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54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
In his memo, Rosenstein asserted that the FBI must have "a Director who understands the gravity of the mistakes and pledges never to repeat them." He ended with an argument against keeping Comey as FBI director, on the grounds that he was given an opportunity to "admit his errors" but that there is no hope that he will "implement the necessary corrective actions." Rosenstein also criticized Comey on two other grounds: for usurping the prerogative of the Justice Department and the Attorney General in his July 2016 public statements announcing the closure of the investigation into Clinton's emails, and for making derogatory comments about Clinton in that same meeting. Both of these actions, he | 6,138,900 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
argued, were in conflict with longstanding FBI practice. To Comey's previous defense that Attorney General Loretta Lynch had a conflict of interest, Rosenstein argued that in such a case, it is the duty of the Attorney General to recuse herself, and that there is a process for another Justice Department official to take over her duties.
In McCabe's 2019 autobiography, "The Threat: How the FBI Protects America in the Age of Terror and Trump", he asserts that Rosenstein did not want to write the memo, but did so at the direction of Trump.
## Termination letter.
On May 9, 2017, President Trump sent a termination letter to James Comey:
## Reasons for dismissal.
### Department of Justice recommendation.
Sessions, | 6,138,901 |
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in his letter to Trump, cited Rosenstein's memo as the reason for his own recommendation that Comey be dismissed. In the dismissal letter, Trump cited the recommendations by Sessions and Rosenstein as the reason for Comey's dismissal. Immediately after Trump's termination announcement, Deputy Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Sessions and other administration associates stated that Trump fired Comey solely on the recommendations of Sessions and Rosenstein.
On September 1, 2017, "The New York Times" reported that Trump had drafted a letter to Comey over the weekend of May 4–7, 2017. The draft, which is now in the possession of Special Counsel Mueller, was dictated by Trump and written | 6,138,902 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
up by Trump aide Stephen Miller. It notified Comey he was being fired and gave a several-page-long explanation of the reasons. The draft was described by people who saw it as a "screed" with an "angry, meandering tone". On May 8 Trump showed it to senior White House officials, including Vice President Mike Pence and White House Counsel Don McGahn. McGahn was alarmed at its tone and persuaded Trump not to send that letter. McGahn arranged for Trump to meet with Sessions and Rosenstein, who had been separately discussing plans to fire Comey. Rosenstein was given a copy of the draft and agreed to write a separate memo on the subject. His memo, delivered to Trump on May 9 along with a cover-letter | 6,138,903 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
recommendation from Sessions, detailed Comey's handling of the Clinton email investigation as the reason to dismiss him. Trump then cited Rosenstein's memo and Sessions' recommendation as the reason for terminating Comey. Trump had previously praised Comey for renewing the investigation into Clinton's emails in October 2016.
### Other reasons.
Several other reasons were soon offered. On May 9, a statement by the White House claimed that Comey had "lost the support" of "rank and file" FBI employees, so that the President had no choice but to dismiss him. However, media sources reported that FBI agents "flatly rejected" this assertion, saying that Comey was in fact relatively well-liked and | 6,138,904 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
admired within the FBI. In testimony given to the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 11, then-acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe contradicted the White House's claim that Comey had lost the confidence of the FBI rank-and-file, saying that Comey "enjoyed broad support within the FBI and does to this day." Comey, in his testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, objected strongly to Trump's description of the FBI as "in disarray" and "poorly led". "The administration chose to defame me, and more importantly the FBI," Comey said. "Those were lies, plain and simple."
On May 10, Trump told reporters he fired Comey "because he wasn't doing a good job". On May 11, Trump said that | 6,138,905 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
he was going to fire Comey irrespective of any recommendation from the Justice Department. On May 18, Rosenstein told members of the Senate that he wrote the dismissal memo while knowing that Trump had already decided to fire Comey. Rosenstein had been contemplating firing Comey for many months.
Within a few days, Trump and other White House officials directly linked the dismissal to the FBI's Russia investigation. During a May 10 meeting in the Oval Office with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak, Trump told the Russian officials "I just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy, a real nut job." He added: "I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's | 6,138,906 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
taken off", further adding "I’m not under investigation." The comments were recorded in official White House notes made during the meeting. On May 11 Trump told Lester Holt in an NBC News interview, "When I decided [to fire Comey], I said to myself, I said, 'You know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made up story", while reiterating his belief that there was no proof Russia was behind any election interference. White House officials also stated that firing Comey was a step in letting the probe into Russian election interference "come to its conclusion with integrity". White House spokesperson Sarah Huckabee Sanders expressed the hope that firing Comey would help bring the Russia | 6,138,907 |
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investigation to an end.
Other reasons have been offered. Insider sources have claimed that Trump was furious at Comey for refusing during March to back up Trump's wiretap accusations against former President Barack Obama, as well as not defending him from accusations of collusion with the Russian government. According to Comey associates interviewed by "The New York Times", Associated Press, and CBS News, Trump had asked Comey in January to pledge his loyalty to him, and Comey declined to make this pledge, saying that he would give him "honesty" and what Trump called "honest loyalty". Trump denied that he asked Comey for his loyalty, but says such a discussion would not necessarily have been | 6,138,908 |
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inappropriate. On June 7, 2017, during an interview with MSNBC, House Speaker Paul Ryan stated that it's "obviously" inappropriate for the president to ask the FBI director for loyalty. According to sources, Comey's unwillingness to offer personal loyalty to Trump was one of the reasons for the firing. Another source told "The Atlantic" that Trump fired Comey because Trump was concerned about what Flynn would testify in court. The next day, several FBI insiders said Comey was fired because "he refused to end the Russia investigation." Prior to the firing, senior White House officials had made inquiries to intelligence officials, such as "Can we ask [Comey] to shut down the investigation [of | 6,138,909 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
former national security adviser Flynn]? Are you able to assist in this matter?" After his dismissal, Comey recounted that Trump had told him the following in March 2017: "If there were some satellite associates of his who did something wrong, it would be good to find that out, but that he hadn’t done anything wrong and hoped I would find a way to get it out there."
## Announcement of dismissal.
President Trump had the letter dismissing Comey delivered in a manila folder to FBI headquarters in Washington on the evening of Tuesday, May 9, and a press statement was made by Sean Spicer at the same time. Comey was in Los Angeles that day giving a speech to agents at the Los Angeles Field Office, | 6,138,910 |
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and learned of the termination through a news report being telecast while he was speaking. According to an anonymous FBI source quoted by the "Los Angeles Times", Comey was caught off-guard by the termination. Comey immediately left for Washington, D.C., and cancelled another scheduled speech that night at an FBI recruitment event.
## Timing of the dismissal.
Observers were suspicious of the timing of the dismissal, given the ongoing Russia investigation. In an interview with CNN, President Trump's Counselor Kellyanne Conway denied that Comey's dismissal was part of a White House cover-up of the Russia investigation. The dismissal took place just a few days after Comey reportedly requested | 6,138,911 |
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additional resources to step up the Russia investigation; however the Justice Department denied that such a request was made. On May 9, before the dismissal, it was revealed that federal prosecutors issued grand jury subpoenas to Flynn's associates, representing a significant escalation in the FBI's Russia investigation.
Comey was scheduled to testify at the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 11. Andrew McCabe, as acting FBI director, gave the report instead.
## Other events of May 9.
On the same day, May 9, President Trump hired a law firm to send a letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee denying any business or other connections to Russia, "with some exceptions". The law firm itself | 6,138,912 |
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turned out to have "deep ties" to Russia, and had even been selected as "Russia Law Firm of 2016". No evidence was provided in the letter itself, such as tax returns. The letter was a response to earlier statements by Senator Lindsey Graham stating that he wanted to know whether there were any such ties.
## Reactions.
Media reports cast doubt on the original justification for Comey's dismissal; Trump's decision to fire Comey had reportedly happened first, then Trump sought "advice and input" from Sessions and Rosenstein on May 8, who responded by writing letters to justify the decision. Sessions and Rosenstein had already been considering whether to dismiss Comey before Trump decided to do | 6,138,913 |
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so, with their stated objectives including restoration of the FBI's credibility, limiting public announcements by the FBI, stopping leaks, and protecting the authority of the Department of Justice over the FBI.
According to an anonymous source who spoke to "The Washington Post", Rosenstein threatened to resign after his letter was cited as the primary reason for Comey's dismissal. Other media noted the disconnect between the dismissal and Trump's praise of Comey's actions in the campaign and throughout his presidency until a week beforehand.
News commentators characterized the termination as extraordinary and controversial. CNN's legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin went so far as to characterize | 6,138,914 |
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it as an "abuse of power". It was compared to the "Saturday Night Massacre", President Richard Nixon's termination of special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who was investigated the Watergate scandal. John Dean, White House Counsel under President Nixon, called it a "a very Nixonian move", saying that it "could have been a quiet resignation, but instead it was an angry dismissal". Among the two reporters most noted for investigating the Watergate scandal, Bob Woodward said that "there is an immense amount of smoke" but that comparisons of the Comey dismissal to Watergate were premature, while Carl Bernstein said that the firing of an FBI director overseeing an active investigation was a "potentially | 6,138,915 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
more dangerous situation than Watergate."
"The New York Times" Editorial Board published an editorial slamming the move, calling Trump's explanation "impossible to take at face value" and stating Trump had "decisively crippled the FBI's ability to carry out an investigation of him and his associates".
Democratic Senator Chuck Schumer renewed his call for a special prosecutor to investigate Russia's involvement in the election and its influence on members of the Trump campaign and administration. Republican Senator John McCain renewed his call for a special congressional committee to investigate. Democratic Representative Adam Schiff observed that Sessions had previously recused himself from | 6,138,916 |
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involvement in the Russia investigation and suggested that recommending Comey's termination violated that pledge because Comey was the lead investigator. In addition to the criticisms from Democratic leaders, some Republican leaders also expressed concern, including Richard Burr, Roy Blunt, Bob Corker, Justin Amash, and others. Other Republican leaders came to Trump's defense including Susan Collins and Lindsey Graham.
Senator Al Franken called Sessions' actions in recommending Comey's dismissal a breach by Sessions of his commitment in March 2017 to recuse himself from anything to do with the investigation into ties between Trump's team and Russia, as well as from the Clinton email controversy. | 6,138,917 |
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Franken called Sessions' action a "complete betrayal" of his promise to recuse.
Immediate response from the White House regarding concerns from congressional leaders and the media was limited. White House Deputy Press Secretary Sarah Sanders told Tucker Carlson of Fox News that it was time to "move on" from accusations of collusion between Trump and Russia, but added that "Comey's firing would not impact the ongoing investigations": "You will have the same people that will be carrying it out to the Department of Justice. The process continues both, I believe, in the House and Senate committees, and I don't see any change or disruption there." Kellyanne Conway denied that Comey's dismissal was | 6,138,918 |
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part of a White House cover-up. Trump furthermore commented on Twitter, mocking Senators Chuck Schumer and Richard Blumenthal, saying that Schumer "stated recently, 'I do not have confidence in him (James Comey) any longer.' Then acts so indignant" and that Blumenthal "devised one of the greatest military frauds in U.S. history".
# Post-dismissal.
Criticism of Trump's decision came immediately from various experts on governance and authoritarianism, and various politicians from across the political spectrum. Top Republican politicians supported the firing. Many elected officials called for a special prosecutor or independent commission to continue the investigation into Russia's influence | 6,138,919 |
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on the election, while some Republicans stated that such a move would be premature.
## Reactions from within the FBI.
Comey was generally well-liked within the FBI, and his sudden dismissal shocked many FBI agents, who admired Comey for his political independence. Agents were stunned that Comey was fired in the midst of the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election. The dismissal reportedly damaged morale within the Bureau. The way that Comey had first learned that he had been fired—from television news reports, while he was in Los Angeles—also angered agents, who considered it a sign of disrespect from the White House.
## Messaging from the White House.
Trump criticized | 6,138,920 |
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the investigation as a "witch hunt" on numerous occasions.
President Trump was reportedly surprised and frustrated by the reactions to Comey's termination, both from the political leadership and from the media. Administration officials struggled with messaging and media reports indicated frustration among the officials in trying to keep up with the President's thinking. Vice President Mike Pence was reportedly rattled by the changing messaging as he attempted to support the President. According to media sources, morale within the White House plummeted in the days immediately following and the President isolated himself not only from the media but from his own staff. Interaction between the | 6,138,921 |
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Press Secretary's office and the President was strained. Following the termination announcement, Sanders took over press briefings from Press Secretary Sean Spicer, because Spicer had duties with the Navy Reserve. Spicer eventually resumed the briefings.
On June 9, in response to Comey's testimony the day prior, before the Senate Intelligence Committee, Trump's personal lawyer Marc Kasowitz threatened to file legal complaints against Comey for sharing his memo with his friend, Columbia Law School professor Daniel Richman, and the press. Kasowitz said he intended to file a complaint with the Inspector General of the Department of Justice, as well as the Senate Judiciary Committee, against Comey | 6,138,922 |
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for revealing "privileged" information. However, the memo was not classified and Trump had not invoked executive privilege with regard to his discussions with Comey. Also, the Inspector General has limited jurisdiction since Comey no longer works for the Justice Department. Some commentators suggested the threat could amount to intimidation of a witness. On June 28 "Bloomberg" reported that Trump's attorneys were postponing the threatened complaint, although they still intended to file it eventually. The postponement was reportedly intended as a courtesy to Special Counsel Mueller and an attempt to back away from the White House's confrontational attitude toward him.
## Succession.
After Comey's | 6,138,923 |
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dismissal, FBI Deputy Director Andrew G. McCabe became the acting FBI Director. Several people were interviewed to succeed Comey. On June 7, 2017, on the day before Comey was to testify before the Senate Intelligence Committee, President Trump tweeted that he intended to nominate Christopher A. Wray as the new FBI Director. Trump made Wray's formal nomination to the Senate on June 26. The Senate Judiciary Committee approved the nomination on July 20. The full Senate confirmed the appointment on August 1, and he was sworn in the next day.
# FBI investigation of Russian interference.
## Assurances to Trump by Comey.
In the Comey termination letter, Trump asserted that Comey had told him on | 6,138,924 |
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three separate occasions that he (Trump) was not under investigation. The assertion was challenged. Fact checkers reported that while they had no way of knowing what Comey may have told Trump privately, no such assertion was on the public record, and the White House declined to provide any more detail. According to a May 10 article in "The Washington Post", sources knowledgeable about the matter stated that Trump's assertion as well as other assertions made by Trump about events leading up to the dismissal were false.
However, in the written opening statement for his June 8 testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee, Comey said he had assured Trump on three separate occasions that he | 6,138,925 |
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personally was not the subject of an FBI counterintelligence investigation. Comey said Trump repeatedly pressed for him to say so publicly. Comey added that Trump's private comments urging him to drop the Flynn probe led him to tell his Justice Department colleagues they needed to be careful. Comey also indicated that he had prepared notes on each of his interactions with Trump and had arranged for them to be publicly released.
Trump's private lawyer Marc Kasowitz declared in a statement that Comey's testimony made Trump feel "completely and totally vindicated". However, on June 16, following newspaper reports that the special counsel was investigating him for obstruction of justice, Trump | 6,138,926 |
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tweeted: "I am being investigated" and called the investigations a "witch hunt." Trump's lawyer later clarified that Trump has not been notified of any investigation.
## Possible existence of recordings.
In a Twitter post on May 12, Trump implied that he might have recorded his conversations with Comey, saying, "James Comey better hope that there are no 'tapes' of our conversations before he starts leaking to the press!" The comment was taken by many Democrats and commentators as a threat, an attempt to intimidate Comey into not discussing his conversations with Trump during intelligence committee hearings.
Trump's hint about secret tapes created pressure on him to make any tapes and other | 6,138,927 |
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evidence available to investigators. For more than a month thereafter, in interviews and White House briefings, Trump and his spokespersons refused to confirm or deny the existence of 'tapes', or to comment on whether there are listening or recording devices in the White House.
In his June 8 testimony, Comey said "I've seen the tweet about tapes. Lordy, I hope there are tapes!" He added that he would consent to the release of any such recordings.
On June 9, members of Congress from both parties called on Trump to say once and for all whether any 'tapes' exist. The ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, Adam Schiff (D-Calif.), called for the White House to hand over any tapes, | 6,138,928 |
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if they exist, to the committee, and threatened subpoenas if the White House did not comply with the deadline by June 23.
On June 22, Trump tweeted "I have no idea [...] whether there are "tapes" or recordings of my conversations with James Comey, but I did not make, and do not have, any such recordings." Commentators noted that Trump's tweet was a non-denial denial which merely denied personal involvement in the making of recordings and denied his present knowledge and present possession of said recordings. The tweet failed to deny that recordings do or did exist, that Trump ever had past knowledge of their existence, or that they may have been made by a third party other than Trump whom Trump | 6,138,929 |
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is or was aware of. When asked to clarify Trump's tweet several hours later, Principal Deputy White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that Trump's tweet was "extremely clear" and that she did "not have anything to add".
Schiff stated that Trump's tweet "raises as many questions as it answers" and that "the White House must respond in writing to our committee as to whether any tapes or recordings exist." The White House responded on June 23 with a letter to House and Senate Committees which copied and pasted Trump's non-denial denial tweet of the previous day. On June 29, in a joint statement, the two leaders of the House Intelligence Committee said they had written to the | 6,138,930 |
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White House to press it to comply fully with their June 9 request, adding "should the White House not respond fully, the committee will consider using compulsory process to ensure a satisfactory response".
## Comey memos.
On May 16, 2017, it was first reported that Comey had prepared a detailed memo following every meeting and telephone call he had with President Trump.
### February 14 meeting.
One memo referred to an Oval Office meeting on February 14, 2017, during which Comey says Trump attempted to persuade him to abort the investigation into Michael Flynn. The meeting had begun as a broader national security briefing, the day after Trump had dismissed Flynn as National Security Advisor. | 6,138,931 |
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Near the conclusion of the briefing, the President asked those in attendance other than Director Comey to leave the room—including Vice President Pence and Attorney General Sessions. He then reportedly said to Comey "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go. He is a good guy. I hope you can let this go." Comey made no commitments to Trump on the subject.
The White House responded to the allegations by stating that "the president has never asked Mr. Comey or anyone else to end any investigation, including any investigation involving General Flynn," and "this is not a truthful or accurate portrayal of the conversation between the president and Mr. Comey."
### | 6,138,932 |
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Initial reporting on memos' existence.
The Comey memos were first mentioned in a May 16, 2017 "New York Times" article, published about a week after Trump had dismissed Comey as FBI director, and four days after he had implied on Twitter that his conversations with Comey may have been recorded. The report cited two people who read the memos to the "Times" reporter. "The Wall Street Journal" and "The Washington Post" independently reported on the memos' existence.
On May 19, a friend of Comey, Lawfare Blog founder Benjamin Wittes, came forward as the principal source for the initial "New York Times" story.
In his testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, Comey revealed | 6,138,933 |
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that he had been the source, through a friend (later revealed to be Columbia Law School professor Daniel Richman), of the public revelation of his February 14 memo. He said he decided to make it public in hopes that it might "prompt the appointment of a special counsel". Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel the next day.
### Congressional requests and disclosure.
After the "New York Times" report, leaders of the House Oversight Committee and Intelligence Committee, as well as those of the Senate Intelligence Committee and Judiciary Committee, requested the production of all Comey memos, with a deadline of May 24. On May 25, the FBI said it was still reviewing the Committees' requests, | 6,138,934 |
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in view of the appointment of the special counsel.
On April 19, 2018, the Justice Department gave redacted versions of the memos to Congress. These were then given to and published by news agencies.
### Motivation.
"The New York Times" reported that Comey had created the memos as a "paper trail" to document "what he perceived as the president's improper efforts to influence a continuing investigation". Comey shared the memo with "a very small circle of people at the FBI and Justice Department." Comey and other senior FBI officials perceived Trump's remarks "as an effort to influence the investigation, but they decided that they would try to keep the conversation secret—even from the F.B.I. | 6,138,935 |
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agents working on the Russia investigation—so the details of the conversation would not affect the investigation."
In his June 8 testimony, Comey explained that he had documented his conversations with Trump because he "was honestly concerned he (Trump) might lie" about them. "I knew there might come a day when I might need a record of what happened," he said. "The Washington Post" reported that two Comey associates who had seen the memo described it as two pages long and highly detailed. The "Times" noted that contemporaneous notes created by FBI agents are frequently relied upon "in court as credible evidence of conversations."
### Legal considerations.
Several Republican politicians and | 6,138,936 |
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conservative journalists asserted that Comey could be subject to legal jeopardy for not disclosing the contents of his memos around the time he wrote them. Several legal experts, including Alan Dershowitz and Robert M. Chesney, contested this view.
Anonymous officials told "The Hill" that 4 of the 7 memos contained information deemed "secret" or "classified". Comey testified that he deliberately wrote some memos without classified information so that they could be shared.
Trump's personal attorney Marc Kasowitz criticized Comey for leaking the contents of his memos to the press, saying that they were "unauthorized disclosures". White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders also criticized | 6,138,937 |
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Comey for leaking to the press and alleged that he broke the law. Sanders cited an article by the legal analyst Jonathan Turley which alleged that Comey broke his employment agreement and FBI protocol.
Glenn Kessler of "The Washington Post" analyzed Turley's arguments and contested Sanders' claims that Comey's actions were "illegal". Turley himself has contested Kessler's legal analysis of Comey's actions. University of Texas law professor Stephen Vladeck said that there would be "no legal blowback" for Comey, unless "the memos involve 'information relating to the national defense'" or deprived "government of a 'thing of value'". Bradley P. Moss, a partner in the law office of Mark Zaid, argued | 6,138,938 |
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that Comey's actions were legally justified by laws protecting whistleblowers from unjust persecution.
### Pursuit of leakers.
According to a "Washington Post" report, the memos also document Trump's criticism of the FBI for not pursuing leakers in the administration and his wish "to see reporters in jail". The report outraged journalists and free-speech groups, who likened the statement to intimidation tactics used by authoritarian regimes. The Committee to Protect Journalists and "Washington Post" executive editor Martin Baron were among those who criticized the statement.
## Appointment of special counsel.
Immediately after Comey's dismissal, many Democrats renewed their calls for the | 6,138,939 |
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appointment of a special prosecutor to continue the investigation into Russia's influence on the election. Democratic attorneys general from 19 states and D.C. signed a letter calling for a special prosecutor.
The White House continued to insist that no special prosecutor was necessary in the Russia investigation, instead saying that Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and the next FBI director could lead the investigation. The White House has also said that it was "time to move on" after the 2016 election. President Trump tweeted that Democratic members of Congress calling for a special prosecutor and criticizing the dismissal of Comey are "phony hypocrites!"
On May 17, Deputy Attorney | 6,138,940 |
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General Rod Rosenstein, as acting Attorney General, . The Trump administration cited an obscure ethics rule to suggest that Mueller might have a conflict of interest. On May 23, 2017, Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel.
On June 3, Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller, if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in Comey's dismissal. In that event, the third senior officer in the Justice Department would take over the supervision of Mueller's investigation—namely, Associate Attorney General Rachel Brand.
On March 22, 2019, Mueller submitted the special counsel's | 6,138,941 |
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final report to Attorney General William Barr.
On March 24, Barr sent a four-page letter to Congress regarding "Mueller Report".
# Reactions from Congress.
Several Democratic members of Congress – among them, Illinois Sen. Dick Durbin, New York Rep. Jerrold Nadler, and California Rep. Maxine Waters – and some commentators suggested that Trump's rationale for Comey's dismissal in the interview amounted to a de facto admission to obstruction of justice. Senator Mark Warner of Virginia, the ranking Democratic member said it was "extremely important that Comey come to an open hearing in the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as quickly as possible and testify as to the status of the U.S.–Russia | 6,138,942 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
investigation at the time of his firing".
Among members of Congress:
- 138 Democrats, two independents (Senators Bernie Sanders and Angus King), and two Republicans (Representatives Mike Coffman and Tom McClintock), called for a special prosecutor, independent prosecutor, or an independent commission to examine ties between the Russian government and Trump's associates.
- 84 Democrats and five Republicans called for an independent investigation into Russian ties. For example, Republican Senator John McCain said "I have long called for a special congressional committee" while Democratic Representative Salud Carbajal stated, "anything less would imperil our democracy".
- 42 Republicans, and | 6,138,943 |
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8 Democrats, expressed "questions or concerns" about Comey's firing; examples of members of Congress in this group are Republican Senator Marco Rubio ("I do have questions"); Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski ("serious cause for concern"); Democratic Representative Marcia L. Fudge ("the American people deserve answers").
- 98 Republicans, but no Democrats, were neutral or supportive of Comey's firing.
- 141 Republicans and 11 Democrats did not release a statement.
Multiple Democratic members of Congress discussed an "impeachment clock" for Trump, saying that he was "moving" toward impeachment and raising the possibility of bringing forth articles of impeachment for obstruction of justice | 6,138,944 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
and criminal malfeasance if proof of illegal activity is found. Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut stated in an interview: "It may well produce another "United States v. Nixon" on a subpoena that went to United States Supreme Court. It may well produce impeachment proceedings, although we're very far from that possibility."
## Congressional testimony by Comey.
On May 10, 2017, the day after being fired by Trump, Comey was invited to testify before a closed session of the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 16, 2017. Comey declined to testify at a closed session, indicating that he would be willing to testify at a public, open hearing.
On May 17, the Senate Intelligence Committee invited | 6,138,945 |
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Comey to testify publicly. Comey accepted the invitation and testified on June 8.
On June 7, 2017 an advance copy of Comey's prepared congressional testimony was submitted to the Senate Intelligence Committee. In it, he said that on February 14, 2017, the President attempted to persuade him to "let go" of any investigation into Michael Flynn. He clarified that "I had understood the President to be requesting that we drop any investigation of Flynn in connection with false statements about his conversations with the Russian ambassador in December. I did not understand the President to be talking about the broader investigation into Russia or possible links to his campaign." He added that Trump | 6,138,946 |
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requested his personal loyalty, to which Comey replied he would give his "honest loyalty" to the President.
Comey stated that, on three occasions, he volunteered to Trump that the latter was not personally under investigation. Comey stated that Trump requested that he publicly declare this so that his image could be improved, but Comey also stated that he did not respond to Trump's request with an explanation of why he would not do so; Comey testified that his primary reason for not publicly saying Trump was not under investigation was to avoid a "duty to correct" in the event Trump later became subject to investigation. In the termination letter of May 9, 2017 Trump said "I greatly appreciate | 6,138,947 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
you informing me, on three separate occasions, that I am not under investigation..."
In his live testimony, Comey was asked why he thought he was fired and he replied, "I take the president at his word that I was fired because of the Russia investigation." He took strong exception to Trump's claims that he had fired Comey because the FBI was in "disarray" and "poorly led", saying "Those were lies, plain and simple." Comey also confirmed that the FBI investigations had not targeted Trump personally.
In June 9 and June 11 Twitter comments on Comey's testimony, Trump accused Comey of "so many false statements and lies" and "very cowardly" leaks but added that Comey's testimony had amounted to | 6,138,948 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
"total and complete vindication" of Trump. Later that day Trump held a brief news conference, during which he insisted that he did not ask Comey to end the investigation into Flynn and was willing to say so under oath. He twice dodged questions about whether there are tapes of White House conversations.
# Commentary.
## Scholars.
A number of professors of law, political science, and history have criticized the firing and argue that Trump's action destabilizes democratic norms and the rule of law in the U.S. Some have argued that Trump's action creates a constitutional crisis. Parallels have been drawn with other leaders who have slowly eroded democratic norms in their countries, such as Turkey's | 6,138,949 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan or Hungary's Viktor Orbán; political science professor Sheri Berman said those leaders slowly "chipped away at democratic institutions, undermined civil society, and slowly increased their own power."
In a May 2017 essay published in "The Washington Post", Harvard constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe wrote: "The time has come for Congress to launch an impeachment investigation of President Trump for obstruction of justice." Tribe argued that Trump's conduct rose to the level of "high crimes and misdemeanors" that are impeachable offenses under the Constitution. He added, "It will require serious commitment to constitutional principle, and courageous willingness to put | 6,138,950 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
devotion to the national interest above self-interest and party loyalty, for a Congress of the president's own party to initiate an impeachment inquiry."
Duke law professor and former federal prosecutor Samuel W. Buell said that Trump's attempt to quiet Comey by referencing secret tapes of their conversations in retaliation could be viewed as an effort to intimidate a witness to any future investigation on obstruction of justice.
GW Law professor Jonathan Turley, who participated in impeachment proceedings against Bill Clinton, cautioned that the Comey memo is not a sufficient basis for impeachment, and raises as many questions about Comey's behavior as about Trump's.
Harvard Law professor | 6,138,951 |
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Jack Goldsmith says that claims of "grandstanding" or "politicization" by Comey of the FBI probe into possible ties between Trump associates and Russia were unsubstantiated. Goldsmith wrote, "the only thing Comey ever said publicly about the investigation into the Russia-DNC Hack-Trump Associates imbroglio was to confirm, with the approval of the Attorney General, its existence."
New York University law professor Ryan Goodman wrote, "if President Donald Trump orchestrated the decision to fire the Director of the FBI to subvert or undermine the integrity of investigations into the Trump campaign’s possible coordination with Russia, it may amount to an obstruction of justice."
A report published | 6,138,952 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
by the Brookings Institution in October 2017 raised the question of obstruction of justice in the dismissal of Comey, stating that Trump, by himself or conspiring with subordinates, may have "attempted to impede the investigations of Michael Flynn and Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election". The report put aside the subject of impeachment pending the outcome of the 2017 Special Counsel investigation by Robert Mueller.
### Comey memos and obstruction of justice.
Legal experts are divided as to whether Trump's alleged request that Comey end the investigation can be considered obstruction of justice. Jens David Ohlin of Cornell University Law School and Jonathan Turley of George | 6,138,953 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
Washington University have argued that the request does not neatly fit into any of the practices commonly considered to fall under the obstruction of justice statute. Michael Gerhardt of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Julie O'Sullivan of the Georgetown University Law Center argued that it is hard to prove that Trump had an intent to obstruct the investigation. Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz said that "it's a very, very high bar to get over obstruction of justice for a president." Harvard law professor Jack Goldsmith noted that it was implausible to indict a sitting president, noting that "the remedy for a criminal violation would be impeachment" instead. Erwin Chereminsky | 6,138,954 |
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of University of California, Irvine School of Law, have argued that it was obstruction of justice.
Noah Feldman of Harvard University noted that the alleged request could be grounds for impeachment. University of Texas law professor Stephen Vladeck said that it was reasonable for people to "start talking about obstruction". Harvard law professor Alex Whiting said that Trump's actions were "very close to obstruction of justice ... but still isn't conclusive". Christopher Slobogin of Vanderbilt University Law School said that a "viable case" could be made but that it was weak. John Dean, former White House Counsel to Richard Nixon, called the memo about the private conversation with President | 6,138,955 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
Trump concerning the Flynn investigation a "smoking gun" and noted that "good intentions do not erase criminal intent".
### Comey testimony and obstruction of justice.
In Comey's June 8 testimony, he said it was not for him to say whether Trump's February 14 request amounted to obstruction of justice, adding "But that's a conclusion I'm sure the special counsel will work toward, to try and understand what the intention was there and whether that's an offense." Some legal experts have said that Comey's testimony advanced the argument that Trump attempted to obstruct justice in his dealings with then-FBI Director James Comey. Diane Marie Amann of University of Georgia, Paul Butler of Georgetown | 6,138,956 |
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University, Brandon Garrett of University of Virginia, Lisa Kern Griffin of Duke University, Alexander Tsesis of Loyola University, and Alex Whiting of Harvard University said that an obstruction of justice case was advanced by the fact that Comey understood Trump's words as an "order" to drop an ongoing FBI investigation. Joshua Dressle of Ohio State University and Jimmy Gurulé of University of Notre Dame said after the testimony that "a "prima facie" case of obstruction of justice" had been established. Samuel Gross of University of Michigan and Dressle said that there were sufficient grounds to indict Trump for obstruction of justice were he not President, but that a sitting President cannot | 6,138,957 |
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be indicted, only impeached. Samuel Buell of Duke University said, "Based on Comey's testimony, we know to a virtual certainty that the President is now under investigation for obstruction of justice." Mark Tushnet of Harvard University said that there are "lots of pieces of evidence that could go into making a criminal case and very little to weaken such a case but nothing that in itself shows criminal intent."
Former United States Attorney Preet Bharara said in an interview with ABC News om June 11, 2017, "there's absolutely evidence to begin a case" regarding obstruction of justice by Trump. Bharara went on to note, "No one knows right now whether there is a provable case of obstruction. | 6,138,958 |
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[But] there's no basis to say there's no obstruction."
## Media.
Many media outlets continued to be highly critical of the move. For many critics, the immediate worry was the integrity of the FBI's investigation into the Trump administration's ties to Russia. Some commentators described Comey's firing by the Trump administration as a "Nixonian" act, comparing it to Richard Nixon's orders to three of his cabinet officials to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox during the Watergate investigation. A number of commentators – including "Washington Post" columnist Eugene Robinson, former CBS News journalist Dan Rather, and former "New Yorker" editor Jeffrey Frank – accused the Trump administration | 6,138,959 |
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of a cover-up by firing Comey with the intent to curtail the FBI's investigation out of fear of a possible discovery of the extent of Trump's alleged ties to Russia. Soon after Trump's election, Benjamin Wittes writing in "Lawfare" had predicted a future firing of Comey, writing "If Trump chooses to replace Comey with a sycophantic yes-man, or if he permits Comey to resign over law or principle, that will be a clear bellwether to both the national security and civil libertarian communities that things are going terribly wrong." Immediately after the dismissal, they reiterated their position, stating that Trump's firing of Comey "undermines the credibility of his own presidency" and implying | 6,138,960 |
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that the reason given for it was probably a pretext, as Trump had previously praised Comey's handling of the Clinton investigation.
Some commentators observed an emerging pattern of Trump firing government officials who investigated his interests: Sally Yates, Preet Bharara, and Comey.
Other media outlets were more supportive. Some sources have stated that, regardless of circumstances, Comey had lost the confidence of the political leadership on all sides of the spectrum and, therefore, his termination was unavoidable in spite of criticizing the president's handling of it and questioning his motives. Some went so far as to decry Democrats and other Trump opponents who criticized the termination | 6,138,961 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
after previously having criticized Comey himself for the handling of the Clinton scandal. A few called for a re-opening of the Clinton investigation now that Comey had left.
French daily "Le Monde" described the firing as a "coup de force" against the FBI. German magazines "Der Spiegel" and "Bild" drew parallels with Nixon's Saturday Night Massacre, with "Der Spiegel" saying that "few believe" that Comey was not fired for overseeing a criminal probe into possible ties between Trump associates and Russia. "The Economist" wrote in an editorial that Comey's firing "reflects terribly" on Trump and urged "principled Senate Republicans" to put country before party and establish "either an independent | 6,138,962 |
54005993 | Dismissal of James Comey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismissal%20of%20James%20Comey | Dismissal of James Comey
gel" saying that "few believe" that Comey was not fired for overseeing a criminal probe into possible ties between Trump associates and Russia. "The Economist" wrote in an editorial that Comey's firing "reflects terribly" on Trump and urged "principled Senate Republicans" to put country before party and establish "either an independent commission" similar to the 9/11 Commission, or a bipartisan select committee to investigate the Russia allegations, with either body to have "substantial investigatory resources" and subpoena power.
# See also.
- Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2017)
# External links.
- Comey's statement posted on the Senate Intelligence Committee website | 6,138,963 |
25046427 | He Jintao | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%20Jintao | He Jintao
He Jintao
He Jintao (何進滔) (died 840) was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who, as military governor ("Jiedushi") of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), ruled the circuit in "de facto" independence from the imperial government.
# Background.
It is not known when He Jintao was born, but it is known that his family was originally from Ling Prefecture (靈州, in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia). His great-grandfather He Xiaowu (何孝物) and grandfather He Jun (何俊) both served as officers at Ling Prefecture. His father He Mo (何默) served as an officer at Xia Prefecture (夏州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi).
# Early career.
Eventually, He Jintao settled at Weibo's capital Wei Prefecture | 6,138,964 |
25046427 | He Jintao | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%20Jintao | He Jintao
(魏州), and came to serve in the Weibo army, under then-military governor Tian Hongzheng, who was obedient to the imperial government. In a campaign that Tian waged against Wang Chengzong, the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), when Wang was resisting the imperial government, there was a night when Weibo forces conducted a night raid against Chengde's capital Heng Prefecture (恆州). Wang responded by sending an officer in an iron mask, commanding 1,000 cavalry soldiers, to counterattack against the Weibo forces. He Jintao engaged the Chengde cavalry soldiers and defeated them, almost capturing the officer in iron mask, causing much apprehension | 6,138,965 |
25046427 | He Jintao | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%20Jintao | He Jintao
among the Chengde soldiers. After a subsequent campaign that Tian conducted against Li Shidao the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), in which He Jintao made contributions, He Jintao was given the honorary imperial censor title of "Shiyushi" (侍御史).
# Seizure of Weibo Circuit and service as military governor.
By 829, He Jintao was serving under Shi Xiancheng, who was ruling Weibo in "de facto" independence from the imperial government. However, as at that time, imperial forces were close to defeating the rebel general Li Tongjie, who controlled the neighboring Henghai Circuit (橫海, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei), and Shi became apprehensive. | 6,138,966 |
25046427 | He Jintao | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%20Jintao | He Jintao
Under the advice of his son Shi Xiaozhang (史孝章), Shi Xiancheng offered to surrender control of Weibo to the imperial government and requested another command elsewhere. The reigning Emperor Wenzong reacted by commissioning Shi Xiancheng as the military governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), and Li Ting (李聽) the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan) as the military governor of Weibo. He also carved out three of Weibo's six prefectures — Xiang (相州, in modern Anyang), Wei (衛州, in modern Xinxiang, Henan, note different character than the capital of Weibo), and Chan (澶州, in modern Anyang) — to create a new circuit, for | 6,138,967 |
25046427 | He Jintao | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%20Jintao | He Jintao
Shi Xiaozhang to serve as military governor of.
Thereafter, Shi Xiancheng prepared to depart Wei Prefecture. It was said that he stripped the headquarters and circuit treasury of its treasures, ready to take them to Hezhong, and this angered the soldiers. The soldiers mutinied and killed Shi Xiancheng, and they supported He Jintao to be their leader. When Li Ting subsequently arrived at Wei Prefecture, He Jintao refused to let him enter, and subsequently made a surprise attack, defeating him. At that time, the imperial treasury was drained, and the imperial government, judging that it had no ability to defeat He Jintao, capitulated and made He Jintao the military governor of Weibo, and further | 6,138,968 |
25046427 | He Jintao | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%20Jintao | He Jintao
at Wei Prefecture, He Jintao refused to let him enter, and subsequently made a surprise attack, defeating him. At that time, the imperial treasury was drained, and the imperial government, judging that it had no ability to defeat He Jintao, capitulated and made He Jintao the military governor of Weibo, and further returned Xiang, Wei, and Chan prefectures to Weibo.
It was said that as the military governor of Weibo, He Jintao was favored by his people. He died in 840, and the reigning Emperor Wuzong (Emperor Wenzong's younger brother) allowed his son He Chongshun to inherit the circuit.
# Notes and references.
- "Old Book of Tang", .
- "New Book of Tang", .
- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , . | 6,138,969 |
25046462 | Franck Tabanou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck%20Tabanou | Franck Tabanou
Franck Tabanou
Franck Pascal Paul Tabanou (born 30 January 1989) is a French professional footballer who plays for Guingamp as a left-back. Tabanou is a French youth international having starred at under-20 and under-21 level. He played with the under-20 team at the 2009 Mediterranean Games.
# Club career.
## Early career.
Tabanou began his football career at AS Choisy-le-Roi, a club located in the southeastern suburbs of Paris. Growing up in the greater Paris area, he supported Paris Saint-Germain during his childhood. After four years at the club, in June 2002, he signed with professional club Le Havre. While in the club's youth academy, Tabanou was supervised by club coaches Thierry Uvenard | 6,138,970 |
25046462 | Franck Tabanou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck%20Tabanou | Franck Tabanou
and Luc Bruder. After three years at the club, he departed and returned to Paris joining the Centre de Formation de Paris, a youth sporting club designed to cater only to football players under the age of 19.
## Toulouse.
Upon his arrival to the club, Tabanou was inserted onto the club's under-18 team for the 2006–07 season and had a successful campaign. Midway through the season, he was called up to the club's Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division. Tabanou appeared in five matches with the team. Ahead of the 2007–08 season, he was promoted to the reserve team on a permanent basis and featured in 20 matches.
In the ensuing season, Tabanou began training with the senior | 6,138,971 |
25046462 | Franck Tabanou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck%20Tabanou | Franck Tabanou
team under manager Alain Casanova. He appeared in several pre-season matches, but endured criticism for some of his performances as the pre-season wore on. Tabanou, himself, admitted that the criticism was justified stating that he relied too much on his technical skills. As a result, prior to the start of the season, he was demoted back to the reserve team. In January 2009, Tabanou was called back into the senior team by Casanova who was impressed by the player's performance with the reserve team. After appearing on the bench in several matches, he made his professional debut on 2 May 2009 in a league match against Marseille. Tabanou appeared as a substitute in the match, which ended 2–2. Two | 6,138,972 |
25046462 | Franck Tabanou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck%20Tabanou | Franck Tabanou
days later, he signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a one-year deal with the club. Tabanou, subsequently, appeared in the final four matches of the season. One of those matches including his first professional start against Saint-Étienne.
Tabanou was officially promoted to the senior team for the 2009–10 season and assigned the number 27 shirt. He featured as a substitute in the first two matches of the season and, by mid-September, had permanently taken over as starter on the left side of midfield. In January 2010, with the player's contract due to expire in June, Toulouse signed Tabanou to a three-year contract extension. On 16 January, Tabanou rewarded the club's decision | 6,138,973 |
25046462 | Franck Tabanou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck%20Tabanou | Franck Tabanou
to extend him by scoring a double in a 3–1 victory over Valenciennes. On 10 April, he repeated this feat by netting another two goals in a 4–0 home win over Grenoble.
Due to injuries to incumbent left back Cheikh M'Bengue, Casanova tasked Tabanou with the job of deputizing for him for the 2010–11 season. Tabanou started in the position for the majority of the fall campaign and assisted on his first two goals of his career in a 2–0 win over Nancy and a 3–1 loss to Rennes.
## Saint-Étienne.
On 28 July 2013, Tabanou trains with Ligue 1 club Saint-Étienne, on the verge of signing a new contract with them following a transfer from Toulouse. He scored his first goal against Esbjerg in the Europa | 6,138,974 |
25046462 | Franck Tabanou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck%20Tabanou | Franck Tabanou
ulouse. He scored his first goal against Esbjerg in the Europa League.
## Swansea City.
On 19 June 2015, Tabanou joined Swansea City for a reported £3.5 million. Tabanou then went on to make his debut in English football in the EFL Cup vs York City where he played his first full 90 minutes for the club.
### Saint-Étienne (loan).
On 15 January 2016, Tabanou returned to Saint-Étienne on loan from Swansea for the rest of the season.
### Granada (loan).
On 31 August 2016, Tabanou joined Spanish club Granada on a season-long loan deal.
## Guingamp.
On 1 August 2017, it was announced that Tabanou was released by Swansea City at the end of the 2016–17 season and joined French club Guingamp. | 6,138,975 |
25046540 | Hailakandi Airfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hailakandi%20Airfield | Hailakandi Airfield
Hailakandi Airfield
Hailakandi Airfield is a former wartime United States Army Air Forces airfield in India, used during the Burma Campaign 1944-1945. It is now abandoned. Hailakandi is a district of the Indian state of Assam.
# History.
The airfield was the home of the 1st Air Commando Group, being formed at the base in March 1944. The unit was a United States Army Air Forces group of fighters, bombers, transports, military gliders and small planes operating in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II. They were part of the U.S. Tenth Air Force providing close air support for the British Fourteenth Army in the Burma Campaign.
The Air Commando Groups was born out of a simple need. That | 6,138,976 |
25046540 | Hailakandi Airfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hailakandi%20Airfield | Hailakandi Airfield
need was to support via light airplanes the evacuation and resupply requirements of British Long Range Patrol (LRP) groups, or Chindits, as they were affectionately called. Carrying the lethal firepower of both bombers and fighters combined with the logistical tentacles of a gamut of transports, gliders, and light aircraft, this organization would reach deep behind enemy lines to do battle.
Once formed, the unit moved Asansol Airfield on 20 May 1944 and the airfield was used for non-combat operations for the remainder of the war.
# References.
- Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983.
- www.pacificwrecks.com | 6,138,977 |
25046540 | Hailakandi Airfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hailakandi%20Airfield | Hailakandi Airfield
irplanes the evacuation and resupply requirements of British Long Range Patrol (LRP) groups, or Chindits, as they were affectionately called. Carrying the lethal firepower of both bombers and fighters combined with the logistical tentacles of a gamut of transports, gliders, and light aircraft, this organization would reach deep behind enemy lines to do battle.
Once formed, the unit moved Asansol Airfield on 20 May 1944 and the airfield was used for non-combat operations for the remainder of the war.
# References.
- Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983.
- www.pacificwrecks.com - Hailakandi keyword search | 6,138,978 |
25046586 | List of governors of Farah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20governors%20of%20Farah | List of governors of Farah
List of governors of Farah
This is a list of the governors of the province of Farah, Afghanistan.
# See also.
- List of current governors of Afghanistan | 6,138,979 |
25046581 | Bow and warp of semiconductor wafers and substrates | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bow%20and%20warp%20of%20semiconductor%20wafers%20and%20substrates | Bow and warp of semiconductor wafers and substrates
Bow and warp of semiconductor wafers and substrates
Bow and warp of semiconductor wafers and substrates are measures of the flatness of wafers.
# Definitions.
Bow is the deviation of the center point of the median surface of a free, un-clamped wafer from the reference plane, where the reference plane is defined by . This definition is based on now obsolete ASTM F534.
Warp is the difference between the maximum and the minimum distances of the median surface of a free, un-clamped wafer from the reference plane defined above. This definition follows ASTM F657, and ASTM F1390.
# Modifications.
The above definitions were developed for capacitance wafer thickness gauges such as ADE 9500, and | 6,138,980 |
25046581 | Bow and warp of semiconductor wafers and substrates | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bow%20and%20warp%20of%20semiconductor%20wafers%20and%20substrates | Bow and warp of semiconductor wafers and substrates
reference plane is defined by . This definition is based on now obsolete ASTM F534.
Warp is the difference between the maximum and the minimum distances of the median surface of a free, un-clamped wafer from the reference plane defined above. This definition follows ASTM F657, and ASTM F1390.
# Modifications.
The above definitions were developed for capacitance wafer thickness gauges such as ADE 9500, and later adopted by optical gauges.
Even though these standards are currently obsolete. They were withdrawn without replacement and but are still widely used for characterization of semiconductor wafers, metal and glass substrates for MEMS devices, solar cells, and many other applications. | 6,138,981 |
25046528 | Brest Bible | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brest%20Bible | Brest Bible
Brest Bible
The Brest Bible () was the first complete Protestant Bible translation into Polish, published by Bernard Wojewodka in 1563 in Brest and dedicated to King Sigismund II Augustus.
Polish full original title: "Biblia święta, Tho iest, Księgi Starego y Nowego Zakonu, właśnie z Żydowskiego, Greckiego, y Łacińskiego, nowo na Polski ięzyk, z pilnością y wiernie wyłożone."
# Overview.
It is sometimes also named after the Radziwiłł family surname of Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, the benefactor of the undertaking, or after Pińczów, where the translating was commissioned and translators chosen and authorized at the Calvinist synods of 1559 and 1560, and where the work was accomplished.
The | 6,138,982 |
25046528 | Brest Bible | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brest%20Bible | Brest Bible
Brest Bible is one of the earliest modern era translations of all of the Bible, from, for the most part, the original Hebrew and Koine Greek languages. Latin Vulgate was also utilized to a lesser degree and so was a French translation. The Brest Bible, produced by a group of Calvinist scholars, was preceded by the Luther Bible of 1534 and the Geneva Bible of 1560.
The text of the translation, which stresses contextual and phraseological, rather than word-for-word translating, is highly reliable in respect to the originals and represents some of the finest Polish usage of the period. Among the leading theologians involved with the team translation project were Grzegorz Orszak, Pierre Statorius, | 6,138,983 |
25046528 | Brest Bible | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brest%20Bible | Brest Bible
Jean Thénaud of Bourges, Jan Łaski, Georg Schomann, Andrzej Trzecieski, Jakub Lubelczyk, Szymon Zacjusz, Marcin Krowicki, Francesco Stancaro of Mantua, and Grzegorz Paweł of Brzeziny. The translation work took six years to complete.
Mikołaj Radziwiłł's son, Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, converted to Catholicism and as a Counter-Reformation zealot arranged for a public burning of all the specimens of the Bible of Brest that he could locate and buy (some have survived) at Vilnius' central market.
# External links.
- "Biblia święta..." – digitised version by Polska Biblioteka Internetowa (Old and New Testament),
- "Biblia święta...", New Testament, Transcribed into HTML format,
- | 6,138,984 |
25046528 | Brest Bible | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brest%20Bible | Brest Bible
zyk, Szymon Zacjusz, Marcin Krowicki, Francesco Stancaro of Mantua, and Grzegorz Paweł of Brzeziny. The translation work took six years to complete.
Mikołaj Radziwiłł's son, Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, converted to Catholicism and as a Counter-Reformation zealot arranged for a public burning of all the specimens of the Bible of Brest that he could locate and buy (some have survived) at Vilnius' central market.
# External links.
- "Biblia święta..." – digitised version by Polska Biblioteka Internetowa (Old and New Testament),
- "Biblia święta...", New Testament, Transcribed into HTML format,
- "Biblia święta...", Old Testament – digitised by Wielkopolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa. | 6,138,985 |
25046600 | Journeys to the Ends of the Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journeys%20to%20the%20Ends%20of%20the%20Earth | Journeys to the Ends of the Earth
Journeys to the Ends of the Earth
Journeys to the Ends of the Earth is a 1999 television series produced by the Discovery Channel. Its two year production made it the most expensive adventure travel series ever commissioned in Australia. The series was co-created by Stuart Scowcroft with series producer by Tim Toni and co-produced by David Adams. It was nominated for Best Documentary Series by the Australian Logie Awards.
# List of episodes.
- The Land of Fear (Tenere Desert, Niger)
- People of the Flame (Iran)
- Keepers of the Lost Ark (Ethiopia)
- Swahili Sinbads (German East Africa and Kenya)
- The Forbidden Zone (Kamchatka)
- The lost City of Gold (Peru)
- The Last Trail of Butch | 6,138,986 |
25046600 | Journeys to the Ends of the Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journeys%20to%20the%20Ends%20of%20the%20Earth | Journeys to the Ends of the Earth
r by Tim Toni and co-produced by David Adams. It was nominated for Best Documentary Series by the Australian Logie Awards.
# List of episodes.
- The Land of Fear (Tenere Desert, Niger)
- People of the Flame (Iran)
- Keepers of the Lost Ark (Ethiopia)
- Swahili Sinbads (German East Africa and Kenya)
- The Forbidden Zone (Kamchatka)
- The lost City of Gold (Peru)
- The Last Trail of Butch & Sundance (Bolivia)
- In Search of Jason & the Argonauts (Georgia, Azerbaijan)
- The Lost Buddhas of Afghanistan (Afghanistan)
- The Road to Shangri-La (Pakistan)
- The Mystery of the African Pharaohs (Sudan)
- The Lost World of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodia)
- The Ancient Chariots of Libya (Libya) | 6,138,987 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
Michael Philip Mossman
Michael Philip Mossman (born October 12, 1959) is an American jazz trumpeter.
# Career.
Mossman's early career included a tour of Europe with Anthony Braxton in 1978 and tours with Roscoe Mitchell in the early 1980s. He also did session work in the 1980s, for Styx among others. He played with Lionel Hampton, Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, and Machito before joining the Blue Note Records ensemble Out of the Blue in 1985. Following this he worked with Toshiko Akiyoshi, Horace Silver (1989–91), Gerry Mulligan (1992), Dizzy Gillespie, Slide Hampton, Michel Camilo, Mario Bauza, Eddie Palmieri, and the Philip Morris Superband.
In 2019 Mossman's arrangements for pianist Michel | 6,138,988 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
Camilo on the album "Essence" which also features Michael as trumpet soloist. Mossman received a Grammy nomination in 2013 for Best Instrumental Arrangement for his "Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite for Ellington" recorded on Bobby Sanabria's album "Multiverse". His work with Academy Award-winning director Fernando Trueba includes scoring music for the Academy Award nominated (2012) film "Chico and Rita".
Mossman has been a guest performer, arranger, and conductor with radio orchestras in Germany. He has conducted the Bilbao Orkesta Sinfonica in Spain in a program of his own works. He arranged and conducted "Mambo Nights" with Arturo Sandoval and "Missa Afro-Cubana" with the WDR Bigband of Cologne and | 6,138,989 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
Spirits Dancing with David Sanborn with the HR Bigband of Frankfurt (2009). "Latin Jazz Latino" with Joe Gallardo was recorded by the NDR Bigband of Hamburg and released by Skip Records (2006). His ballet "Beneath the Mask" was performed at Harris Theater in Chicago by Jon Faddis and the Chicago Jazz Ensemble and the Deeply Rooted Dance Company in 2006. His arrangement of Faddis' "Teranga" was performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra at Kimmel Center in 2006. His arrangement of Paquito D'Rivera's "I Remember Diz" was performed by the Louisiana Philharmonic in 2010. He has arranged for the Tri-City Symphony of Davenport, Iowa (2011). His "Latin Tinge" was performed at Kennedy Center in Washington, | 6,138,990 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
D.C with Paquito D'Rivera and the Quartet Indigo string quartet in 2010.
Mossman is Director of Jazz Studies at the Aaron Copland School of Music at Queens College/CUNY and is also on the faculty of the Juilliard School in New York City.
# Discography.
## As leader.
- "Granulat" with Daniel Schnyder (Red, 1991)
- "Mama Soho" (TCB, 1998)
- "The Orisha Suite" (Connector Music, 2001)
- "Visitatio Sepulchri De Gandia" with Jesus Santandreu, Toni Belenguer, Santi Navalon, Julio Fuster, Juanjo Garcera, Vicente Perez (2010)
With Out of the Blue
- "O.T.B." (Blue Note, 1985)
- "Inside Track" (Blue Note, 1986)
- "Live at Mt. Fuji" (Blue Note, 1987)
- "Spiral Staircase" (Blue Note, 1989)
## | 6,138,991 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
As sideman.
With Franco Ambrosetti
- "Tentets" (Enja, 1985)
- "Gin and Pentatonic" (Enja, 1992)
With Ray Barretto
- "My Summertime" (Owl, 1995)
- "Contact!" (Blue Note, 1997)
With Michel Camilo
- "On the Other Hand" (Epic, 1990)
- "Amo Tu Cama Rica" (Epic, 1991)
- "One More Once" (Columbia, 1994)
- "Caribe" (Calle 54, 2009)
- "Essence" (Sony, 2019)
With George Gruntz
- "First Prize" (Enja, 1989)
- "Blues 'n' Dues et Cetera" (Enja, 1991)
With Jimmy Heath
- "Turn Up the Heath" (Planet Arts, 2006)
- "Togetherness: Live at the Blue Note" (Jazz Legacy, 2013)
With Bob Mintzer
- "Departure" (DMP, 1993)
- "Big Band Trane" (DMP, 1996)
- "Latin from Manhattan" (DMP, 1998)
- "Homage | 6,138,992 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
to Count Basie" (DMP, 2000)
- "Gently" (DMP, 2002)
- "Live at MCG" (MCG Jazz, 2004)
With Roscoe Mitchell
- "Sketches from Bamboo" (Moers Music, 1979)
- "Roscoe Mitchell and the Sound and Space Ensembles" (Black Saint, 1984)
With Arturo O'Farrill
- "Una Noche Inolvidable" (Palmetto, 2005)
- "Song for Chico" (Zoho, 2008)
With Tito Puente
- "Special Delivery" (Concord Jazz, Picante, 1996)
- "Oye Como Va!: The Dance Collection" (Concord Picante, 1997)
With Bobby Sanabria
- "Afro-Cuban Dream...Live & in Clave!!!" (Arabesque, 2000)
- "Big Band Urban Folktales" (Jazzheads, 2007)
With Daniel Schnyder
- "The City" (Enja, 1989)
- "Decoding the Message" (Enja, 1990)
- "Mythology" (Enja, | 6,138,993 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
1991)
- "Nucleus" (Enja, 1995)
- "Tarantula" (Enja, 1996)
With others
- Anthony Braxton, "Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978" (hat ART, 1995)
- Al Di Meola, "The Grande Passion" (Telarc, 2000)
- Benny Carter, "Harlem Renaissance" (MusicMasters, 1992)
- Chaka Khan, "Destiny" (Warner Bros., 1986)
- Freddy Cole, "Rio de Janeiro Blue" (Telarc, 2001)
- Color Me Badd, "Time and Chance" (Giant 1993)
- Dwayne Dolphin, "Portrait of Adrian" (Minor Music, 1994)
- Kenny Drew Jr., "Crystal River" (TCB 1998)
- Robin Eubanks, "Different Perspectives" (Bamboo, 1988)
- Joe Gallardo, NDR Big Band, "Latin Jazz Latino" (Skip, 2005)
- Gene Harris, "Live at Town Hall, N.Y.C." (Concord Jazz, 1989)
- Nancy | 6,138,994 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
Harrow, "Winter Dreams" (Artists House, 2003)
- Antonio Hart, "All We Need" (Downtown Sound, 2004)
- Joe Henderson, "Big Band" (Verve, 1996)
- Nino Josele, "Espanola" (DRO, 2009)
- Bernard Lavilliers, "Clair-Obscur" (Barclay, 1997)
- John Lindberg, "Trilogy of Works for Eleven Instrumentalists" (Black Saint, 1985)
- Kevin Mahogany, "Songs and Moments" (Enja, 1994)
- Pat Metheny, "Secret Story" (Geffen, 1992)
- Chico O'Farrill, "Carambola" (Milestone, 2000)
- Tom Pierson, "Planet of Tears" (Auteur, 1996)
- Daniel Ponce, "Chango Te Llama" (Mango 1991)
- Horace Silver, "Rockin' with Rachmaninoff" (Bop City, 2003)
- Leo Smith, "Budding of a Rose" (Moers Music, 1979)
- Styx, "Kilroy | 6,138,995 |
25046431 | Michael Philip Mossman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Philip%20Mossman | Michael Philip Mossman
ars" (Auteur, 1996)
- Daniel Ponce, "Chango Te Llama" (Mango 1991)
- Horace Silver, "Rockin' with Rachmaninoff" (Bop City, 2003)
- Leo Smith, "Budding of a Rose" (Moers Music, 1979)
- Styx, "Kilroy Was Here" (A&M, 1983)
- Bross Townsend, "I Love Jump Jazz" (Claves, 1995)
- Bebo Valdes, "Suite Cubana" (Calle 54, 2009)
- Joe Zawinul, "My People" (JMS, 1996)
## Film credits.
- "Me Amo Tu Cama Rica" (1992) directed by Emilio Martinez Lazaro
- "Two Much" (1995) directed by Fernando Trueba
- "Wise Guys" (1996) directed by Brian de Palma
- "Bossa Nova" (2000) directed by Bruno Baretto
- "Calle 54" (2000) directed by Fernando Trueba
- "Chico and Rita" (2011) directed by Fernando Trueba | 6,138,996 |
25046638 | Arnold van Calker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold%20van%20Calker | Arnold van Calker
Arnold van Calker
Oltman Jan ("Arnold") van Calker (born 16 September 1976, Gasselternijveenschemond) is a Dutch bobsledder, who has competed since 1999. His best World Cup finish was second in the four-man event Königssee, Germany in January 2009.
Van Calker also finished 17th in the four-man event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. He also finished 23rd in the two-man event at the FIBT World Championships 2005 in Calgary.
# References.
- http://www.fibt.com/index.php?id=47&tx_bzdstaffdirectory_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=100338&tx_bzdstaffdirectory_pi1%5BbackPid%5D=93 (FIBT profile) | 6,138,997 |
25046645 | Jordan Lotiès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan%20Lotiès | Jordan Lotiès
Jordan Lotiès
Jordan Lotiès (born 5 August 1984) is a French professional footballer who plays for Eupen as a central defender.
# Club career.
Born in Clermont-Ferrand, Lotiès began his senior career with hometown's Clermont Foot, pleying three full seasons with the side in Ligue 2. After the club's relegation he joined fellow second-divisioner Dijon FCO.
On 4 June 2009 Lotiès moved to Ligue 1 side AS Nancy. He made his top flight debut on 8 August, starting in a 3–1 success at Valenciennes FC; and scored his first goal for Nancy on 8 December 2012, in a 1–1 home draw against Valenciennes.
On 18 June 2013, free agent Lotiès signed a three-year deal with La Liga strugglers CA Osasuna. He | 6,138,998 |
25046645 | Jordan Lotiès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan%20Lotiès | Jordan Lotiès
s relegation he joined fellow second-divisioner Dijon FCO.
On 4 June 2009 Lotiès moved to Ligue 1 side AS Nancy. He made his top flight debut on 8 August, starting in a 3–1 success at Valenciennes FC; and scored his first goal for Nancy on 8 December 2012, in a 1–1 home draw against Valenciennes.
On 18 June 2013, free agent Lotiès signed a three-year deal with La Liga strugglers CA Osasuna. He made his debut abroad on 18 August, in a 1–2 home loss against Granada CF.
On 22 January 2016, after being rarely used, Lotiès rescinded his contract with the Navarrese outfit.
# Personal life.
Lotiès is or Martiniquais descent.
# External links.
- Nancy official profile
- Foot-National profile | 6,138,999 |
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