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25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
revealed an early frontal negativity independent of where attention was directed. This negativity originated in the auditory cortex, more precisely in the supratemporal lobe (which corresponds with the secondary auditory cortex) with greater activity from the right hemisphere. The negativity respo... | 6,140,100 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
the secondary auditory cortex. The findings that pitch incongruities were detected automatically, even in processing unfamiliar melodies, suggests that there is an automatic comparison of incoming information with long term knowledge of musical scale properties, such as culturally influenced rules... | 6,140,101 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
resolution.
The right secondary auditory cortex has finer pitch resolution than the left. Hyde, Peretz and Zatorre (2008) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in their study to test the involvement of right and left auditory cortical regions in frequency processing of melodic sequenc... | 6,140,102 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
such as melody. Many of these studies such as one by Patterson, Uppenkamp, Johnsrude and Griffiths (2002) also find evidence of a hierarchy of pitch processing. Patterson et al. (2002) used spectrally matched sounds which produced: no pitch, fixed pitch or melody in an fMRI study and found that al... | 6,140,103 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
pattern of movement or sound. When individuals are preparing to tap out a rhythm of regular intervals (1:2 or 1:3) the left frontal cortex, left parietal cortex, and right cerebellum are all activated. With more difficult rhythms such as a 1:2.5, more areas in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum ar... | 6,140,104 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
Evoked gamma activity was found after the onset of each tone in the rhythm; this activity was found to be phase-locked (peaks and troughs were directly related to the exact onset of the tone) and did not appear when a gap (missed beat) was present in the rhythm. Induced gamma activity, which was n... | 6,140,105 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
2013). The motor area of the brain is located in the parietal lobe. The parietal lobe also deals with orientation, recognition, and perception.
## Tonality.
Tonality describes the relationships between the elements of melody and harmony – tones, intervals, chords, and scales. These relationships... | 6,140,106 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of maintaining a consistent set of functional relationships. The most important functional relationship is that of the tonic note (the first note in a scale) and the tonic chord (the first note in the scale with the third and fifth note) with the rest of the scale. The tonic is the element which t... | 6,140,107 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
sulci of both hemispheres and the superior temporal gyri (which has a skew towards the right hemisphere).
# Music production and performance.
## Motor control functions.
Musical performance usually involves at least three elementary motor control functions: timing, sequencing, and spatial organ... | 6,140,108 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
separately in many studies, but little is known about their combined interaction in producing a complex musical performance. The study of music requires examining them together.
### Timing.
Although neural mechanisms involved in timing movement have been studied rigorously over the past 20 years... | 6,140,109 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
space without reference to forces (for example, direction, velocity and acceleration).
Functional neuroimaging studies, as well as studies of brain-damaged patients, have linked movement timing to several cortical and sub-cortical regions, including the cerebellum, basal ganglia and supplementary... | 6,140,110 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
specific parameters of movement and that depend on the relevant timescale of the rhythmic sequence.
### Sequencing.
Motor sequencing has been explored in terms of either the ordering of individual movements, such as finger sequences for key presses, or the coordination of subcomponents of comple... | 6,140,111 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
studies have demonstrated an interaction between the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia during the learning of movement sequences. Human neuroimaging studies have also emphasized the contribution of the basal ganglia for well-learned sequences.
The cerebellum is arguably important for sequence ... | 6,140,112 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
improve motor memory.
Lastly, the premotor cortex has been shown to be involved in tasks that require the production of relatively complex sequences, and it may contribute to motor prediction.
### Spatial organization.
Few studies of complex motor control have distinguished between sequential a... | 6,140,113 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of spatial processing in the context of musical tasks.
## Auditory-motor interactions.
### Feedforward and feedback interactions.
An auditory–motor interaction may be loosely defined as any engagement of or communication between the two systems. Two classes of auditory-motor interaction are "fe... | 6,140,114 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
ability in Parkinson's disease and stroke patients.
Feedback interactions are particularly relevant in playing an instrument such as a violin, or in singing, where pitch is variable and must be continuously controlled. If auditory feedback is blocked, musicians can still execute well-rehearsed pi... | 6,140,115 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
percepts depend on a single underlying mental representation.
### Models of auditory–motor interactions.
Several models of auditory–motor interactions have been advanced. The model of Hickok and Poeppel, which is specific for speech processing, proposes that a ventral auditory stream maps sounds... | 6,140,116 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
an important role in neural models of sensory–motor integration. There is considerable evidence that neurons respond to both actions and the accumulated observation of actions. A system proposed to explain this understanding of actions is that visual representations of actions are mapped onto our ... | 6,140,117 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
shed light on how these interactions are needed for musical performance. Results point to a broader involvement of the dPMC and other motor areas.
# Music and language.
Certain aspects of language and melody have been shown to be processed in near identical functional brain areas. Brown, Martine... | 6,140,118 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
cortices, temporal pole, basal ganglia, ventral thalamus and posterior cerebellum. Differences were found in lateralization tendencies as language tasks favoured the left hemisphere, but the majority of activations were bilateral which produced significant overlap across modalities.
Syntactical i... | 6,140,119 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
in processing music-syntactic regularities. Strong correlations between the ERAN ("Early Right Anterior Negativity"—a specific ERP measure) amplitude and linguistic and musical abilities provide additional evidence for the relationship of syntactical processing in music and language.
However, pro... | 6,140,120 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of the brain. The authors suggest that a reason for the difference is that speech generation can be localized well but the underlying mechanisms of melodic production cannot. Alternatively, it was also suggested that speech production may be less robust than melodic production and thus more suscep... | 6,140,121 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
between language and music at the conceptual level. It has also been found that, among music conservatory students, the prevalence of absolute pitch is much higher for speakers of tone language, even controlling for ethnic background, showing that language influences how musical tones are perceive... | 6,140,122 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
status (professional, amateur and non-musician) and gray matter volume in the primary motor and somatosensory areas, premotor areas, anterior superior parietal areas and in the inferior temporal gyrus bilaterally. This strong association between musician status and gray matter differences supports... | 6,140,123 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
and Thron (2000) utilized fMRI to study brain area involvement of professional pianists and a control group while performing complex finger movements. Krings et al. found that the professional piano players showed lower levels of cortical activation in motor areas of the brain. It was concluded th... | 6,140,124 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
strong hemodynamic responses in the cerebellum were shown by both non-musicians and keyboard players, but non-musicians showed the stronger response. This finding indicates that different cortical activation patterns emerge from long-term motor practice. This evidence supports previous data showin... | 6,140,125 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
counterparts.
## Similarities.
Studies have shown that the human brain has an implicit musical ability. Koelsch, Gunter, Friederici and Schoger (2000) investigated the influence of preceding musical context, task relevance of unexpected chords and the degree of probability of violation on music ... | 6,140,126 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
Gunter (2002) investigated whether ERAN and N5 could be evoked preattentively in non-musicians. Findings showed that both ERAN and N5 can be elicited even in a situation where the musical stimulus is ignored by the listener indicating that there is a highly differentiated preattentive musicality i... | 6,140,127 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
However, the early negativity of males was also present over the left hemisphere. This indicates that males do not exclusively utilize the right hemisphere for musical information processing. In a follow-up study, Koelsch, Grossman, Gunter, Hahne, Schroger and Friederici (2003) found that boys sho... | 6,140,128 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
on short term memory for the pitch.
It was hypothesized that this handedness advantage is due to the fact that lefthanders have more duplication of storage in the two hemispheres than do righthanders. Other work has shown that there are pronounced differences between righthanders and lefthanders ... | 6,140,129 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
Lappe, Knief and Pantev (2008) investigated the differences in neural processing of a musical imagery task in musicians and non-musicians. Utilizing magnetoencephalography (MEG), Herholz et al. examined differences in the processing of a musical imagery task with familiar melodies in musicians and... | 6,140,130 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
brain response to unanticipated violations of the imagined melodies in the musicians. These results indicate similar neural correlates are relied upon for trained musicians imagery and perception. Additionally, the findings suggest that modification of the imagery mismatch negativity (iMMN) throug... | 6,140,131 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
the involvement of particular anatomical regions as well as functional commonalities between perceptual processes and imagery. Similar patterns of CBF changes provided evidence supporting the notion that imagery processes share a substantial neural substrate with related perceptual processes. Bila... | 6,140,132 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
the inferior frontal polar cortex and right thalamus suggest that these regions may be related to retrieval and/or generation of auditory information from memory.
# Absolute pitch.
Absolute pitch (AP) is defined as the ability to identify the pitch of a musical tone or to produce a musical tone ... | 6,140,133 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
musicians possessing AP and musicians lacking AP. When presented with musical tones, similar patterns of increased CBF in auditory cortical areas emerged in both groups. AP possessors and non-AP subjects demonstrated similar patterns of left dorsolateral frontal activity when they performed relati... | 6,140,134 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
and task demands determine the recruited neural areas.
# Emotion.
Emotions induced by music activate similar frontal brain regions compared to emotions elicited by other stimuli. Schmidt and Trainor (2001) discovered that valence (i.e. positive vs. negative) of musical segments was distinguished... | 6,140,135 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
stimuli became more intense.
Music is able to create an incredibly pleasurable experience that can be described as "chills". Blood and Zatorre (2001) used PET to measure changes in cerebral blood flow while participants listened to music that they knew to give them the "chills" or any sort of int... | 6,140,136 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
pleasure responses enable the release dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin. Nucleus accumbens (a part of striatum) is involved in both music related emotions, as well as rhythmic timing.
According to the National Institute of Health, children and adults who are suffering from emotional trauma have b... | 6,140,137 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
a sense of conflict or emotional pain. The right hemisphere has also been found to be correlated with emotion, which can also activate areas in the cingulate in times of emotional pain, specifically social rejection (Eisenberger). This evidence, along with observations, has led many musical theori... | 6,140,138 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of musical memory.
Musical memory involves both explicit and implicit memory systems. Explicit musical memory is further differentiated between episodic (where, when and what of the musical experience) and semantic (memory for music knowledge including facts and emotional concepts). Implicit memo... | 6,140,139 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
neural correlates of musical semantic and episodic memory found distinct activation patterns. Semantic musical memory involves the sense of familiarity of songs. The semantic memory for music condition resulted in bilateral activation in the medial and orbital frontal cortex, as well as activation... | 6,140,140 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
are somewhat functionally specialized for musical semantic representations.
Episodic memory of musical information involves the ability to recall the former context associated with a musical excerpt. In the condition invoking episodic memory for music, activations were found bilaterally in the mi... | 6,140,141 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
distributed brain network subserves pitch memory processes. Gaab, Gaser, Zaehle, Jancke and Schlaug (2003) examined the functional anatomy of pitch memory using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An analysis of performance scores in a pitch memory task resulted in a significant correlat... | 6,140,142 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of music on memory.
Musical training has been shown to aid memory. Altenmuller et al. studied the difference between active and passive musical instruction and found both that over a longer (but not short) period of time, the actively taught students retained much more information than the passiv... | 6,140,143 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
One major study, published in the journal Memory & Cognition, found that music enables the mind to evoke memories of the past.
# Attention.
Treder et al. identified neural correlates of attention when listening to simplified polyphonic music patterns. In a musical oddball experiment, they had pa... | 6,140,144 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
be classified offline with high accuracy. This indicates that attention paid to a particular instrument in polyphonic music can be inferred from ongoing EEG, a finding that is potentially relevant for building more ergonomic music-listing based brain-computer interfaces.
# Development.
Musical f... | 6,140,145 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
non-musical control. Schlaug also found that there was a strong correlation of musical exposure before the age of seven, and a great increase in the size of the corpus callosum. These fibers join together the left and right hemispheres and indicate an increased relaying between both sides of the b... | 6,140,146 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
that require repetitive hand movements. Focal hand dystonia is associated with abnormal processing in the premotor and primary sensorimotor cortices. An fMRI study examined five guitarists with focal hand dystonia. The study reproduced task-specific hand dystonia by having guitarists use a real gu... | 6,140,147 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
widespread bilateral cortical region involvement is necessary to produce complex hand movements such as scales and arpeggios. The abnormal shift from premotor to primary sensorimotor activation directly correlates with guitar-induced hand dystonia.
## Music agnosia.
Music agnosia, an auditory ag... | 6,140,148 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
are spared in recognizing environmental sounds and in recognizing lyrics. Peretz (1996) has studied C.N.'s music agnosia further and reports an initial impairment of pitch processing and spared temporal processing. C.N. later recovered in pitch processing abilities but remained impaired in tune re... | 6,140,149 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of music agnosia have resulted from surgery involving the middle cerebral artery. Patient studies have surmounted a large amount of evidence demonstrating that the left side of the brain is more suitable for holding long-term memory representations of music and that the right side is important for... | 6,140,150 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
or brain damage after birth. Amusic brains have been found in fMRI studies to have less white matter and thicker cortex than controls in the right inferior frontal cortex. These differences suggest abnormal neuronal development in the auditory cortex and inferior frontal gyrus, two areas which are... | 6,140,151 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of hearing the intonation of speech, for example, distinguishing between "You speak French" and "You speak French?" when spoken.
## Amygdala damage.
Damage to the amygdala has selective emotional impairments on musical recognition. Gosselin, Peretz, Johnsen and Adolphs (2007) studied S.M., a pat... | 6,140,152 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
deficit in music reading.
Specific musical impairments may result from brain damage leaving other musical abilities intact. Cappelletti, Waley-Cohen, Butterworth and Kopelman (2000) studied a single case study of patient P.K.C., a professional musician who sustained damage to the left posterior t... | 6,140,153 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
staff regardless of whether the task involved naming with the conventional letter or by singing or playing. Yet despite this specific deficit, P.K.C. retained the ability to remember and play familiar and new melodies.
## Auditory arrhythmia.
Arrhythmia in the auditory modality is defined as a d... | 6,140,154 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
eficits such as the inability to rhythmically perform music, the inability to keep time to music and the inability to discriminate between or reproduce rhythmic patterns. A study investigating the elements of rhythmic function examined Patient H.J., who acquired arrhythmia after sustaining a right... | 6,140,155 |
25049935 | Mike Leach | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach | Mike Leach
Mike Leach
Mike Leach may refer to:
- Mike Leach (American football coach) (born 1961), American college football head coach
- Mike Leach (long snapper) (born 1976), former American football long snapper
- Mike Leach (tennis) (born 1960), tennis player
- Mick Leach (1947–1992), English soccer player | 6,140,156 |
25049873 | First Presbyterian Church of Hector | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First%20Presbyterian%20Church%20of%20Hector | First Presbyterian Church of Hector
First Presbyterian Church of Hector
First Presbyterian Church of Hector is a historic Presbyterian church located at Hector in Schuyler County, New York. It was built in 1818 and is a large, rectangular Federal era frame building distinguished by a variety of Georgian inspired desig... | 6,140,157 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
Jeff Hayden
Jeffrey D. "Jeff" Hayden (born September 24, 1966) is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), he represents District 62, which includes portions of south Minneapolis in Hennepin County in the Twin Cities metropoli... | 6,140,158 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
re-election. He was re-elected in 2010.
# Minnesota Senate.
On July 25, 2011, Hayden announced that he would run in the October 18, 2011, special election to fill the state senate seat that was vacated by Senator Linda Berglin, who resigned on August 15, 2011, to take a new job with Hennepin County as a h... | 6,140,159 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
Connection, which provides affordable housing advocacy. He is a founding member of the City of Lakes Community Land Trust. He also served on the board of directors of the Bryant Neighborhood Association and of the Powderhorn Park Neighborhood Association, and as board member of Community Action of Minneapol... | 6,140,160 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
es affordable housing advocacy. He is a founding member of the City of Lakes Community Land Trust. He also served on the board of directors of the Bryant Neighborhood Association and of the Powderhorn Park Neighborhood Association, and as board member of Community Action of Minneapolis.
# Investigations.
... | 6,140,161 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
Vermont Housing Finance Agency
The Vermont Housing Finance Agency (VHFA) is chartered as a private non-profit agency to finance and promote affordable housing opportunities for low- and moderate- income Vermonters. They are located in Burlington, Vermont.
# History.
The Vermont legisla... | 6,140,162 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
representing the finance and construction industry who also vote. The Executive Director is Maura Collins.
VHFA helps applicants with
- Single-family and homeownership mortgage financing programs
- Multifamily programs including:
- Multifamily loan programs
- Asset management and mon... | 6,140,163 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
million out of which $3.0 million were for personnel salaries and benefits.
## Staffing.
VHFA has about 40 employees. it issues tax-exempt bonds to fund its loan programs. It supports its operation out of the difference between what it gets for interest from its debtors and what it gets... | 6,140,164 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
it gets for interest from its debtors and what it gets from lenders. The bonds are obligations of the agency and are underwritten by its loans.
# External links.
- State Housing Agencies Get Caught in Credit Crunch
- Forest Park banks on grants for revitalization
- Tax credits aid Ver... | 6,140,165 |
25049949 | First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First%20Baptist%20Church%20of%20Watkins%20Glen | First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen
First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen
First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen is a historic Baptist church located at Watkins Glen in Schuyler County, New York. It was built in 1888 and is a Victorian era religious building distinguished by a variety of vernacular Romanesque Revival an... | 6,140,166 |
25049763 | Mo Mozzali | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%20Mozzali | Mo Mozzali
Mo Mozzali
Maurice Joseph "Mo" Mozzali (December 12, 1922 — March 2, 1987) was an American professional baseball outfielder, scout and coach. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Mozzali threw and batted left-handed, stood 5 feet, 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighed 158 pounds (72 kg).
Mozzali played all but one ... | 6,140,167 |
25049763 | Mo Mozzali | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%20Mozzali | Mo Mozzali
also spent time in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. A huge favorite of local fans, he was a member of the Cervecería and Leones clubs in three seasons spanning 1951–55, before joining the Industriales de Valencia in the 1956–57 campaign. During those four seasons, he posted a .315 batting average... | 6,140,168 |
25049763 | Mo Mozzali | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%20Mozzali | Mo Mozzali
anager of the Albany Cardinals of the Georgia–Florida League, Mozalli retired from the field. He batted .298 with 80 home runs in 1,463 minor league games.
Mozzali then became a scout for the Cardinals, serving from 1959 through 1976. He spent the 1977 and 1978 seasons as a member of the big-league Cardinal... | 6,140,169 |
25049880 | Paul Crump | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Crump | Paul Crump
Paul Crump
Paul Crump (April 2, 1930 – October 11, 2002) was a death row inmate who gained international notoriety and parole after writing the novel "Burn, Killer, Burn".
# Crimes and prison sentences.
Crump served 39 years in prison for killing a security guard in the armed robbery of a Chicago meatpack... | 6,140,170 |
25049880 | Paul Crump | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Crump | Paul Crump
novel is autobiographical and was published in 1962. It is about a murderer who commits suicide rather than be executed.
"Life" magazine on July 27, 1962 featured a 4-page article on Paul Crump, "Facing Death, A New Life Perhaps Too Late".
# Documentaries.
William Friedkin produced and directed a document... | 6,140,171 |
25049880 | Paul Crump | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Crump | Paul Crump
produced and directed a documentary for television in 1962, titled "The People vs. Paul Crump" when Crump had been on death row for nine years. The program was not aired, due to content regarded as controversial. Nizer's involvement with attorney Donald Moore in the legal battle to have Crump's death sentenc... | 6,140,172 |
25049884 | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation%20of%20the%20Sisters%20of%20St.%20Ann | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
The Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann, sometimes called the Sisters of St. Ann of Providence, are a congregation of Roman Catholic of Religious Sisters founded in the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1834 for the care of children and of the poor.... | 6,140,173 |
25049884 | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation%20of%20the%20Sisters%20of%20St.%20Ann | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
had recruited to help with this mission agreed to embrace the consecrated life. Other women joined the congregation and they began to serve in various towns and villages throughout the Piedmont region and then elsewhere in Italy. The congregation expanded to such a degree that the... | 6,140,174 |
25049884 | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation%20of%20the%20Sisters%20of%20St.%20Ann | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
71 the first Sisters of St. Ann were sent as missionaries to India. Their first house was in Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh, from which they began to expand to other parts of India. That region now has the largest group of communities of the Sisters of St. Ann. Dominici was beatif... | 6,140,175 |
25049994 | S&P/BVL Peru General Index | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S&P/BVL%20Peru%20General%20Index | S&P/BVL Peru General Index
S&P/BVL Peru General Index
The S&P/BVL Peru General Index (SPBLPGPT), (formerly IGBVL: Indice General de la Bolsa de Valores de Lima; English: General Index of the Lima Stock Exchange), is the main index of the Lima Stock Exchange. It is designed to serve as a broad benchmark for the Per... | 6,140,176 |
25049994 | S&P/BVL Peru General Index | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S&P/BVL%20Peru%20General%20Index | S&P/BVL Peru General Index
rmerly IGBVL: Indice General de la Bolsa de Valores de Lima; English: General Index of the Lima Stock Exchange), is the main index of the Lima Stock Exchange. It is designed to serve as a broad benchmark for the Peruvian stock market, tracking the performance of the largest and most frequentl... | 6,140,177 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
David Namwandi
David R. Namwandi (born February 28, 1954) is a Namibian politician and academic, who served as the Minister of Education from 2013 to 2015. Namwandi previously served as Deputy Minister of Education from 2010 to 2013. He is a member of SWAPO, Namibia's ruling party.
# Biography.
Namwan... | 6,140,178 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
Namibia.
# Career.
Until 21 March 2010, when he was elected a member of National Assembly and appointed Deputy Minister of Education of the Republic of Namibia. He served as Member of Parliament and Minister of Education in the Republic of Namibia since 21 February 2013 until 21 March 2015.
He served ... | 6,140,179 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
Chancellors and Rectors Forum (VCRF) as its first Vice Chairperson.
He is the owner and current Group Chairman of Onambambi Holdings (Pty) Ltd Namibia, which has subsidiary companies venturing into transport, properties, investments, fishing, hospitality, security services and farming.
He is the founde... | 6,140,180 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
ye Pohamba in 2010 under a SWAPO Party mandate.
He is a recipient of an International Award for outstanding contribution to Education from Central Bank of India, 2012.
Namwandi is also a recipient of an International B-School Leadership i.e. Educational Excellence Award from Le Matinal, Mauritius, 2011... | 6,140,181 |
25050035 | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters%20of%20Providence%20of%20St.%20Vincent%20de%20Paul | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
The Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul are an apostolic congregation of vowed women religious, who rely on and proclaim the Providence of God. They are the only religious congregation founded in Kingston, Ontario.
# Sp... | 6,140,182 |
25050035 | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters%20of%20Providence%20of%20St.%20Vincent%20de%20Paul | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
the most destitute, manifested by service given in a spirit of humility, simplicity and charity. As they serve with compassion and walk in hope, they trust in the power, the movement and the mystery of Providence in all things.
# History.
On December 13, 1861, four Sisters... | 6,140,183 |
25050035 | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters%20of%20Providence%20of%20St.%20Vincent%20de%20Paul | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
ntreal arrived in Kingston to found what is now known as the Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul. The only religious congregation founded in Kingston, Ontario, is still active today.
# General Superiors.
The first general superior of the Sisters of Providence of S... | 6,140,184 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
Mike Leach (long snapper)
John Michael Leach (born October 18, 1976) is a former American football long snapper who played in the National Football League. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2000. He played college football at William & Mary.
His NFL career s... | 6,140,185 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
leading scorer and rebounder in Falcons basketball history. Additionally, Leach appeared in three NJSIAA basketball playoff games.
# College career.
Leach attended Boston University (1995–1997) and The College of William & Mary (1998–2000). At The College of William and Mary, during his juni... | 6,140,186 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
senior.
# Professional career.
## Tennessee Titans.
Leach signed as an undrafted free agent with the Tennessee Titans on April 20, 2000. He played in 15 games for the Titans during the 2000 season and four games during the 2001 season before being released by the team.
## Chicago Bears.
L... | 6,140,187 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
2002, as part of a 34-10 home loss to the Oakland Raiders.
Leach served as the Broncos long snapper in every game through the 2008 season since his first appearance with the team in 2002. He was featured in an August 2007 issue of "Sports Illustrated" in which writer Peter King listed the top... | 6,140,188 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
the NFL. Leach was ranked number 1,000 as a symbolic gesture to show that every player has a necessary role on a roster.
The Broncos released Leach on March 1, 2009 after the team signed free agent long snapper Lonie Paxton.
## Arizona Cardinals.
Leach was signed by the Arizona Cardinals on... | 6,140,189 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
HMS Sandfly (1911)
HMS "Sandfly" was an "Acheron"-class destroyer of the Royal Navy that served during World War I and was sold for breaking in 1921. She was the seventh Royal Navy ship to be named after the small biting fly of the same name.
# Construction.
She was built under the 1910-11 shipbui... | 6,140,190 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
Grand Fleet in 1914 on the outbreak of World War I.
## The Battle of Heligoland Bight.
She was present on 28 August 1914 at the Battle of Heligoland Bight, detached from the First Destroyer Flotilla along with "Badger", "Beaver" and "Jackal". She shared in the prize money for the engagement.
## Th... | 6,140,191 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
to screen the Third Battle Squadron in November 1916.
## Conversion to minelayer.
In 1917 the "Acheron"-class destroyers "Ferret", "Sandfly" and "Ariel" were converted to minelaying destroyers, capable of carrying 40 mines. "Sandfly" served with the 20th Flotilla, and operated out of Immingham.
##... | 6,140,192 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
1916.
## Conversion to minelayer.
In 1917 the "Acheron"-class destroyers "Ferret", "Sandfly" and "Ariel" were converted to minelaying destroyers, capable of carrying 40 mines. "Sandfly" served with the 20th Flotilla, and operated out of Immingham.
## SS "Miniota".
On 31 August 1917 "Sandfly" went... | 6,140,193 |
25050066 | Laufer Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laufer%20Media | Laufer Media
Laufer Media
Laufer Media is an American magazine publisher, focusing on teen magazines.
# History.
"Tiger Beat" was started in 1965 by Charles Laufer, and brought stars such as Donny Osmond to national attention. Laufer started several more teen magazines with the same formula. These magazines were lat... | 6,140,194 |
25050071 | Pinebridge Coliseum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinebridge%20Coliseum | Pinebridge Coliseum
Pinebridge Coliseum
Pinebridge Coliseum, also known as The Bridge Coliseum, is a 5,000 seat indoor arena located in Spruce Pine, North Carolina. When it opened in 1983, it was the largest arena with an ice rink in North Carolina. It hosted the ice hockey team Pinebridge Bucks of the Atlantic Coast ... | 6,140,195 |
25050081 | Arsan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsan | Arsan
Arsan
Arsan may refer to:
- ARSAN
- Emmanuelle Arsan
- Sünuhi Arsan
- Arsan Duolai | 6,140,196 |
25050053 | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los%20Angeles%20Latino%20International%20Film%20Festival | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival
Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival
The Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival includes feature films, documentaries, and short films from the Spanish and Portuguese diaspora. The six-day festival was established in 1997. The festival was founded by Mar... | 6,140,197 |
25050053 | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los%20Angeles%20Latino%20International%20Film%20Festival | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival
val's Gabi lifetime Achievement Award. Other films screened at the 2009 even included Josh Crook's "La Soga" from Santiago in the Dominican Republic, "Down for Life" about a Latino gang leader in Los Angeles, "Santos" by Nicholas Lopez Salvador, Sebastian Gutierrez's "Wome... | 6,140,198 |
25050086 | Richard Woodman (engraver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Woodman%20(engraver) | Richard Woodman (engraver)
Richard Woodman (engraver)
Richard Woodman (July 1, 1784 – December 15, 1859) was an English engraver and miniature portrait painter.
# Life.
Woodman was born in London. He is often referred to as "The Younger" to distinguish him from his father, Richard Woodman, who was also an engraver. ... | 6,140,199 |
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