wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
25048120 | Ken Martin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken%20Martin | Ken Martin
Ken Martin
Ken Martin (born September 10, 1958) is a former American long-distance runner who is a two-time United States national champion in the marathon. At the 1984 California International Marathon, Martin set a course record with a time of 2:11:24. At the 1985 Pittsburgh Marathon, he competed alongside his wife at the time, Lisa Martin; they became the fastest married couple ever in a marathon and won both of their divisions. He came second in the 1989 New York City Marathon in 2:09:38 to Tanzania’s Juma Ikangaa’s 2:08:01; as of 2007, that was the fourth-fastest marathon time by an American-born athlete. | 6,139,600 |
25048178 | Efren de la Cruz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efren%20de%20la%20Cruz | Efren de la Cruz
Efren de la Cruz
Efren Alberto de la Cruz Mieles (born March 25, 1989 in Portoviejo) is an Ecuadorian footballer.
# External links.
- de la Cruz's FEF player card | 6,139,601 |
25048163 | 2009 VA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009%20VA | 2009 VA
2009 VA
2009 VA is an asteroid that came within of Earth on November 6, 2009 making it the 3rd closest non-impacting approach of a cataloged asteroid.
With a diameter of only , scientists think that even if it had been on a direct collision course with Earth, it would have likely burned up in the atmosphere. The space rock made its pass by Earth just fifteen hours after its discovery.
The asteroid was first discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey at the University of Arizona. It was determined that the object would make a pass well within the orbit of the Moon, but would not strike Earth. The object passed so close to Earth that its orbit was modified by Earth's gravity.
# See also.
- 2008 | 6,139,602 |
25048163 | 2009 VA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009%20VA | 2009 VA
th, it would have likely burned up in the atmosphere. The space rock made its pass by Earth just fifteen hours after its discovery.
The asteroid was first discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey at the University of Arizona. It was determined that the object would make a pass well within the orbit of the Moon, but would not strike Earth. The object passed so close to Earth that its orbit was modified by Earth's gravity.
# See also.
- 2008 TC
- 2010 RF12, 2010 RX30, 2010 TD54 - a similar-sized asteroids that passed Earth in 2010
- List of notable asteroids#Record-setting close approaches to Earth for other, closer approaches
# External links.
- Small Asteroid 2009 VA Whizzes By The Earth | 6,139,603 |
25048046 | Lagansky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagansky%20District | Lagansky District
Lagansky District
Lagansky District (; , "Laganja rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Lagan. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 20,089, with the population of Lagan accounting for 71.3% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1935. Until 1995, it was called Kaspiysky (Russian: , lit. "Caspian"; Kalmyk: , "Kaspijsk rajon").
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Lagansky District is one of the thirteen | 6,139,604 |
25048046 | Lagansky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagansky%20District | Lagansky District
municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Lagansky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. It is divided into one town (an administrative division with the administrative center in the town (an inhabited locality) of Lagan) and three rural administrations, which comprise five rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Lagansky Municipal District. The Town of Lagan is incorporated as an urban settlement, and the three rural administration are incorporated as four rural settlements within the municipal district. The town of Lagan serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. | 6,139,605 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
Board of Ceremonies
The is a department of the Imperial Household Agency of Japan. The board is the chief administration charged with ceremonial matters.
# History.
The history dates back to the Asuka period of the 8th century under the Taihō Code, when the was formed. This stayed in existence until the reforms of the Meiji era in 1871, when the ministry was replaced with the , which was soon renamed in 1872. The Ministry of Shinto Affairs was abolished, with the bulk of duties moved to the and the administration of formal ceremonial functions transferred to the Bureau of the Ceremonies. The Bureau of the Ceremonies was initially under the administration of the , but was transferred to the | 6,139,606 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
control of the Imperial Household Ministry in September 1877. The Bureau underwent the current name change in October 1884.
# Organisation.
The board is headed by the . However, the post has historically gone under the name .
The Grand Master is assisted by two . One of them has , while the other has .
The first Vice-Grand Master has subordinate underneath him, variously charged with ceremonial rites, music, and duck netting parties at the .
The other Vice-Grand Master is charged foreign matters, i.e., with assisting in coordinating various court functions held for visiting foreign dignitaries. He is also responsible for such activities as the Imperial Family's State visits to foreign countries.
## | 6,139,607 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
Music Department.
It is the board's , which performs both , i.e. ancient court music, and Western classical music.
## Wild Duck Preserves.
The hunting parties at the "kamoba" preserves invites guests to participate in traditional wild-duck netting, where the wildfowl are tagged. It should be mentioned that the guests invited to the netting are often diplomatic missions and plenipotentiaries from foreign countries, although cabinet members, members of the National Diet, and Supreme Court Justices are extended invitations also.
# Grand Masters of Ceremonies.
Below is a historic list of grand masters from 1947:
# References.
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des | 6,139,608 |
25048113 | Board of Ceremonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board%20of%20Ceremonies | Board of Ceremonies
ted to the netting are often diplomatic missions and plenipotentiaries from foreign countries, although cabinet members, members of the National Diet, and Supreme Court Justices are extended invitations also.
# Grand Masters of Ceremonies.
Below is a historic list of grand masters from 1947:
# References.
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842
# External links.
- Imperial Household Agency | Board of Ceremonies | 6,139,609 |
25048080 | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oktyabrsky%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia
Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia
Oktyabrsky District (; , "Oktjabrin rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Bolshoy Tsaryn. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 9,438, with the population of Bolshoy Tsaryn accounting for 58.2% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1977.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Oktyabrsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of | 6,139,610 |
25048080 | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oktyabrsky%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia
with the population of Bolshoy Tsaryn accounting for 58.2% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1977.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Oktyabrsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into seven rural administrations which comprise twelve rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Oktyabrsky Municipal District. Its seven rural administrations are incorporated as seven rural settlements within the municipal district. The settlement of Bolshoy Tsaryn serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. | 6,139,611 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
William F. Dunne
William Francis "Bill" Dunne (1887–1953) was an American Marxist political activist and trade unionist. He is best remembered as the editor of the radical "Butte Bulletin" around the turn of the 1920s and as an editor of the daily newspaper of the Communist Party USA from the middle-1920s through the 1930s. Dunne was founding member of the Communist Labor Party of America, but was removed from the national leadership of the party in 1934 and expelled in 1946 on charges of factionalism.
# Biography.
## Early years.
William F. Dunne, known to his friends as "Bill," was born October 15, 1887, in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of an Irish immigrant father and a French-Canadian | 6,139,612 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
mother. His father was a railroad worker. According to American communist writer Myra Page, he had two brothers, Vincent Dunne and Miles Dunne, who sided with James P. Cannon (as "Cannonites") during the factionalism preceding formation of the Communist Party of the USA in 1928-1929, while Bill "stayed loyal" with William Z. Foster as a center, loyal "Fosterite" (the winning faction in 1929).
Dunne grew up in Minnesota and attended the College of St. Thomas in St. Paul, a private, Roman Catholic institution. Dunne was forced to leave school in 1907 due to a financial panic, however. Dunne went to work on the Northern Pacific Railroad as an electrician, making a home in Vancouver, British Columbia, | 6,139,613 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
Canada.
During World War I, Dunne returned to the United States from Canada, settling in Butte, Montana.
Dunne later joined the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
Dunne was married to a woman named Marguerite. The couple had one son, killed by an automobile in 1925.
## Political career.
Bill Dunne joined the Socialist Party of America in 1910.
Dunne was elected Vice-President of the Montana Federation of Labor during World War I. Dunne also edited the "Butte Bulletin," a paper established in December 1917 by the Montana Federation of Labor. Dunne stood down from this position in 1918 to run for political office and resumed the position following the end of his term | 6,139,614 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
of office in 1920, remaining at the post until 1921.
In 1918, Dunne was arrested on charges of sedition for an anti-militarist editorial in the "Bulletin." His trial finally began on February 20, 1919, in Helena, with his defense team led by Burton K. Wheeler. Following a three-day trial, during which Dunne was blasted as a "Bolshevist and an agitator," Dunn was convicted and fined $5,000. This conviction was overturned by the Montana Supreme Court in May 1920, however, on the grounds of judicial error. The judge in the case had not allowed the defense to ask prospective jurors whether they could vote for acquittal if they should entertain a reasonable doubt that Dunne's editorial was "calculated | 6,139,615 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
to incite or inflame resistance" to the Montana state council of defense.
In the fall of 1918, Dunne was elected as a Democrat to the Montana State Legislature in 1918, serving in that capacity through 1920.
In the fall 1919, with the split of the Socialist Party into socialist and communist factions, Dunne made his exit to become a founding member of the Communist Labor Party of America, bringing the Butte Local with him into the new organization.
In 1920, Dunne ran for mayor of Butte, but was the victim of electoral chicanery which denied him the seat.
Despite his long tenure in the movement, Dunne was always regarded as a bit of a loose cannon in the Communist movement, as historian Theodore | 6,139,616 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
Draper recounts:
"Unlike most of the other former Socialists, Dunne was never completely housebroken in the Communist movement. It seems that he tried to get to Moscow in 1921 by working his way across on a boat bound for Stettin, Germany [now part of Poland]. There he went on a spree with some shipmates, invited the attention of the German police, and never reached his destination. He returned to New York to add one more radical trade-unionist to the new Communist leadership."
Dunne was a delegate to the ill-fated August 1922 convention of the Communist Party of America (CPA), held in Bridgman, Michigan. He was arrested when the gathering was raided by state and federal authorities for alleged | 6,139,617 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
violation of the Michigan state Criminal Syndicalism law. Released on bail, Dunne was never brought to trial on these charges. During the underground period of American communism, Dunne used the pseudonyms "Driscoll" and "Donovan."
At the end of 1922, when the underground CPA established its overground sibling, the Workers Party of America (WPA), Bill Dunne was elected one of three editors of the organization's weekly newspaper, "The Worker." Dunne served as the "Labor Editor" of that paper.
Dunne was elected to the Central Executive Committee of the WPA and its Executive Council in 1923 and was re-elected by the convention for 1924. During the bitter factional struggles which swept the organization | 6,139,618 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
during the 1920s, Dunne was a supporter of the faction headed by William Z. Foster, Alexander Bittelman and James P. Cannon against that of John Pepper and C.E. Ruthenberg. Later in the 1920s, when Foster parted company with Cannon, Dunne allied himself with the latter.
In 1923, Dunne was expelled from the American Federation of Labor for his communist political views and activity in organizing the so-called "left wing" of the labor movement through the Communist Party's trade union affiliate, the Trade Union Educational League.
Dunne was a delegate to the 5th World Congress of the Communist International in 1924. He presented a report to the congress on the American racial situation and was | 6,139,619 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
elected as an alternate member to the Executive Committee of the Communist International.
Dunne remained in Moscow during 1924 and 1925 as the representative of the Workers (Communist) Party of America to the Comintern. He was elected a member of the Comintern's Organization Bureau at the 5th Enlarged Plenum of the Communist International, held in March 1925.
Later in 1925, Dunne returned to the United States to become an editor of the Communist Party's daily newspaper, "The Daily Worker."
Dunne was an occasional candidate for political office, running for U.S. Senator from New York at the 1926 New York state election, and for Governor of New York at the 1928 New York state election, both | 6,139,620 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
times on the Workers ticket.
In 1928 he returned to Moscow as a delegate to the 4th World Congress of the Red International of Labor Unions (Profintern), as well as the 6th World Congress of the Communist International.
Dunne was elected a member of the Politiburo of the CPUSA in 1929.
In the early 1930s, Dunne returned to the Soviet Union, where he worked as a personnel specialist in charge of the 500 or 600 Americans working at the tractor plant in Stalingrad in 1931 and 1932.
With the rise to power of Earl Browder in the American Communist Party from the middle-1930s, Dunne's position and authority in the party were reduced. He was removed from the national leadership in 1934, but he | 6,139,621 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
remained as an editor at "The Daily Worker" until 1936.
Although Bill Dunne's brothers, Vincent, Miles, and Grant, were active in the American Trotskyist movement, participating in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, Bill Dunne was never part of that dissident communist movement. In 1934 he went so far as to author a polemic pamphlet for the Communist Party against his brothers and their comrades entitled "Permanent Counter-Revolution: The Role of the Trotzkyites in the Minneapolis Strikes."
During World War II, Dunne worked in the Navy shipyards.
In 1946, Dunne was accused of having promoted a leftist faction in the Communist Party and was expelled.
## Death and legacy.
Bill Dunne | 6,139,622 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
died on September 23, 1953. He was 65 years old at the time of his death.
# Works.
- "William F. Dunne's Speech at the A.F. of L. Convention, Portland, 1923." Chicago: Trade Union Educational League, n.d. [1923]. Labor Herald Library #9.
- "Worker Correspondents: What? When? Where? Why? How?" Chicago: Daily Worker Publishing Co., n.d. [1925]. Little Red Library #4.
- "The British Strike: Its Background, Its Lessons." Chicago: Daily Worker Publishing Co., n.d. [1926].
- "Our Heritage from 1776: A Working Class View of the First American Revolution." With Wolfe, Bertram D. and Jay Lovestone New York: The Workers School, n.d. [1926] alternate link
- "The Threat to the Labor Movement: The | 6,139,623 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
Conspiracy against the Trade Unions: Efficiency Unions for the Bosses or Effective Unions for the Workers." n.c.: n.p., 1927.
- "Gastonia, Citadel of the Class Struggle in the New South." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1929. alternate link
- "Permanent Counter-Revolution: The Role of the Trotzkyites in the Minneapolis Strikes." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1934. alternate link
- "The Great San Francisco General Strike: The Story of the West Coast Strike — The Bay Counties' General Strike and the Maritime Workers' Strike." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1934. alternate link
- "The Supreme Court's Challenge to Labor: The N.I.R.A. Decision a Signal for Intensified Attacks | 6,139,624 |
25047991 | William F. Dunne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20F.%20Dunne | William F. Dunne
oast Strike — The Bay Counties' General Strike and the Maritime Workers' Strike." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1934. alternate link
- "The Supreme Court's Challenge to Labor: The N.I.R.A. Decision a Signal for Intensified Attacks on the Workers." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1935. alternate link
- "Why Hearst Lies about Communism: Three Open Letters to William Randolph Hearst." New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1935.
- "The Struggle against Opportunism in the Labor Movement: For a Socialist United States." New York: New York Communications Committee, 1947.
# External links.
- William F. Dunne Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved November 11, 2009. | 6,139,625 |
25048122 | Priyutnensky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyutnensky%20District | Priyutnensky District
Priyutnensky District
Priyutnensky District (; , "Prijutnin rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo") of Priyutnoye. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 11,658, with the population of Priyutnoye accounting for 51.6% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1938.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Priyutnensky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is | 6,139,626 |
25048122 | Priyutnensky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyutnensky%20District | Priyutnensky District
58, with the population of Priyutnoye accounting for 51.6% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1938.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Priyutnensky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into eight rural administrations which comprise twenty-two rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Priyutnensky Municipal District. Its eight rural administrations are incorporated as eight rural settlements within the municipal district. The "selo" of Priyutnoye serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. | 6,139,627 |
25048217 | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure%20skating%20at%20the%202009%20New%20Zealand%20Winter%20Games | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games
Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games
Figure skating was held as part of the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's and ladies singles on the levels of Senior, Junior, and Novice. The competition was open to all ISU member nations. It was organized by the New Zealand Winter Games and the New Zealand Ice Skating Association.
The figure skating competition at the New Zealand Winter Games was held in the Dunedin Ice Stadium in Dunedin between 28 and 30 August.
# Senior-level results.
## Senior ladies.
- WD = Withdrawn
# Novice-level results.
## Novice ladies.
- WD = Withdrawn
# References.
- Detailed results and protocols at the New Zealand | 6,139,628 |
25048217 | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure%20skating%20at%20the%202009%20New%20Zealand%20Winter%20Games | Figure skating at the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games
as held as part of the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's and ladies singles on the levels of Senior, Junior, and Novice. The competition was open to all ISU member nations. It was organized by the New Zealand Winter Games and the New Zealand Ice Skating Association.
The figure skating competition at the New Zealand Winter Games was held in the Dunedin Ice Stadium in Dunedin between 28 and 30 August.
# Senior-level results.
## Senior ladies.
- WD = Withdrawn
# Novice-level results.
## Novice ladies.
- WD = Withdrawn
# References.
- Detailed results and protocols at the New Zealand Ice Skating Association
# External links.
- Winter Games NZ | 6,139,629 |
25048184 | Sarpinsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarpinsky%20District | Sarpinsky District
Sarpinsky District
Sarpinsky District (; , "Sarpan rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo") of Sadovoye. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 13,796, with the population of Sadovoye accounting for 47.3% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1920.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Sarpinsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into nine | 6,139,630 |
25048184 | Sarpinsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarpinsky%20District | Sarpinsky District
trict was 13,796, with the population of Sadovoye accounting for 47.3% of that number.
# History.
The district was established in 1920.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Sarpinsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into nine rural administrations which comprise seventeen rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Sarpinsky Municipal District. Its nine rural administrations are incorporated as nine rural settlements within the municipal district. The "selo" of Sadovoye serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. | 6,139,631 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
Saint Michael's Abbey is a monastery of Roman Catholic Canons Regular of the Order of Premontre in Silverado, Orange County, California.
The members of the community combine a monastic-style life with the active ministry of ordained priests.
The Abbey is located on
on El Toro Road at the juncture of English Canyon and Live Oak Canyon in Trabuco Canyon.
# Liturgy.
Upon the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council, St. Michael's founding Abbot, Ladislaus Parker, O.Praem.
(19 Dec 1915 - 3 Jan 2010), decided "to hold steadfast to all that was good in the old and not to shy away either from that which is new."
Confreres wear the traditional white | 6,139,632 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
habit of the Premonstratensian Order. The Abbey is well known for its use of Latin Chant, of which four albums have been released.
# Ministries.
Confreres of the Abbey serve in five dioceses in Southern California: Fresno, Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and San Diego. Priests of the Abbey serve in high schools, parishes, offer retreats and spiritual direction.
Activities of the Abbey also include the operation of St. Michael's Preparatory and local parish ministry. An annual summer camp gives local youth a chance to experience the religious life of the monastery.
St. Michael's is an affiliate of the Institute on Religious Life. Roughly half of the nearly 70 members live at the monastery | 6,139,633 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
itself with the rest living in dependent houses.
# Formation.
St. Michael's Abbey accepts members who are between the ages of 18 and 29. The initial four years are spent in the monastery, studying the required novitiate courses followed by a three-year cycle in Thomistic philosophy, after which the brothers are sent to study at St Philip's Seminary in Toronto, Canada, under the direction of the fathers of the Toronto Oratory. Upon completion of the three-year course in theology the students are granted the masters in theology degree. During this period or immediately after there is required a one-year apostolic experience usually at the Abbey's Preparatory School. Following solemn profession | 6,139,634 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
all are required to have one year in Rome while living at the Norbertine Generalate and pursuing courses in pastoral theology at the Angelicum, the pontifical university under the direction of the Dominican Order. The association between the Abbey and the Angelicum dates back to 1973. At the conclusion of this formation the brothers may then be ordained as deacons and then priests before beginning to serve in the various ministries of the Order.
# History.
## Hungarian Origins.
The Abbey was founded in 1961 by seven priests from the Norbertine Abbey of St. Michael in Csorna, Hungary, whose roots go back to the 12th century. The founders originally left Hungary to avoid oppression soon after | 6,139,635 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
Communist officials nationalized Catholic schools in 1948. On the night of July 11, 1950, word came to the abbey in Csorna that the police would arrive the next day to arrest the confreres and suppress the community. That night, seven priests left, in two groups, to hike across country to the Austrian border. Several of the confreres, arriving in New York in 1952, were welcomed by the Abbey of St. Norbert in De Pere, Wisconsin, with whom they worked for several years, saving money to begin their own monastery.
## Foundation in California.
At the invitation of Cardinal James Francis McIntyre, Archbishop of Los Angeles, they first moved to Santa Ana, California in 1957 and taught at Mater Dei | 6,139,636 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
High School, establishing a monastic community the next year. The founding abbot was the Rt. Rev. Ladislaus Parker, O.Praem.
In 1960 the Norbertine Fathers purchased the current site from Jack Cook, the founder of nearby Cook's Corner.
St. Michael's opened a junior seminary in 1962, which evolved into the present day St. Michael's Preparatory School. The status of "Abbey" was conferred on St. Michael's in 1984.
## Recent History.
The current abbot is The Rt. Rev. Eugene J. Hayes, O.Praem., J.C.D., S.T.L. He was elected for a life-time term as abbot with a mandatory retirement age of 75 years on June 27, 1995 and received the abbatial blessing on September 15, 1995.
More recently, plans | 6,139,637 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
have developed for an expansion project to develop a new site, due in part to geological instability at the current Abbey. In the early part of 2018, the building campaign attained its goal of $120 million. The groundbreaking for the new abbey took place at the site of 327 acres in Silverado Canyon on March 18, 2018. Construction is expected to take around 2 years.
### Bethlehem Priory.
In 1997 the abbey founded a convent of Norbertine nuns in Tehachapi, California. On January 29, 2011, the sisters community in Tehachapi was incorporated into the worldwide Norbertine Order. In a ceremony at St. John the Baptist Cathedral in Fresno, the first nine sisters made their solemn profession as members | 6,139,638 |
25048036 | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Michael's%20Abbey%20(Orange%20County,%20California) | St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California)
ncorporated into the worldwide Norbertine Order. In a ceremony at St. John the Baptist Cathedral in Fresno, the first nine sisters made their solemn profession as members of the newly established Canonry of the Bethlehem Priory of St. Joseph, in the hands of the Norbertine Abbot General, Most Reverend Thomas Handgratinger. Their total membership is 20 sisters, the majority of whom are still in stages of formation before perpetual vows. In that same ceremony the abbot of St. Michael's Abbey, Abbot Eugene, was named the father abbot of the Sisters' Canonry and as such serves as the sisters' external superior.
# External links.
- Website of St. Michael's Abbey
- Website of St. Michael's Prep | 6,139,639 |
25048218 | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tselinny%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia
Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia
Tselinny District (; "Celinn rajon") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo") of Troitskoye. As of the 2010 census, the total population of the district was 20,051, with the population of Troitskoye accounting for 59.6%.
# History.
The district was established in 1938.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tselinny District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into | 6,139,640 |
25048218 | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tselinny%20District,%20Republic%20of%20Kalmykia | Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia
e district was 20,051, with the population of Troitskoye accounting for 59.6%.
# History.
The district was established in 1938.
# Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tselinny District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into eleven rural administrations which comprise twenty-five rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Tselinny Municipal District. Its eleven rural administrations are incorporated as eleven rural settlements within the municipal district. The "selo" of Troitskoye serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. | 6,139,641 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Dino Dan
Dino Dan is a Canadian television series that was created and is directed by J. J. Johnson. The series premiered on TVOKids in Canada on January 4, 2010 and on Nick Jr. in the United States on October 17, 2010. The series also airs on Access, Knowledge Network, and SCN. It is produced by Sinking Ship Entertainment, in association with TVOKids, Access, Knowledge Network, and SCN. A third season of the series, "Dino Dana", premiered on Amazon Prime on May 26, 2017. The show premiered on Universal Kids on October 6, 2018, three years after Nick Jr.'s rights to the series expired.
# Plot.
In this series that combines live action with CGI animation, paleontologist-in-training Dan Henderson | 6,139,642 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
and his friends take a journey to a modern-day world where dinosaurs roam freely. There, they have adventures, uncover clues about the past and teach children scientific information ranging from new species to dinosaur vocabulary.
## Trek's Adventures (Spin-off Series)".
A follow-up season starring Dan's younger brother, Trek, began airing in 2013. Trek, now age ten, is also able to see dinosaurs and spends his time learning about them as his brother did. There are fifteen new dinosaurs from Albertosaurus to Microraptor in this series. Dan did not have time to do his experiments because he has to help his father, so he asks Trek to do them for him.
# "Dino Dana (Spin-off Series)".
Dino | 6,139,643 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Dana is about a nine-year-old girl named Dana Jain who sets out to achieve "Dino experiments" that teaches her more about dinosaurs, pterosaurs, prehistoric marine reptiles and prehistoric mammals. Other characters include Saara, the older stepsister of Dana; Ava, the mother of Dana and stepmother of Saara; her stepfather; and Gloria, the grandmother of Dana on her mother's side. In the first episode of the third season, The Dino and the Egg, Ava gives birth to a baby boy, named Dexter.
On October 6, 2016, on YouTube, short introductory "Dino Dana" clips were first published. "Dino Dana" premiered on May 26, 2017 on Amazon Prime in the US and UK. TVO Kids picked up the show in June 2017. In | 6,139,644 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Australia "Dino Dana" screens on ABC Kids.
# "Dino Dan" cast.
- Jason Spevack as Dan Henderson
- Sydney Kuhne as Angie
- Isaac Durnford as Cory Schluter
- Jaclyn Forbes as Kami
- Allana Harkin as Mom
- Ricardo Hoyos as Ricardo Sanchez
- Trek Buccino as Trek Henderson
- Keana Bastidas as Jordan
- Sarah Carver as Mrs. Carver
- Andrea Martin as Mrs. Hahn
- Jayne Eastwood as Dan's grandmother (Ms. Currie)
- Mark McKinney as Mr. Drumheller
# "Dino Dana" cast.
- Michela Luci as Dana Jain
- Saara Chaudry as Saara Jain
- Amish Patel as Dad
- Nicola Correia-Damude as Mom (Ava)
- Bill Cobbs as Mr Hendrickson
- Laaibah Alvi as Young Saara
- Anna Cathcart as Robyn
# Dinosaurs.
### | 6,139,645 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Dino Dan.
"Brachiosaurus"br
"Stygimoloch"br
"Dromaeosaurus"br
"Compsognathus"br
"Tyrannosaurus rex"br
"Spinosaurus"br
"Diplodocus"br
"Triceratops"br
"Euoplocephalus"br
"Stegosaurus"br
"Edmontosaurus"br
"Corythosaurus"br
"Quetzalcoatlus"br
"Pterodactylus"br
Baby "Brachiosaurus"br
Baby "Tyrannosaurus rex"br
Baby "Triceratops"br
Baby "Edmontosaurus"br
Baby "Pterodactylus" (Only in Training Wings)
#### Trek's Adventures.
"Albertosaurus"br
"Amargasaurus"br
"Archelon"br
"Deinosuchus"br
"Dracorex"br
"Futalognkosaurus"br
"Giganotosaurus"br
"Kosmoceratops"br
"Microraptor"br
"Ozraptor"br
Plesiosaurbr
"Psittacosaurus"br
"Pterodaustro"br
"Therizinosaurus"br
"Troodon"br
Baby | 6,139,646 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Plesiosaurbr
Baby "Spinosaurus"
### Dino Dana.
"Diabloceratops"br
"Maiasaura"br
"Smilodon"br
"Incisivosaurus"br
"Ugrunaaluk"br
Woolly mammothbr
"Titanoboa"br
"Nanuqsaurus"br
"Kentrosaurus"br
"Megalodon"br
"Sinornithosaurus"br
"Baby Troodon" br
"Baby Albertosaurus"br
"Hippodraco"br
"Titanis"br
"Gigantoraptor"br
"Europasaurus"br
"Megacerops (Brontotherium)"br
"Baby Woolly mammoth"br
Archaeopteryx br
Eoraptor br
Proceratosaurus br
# Awards.
2009: Nominated for a Gemini Award for Best Preschool-to-4th Grade Program or Series
2009: Won the Shaw Rocket Prize for best independently produced Canadian children's, youth, or family program
2010: Won the Young Artist Award for | 6,139,647 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
Most Outstanding Young Ensemble In A TV Series
2015: "Dino Dan: Trek's Adventures" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Pre-School Children's Series
2016: "Dino Dan: Trek's Adventures" was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Pre-School Children's Series
2017: "Dino Dana" won the Kidscreen Award for Best New Series
2018: "Dino Dana" won the Kidscreen Award for Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series
2019: "Dino Dana" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Best Performer in a Children's Program
2019: "Dino Dana" won the 2019 YMA Award for Best Program, Live Action Scripted and Non-Scripted, Preschool
# References to popular culture.
- In the Dino Dana episode King of the Dance | 6,139,648 |
25048014 | Dino Dan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino%20Dan | Dino Dan
: "Dino Dana" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Best Performer in a Children's Program
2019: "Dino Dana" won the 2019 YMA Award for Best Program, Live Action Scripted and Non-Scripted, Preschool
# References to popular culture.
- In the Dino Dana episode King of the Dance Floor, the two songs Whitney Houston's I Wanna Dance with Somebody and House of Pain's Jump Around are heard when Dana gets the male T-Rex to impress the female T-Rex.
- In the Dino Dana episode Claw and Order, Dana's Dad says "But you can't handle the truth!". This is a reference to the 1992 film, "A Few Good Men".
# External links.
- Dino Dan on TVO Kids
- Dino Dan: Trek's Adventures on TVO Kids
- "Dino Dana" on IMDb | 6,139,649 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
The Siege of Kehl lasted from October 1796 to 9 January 1797. Habsburg and Württemberg regulars numbering 40,000, under the command of Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour, besieged and captured the French-controlled fortifications at the village of Kehl in the German state of Baden-Durlach. The fortifications at Kehl represented important bridgehead crossing the Rhine to Strasbourg, an Alsatian city, a French Revolutionary stronghold. This battle was part of the Rhine Campaign of 1796, in the French Revolutionary War of the First Coalition.
In the 1790s, the Rhine was wild, unpredictable, and difficult to cross, in some places more than four or more times | 6,139,650 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
wider than it is in the twenty-first century, even under non-flood conditions. Its channels and tributaries wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons. At Kehl and the city of Strasbourg lay a complex of bridges, gates, fortifications and barrage dams. These had been constructed by the fortress architect Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban in the seventeenth century. The crossings had been contested before: in 1678 during the French-Dutch war, in 1703 during the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1733 during the War of the Polish Succession, and earlier in 1796, when the French crossed into | 6,139,651 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the German states on 23–24 June. Critical to French success was the army's ability to cross the Rhine at will. The crossings at Hüningen, near the Swiss city of Basel, and the crossing at Kehl, gave them ready access to most of southwestern Germany; from there, French armies could sweep north, south, or east, depending on their military goal.
Throughout the summer of 1796, the French and the Austrians had chased each other back and forth across the south German states. By October, the Austrian force, under the command of Archduke Charles, had pushed the French back to the Rhine. With the conclusion of the Battle of Schliengen on 24 October, the French army withdrew south and west toward the | 6,139,652 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Rhine. The French commander, Jean Victor Marie Moreau, offered an armistice that the Archduke was inclined to accept. The Archduke wanted to secure the Rhine crossings so he could send troops to northern Italy to relieve Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser at besieged Mantua; an armistice with Moreau would allow him to do that. However, his brother, Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the civilian military advisers of the Aulic Council categorically refused such an armistice, forcing Charles to order simultaneous sieges at Hüningen and Kehl. These tied his army to the Rhine for most of the winter.
On 18 September 1796, the Austrians temporarily acquired control of the "têtes-de-ponts" (bridgeheads) | 6,139,653 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
joining Kehl and Strasbourg until a strong French counter-attack forced them to retreat. The situation remained in "status quo" until late October. Immediately after the Battle of Schliengen, while most of Moreau's army retreated south to cross the Rhine at Hüningen, Count Baillet Latour moved north to Kehl to begin the siege. On 22 November, the French defenders at Kehl, under Louis Desaix and the overall commander of the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle, Jean-Victor-Marie Moreau, almost ended the siege when they executed a sortie that nearly captured the Austrian artillery park. In early December, though, the Austrians expanded the siege, connecting a grand parallel with a series of batteries | 6,139,654 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
in a semi-circle around the village and the bridges. By late December, the completed Austrian batteries connected with the captured French fortification called "Bonnet de Prêtre"; from these positions, the Austrians bombarded the French defenses with enfilade fire. After the defenses were thoroughly riddled by heavy bombardment from the besiegers, the French defenders capitulated and withdrew on 9 January 1797.
# Background.
Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the 1789 revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. In 1790, Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and by 1791, the | 6,139,655 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
danger surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, alarmed him. In August 1791, in consultation with French "émigré" nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia, he issued the Declaration of Pillnitz declaring the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family. He and his fellow monarchs threatened ambiguous, but serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. The French "émigrés "continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution abroad. On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on Austria. In this War of the First Coalition (1792–98), France ranged itself against most of the European states | 6,139,656 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. Although initially successful in campaigns in 1792 and 1793, the French army lost some effectiveness during the Reign of Terror, as its generals were intimidated and/or executed, and more and more of the officers left France for safer havens.
At the end of the Rhine Campaign of 1795, the two sides called a truce. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May. The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine counted 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing under Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg, who was replaced by Wilhelm von Wartensleben, stood on the east | 6,139,657 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River, observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf. The garrisons of Mainz and Ehrenbreitstein counted 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army was posted on the west bank behind the Nahe. Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser led the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine. Its right wing occupied Kaiserslautern on the west bank while the left wing under Anton Sztáray, Michael von Fröhlich guarded the Rhine from Mannheim to Switzerland; Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé and his corps of French royalists patrolled the area between Freiburg im Breisgau and Basel. The original Austrian strategy was to capture Trier and to use their position on the west | 6,139,658 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, after news arrived in Vienna of Napoleon Bonaparte's successes, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements. Reconsidering the situation, the Aulic Council gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground.
## Geography and politics.
The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the Swiss Cantons. The stretch between Rheinfall, by Schaffhausen and Basel, the High Rhine ("Hochrhein") cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed; in such paces as the former rapids at Laufenburg, it moves in torrents. A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. | 6,139,659 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the Rhine knee, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch ("Rheingraben"), part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some wide, was dotted with villages and farms. At both far edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern side, the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the Black Forest, creating deep defiles in the mountains. The tributaries then wind in rivulets through the flood plain to the river.
The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first | 6,139,660 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
century; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Between 1927 and 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In 1790, though, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places more than four or more times wider than the twenty-first century, even under regular (non-flood) conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. It was crossable at Kehl, by Strasbourg, and at Hüningen, by Basel, where systems of viaducts and causeways made access reliable.
## Political terrain.
The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were | 6,139,661 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included more than 1,000 entities. Their size and influence varied, from the "Kleinstaaten" ("little states") that covered no more than a few square miles to large and powerful states. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and such durable dynastic states as Württemberg. When viewed on a map, the Empire | 6,139,662 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
resembled a "Flickenteppich" ("patchwork carpet"). Some states included non-contiguous pieces: both the Habsburg domains and Hohenzollern Prussia also governed territories outside the Empire structures, such as the Habsburg territories in eastern Europe and northern Italy. There were also territories completely surrounded by France that belonged to Württemberg, the Count of Solm, the archbishopric of Trier, and Hesse-Darmstadt. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of Imperial Circles (called "Reichskreise"), | 6,139,663 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection.
The fortresses at Hüningen and Kehl were both important bridgeheads across the river. At Strasbourg, a once imperial city, and Kehl, the German village across the river from it, the first permanent bridge had been erected in 1338. In 1678, Strasbourg was taken over by France, and the bridge became part of the city's defense system. Louis XIV ordered the construction of the fortress by the famous architect, Sébastien Le Préstre de Vauban (1679–81), resulting in the construction of the star-shaped fortresses and bridgeheads in both locations. The | 6,139,664 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
principal fortresses lay on the west side (French side) of the Rhine; the bridgeheads and the smaller fortifications surrounding those lay on the west side; these protected the various bridges, barrages and viaducts connecting the east and west sides of the river.
# Campaign of 1796.
The campaign of 1796 was part of the larger, broader French Revolutionary Wars in which republican France pitted itself against a fluid coalition of Prussians and Austrians and several other states of the Holy Roman Empire, the British, Sardinians, Dutch, and royalist French emigres. Although initially the republican French experienced several victories, the campaigns of 1793 through 1795 had been less successful. | 6,139,665 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
However, the Coalition partners had difficulty coordinating their war aims, and their own efforts also faltered. In 1794 and 1795, French victories in northern Italy salvaged French enthusiasm for the war, and forced the Coalition to withdraw further into Central Europe. At the end of the Rhine Campaign of 1795, the Habsburg Austrian Coalition and the French Republican called a truce between their forces that had been fighting in Germany.This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May.
The Austrian Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing, first under Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg, | 6,139,666 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
then Wilhelm von Wartensleben, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River, observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf. The garrisons of Mainz Fortress and Ehrenbreitstein Fortress included 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army, the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine, secured the west bank behind the Nahe River. Commanded by Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, this force anchored its right wing in Kaiserslautern on the west bank while the left wing under Anton Sztáray, Michael von Fröhlich and Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé guarded the Rhine from Mannheim to Switzerland. The original Austrian strategy was to capture Trier and to use their position on the | 6,139,667 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. After news arrived in Vienna of Napoleon Bonaparte's successes, however, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements, and the Aulic Council gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground.
On the French side, the 80,000-man Army of Sambre-et-Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to Sankt Wendel. On the army's left flank, Jean-Baptiste Kléber had 22,000 troops in an entrenched camp at Düsseldorf. The right wing of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle was positioned behind the Rhine from Hüningen northward, centered along the Queich River near Landau, | 6,139,668 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
and its left wing extended west toward Saarbrücken. Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino led Moreau's right wing at Hüningen, Louis Desaix commanded the center and Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr directed the left wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three infantry and cavalry divisions under François Antoine Louis Bourcier and Henri François Delaborde. Desaix's command included three divisions led by Michel de Beaupuy, Antoine Guillaume Delmas and Charles Antoine Xaintrailles. Saint-Cyr's wing had two divisions commanded by Guillaume Philibert Duhesme and Alexandre Camille Taponier.
The French plan called for a springtime (April–May–June) offensive during which the two armies would press against the flanks | 6,139,669 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states while a third army approached Vienna through Italy. Specifically, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's army would push south from Düsseldorf, hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves, while Moreau's army massed on the east side of the Rhine by Mannheim. According to plan, Jourdan's army feinted toward Mannheim, and Charles repositioned his troops. Once this occurred, Moreau's army turned and executed a forced march south and attacked the bridgehead at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000 imperial troops—troops recruited that spring from the Swabian Circle polities, inexperienced and untrained—which held the bridgehead for several hours, | 6,139,670 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
but then retreated toward Rastatt. Moreau reinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard, and his troops poured into Baden unhindered. In the south, by Basel, Ferino's column moved quickly across the river and advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline toward Lake Constance, spreading into the southern end of the Black Forest. Worried that his supply lines would be overextended or his army would be flanked, Charles began a retreat to the east.
At this point, in July, the French had conquered most of the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, forcing them into separate peace agreements. The French extracted large amounts of coin (hard specie) and materials to feed and clothe | 6,139,671 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the troops. Despite their winning ways, though, the jealousies and competition between the French generals came into play. Moreau could have joined up with Jourdan's army in the north, but did not; he proceeded eastward, pushing Charles into Bavaria, while Jourdan pushed eastward, pushing Wartensleben's autonomous corps into the Ernestine duchies. On either side, the union of two armies—Wartensleben's with Charles' or Jourdan's with Moreau's—could have crushed their opposition. This happened in August, Wartensleben's autonomous corps united with Charles' imperial troops and turned the tide against the French. The defeat of Jourdan's army at the battles of Amberg (24 August), Würzburg (3 September) | 6,139,672 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
and 2nd Altenkirchen (16–19 September) allowed Charles to move more troops to the south, and effectively removed Jourdan from the remainder of the campaign.
### September 1796.
While Charles and Moreau jockeyed for position on the eastern slope of the Black Forest, Franz Petrasch engaged the French at Bruchsal, where a sturdy bridge allowed for passage across the river. The troops there, under orders of General Marc Amand Élisée Scherb, included the 68th Demi-brigade and two squadrons of the 19th Dragoons, had remained behind after the Battle of Ettlingen to observe the garrisons of Mannheim and Philipsburg, and to defend passage into France. An initial attack on the French positioned resulted | 6,139,673 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
in favor of the French, who charged the Austrians with bayonet, and pushed Petrasch's troops back. Realizing that his command was too small to withstand a concerted attack by the stronger Austrians, Scherb began a withdrawal. On 5–6 September, the Austrians and French spent most of the day skirmishing in advanced posts (Austrian) and rear guards (French); these skirmishes, though, masked the Austrian intention of approaching Kehl and securing the crossing over the Rhine between the village and Strasbourg. By 15 September, part of Scherb's force arrived in Kehl, after having been continually harassed between there and Bruchsal. Once established in Kehl, this small cadre sought to strengthened | 6,139,674 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the fortifications but the lack of cooperation from villagers and local peasants, and the exhaustion of the troops, prevented enhancements from proceeding with any speed.
The Kehl garrison, under command of Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg consisted only of one battalion of the 24th Demi-brigade and some detachments of the 104th. This was too weak to defend a position of such importance, or to develop additional extensive works. Recognizing Kehl's weakness, General Moreau detached a demi-brigade of infantry and a regiment of cavalry from his army in the Black Forest, with instructions to proceed by forced marches to Kehl, but General Petrasch sent Lieutenant Colonel Aspré, with two battalions, | 6,139,675 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
to occupy Renchen and to insure that Moreau's reinforcements did not augment the garrison at Kehl.
Before the break of dawn on 18 September (03:45), three Austrian columns attacked Kehl. The principal column, comprising the Regiment Ferdinand, crossed the Kinzig river above the French position and proceeded toward the dykes of the Rhine above Kehl. This placed them between Scherb and his force, and Kehl. Using the dykes as protection, and guided by some peasants who had been previously employed in strengthening the Kehl defenses, they advanced as far as the horn work on the Upper Rhine and entered a gorge which led them to the outskirts of the village. The second column of the Regiment Ferdinand, | 6,139,676 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
under command of Major Busch, proceeded via Sundheim toward Kehl, and obtained possession of the village itself, although not the bridge leading to Strasbourg. The third column, which included three companies of Serbians and a division of hussars, executed a false feint on the left bank of the river. One corps of reserve under command of Colonel Pongratz, approached as far as the French earthworks on the banks of the Rhine to support the columns ahead of him; another, which included a battalion of the 12th Regiment, moved past the hamlet of Neumuhl () toward Kehl. Quickly, the Austrians possessed all the earthworks of the town, the village itself, and the fortress; their skirmishers reached | 6,139,677 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
one side of the abutment of the old palisade bridge and advanced to the other side, crossing the islands formed by branches of the Kinzig and the Rhine. They halted almost under the eyes of the French sentinels; there is some confusion about why they stopped, but apparently they mistook the abutment for the last bridge itself.
The French executed several attempts to retake the bridges. The 68th, under command of general Jean-Baptiste de Bressoles de Sisce, was repulsed three times by the superior Austrian numbers and the murderous fire of case shot from four cannons that lined the principal road. The French cavalry tried to retire into Kehl via the Kinzig bridge, but heavy Austrian fire destroyed | 6,139,678 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
most of them. Not until 19:00 did fortune favor the French, when Lieutenant Colonel Aspré and two hundred men of the Regiment Ferdinand were captured within the fort itself. The next in command, Major Delas, was badly wounded, and there remained no one in overall command of the 38th Regiment. The French general, Schauenburg, who had gone to Strasburg for troops, returned with some reinforcements and met at once an impetuous Austrian attack. At 22:00 the Austrians still held the redoubt and the houses at the edge of the village; the arrival of a fresh battalion of the Habsburg Regiment Manfredini led to a new attack, but it was repulsed. The Austrians had insufficient reserves to meet the fresh | 6,139,679 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
troops from Strasbourg. By 23:00, the French had recovered the fort, Strasbourg, the village of Kehl and all of the French earthen works.
## Consequences.
The Austrian failure to hold Kehl and the Strasbourg crossing in September 1796 gave Moreau some measure of security in his actions in the Black Forest and the southern flood plain of the Rhine. If the Austrians had held the crossing, General Petrasch's entire corps could have fallen upon the French army, at that time debouching through the Black Forest defiles and congregating in Freiburg. With sufficient forces, Petrasch also could have advanced as far as Hüningen and carried its "tete de point", which had fewer defenders than Kehl. Not | 6,139,680 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
only would this embarrass the French who had, up to that point, maintained a steady and secure retreat westward out of southern Germany, it would trap the French army in Germany between Petrasch and the approaching Archduke Charles. As it was, when Petrasch could not actually effect capture of the crossing, he was forced to remain outside Kehl, holding the approaches to the village. Despite the limited success of Petrarsch's action, it had a broad impact on the movements of the main armies of Moreau and Archduke Charles. By preventing French access to the Kehl/Strasbourg crossing, Petrasch forced Moreau to move south; any retreat into France must happen via the bridges at Hüningen.
After the | 6,139,681 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Battle of Schliengen, though, Moreau had only one avenue of escape, via the smallest Rhine crossing at Hüningen, which he used to move his army back to France. The question remained, however, who would control the crossings after the 1796 campaign. Charles had formulated a plan to circumvent that issue, and to free enough of his troops to send a relief force into northern Italy, where Dagoburt von Wurmser held Mantua against the French. If the French would agree to an armistice, he could take command of the Rhine fortresses; the French would withdraw, and he could send a sizable force to northern Italy to help relieve Mantua. The Siege of Mantua was long and costly, and had tied up a significant | 6,139,682 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
portion of both the French and Austrian force. The French Directory was willing to give up Mantua in exchange for the Rhine bridgeheads, which they deemed more important for the direct defense of France; Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, their envoy sent to negotiate between the Austrians and the French in Italy, could not convince Napoleon Bonaparte to allow the Habsburgs to keep Mantua. Napoleon flatly refused the suggestion, maintaining that Mantua was the keystone to the conquest of Habsburg Italy and to maintaining pressure on the Habsburgs in their capital of Vienna.
Charles advised his brother of the French Directory's offer, but it was flatly refused by the Emperor and the civilian military | 6,139,683 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
advisers on the Aulic Council. Charles was instructed to lay siege to the fortresses, to take them, and secure any possible French access to southern Germany via the Rhine. The Aulic Council still believed Austrian forces could relieve Mantua. Consequently, by tying Charles down at the Rhine, besieging the highly defensible Vauban fortresses at the river at Kehl and Hüningen, the Council effectively sealed the fate of Wurmser's troops in Mantua. After it became clear that Charles was locked into place on the Rhine, Moreau moved 14 demi-brigades to Italy, leaving behind modest forces on the French border. Two Austrian columns sent from Vienna failed to reach their beleaguered counterparts in | 6,139,684 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Mantua, which fell on 2 February 1797.
# Laying siege.
Once the Aulic Council refused Charles's plans, Latour engaged the main French force at Kehl and Charles entrusted to Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg the command of the siege force at Hüningen. The process of laying siege in the eighteenth century was complicated. Most commonly, armies established positions around a city and waited for the surrender of those inside: if patience failed, they bribed or coerced someone inside to betray the fortification. An attacker, aware of a prolonged siege's great cost in time, money and lives, might offer generous terms to a defender who surrendered quickly. The defending troops would be allowed to march away | 6,139,685 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
unharmed, often retaining their weapons. As a siege progressed, however, the defender's position became more precarious. The surrounding army would build earthworks in a line of circumvallation to completely encircle their target, preventing food, water, and other supplies from reaching the besieged city. This was followed by the construction of a line of contravallation, especially if the besieged city had a nearby field army; the line of contravallation protected the besiegers.
Generally, time was on the side of the defenders; most armies could not afford to wait out the prosecution of a siege, especially of a well-fortified, well-provisioned city. Until the invention of gunpowder-based weapons | 6,139,686 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
(and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender. With the introduction of large-caliber mortars and howitzers (in modern times), the traditional methods of defense became less effective against a determined siege, although many of the "trace italienne" fortresses presented a formidable challenge well into the twentieth century.
## Description of the fortifications.
The principal bridge crossing the main part of the river began approximately 400 paces above the point at which the Kinzig river joined the Rhine. On one side of the confluence lay the hamlet of Auenheim; on the other the village of Neumuhl. The fortress stood between | 6,139,687 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
the bridge over the Rhine and the Kinzig. It was shaped as a polygon, approximately in length, and two of its sides faced the Rhine. The main wall was approximately high. Below two bastions, casemates, or fortified gun emplacements of long and wide, provided enfilade coverage. Behind these lay two other polygons, close the river, which held the magazines: these were high, long and wide. All walls were thick enough to repel most cannon fire. The inner spaces included a section of barracks that cold hold up to 1500 men; indeed, in an earlier bombardment in the hostilities in September 1796, the barracks, gun emplacements, and walls had withstood a lengthy Austrian barrage. The fortress had stone | 6,139,688 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
and mortar ravelins and each bastion had its own hornwork; the hornwork between the Rhine and the Kinzig was approximately in length. The hornworks themselves were faced with stone and mortar and had their own ravelines, a covered communication ditch, and an earthen glacis.
The village of Kehl stood on one of the hornworks, built along a single long street. At one end lay the Commandant's Bridge, which crosses the "old water", a subsidiary channel approximately wide, separated from the main channel of the Rhine. Beside the old water, stood the Kehl church, graveyard, and portions of the hornwork, including an earthen dam that followed the shoreline of the river. The fortified wall by the churchyard, | 6,139,689 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
capped by a breastwork, had its own moat; the breast work had room for at least four cannons and 150-200 troops. This entire installation, called the churchyard redoubt, approximately wide, dominated the vicinity.
As the Rhine passed the church, it made a sharp curve; this curve and the water where it and the old water rejoin, created a small island known as the Marlener Island. In dry weather, it was more of a peninsula than an island; the exposed ground was called the "Kehler Rheinkopf" (Kehl's Rhine head, or bald head). The island was thick with bushes and shrubbery. Beside this lay a larger island, known as the "Erlenkopf" (Erlen head), which supported a battery of artillery (known as Battery | 6,139,690 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
2). The battery was protected only by posts, or palisades, connected to the mainland by a light wood bridge guarded by infantry. The river by the bridge was approximately wide, and by the exposed islands were about wide.
In the other direction, between Kehl and the Schutter, which lay downstream, the fortifications were equally secured. The redoubt there held about 8 cannons and 400 men, and covered the street between the hamlet of Auenheim and Kehl.
## Conduct of the siege at Kehl.
Realizing that the siege was imminent, the French had destroyed most of the village of Kehl on 26 October, as the Battle of Schliengen concluded and Moreau's army withdrew toward Hüningen. Only the ruined walls | 6,139,691 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
of the church and post house remained. The French maintained control of the three main islands surrounding the Kehl crossings: "Ilse de Estacade, Ilse de Escargots," and "Isle de Ehrlin". Their control of these provided vital positions from which the French established their operations. The islands were connected to Kehl and to each other through a series of flying bridges (pontoon bridges); troops could also be moved by boat if necessary.
On 26 October, Baillet de Latour immediately lay the groundwork for a lengthy siege by ordering the construction of extensive earthworks around the bridgehead. The lines of contravallation (the trenches nearest to the French position) included a series of | 6,139,692 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
redoubts connected by trenches. Initially, the French considered these to be purely defensive and they were inclined to ignore the industrious Austrian diggers and focus instead on their own fortifications, which were sketchy and relied upon palisades unprotected by dirt; these could not withstand a vigorous attack until strengthened. After several days of strengthening their outer works by 30 October, several artillery pieces were brought up to augment the outer defense. In addition, released from the main army after the Battle of Schliengen, General Dessaix arrived to command the fortress and augment the garrison with his troops. Subsequently, French reconstruction of the fortress and its | 6,139,693 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
defensive lines increased. Several minor sorties against the Austrian lines resulted. On 14 November 1796, Dominique Vandamme, commanding a column of Dessaix's force, directed a small group of skirmishers and hussars to attack the most forward of the Austrian posts. This successful sortie took eighty Austrian prisoners. On 21 November, while the Austrians constructed their trenches on the right bank of the Kinzig, the French planned for a considerable sortie against the lines of contravallation between the Kinzig and the Rhine.
## Action of 22 November.
At daybreak on 22 November, 16,000 infantry and 3000–4000 cavalry moved against the combined Austrian and Württemberg positions between the | 6,139,694 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
Kinzig and the Rhine. The French infantry departed from the small island of Erlen, in the Rhine, and from the left of the entrenchment camp. The first column forced the first two Imperial redoubts. Another penetrated the earthen works near the center and carried the village of Sundheim and the two redoubts that ran contiguously to the village. Three other redoubts between the two were not carried, though, and the Austrians sallied out of these fortifications and fell upon the French. This action was the principal assault on the Austrian/Imperial line and apparently took the besiegers by surprise. Latour and the archduke personally moved to the gap the French created, pulling six battalions of | 6,139,695 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
armed workmen and all the Austrian troops after them.
The French immediately ran into problems. Infantry intended to support the first wave did not arrive in time. The cavalry could not deploy properly, due to the marshy ground and close quarters. After four hours, the entire French sortie party withdrew, taking 700 prisoners, seven pieces of cannon, and two howitzers. The want of horses prevented them from taking another 15 pieces of cannon, which they spiked. According to French accounts, thick fog favored the Imperial action, because it prevented the French from reconnoitering. Furthermore, as Moreau reported later, the humidity on the ground impeded the march of their columns, although | 6,139,696 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
it is unclear how the fog impeded only French visual reconnaissance and march but not the Austrian's. Regardless, fighting was heavy. General Moreau himself was wounded in the head and his "aide-de-camp" Lélée was badly wounded. General Desaix's horse was killed under him, and he received a contusion in his leg, and General Latour's horse was also shot from under him. This action convinced the French that the Austrian and Imperial forces were too numerous and too well-established for them to shake. The French instead focused their efforts on reinforcing their palisades, strengthening batteries, and developing the redoubts and earthen works.
## Expansion of the siege.
Much of the Kehl fortification | 6,139,697 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
was built on old ruins. In particular, the oldest of the bridges, which had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, This was an ancient bridge of piles that had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, but which the French had been reconstructing. Where the old stakes remained, the French rebuilt the bridge; where the stakes were missing, they filled in gaps with pontoon spans resting on boats. By 28 November, the Austrians had constructed enough parallels and batteries to fire upon the oldest of the bridges crossing the river. The bridge was entirely demolished; the French repaired it; the Austrians demolished it again. It lay so directly in the line of fire of one of the batteries | 6,139,698 |
25047739 | Siege of Kehl (1796–97) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege%20of%20Kehl%20(1796–97) | Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
that it was an easy target. The French could not keep it intact three days straight and furthermore, its wreckage threatened a pontoon bridge immediately downstream.
The Austrians continued to expand their works and erect new batteries. On 6 December, the Austrians opened fire simultaneously with their batteries, and maintained a day-long salvo. At four in the afternoon, they attacked a French position defended by 300 men. They succeeded in taking it, but the French recovered it with a counter-attacked, taking some prisoners. At the same time, though, the Austrians attacked another work, called the "Bonnet de Prétre", where only 20 men were posted. They secured it and afterward connected it | 6,139,699 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.