhinoceros and antelope. Early Iron Age settlers in Waterberg were Bantu, who had brought cattle to the region. The Bantu created a problem in Waterberg, since cattle reduced grassland caused invasion of brush species leading to an outbreak of the tse-tse fly. The ensuing epidemic of sleeping sickness depopulated the plains, but at higher elevations man survived, because the | 6,123,399 |
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