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1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
education system. In 2005, "The New York Times" quoted White as having "laughed" when United States district court judge Joan Lefkow's husband and mother were murdered He told "The Roanoke Times" that he looked forward to "further killings of Jews and their sympathizers." White is skeptical of the Holocaust, saying "claims that ... the gas chambers were part of a 'Holocaust' of 'six million,' were invented almost entirely by the Soviet Union, and were later adopted by the Jewish communities of the Western nations." The Anti-Defamation League quotes White saying "there was no Holocaust" and describes what it calls "White's Holocaust denial rhetoric".
In 2008, White was arrested for alleged threats | 6,140,300 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
to a federal juror. On December 18, 2009, White was found guilty on four counts, one of which was later dismissed by the judge. In 2010 the ACLU filed a brief asking the court to reverse White's convictions on those three charges. A federal district court overturned the convictions on First Amendment grounds and White was released in April 2011. In 2012, the prosecution appealed the decision and White fled the country, violating his supervised release, and was arrested in Mexico.
# Background.
White was raised in the Horizon Hill neighborhood of Rockville, Maryland. According to an April 1999 interview with "The Washington Times", he began to drift toward anarchism after reading "The Communist | 6,140,301 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
Manifesto" at 13. He attended Walt Whitman High School in Bethesda, Maryland, where he founded the Utopian Anarchist Party (UAP) and published a magazine that focused on opposition to the education system, psychiatry, and law enforcement.
White graduated from Walt Whitman High School in June 1994. He became a psychology major at the University of Maryland, College Park where, in 1995, he started another political group called the Bill White Student Group, a continuation of the UAP. He founded Overthrow.com as the group's website where he published material from a wide range of political viewpoints, including communism, anarchism, and fascism. In 1995, White faced criminal charges of possessing | 6,140,302 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
deadly weapons, a knife and a club, distributing obscene material, and attempting to escape from police custody, arising out of the distribution of political leaflets. Montgomery County declined to prosecute the case. In 1997, White served seven months in the Montgomery County Detention Center on weapons, assault and resisting arrest charges.
On February 14, 1996, White was featured in a front-page story in "The Washington Post" after posting on Internet news groups the name and telephone number of a woman he believed was abusing her daughter. The supposed victim had allegedly told a university counseling group that her parents would not allow her to use the telephone or see friends; someone | 6,140,303 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
from the group spread the story, and White posted it, asking readers to telephone the mother and "tell her you are disgusted and you demand that she stops." The "Post" reported that the mother and stepfather were near breaking point after receiving threatening telephone calls.
# Columbine High School massacre.
On April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, seniors at Columbine High School near Littleton, Colorado, killed twelve students and one teacher before committing suicide. White's website claimed that "schools and juvenile psychiatric centers [that]...prescribe anti-depressants are evil and should be destroyed," and it gave a list of "Music to Shoot Your School Up By." The report | 6,140,304 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
continued that "[t]here are so many parallels between the Web site's message and the April 20 massacre in Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, that some police hate-crime experts say privately it is not inconceivable that the two teen-age gunmen in that case visited the site." FBI officials claimed there was no indication that the website had any connection to the shooting.
White told Reuters that "the reason [Columbine victims] got killed is that they are part of an authoritarian social movement and were seen by the killers as symbolic of that movement ... What the shooters were shooting at was not people but the movements they symbolized. It's a shame that authoritarian Christians, | 6,140,305 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
who are trying to dominate our society, don't have a clue how objectionable they are until people start shooting them." He said he would neither confirm nor deny that what he called a "Colorado cell" of his Utopian Anarchist Party had been in contact with the teenagers before the shooting.
White later clarified his position on Columbine in an interview with Jack Ross for "Pravda Online":
# Ideological shifts.
Though most noted for his support of fascist movements, White has proclaimed multiple intense and conflicting political shifts across the political spectrum, ranging from communism to conservatism.
From 1997 to 1998, White claimed involvement with the Maoist Revolutionary Communist | 6,140,306 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
Party's Refuse and Resist, Coalition against Police Brutality, and the Trotskyist International Socialist Organization (ISO). White worked as a columnist for the Russian website "Pravda Online", which took its name from the now-defunct newspaper of the Soviet Communist Party. In 2000, White joined Ross Perot's Reform Party and the campaign to elect Pat Buchanan, then running for President of the United States on a Reform Party ticket. White later told "American Free Press" that he resigned from the Buchanan campaign after a few months out of concern for what he called the campaign's "dishonest practices."
# Business interests.
He set up an eBay clone called "ShopWhite" with the aim of capturing | 6,140,307 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
the White Power music and paraphernalia market, but the venture failed after security and administrative problems.
In late 2003, White moved to Roanoke, Virginia, where he began trading as White Homes and Land LLC. According to "The Roanoke Times" and the Southern Poverty Law Center, White has owned nine single and multi-family properties in an impoverished black neighborhood in South West Roanoke since April 2004.
White told the "Roanoke Times" that he is not a racist or Nazi, describing himself as a "libertarian socialist." He admitted to being an antisemite: "I wouldn't be out here buying and fixing up houses if I had some agenda against the black community...The Jews, I despise. They hate | 6,140,308 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
me. I hate them." He acknowledged calling some Roanoke residents "local nig-rats" and accused them of "conspiring to test me."
# Intimidation and activism.
On October 15, 2005, White helped the National Socialist Movement organize a march and rally in Toledo, Ohio. The march was canceled by police when the NSM and around 20 supporters were outnumbered by several hundred anti-racists and members of the largely African-American neighborhood in which the rally was to take place. White, the NSM's Dayton leader Mark Martin, and the rest of their supporters taunted the crowd with racial epithets. Some counter-protesters became violent and began rioting. More than 100 people were arrested.
In 2005, | 6,140,309 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
he also attended a small rally in Yorktown, Virginia. He served as a spokesman for a 2006 neo-Nazi march at the capitol in Lansing, Michigan. However, he brought unwanted attention to the NSM when the story of Jacques Pluss, a former professor at Farleigh Dickinson University who was a member of the group, became national news—Pluss claimed at the time that he was pretending to be a Nazi in order to study the group from within (he would later disavow this and confirm he was actually a Nazi, by which time his academic career had ended and he had become a fringe conspiracy theorist and bigot)--and White famously expounded on his views by both denying the Nazi Holocaust and declaring that the NSM | 6,140,310 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
wanted what the Nazis had actually done to Jews (outside of mass murder) to become American policy.
In July 2006, White was removed from the NSM and formed the internet-based American National Socialist Workers' Party. On April 19, 2007, two of the ANSWP's fifteen members were arrested when they unveiled a swastika flag during a speech by President George W. Bush in Tipp City, Ohio. On May 23, 2007, White mailed letters and copies of "National Socialist", the ANSWP magazine, to the residents of an apartment complex in Virginia Beach, Virginia where tenants had complained about discriminatory behavior by their landlord.
## Access to White's websites in Canada.
In 2006, Canadian human rights | 6,140,311 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
lawyer Richard Warman and the Canadian Jewish Congress asked the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Canada's telecommunications regulator, to block access in Canada to White's websites. Warman claimed the websites contained material intended to incite violence against him that caused him to fear for his life.
## Jena Six.
On September 22, 2007, the FBI opened an investigation of Overthrow.com because it listed the addresses of five of the Jena Six and the telephone numbers of family members "in case anyone wants to deliver justice." According to an FBI spokeswoman, the website "essentially called for their lynching." Al Sharpton claimed that some of the families have | 6,140,312 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
continuously received threatening and harassing phone calls.
## Roanoke, Virginia attack.
In October 2007, White was attacked by Aries Brown and Lattoria Minnis, two African-Americans whose claims that White had assaulted them were dismissed by a judge. During the trial, White testified that he choked Brown unconscious during the incident. He later published an essay, "Transcendence and the Killing of the Wicked," describing the experience.
# Federal trials and convictions.
On October 17, 2008, White was arrested in Roanoke, Virginia by the FBI. The arrest stemmed from an alleged threat White made against a federal juror involved in the 2004 Matthew F. Hale case and posting the juror's personal | 6,140,313 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
information online. White was held without bond. Other counts against White, filed December 11, 2008, included alleged threats he made against poor black tenants suing their landlords, and threats against others, including Warman, columnist Leonard Pitts, former South Harrison Township, New Jersey mayor Charles Tyson, and a university administrator from Delaware.
In July 2009, one count of inciting violence was dismissed by the judge. The trial on the seven remaining charges began on December 9, 2009. On December 18, the jury found White guilty on four counts and not guilty on three counts.
On February 8, 2010, a Federal judge dismissed White's conviction of threatening Warman. On April 14, | 6,140,314 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
2010 White was sentenced to 30 months imprisonment. Judge James Clinton Turk said he rarely sentences defendants on the high side of guidelines, but did so because of the fear White instilled in many of his victims.
The conviction for threatening a federal juror was reversed as violating the First Amendment, and White was released in April 2011. The prosecutor appealed the ruling.
On March 1, 2012, a federal appeals court threw out the 30-month sentence White received for making threats and set a new sentencing date for enhanced sentencing because at least one of the victims was a child. Also in March, White was charged and found guilty in General District Court of littering for throwing fliers | 6,140,315 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
out of his car. On May 14, White failed to appear at the sentencing hearing and left a note at his apartment that he will not be returning, violating his supervised release. He claimed online he was moving to Iran.
On June 8, 2012, White was arrested by Mexican authorities in Playa del Carmen, Mexico.
In November 2013, White was convicted on three counts of attempting to extort money from his ex-wife, and subsequently sentenced to 92 months in prison.
In September 2014, White was convicted of threats sent to Florida officials, and subsequently sentenced to an extra 210 months prison time.
# External links.
- "Jack Ross: Interview with Pravda.ru's Bill White" by Jack Ross, Pravda, January | 6,140,316 |
1642704 | Bill White (neo-Nazi) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20White%20(neo-Nazi) | Bill White (neo-Nazi)
cing hearing and left a note at his apartment that he will not be returning, violating his supervised release. He claimed online he was moving to Iran.
On June 8, 2012, White was arrested by Mexican authorities in Playa del Carmen, Mexico.
In November 2013, White was convicted on three counts of attempting to extort money from his ex-wife, and subsequently sentenced to 92 months in prison.
In September 2014, White was convicted of threats sent to Florida officials, and subsequently sentenced to an extra 210 months prison time.
# External links.
- "Jack Ross: Interview with Pravda.ru's Bill White" by Jack Ross, Pravda, January 10, 2002
- 2008 Southern Poverty Law Center article on White | 6,140,317 |
1642747 | Joseph Bara | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Bara | Joseph Bara
Joseph Bara
François Joseph Bara, also written Barra (30 July 1779 in Palaiseau – 7 December 1793 in Jallais), was a young French republican drummer boy at the time of the Revolution.
# Life, death, and legacy.
Bara was in fact too young to join the army, but attached himself to a unit fighting counter revolutionaries in Vendée. After his death General J.-B. Desmarres gave this account, by letter, to the Convention. "Yesterday this courageous youth, surrounded by brigands, chose to perish rather than give them the two horses he was leading."
The boy's death was seized on as a propaganda opportunity by Maximilien Robespierre, who praised him at the Convention's tribune saying that "only the | 6,140,318 |
1642747 | Joseph Bara | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Bara | Joseph Bara
French have thirteen-year-old heroes". But rather than simply being killed by Breton royalists who solely wanted to steal horses, Bara was transformed into a figure who denied the Ancien Régime at the cost of death. His story became that having been trapped by the enemy and being ordered to cry ""Vive le Roi"" ("Long live the King") to save his own life, he preferred instead to die crying ""Vive la République"" ("Long live the Republic").
His remains were to be transferred to the Panthéon during a revolutionary festival in his honor but the event was cancelled when Robespierre was overthrown the day before it was to take place.
# Honours.
- A 1794 painting by Jacques-Louis David depicts the | 6,140,319 |
1642747 | Joseph Bara | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Bara | Joseph Bara
pierre was overthrown the day before it was to take place.
# Honours.
- A 1794 painting by Jacques-Louis David depicts the dying Bara.
- A statue of Bara (called Barra) lying dead by David d'Angers in 1838.
- An 1880 painting ("La Mort de Bara") by Jean-Joseph Weerts also depicts Bara's death.
- A painting ("La Mort de Bara") by Charles Moreau-Vauthier depicts Bara as a dead drummer boy.
- A street in the 6th arrondissement of Paris is named after him.
- Bara is alluded to in the "Chant du départ"
- A ship of the line was named "Barra" in his honour
- There is a statue in his honour at Palaiseau in the Southern suburbs of Paris.
- Opera "Joseph Barra" by André Ernest Modeste Grétry | 6,140,320 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
Old Hume Highway
The Old Hume Highway, an urban and rural road, may be described as any part of an earlier route of the Hume Highway, which traverses Victoria and New South Wales between the cities of Sydney and Melbourne in Australia. In some places, the highway has been deviated several times since the first rough track was made between Sydney and Melbourne in November 1842.
# History.
Since the time of the first track, the route of what is now the Hume Highway has been the main road link between the Australia's two largest cities — Sydney and Melbourne. Since February 1960 a freeway standard of road has been developed along this route. Where the alignment of the original road is reasonably | 6,140,321 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
flat and straight it has been duplicated and retained for traffic in one direction. In some locations the original road has been replaced by a dual carriageway road beside the original road. In other locations the new road deviates from the original by many kilometres.
In Victoria, 100% of the Hume Highway has been upgraded to at least dual carriageway standard and is called the Hume Freeway. In New South Wales, 97% of the highway has been upgraded to at least dual carriageway standard, with the Hume called the Hume Highway between and , and called the Hume Motorway between Berrima and , being a freeway-grade road. In metropolitan Sydney, the road reverts to the Hume Highway and takes on the | 6,140,322 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
conditions of an urban highway.
Many of the superseded sections of the Hume Highway are of historical interest as they provide insights into the small historical towns which have since been bypassed. In the past when the highway passed through these towns, many were thriving centres. Many of the superseded sections of the highway still form the main access roads into and through these towns. One section of the Old Hume Highway, called the Yass Valley Way, travels through Yass in southern New South Wales.
# Major deviations.
The section of the Hume Highway between the Cross Roads, at Prestons on Sydney's southwestern fringe, and the Medway Rivulet near Berrima, was completely superseded in | 6,140,323 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
the period 1973–1992 by a new route built as a freeway.
Most of the highway route between Breadalbane, west of , and Derringullen Creek, west of Yass, was replaced during 1994. This included a bypassing of the Cullerin Range. The previous route of the highway over the Cullerin Range was itself a deviation built in 1920, using sections of railway formation abandoned several years earlier when the Main Southern Railway was deviated at the time it was duplicated. The deviations were an attempt to ease the gradients against heavily laden Sydney-bound steam trains.
The Breadalbane-Derringullen Creek deviation is in most places quite close to the previous highway, most of which remains for local | 6,140,324 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
use. This section also included the abandoning of the route over the Mundoonen Range which, when it was rebuilt in the 1960s, was designed to be duplicated.
Between Conroys Gap and Coolac, most of the earlier alignment was replaced in 1983 and 1996 by realignment associated with dual carriageway construction, although sections such as that south of Connors Creek were rebuilt in 1979 with the earthworks being done for a second carriageway, which was subsequently built in 1994.
The current route of the highway between Tumblong and Tarcutta is the third route of the highway in this location. The original route led west from Tumblong along the Murrumbidgee River, before turning south over difficult | 6,140,325 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
country, crossing what is now the Sturt Highway and rejoining the current route of the highway as Lower Tarcutta Road. This was replaced in December 1938 by the first Tumblong deviation, to the east of the current route. The main features of this section of the highway were a deep, narrow cutting and the reinforced concrete bowstring arch bridge over Hillas Creek. This has been preserved, and is visible on the western side of the highway close to the interchange with the Snowy Mountains Highway.
North of Albury, a major deviation of the highway was constructed in the 1930s due to the inundation of the original route caused by the raising of the wall of the Hume Dam on the Murray River. The | 6,140,326 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
deviation commences at Bowna and terminates at Guinea St Albury (the first part of the Riverina Highway east from Albury as far as what is now Old Sydney Road was until then the Hume Highway). On the southern side at Bowna Waters the old route terminates at dead end. On the northern side the old route is now a road that services local farms, including Willow Park, with the remainder of the old route now being part of private property and inaccessible to road traffic. Parts of the old route are visible when the waters of Lake Hume are low from the air and satellite imagery {Google Map)
# Major sections, which have now been bypassed.
## New South Wales.
- Camden Valley Way
- Remembrance Drive | 6,140,327 |
1642739 | Old Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Hume%20Highway | Old Hume Highway
ed.
## New South Wales.
- Camden Valley Way
- Remembrance Drive (Old Hume Highway)
- Old Hume Highway
- Cullerin Road
- Yass Valley Way
- The section of road bypassed by the Tumblong deviation, between Tumblong and Hillas Creeks
- Former Hume Highway route through Albury.
## Victoria.
- Hume Highway & Melbourne Road
- Wangaratta Road , Old Hume Highway, Winton - Glenrowan Road, Benalla - Winton Road & Baddaginnie - Benalla Road
- Euroa Main Road
- Seymour - Tooborac Road , Goulburn Valley Highway and Seymour - Avenel Road
- Northern Highway "" and Kilmore - Broadford Road
- Sydney Road
# See also.
- Highways in New South Wales
- Highways in Victoria
- Highways in Australia | 6,140,328 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
Philippe Ariès
Philippe Ariès (; 21 July 1914 – 8 February 1984) was a French medievalist and historian of the family and childhood, in the style of Georges Duby. He wrote many books on the common daily life. His most prominent works regarded the change in the western attitudes towards death.
# Work.
Ariès regarded himself as an "anarchist of the right". He was initially close to the "Action française" but later distanced himself from it, as he viewed it as too authoritarian, hence his self-description as an "anarchist". Ariès also contributed to "La Nation française", a royalist review. However, he also co-operated with many left-wing French historians, especially with Michel Foucault, who | 6,140,329 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
wrote his obituary.
During his life, his work was often better known in the English-speaking world than it was in France itself. He is known above all for his book "L’Enfant et la Vie Familiale sous l’Ancien Régime" (1960), which was translated into English as "Centuries of Childhood" (1962). This book is pre-eminent in the history of childhood, as it was essentially the first book on the subject (although some antiquarian texts were earlier). Even today, Ariès remains the standard reference to the topic. Ariès is most famous for his statement that "in medieval society, the idea of childhood did not exist". Its central thesis is that attitudes towards children were progressive and evolved over | 6,140,330 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
time with economic change and social advancement, until childhood, as a concept and an accepted part of family life, from the 17th century. It was thought that children were too weak to be counted and that they could disappear at any time. However, children were considered as adults as soon as they could live alone.
The book has had mixed fortunes. His contribution was profoundly significant both in that it recognised childhood as a social construction rather than as a biological given and in that it founded the history of childhood as a serious field of study. At the same time, his account of childhood has by now been widely criticised.
Ariès is likewise remembered for his invention of another | 6,140,331 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
field of study: the history of attitudes to death and dying. Ariès saw death, like childhood, as a social construction. His seminal work in this ambit is "L'Homme devant la mort" (1977), his last major book, published in the same year when his status as a historian was finally recognised by his induction into the "École des hautes études en sciences sociales" (EHESS), as a "directeur d'études".
# Criticism of "Centuries of Childhood".
There has been widespread criticism of the methods that Ariès used to draw his conclusions about the role of childhood in early modern Europe. One of his most noted critics was the historian Geoffrey Elton. Elton's main criticism of Ariès is paraphrased in Richard | 6,140,332 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
J. Evans's book on historiography, "In Defence of History": "...in everyday life children were indeed dressed differently to adults; they were just put in adult clothes to have their portraits painted."
That is to say that Ariès took early modern portraits as an accurate representation of the look of early modern families whereas a lot of the clients would use them to improve their status.
The assertion that the medieval world was ignorant of childhood has undergone considerable attack from other writers.
Further criticism of Ariès is found in an article from 1992 by Harry Hendrick for the "Journal of the Economic History Society". Within the article, entitled “Children and Childhood,” Hendrick | 6,140,333 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
lists four criticisms of Ariès's work:
"Firstly that his data are either unrepresentative or unreliable. Secondly that he takes evidence out of context, confuses prescription with practice, and uses atypical examples. Thirdly, that he implicitly denies the immutability of the special needs of children, for food, clothing, shelter, affection and conversation. Fourthly, that he puts undue emphasis on the work of moralists and educationalists while saying little of economic and political factors."
# Works.
- 1943. "Les Traditions sociales dans les pays de France", Éditions de la Nouvelle France.
- 1948. "Histoire des populations françaises et de leurs attitudes devant la vie depuis le XVIII", | 6,140,334 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
Self.
- 1949. "Attitudes devant la vie et devant la mort du XVII au XIX, quelques aspects de leurs variations", INED.
- 1953. "Sur les origines de la contraception en France", from "Population" 3 (July–September): pp. 465–72.
- 1954. "Le Temps de l'histoire", Éditions du Rocher.
- 1954. "Deux contributions à l'histoire des pratiques contraceptives", from "Population" 4 (October–December): pp. 683–98.
- 1960. "L'Enfant et la vie familiale sous l'Ancien Régime", Plon. English translation:
- 1975. "Essais sur l'histoire de la mort en Occident: du Moyen Âge à nos jours", Seuil. English translation:
- 1977. "L'Homme devant la mort", Seuil. English translation:
- 1980. "Un historien du dimanche" | 6,140,335 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
(with Michel Winock), Seuil.
- 1983. "Images de l'homme devant la mort", Seuil.
- 1985–1987. "Histoire de la vie privée", (with Georges Duby), 5 volumes: I. "De l'Empire romain à l'an mil"; II. "De l'Europe féodale à la Renaissance"; III. "De la Renaissance aux Lumières"; IV. "De la Révolution à la Grande guerre"; V. "De la Première Guerre mondiale à nos jours", Seuil.
- 1993. "Essais de mémoire: 1943–1983", Seuil.
- 1997. "Le présent quotidien, 1955–1966", Seuil. Collection of articles published in "La Nation française" between 1955 and 1966.
- 2001. "Histoire de la vie privée", (with Georges Duby), le Grand livre du mois.
# Further reading.
- Boyd, Kelly, ed. "Encyclopedia of Historians | 6,140,336 |
1642728 | Philippe Ariès | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe%20Ariès | Philippe Ariès
", Seuil.
- 1993. "Essais de mémoire: 1943–1983", Seuil.
- 1997. "Le présent quotidien, 1955–1966", Seuil. Collection of articles published in "La Nation française" between 1955 and 1966.
- 2001. "Histoire de la vie privée", (with Georges Duby), le Grand livre du mois.
# Further reading.
- Boyd, Kelly, ed. "Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers" (Rutledge, 1999) 1:50-51
- Evans, Richard J., "In Defence of History", Granta Books 1997
- Gros, Guillaume, "Philippe Ariès. Un traditionaliste non-conformiste, de l'Action française à l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales", Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2008.
# External links.
- Site dedicated to Philippe Ariès | 6,140,337 |
1642732 | Arnaud Lagardère | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaud%20Lagardère | Arnaud Lagardère
Arnaud Lagardère
Arnaud Lagardère, born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France, on March 18, 1961, is the son of Jean-Luc Lagardère, the former chairman of Matra and Hachette. He is the General and Managing Partner of Lagardère SCA, holding company of the Lagardère Group.
# Career.
With a DEA higher degree (Master) in economics from Paris Dauphine University, Arnaud Lagardère joined the Lagardère Group in 1986.
He was appointed Director (1986) and then CEO (1989) of MMB, which became Lagardère SCA in 1996. Since that time, he has held different positions within the Group, including Chairman of Grolier Inc. in the United States (1994–1998), Chairman of Europe 1 - Communication (1999–2007), etc.; | 6,140,338 |
1642732 | Arnaud Lagardère | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaud%20Lagardère | Arnaud Lagardère
since 2003, he has headed the Lagardère Group as General Partner.
Since his arrival at the head of the group in 2003, Arnaud Lagardère has gradually refocused Lagardère Group to make it a pure media group which is among the world leaders in the sector. In book publishing, the group acquired 40% of Vivendi Universal Publishing, Houghton Mifflin, and Warner Books: Today, Lagardère Publishing is number two in its sector worldwide. In 2006, it created a new entity – Lagardère Sports – which became Lagardère Unlimited in May 2010, specializing in sport industry and entertainment, with the successive acquisitions of Sportfive, IEC in Sports, World Sport Group and Best.
In September 2015, Lagardère | 6,140,339 |
1642732 | Arnaud Lagardère | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaud%20Lagardère | Arnaud Lagardère
Unlimited has been renamed Lagardère Sports and Entertainment.
Today, driven by Arnaud Lagardère, the group is working to expand its business digitally, especially in publishing and media.
Arnaud Lagardère has been a Director of France Télécom (2003–2008), LVMH (2003–2009), and FIMALAC (2003–2006), and a member of the Supervisory Board of Le Monde (2005–2008).
Spouses : 2012 to present : Belgian model Jade Foret. 1985-2010 Manuela Erdōdy.
# Positions.
## Positions in the group.
Arnaud Lagardère is the General and Managing Partner of Lagardère SCA, holding company of the Lagardère Group. Arnaud Lagardère is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Hachette SA, whose trade name is Lagardère | 6,140,340 |
1642732 | Arnaud Lagardère | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaud%20Lagardère | Arnaud Lagardère
Media, Chief Executive Officer of Lagardère Sports and Entertainment, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Lagardère Active and Lagardère Travel Retail, and Director of Hachette Livre (Lagardère Publishing). Arnaud Lagardère is also President of the Jean-Luc Lagardère Foundation.
## Other positions outside the group.
Outside the group, Arnaud Lagardère was Director and Chairman of SOGEADE-GÉRANCE (a French holding company for aeronautics, defense, and space) from 2007 to 2013, member of the Board of Directors of EADS N.V. from 2003 to 2013, and member of the Conseil stratégique des technologies de l’information (Strategic Information Technology Council) from 2004 to 2007.
# External links.
- | 6,140,341 |
1642732 | Arnaud Lagardère | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaud%20Lagardère | Arnaud Lagardère
ishing). Arnaud Lagardère is also President of the Jean-Luc Lagardère Foundation.
## Other positions outside the group.
Outside the group, Arnaud Lagardère was Director and Chairman of SOGEADE-GÉRANCE (a French holding company for aeronautics, defense, and space) from 2007 to 2013, member of the Board of Directors of EADS N.V. from 2003 to 2013, and member of the Conseil stratégique des technologies de l’information (Strategic Information Technology Council) from 2004 to 2007.
# External links.
- Official website of Lagardère Group
- Lagardère Publishing / Hachette Livre
- Lagardère Active
- Lagardère Travel Retail
- Lagardère Sports and Entertainment
- Jean-Luc Lagardère Foundation | 6,140,342 |
1642718 | Six Dharmas of Naropa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six%20Dharmas%20of%20Naropa | Six Dharmas of Naropa
Six Dharmas of Naropa
The Six Dharmas of Nāropa (), also called the Six Yogas of Nāropa, are a set of advanced Tibetan Buddhist tantric practices and a meditation sādhanā compiled in and around the time of the Indian monk and mystic Nāropa (1016-1100 CE) and conveyed to his student Marpa Lotsawa. The six dharmas were intended in part to help in the attainment of Buddhahood in an accelerated manner.
# Six Yogas or Six Dharmas?
Peter Alan Roberts notes that the proper terminology is "six Dharmas of Nāropa", not "six yogas of Nāropa":
# Classification.
The six dharmas are a synthesis or collection of the completion stage practices of several tantras. In the Kagyu traditions by which the six | 6,140,343 |
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dharmas were first brought to Tibet, abhiṣeka into at least one Anuttarayoga Tantra system (generally Cakrasaṃvara and/or Vajrayogini/Vajravarāhi Tantras) and practice of its utpatti-krama are the bases for practice of the six dharmas; there is no particular empowerment for the six dharmas themselves. The six dharmas are ordered and progressive, each subsequent set of practices builds on previous attainments.
## The Six Dharmas.
Though variously classified in up to ten dharmas, the six dharmas generally conform to the following list:
- "tummo" ( S: ) – the yoga of inner heat (or mystic heat).
- "gyulü" ( S: ) – the yoga of the illusory body.
- "ösel" (, S: ) – the yoga of the clear light | 6,140,344 |
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or radiant light.
These next three are considered the main practices of the completion stage (, S: ) in the anuttarayoga tantra.
- "milam" (, S: ) – the yoga of the dream state.
- "bardo" (, S: ) – the yoga of the intermediate state. This is well-known through the "Bardo Thödöl". Bardo yoga as the yoga of liminality may include aspects of illusiory body and dream yoga and is therefore to be engaged as an extension of these disciplines.
- "phowa" (, S: ) – the yoga of the transference of consciousness to a pure Buddhafield.
## Alternate Formulations.
Other dharmas, sometimes grouped with those above, or set as auxiliary practices, include:
- "Drongjuk Phowa" – Keown, "et al." (2003) list | 6,140,345 |
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a "seventh dharma" that is a variation of phowa in which the sādhaka, by transference (), may transfer their mindstream into a recently deceased body. This technique may no longer be extant, or is kept secret. The forceful projection of the mindstream into the bodymind of another is a variation that consists of elements of phowa, ösel and gyulu.
- "Karmamudrā" or "action seal" (, erroneously: S "kāmamudrā" or "desire seal") .This is the tantric yoga involving sexual union with a physical partner, either real or visualized. Like all other yogas, it cannot be practiced without the basis of the tummo yoga, of which "karmamudrā" is an extension.
- Self-liberation – Nāropa himself, in the "Vajra | 6,140,346 |
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Verses of the Whispered Tradition", adds the practice of self-liberation in the wisdom of non-duality, which is the resolved view of mahamudra and dzogchen. This is always considered as a distinct path.
- Yantra – There are many practices and physical exercises called yantras preliminary to tummo yoga. A good example of this is the visualization on the body as being hollow: "here the body and the energy channels ("nadis") are to be seen as completely transparent and radiant". This essential technique releases tensions and gives suppleness to the prana channels.
As Nāropa is regarded as a Kagyu lineage holder, the six meditative practices are strongly associated with the Kagyu lineages of Vajrayana | 6,140,347 |
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Buddhism. The teachings of Tilopa (988-1069 CE) are the earliest known work on the six dharmas. Tilopa is said to have received the teachings directly from Cakrasaṃvara. Nāropa learned the techniques from Tilopa. Nāropa's student Marpa taught the Tibetan Milarepa, renowned for his yogic skills. Milarepa in turn taught Gampopa. Gampopa's student, Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama, attained enlightenment while practicing the six dharmas. The Karmapa, the first figure in Tibetan Buddhism whose reincarnation was officially recognized, has been strongly associated in certain tulkus with particular yogic attributes.
Many Gelugpa practitioners including Dalai Lamas are expert in the six dharmas of Nāropa.
# | 6,140,348 |
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Physical exercises.
Before engaging in the actual practices of the Six Dharmas, one begins by doing the "six exercises of Naropa". Trülkhor (Tibetan "'khrul-'khor")
- "Filling like a Vase" – a breathing technique
- "Circling like a Wheel" – rolling the solar plexus
- "Hooking like a Hook" – snapping the elbow into the chest
- "Showing the "Mudrā" of Vajra Binding" – moving the "mudrā" from the crown downwards
- "Straightening like an Arrow" – hands and knees on the floor with the spine straight; heaving like a dog
- "Shaking the Head and Entire Body" – pulling the fingers, followed by massaging the two hands
# Meditation on the body as an empty shell.
Here the body is envisioned as | 6,140,349 |
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being entirely without substance, appearing in the mind like a rainbow in the sky. This meditation and the physical exercises should be practiced in conjunction with one another.
# Stages of meditating upon the actual path.
## Inner Heat.
Visualizing the channels, Visualizing the mantric syllables and engaging in the vase breathing technique.
This gives rise to five signs: like a mirage, like a wisp of smoke, like the flickering of fireflies, like a glowing butter lamp, and like a sky free of clouds.
### Four Blisses.
Bliss at the throat chakra, supreme bliss at the heart chakra, inexpressible bliss or special bliss at the navel chakra, and innate bliss at the secret place, tip of the | 6,140,350 |
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jewel.
This is accomplished by relying on two conditions; the internal condition of meditating on inner heat yoga and the external condition of relying upon a "karmamudrā".
### The Types of Karmamudrās.
- "Karma Mudrā" – A woman possessing the physical attributes of a woman, for dull yogis.
- "Jñāna Mudrā" – A woman created through the power of one's visualization, for middling yogis.
- "Mahā Mudrā" – The images within one's own mind spontaneously arise as various consorts, for sharp yogis.
- "Samaya Mudrā" – The mudra experienced as a result of accomplishing the former three.
The above are usually termed the 'four handseals' with only the last one called "mahamudra". There are various | 6,140,351 |
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lists, usually some combination of the following: Action Mudra ("Karmamudra"), Wisdom Mudra ("Jnanamudra"), Phenomena Mudra ("Dharmamudra"), Pledge Mudra ("Samayamudra"), and Great Mudra ("Mahamudra"). An action mudra is a woman, phenomena mudra is all appearance, commitment or pledge mudra is "tummo", wisdom mudra is the meditation deity, and non-duality is the great mudra.
While many of the traditional lists of types of consorts to seek out for joint practice to gain spiritual attainments are written for males and from a male point of view, there are some rare instructions for these sadhanas and for consort choice from the point of view of female practitioners.
## Pure illusory Body.
Meditations | 6,140,352 |
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on all appearances as illusory, dream illusions, and "bardo" experience.
## Actual Clear Light.
The four emptinesses lead to the experience of clear light during the waking period and during sleep.
The four emptinesses are: Emptiness, Very Empty, Great Emptiness, and Utter Emptiness. They are associated with external and internal signs of the appearance of mirage, smoke, fireflies, butterlamp, cloudless sky; and whiteness, redness, blackness, and the clear light of early dawn which resembles a mixture of sunlight and moonlight, respectively.
## Union of Clear Light and Illusory Body.
Actualizing the results. The state of a Buddha Vajradhāra.
## Transference of Consciousness.
The branches | 6,140,353 |
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of that path.
There are two ways to practice the transference of consciousness: with a support and without a support.
Separating the body and the mind without a support is achieved through the emptiness of great conceptlessness whereby the mind is not attached to the body and the body is not attached to the mind.
Separating the body and the mind with a support, on the other hand, requires one to imagine the mind as a substance. With awareness one draws the mind up the central channel and then with force expels the mind into the space of the sky.
There are two methods to separate a body and a mind with support: transference in stages, and transference all at once at the time of death.
Transference | 6,140,354 |
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in stages involves dissolving the sufferings of the six realms into a bindu which ascends the body and travels upwards in the central channel.
Starting under the sole of the feet, each point radiates colored light. Feet: black-hell, joining yellow-hungry-ghosts together at the secret place. At the navel: gray-animals. At the heart: green-human. At the throat: red-demigods, and at the crown: white-gods.
Once the bindu has reached the crown, it has the nature of five colors, corresponding to the last five stages (black is not counted). This bindu then leaves the central channel through the crown and comes to rest inside the heart of a deity that is one cubit above in space.
The mind is rested | 6,140,355 |
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in equipoise in this state.
# Related traditions.
The six dharmas of Niguma are almost identical to the six dharmas of Nāropa. Niguma who was an enlightened dakini, a Vajrayana teacher, one of the founders of the Shangpa Kagyu Buddhist lineage, and, depending on the sources, either the sister or spiritual consort of Nāropa. The second Dalai Lama, Gendun Gyatso has compiled a work on these yogas. Niguma transmitted her teachings to yogini Sukhasiddhī and then to Khyungpu Neldjor, the founder of the Shangpa Kagyu lineage. A translator and teacher in the lineage, Lama Sarah Harding, has published a book about Niguma and the core role her teachings such as the six dharmas of Niguma have played | 6,140,356 |
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in the development of the Shangpa Kagyu lineage.
In the lineage of Machig Labdron, the practice of Mahamudra Chöd begins with The Yoga of the Transference of Consciousness.
# See also.
- Bardo Thodol (Tibetan Book of the Dead)
- Tsa lung Trul khor (Tibetan Yoga)
# References.
- Guenther, Herbert V. (1963). "The Life and Teaching of Naropa", Oxford University Press.
- Wangyal, Tenzin (1998)" The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep", Snow Lion Publications.
# Further reading.
- Mullin, Glen H (2005) "The Six Yogas of Naropa", Snow Lion Publications.
- Mullin, Glen H (1997) "Readings on the Six Yogas of Naropa", Snow Lion Publications.
- Harding, Lama Sarah (2012) "Niguma, Lady of Illusion" | 6,140,357 |
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.
- Guenther, Herbert V. (1963). "The Life and Teaching of Naropa", Oxford University Press.
- Wangyal, Tenzin (1998)" The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep", Snow Lion Publications.
# Further reading.
- Mullin, Glen H (2005) "The Six Yogas of Naropa", Snow Lion Publications.
- Mullin, Glen H (1997) "Readings on the Six Yogas of Naropa", Snow Lion Publications.
- Harding, Lama Sarah (2012) "Niguma, Lady of Illusion" (Tsadra Foundation). Ithica: Snow Lion Publications.
# External links.
- The Art of Dying: Esoteric Instructions on Death and Liberation
- Literature from the Tibetan Tradition Relevant to Six Yogas of Naropa Practitioners - An Annotated Bibliography and Selected Excerpts | 6,140,358 |
1642763 | Bertslide | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertslide | Bertslide
Bertslide
A bertslide, Bertlemann slide, or bert, is a skateboarding trick where the skateboarder puts one hand on the ground and rotates the board while it is still on the ground, effectively sliding on the wheels of the skateboard. The trick was named after the surfer Larry Bertlemann, who first performed the trick on a surfboard, then later incorporated it into his skateboarding. The original version of the trick was a 180 degree turn. The Z-Boys, an influential group of mid-1970s skateboarders, adapted the move by extending the slide to 360 or even 540 degrees.
A bertslide can be performed on both flat ground or banks, and is considered fundamental for learning board control.
When performing | 6,140,359 |
1642763 | Bertslide | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertslide | Bertslide
pted the move by extending the slide to 360 or even 540 degrees.
A bertslide can be performed on both flat ground or banks, and is considered fundamental for learning board control.
When performing a bert the skateboarder crouches down while doing a frontside carve, plants their front hand on the ground and extends their back foot and torso making the back wheels slide out. After the slide the skateboard has made a 180 degree sweeping turn and the skateboarder pushes back up and continues in the starting direction. When performed in a transition it is possible to convert a bertlemann slide into a grind by timing the slide so that during the apex of the sweep the back truck hits the coping. | 6,140,360 |
1642752 | Battle of Manila (1899) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Manila%20(1899) | Battle of Manila (1899)
Battle of Manila (1899)
The Battle of Manila (Filipino: "Labanan sa Maynila"; ), the first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, between 19,000 American soldiers and 15,000 Filipino armed militiamen. Armed conflict broke out when American troops, under orders to turn away insurgents from their encampment, fired upon an encroaching group of Filipinos. Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it and fighting escalated the next day. It ended in an American victory, although minor skirmishes continued for several days afterward.
# Disposition of forces.
## Filipino forces.
After | 6,140,361 |
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the surrender of Manila to American forces by the Spanish in 1898, General Aguinaldo demanded occupation of a line of blockhouses on the Zapote Line, which had been the Spanish defensive perimeter. General Otis initially refused this, but later said that he would not object unless overruled by higher authority. It was estimated at the time that there were about 20,000 Filipino troops surrounding Manila, with their distribution and exact composition only partially known.
## American forces.
U.S. Army forces numbered some 800 officers and 20,000 enlisted men. Of these, some 8,000 were deployed in Manila and 11,000 in a defensive line inside the Zapote line. The remaining American troops were | 6,140,362 |
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in Cavite or in transports off Iloilo.
# First shots.
Sources generally agree that the first shots were fired by Private William Walter Grayson, an Englishman who had migrated to America c. 1890, had enlisted as a volunteer soldier in Lincoln, Nebraska, in May 1898, a month after the Spanish–American War erupted, and had deployed with his unit to the Philippines in June 1898. Grayson's unit, the First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry under Colonel John M. Stotsenburg, had been encamped in Santa Mesa, Manila, since December 5, 1898. During the time of their encampment, there had been incidents on and around the San Juan Bridge, located just to the east of their encampment area.
On the morning of | 6,140,363 |
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February 4, Stotsenburg said, "Your orders are to hold the village. If any armed men come into our lines order them out. If they persist in coming, summon enough men to arrest them. In case an advance in force is made, fall back to the pipeline outpost and resist occupation of the village by all means in your power, calling on these headquarters for assistance." In a report later that day, Lt. Burt D. Wheedon wrote, "On the morning of February 4 the insurgents ordered our men to move out of town (Santol), and upon their refusal to do so the former said that they would bring a body of men and drive them back when night came." Lt. Wheedon took charge of an outpost on Santol road at seven in the | 6,140,364 |
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evening and, at 7:30, orders were given saying, "No armed insurgents to enter the town or vicinity ... Halt all armed persons who attempted to advance from the direction of the insurgents' lines which lie between blockhouses 6 and 7 and the San Juan Bridge and order them back to their lines. if they refused to go, to arrest them if possible, or if this was impossible, to fire upon them... Patrol each of the roads leading to Blockhouses 6 and 7 for 100 yards every half hour." (Blockhouse 6 was located on the city line just southeast of what is now Santol Street. Blockhouse 7 was about north-northeast of a point where the water pipe crossed Santol road).
At about 8 pm on February 4, 1899, Grayson, | 6,140,365 |
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along with Private Orville Miller and one other man advanced from Santol towards Blockhouse 7, suddenly encountering four armed men after about five minutes of patrolling. According to Grayson's account, he and Miller called "Halt!" and, when the four men responded by cocking their rifles, they fired at them and retreated to Santol. Personal accounts by Grayson claim that he "dropped" two and Miller one, but neither American nor Filipino official reports mention anyone being hit.
Some sources assert that the encounter took place on San Juan Bridge. A marker which had stood on that site was ordered moved to Santa Mesa in 2003 by Ambeth Ocampo, then chairman of the National Historical Commission | 6,140,366 |
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of the Philippines, after research by Dr. Benito Legarda concluded that the shot was fired somewhere between Blockhouse 7 (within Manila’s boundary) and Barrio Santol (Sampaloc District) on the connecting road that is now Sociego.
# Reactions of Aguinaldo and Otis.
Aguinaldo was away in Malolos when the conflict started on the 4th. That same night, a Filipino captain in Manila wired him in Malolos, stating that the Americans had started the hostilities. Aguinaldo wanted to avoid open conflict with the Americans while maintaining his position of leadership with his nationalist followers. The next day (February 5) Aguinaldo sent an emissary to General Otis to mediate, saying "the firing on our | 6,140,367 |
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side the night before had been against my order."
Otis, who was then confident that a military campaign against Aguinaldo would be swift, was a veteran of the American Indian Wars and reacted much as he might have to his Sioux opponents decades before: "Fighting having begun, must go on to the grim end."
Aguinaldo then reassured his followers with a pledge to fight if forced by the Americans, whom he had come to fear as new oppressors come to replace the Spanish.
# Battle.
Caught off guard by the sudden outburst, the Filipinos remained in their trenches and exchanged fire with the Americans. A Filipino battalion mounted a charge against the 3rd U.S. Artillery, routed a company of American | 6,140,368 |
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soldiers, and succeeded in capturing two artillery pieces for a little while. The Filipino troops had been caught unprepared and leaderless, as their generals had gone home to their families for the weekend. The American soldiers, in contrast, were ready and needed only to follow previously prepared planning. The next day, Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur ordered an American advance.
When Filipino officers did arrive on the field, many influential leaders tried to stop the fighting. Aguinaldo sent emissaries to negotiate a cease fire. But both Otis and MacArthur thought the crisis should be brought to a head and refused to negotiate.
General MacArthur, in command of the North of Manila, | 6,140,369 |
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had developed a defensive plan which called for his entire division to launch an all-out offensive along the Santa Mesa Ridge in the event of attack, capture the blockhouses, and seize the Chinese hospital and La Loma Cemetery. General Anderson, along the southern lines, believed he faced imminent attack, so with permission from Otis, he sent his entire division in a preemptive strike at first light. Brig. Gen. Pio del Pilar's forces fled into the Pasig River where many drowned. The battle of February 5 was fought along a 25 km (16 mile) front and was the biggest and bloodiest of the war. } It involved all or part of 13 American regiments and thousands of Filipinos. American casualties totaled | 6,140,370 |
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238, of whom 44 were killed in action or died from wounds. The U.S. Army's official report listed Filipino casualties as 4,000, of whom 700 were killed, but this is guesswork.
The Filipinos were shocked when the Americans attacked. They were used to Spanish tactics of retreating into fortified cities after a night time raid. MacArthur's attack in the north captured the ridge overlooking Manila. (MacArthur was later promoted to Major General and became Governor-General of the Philippines.) After initial confusion, Brigadier General Thomas M. Anderson's attack in the south captured the village of Pasay and Filipino supplies stored there.
The Filipinos were counting on an uprising by the citizens | 6,140,371 |
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of Manila to divide American forces and interrupt American supply lines. Although some fires were set inside the city, no general uprising occurred, since Provost Marshal Brig. Gen. Robert P. Hughes' Provost Guard quickly suppressed any disturbances. However, some small units of Philippine soldiers who had not been part of the force that was routed, skirmished with the Americans for several days on the outskirts of Manila before being driven out.
# Order of battle.
## Filipino.
- Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Republic and Commander-in-Chief of Philippine Army
- Gen. Antonio Luna, Philippine Army Chief-of-Operations
## U.S..
Eighth Army Corps – Major General Elwell S. Otis
- Provost | 6,140,372 |
1642752 | Battle of Manila (1899) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Manila%20(1899) | Battle of Manila (1899)
ovost Guard quickly suppressed any disturbances. However, some small units of Philippine soldiers who had not been part of the force that was routed, skirmished with the Americans for several days on the outskirts of Manila before being driven out.
# Order of battle.
## Filipino.
- Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Republic and Commander-in-Chief of Philippine Army
- Gen. Antonio Luna, Philippine Army Chief-of-Operations
## U.S..
Eighth Army Corps – Major General Elwell S. Otis
- Provost Marshal: Brigadier General Robert P. Hughes
- Judge Advocate General: Lt Colonel Enoch Crowder
- Chief of Engineers: Maj James Franklin Bell
# See also.
- Campaigns of the Philippine–American War | 6,140,373 |
1642789 | Evening Star (newspaper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evening%20Star%20(newspaper) | Evening Star (newspaper)
Evening Star (newspaper)
Evening Star is the name of the following newspapers:
- "Evening Star" (Ipswich), a daily newspaper in Ipswich, England, published since 1885
- "Evening Star" (Dunedin), a daily newspaper published in Dunedin, New Zealand, from 1863 to 1979
- "The Evening Star", former name of "The Star" in Auburn, Indiana, United States
- "Washington Evening Star", a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., from 1852 to 1981
- "The Evening Star", a newspaper published in the 1800s in what is now Rensselaer, New York
- "The Evening Star", former name of the "Toronto Star", a daily newspaper based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- "The Evening Star" (Boulder, Western | 6,140,374 |
1642789 | Evening Star (newspaper) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evening%20Star%20(newspaper) | Evening Star (newspaper)
rom 1863 to 1979
- "The Evening Star", former name of "The Star" in Auburn, Indiana, United States
- "Washington Evening Star", a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., from 1852 to 1981
- "The Evening Star", a newspaper published in the 1800s in what is now Rensselaer, New York
- "The Evening Star", former name of the "Toronto Star", a daily newspaper based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- "The Evening Star" (Boulder, Western Australia), a daily newspaper published in Kalgoorlie-Boulder from 1898 to 1921
# See also.
- "The Evening and the Morning Star" (1832–1834), the first newspaper of the Latter Day Saint movement
- Star (newspaper)
- Evening Star (disambiguation) | 6,140,375 |
1642768 | Melle, Deux-Sèvres | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melle,%20Deux-Sèvres | Melle, Deux-Sèvres
Melle, Deux-Sèvres
Melle is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, the former communes Mazières-sur-Béronne, Paizay-le-Tort, Saint-Léger-de-la-Martinière and Saint-Martin-lès-Melle were merged into Melle.
It is today best known as the home town of Ségolène Royal, the 2007 Socialist candidate for the election of the Presidency of the Republic. The director Laurent Cantet was born here as well as the archaeologist Gaston Deschamps (1861–1931).
# History.
During the early Middle Ages, Melle was an active center of minting, thanks to important silver mines located under and around the city. These were mined from 602 to at least 995. The mined ore was galena: | 6,140,376 |
1642768 | Melle, Deux-Sèvres | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melle,%20Deux-Sèvres | Melle, Deux-Sèvres
lead containing silver. The lead served first of all to pay a tribute to the Frankish kings: under Dagobert I, eight thousand pounds were sent to Paris every year, where he served for the cover of the Basilica of St Denis.
Under the reign of Charlemagne it was a mining centre and was, for a time, the home of the French mint: the Aachen penny of Charlemagne, the first coin of Charlemagne to be found at his capital of Aachen/Aix, was minted at "Metullo". The silver mines which supplied the mint continued to function off and on before being forgotten altogether in the 18th century, not to be discovered again until the 20th century. The mine is now a tourist attraction and can be visited most days | 6,140,377 |
1642768 | Melle, Deux-Sèvres | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melle,%20Deux-Sèvres | Melle, Deux-Sèvres
of the year.
In the Middle Ages, Melle flourished as a town, as we can see from its surviving medieval houses and the three churches, built in the Romanesque style during the 11th and 12th centuries.
# Sights.
Melle is an ancient town which has traditional French architecture, some dating back before the 17th century.
The silver mine in Melle is claimed to be the oldest silver mine in Europe still open to the public. The mine itself is some long, and visitors can explore 350 m of it, with guided tours each day.
The church of Saint-Hilaire was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.
Among other places | 6,140,378 |
1642768 | Melle, Deux-Sèvres | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melle,%20Deux-Sèvres | Melle, Deux-Sèvres
to visit are the wash-houses and fountains of Melle. 400m from the church of Saint-Pierre is a small octagonal building with an arcade around its perimeter. There a fountain pours from the rock, into the basin where women gathered to do their washing. In the meadow nearby is a medieval fountain and basin, known as the Pré de la Maladerie, which was reserved for lepers.
Melle also boasts a walk known as the "Arboretum du Chemin de la Découverte". This walk passes more than 1000 species of trees and shrubs from the temperate areas of the world, and a collection of over 100 roses.
# Melle today.
Today, Melle is a vibrant small town. It is the major hub of business for the nearby towns of Saint-Léger, | 6,140,379 |
1642768 | Melle, Deux-Sèvres | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melle,%20Deux-Sèvres | Melle, Deux-Sèvres
s of the world, and a collection of over 100 roses.
# Melle today.
Today, Melle is a vibrant small town. It is the major hub of business for the nearby towns of Saint-Léger, Chef-Boutonne, and Celles-sur-Belle and this is demonstrated by its business community and by the fact that it is home to the "lycée" (high school) for the region. Melle and the surrounding countryside is known for its own particular type of goat's cheese, 'chabichou'.
Every Friday, a weekly market is being held on Place Bujault.
The town is home a variety of traditional shops, as well as two large supermarkets and several restaurants.
# See also.
- Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department
# External links.
- INSEE | 6,140,380 |
1642792 | Doubled pawns | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doubled%20pawns | Doubled pawns
Doubled pawns
In chess, doubled pawns are two pawns of the same color residing on the same file. Pawns can become doubled only when one pawn captures onto a file on which another friendly pawn resides. In the diagram, the pawns on the b-file and e-file are doubled. The pawns on the are doubled and isolated.
In most cases, doubled pawns are considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other. This inability, in turn, makes it more difficult to achieve a breakthrough which could create a passed pawn (often a deciding factor in endgames). In the case of isolated doubled pawns, these problems are only further aggravated. Several chess strategies and openings are based on burdening | 6,140,381 |
1642792 | Doubled pawns | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doubled%20pawns | Doubled pawns
the opponent with doubled pawns, a strategic weakness.
There are, however, cases where accepting doubled pawns can be advantageous because doing so may open up a file for a rook, or because the doubled pawns perform a useful function, such as defending important squares. Also, if the opponent is unable to effectively attack the pawns, their inherent weakness may be of little or no consequence. There are also a number of openings that accept doubled pawns in exchange for some prevailing advantage, such as the Two Knights Variation of Alekhine's Defence.
# Tripled and quadrupled pawns.
It is possible to have tripled pawns (or more). The diagram shows a position from Lubomir Kavalek–Bobby Fischer, | 6,140,382 |
1642792 | Doubled pawns | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doubled%20pawns | Doubled pawns
Sousse Interzonal 1967. The pawns remained tripled at the end of the game on move 28 (a draw).
Quadrupled pawns occurred in the game Alexander Alekhine–Vladimir Nenarokov, 1907, in John van der Wiel–Vlastimil Hort, 1981, and in other games. The longest lasting case of quadrupled pawns was in the game Kovacs–Barth, Balatonbereny 1994, lasting 23 moves. The final position was drawn, demonstrating the weakness of the extra pawns (see diagram).
# Types of doubled pawns.
There are different types of doubled pawns (see diagram). A doubled pawn is weak because of four considerations:
- 1. lack of mobility
- 2. inability to act as a normal pawn
- 3. likelihood that it cannot be exchanged for an | 6,140,383 |
1642792 | Doubled pawns | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doubled%20pawns | Doubled pawns
s (see diagram). A doubled pawn is weak because of four considerations:
- 1. lack of mobility
- 2. inability to act as a normal pawn
- 3. likelihood that it cannot be exchanged for an opposing normal pawn
- 4. vulnerability to attack, as the front pawn cannot be defended from behind by a rook
The doubled pawns on the b-file are in the best situation, the f-file pawns are next. The h-file pawns are in the worst situation because two pawns are held back by one opposing pawn, so the second pawn has little value . See Chess piece relative value for more discussion.
# See also.
- Passed pawn
- Pawn structure
- Isolated pawn
- Backward pawn
- Connected pawns
# References.
Bibliography | 6,140,384 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
Lake Pleasant Regional Park
Lake Pleasant Regional Park is a large outdoors recreation area straddling the Maricopa and Yavapai county border northwest of Phoenix, Arizona. The park is located within the municipal boundaries of Peoria, Arizona, and serves as a major recreation hub for the northwest Phoenix metropolitan area.
# Lake Pleasant.
The cornerstone of the park is the 10,000 acre (40 km² or 15.6 mi²), Lake Pleasant, one of the important artificial reservoirs surrounding the Phoenix metropolitan area. Created by the Carl Pleasant Dam, which was finished in 1927, and upon completion, was the largest multi-arch dam in the world. The lake originally had a surface area of 3,700 acres (15 km² | 6,140,385 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
or 5.8 mi²) and served as a private irrigation project. At 76 feet (23 m) high and 2,160 feet (658 m) long, the original Carl Pleasant Dam was, at its completion, the largest agricultural dam project in the world. The lake was filled by the Agua Fria River, capturing a large watershed throughout Yavapai County.
Construction of the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct, which began in 1973, soon diverted water from the Colorado River to the lake, converting the lake from an agricultural project into a storage reservoir for the project. Completed in 1994, the New Waddell Dam tripled the surface area of the lake, submerging the old dam beneath its waters. Shortly after the completion of the dam, the | 6,140,386 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
area experienced a prolonged drought, and while the lake grew considerably it would not reach full capacity until early 2005. Although still fed by the Agua Fria River, the CAP aqueduct is the primary source of water for the reservoir.
Lake Pleasant is used as a major water sports recreation center for the Phoenix metro area, as well as serving as an important storage reservoir for the rapidly growing region. A number of boat docks and beach access make the lake a popular destination for scuba diving, water skiing, jet skiing, sailing, windsurfing and other water sports.
The lake has been plagued by a number of deaths over the years, and Arizona authorities have from time to time called for | 6,140,387 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
caution when at Lake Pleasant because of a number of reasons, including rising waters and carbon monoxide in the area.
Lake Pleasant Fish Species
- Threadfin Shad
- Bluegill
- Redear Sunfish
- Green Sunfish
- Black Crappie
- White Crappie
- Largemouth Bass
- Smallmouth Bass
- White Bass
- Striped Bass
- Channel Catfish
- Flathead Catfish
- Common Carp
- Tilapia
"Potential Fish Species"
- Sucker
- Gizzard Shad
- Yellow Perch
- Walleye
- Northern Pike
- Muskellunge
- Rainbow Trout
- Blue Catfish
- Bullhead
- Goldfish
- Buffalo
Potential Aquarium Released Species
- Peacock Bass
- Arowana
- Ciclids
- Pacu
- Rocket Gar
- Ripsaw Catfish
- Bala Shark
- Colombian | 6,140,388 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
Shark
- Iridescent Shark
- Rainbow Shark
- Red Tail Shark
- Silver Apollo Shark
# Other uses.
The park covers a total of over 23,000 acres (93 km²) of mountainous desert landscape, including the lake, and boasts a number of other recreational activities, such as mountain biking, camping, and hiking. The park also has an educational visitors' center that provides information regarding the history of the lake, the construction of the Waddell Dam and the surrounding areas.
The presence of the lake has also attracted other recreational activities in the area, such as a dirt racetrack and a large glider school/airport.
The rapidly growing city of Peoria has annexed the park and surrounding | 6,140,389 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
lands with an eye on future development, though 2007-2008 economic downturn has brought a temporary halt to its plans. Economy aside, the increasing popularity of the area is evidenced by rapidly growing subdivisions to the south, such as Vistancia, and skyrocketing real estate values, the city has zoned much of the land in the immediate vicinity for future use of both high-end waterfront residential neighborhoods and commercial opportunities off of Lake Pleasant Parkway and the Carefree Highway. Several plans also call for potentially expanding the existing airstrip to be expanded into a regional airport.
# Annual events.
Lake Pleasant Paddle Fest is a full day event featuring different paddle | 6,140,390 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
craft and fun activities.
Bill Luke Bass Days is a day and night time festival taking place at Lake Pleasant Marina featuring carnival rides, cornhole tournament, wildlife exhibits, vendors, food and live music.
# Transportation.
The area is served by Pleasant Valley Airport, located 3 miles away. Plans to start commercial service to the airport, including from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, have been unsuccessful.
Several roads connect the area to Phoenix's main freeway systems.
# Scenery.
The following pictures are of some of the scenery at Lake Pleasant Regional Park and the ruins of a thousand year old Hohokam Puebloans village.
# See also.
- Bradshaw Mountains
- Castle | 6,140,391 |
1642781 | Lake Pleasant Regional Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Pleasant%20Regional%20Park | Lake Pleasant Regional Park
vice to the airport, including from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, have been unsuccessful.
Several roads connect the area to Phoenix's main freeway systems.
# Scenery.
The following pictures are of some of the scenery at Lake Pleasant Regional Park and the ruins of a thousand year old Hohokam Puebloans village.
# See also.
- Bradshaw Mountains
- Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)
- Hells Canyon Wilderness (Arizona)
- Hieroglyphic Mountains
- Indian Mesa
- Lake Pleasant Camp
# External links.
- Lake Pleasant Regional Park Website
- Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map
- Lake Pleasant Arizona Recreation
- Arizona Game & Fish – Fishing Locations
- Video of Lake Pleasant | 6,140,392 |
1642808 | Michael Roberts (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Roberts%20(historian) | Michael Roberts (historian)
Michael Roberts (historian)
Michael Roberts (1908–1996) was an English historian specializing in the early modern period. He was particularly known for his studies of Swedish history, and his introduction of the concept of a Military Revolution in early modern Europe.
# Biography.
Roberts was born in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire and educated at Brighton College, and Worcester College, Oxford. He taught at Rhodes University College in Grahamstown, South Africa from 1935, served in the army in East Africa during World War II, and headed the British Council in Stockholm 1944–46. From 1954 until his retirement in 1973, he was professor of modern history at the Queen's University of Belfast. He | 6,140,393 |
1642808 | Michael Roberts (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Roberts%20(historian) | Michael Roberts (historian)
also held guest professorships in U.S. universities. He was a member of the British Academy and the Royal Irish Academy.
Roberts is chiefly known as the originator of the theory of a "Revolution in Military Affairs" or RMA, which he first presented in a paper entitled "The Military Revolution: 1560-1660" in a lecture at the Queen's university of Belfast in 1955. This theory holds that certain changes in military tactics and technology led to a revolutionary new method of waging war that made combat more decisive.
Although originally working in the area of British history, Roberts soon gained an interest in the history of Sweden and learnt Swedish prior to 1940. He made his most significant | 6,140,394 |
1642808 | Michael Roberts (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Roberts%20(historian) | Michael Roberts (historian)
contributions on the period from the late 16th to the early 18th century when Sweden was a major player on the European political and military scene, but published several studies on later periods in both Swedish and British history. Some of his works on Swedish history are used as textbooks in Swedish universities and several have also been translated into Swedish. In addition, he proposed the concept of a 'military revolution' in the early modern Europe - an idea that, with modification, is still used by historians.
Roberts also wrote translations of the poet Birger Sjöberg and Sweden's bard Carl Michael Bellman into English, which he published himself. These works are on file at the National | 6,140,395 |
1642808 | Michael Roberts (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Roberts%20(historian) | Michael Roberts (historian)
Library of Sweden. In 2008 the Birger Sjöberg Society published "Frida's New Clothes", a collection of the poet's lyrics in translation. Fourteen of the translations were by Roberts.
Michael Roberts had several Swedish honours bestowed upon him; among other things he received an honorary doctorate from Stockholm University, and was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities.
# Reception.
Jeremy Black, writing in "History Today", comments that "Few subjects are identified so closely with one man as English-language scholarship on early-modern Sweden and Michael Roberts."
Glansholms Bokhandel & Antikvariat (in Sweden) comment that Roberts gives a fascinating | 6,140,396 |
1642808 | Michael Roberts (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Roberts%20(historian) | Michael Roberts (historian)
picture of Sweden in the Age of Liberty in his book, and that "he is a good storyteller in his anglo-saxon tradition, succeeding in telling Swedish history with clarity and humour."
# Select bibliography.
- "The Whig Party, 1807-1812" (1939).
- "Gustav Adolf the Great" (translator) (1940).
- "Gustavus Adolphus, A History of Sweden 1611-1632" (two volumes, 1953–1958).
- "Sweden as a great power 1611-1697" (1968).
- "The early Vasas : a history of Sweden 1523-1611" (1968).
- "Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden" (1973).
- "Twelve pieces and an introduction from Fridas bok" (translator) (1975).
- "Epistles and songs: Carl Michael Bellman" (translator) (three volumes, 1977–1981).
- | 6,140,397 |
1642808 | Michael Roberts (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Roberts%20(historian) | Michael Roberts (historian)
n as a great power 1611-1697" (1968).
- "The early Vasas : a history of Sweden 1523-1611" (1968).
- "Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden" (1973).
- "Twelve pieces and an introduction from Fridas bok" (translator) (1975).
- "Epistles and songs: Carl Michael Bellman" (translator) (three volumes, 1977–1981).
- "The Swedish imperial experience, 1560-1718" (1979).
- "British Diplomacy and Swedish Politics, 1758-1773" (1980).
- "The Age of Liberty : Sweden 1719-1772" (1986).
- "From Oxenstierna to Charles XII : four studies" (1991).
# External links.
- The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523-1611 - Book authored by Michael Roberts (Cambridge University Press, 1968 / Google Books) | 6,140,398 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
Ocean (train)
The Ocean (), previously known as the Ocean Limited, is a passenger train operated by Via Rail in Canada between Montreal, Quebec and Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is the oldest continuously operated named passenger train in North America. The "Ocean" schedule takes approximately 23 hours, running overnight in both directions. Together with "The Canadian" and Via's corridor trains, the "Ocean" provides a transcontinental service.
# History.
The Intercolonial Railway of Canada (IRC) inaugurated the "Ocean Limited" on July 3, 1904, as a summer-only "limited stop" service to supplement the "Maritime Express". In Halifax, it connected with the Dominion Atlantic Railway's luxury train, | 6,140,399 |
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