wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
fly cannot survive above 600 meters.
Later people left the first Stone Age artifacts recovered in northern South Africa. Starting about the year 1300 AD, Nguni settlers arrived with new technologies, including the ability to build dry-stone walls, which techniques were then used to add defensive works to their Iron Age forts, some of which walls survive to today. Archaeologists continue to excavate Waterberg to shed light on the Nguni culture and the associated dry-stone architecture.
The first white settlers arrived in Waterberg in 1808 and the first naturalist a Swede appeared just before mid 19th century. Around the mid 19th century, a group of Dutch travelers set out from Cape Town in | 6,123,400 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
search of Jerusalem. Arriving in Waterberg, they mis-estimated their distance and thought they had reached Egypt.
After battles between Dutch settlers and tribesmen, the races co-existed until around 1900. The Dutch brought further cattle grazing, multiplying the impacts of indigenous tribes. By the beginning of the 20th century there were an estimated 200 western inhabitants of the Waterberg, and grassland loss began to have a severe impact upon native wildlife populations.
# Ecology.
There are several sub-habitats within the Waterberg Biosphere, which is fundamentally a dry deciduous forest; according to Hogan: "These sub-habitats include "high plateau savanna", "specialized shaded cliff | 6,123,401 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
vegetation system" and "riparian zone habitat" with associated marshes".
## Flora and fauna.
The savanna consists of rolling grasslands and a semi-deciduous forest, with trees such as mountain syringa, silver cluster-leaf and lavender tree. The canopy is mostly leafless during the dry winter. Native grasses include signal grass, goose grass and heather-topped grass. Indigenous grasses provide graze to support native species including impala, kudu, klipspringer and blue wildebeest. Some Pachypodium habitats are found especially in isolated kopje formations.
Other indigenous mammals include giraffe, white rhinoceros and warthog. Snakes include the black mamba and spitting cobra. In 1905 Eugene | 6,123,402 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
Marais studied these snakes of the Waterberg. Some birds seen are the black-headed oriole and the white-backed vulture. Predators include the leopard, hyena and lion.
Vegetative cliff habitats are abundant in the Waterberg due to the extensive historic riverine erosion. The African porcupine uses the protection of these cliffside caves. Some trees cling to the cliff areas, including the paperbark false-thorn, that have flaking bark hanging from their thick trunks. Another tree in this habitat is the fever tree, thought by Bushmen to have special power to allow communication with the dead. It is found on cliffs above the Palala River including one site used for prehistoric ceremonies, which | 6,123,403 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
is also a location of some intact rock paintings.
Riparian zones are associated with various rivers that cut through Waterberg. These surface waters all drain to the Limpopo River which flows easterly to discharge into the Indian Ocean. The river bushwillow is a riparian tree in this habitat. These riparian zones offer habitat for birds, reptiles and mammals that require more water than plateau species. The riverine areas are inhabited by the apex predator Nile crocodile and the hippopotamus. These wet habitats have reduced numbers of water-living insects, and the Waterberg is thus considered an almost malaria-free region.
# Land management.
As of 2006 about 80,000 people lived on the Waterberg | 6,123,404 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
plateau, which is part of the Bushveld district of Limpopo Province of South Africa. After cattle grazing wrought ecological havoc in the mid 1900s, the land owners of the region became aware of the benefits of restoring habitat to attract and protect the original species of antelope, white rhino, giraffe, hippopotami, and other species whose numbers dropped in the era of intense cattle grazing.
The rise in eco-tourism has stimulated interest in soil conservation practices to restore original grass species to the Waterberg. The land management practises required are expensive, but repay the landowner with added value in wildlife habitat. There is also a trend for larger farms and open space | 6,123,405 |
7540036 | Waterberg Biosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterberg%20Biosphere | Waterberg Biosphere
e in wildlife habitat. There is also a trend for larger farms and open space areas with the resultant advantage of fence removal. This outcome not only benefits large mammal migration, but yields an improved gene pool.
The Welgevonden Game Reserve covers 37,500 hectares of the plateau. The Kololo Game Reserve covers 3000 hectares, part of which is in the Welgevonden Private Game Reserve, and part of which is completely protected.
# See also.
- Boer Wars
- Soil conservation
- List of mountain ranges of South Africa
# External links.
- Google map of heart of Waterberg
- History of platinum mining in the Waterberg
- Waterberg Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO)
- Waterberg Wisdom
- Waterberg! | 6,123,406 |
7540432 | Auditor General Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auditor%20General%20Act | Auditor General Act
Auditor General Act
The Auditor General Act is an Act of Parliament respecting the office of the Auditor General of Canada and sustainable development monitoring and reporting.
# External links.
- Auditor General Act | 6,123,407 |
7540444 | Pinger (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinger%20(disambiguation) | Pinger (disambiguation)
Pinger (disambiguation)
Pinger is a texting and VoIP app developing company.
Pinger may also refer to:
- Ping'er, fictional character in "Dream of the Red Chamber"
- PingER Project, an internet performance reporting tool
- Textfree (formerly called Pinger), a phone and texting app
- Underwater locator beacon
# See also.
- Binger (surname)
- Dinger (disambiguation)
- Ping (disambiguation)
- Pinge (surname) pronounced as "Pinger" | 6,123,408 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
Benoît Pelletier
Benoît Pelletier (born 10 January 1960) is lawyer, academic, and politician in the Canadian province of Quebec. He was a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1998 to 2008 and was a prominent cabinet minister in the government of Jean Charest. He is best known for promoting the concept of "asymmetric federalism," wherein Quebec nationalism may be incorporated into a decentralized Canadian federal structure.
# Early life and career.
Pelletier was born in Quebec City, Quebec. His father, Jean-Paul Pelletier, was an administrator and municipal councillor.
Pelletier received a law degree from Université Laval in 1981 and was admitted to the Barreau du Québec | 6,123,409 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
the following year. He later earned a Master's Degree in law from the University of Ottawa (1989) and doctorates in law from the (1996) and the Aix-Marseille University (2000).
Pelletier was a legal adviser at the Canadian Department of Justice from 1983 to 1990, when he received a faculty position at the University of Ottawa. He taught there for several years and was recognized as professor of the year in 1998. He also authored several works on constitutional law and was often interviewed as an expert on the subject in the 1990s. He has been a guest professor at the Universities of Nantes (1993), Corsica (1997), Paris II (1998), Paris V (1998) and Lyon III (1998), as well as at Queens and | 6,123,410 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
Cornell Universities (both 2016). He has also twice been a Visiting Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C.
He was a lawyer with the firm Noël et associés from 2009 to 2011. He was the Government of Canada’s chief negotiator on the Huron-Wendat (2011–2013) and Cree (2013–2016) dossiers. In 2014–2015, he was Special Representative to the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada in relation to the five-year review of the "Specific Claims Tribunal Act".
Pelletier was one of three members of an external panel established in 2015 by the federal government to study the issues surrounding medically assisted dying.
# Legislator.
Pelletier was | 6,123,411 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
first elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 1998 provincial election, winning the safe Liberal seat of Chapleau in the Outaouais region. The Parti Québécois (PQ) won a majority government in this election, and Pelletier entered the legislature as an opposition member. In January 1999, Liberal leader Jean Charest appointed him to the high-profile post of critic for Intergovernmental Affairs. As a member of Quebec’s Official Opposition (1998–2003), at the outset of his political career, Benoît Pelletier was appointed Quebec Liberal Party critic on Intergovernmental Affairs. From 1999 to 2001, he was also Chairman of the Liberal Party’s Special Committee on the political and constitutional | 6,123,412 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
future of Quebec society. In this role, he developed the Party’s position on intergovernmental relations.
After his appointment, Pelletier was commissioned to lead a comprehensive review of the Liberal Party's constitutional platform. Two years later, he brought forward a policy document entitled, "Quebec's Choice: Affirmation, Autonomy and Leadership". Its highlights included a call for the Canadian Constitution to recognize the "specificity" of Quebec; a requirement that judges consider this "specificity" when ruling on charter rights cases that affect Quebec government policy; a provincial veto over constitutional changes; greater provincial autonomy over international affairs, telecommunications, | 6,123,413 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
and the environment; and the creation of a new council for overseeing federal-provincial issues. This document marked a shift away from former Liberal premier Robert Bourassa's definition of Quebec as a "distinct society," and Pelletier acknowledged that his party was taking a more "pro-Canada" stance than in past years. He said, "what [Quebecers] want above all is to say [...] that they want to be Canadians, but in their own way." "Quebec's Choice" helped launch Jean Charest's drive to create the Council of the Federation, and Pelletier has sometimes been recognized as the council's chief architect.
Pelletier was very critical of the approach taken by Jean Chrétien's federal government in | 6,123,414 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
fighting the Quebec sovereignty movement. During the period of the Gomery inquiry, he remarked that the sponsorship scandal was caused by figures in the Canadian government who believed that "with money you could change the view of the population."
When the Chrétien government introduced the Clarity Act in 2000, the PQ government in Quebec responded with a bill proclaiming Quebec's right to self-determination. While Pelletier opposed the Clarity Act, he also led the Liberal Party's opposition to the latter bill, which he argued was the prelude to a new referendum on sovereignty. He did, however, introduce a motion in the National Assembly recognizing Quebec's right to declare independence if | 6,123,415 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
the Canadian government did not negotiate in good faith after a sovereigntist victory in a future referendum. (The motion itself was not an endorsement of independence.)
# Cabinet minister.
The Liberal Party won a majority government in the 2003 Quebec general election, and Pelletier was returned by an increased margin in Chapleau. On 29 April 2003, he was appointed to the Charest cabinet as minister of Canadian Intergovernmental Affairs and minister of Aboriginal Affairs as well as minister responsible for the Outaouais.
On 18 February 2005, he was relieved of his responsibilities for Aboriginal Affairs and given new responsibilities for Francophone Canadians and the reform of democratic | 6,123,416 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
institutions. From 17 March 2005, he was also styled as the minister responsible for the Agreement on Internal Trade and the minister responsible for Access to Information. Pelletier was President of the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee of Ministers on Internal Trade from December 2004 to December 2005. He was also a member of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform from June 2005 to May 2006.
Pelletier was returned by a reduced margin in the 2007 provincial election, as a surge in support for the Action démocratique du Québec reduced the Liberals to a minority government. Following a cabinet shuffle on 17 April 2007, Pelletier kept his existing ministerial designations (except for | 6,123,417 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
responsibility for the Agreement on Internal Trade) and was once again assigned to Aboriginal Affairs. He also became leader of the government in parliament.
## Intergovernmental Affairs Minister.
- 2003–06 (Chrétien and Martin governments)
Pelletier became Intergovernmental Affairs Minister near the end of Jean Chrétien's tenure as prime minister of Canada. Most of his interactions were with Chrétien's successors, Paul Martin and Stephen Harper.
- 2006–08 (Harper government)
Pelletier initially welcomed the victory of Stephen Harper's Conservative Party in the 2006 federal election, saying that it created an opportunity "to improve Canada, to get a new vision of Canadian federalism, and | 6,123,418 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
to strengthen Quebec within Canada." After the election, Harper fulfilled a campaign pledge to give Quebec a seat at UNESCO. (Some, however, have noted that the provincial delegate cannot in practice take positions contrary to Canada's representative.)
## Minister of Aboriginal Affairs.
Pelletier took part in negotiations with several indigenous communities during his time in government. He brought forward an agreement with Quebec's Inuit leaders in June 2003, to negotiate a new form of self-government. Four year later, he concluded an agreement in principle to create an Inuit-controlled government in the northernmost third of Quebec, answerable to the Quebec National Assembly.
Pelletier | 6,123,419 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
considered reopening a 2002 settlement with the Innu on the grounds that the agreement did not properly address concerns about Quebec's land and laws. He ultimately chose to accept the accord and said that he would seek to balance the rights of the Innu and non-indigenous people under its framework. He also took part in negotiations to resolve a 2004 crisis in the Mohawk community of Kanesatake, after violent confrontations that forced Grand Chief James Gabriel to leave the area.
## Reform of democratic institutions.
Pelletier supported the replacement of Quebec's first past the post electoral model with mixed member proportional representation. In 2006, he wrote an article in the "Montreal | 6,123,420 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
Gazette" defending the proposed new system. Three months later, he promised a bill on proportional representation before the next provincial election. In the same period, he also proposed financial incentives to political parties as a means of encouraging more female candidates and candidates from "ethnocultural minorities.".
In late 2007, Quebec's chief electoral officer issued a four hundred page document that was seen as endorsing the mixed-member proportional system. Notwithstanding Pelletier's efforts, no significant changes have been introduced to Quebec's electoral system as of 2012.
## Francophone communities in Canada.
In a departure from previous Quebec policy, Pelletier also sought | 6,123,421 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
to assist francophone minority communities in the rest of Canada. In August 2003, he announced $1.7 million for community projects across the country. In late 2006, he argued that continued support was necessary to prevent the assimilation of these communities into the English-speaking majority.
## Other.
Pelletier opposed Parti Québécois leader Pauline Marois's 2007 proposal that all new immigrants to Quebec be required to have a working knowledge of French before becoming citizens of the province. He described the suggestion as dangerous, saying it would create a new tier of second-class citizens.
Also in 2007, Pelletier contributed to a book entitled, "Reconquerir le Canada: un nouveau | 6,123,422 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
projet pour la nation québécoise" (English: "Reconquering Canada: A New Project for the Quebec Nation"). The volume was intended to promote and revitalize the federalist cause in Quebec.
Pelletier served as the acting minister of Justice and Public Security in autumn 2007, when Jacques P. Dupuis underwent surgery.
# After politics.
Pelletier did not seek re-election in 2008 and instead returned to his position at the University of Ottawa. He is still frequently sought for commentary on Canadian constitutional matters. In June 2010, he called for Canadians to be more willing to discuss the constitution.
In October 2010, Pelletier published an extended essay titled, "Une certaine idée du Québec. | 6,123,423 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
Parcours d'un fédéraliste. De la réflexion à l'action." Some have speculated that Pelletier may seek the leadership of the Quebec Liberal Party when Jean Charest retires.
# Awards.
Pelletier's many accomplishments have been recognized throughout his career, with numerous titles, awards and other forms of recognition:
→ Médaille du Barreau de Paris, as the year's top student in graduate law studies at the University of Ottawa.
→ Award for Excellence in Teaching from the University of Ottawa.
→ The Léger-Comeau Medal from the Société nationale de l'Acadie, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to Acadia and the people of Acadia, as well as his efforts to bring Acadians and Quebecers | 6,123,424 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
together.
→ The Medallion of the 400th Anniversary of the Foundation of Québec City, recognizing his work on behalf of that city.
→ Admission to the Ordre de Gatineau as Grand Citizen.
→ Commander of the Order of La Pléiade (an Order of francophonie and cultural dialogue).
→ Insignia of the Ordre des francophones d'Amérique from Quebec's Conseil supérieur de la langue française. in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the expansion of the French language in North America.
→ Commander of Belgium's Order of the Crown, in recognition of his contribution to strengthening the relationship between Belgium and Canada.
→ Gloire de l'Escolle Medal as a graduate of Laval University, a medal awarded | 6,123,425 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
to graduates who have brought particular honour to the university and to their profession through their professional activities and their contributions to society.
→ Advocatus Emeritus, a distinction awarded to him by the Quebec Bar in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the legal profession and its standing.
→ The Boreal Prize, presented to him by the Fédération des communautés francophones et acadienne for his major support of the development of these communities.
→ Commander of the l'Ordre des Palmes académiques de France.
→ Award of Merit from the Outaouais Bar Association.
→ Chevalier of the Ordre national du mérite de France.
→ Honoris causa doctorate in law, presented | 6,123,426 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
by the University of Moncton.
→ Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.
→ The Gérard-Lesage Medal, presented by the Université du Québec en Outaouais for his outstanding contribution to the development of the region, the quality of life of his fellow citizens, and the institutional values of the university.
→ Officer in the Ordre national du Québec.
→ Election to the Royal Society of Canada, as a special member.
→ In December 2016, Pelletier was named a Member of the Order of Canada.
→ Winner of the Prix Acadie-Québec, awarded in recognition of considerable contribution to the creation and consolidation of Acadia-Quebec relations.
→ Recipient of the Senate of Canada Sesquicentennial | 6,123,427 |
7540169 | Benoît Pelletier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoît%20Pelletier | Benoît Pelletier
ity of life of his fellow citizens, and the institutional values of the university.
→ Officer in the Ordre national du Québec.
→ Election to the Royal Society of Canada, as a special member.
→ In December 2016, Pelletier was named a Member of the Order of Canada.
→ Winner of the Prix Acadie-Québec, awarded in recognition of considerable contribution to the creation and consolidation of Acadia-Quebec relations.
→ Recipient of the Senate of Canada Sesquicentennial Medal, presented in recognition of valuable service to the nation.
→ Recipient of the Medal of the Quebec Bar, which is the highest distinction awarded by this Bar.
# External links.
- Academic biography, University of Ottawa | 6,123,428 |
7540392 | Aballin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aballin | Aballin
Aballin
In the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game, most commonly the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, the Aballin is an ooze. They resemble large puddles of stagnant, jelly-like water. (They are actually oozes though, not elemental creatures of water, because their substance, though it resembles water, is actually an acid.) They were supposedly created in ancient times when a druid fell victim to an archwizard's curse and turned into the first aballin. All other aballins are thought to be descended from her.
# Publication history.
The aballin was introduced in second edition "Fiend Folio Monstrous Compendium" supplement book (1992). It also appeared for the Forgotten Realms in | 6,123,429 |
7540392 | Aballin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aballin | Aballin
the revised "Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting" (1993), and reprinted in "Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume One" (1994).
The aballin was introduced for third edition in the "Monsters of Faerûn" supplement book (2001).
# Characteristics and habits.
Like most oozes, aballins live underground. Unlike some oozes, however, most of which merely drag themselves around and engulf whatever they find, aballins have a more sophisticated way of feeding. They lie dormant until prey comes along, and the said prey notices coins and other treasures, the remnants of the aballin's previous victims, floating at the bottom of the creature. Thinking it to be merely water, they reach in to retrieve the treasures, | 6,123,430 |
7540392 | Aballin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aballin | Aballin
ûn" supplement book (2001).
# Characteristics and habits.
Like most oozes, aballins live underground. Unlike some oozes, however, most of which merely drag themselves around and engulf whatever they find, aballins have a more sophisticated way of feeding. They lie dormant until prey comes along, and the said prey notices coins and other treasures, the remnants of the aballin's previous victims, floating at the bottom of the creature. Thinking it to be merely water, they reach in to retrieve the treasures, and then the aballin lashes out with liquid pseudopods, grapples with the victim, and pulls them in and drowns them.
Aballins cannot speak, and they are regarded as neutral in alignment. | 6,123,431 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
Pennsylvania Route 113
Pennsylvania Route 113 (PA 113) is a state route in eastern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 30 Business (US 30 Bus.) in Downingtown. Its northern terminus is at PA 611 in Tinicum Township. The route is signed as north–south although its exact alignment follows a northeast-southwest routing. The route serves Chester, Montgomery, and Bucks counties, passing through Lionville, Phoenixville, Trappe, Skippack, Harleysville, Souderton, and Silverdale along the way.
PA 113 was originally designated by 1927 to run from PA 23 and PA 29 in Phoenixville to US 1 and PA 101 in Penndel. By 1930, PA 113 was extended from Phoenixville southwest to US | 6,123,432 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
30 in Downingtown and south from Penndel to US 13 in Eddington. The route was moved to its current alignment between Phoenixville and Rahns in 1937, switching routes with PA 29. In 1946, the northern terminus of PA 113 was realigned at Kulps Corner to head to is current location, replacing part of PA 413. The former PA 113 between Kulps Corner and Eddington became PA 313, US 202, PA 413, PA 513, and Bensalem Boulevard. PA 113 was realigned to bypass Kimberton in the 1970s and Harleysville in the 1980s. In 2009, the new Gay Street Bridge over the French Creek was opened, replacing a bridge that was built in 1924.
# Route description.
## Chester County.
PA 113 begins at an intersection with | 6,123,433 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
US 30 Bus. in the borough of Downingtown in Chester County, heading north on Uwchlan Avenue, a two-lane divided highway. The road passes through residential areas and becomes an undivided road. The route crosses into East Caln Township and becomes a divided highway again as it reaches a partial interchange with the US 30 freeway, with access to and from the westbound direction of the freeway. PA 113 becomes undivided again and continues northeast through wooded areas of homes with a few businesses. The road enters Uwchlan Township and widens to four lanes as it continues through suburban areas, passing to the northwest of Downingtown East High School. The route heads to the north and gains a | 6,123,434 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
center left-turn lane as it passes through commercial areas in Lionville. PA 113 curves to the northeast again and crosses PA 100. Past this intersection, the road passes west of a park and ride lot and heads near industrial parks before it comes to a bridge over the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76). The route passes near residential areas with some farmland before it crosses into West Pikeland Township.
Here, PA 113 becomes Kimberton Road and narrows to two lanes as it comes to an intersection with PA 401 at Opperman's Corner. The road continues northeast through wooded areas with some fields and residences, including the village of Chester Springs. The route heads into East Pikeland Township | 6,123,435 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
and becomes Pike Springs Road as it continues through more rural areas with some development. PA 113 reaches the community of Kimberton and curves to the east, with the name becoming Kimberton Road again. The road passes through areas of homes and businesses and becomes the border between Schuylkill Township to the north and the borough of Phoenixville to the south at the Township Line Road intersection. The route passes more development and fully enters Schuylkill Township before crossing into Phoenixville and coming to the PA 23 junction.
At this point, PA 113 turns southeast to form a concurrency with PA 23 on Nutt Road, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The road passes businesses | 6,123,436 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
and crosses under an abandoned railroad line, at which point it continues through residential areas. PA 113 splits from PA 23 by heading northeast on two-lane Bridge Street. The road passes homes before heading into commercial areas. The route continues east into downtown Phoenixville, where it turns north to cross the French Creek and the former Phoenix Iron Works site on the Gay Street Bridge. PA 113 becomes Franklin Street and heads into residential areas, turning east onto Emmet Street. The route turns north onto Dayton Street before it curves northeast along Freemont Street. The name changes to Black Rock Road and the road continues through wooded areas with some residential development, | 6,123,437 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
curving to the north before a turn to the northwest.
## Montgomery County.
PA 113 crosses the Schuylkill River on the Black Rock Bridge into Upper Providence Township in Montgomery County and heads into fields, turning northeast onto Trappe Road. The road continues near residential neighborhoods and passes under the US 422 freeway. The route passes through a mix of fields and homes before it crosses into the borough of Trappe. Here, PA 113 becomes 3rd Avenue and runs through residential areas, crossing Main Street. Following this, the road passes through farmland before it enters Perkiomen Township and becomes Bridge Road, passing to the west of an industrial park. PA 113 curves east and passes | 6,123,438 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
homes as it comes to an intersection with PA 29 in Rahns. The road crosses the Perkiomen Creek into Skippack Township and passes through wooded residential areas, turning back to the northeast. The route passes through a mix of fields and development as it runs to the southeast of State Correctional Institution – Phoenix and heads through the community of Creamery. PA 113 passes near more homes and comes to a junction with PA 73 in a commercial area.
The road heads past more residential development and curves north, at which point it crosses into Lower Salford Township and becomes Harleysville Pike. The route passes through a mix of fields and woods with some homes, turning to the northeast | 6,123,439 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
in the community of Lederach. PA 113 winds north near more residential development before it heads northeast to an intersection with PA 63 in Harleysville. The road becomes Souderton-Harleysville Pike and passes near residential neighborhoods and farm fields before it crosses into Franconia Township. The route runs through agricultural areas with a few homes and comes to a bridge over the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-476). PA 113 passes through more rural areas before it heads past a few businesses between Allentown Road and Godshall Road. The road curves east into areas of homes and crosses into the borough of Souderton. At this point, the route becomes Main Street and | 6,123,440 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
turns to the southeast, passing more homes and a few businesses. PA 113 heads into the downtown area and turns northeast onto Broad Street, immediately crossing the Bethlehem Line railroad line that is owned by SEPTA and operated by the Pennsylvania Northeastern Railroad. The road passes more homes before it gains a center left-turn lane and passes businesses.
## Bucks County.
After crossing County Line Road, PA 113 enters Hilltown Township in Bucks County and becomes Souderton Road, passing more businesses as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane and coming to an interchange with the PA 309 freeway. The road passes more development before it comes to the Bethlehem Pike intersection. | 6,123,441 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
The route narrows back to two lanes and runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some housing developments. Farther northeast, PA 113 crosses into the borough of Silverdale and becomes Main Street, passing homes and a few businesses. In this borough, the route forms a short wrong-way concurrency with PA 152. The road crosses back into Hilltown Township and becomes Souderton Road again, running through more farmland with some woods and residences. PA 113 passes through the community of Blooming Glen and continues through rural areas to an intersection with PA 313 in Kulps Corner. Upon crossing PA 313, the route heads into Bedminster Township as Bedminster Road, continuing through agricultural | 6,123,442 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
and wooded areas with occasional homes. The road heads northeast and passes through the community of Bedminster. Farther northeast, PA 113 crosses the Tohickon Creek into Tinicum Township and comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 611.
# History.
When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, what would become PA 113 was designated as Legislative Route 270 between Downingtown and Phoenixville, Legislative Route 202 between Phoenixville and Collegeville, Legislative Route 158 between Collegeville and Iron Bridge, Legislative Route 270 between Iron Bridge and Blooming Glen, Legislative Route 154 between Dublin and Doylestown, Legislative Route 178 between Doylestown and | 6,123,443 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
Buckingham, and Legislative Route 152 between Buckingham and Langhorne. PA 113 was first designated by 1927 to run from PA 23 and PA 29 in Phoenixville east to US 1 (now US 1 Bus.) and PA 101 in Penndel. PA 113 continued northeast from Phoenixville through Collegeville and resumed along its present-day alignment in Iron Bridge. The route ran northeast through Harleysville, Souderton, and Silverdale before it turned southeast at Kulps Corner. From here, PA 113 passed through Dublin before it reached Doylestown, where it briefly ran concurrent south on US 611 on Main Street before heading east along US 122 (now US 202) at State Street to Buckingham. PA 113 split from US 122 here and ran southeast | 6,123,444 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
through Newtown and then south through Langhorne to Penndel. By 1930, PA 113 was extended southwest to US 30 (now US 30 Bus.) in Downingtown along its present routing. The route was also extended from Penndel south through Hulmeville to US 13 near Eddington. PA 113 and PA 29 switched alignments between Phoenixville and Rahns in 1937, with PA 113 now following its present alignment between those two places. By 1940, PA 113 was paved from northeast of Downingtown to Lionville and between Hulmeville and Eddington.
The northern terminus of PA 113 was realigned to its current location at US 611 (now PA 611) in 1946, replacing a portion of PA 413. The former alignment of PA 113 east of Kulps Corner | 6,123,445 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
became PA 313 between Kulps Corner and Doylestown, solely US 202 between Doylestown and Buckingham, PA 413 between Buckingham and Penndel, PA 513 between Penndel and Hulmeville, and present-day Bensalem Boulevard between Hulmeville and US 13. PA 113 was slightly re-routed in the 1970s when a bypass was constructed around Kimberton. The historic roadbed is currently Kimberton Road and Hares Hill Road. In the 1980s, PA 113 was rerouted to bypass the center of Harleysville, eliminating a short concurrency with PA 63. In 2008, the structurally deficient Gay Street Bridge over the French Creek in Phoenixville, built in 1924, was closed and demolished in a project to build a new bridge. The new Gay | 6,123,446 |
7540134 | Pennsylvania Route 113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania%20Route%20113 | Pennsylvania Route 113
nch Creek in Phoenixville, built in 1924, was closed and demolished in a project to build a new bridge. The new Gay Street Bridge opened in fall 2009 at a cost of $17 million.
Sly Fox Brewery, which operates a brewpub on Route 113 in Phoenixville, produces Route 113 IPA, an India Pale Ale whose label features the black-and-white keystone silhouette of the route's sign.
# PA 113 Alternate Truck.
Pennsylvania Route 113 Alternate Truck is a truck route of PA 113, bypassing a weight-restricted bridge over a branch of the Skippack Creek in Skippack Township, on which trucks over 34 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. The route follows PA 29 and PA 73. It was signed in 2013. | 6,123,447 |
7540331 | Meskhetians | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meskhetians | Meskhetians
Meskhetians
Meskhians (, "Meskhebi") are an ethnographic subgroup of Georgians who speak Meskhetian dialect of Georgian language, which among Georgia's regional dialects is relatively close to official Georgian. Meskhetians are indigenous population of Meskheti, historical region in southern Georgia. Today they are mainly followers of Georgian Orthodox Church, while part of them are Catholics.
# History.
Several authors have connected Meskhetians or Meskhians to Mushki tribe or Moschoi (Μόσχοι) in Greek sources, who were an Iron Age people of Anatolia. Meskhian tribes came to the fore, gradually moving northeast and forming their settlements in the very heart of Kartli. Mtskheta, the ancient | 6,123,448 |
7540331 | Meskhetians | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meskhetians | Meskhetians
capital of Iberia (literarily means "town of Meskhs") was one such settlements, deriving its name from the ethnonym "Meskhians". According to the Cyril Toumanoff, Moschians were the early proto-Georgian tribes which played a leading role in the consolidation of Iberian tribes largely inhabiting eastern and southern Georgia.
Between 9th-11th centuries Mesketi, also known as Tao-Klarjeti, was governed by the Bagrationi dynasty and the region played a crucial role in the unification of the Georgian principalities into a single Georgian state in 1008. Meskheti gave many prominent people to the Georgia: such as Shota Rustaveli, who is considered to be the preeminent poet of the Georgian Golden Age | 6,123,449 |
7540331 | Meskhetians | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meskhetians | Meskhetians
and one of the greatest contributors to Georgian literature. Rustaveli is the author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin", which is considered to be a Georgian national epic poem.
Thereafter, the kingdom of Georgia declined and eventually disintegrated under hegemony of various regional powers, including the Mongols, Timurids, Black and White Sheeps. After the Mongol invasion of Georgia, Meskhetian princes gained virtual independence from the Georgian crown and established Principality of Samtskhe under the mongol patronage.
By the Peace of Amasya (1555), Principality of Samtskhe was divided into two, with the Safavids keeping the eastern part and the Ottomans gaining the western part. In | 6,123,450 |
7540331 | Meskhetians | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meskhetians | Meskhetians
1578, the Ottomans performed a successful invasion into the Safavid possessions in Georgia, initiating the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590, and by 1582 they were in possession of the eastern (Safavid) part of Meskheti as well.
The Georgian population of Meskheti was displaced to inner regions of Georgia such as Imereti and Kartli. Those who remained gradually became Muslim, the process is also known as Turkification of Meskhetians (then Meskhetian Turks).
# Notable Meskhetians.
- Shota Rustaveli (c.1160—after c. 1220), medieval Georgian poet and author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin".
- Anthim the Iberian (1650—1716), Georgian theologian, scholar, calligrapher and philosopher.
- | 6,123,451 |
7540331 | Meskhetians | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meskhetians | Meskhetians
on of the eastern (Safavid) part of Meskheti as well.
The Georgian population of Meskheti was displaced to inner regions of Georgia such as Imereti and Kartli. Those who remained gradually became Muslim, the process is also known as Turkification of Meskhetians (then Meskhetian Turks).
# Notable Meskhetians.
- Shota Rustaveli (c.1160—after c. 1220), medieval Georgian poet and author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin".
- Anthim the Iberian (1650—1716), Georgian theologian, scholar, calligrapher and philosopher.
- Vano Merabishvili, Georgian politician and former Prime Minister of Georgia from 4 July to 25 October 2012.
# See also.
- Meskhetian Turks
- Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Meskheti | 6,123,452 |
7540358 | Zendoku | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zendoku | Zendoku
Zendoku
Zendoku is a video game developed by Zoonami and published by Eidos Interactive. It was released on April 20, 2007 for the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable video game systems.
# Gameplay.
"Zendoku" is a variation of Sudoku, offering a slightly more combative experience than simply lining up numbers. Players must now insert symbols, rather than the standard numbers. Players choose characters and choose to attack or defend against a challenger, which takes place via mini-games started upon filling in a group of numbers. The game is set against anime-influenced backdrops and has a "light-hearted martial arts" theme. The game also offers single-player puzzles.
# Reception.
The | 6,123,453 |
7540358 | Zendoku | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zendoku | Zendoku
arts" theme. The game also offers single-player puzzles.
# Reception.
The UK Nintendo Magazine, ONM praised the DS version of the game for its colourful graphics, but criticized it for the confusing system of using symbols instead of numbers, as well as the minigames feeling tacked on and more of an annoyance, but finished by saying, "One for multiplayer only".
NGamer praised the multiplayer game highly, saying, "The thrill of using logical reasoning to kick someone's arse is a phenomenal experience."
# External links.
- Zendoku home page
- "Eidos Announces Zendoku" at Zoonami
- Zendoku page at Eidos Interactive
- Zendoku at Metacritic
- Programming Behind Zendoku Puzzle Generation | 6,123,454 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
T.I. is an American hip hop artist, producer, songwriter, actor, and co-CEO of Grand Hustle Records. He won his first award in 2003 when he received Best Collaboration with fellow hip hop artist Bone Crusher for the song "Never Scared" at the Source Awards. In 2004, he received two wins from six nominations, including Best Street Anthem for "Rubberband Man" at the Vibe Awards. In 2005, he received one award from 13 nominations, that being his second consecutive Best Street Anthem award, this time for the song "U Don't Know Me"
T.I. received 18 wins from 37 nominations in 2006, including Male Hip Hop Artist of the Year at the Black Entertainment | 6,123,455 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
Television (BET) Awards, Hip Hop MVP of the Year at the BET Hip Hop Awards, Rap Artist of the Year at the Billboard Music Awards, Best Rap Artist at the Ozone Awards. For the entire year of 2007, T.I. received 16 wins from 41 nominations, including his first two Grammy wins at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, one for the single "What You Know" (Best Rap Solo Performance) and one for American pop singer Justin Timberlake's number-one single "My Love" (Best Rap/Sung Collaboration), Favorite Male Hip Hop Artist and Favorite Rap/Hip Hop album for "T.I. vs. T.I.P." at the American Music Awards, Best Hip Hop Male at the BET Awards for the second consecutive year, and Rap Artist of the Year at the Billboard | 6,123,456 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
Music Awards.
In 2008, T.I. received two wins from 11 nominations, including Most Performed Song for "My Love" at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards. In 2009, T.I. received 11 wins from 31 nominations, including Top R&B/Hip Hop Male Artist of the Decade at The Billboard Music Awards, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Swagga Like Us" at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, and Best Male Video for "Live Your Life" at the MTV Video Music Awards. Overall, T.I. has earned 64 awards from 170 nominations.
# American Music Awards.
The American Music Awards are awarded for outstanding achievements for American artists in the record industry. T.I. has won two awards from nine nominations.
# ASCAP Music | 6,123,457 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
Awards.
The ASCAP Awards are held annually by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers.
## ASCAP Pop Music Awards.
The annual ASCAP Pop Music Awards honors the songwriters and publishers of the most performed pop songs. T.I. has won five awards.
## ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards.
The annual ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards honors songwriters and publishers of top R&B, hip hop, and reggae music. T.I. has won eight awards.
# Barbados Music Awards.
The Barbados Music Awards is an annual award ceremony that honors the best in Barbadian music. T.I. has received one nomination.
# BET Awards.
The BET Awards were established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television network | 6,123,458 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
to celebrate African Americans and other minorities in music, acting, sports, and other fields of entertainment. T.I. has won three awards from twelve nominations.
# BET Hip Hop Awards.
The BET Hip Hop Awards are an annual awards show, hosted by BET, for hip hop performers, producers and music video directors. The awards ceremony debuted in 2006. T.I. has won nine awards from thirty nominations.
# Billboard Awards.
The Billboard Music Awards were sponsored by Billboard Magazine and was held annually in December. The awards were based on sales data by Nielsen SoundScan and radio information by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. T.I. has won twelve awards from nineteen nominations.
## Billboard | 6,123,459 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
Hip Hop/R&B Awards.
The Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards reflect the performance of recordings on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Tracks. T.I. has won one award out of four nominations.
# BMI Urban Awards.
BMI is one of three United States performing rights organizations, along with ASCAP and SESAC. It collects license fees on behalf of songwriters, composers, and music publishers and distributes them as royalties to those members whose works have been performed. T.I. has won nine times.
# Grammy Awards.
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. T.I. has won three awards out of nineteen nominations.
# MOBO Awards, UK.
The Music of | 6,123,460 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
Black Origin Awards, established in 1995 by Kanya King MBE and Andy Ruffell, are held annually in the United Kingdom to recognise artists of any race or nationality performing black music. T.I. was nominated once.
# Music Television, USA (MTV).
The MTV Video Music Awards were established in 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top music videos of the year. T.I. has won one award out of nine nominations.
## Music Television, Australia.
The MTV Australia Awards started in 2005 and is Australia's first awards show to celebrate both local and international acts. T.I. has won one award.
## Music Television, Europe.
The MTV Europe Music Awards were established in 1994 by MTV Europe to celebrate the | 6,123,461 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
most popular music videos in Europe. T.I. was nominated four times.
## Music Television, Japan.
The MTV Video Music Awards Japan started in 2002. T.I. was nominated four times.
# MuchMusic Video Awards, CAN.
The MuchMusic Video Awards is an annual awards ceremony presented by the Canadian music video channel MuchMusic. T.I. has been nominated once.
# NAACP Image Awards.
An NAACP Image Award is an accolade presented by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to honor outstanding people of color in film, television, music, and literature. T.I. was nominated twice.
# Ozone Awards.
The first annual Ozone Awards were held on August 6, 2006. The awards were | 6,123,462 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
determined for great success in Southern Hip Hop. T.I. has won two awards out of ten nominations.
# People's Choice Awards.
The People's Choice Awards is an annual awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture. T.I. was nominated 3 times.
# Soul Train Music Awards.
The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual award show which previously aired in national television syndication, and honors the best in Black music and entertainment. T.I. has won two awards out of five nominations.
# Source Awards.
The first live Source Hip-Hop Music Awards show was held in 1994. T.I. has won one award from five nominations.
# Southern Entertainment Award (SEA).
The Southern Entertainment | 6,123,463 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
Awards recognize those responsible for contributing to the growth of Southern Hip Hop. T.I. won two awards from three nominations.
# Teen Choice Awards.
The Teen Choice Awards is an awards show presented annually by the Fox Broadcasting Company. T.I. was nominated eleven times.
# Urban Music Awards.
The Urban Music Awards is a HipHop, R&B, Dance and soul music awards ceremony launched in 2003 and now held in six countries annually. T.I. was nominated two times.
# Vibe Awards.
The Vibe Awards are an annual award ceremony that honor hip hop, R&B and soul musicians. T.I. has won two awards from nine nominations.
# World Music Awards.
The World Music Awards was established in 1989 and is | 6,123,464 |
7540258 | List of awards and nominations received by T.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20T.I. | List of awards and nominations received by T.I.
by the Fox Broadcasting Company. T.I. was nominated eleven times.
# Urban Music Awards.
The Urban Music Awards is a HipHop, R&B, Dance and soul music awards ceremony launched in 2003 and now held in six countries annually. T.I. was nominated two times.
# Vibe Awards.
The Vibe Awards are an annual award ceremony that honor hip hop, R&B and soul musicians. T.I. has won two awards from nine nominations.
# World Music Awards.
The World Music Awards was established in 1989 and is an international awards show that annually honors musicians based on their worldwide sales figures, which are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. T.I. was nominated eleven times. | 6,123,465 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
Battle of Santander
The Battle of Santander was fought over the summer of 1937 in the War in the North campaign in the Spanish Civil War. Santander's fall on August 26 assured the Nationalist conquest of the province of Santander, now Cantabria, and marked the last stand of the Republic's "Army of the North," which was destroyed and captured in the fighting.
# Background.
After the fall of Bilbao on 19 June and the end of the failed Republican offensive at Brunete on 25 July, the Nationalists decided to continue their offensive in the North and occupied the Cantabria Province.
# Opposing forces.
The Nationalists' Army of the North had 90,000 men (of which, 25,000 Italian), led by general | 6,123,466 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
Davila. The Italian force, led by General Bastico, comprised Bergonzoli's "Littorio" Division, Frusci's Black Flames Division and Francischi's 23 March Division. The Nationalists had also six Navarrese brigades led by Colonel Solchaga, two Castilian brigades led by General Ferrer, and one mixed Hispano-Italian division, the Black Arrows, led by Colonel Piazzioni. The Nationalists had also 220 modern aircraft on this front (70 of the "Condor Legion", 80 of the "Aviazione Legionaria" and 70 Spanish), including many Bf 109 fighters.
Opposing them, the Republicans had Prada's 14th Army Corps and José García Vayas's 15th Army Corps, under the overall command of General Mariano Gámir Ulíbarri; a | 6,123,467 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
total of about 80,000 men. The Republicans had also 44 aircraft (mostly slow and old, except 18 Soviet-built fighters). Furthermore, the morale of the Republican troops was low, and Basque soldiers thought that they might surrender to the Italians, in return for their lives.
# Timeline.
- 14 August The Nationalist 1st Navarrese Brigade attacks the front between Valdecebollas (Palencia) and Cuesta Labra, trying to cut off the Republican forces south of the Cantabrian Mountains.
- 15 August The Nationalists advance in the area of Barruelo (Palencia) up to Peña Rubia, Salcedillo, Matalejos and Reinosilla; the Republic's fight back at Portillo de Suano.
- 16 August The Nationalists overcome | 6,123,468 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
the Republicans at Portillo de Suano and take the factories near Reinosa (Cantabria); they enter Reinosa itself at nightfall. The 4th Navarrese Brigade advances at the River Saja valley towards Cabuérniga Valley (Cantabria). Italian forces advance from Burgos to Lanchares and San Miguel de Aguayo (Cantabria).
- 17 August Italian forces take El Escudo Pass and join the rest of the forces at San Miguel de Aguayo. 22 Republican battalions are encircled at Campoo (Cantabria).
- 18 August Nationalist forces take Santiurde, and Italian forces take San Pedro del Romeral and San Miguel de Luena (Cantabria).
- 19 August Nationalist forces advance in Cabuérniga and the Pas River valley, taking Bárcena | 6,123,469 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
de Pie de Concha and Entrambasmestas (Cantabria).
- 20 August Italian forces advance towards Villacarriedo and Navarrese forces advance towards Torrelavega and Cabezón de la Sal.
- 22 August The Nationalist take Selaya, Villacarriedo, Ontaneda and Las Fraguas (Cantabria).
- 23 August Navarrese forces enter Mazcuerras Valley and take Mount Ibio, nearly cutting the main road and railway between Santander and Asturias. Italian forces face Republican resistance near Puente Viesgo (Cantabria).
- 24 August General Gámir-Ulibarri orders the general evacuation towards Asturias. The Nationalist take Torrelavega and Barreda, cutting the main road to Asturias. The Basque forces, after defeating the | 6,123,470 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
front, sign the Santoña Agreement (Spanish "Pacto de Santoña") by which they surrender to the Italians.
- 25 August The main Republican authorities leave Santander, heading to Gijón (Asturias).
- 26 August Nationalist forces enter Santander around noon; 17,000 republicans are made prisoners, many of whom would be immediately executed.
- 1 September The Nationalist take Unquera (Cantabria), in the limit with Asturias.
- 17 September Tresviso, the last Cantabrian territory in Republican hands, falls to the rebels.
# Consequences.
Santander's fall, coupled with the capture of heavily fortified Bilbao, tore an irreparable gap in the Republic's northern front. The destruction of the Army of | 6,123,471 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
the North marked another crippling blow to the Republic's sagging strength and turned the war to Franco's favour. Factors accounting for the Republican defeat include:
- The Nationalists' overwhelming superiority in artillery and air power.
- A lack of unified command among Asturian, Cantabrian and Basque Republican units.
- The precision, shock, and rapidity of the Nationalist advance, which had as its objective the destruction of enemy forces and not the consolidation of territory.
- The defenders' poor morale, in contrast to the exceptional confidence and enthusiasm of the Nationalists.
- Mutinies and sedition by the Basque units in the Republican camp (Santoña Agreement).
The disaster | 6,123,472 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
proved total and the losses beyond repair. Of the twelve Basque brigades there remained at the end only eight battered battalions. The Republican Army of Santander of twelve brigades was reduced to six battalions. The Asturians committed 27 battalions and escaped with only fourteen. In no other theatre of the civil war did Franco's troops achieve results as decisive as those of the Santander campaign: sixty thousand Republican soldiers were wiped off the map, with corresponding losses in materiel. The War in the North was all but won.
# References.
- VV.AA.; "Gran Enciclopedia de Cantabria". Editorial Cantabria SA. Santander. 1985 (8 volumes) and 2002 (volumes IX, X y XI)
# External links.
- | 6,123,473 |
7540341 | Battle of Santander | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Santander | Battle of Santander
there remained at the end only eight battered battalions. The Republican Army of Santander of twelve brigades was reduced to six battalions. The Asturians committed 27 battalions and escaped with only fourteen. In no other theatre of the civil war did Franco's troops achieve results as decisive as those of the Santander campaign: sixty thousand Republican soldiers were wiped off the map, with corresponding losses in materiel. The War in the North was all but won.
# References.
- VV.AA.; "Gran Enciclopedia de Cantabria". Editorial Cantabria SA. Santander. 1985 (8 volumes) and 2002 (volumes IX, X y XI)
# External links.
- La Guerra Civil en Cantabria
- Puerto del Escudo and Italian Forces | 6,123,474 |
7540502 | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardakert%20and%20Martuni%20Offensives | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
The Mardakert and Martuni Offensives took place during the late summer and early autumn months of 1992 in fighting between Armenians and Azeris during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
On June 27, the Azeri offensive was launched towards the adjacent village of Jardar where Melkonian's fighters had dug in to confront them. The use of anti-tank projectiles decimated the Azeris' armor and allowed the detachments to resist being overrun. The presence of the armored vehicles were also proven to be useless in a close combat environment as they were found to be vulnerable targets where maneuvering space was limited and where the defenders easily picked off vehicles that strayed | 6,123,475 |
7540502 | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardakert%20and%20Martuni%20Offensives | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
away from the fighting. Following the next day and subsequent weeks, several more offensives were launched by the Azeris, all of which were staved off and credited to Melkonian's organization and command leadership.
# Mediation by the CSCE.
In late August, after a stall in talks hosted by the CSCE in Rome earlier in the month, diplomatic relations between the two countries increased and both nations agreed to a truce signing in Almaty, arranged by Kazakhstan's president Nursultan Nazarbayev, that would be observed from September 1 and be monitored by international observers in the enclave.
The cease fire, like the many others arranged before it, collapsed within a few days as all three sides | 6,123,476 |
7540502 | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardakert%20and%20Martuni%20Offensives | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
were drawn back into the conflict. Azerbaijan made several gains in intense fighting between Armenian forces and, on September 7, was estimated to be holding 25% of the disputed enclave including the northern region of Mardakert. On September 23, the Azeris opened up a new offensive that attacked from several different directions, intending mainly to close the Lachin Corridor in an operation that killed several hundred Armenian and Azeri soldiers.
Armenian forces captured the surrounding Azeri held villages on October 2. The attack culminated in the capture of the Azeris' headquarters at Kurapatkino, putting an end to the shellings upon Martuni. The Armenians also received training from Russian | 6,123,477 |
7540502 | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardakert%20and%20Martuni%20Offensives | Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
ed enclave including the northern region of Mardakert. On September 23, the Azeris opened up a new offensive that attacked from several different directions, intending mainly to close the Lachin Corridor in an operation that killed several hundred Armenian and Azeri soldiers.
Armenian forces captured the surrounding Azeri held villages on October 2. The attack culminated in the capture of the Azeris' headquarters at Kurapatkino, putting an end to the shellings upon Martuni. The Armenians also received training from Russian military forces and downed an estimated twenty Azeri fighter aircraft, in this time period, with the use of shoulder-fired Strela-4 and Strela-10 surface-to-air missiles. | 6,123,478 |
7540428 | Roy A. Roberts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy%20A.%20Roberts | Roy A. Roberts
Roy A. Roberts
Roy Allison Roberts (1887 – February 23, 1967) was a managing editor, president, editor and general manager of "The Kansas City Star" who guided the paper during its influential period during the Presidencies of Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower.
# Early life and education.
Roberts was born in Muscotah, Kansas and grew up in Lawrence, Kansas. He was a paperboy for the "Star" and studied journalism at the University of Kansas. One semester short of graduation, he dropped out to work for the "Lawrence Journal-World" to support his widowed mother and five siblings.
# Career.
Roberts joined the "Star" in 1909 as a sports reporter and switched to covering the Missouri Legislature | 6,123,479 |
7540428 | Roy A. Roberts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy%20A.%20Roberts | Roy A. Roberts
in 1910. In 1915, "Star" founder William Rockhill Nelson assigned him to be the Washington correspondent. After Nelson's death, Roberts was among the employees who bought the "Star". He became managing editor in 1928 and member of the board of directors.
Roberts was to be closely identified with shaping Kansas Republican politics. He championed Kansas Governor Alf Landon in his unsuccessful 1936 race against Franklin Roosevelt. During Roberts' tenure, Kansas City rose to prominence due to the rise and fall of Democratic political boss Thomas Pendergast, which gave way to the rise of Harry Truman.
Roberts and Truman did not always see eye to eye during this period. In the closing weeks of his | 6,123,480 |
7540428 | Roy A. Roberts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy%20A.%20Roberts | Roy A. Roberts
cal boss Thomas Pendergast, which gave way to the rise of Harry Truman.
Roberts and Truman did not always see eye to eye during this period. In the closing weeks of his administration, Truman brought actions against the "Star" to force it to divest itself of WDAF-TV. Roberts championed Kansan Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 race.
In 1963, Roberts stepped down as managing editor of the "Star" and became chairman of the board. He officially retired in 1965. The paper won five Pulitzer Prizes during his tenure.
Roberts was profiled in a "Time" cover article on April 12, 1948.
# Personal life.
In 1953, Roberts married Florence G. Ross, the widow of Truman's Press Secretary Charles G. Ross. | 6,123,481 |
7540544 | Sommariva | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sommariva | Sommariva
Sommariva
Sommariva may refer to:
- Daniele Sommariva, an Italian association football player
- Sommariva Perno, a commune in Italy
- Sommariva del Bosco, a commune in Italy
- Sommariva, Queensland, a locality in Murweh Shire, Australia | 6,123,482 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
Gabrielle Haller
Gabrielle Haller is a fictional character appearing in X-Men stories in the Marvel Comics universe. She is the wife of Professor X and the mother of Legion. Gabrielle Haller was created by Chris Claremont and Dave Cockrum, and first appeared in "Uncanny X-Men" #161 (Sept. 1982).
Stephanie Corneliussen portrayed the character in the third season of the television series "Legion".
# Fictional character biography.
Gabrielle Haller was a catatonic Holocaust survivor who awoke from the disorder after Charles Xavier used his powers to make her aware again. Gabby and Charles fell in love while he saw to her recovery for weeks, with the help of hospital volunteer and their mutual | 6,123,483 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
friend, Magnus (the future Magneto). When she is kidnapped by terrorist organization, HYDRA led by the Nazi Baron Strucker, Charles and Magnus used their mutant powers to save her and defeat HYDRA. Immediately afterwards, Magnus left Gabby and Charles feeling that her and Charles' view on mutants and humans contrasted his own. Magnus left with Nazi gold HYDRA wanted to claim.
Over some time, the two amicably ended their relationship. Soon after, Charles leaves Israel unaware that Gabrielle was pregnant. Years later, Gabrielle became the Israeli ambassador to Great Britain living in Paris with her young son, David. During a terrorist attack at her home claiming the life of David's godfather | 6,123,484 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
Daniel Shomron, David's mutant powers activated, ending with him killing the terrorists and putting himself in a catatonic state. Later, David (who is now in his late teens) developed a disease the comic inaccurately describes as autism, which concerns his mother, who thinks it’s a symptom of something more serious. Gabrielle did everything she could, but she turned to Dr. Moira MacTaggert for help. She tells Moira that Xavier is David’s father and that she doesn’t want him involved. Unfortunately, David's powers began to manifest uncontrollably, absorbing the psyches of two of MacTaggert's friends, Tom Corsi and Sharon Friedlander. Moira had no choice but to call Xavier to help who is assisted | 6,123,485 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
by some of the New Mutants. When David absorbs Moira's and Wolfsbane's psyches into his mind, Xavier and Dani used their powers to enter it as well. It is here that Xavier discovers he's David's father. Gabrielle and Cypher are also absorbed and they all meet David's various personalities, including that of the absorbed psyche of the terrorist leader who raided his home. Eventually, Dani and David's personalities returned everybody to their bodies, fixing most of David's mind and ridding him of his Autism. Despite her secrecy, Xavier does his best to help raise David.
Later, Gabrielle becomes Magneto's attorney, who is on trial for crimes against humanity. The trial was halted when Baron Strucker's | 6,123,486 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
mutant twin children, collectively named Fenris, attacked the proceedings seeking revenge against her, Xavier and Magneto for their father's death. After Xavier and Magneto defeated them, Magneto did not return to the courtroom.
Gabrielle loses David because of Bishop from an alternate timeline known as the Age of Apocalypse after he created said timeline when he accidentally kills his father. Bishop in the AoA timeline prevents this from happening by killing David.
Deeply saddened by the loss of her son, Gabrielle eventually moved on with her life. She continued work as the Israeli ambassador. She, along with the mutant hero Sabra, attempted to find out Magneto's true identity, but failed | 6,123,487 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
after he killed the forger Georg Odekirk who gave him the "Erik Magnus Lehnsherr" name. Gabrielle was also part of the United Nations decision to give the island nation of Genosha to Magneto, after he demanded an entire mutants-only nation.
Gabrielle opposed the formation of the Mutant Response Division that was proposed by Stephen Lang and Bolivar Trask. The group formed anyway.
Pete Wisdom later called Gabrielle to have a talk with Legion after he caused trouble across Great Britain. Following the coordinates in the car that was sent to pick up Legion, Gabrielle tracked the coordinates to Muir Island. After Gabrielle and Legion talked about what transpired in the "Age of X" reality, Gabrielle | 6,123,488 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
is accidentally shot by an Aqiri superhero whose president holds a personal grudge against Legion. As Gabrielle started bleeding, she told her son not to search his mind for a personality that has healing powers. Before passing away, Gabrielle told her Legion that they're haven't been any miracles from coming back from the dead. Infuriated with his mother's death, Legion incinerated his attackers and then teleported to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning.
Gabrielle was later resurrected by Legion alongside Abigail Brand, Chamber, Karasu-Tengu, and Sojobo Tengu.
# Other versions.
## What If?
An issue of What If? asked "What If Magneto and Professor X formed the X-Men together?" In that | 6,123,489 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
issue, Gabrielle prevents Magneto from killing Baron Strucker. Following the idea to help the mutant race with Professor X, Magneto went on to marry Gabrielle.
# In other media.
Gabrielle Haller appears in the "" episode "Sins of the Son," voiced by Patricia Drake. This version of Haller is shown as too young to be a Holocaust survivor (though her comic appearances are also sometimes inconsistent on this matter). Gabrielle is the mother to David who hid the truth of his existence from his father Professor X. Though in this version they were married briefly when they were young, divorcing when Xavier's work with mutants kept them apart. Gabrielle tells David that Xavier abandons them. Gabrielle | 6,123,490 |
7540425 | Gabrielle Haller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle%20Haller | Gabrielle Haller
h in this version they were married briefly when they were young, divorcing when Xavier's work with mutants kept them apart. Gabrielle tells David that Xavier abandons them. Gabrielle later calls Professor X when David goes missing. She later discovers that David was taken over by his Lucas personality that has personal issues with his father.
Gabrielle Haller appears in the "Legion" FX television series, portrayed by Stephanie Corneliussen. As in the comics, she was originally in a catatonic state at a mental hospital following her time in concentration camps during World War II until Professor X used his telepathy to revive her psyche.
# External links.
- Gabrielle Haller at Marvel Wiki | 6,123,491 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
Lilian Vaughan Morgan
Lilian Vaughan Morgan ("née" Sampson; July 7, 1870 – December 6, 1952) was an American experimental biologist who made seminal contributions to the genetics of "Drosophila melanogaster", which cemented its status as one of the most powerful model systems in biology. In addition to her scientific career, she was involved in science education and was one of the founders of the Children's School of Science in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
# Early life.
Morgan was born in 1870 in Hallowell, Maine. She was orphaned at the age of three when her parents and younger sister died of tuberculosis. After the death of her parents, she and her older sister Edith were raised by her maternal | 6,123,492 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
grandparents in Germantown, Pennsylvania.
# Early research career.
Morgan enrolled as an undergraduate student at Bryn Mawr in 1887. She majored in biology and was advised by Martha Carey Thomas. After her graduation with honors in 1891, she spent the summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where Edmund Beecher Wilson, one of her previous zoology professors, introduced her to her future graduate advisor and husband Thomas Hunt Morgan.
In the autumn of 1891, a European fellowship for the best graduate in class enabled Morgan to go to Europe and study the musculature of chitons at the University of Zurich with Arnold Lang, a comparative anatomist and student | 6,123,493 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
of Ernst Haeckel. She returned to Bryn Mawr in 1892, where she received her MS in biology in 1894, advised by Thomas Morgan. After graduation, she published her work on the musculature of chitons, returned to Woods Hole as an independent investigator, and spent seven summers investigating breeding, development and embryology in amphibia.
# Family life.
In 1904, at the age of 34, she married Thomas Hunt Morgan and moved to New York City, where he took a position at Columbia University. That following summer, they moved to California, where she researched and published work on planarian regeneration at the Stanford Marine Laboratory. She would not publish another paper for sixteen years. During | 6,123,494 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
this time, she supported her husband's career and raised four children: Howard Key Morgan, born 1906; Edith Sampson Morgan, born 1907; Lilian Vaughan Morgan, born 1910; and Isabella Merrick Morgan, born 1911. Shine and Wrobel (1976) note that one key to Thomas Hunt Morgan's success was that his personal affairs were entirely handled by Lilian Morgan, freeing him to focus on his research. The family spent their winters in New York and returned in the summers to Woods Hole, where she maintained a summer house for children, relatives and her husband's graduate students. She maintained this house for many years, eventually equipping it for science lessons for children.
# Involvement in science | 6,123,495 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
education.
With several other women, Morgan founded the Summer School Club at Woods Hole in 1913, which is now the Children's School of Science, and served as its first educational chairperson and Science Committee Chair in 1914. She preferred working outdoors with children to conduct experiments and discuss problems.
# Later research career.
After her children were old enough, Morgan returned to the laboratory to study "Drosophila" genetics after briefly considering studying the violin. Her husband refused to collaborate with her; instead, he merely gave her working space in his laboratory at Columbia University, where she maintained her own "Drosophila" stocks and held no official position. | 6,123,496 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
Her husband and the other male scientists never became comfortable with her presence in the lab, whose atmosphere was "a little like that of an exclusive men's club." Morgan may also have felt isolated because she was older than the other women and was neither outgoing nor talkative, according to Alfred Sturtevant. Because she didn't hold an official position, she never attended a scientific meeting and never presented a paper at a conference.
## Major research accomplishments.
Morgan discovered the attached-X and ring chromosomes in "Drosophila melanogaster". Normal "Drosophila" X-chromosomes have one centromere located on one end of the chromosome, while attached-X chromosomes are composed | 6,123,497 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
of two X-chromosomes that share a single centromere. These compounds are transmitted as a single entity exclusively from mother to daughter. Morgan's attached-X chromosome strain has proved invaluable for "Drosophila" genetics because it allows mutant alleles on a different X chromosome to be maintained clonally in a stock of males, which do not undergo recombination.
Morgan's second major contribution to the "Drosophila" genetic toolkit was the discovery of ring chromosomes. Ring chromosomes were discovered from their unusual frequencies of recombination in an attached-X stock, which revealed a circularized X-chromosome upon cytological examination. Ring-X chromosomes are unstable in early | 6,123,498 |
7540478 | Lilian Vaughan Morgan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan | Lilian Vaughan Morgan
development, a phenomenon that has been applied to generate mosaic tissues containing XX and XO cells during mitosis that bear recessive loss-of-function alleles of specific X-linked genes.
# Later life.
Morgan and her family moved to California in 1928, where she continued her "Drosophila" research at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadana while her husband Thomas Hunt Morgan became the division head. Her husband died in 1945; one year afterwards, Morgan would receive her first official appointment of her life as a Research Associate at the age of 76. She died in 1952 at the age of 82 in Los Angeles.
# List of Publications.
- Sampson, L. V. 1894. Die Muskulatur von Chiton. Jenaischen | 6,123,499 |
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