wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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25048120 | Ken Martin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken%20Martin | Ken Martin
Ken Martin
Ken Martin (born September 10, 1958) is a former American long-distance runner who is a two-time United States national champion in the marathon. At the 1984 California International Marathon, Martin set a course record with a time of 2:11:24. At the 1985 Pittsburgh Marathon, he competed alongsid... | 6,139,600 |
25048178 | Efren de la Cruz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efren%20de%20la%20Cruz | Efren de la Cruz
Efren de la Cruz
Efren Alberto de la Cruz Mieles (born March 25, 1989 in Portoviejo) is an Ecuadorian footballer.
# External links.
- de la Cruz's FEF player card | 6,139,601 |
25048163 | 2009 VA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009%20VA | 2009 VA
2009 VA
2009 VA is an asteroid that came within of Earth on November 6, 2009 making it the 3rd closest non-impacting approach of a cataloged asteroid.
With a diameter of only , scientists think that even if it had been on a direct collision course with Earth, it would have likely burned up in the atmosphere. ... | 6,139,602 |
25048163 | 2009 VA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009%20VA | 2009 VA
th, it would have likely burned up in the atmosphere. The space rock made its pass by Earth just fifteen hours after its discovery.
The asteroid was first discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey at the University of Arizona. It was determined that the object would make a pass well within the orbit of the Moon, b... | 6,139,603 |
25048046 | Lagansky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagansky%20District | Lagansky District
Lagansky District
Lagansky District (; , "Laganja rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Lagan. As of t... | 6,139,604 |
25048046 | Lagansky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagansky%20District | Lagansky District
municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Lagansky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. It is divided into one town (an administrative division with the administrative center in the town (an inhabited locality) of Lagan) and three rural administration... | 6,139,605 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
Board of Ceremonies
The is a department of the Imperial Household Agency of Japan. The board is the chief administration charged with ceremonial matters.
# History.
The history dates back to the Asuka period of the 8th century under the Taihō Code, when the was formed. This stayed in existence un... | 6,139,606 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
control of the Imperial Household Ministry in September 1877. The Bureau underwent the current name change in October 1884.
# Organisation.
The board is headed by the . However, the post has historically gone under the name .
The Grand Master is assisted by two . One of them has , while the other... | 6,139,607 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
Music Department.
It is the board's , which performs both , i.e. ancient court music, and Western classical music.
## Wild Duck Preserves.
The hunting parties at the "kamoba" preserves invites guests to participate in traditional wild-duck netting, where the wildfowl are tagged. It should be ment... | 6,139,608 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
ted to the netting are often diplomatic missions and plenipotentiaries from foreign countries, although cabinet members, members of the National Diet, and Supreme Court Justices are extended invitations also.
# Grand Masters of Ceremonies.
Below is a historic list of grand masters from 1947:
# Re... | 6,139,609 |
25048080 | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oktyabrsky%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia
Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia
Oktyabrsky District (; , "Oktjabrin rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic. The area of the district is . Its adm... | 6,139,610 |
25048080 | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oktyabrsky%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia
with the population of Bolshoy Tsaryn accounting for 58.2% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1977.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Oktyabrsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of... | 6,139,611 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
William F. Dunne
William Francis "Bill" Dunne (1887–1953) was an American Marxist political activist and trade unionist. He is best remembered as the editor of the radical "Butte Bulletin" around the turn of the 1920s and as an editor of the daily newspaper of the Communist Party USA from the middle-1... | 6,139,612 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
mother. His father was a railroad worker. According to American communist writer Myra Page, he had two brothers, Vincent Dunne and Miles Dunne, who sided with James P. Cannon (as "Cannonites") during the factionalism preceding formation of the Communist Party of the USA in 1928-1929, while Bill "stayed... | 6,139,613 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
Canada.
During World War I, Dunne returned to the United States from Canada, settling in Butte, Montana.
Dunne later joined the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
Dunne was married to a woman named Marguerite. The couple had one son, killed by an automobile in 1925.
## Politic... | 6,139,614 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
of office in 1920, remaining at the post until 1921.
In 1918, Dunne was arrested on charges of sedition for an anti-militarist editorial in the "Bulletin." His trial finally began on February 20, 1919, in Helena, with his defense team led by Burton K. Wheeler. Following a three-day trial, during which... | 6,139,615 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
to incite or inflame resistance" to the Montana state council of defense.
In the fall of 1918, Dunne was elected as a Democrat to the Montana State Legislature in 1918, serving in that capacity through 1920.
In the fall 1919, with the split of the Socialist Party into socialist and communist factions... | 6,139,616 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
Draper recounts:
"Unlike most of the other former Socialists, Dunne was never completely housebroken in the Communist movement. It seems that he tried to get to Moscow in 1921 by working his way across on a boat bound for Stettin, Germany [now part of Poland]. There he went on a spree with some shipma... | 6,139,617 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
violation of the Michigan state Criminal Syndicalism law. Released on bail, Dunne was never brought to trial on these charges. During the underground period of American communism, Dunne used the pseudonyms "Driscoll" and "Donovan."
At the end of 1922, when the underground CPA established its overgroun... | 6,139,618 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
during the 1920s, Dunne was a supporter of the faction headed by William Z. Foster, Alexander Bittelman and James P. Cannon against that of John Pepper and C.E. Ruthenberg. Later in the 1920s, when Foster parted company with Cannon, Dunne allied himself with the latter.
In 1923, Dunne was expelled fro... | 6,139,619 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
elected as an alternate member to the Executive Committee of the Communist International.
Dunne remained in Moscow during 1924 and 1925 as the representative of the Workers (Communist) Party of America to the Comintern. He was elected a member of the Comintern's Organization Bureau at the 5th Enlarged... | 6,139,620 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
times on the Workers ticket.
In 1928 he returned to Moscow as a delegate to the 4th World Congress of the Red International of Labor Unions (Profintern), as well as the 6th World Congress of the Communist International.
Dunne was elected a member of the Politiburo of the CPUSA in 1929.
In the early ... | 6,139,621 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
remained as an editor at "The Daily Worker" until 1936.
Although Bill Dunne's brothers, Vincent, Miles, and Grant, were active in the American Trotskyist movement, participating in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, Bill Dunne was never part of that dissident communist movement. In 1934 he went... | 6,139,622 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
died on September 23, 1953. He was 65 years old at the time of his death.
# Works.
- "William F. Dunne's Speech at the A.F. of L. Convention, Portland, 1923." Chicago: Trade Union Educational League, n.d. [1923]. Labor Herald Library #9.
- "Worker Correspondents: What? When? Where? Why? How?" Chicag... | 6,139,623 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
Conspiracy against the Trade Unions: Efficiency Unions for the Bosses or Effective Unions for the Workers." n.c.: n.p., 1927.
- "Gastonia, Citadel of the Class Struggle in the New South." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1929. alternate link
- "Permanent Counter-Revolution: The Role of the Trotz... | 6,139,624 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
oast Strike — The Bay Counties' General Strike and the Maritime Workers' Strike." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1934. alternate link
- "The Supreme Court's Challenge to Labor: The N.I.R.A. Decision a Signal for Intensified Attacks on the Workers." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1935. al... | 6,139,625 |
25048122 | Priyutnensky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyutnensky%20District | Priyutnensky District
Priyutnensky District
Priyutnensky District (; , "Prijutnin rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural localit... | 6,139,626 |
25048122 | Priyutnensky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyutnensky%20District | Priyutnensky District
58, with the population of Priyutnoye accounting for 51.6% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1938.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Priyutnensky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The dis... | 6,139,627 |
25048217 | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure%20skating%20at%20the%202009%20New%20Zealand%20Winter%20Games | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games
Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games
Figure skating was held as part of the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's and ladies singles on the levels of Senior, Junior, and Novice. The competition was open to all ISU ... | 6,139,628 |
25048217 | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure%20skating%20at%20the%202009%20New%20Zealand%20Winter%20Games | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games
as held as part of the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's and ladies singles on the levels of Senior, Junior, and Novice. The competition was open to all ISU member nations. It was organized by the New Zealand Winter Games and ... | 6,139,629 |
25048184 | Sarpinsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarpinsky%20District | Sarpinsky District
Sarpinsky District
Sarpinsky District (; , "Sarpan rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo"... | 6,139,630 |
25048184 | Sarpinsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarpinsky%20District | Sarpinsky District
trict was 13,796, with the population of Sadovoye accounting for 47.3% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1920.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Sarpinsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. T... | 6,139,631 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
Saint Michael's Abbey is a monastery of Roman Catholic Canons Regular of the Order of Premontre in Silverado, Orange County, California.
The members of the community combine a monastic-style life with the active ministry o... | 6,139,632 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
habit of the Premonstratensian Order. The Abbey is well known for its use of Latin Chant, of which four albums have been released.
# Ministries.
Confreres of the Abbey serve in five dioceses in Southern California: Fresno, Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and San Die... | 6,139,633 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
itself with the rest living in dependent houses.
# Formation.
St. Michael's Abbey accepts members who are between the ages of 18 and 29. The initial four years are spent in the monastery, studying the required novitiate courses followed by a three-year cycle in Thomisti... | 6,139,634 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
all are required to have one year in Rome while living at the Norbertine Generalate and pursuing courses in pastoral theology at the Angelicum, the pontifical university under the direction of the Dominican Order. The association between the Abbey and the Angelicum dates ... | 6,139,635 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
Communist officials nationalized Catholic schools in 1948. On the night of July 11, 1950, word came to the abbey in Csorna that the police would arrive the next day to arrest the confreres and suppress the community. That night, seven priests left, in two groups, to hike ... | 6,139,636 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
High School, establishing a monastic community the next year. The founding abbot was the Rt. Rev. Ladislaus Parker, O.Praem.
In 1960 the Norbertine Fathers purchased the current site from Jack Cook, the founder of nearby Cook's Corner.
St. Michael's opened a junior semi... | 6,139,637 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
have developed for an expansion project to develop a new site, due in part to geological instability at the current Abbey. In the early part of 2018, the building campaign attained its goal of $120 million. The groundbreaking for the new abbey took place at the site of 32... | 6,139,638 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
ncorporated into the worldwide Norbertine Order. In a ceremony at St. John the Baptist Cathedral in Fresno, the first nine sisters made their solemn profession as members of the newly established Canonry of the Bethlehem Priory of St. Joseph, in the hands of the Norbertin... | 6,139,639 |
25048218 | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tselinny%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia
Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia
Tselinny District (; "Celinn rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative ... | 6,139,640 |
25048218 | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tselinny%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia
e district was 20,051, with the population of Troitskoye accounting for 59.6%.
# History.
The district was established in 1938.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tselinny District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of... | 6,139,641 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Dino Dan
Dino Dan is a Canadian television series that was created and is directed by J. J. Johnson. The series premiered on TVOKids in Canada on January 4, 2010 and on Nick Jr. in the United States on October 17, 2010. The series also airs on Access, Knowledge Network, and SCN. It is produced by Sinking Ship... | 6,139,642 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
and his friends take a journey to a modern-day world where dinosaurs roam freely. There, they have adventures, uncover clues about the past and teach children scientific information ranging from new species to dinosaur vocabulary.
## Trek's Adventures (Spin-off Series)".
A follow-up season starring Dan's yo... | 6,139,643 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Dana is about a nine-year-old girl named Dana Jain who sets out to achieve "Dino experiments" that teaches her more about dinosaurs, pterosaurs, prehistoric marine reptiles and prehistoric mammals. Other characters include Saara, the older stepsister of Dana; Ava, the mother of Dana and stepmother of Saara; he... | 6,139,644 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Australia "Dino Dana" screens on ABC Kids.
# "Dino Dan" cast.
- Jason Spevack as Dan Henderson
- Sydney Kuhne as Angie
- Isaac Durnford as Cory Schluter
- Jaclyn Forbes as Kami
- Allana Harkin as Mom
- Ricardo Hoyos as Ricardo Sanchez
- Trek Buccino as Trek Henderson
- Keana Bastidas as Jordan
- Sara... | 6,139,645 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Dino Dan.
"Brachiosaurus"br
"Stygimoloch"br
"Dromaeosaurus"br
"Compsognathus"br
"Tyrannosaurus rex"br
"Spinosaurus"br
"Diplodocus"br
"Triceratops"br
"Euoplocephalus"br
"Stegosaurus"br
"Edmontosaurus"br
"Corythosaurus"br
"Quetzalcoatlus"br
"Pterodactylus"br
Baby "Brachiosaurus"br
Baby "Tyrannosa... | 6,139,646 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Plesiosaurbr
Baby "Spinosaurus"
### Dino Dana.
"Diabloceratops"br
"Maiasaura"br
"Smilodon"br
"Incisivosaurus"br
"Ugrunaaluk"br
Woolly mammothbr
"Titanoboa"br
"Nanuqsaurus"br
"Kentrosaurus"br
"Megalodon"br
"Sinornithosaurus"br
"Baby Troodon" br
"Baby Albertosaurus"br
"Hippodraco"br
"Titanis"br... | 6,139,647 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Most Outstanding Young Ensemble In A TV Series
2015: "Dino Dan: Trek's Adventures" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Pre-School Children's Series
2016: "Dino Dan: Trek's Adventures" was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Pre-School Children's Series
2017: "Dino Dana" won the Kidsc... | 6,139,648 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
: "Dino Dana" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Best Performer in a Children's Program
2019: "Dino Dana" won the 2019 YMA Award for Best Program, Live Action Scripted and Non-Scripted, Preschool
# References to popular culture.
- In the Dino Dana episode King of the Dance Floor, the two songs Whitney Houston's... | 6,139,649 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
The Siege of Kehl lasted from October 1796 to 9 January 1797. Habsburg and Württemberg regulars numbering 40,000, under the command of Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour, besieged and captured the French-controlled fortifications at the village of Kehl in the... | 6,139,650 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
wider than it is in the twenty-first century, even under non-flood conditions. Its channels and tributaries wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons. At Kehl and the city of Strasbourg l... | 6,139,651 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the German states on 23–24 June. Critical to French success was the army's ability to cross the Rhine at will. The crossings at Hüningen, near the Swiss city of Basel, and the crossing at Kehl, gave them ready access to most of southwestern Germany; from there, French armies could sweep north, s... | 6,139,652 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Rhine. The French commander, Jean Victor Marie Moreau, offered an armistice that the Archduke was inclined to accept. The Archduke wanted to secure the Rhine crossings so he could send troops to northern Italy to relieve Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser at besieged Mantua; an armistice with Moreau w... | 6,139,653 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
joining Kehl and Strasbourg until a strong French counter-attack forced them to retreat. The situation remained in "status quo" until late October. Immediately after the Battle of Schliengen, while most of Moreau's army retreated south to cross the Rhine at Hüningen, Count Baillet Latour moved n... | 6,139,654 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
in a semi-circle around the village and the bridges. By late December, the completed Austrian batteries connected with the captured French fortification called "Bonnet de Prêtre"; from these positions, the Austrians bombarded the French defenses with enfilade fire. After the defenses were thorou... | 6,139,655 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
danger surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, alarmed him. In August 1791, in consultation with French "émigré" nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia, he issued the Declaration of Pillnitz declaring the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Lou... | 6,139,656 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. Although initially successful in campaigns in 1792 and 1793, the French army lost some effectiveness during the Reign of Terror, as its generals were intimidated and/or executed, and more and more of the officers left ... | 6,139,657 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River, observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf. The garrisons of Mainz and Ehrenbreitstein counted 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army was posted on the west bank behind the Nahe. Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser led the 80,000-strong... | 6,139,658 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, after news arrived in Vienna of Napoleon Bonaparte's successes, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements. Reconsidering the situation, the Aulic Council gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered h... | 6,139,659 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the Rhine knee, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch ("Rheingraben"), part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some wide, was dotted wi... | 6,139,660 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
century; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Between 1927 and 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In 1790, though, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places more than four or more times wider than the twenty-f... | 6,139,661 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included more than 1,000 entities. Their size and influence varied, from the "Kleinstaaten" ("little states") that covered no more than a few square miles ... | 6,139,662 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
resembled a "Flickenteppich" ("patchwork carpet"). Some states included non-contiguous pieces: both the Habsburg domains and Hohenzollern Prussia also governed territories outside the Empire structures, such as the Habsburg territories in eastern Europe and northern Italy. There were also territ... | 6,139,663 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection.
The fortresses at Hüningen and Kehl were both important bridgeheads across the river. At Strasbourg, a once imperial city, and Kehl, the German vil... | 6,139,664 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
principal fortresses lay on the west side (French side) of the Rhine; the bridgeheads and the smaller fortifications surrounding those lay on the west side; these protected the various bridges, barrages and viaducts connecting the east and west sides of the river.
# Campaign of 1796.
The campa... | 6,139,665 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
However, the Coalition partners had difficulty coordinating their war aims, and their own efforts also faltered. In 1794 and 1795, French victories in northern Italy salvaged French enthusiasm for the war, and forced the Coalition to withdraw further into Central Europe. At the end of the Rhine ... | 6,139,666 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
then Wilhelm von Wartensleben, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River, observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf. The garrisons of Mainz Fortress and Ehrenbreitstein Fortress included 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army, the 80,000-strong Army of ... | 6,139,667 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. After news arrived in Vienna of Napoleon Bonaparte's successes, however, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements, and the Aulic Council gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his groun... | 6,139,668 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
and its left wing extended west toward Saarbrücken. Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino led Moreau's right wing at Hüningen, Louis Desaix commanded the center and Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr directed the left wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three infantry and cavalry divisions under François Antoine L... | 6,139,669 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states while a third army approached Vienna through Italy. Specifically, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's army would push south from Düsseldorf, hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves, while Moreau's army massed on the east side of the Rh... | 6,139,670 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
but then retreated toward Rastatt. Moreau reinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard, and his troops poured into Baden unhindered. In the south, by Basel, Ferino's column moved quickly across the river and advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline toward Lake Constance, sp... | 6,139,671 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the troops. Despite their winning ways, though, the jealousies and competition between the French generals came into play. Moreau could have joined up with Jourdan's army in the north, but did not; he proceeded eastward, pushing Charles into Bavaria, while Jourdan pushed eastward, pushing Warten... | 6,139,672 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
and 2nd Altenkirchen (16–19 September) allowed Charles to move more troops to the south, and effectively removed Jourdan from the remainder of the campaign.
### September 1796.
While Charles and Moreau jockeyed for position on the eastern slope of the Black Forest, Franz Petrasch engaged the ... | 6,139,673 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
in favor of the French, who charged the Austrians with bayonet, and pushed Petrasch's troops back. Realizing that his command was too small to withstand a concerted attack by the stronger Austrians, Scherb began a withdrawal. On 5–6 September, the Austrians and French spent most of the day skirm... | 6,139,674 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the fortifications but the lack of cooperation from villagers and local peasants, and the exhaustion of the troops, prevented enhancements from proceeding with any speed.
The Kehl garrison, under command of Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg consisted only of one battalion of the 24th Demi-brig... | 6,139,675 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
to occupy Renchen and to insure that Moreau's reinforcements did not augment the garrison at Kehl.
Before the break of dawn on 18 September (03:45), three Austrian columns attacked Kehl. The principal column, comprising the Regiment Ferdinand, crossed the Kinzig river above the French position ... | 6,139,676 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
under command of Major Busch, proceeded via Sundheim toward Kehl, and obtained possession of the village itself, although not the bridge leading to Strasbourg. The third column, which included three companies of Serbians and a division of hussars, executed a false feint on the left bank of the r... | 6,139,677 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
one side of the abutment of the old palisade bridge and advanced to the other side, crossing the islands formed by branches of the Kinzig and the Rhine. They halted almost under the eyes of the French sentinels; there is some confusion about why they stopped, but apparently they mistook the abut... | 6,139,678 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
most of them. Not until 19:00 did fortune favor the French, when Lieutenant Colonel Aspré and two hundred men of the Regiment Ferdinand were captured within the fort itself. The next in command, Major Delas, was badly wounded, and there remained no one in overall command of the 38th Regiment. Th... | 6,139,679 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
troops from Strasbourg. By 23:00, the French had recovered the fort, Strasbourg, the village of Kehl and all of the French earthen works.
## Consequences.
The Austrian failure to hold Kehl and the Strasbourg crossing in September 1796 gave Moreau some measure of security in his actions in the ... | 6,139,680 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
only would this embarrass the French who had, up to that point, maintained a steady and secure retreat westward out of southern Germany, it would trap the French army in Germany between Petrasch and the approaching Archduke Charles. As it was, when Petrasch could not actually effect capture of t... | 6,139,681 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Battle of Schliengen, though, Moreau had only one avenue of escape, via the smallest Rhine crossing at Hüningen, which he used to move his army back to France. The question remained, however, who would control the crossings after the 1796 campaign. Charles had formulated a plan to circumvent tha... | 6,139,682 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
portion of both the French and Austrian force. The French Directory was willing to give up Mantua in exchange for the Rhine bridgeheads, which they deemed more important for the direct defense of France; Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, their envoy sent to negotiate between the Austrians and the ... | 6,139,683 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
advisers on the Aulic Council. Charles was instructed to lay siege to the fortresses, to take them, and secure any possible French access to southern Germany via the Rhine. The Aulic Council still believed Austrian forces could relieve Mantua. Consequently, by tying Charles down at the Rhine, be... | 6,139,684 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Mantua, which fell on 2 February 1797.
# Laying siege.
Once the Aulic Council refused Charles's plans, Latour engaged the main French force at Kehl and Charles entrusted to Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg the command of the siege force at Hüningen. The process of laying siege in the eighteenth centu... | 6,139,685 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
unharmed, often retaining their weapons. As a siege progressed, however, the defender's position became more precarious. The surrounding army would build earthworks in a line of circumvallation to completely encircle their target, preventing food, water, and other supplies from reaching the besi... | 6,139,686 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
(and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender. With the introduction of large-caliber mortars and howitzers (in modern times), the traditional methods of defense became less effective against a determined siege, although many ... | 6,139,687 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the bridge over the Rhine and the Kinzig. It was shaped as a polygon, approximately in length, and two of its sides faced the Rhine. The main wall was approximately high. Below two bastions, casemates, or fortified gun emplacements of long and wide, provided enfilade coverage. Behind these lay t... | 6,139,688 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
and mortar ravelins and each bastion had its own hornwork; the hornwork between the Rhine and the Kinzig was approximately in length. The hornworks themselves were faced with stone and mortar and had their own ravelines, a covered communication ditch, and an earthen glacis.
The village of Kehl ... | 6,139,689 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
capped by a breastwork, had its own moat; the breast work had room for at least four cannons and 150-200 troops. This entire installation, called the churchyard redoubt, approximately wide, dominated the vicinity.
As the Rhine passed the church, it made a sharp curve; this curve and the water w... | 6,139,690 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
2). The battery was protected only by posts, or palisades, connected to the mainland by a light wood bridge guarded by infantry. The river by the bridge was approximately wide, and by the exposed islands were about wide.
In the other direction, between Kehl and the Schutter, which lay downstrea... | 6,139,691 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
of the church and post house remained. The French maintained control of the three main islands surrounding the Kehl crossings: "Ilse de Estacade, Ilse de Escargots," and "Isle de Ehrlin". Their control of these provided vital positions from which the French established their operations. The isla... | 6,139,692 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
redoubts connected by trenches. Initially, the French considered these to be purely defensive and they were inclined to ignore the industrious Austrian diggers and focus instead on their own fortifications, which were sketchy and relied upon palisades unprotected by dirt; these could not withsta... | 6,139,693 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
defensive lines increased. Several minor sorties against the Austrian lines resulted. On 14 November 1796, Dominique Vandamme, commanding a column of Dessaix's force, directed a small group of skirmishers and hussars to attack the most forward of the Austrian posts. This successful sortie took e... | 6,139,694 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Kinzig and the Rhine. The French infantry departed from the small island of Erlen, in the Rhine, and from the left of the entrenchment camp. The first column forced the first two Imperial redoubts. Another penetrated the earthen works near the center and carried the village of Sundheim and the t... | 6,139,695 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
armed workmen and all the Austrian troops after them.
The French immediately ran into problems. Infantry intended to support the first wave did not arrive in time. The cavalry could not deploy properly, due to the marshy ground and close quarters. After four hours, the entire French sortie part... | 6,139,696 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
it is unclear how the fog impeded only French visual reconnaissance and march but not the Austrian's. Regardless, fighting was heavy. General Moreau himself was wounded in the head and his "aide-de-camp" Lélée was badly wounded. General Desaix's horse was killed under him, and he received a cont... | 6,139,697 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
was built on old ruins. In particular, the oldest of the bridges, which had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, This was an ancient bridge of piles that had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, but which the French had been reconstructing. Where the old stakes remained, the ... | 6,139,698 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
that it was an easy target. The French could not keep it intact three days straight and furthermore, its wreckage threatened a pontoon bridge immediately downstream.
The Austrians continued to expand their works and erect new batteries. On 6 December, the Austrians opened fire simultaneously wi... | 6,139,699 |
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