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25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
revealed an early frontal negativity independent of where attention was directed. This negativity originated in the auditory cortex, more precisely in the supratemporal lobe (which corresponds with the secondary auditory cortex) with greater activity from the right hemisphere. The negativity response was larger for pitch that was out of tune than that which was out of key. Ratings of musical incongruity were higher for out of tune pitch melodies than for out of key pitch. In the focused attention condition, out of key and out of tune pitches produced late parietal positivity. The findings of Brattico et al. (2006) suggest that there is automatic and rapid processing of melodic properties in | 6,140,100 |
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the secondary auditory cortex. The findings that pitch incongruities were detected automatically, even in processing unfamiliar melodies, suggests that there is an automatic comparison of incoming information with long term knowledge of musical scale properties, such as culturally influenced rules of musical properties (common chord progressions, scale patterns, etc.) and individual expectations of how the melody should proceed. The auditory area processes the sound of the music. The auditory area is located in the temporal lobe. The temporal lobe deals with the recognition and perception of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech (Kinser, 2012).
## Role of right auditory cortex in fine pitch | 6,140,101 |
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resolution.
The right secondary auditory cortex has finer pitch resolution than the left. Hyde, Peretz and Zatorre (2008) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in their study to test the involvement of right and left auditory cortical regions in frequency processing of melodic sequences. As well as finding superior pitch resolution in the right secondary auditory cortex, specific areas found to be involved were the planum temporale (PT) in the secondary auditory cortex, and the primary auditory cortex in the medial section of Heschl's gyrus (HG).
Many neuroimaging studies have found evidence of the importance of right secondary auditory regions in aspects of musical pitch processing, | 6,140,102 |
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such as melody. Many of these studies such as one by Patterson, Uppenkamp, Johnsrude and Griffiths (2002) also find evidence of a hierarchy of pitch processing. Patterson et al. (2002) used spectrally matched sounds which produced: no pitch, fixed pitch or melody in an fMRI study and found that all conditions activated HG and PT. Sounds with pitch activated more of these regions than sounds without. When a melody was produced activation spread to the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and planum polare (PP). These results support the existence of a pitch processing hierarchy.
## Rhythm.
The belt and parabelt areas of the right hemisphere are involved in processing rhythm. Rhythm is a strong repeated | 6,140,103 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
pattern of movement or sound. When individuals are preparing to tap out a rhythm of regular intervals (1:2 or 1:3) the left frontal cortex, left parietal cortex, and right cerebellum are all activated. With more difficult rhythms such as a 1:2.5, more areas in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are involved. EEG recordings have also shown a relationship between brain electrical activity and rhythm perception. Snyder and Large (2005) performed a study examining rhythm perception in human subjects, finding that activity in the gamma band (20 – 60 Hz) corresponds to the beats in a simple rhythm. Two types of gamma activity were found by Snyder & Large: induced gamma activity, and evoked gamma activity. | 6,140,104 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
Evoked gamma activity was found after the onset of each tone in the rhythm; this activity was found to be phase-locked (peaks and troughs were directly related to the exact onset of the tone) and did not appear when a gap (missed beat) was present in the rhythm. Induced gamma activity, which was not found to be phase-locked, was also found to correspond with each beat. However, induced gamma activity did not subside when a gap was present in the rhythm, indicating that induced gamma activity may possibly serve as a sort of internal metronome independent of auditory input. The motor and auditory areas are located in the cerebrum of the brain. The motor area processes the rhythm of the music (Dean, | 6,140,105 |
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2013). The motor area of the brain is located in the parietal lobe. The parietal lobe also deals with orientation, recognition, and perception.
## Tonality.
Tonality describes the relationships between the elements of melody and harmony – tones, intervals, chords, and scales. These relationships are often characterized as hierarchical, such that one of the elements dominates or attracts another. They occur both within and between every type of element, creating a rich and time-varying perception between tones and their melodic, harmonic, and chromatic contexts. In one conventional sense, tonality refers to just the major and minor scale types – examples of scales whose elements are capable | 6,140,106 |
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of maintaining a consistent set of functional relationships. The most important functional relationship is that of the tonic note (the first note in a scale) and the tonic chord (the first note in the scale with the third and fifth note) with the rest of the scale. The tonic is the element which tends to assert its dominance and attraction over all others, and it functions as the ultimate point of attraction, rest and resolution for the scale.
The right auditory cortex is primarily involved in perceiving pitch, and parts of harmony, melody and rhythm. One study by Petr Janata found that there are tonality-sensitive areas in the medial prefrontal cortex, the cerebellum, the superior temporal | 6,140,107 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
sulci of both hemispheres and the superior temporal gyri (which has a skew towards the right hemisphere).
# Music production and performance.
## Motor control functions.
Musical performance usually involves at least three elementary motor control functions: timing, sequencing, and spatial organization of motor movements. Accuracy in timing of movements is related to musical rhythm. Rhythm, the pattern of temporal intervals within a musical measure or phrase, in turn creates the perception of stronger and weaker beats. Sequencing and spatial organization relate to the expression of individual notes on a musical instrument.
These functions and their neural mechanisms have been investigated | 6,140,108 |
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separately in many studies, but little is known about their combined interaction in producing a complex musical performance. The study of music requires examining them together.
### Timing.
Although neural mechanisms involved in timing movement have been studied rigorously over the past 20 years, much remains controversial. The ability to phrase movements in precise time has been accredited to a neural metronome or clock mechanism where time is represented through oscillations or pulses. An opposing view to this metronome mechanism has also been hypothesized stating that it is an emergent property of the kinematics of movement itself. Kinematics is defined as parameters of movement through | 6,140,109 |
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space without reference to forces (for example, direction, velocity and acceleration).
Functional neuroimaging studies, as well as studies of brain-damaged patients, have linked movement timing to several cortical and sub-cortical regions, including the cerebellum, basal ganglia and supplementary motor area (SMA). Specifically the basal ganglia and possibly the SMA have been implicated in interval timing at longer timescales (1 second and above), while the cerebellum may be more important for controlling motor timing at shorter timescales (milliseconds). Furthermore, these results indicate that motor timing is not controlled by a single brain region, but by a network of regions that control | 6,140,110 |
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specific parameters of movement and that depend on the relevant timescale of the rhythmic sequence.
### Sequencing.
Motor sequencing has been explored in terms of either the ordering of individual movements, such as finger sequences for key presses, or the coordination of subcomponents of complex multi-joint movements. Implicated in this process are various cortical and sub-cortical regions, including the basal ganglia, the SMA and the pre-SMA, the cerebellum, and the premotor and prefrontal cortices, all involved in the production and learning of motor sequences but without explicit evidence of their specific contributions or interactions amongst one another. In animals, neurophysiological | 6,140,111 |
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studies have demonstrated an interaction between the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia during the learning of movement sequences. Human neuroimaging studies have also emphasized the contribution of the basal ganglia for well-learned sequences.
The cerebellum is arguably important for sequence learning and for the integration of individual movements into unified sequences, while the pre-SMA and SMA have been shown to be involved in organizing or chunking of more complex movement sequences.
Chunking, defined as the re-organization or re-grouping of movement sequences into smaller sub-sequences during performance, is thought to facilitate the smooth performance of complex movements and to | 6,140,112 |
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improve motor memory.
Lastly, the premotor cortex has been shown to be involved in tasks that require the production of relatively complex sequences, and it may contribute to motor prediction.
### Spatial organization.
Few studies of complex motor control have distinguished between sequential and spatial organization, yet expert musical performances demand not only precise sequencing but also spatial organization of movements. Studies in animals and humans have established the involvement of parietal, sensory–motor and premotor cortices in the control of movements, when the integration of spatial, sensory and motor information is required. Few studies so far have explicitly examined the role | 6,140,113 |
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of spatial processing in the context of musical tasks.
## Auditory-motor interactions.
### Feedforward and feedback interactions.
An auditory–motor interaction may be loosely defined as any engagement of or communication between the two systems. Two classes of auditory-motor interaction are "feedforward" and "feedback". In feedforward interactions, it is the auditory system that predominately influences the motor output, often in a predictive way. An example is the phenomenon of tapping to the beat, where the listener anticipates the rhythmic accents in a piece of music. Another example is the effect of music on movement disorders: rhythmic auditory stimuli have been shown to improve walking | 6,140,114 |
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ability in Parkinson's disease and stroke patients.
Feedback interactions are particularly relevant in playing an instrument such as a violin, or in singing, where pitch is variable and must be continuously controlled. If auditory feedback is blocked, musicians can still execute well-rehearsed pieces, but expressive aspects of performance are affected. When auditory feedback is experimentally manipulated by delays or distortions, motor performance is significantly altered: asynchronous feedback disrupts the timing of events, whereas alteration of pitch information disrupts the selection of appropriate actions, but not their timing. This suggests that disruptions occur because both actions and | 6,140,115 |
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percepts depend on a single underlying mental representation.
### Models of auditory–motor interactions.
Several models of auditory–motor interactions have been advanced. The model of Hickok and Poeppel, which is specific for speech processing, proposes that a ventral auditory stream maps sounds onto meaning, whereas a dorsal stream maps sounds onto articulatory representations. They and others suggest that posterior auditory regions at the parieto-temporal boundary are crucial parts of the auditory–motor interface, mapping auditory representations onto motor representations of speech, and onto melodies.
### Mirror/echo neurons and auditory–motor interactions.
The mirror neuron system has | 6,140,116 |
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an important role in neural models of sensory–motor integration. There is considerable evidence that neurons respond to both actions and the accumulated observation of actions. A system proposed to explain this understanding of actions is that visual representations of actions are mapped onto our own motor system.
Some mirror neurons are activated both by the observation of goal-directed actions, and by the associated sounds produced during the action. This suggests that the auditory modality can access the motor system. While these auditory–motor interactions have mainly been studied for speech processes, and have focused on Broca's area and the vPMC, as of 2011, experiments have begun to | 6,140,117 |
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shed light on how these interactions are needed for musical performance. Results point to a broader involvement of the dPMC and other motor areas.
# Music and language.
Certain aspects of language and melody have been shown to be processed in near identical functional brain areas. Brown, Martinez and Parsons (2006) examined the neurological structural similarities between music and language. Utilizing positron emission tomography (PET), the findings showed that both linguistic and melodic phrases produced activation in almost identical functional brain areas. These areas included the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca's area, anterior insula, primary and secondary auditory | 6,140,118 |
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cortices, temporal pole, basal ganglia, ventral thalamus and posterior cerebellum. Differences were found in lateralization tendencies as language tasks favoured the left hemisphere, but the majority of activations were bilateral which produced significant overlap across modalities.
Syntactical information mechanisms in both music and language have been shown to be processed similarly in the brain. Jentschke, Koelsch, Sallat and Friederici (2008) conducted a study investigating the processing of music in children with specific language impairments (SLI). Children with typical language development (TLD) showed ERP patterns different from those of children with SLI, which reflected their challenges | 6,140,119 |
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in processing music-syntactic regularities. Strong correlations between the ERAN ("Early Right Anterior Negativity"—a specific ERP measure) amplitude and linguistic and musical abilities provide additional evidence for the relationship of syntactical processing in music and language.
However, production of melody and production of speech may be subserved by different neural networks. Stewart, Walsh, Frith and Rothwell (2001) studied the differences between speech production and song production using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Stewart et al. found that TMS applied to the left frontal lobe disturbs speech but not melody supporting the idea that they are subserved by different areas | 6,140,120 |
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of the brain. The authors suggest that a reason for the difference is that speech generation can be localized well but the underlying mechanisms of melodic production cannot. Alternatively, it was also suggested that speech production may be less robust than melodic production and thus more susceptible to interference.
Language processing is a function more of the left side of the brain than the right side, particularly Broca's area and Wernicke's area, though the roles played by the two sides of the brain in processing different aspects of language are still unclear. Music is also processed by both the left and the right sides of the brain. Recent evidence further suggest shared processing | 6,140,121 |
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between language and music at the conceptual level. It has also been found that, among music conservatory students, the prevalence of absolute pitch is much higher for speakers of tone language, even controlling for ethnic background, showing that language influences how musical tones are perceived.
# Musician vs. non-musician processing.
## Differences.
Brain structure within musicians and non-musicians is distinctly different. Gaser and Schlaug (2003) compared brain structures of professional musicians with non-musicians and discovered gray matter volume differences in motor, auditory and visual-spatial brain regions. Specifically, positive correlations were discovered between musician | 6,140,122 |
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status (professional, amateur and non-musician) and gray matter volume in the primary motor and somatosensory areas, premotor areas, anterior superior parietal areas and in the inferior temporal gyrus bilaterally. This strong association between musician status and gray matter differences supports the notion that musicians' brains show use-dependent structural changes. Due to the distinct differences in several brain regions, it is unlikely that these differences are innate but rather due to the long-term acquisition and repetitive rehearsal of musical skills.
Brains of musicians also show functional differences from those of non-musicians. Krings, Topper, Foltys, Erberich, Sparing, Willmes | 6,140,123 |
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and Thron (2000) utilized fMRI to study brain area involvement of professional pianists and a control group while performing complex finger movements. Krings et al. found that the professional piano players showed lower levels of cortical activation in motor areas of the brain. It was concluded that a lesser amount of neurons needed to be activated for the piano players due to long-term motor practice which results in the different cortical activation patterns. Koeneke, Lutz, Wustenberg and Jancke (2004) reported similar findings in keyboard players. Skilled keyboard players and a control group performed complex tasks involving unimanual and bimanual finger movements. During task conditions, | 6,140,124 |
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strong hemodynamic responses in the cerebellum were shown by both non-musicians and keyboard players, but non-musicians showed the stronger response. This finding indicates that different cortical activation patterns emerge from long-term motor practice. This evidence supports previous data showing that musicians require fewer neurons to perform the same movements.
Musicians have been shown to have significantly more developed left planum temporales, and have also shown to have a greater word memory. Chan's study controlled for age, grade point average and years of education and found that when given a 16 word memory test, the musicians averaged one to two more words above their non musical | 6,140,125 |
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counterparts.
## Similarities.
Studies have shown that the human brain has an implicit musical ability. Koelsch, Gunter, Friederici and Schoger (2000) investigated the influence of preceding musical context, task relevance of unexpected chords and the degree of probability of violation on music processing in both musicians and non-musicians. Findings showed that the human brain unintentionally extrapolates expectations about impending auditory input. Even in non-musicians, the extrapolated expectations are consistent with music theory. The ability to process information musically supports the idea of an implicit musical ability in the human brain. In a follow-up study, Koelsch, Schroger, and | 6,140,126 |
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Gunter (2002) investigated whether ERAN and N5 could be evoked preattentively in non-musicians. Findings showed that both ERAN and N5 can be elicited even in a situation where the musical stimulus is ignored by the listener indicating that there is a highly differentiated preattentive musicality in the human brain.
# Gender differences.
Minor neurological differences regarding hemispheric processing exist between brains of males and females. Koelsch, Maess, Grossmann and Friederici (2003) investigated music processing through EEG and ERPs and discovered gender differences. Findings showed that females process music information bilaterally and males process music with a right-hemispheric predominance. | 6,140,127 |
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However, the early negativity of males was also present over the left hemisphere. This indicates that males do not exclusively utilize the right hemisphere for musical information processing. In a follow-up study, Koelsch, Grossman, Gunter, Hahne, Schroger and Friederici (2003) found that boys show lateralization of the early anterior negativity in the left hemisphere but found a bilateral effect in girls. This indicates a developmental effect as early negativity is lateralized in the right hemisphere in men and in the left hemisphere in boys.
# Handedness differences.
It has been found that subjects who are lefthanded, particularly those who are also ambidextrous, perform better than righthanders | 6,140,128 |
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on short term memory for the pitch.
It was hypothesized that this handedness advantage is due to the fact that lefthanders have more duplication of storage in the two hemispheres than do righthanders. Other work has shown that there are pronounced differences between righthanders and lefthanders (on a statistical basis) in how musical patterns are perceived, when sounds come from different regions of space. This has been found, for example, in the Octave illusion and the Scale illusion.
# Musical imagery.
Musical imagery refers to the experience of replaying music by imagining it inside the head. Musicians show a superior ability for musical imagery due to intense musical training. Herholz, | 6,140,129 |
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Lappe, Knief and Pantev (2008) investigated the differences in neural processing of a musical imagery task in musicians and non-musicians. Utilizing magnetoencephalography (MEG), Herholz et al. examined differences in the processing of a musical imagery task with familiar melodies in musicians and non-musicians. Specifically, the study examined whether the mismatch negativity (MMN) can be based solely on imagery of sounds. The task involved participants listening to the beginning of a melody, continuation of the melody in his/her head and finally hearing a correct/incorrect tone as further continuation of the melody. The imagery of these melodies was strong enough to obtain an early preattentive | 6,140,130 |
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brain response to unanticipated violations of the imagined melodies in the musicians. These results indicate similar neural correlates are relied upon for trained musicians imagery and perception. Additionally, the findings suggest that modification of the imagery mismatch negativity (iMMN) through intense musical training results in achievement of a superior ability for imagery and preattentive processing of music.
Perceptual musical processes and musical imagery may share a neural substrate in the brain. A PET study conducted by Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer and Evans (1996) investigated cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes related to auditory imagery and perceptual tasks. These tasks examined | 6,140,131 |
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the involvement of particular anatomical regions as well as functional commonalities between perceptual processes and imagery. Similar patterns of CBF changes provided evidence supporting the notion that imagery processes share a substantial neural substrate with related perceptual processes. Bilateral neural activity in the secondary auditory cortex was associated with both perceiving and imagining songs. This implies that within the secondary auditory cortex, processes underlie the phenomenological impression of imagined sounds. The supplementary motor area (SMA) was active in both imagery and perceptual tasks suggesting covert vocalization as an element of musical imagery. CBF increases in | 6,140,132 |
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the inferior frontal polar cortex and right thalamus suggest that these regions may be related to retrieval and/or generation of auditory information from memory.
# Absolute pitch.
Absolute pitch (AP) is defined as the ability to identify the pitch of a musical tone or to produce a musical tone at a given pitch without the use of an external reference pitch. Neuroscientific research has not discovered a distinct activation pattern common for possessors of AP. Zatorre, Perry, Beckett, Westbury and Evans (1998) examined the neural foundations of AP using functional and structural brain imaging techniques. Positron emission tomography (PET) was utilized to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) in | 6,140,133 |
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musicians possessing AP and musicians lacking AP. When presented with musical tones, similar patterns of increased CBF in auditory cortical areas emerged in both groups. AP possessors and non-AP subjects demonstrated similar patterns of left dorsolateral frontal activity when they performed relative pitch judgments. However, in non-AP subjects activation in the right inferior frontal cortex was present whereas AP possessors showed no such activity. This finding suggests that musicians with AP do not need access to working memory devices for such tasks. These findings imply that there is no specific regional activation pattern unique to AP. Rather, the availability of specific processing mechanisms | 6,140,134 |
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and task demands determine the recruited neural areas.
# Emotion.
Emotions induced by music activate similar frontal brain regions compared to emotions elicited by other stimuli. Schmidt and Trainor (2001) discovered that valence (i.e. positive vs. negative) of musical segments was distinguished by patterns of frontal EEG activity. Joyful and happy musical segments were associated with increases in left frontal EEG activity whereas fearful and sad musical segments were associated with increases in right frontal EEG activity. Additionally, the intensity of emotions was differentiated by the pattern of overall frontal EEG activity. Overall frontal region activity increased as affective musical | 6,140,135 |
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stimuli became more intense.
Music is able to create an incredibly pleasurable experience that can be described as "chills". Blood and Zatorre (2001) used PET to measure changes in cerebral blood flow while participants listened to music that they knew to give them the "chills" or any sort of intensely pleasant emotional response. They found that as these chills increase, many changes in cerebral blood flow are seen in brain regions such as the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, midbrain, and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Many of these areas appear to be linked to reward, motivation, emotion, and arousal, and are also activated in other pleasurable situations. The resulting | 6,140,136 |
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pleasure responses enable the release dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin. Nucleus accumbens (a part of striatum) is involved in both music related emotions, as well as rhythmic timing.
According to the National Institute of Health, children and adults who are suffering from emotional trauma have been able to benefit from the use of music in a variety of ways. The use of music has been essential in helping children who struggle with focus, anxiety, and cognitive function by using music in therapeutic way. Music therapy has also helped children cope with autism, pediatric cancer, and pain from treatments.
When unpleasant melodies are played, the posterior cingulate cortex activates, which indicates | 6,140,137 |
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a sense of conflict or emotional pain. The right hemisphere has also been found to be correlated with emotion, which can also activate areas in the cingulate in times of emotional pain, specifically social rejection (Eisenberger). This evidence, along with observations, has led many musical theorists, philosophers and neuroscientists to link emotion with tonality. This seems almost obvious because the tones in music "seem" like a characterization of the tones in human speech, which indicate emotional content. The vowels in the phonemes of a song are elongated for a dramatic effect, and it seems as though musical tones are simply exaggerations of the normal verbal tonality.
# Memory.
## Neuropsychology | 6,140,138 |
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of musical memory.
Musical memory involves both explicit and implicit memory systems. Explicit musical memory is further differentiated between episodic (where, when and what of the musical experience) and semantic (memory for music knowledge including facts and emotional concepts). Implicit memory centers on the 'how' of music and involves automatic processes such as procedural memory and motor skill learning – in other words skills critical for playing an instrument. Samson and Baird (2009) found that the ability of musicians with Alzheimer's Disease to play an instrument (implicit procedural memory) may be preserved.
## Neural correlates of musical memory.
A PET study looking into the | 6,140,139 |
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neural correlates of musical semantic and episodic memory found distinct activation patterns. Semantic musical memory involves the sense of familiarity of songs. The semantic memory for music condition resulted in bilateral activation in the medial and orbital frontal cortex, as well as activation in the left angular gyrus and the left anterior region of the middle temporal gyri. These patterns support the functional asymmetry favouring the left hemisphere for semantic memory. Left anterior temporal and inferior frontal regions that were activated in the musical semantic memory task produced activation peaks specifically during the presentation of musical material, suggestion that these regions | 6,140,140 |
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are somewhat functionally specialized for musical semantic representations.
Episodic memory of musical information involves the ability to recall the former context associated with a musical excerpt. In the condition invoking episodic memory for music, activations were found bilaterally in the middle and superior frontal gyri and precuneus, with activation predominant in the right hemisphere. Other studies have found the precuneus to become activated in successful episodic recall. As it was activated in the familiar memory condition of episodic memory, this activation may be explained by the successful recall of the melody.
When it comes to memory for pitch, there appears to be a dynamic and | 6,140,141 |
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distributed brain network subserves pitch memory processes. Gaab, Gaser, Zaehle, Jancke and Schlaug (2003) examined the functional anatomy of pitch memory using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An analysis of performance scores in a pitch memory task resulted in a significant correlation between good task performance and the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) as well as the dorsolateral cerebellum. Findings indicate that the dorsolateral cerebellum may act as a pitch discrimination processor and the SMG may act as a short-term pitch information storage site. The left hemisphere was found to be more prominent in the pitch memory task than the right hemispheric regions.
## Therapeutic effects | 6,140,142 |
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of music on memory.
Musical training has been shown to aid memory. Altenmuller et al. studied the difference between active and passive musical instruction and found both that over a longer (but not short) period of time, the actively taught students retained much more information than the passively taught students. The actively taught students were also found to have greater cerebral cortex activation. It should also be noted that the passively taught students weren't wasting their time; they, along with the active group, displayed greater left hemisphere activity, which is typical in trained musicians.
Research suggests we listen to the same songs repeatedly because of musical nostalgia. | 6,140,143 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
One major study, published in the journal Memory & Cognition, found that music enables the mind to evoke memories of the past.
# Attention.
Treder et al. identified neural correlates of attention when listening to simplified polyphonic music patterns. In a musical oddball experiment, they had participants shift selective attention to one out of three different instruments in music audio clips, with each instrument occasionally playing one or several notes deviating from an otherwise repetitive pattern. Contrasting attended versus unattended instruments, ERP analysis shows subject- and instrument-specific responses including P300 and early auditory components. The attended instrument could | 6,140,144 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
be classified offline with high accuracy. This indicates that attention paid to a particular instrument in polyphonic music can be inferred from ongoing EEG, a finding that is potentially relevant for building more ergonomic music-listing based brain-computer interfaces.
# Development.
Musical four-year-olds have been found to have one greater left hemisphere intrahemispheric coherence. Musicians have been found to have more developed anterior portions of the corpus callosum in a study by Cowell et al. in 1992. This was confirmed by a study by Schlaug et al. in 1995 that found that classical musicians between the ages of 21 and 36 have significantly greater anterior corpora callosa than the | 6,140,145 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
non-musical control. Schlaug also found that there was a strong correlation of musical exposure before the age of seven, and a great increase in the size of the corpus callosum. These fibers join together the left and right hemispheres and indicate an increased relaying between both sides of the brain. This suggests the merging between the spatial- emotiono-tonal processing of the right brain and the linguistical processing of the left brain. This large relaying across many different areas of the brain might contribute to music's ability to aid in memory function.
# Impairment.
## Focal hand dystonia.
Focal hand dystonia is a task-related movement disorder associated with occupational activities | 6,140,146 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
that require repetitive hand movements. Focal hand dystonia is associated with abnormal processing in the premotor and primary sensorimotor cortices. An fMRI study examined five guitarists with focal hand dystonia. The study reproduced task-specific hand dystonia by having guitarists use a real guitar neck inside the scanner as well as performing a guitar exercise to trigger abnormal hand movement. The dystonic guitarists showed significantly more activation of the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex as well as a bilateral underactivation of premotor areas. This activation pattern represents abnormal recruitment of the cortical areas involved in motor control. Even in professional musicians, | 6,140,147 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
widespread bilateral cortical region involvement is necessary to produce complex hand movements such as scales and arpeggios. The abnormal shift from premotor to primary sensorimotor activation directly correlates with guitar-induced hand dystonia.
## Music agnosia.
Music agnosia, an auditory agnosia, is a syndrome of selective impairment in music recognition. Three cases of music agnosia are examined by Dalla Bella and Peretz (1999); C.N., G.L., and I.R.. All three of these patients suffered bilateral damage to the auditory cortex which resulted in musical difficulties while speech understanding remained intact. Their impairment is specific to the recognition of once familiar melodies. They | 6,140,148 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
are spared in recognizing environmental sounds and in recognizing lyrics. Peretz (1996) has studied C.N.'s music agnosia further and reports an initial impairment of pitch processing and spared temporal processing. C.N. later recovered in pitch processing abilities but remained impaired in tune recognition and familiarity judgments.
Musical agnosias may be categorized based on the process which is impaired in the individual. Apperceptive music agnosia involves an impairment at the level of perceptual analysis involving an inability to encode musical information correctly. Associative music agnosia reflects an impaired representational system which disrupts music recognition. Many of the cases | 6,140,149 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of music agnosia have resulted from surgery involving the middle cerebral artery. Patient studies have surmounted a large amount of evidence demonstrating that the left side of the brain is more suitable for holding long-term memory representations of music and that the right side is important for controlling access to these representations. Associative music agnosias tend to be produced by damage to the left hemisphere, while apperceptive music agnosia reflects damage to the right hemisphere.
## Congenital amusia.
Congenital amusia, otherwise known as tone deafness, is a term for lifelong musical problems which are not attributable to mental retardation, lack of exposure to music or deafness, | 6,140,150 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
or brain damage after birth. Amusic brains have been found in fMRI studies to have less white matter and thicker cortex than controls in the right inferior frontal cortex. These differences suggest abnormal neuronal development in the auditory cortex and inferior frontal gyrus, two areas which are important in musical-pitch processing.
Studies on those with amusia suggest different processes are involved in speech tonality and musical tonality. Congenital amusics lack the ability to distinguish between pitches and so are for example unmoved by dissonance and playing the wrong key on a piano. They also cannot be taught to remember a melody or to recite a song; however, they are still capable | 6,140,151 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
of hearing the intonation of speech, for example, distinguishing between "You speak French" and "You speak French?" when spoken.
## Amygdala damage.
Damage to the amygdala has selective emotional impairments on musical recognition. Gosselin, Peretz, Johnsen and Adolphs (2007) studied S.M., a patient with bilateral damage of the amygdala with the rest of the temporal lobe undamaged and found that S.M. was impaired in recognition of scary and sad music. S.M.'s perception of happy music was normal, as was her ability to use cues such as tempo to distinguish between happy and sad music. It appears that damage specific to the amygdala can selectively impair recognition of scary music.
## Selective | 6,140,152 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
deficit in music reading.
Specific musical impairments may result from brain damage leaving other musical abilities intact. Cappelletti, Waley-Cohen, Butterworth and Kopelman (2000) studied a single case study of patient P.K.C., a professional musician who sustained damage to the left posterior temporal lobe as well as a small right occipitotemporal lesion. After sustaining damage to these regions, P.K.C. was selectively impaired in the areas of reading, writing and understanding musical notation but maintained other musical skills. The ability to read aloud letters, words, numbers and symbols (including musical ones) was retained. However, P.K.C. was unable to read aloud musical notes on the | 6,140,153 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
staff regardless of whether the task involved naming with the conventional letter or by singing or playing. Yet despite this specific deficit, P.K.C. retained the ability to remember and play familiar and new melodies.
## Auditory arrhythmia.
Arrhythmia in the auditory modality is defined as a disturbance of rhythmic sense; and includes deficits such as the inability to rhythmically perform music, the inability to keep time to music and the inability to discriminate between or reproduce rhythmic patterns. A study investigating the elements of rhythmic function examined Patient H.J., who acquired arrhythmia after sustaining a right temporoparietal infarct. Damage to this region impaired H.J.'s | 6,140,154 |
25049383 | Neuroscience of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroscience%20of%20music | Neuroscience of music
eficits such as the inability to rhythmically perform music, the inability to keep time to music and the inability to discriminate between or reproduce rhythmic patterns. A study investigating the elements of rhythmic function examined Patient H.J., who acquired arrhythmia after sustaining a right temporoparietal infarct. Damage to this region impaired H.J.'s central timing system which is essentially the basis of his global rhythmic impairment. H.J. was unable to generate steady pulses in a tapping task. These findings suggest that keeping a musical beat relies on functioning in the right temporal auditory cortex.
# External links.
- MusicCognition.info - A Resource and Information Center | 6,140,155 |
25049935 | Mike Leach | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach | Mike Leach
Mike Leach
Mike Leach may refer to:
- Mike Leach (American football coach) (born 1961), American college football head coach
- Mike Leach (long snapper) (born 1976), former American football long snapper
- Mike Leach (tennis) (born 1960), tennis player
- Mick Leach (1947–1992), English soccer player | 6,140,156 |
25049873 | First Presbyterian Church of Hector | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First%20Presbyterian%20Church%20of%20Hector | First Presbyterian Church of Hector
First Presbyterian Church of Hector
First Presbyterian Church of Hector is a historic Presbyterian church located at Hector in Schuyler County, New York. It was built in 1818 and is a large, rectangular Federal era frame building distinguished by a variety of Georgian inspired design and decorative features in the New England tradition of meeting house architecture. The front facade features a massive, balustraded steeple crowned with a handsome, pyramid-roofed belfry.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. | 6,140,157 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
Jeff Hayden
Jeffrey D. "Jeff" Hayden (born September 24, 1966) is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), he represents District 62, which includes portions of south Minneapolis in Hennepin County in the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
# Early life, education, and career.
Hayden was born in San Francisco. He worked as a staff aide to Minneapolis City Council member Gary Schiff from 2001-2002. He later attended Bethel University, obtaining a B.A. in communication studies.
# Minnesota House of Representatives.
Hayden was first elected in 2008, opting to run after incumbent Rep. Neva Walker decided not to seek | 6,140,158 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
re-election. He was re-elected in 2010.
# Minnesota Senate.
On July 25, 2011, Hayden announced that he would run in the October 18, 2011, special election to fill the state senate seat that was vacated by Senator Linda Berglin, who resigned on August 15, 2011, to take a new job with Hennepin County as a health policy program manager. His candidacy was endorsed by the DFL Party on August 27, 2011. On October 18, 2011, he won the special election with 61 percent of the vote over Green Party candidate Farheen Hakeem, Republican candidate Bruce Lundeen, and Independence Party candidate Matt Brillhart. He was re-elected in 2012.
# Community involvement.
Hayden is a non-profit manager for Hearth | 6,140,159 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
Connection, which provides affordable housing advocacy. He is a founding member of the City of Lakes Community Land Trust. He also served on the board of directors of the Bryant Neighborhood Association and of the Powderhorn Park Neighborhood Association, and as board member of Community Action of Minneapolis.
# Investigations.
In October of 2015, a court-sanctioned investigation found Hayden, and his wife Theresa received at least $3,486 in improper reimbursements from a now-defunct nonprofit organization, Community Action of Minneapolis.
# External links.
- Senator Jeff Hayden "official Minnesota Senate website"
- Project Votesmart - Rep. Jeff Hayden Profile
- Senator Jeff Hayden "official | 6,140,160 |
25049787 | Jeff Hayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff%20Hayden | Jeff Hayden
es affordable housing advocacy. He is a founding member of the City of Lakes Community Land Trust. He also served on the board of directors of the Bryant Neighborhood Association and of the Powderhorn Park Neighborhood Association, and as board member of Community Action of Minneapolis.
# Investigations.
In October of 2015, a court-sanctioned investigation found Hayden, and his wife Theresa received at least $3,486 in improper reimbursements from a now-defunct nonprofit organization, Community Action of Minneapolis.
# External links.
- Senator Jeff Hayden "official Minnesota Senate website"
- Project Votesmart - Rep. Jeff Hayden Profile
- Senator Jeff Hayden "official campaign website" | 6,140,161 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
Vermont Housing Finance Agency
The Vermont Housing Finance Agency (VHFA) is chartered as a private non-profit agency to finance and promote affordable housing opportunities for low- and moderate- income Vermonters. They are located in Burlington, Vermont.
# History.
The Vermont legislature established the agency in 1974.
By 2018, the VHFA had assisted approximately 29,000 people to purchase primary residences; and provided financing, development and management support, subsidy administration and tax credits for about 13,650 units of multifamily rental housing.
# Operations.
The board of directors has five members whom the Governor of Vermont appoints. There are also four "ex officio" members | 6,140,162 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
representing the finance and construction industry who also vote. The Executive Director is Maura Collins.
VHFA helps applicants with
- Single-family and homeownership mortgage financing programs
- Multifamily programs including:
- Multifamily loan programs
- Asset management and monitoring
- Housing Assistance Payments contract administration
- Federal and state Housing Tax Credit programs
VHFA reports housing data to responsible government agencies.
## Financial.
Since 1974, the agency has issued $2.96 billion worth of bonds and other financial instruments, of which $783.9 million was still outstanding at the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 2010. Operating expenses were $4.6 | 6,140,163 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
million out of which $3.0 million were for personnel salaries and benefits.
## Staffing.
VHFA has about 40 employees. it issues tax-exempt bonds to fund its loan programs. It supports its operation out of the difference between what it gets for interest from its debtors and what it gets from lenders. The bonds are obligations of the agency and are underwritten by its loans.
# External links.
- State Housing Agencies Get Caught in Credit Crunch
- Forest Park banks on grants for revitalization
- Tax credits aid Vermont home sales
- National Homeownership Month program
- Vermonters Struggle To Afford Renting a Home
- Study shows recession makes Vermont’s housing problems harder to solve
- | 6,140,164 |
25049981 | Vermont Housing Finance Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont%20Housing%20Finance%20Agency | Vermont Housing Finance Agency
it gets for interest from its debtors and what it gets from lenders. The bonds are obligations of the agency and are underwritten by its loans.
# External links.
- State Housing Agencies Get Caught in Credit Crunch
- Forest Park banks on grants for revitalization
- Tax credits aid Vermont home sales
- National Homeownership Month program
- Vermonters Struggle To Afford Renting a Home
- Study shows recession makes Vermont’s housing problems harder to solve
- Home prices out of reach for Vermonters (video)
- Affordable Housing in Vermont (Video produced by the Vt Housing Awareness Campaign)
- Pop Quiz: Sarah Carpenter
- She’s got you covered - Magazine profile of Executive Director | 6,140,165 |
25049949 | First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First%20Baptist%20Church%20of%20Watkins%20Glen | First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen
First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen
First Baptist Church of Watkins Glen is a historic Baptist church located at Watkins Glen in Schuyler County, New York. It was built in 1888 and is a Victorian era religious building distinguished by a variety of vernacular Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne style inspired design and decorative detail. The brick structure rests on a raised stone foundation and features a large front corner tower.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. | 6,140,166 |
25049763 | Mo Mozzali | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%20Mozzali | Mo Mozzali
Mo Mozzali
Maurice Joseph "Mo" Mozzali (December 12, 1922 — March 2, 1987) was an American professional baseball outfielder, scout and coach. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Mozzali threw and batted left-handed, stood 5 feet, 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighed 158 pounds (72 kg).
Mozzali played all but one full season of his 12-year (1946–48; 1950–58) career in the St. Louis Cardinals' organization. The year he did not, 1947, was spent in the New York Giants organization with the Minneapolis Millers. Although he never reached Major League Baseball as a player, he was a fixture at the Triple-A level as a member of the Columbus Red Birds and the Omaha Cardinals of the American Association.
Mozzali | 6,140,167 |
25049763 | Mo Mozzali | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%20Mozzali | Mo Mozzali
also spent time in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. A huge favorite of local fans, he was a member of the Cervecería and Leones clubs in three seasons spanning 1951–55, before joining the Industriales de Valencia in the 1956–57 campaign. During those four seasons, he posted a .315 batting average with 86 runs and 74 run batted in in 156 games, clubbing 185 hits, 38 doubles, five triples, three home runs, and 10 stolen bases. He also played with Caracas in the 1952 Caribbean Series, batting .240 (6-for-25) with five runs and two RBIs.
After spending one season as the playing manager of the Albany Cardinals of the Georgia–Florida League, Mozalli retired from the field. He batted .298 | 6,140,168 |
25049763 | Mo Mozzali | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%20Mozzali | Mo Mozzali
anager of the Albany Cardinals of the Georgia–Florida League, Mozalli retired from the field. He batted .298 with 80 home runs in 1,463 minor league games.
Mozzali then became a scout for the Cardinals, serving from 1959 through 1976. He spent the 1977 and 1978 seasons as a member of the big-league Cardinals' coaching staff, during the managerial tenures of Vern Rapp and Ken Boyer. He then resumed his former job as a Redbird scout.
Mozzali died in Lakeland, Florida, at the age of 64.
# See also.
- List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
# External links.
- Baseball Reference statistics
- Retrosheet
- IV Serie del Caribe 1952 (Spanish)
- Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics | 6,140,169 |
25049880 | Paul Crump | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Crump | Paul Crump
Paul Crump
Paul Crump (April 2, 1930 – October 11, 2002) was a death row inmate who gained international notoriety and parole after writing the novel "Burn, Killer, Burn".
# Crimes and prison sentences.
Crump served 39 years in prison for killing a security guard in the armed robbery of a Chicago meatpacking plant in 1953. His four accomplices received prison sentences, but Crump was sentenced to die in the electric chair and had 15 execution dates before Louis Nizer took on his case and the sentence was commuted to 199 years by Gov. Otto Kerner. He was paroled in 1993.
He returned to prison after being convicted of harassing a family member and violating an order of protection.
# Book.
His | 6,140,170 |
25049880 | Paul Crump | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Crump | Paul Crump
novel is autobiographical and was published in 1962. It is about a murderer who commits suicide rather than be executed.
"Life" magazine on July 27, 1962 featured a 4-page article on Paul Crump, "Facing Death, A New Life Perhaps Too Late".
# Documentaries.
William Friedkin produced and directed a documentary for television in 1962, titled "The People vs. Paul Crump" when Crump had been on death row for nine years. The program was not aired, due to content regarded as controversial. Nizer's involvement with attorney Donald Moore in the legal battle to have Crump's death sentence commuted was the subject of Robert Drew's 1963 documentary "The Chair".
# In song.
Folk singer Phil Ochs wrote | 6,140,171 |
25049880 | Paul Crump | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Crump | Paul Crump
produced and directed a documentary for television in 1962, titled "The People vs. Paul Crump" when Crump had been on death row for nine years. The program was not aired, due to content regarded as controversial. Nizer's involvement with attorney Donald Moore in the legal battle to have Crump's death sentence commuted was the subject of Robert Drew's 1963 documentary "The Chair".
# In song.
Folk singer Phil Ochs wrote a song entitled "Paul Crump" that chronicled Crump's life. The song appears on two of Ochs' albums: "The Early Years" and "A Toast to Those Who Are Gone".
# Death.
Crump died of cancer at age 72, on October 12, 2002 at the Chester Mental Health Center in Chester, Illinois. | 6,140,172 |
25049884 | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation%20of%20the%20Sisters%20of%20St.%20Ann | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
The Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann, sometimes called the Sisters of St. Ann of Providence, are a congregation of Roman Catholic of Religious Sisters founded in the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1834 for the care of children and of the poor. The Sisters use the postnominal initials of S.S.A.
# History.
## Foundation.
The congregation was founded in Turin in 1834 by Carlo Tancredi Falletti (1782 - 1838) and the Servant of God , T.O.S.F. (1785 - 1864), the Marchese and Marchioness of Barolo. The childless couple had opened their own palace to the children of the streets of the city, and were seeking to provide for their education.
The volunteers they | 6,140,173 |
25049884 | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation%20of%20the%20Sisters%20of%20St.%20Ann | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
had recruited to help with this mission agreed to embrace the consecrated life. Other women joined the congregation and they began to serve in various towns and villages throughout the Piedmont region and then elsewhere in Italy. The congregation expanded to such a degree that they received the decree of praise from the Holy See, establishing them as a congregation of Pontifical Right, in 1846.
## Expansion.
The congregation further developed under the leadership of Mother , S.S.A, who was elected as the Superior General of the congregation in 1861 and served in that office until 1894. Under her inspiration, the Sisters embraced the concept of worldwide service, and in 1871 the first Sisters | 6,140,174 |
25049884 | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation%20of%20the%20Sisters%20of%20St.%20Ann | Congregation of the Sisters of St. Ann
71 the first Sisters of St. Ann were sent as missionaries to India. Their first house was in Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh, from which they began to expand to other parts of India. That region now has the largest group of communities of the Sisters of St. Ann. Dominici was beatified by Pope Paul VI in 1978.
The Sisters began to serve in Switzerland in 1920, where they helped immigrants to that country, mostly Italians. In 1952 they established a presence in the United States. In the 1960s, in answer to an appeal by Pope John XXIII, they expanded to serve in various other countries. They now serve in Albania, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines and the United Kingdom. | 6,140,175 |
25049994 | S&P/BVL Peru General Index | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S&P/BVL%20Peru%20General%20Index | S&P/BVL Peru General Index
S&P/BVL Peru General Index
The S&P/BVL Peru General Index (SPBLPGPT), (formerly IGBVL: Indice General de la Bolsa de Valores de Lima; English: General Index of the Lima Stock Exchange), is the main index of the Lima Stock Exchange. It is designed to serve as a broad benchmark for the Peruvian stock market, tracking the performance of the largest and most frequently traded stocks on the Lima Exchange.
The S&P/BVL Peru General Index is rebalanced annually in September for updates to the composition, shares outstanding, investable weight factors and constituent weights. In addition, the index is reweighted quarterly in March, June and December.
# External links.
- https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/SPBLPGPT:IND
- | 6,140,176 |
25049994 | S&P/BVL Peru General Index | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S&P/BVL%20Peru%20General%20Index | S&P/BVL Peru General Index
rmerly IGBVL: Indice General de la Bolsa de Valores de Lima; English: General Index of the Lima Stock Exchange), is the main index of the Lima Stock Exchange. It is designed to serve as a broad benchmark for the Peruvian stock market, tracking the performance of the largest and most frequently traded stocks on the Lima Exchange.
The S&P/BVL Peru General Index is rebalanced annually in September for updates to the composition, shares outstanding, investable weight factors and constituent weights. In addition, the index is reweighted quarterly in March, June and December.
# External links.
- https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/SPBLPGPT:IND
- https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/IGBVL:IND (Old name) | 6,140,177 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
David Namwandi
David R. Namwandi (born February 28, 1954) is a Namibian politician and academic, who served as the Minister of Education from 2013 to 2015. Namwandi previously served as Deputy Minister of Education from 2010 to 2013. He is a member of SWAPO, Namibia's ruling party.
# Biography.
Namwandi was born at Okapya in Ondangwa, Oshana Region, Namibia.
# Education.
He holds various professional and academic qualifications from Africa, Europe and Asia including an MBA, a Doctoral Award as well as a PhD in Business Administration from Asia e University (AeU) - Malaysia. He is the founder and owner of the International University of Management, a private-public university in Windhoek, | 6,140,178 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
Namibia.
# Career.
Until 21 March 2010, when he was elected a member of National Assembly and appointed Deputy Minister of Education of the Republic of Namibia. He served as Member of Parliament and Minister of Education in the Republic of Namibia since 21 February 2013 until 21 March 2015.
He served as a chairperson and a board member of more than 12 companies and Institutions such as Trustco Group International Holdings Ltd a listed company on Namibian stock Exchange (NSE) and recently listed on Africa board of Johannesburg Stock Exchange(JSE). Namibia Qualifications Authority (NQA). National Council of Higher Education (NCHE) as a Chairperson of Accreditation and Quality Assurance Committee.
Vice | 6,140,179 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
Chancellors and Rectors Forum (VCRF) as its first Vice Chairperson.
He is the owner and current Group Chairman of Onambambi Holdings (Pty) Ltd Namibia, which has subsidiary companies venturing into transport, properties, investments, fishing, hospitality, security services and farming.
He is the founder of the first privately owned university, The International University of Management (IUM), a fully accredited private university by Namibia Qualification Authority (NQA). He served as its chairman and vice chancellor until his appointment to Cabinet as Deputy Minister of Education by H.E Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2010 under a SWAPO Party mandate.
He is a recipient of an International Award for | 6,140,180 |
25050033 | David Namwandi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Namwandi | David Namwandi
ye Pohamba in 2010 under a SWAPO Party mandate.
He is a recipient of an International Award for outstanding contribution to Education from Central Bank of India, 2012.
Namwandi is also a recipient of an International B-School Leadership i.e. Educational Excellence Award from Le Matinal, Mauritius, 2011 He was awarded the Education Leadership Award at the World Marketing Summit in 2013, Malaysia. He is a recipient of Lifetime Achievement Award from Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) during the World Education Congress on 23 July 2015 in Mumbai, India.
In 2017, Namwandi was inducted laureate by Namibian Hall of Fame.
# Sources.
## External links.
- http://www.ium.edu.na | 6,140,181 |
25050035 | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters%20of%20Providence%20of%20St.%20Vincent%20de%20Paul | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
The Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul are an apostolic congregation of vowed women religious, who rely on and proclaim the Providence of God. They are the only religious congregation founded in Kingston, Ontario.
# Spirituality.
In accordance with their mission statement, the Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul seek to empower others, especially the poor and oppressed, to achieve a quality of life in keeping with their human dignity. They also strive to be prophetic leaders in their Church and in society.
The Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul follow their charism of compassionate caring for God's people, especially | 6,140,182 |
25050035 | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters%20of%20Providence%20of%20St.%20Vincent%20de%20Paul | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
the most destitute, manifested by service given in a spirit of humility, simplicity and charity. As they serve with compassion and walk in hope, they trust in the power, the movement and the mystery of Providence in all things.
# History.
On December 13, 1861, four Sisters of Charity from Montreal arrived in Kingston to found what is now known as the Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul. The only religious congregation founded in Kingston, Ontario, is still active today.
# General Superiors.
The first general superior of the Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul was Mother Mary Edward, born Catherine McKinley.
The current general superior is Sister Sandra Shannon.
# Current.
The | 6,140,183 |
25050035 | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters%20of%20Providence%20of%20St.%20Vincent%20de%20Paul | Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul
ntreal arrived in Kingston to found what is now known as the Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul. The only religious congregation founded in Kingston, Ontario, is still active today.
# General Superiors.
The first general superior of the Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul was Mother Mary Edward, born Catherine McKinley.
The current general superior is Sister Sandra Shannon.
# Current.
The congregation is a member of the Women of Providence in Collaboration.
The web site was relaunched on December 13, 2011, marking the end of the 150th Anniversary celebrations. It is accessible at http://www.providence.ca.
# References.
- Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul | 6,140,184 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
Mike Leach (long snapper)
John Michael Leach (born October 18, 1976) is a former American football long snapper who played in the National Football League. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2000. He played college football at William & Mary.
His NFL career sequentially spanned 16 seasons as a member of the Titans, Chicago Bears, Denver Broncos, and Arizona Cardinals
# Early years.
Leach attended Jefferson Township High School in Jefferson Township, New Jersey. He lettered in football, baseball and basketball. In football, Leach was a first-team, all-state selection as a punter. By the time Leach had graduated in the mid-1990s, he finished as the all-time | 6,140,185 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
leading scorer and rebounder in Falcons basketball history. Additionally, Leach appeared in three NJSIAA basketball playoff games.
# College career.
Leach attended Boston University (1995–1997) and The College of William & Mary (1998–2000). At The College of William and Mary, during his junior season, his 58 receptions as a tight end were the second-most at the position in school history (to Glenn Bodnar's 69 catches in 1984) and his punting average set a single-season school record of 44.4 yards. The performance earned him Associated Press second-team All-America and second-team All-Atlantic 10 honors that season. He also earned first-team Walter Camp All-American honors at tight end as a | 6,140,186 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
senior.
# Professional career.
## Tennessee Titans.
Leach signed as an undrafted free agent with the Tennessee Titans on April 20, 2000. He played in 15 games for the Titans during the 2000 season and four games during the 2001 season before being released by the team.
## Chicago Bears.
Leach signed a future contract with the Chicago Bears on January 10, 2002 and attended training camp with the team before being waived on August 26 of that year.
## Denver Broncos.
He signed with the Denver Broncos on November 4, 2002, and served as the team's long snapper for the eight remaining games that the Broncos had during the 2002 season. His first game with the Broncos occurred on November 11, | 6,140,187 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
2002, as part of a 34-10 home loss to the Oakland Raiders.
Leach served as the Broncos long snapper in every game through the 2008 season since his first appearance with the team in 2002. He was featured in an August 2007 issue of "Sports Illustrated" in which writer Peter King listed the top 500 players in the NFL. Leach was ranked number 1,000 as a symbolic gesture to show that every player has a necessary role on a roster.
The Broncos released Leach on March 1, 2009 after the team signed free agent long snapper Lonie Paxton.
## Arizona Cardinals.
Leach was signed by the Arizona Cardinals on March 11, 2009, replacing incumbent Nathan Hodel. Leach spent 7 seasons with the Cardinals; totaling | 6,140,188 |
25049957 | Mike Leach (long snapper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Leach%20(long%20snapper) | Mike Leach (long snapper)
the NFL. Leach was ranked number 1,000 as a symbolic gesture to show that every player has a necessary role on a roster.
The Broncos released Leach on March 1, 2009 after the team signed free agent long snapper Lonie Paxton.
## Arizona Cardinals.
Leach was signed by the Arizona Cardinals on March 11, 2009, replacing incumbent Nathan Hodel. Leach spent 7 seasons with the Cardinals; totaling 19 solo tackles and 1 fumble recovery.
## Retirement as a NFL player.
In January 2016, Leach announced his retirement from the NFL, via Twitter, just days after the Cardinals' loss to the Carolina Panthers in the NFC Championship Game.
# External links.
- Arizona Cardinals bio
- Denver Broncos bio | 6,140,189 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
HMS Sandfly (1911)
HMS "Sandfly" was an "Acheron"-class destroyer of the Royal Navy that served during World War I and was sold for breaking in 1921. She was the seventh Royal Navy ship to be named after the small biting fly of the same name.
# Construction.
She was built under the 1910-11 shipbuilding programme by Swan Hunter of Wallsend. She had three Parsons turbines, and three Yarrows boilers. Capable of 28 knots, she carried two 4-inch guns, other smaller guns and two 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes and had a complement of 72 men. She was launched on 9 July 1911.
# Career.
## Pre-war.
"Sandfly" served with the First Destroyer Flotilla from 1911 and, with her flotilla, joined the British | 6,140,190 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
Grand Fleet in 1914 on the outbreak of World War I.
## The Battle of Heligoland Bight.
She was present on 28 August 1914 at the Battle of Heligoland Bight, detached from the First Destroyer Flotilla along with "Badger", "Beaver" and "Jackal". She shared in the prize money for the engagement.
## The Battle of Dogger Bank.
On 24 January 1915, the First Destroyer Flotilla, including "Sandfly", were present at the Battle of Dogger Bank, led by the light cruiser . Her crew shared in the prize money for the German armoured cruiser .
## Transfer to Third Battle Squadron.
"Sandfly" was one of seven destroyers to go with the First Destroyer Flotilla when it was transferred from the Grand Fleet | 6,140,191 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
to screen the Third Battle Squadron in November 1916.
## Conversion to minelayer.
In 1917 the "Acheron"-class destroyers "Ferret", "Sandfly" and "Ariel" were converted to minelaying destroyers, capable of carrying 40 mines. "Sandfly" served with the 20th Flotilla, and operated out of Immingham.
## SS "Miniota".
On 31 August 1917 "Sandfly" went to the aid of of the Canadian Pacific Line when she was torpedoed by off Start Point. "Miniota" was badly holed and sinking by the bow, which made her difficult to tow, and when efforts to tow her into Portland Harbour failed, she sank in of water.
# Disposal.
In common with the survivors of her class, she was laid up after World War I, and on 9 | 6,140,192 |
25050041 | HMS Sandfly (1911) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Sandfly%20(1911) | HMS Sandfly (1911)
1916.
## Conversion to minelayer.
In 1917 the "Acheron"-class destroyers "Ferret", "Sandfly" and "Ariel" were converted to minelaying destroyers, capable of carrying 40 mines. "Sandfly" served with the 20th Flotilla, and operated out of Immingham.
## SS "Miniota".
On 31 August 1917 "Sandfly" went to the aid of of the Canadian Pacific Line when she was torpedoed by off Start Point. "Miniota" was badly holed and sinking by the bow, which made her difficult to tow, and when efforts to tow her into Portland Harbour failed, she sank in of water.
# Disposal.
In common with the survivors of her class, she was laid up after World War I, and on 9 May 1921 she was sold to Thos W Ward for scrap. | 6,140,193 |
25050066 | Laufer Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laufer%20Media | Laufer Media
Laufer Media
Laufer Media is an American magazine publisher, focusing on teen magazines.
# History.
"Tiger Beat" was started in 1965 by Charles Laufer, and brought stars such as Donny Osmond to national attention. Laufer started several more teen magazines with the same formula. These magazines were later sold to Sterling's Magazines (later Sterling-Macfadden). Scott Laufer, along with three sisters, then founded "Bop". Bop was sold to Primedia in 1998. At the same time, Primedia acquired Sterling-Macfadden's teen magazines. When Primedia wished to exit the teen market in 2003, Scott Laufer Media bought back "Tiger Beat" and "Bop".
# External links.
- Official website | 6,140,194 |
25050071 | Pinebridge Coliseum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinebridge%20Coliseum | Pinebridge Coliseum
Pinebridge Coliseum
Pinebridge Coliseum, also known as The Bridge Coliseum, is a 5,000 seat indoor arena located in Spruce Pine, North Carolina. When it opened in 1983, it was the largest arena with an ice rink in North Carolina. It hosted the ice hockey team Pinebridge Bucks of the Atlantic Coast Hockey League from 1983 to 1985, becoming the smallest town to host a professional hockey team.
# External links.
- Venue information | 6,140,195 |
25050081 | Arsan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsan | Arsan
Arsan
Arsan may refer to:
- ARSAN
- Emmanuelle Arsan
- Sünuhi Arsan
- Arsan Duolai | 6,140,196 |
25050053 | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los%20Angeles%20Latino%20International%20Film%20Festival | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival
Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival
The Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival includes feature films, documentaries, and short films from the Spanish and Portuguese diaspora. The six-day festival was established in 1997. The festival was founded by Marlene Dermer (a native of Peru) and Edward James Olmos.
The 13th year of the festival in 2009 included 75 films such as a screening of Spanish director's Pedro Almodóvar's "Broken Embraces" at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Almodóvar received the festival's Gabi lifetime Achievement Award. Other films screened at the 2009 even included Josh Crook's "La Soga" from Santiago in the Dominican Republic, "Down for Life" about a Latino | 6,140,197 |
25050053 | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los%20Angeles%20Latino%20International%20Film%20Festival | Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival
val's Gabi lifetime Achievement Award. Other films screened at the 2009 even included Josh Crook's "La Soga" from Santiago in the Dominican Republic, "Down for Life" about a Latino gang leader in Los Angeles, "Santos" by Nicholas Lopez Salvador, Sebastian Gutierrez's "Women in Trouble" from Venezuela and the documentary "La Vida Lova" about gang war in El Salvador (where the movie's French director Christian Poveda was murdered). The festival is also trying to expand opportunities for young filmmakers. Short films play a substantial role at the festival, allowing lower cost entries to take part.
The academy's film archive houses the Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival Collection. | 6,140,198 |
25050086 | Richard Woodman (engraver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Woodman%20(engraver) | Richard Woodman (engraver)
Richard Woodman (engraver)
Richard Woodman (July 1, 1784 – December 15, 1859) was an English engraver and miniature portrait painter.
# Life.
Woodman was born in London. He is often referred to as "The Younger" to distinguish him from his father, Richard Woodman, who was also an engraver. He served his apprenticeship with Robert Mitchell Meadows (?-1812), a stipple engraver. For some years, he found considerable employment creating book illustrations; chiefly portraits of actors, sportsmen, and nonconformist ministers. Plates by him are found in Knight's "Gallery of Portraits", "The Sporting Magazine", the "British Gallery of Art", and Cottle's "Reminiscences". His largest work is the "Judgment | 6,140,199 |
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