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bf78129c-9e2f-42a5-bd22-f23dc8454e5e | EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2024.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5118
MC5.D07: High Intensity Circular Machines Space Charge, Halos 2545WEP: Poster session WEP5118
Content from this work may b... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5118.pdf | 3 |
77a34a58-fcd7-4104-a45c-cebafb054b2a | DEVELOPING A PHYSICS-INFORMED GAUSSIAN PROCESS MODEL TO
CONSTRUCT AN UNCERTAINTY-QUANTIFIED MACHINE MODEL
USING BAYESIAN OPTIMIZATION
V. Isensee∗, O. Boine-Frankenheim1, TEMF, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
A. Oeftiger, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
E... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 0 |
b85a4d43-6a9e-484f-a22e-37a48a90aaa0 | toLinearOpticsfromClosedOrbits(LOCO)include(1.)fit-
ting of Gaussian probability distributions for parameters,
which inherently model uncertainty, (2.) incorporation of
measurement uncertainty from BPM noise, (3.) uncertainty-
enabledorbit prediction betweenBPMs,and (4.) an active-
learning strategy for greater sample ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 0 |
db94ad16-fc1d-4f83-bf33-321010154f0a | lines,withpotentialapplicationsextendingtobroaderoptics-
correction and beam-tuning tasks.
INTRODUCTION
Accurateknowledgeof elementalignmentandmagnetic
field errors is a prerequisite for maintaining the designed
opticalperformanceofmodernacceleratorfacilities. Con-
ventionalmethodssuchasLinearOpticsfromClosedOrbits
(LO... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 0 |
b35d0005-1c38-427e-8fad-4f127979bb94 | tions,eachwithtwodipolesandthreequadrupoles,equipped
with12BPMs[ 3]. TheSFRSisthesuperconductingfrag-
ment separator under construction at FAIR, designed to sep-
∗victoria.isensee@tu-darmstadt.dearate exotic rare isotopes produced by projectile fragmenta-
tion or fission [ 4].
Building on the physics-informed Gaussian ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 0 |
00032bd7-46c4-43ff-a72a-5c337383f104 | theringorbeamlineandsupportsparameterinferencevia
Bayesianoptimization[ 8]. Theactive-learningcomponent
isextendedwithaphysics-informedsteererselectionstrat-
egy: aphaseadvanceprefiltereliminatesgeometricallyblind
steerers,andasubmodularbatch-selectioncriteriongreedily
assemblescomplementarymeasurementstoreduceposterio... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 0 |
9e1e8150-4ba9-4416-b87c-a6f60355c50d | thedifferentialclosedorbitatposition 𝑝duetoakick 𝜃at
steerer𝑠is
Δ𝑥𝑠𝑝=√𝛽𝑠𝛽𝑝
2sin(𝜋𝑞)cos(Δ𝜙𝑠𝑝−𝜋𝑞)⋅𝜃, (1)
where𝛽𝑠and𝛽𝑝aretheCourant–Snyder 𝛽-functionsatthe
steererandquadrupolelocations,respectively. Δ𝜙𝑠𝑝isthe
betatron phase advance from steerer to quadrupole, and 𝑞
is the fractional tune [ 9]. ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 0 |
8ccd755f-7018-4e0b-b042-b0e1f686efc4 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5125
2546 MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation TechniquesWEP5125 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 0 |
5eb01a0d-690e-4104-9557-46934b53ad3f | at least10%of the maximum attainable orbit response at
the target quadrupole. Such phase-blind steerers convey no
informationaboutthetargetquadrupoleregardlessofkick
amplitudeandarethereforeeliminatedbythischeapanalytic
prefilter before any simulation is invoked.
Forasingle-passbeamlinesuchastheSFRS,Eq. (1)does
notappl... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 1 |
01615a2d-0078-461e-8189-f605e513768b | and the unknown misalignment vector [ 10,11]. The full
adaptive loop proceeds as follows:
1.Observethe orbit under the current 𝜃-matrix (one row
per(𝑠,𝜃)pair).
2.FitGP:Nelder–Meadmaximizesthelogmarginallike-
lihood to obtain posterior estimates {𝜇𝑗,𝜎𝑗}.
3.Rank quads by uncertainty 𝜎𝑗.
4.Phase prefilter : drop ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 1 |
64e91d8b-70ad-4368-a07d-ce928eeee370 | ments in six selected quadrupoles. The framework con-
structs a physics-informed GP machine model with uncer-
tainty quantification: given a limited number of steerer–
kickobservations,themodelinferstheposteriordistribution
over quadrupole misalignments and provides uncertainty-
quantifiedorbitpredictionsatanylongitudi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 1 |
5dab75da-74f4-473c-af6e-09a1d83f6653 | attheextractionseptum. Ateachiteration,anewbatchof
steerer–kickobservationsisaddedtothetrainingset. Atotal
reduction of 93.9% is achievedwithin 32 iterations.
from an initial value, the active learning loop reduces the
septumpredictionuncertaintyby93.9%within32iterations.
Eachiterationaddsabatchofthreesteerer–kickpairs... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 1 |
677eb5ae-a0b5-459b-baf1-68751c83688c | space. The resulting uncertainty-quantified machine model
enablesconfident orbitpredictionat theextractionseptum,
without requiring a full orbit response matrix measurement.
Switchingtoobjective(b),minimizingtheintegratedorbit
uncertaintyacrossthefullring,requiresonlyamodification
of the acquisition objective in the ad... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 1 |
1dabe753-39dc-405b-8aad-767fc6a1a4ce | of the proposed approach.
SFRS: Future Work
TheSFRSatFAIRpresentsaqualitativelydifferentoperat-
ing environment compared to SIS18. As a large-acceptance
fragmentseparator,itcomprisesmultipleindependentlypow-
ereddipoleandquadrupolesectionswithrelativelysparse
BPM coverage and a demanding requirement on optical re-
prod... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 1 |
35f60daa-00f3-4dc6-b3ab-b3049b5c3cd4 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5125
MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation Techniques 2547WEP: Poster session WEP5125
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 1 |
f71f2c1d-f51e-46f9-897c-352930d704df | 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Iteration0.00.51.01.5
Quadrupole 0
±1 [mm]
GT = 0.50mm
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Iteration0.5
0.00.51.0
Quadrupole 1
±1 [mm]
GT = -0.40mm
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Iteration1
0123
Quadrupole 2
±1 [mm]
GT = -0.10mm
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Iteration1.5
1.0
0.5
0.00.51.0
Quadrupole 3
±1 [mm]
GT = -0.60mm
0 4 8 12 ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 2 |
a44f1012-f8d3-40e7-bfe0-f477fb4f6a4e | realizations can be generated. The uncertainty-enabled pre-
dictionbetweenBPMsisespeciallyvaluablewheredetector
placement is constrained by hardware or radiation consider-
ations,andtheactivelearningstrategyreducesthenumber
of required beam pulses – an important advantage during
commissioning when beam time is scarce.
... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 2 |
b9b2f2a3-c6c8-432a-89aa-bf3c02dd14ac | planned for the near term, building directly on the validated
methodology presented here.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Theactivelearningloopreducestheorbitpredictionun-
certainty at the extraction septum from an initial value of
approximately 3.1mm to 0.19mm within 32 iterations, cor-
respondingtoatotalreductionof93.9%,as... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 2 |
7b0ba647-d9b9-434f-96b8-f58667a3199c | advance provides stronger sensitivity at the septum location.
Themisalignmentinferenceconvergestothegroundtruth
withqualitativelydifferent rates across thesix quadrupoles.
Quadrupoles 0 and 3 reach tight agreement early, while
quadrupoles1and2exhibitslowerconvergenceandretainwider residual 𝜎bands at iteration 32. Quad... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 2 |
d48390e4-2d23-428a-89d5-f4465beb2915 | larbatchselectionaddsnegligiblecomputationaloverhead
relative to the GP fitting step, so runtime is dominated by
the MAD-X ensemble evaluations. The SFRS is a natural
nextapplication: itssingle-passtopologyisdirectlyhandled
bythebeamlineprefilter,andtheuncertainty-enabledorbit
prediction betweenBPMs addresses a concret... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 2 |
50e6ad91-65ac-4aa3-b834-fb0096fc503f | full probabilistic confidence estimates. It opens a path to-
ward a digital twin of the SFRS: a model that continuously
updates as new measurements arrive, bridging simulation
and reality.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
V. Isensee thanks S. Appel and D. Kallendorf.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 2 |
64936261-9b8a-4f30-a0a4-9a2df26e295f | REFERENCES
[1]J. Safranek, “Experimental determination of storage ring
optics using orbit response measurements”, Nucl.Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. A , vol. 388, no. 1–2, pp. 27–36, Mar.
1997. doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt416/S/zero.alt4168-9/zero.alt4/zero.alt42(97)/zero.alt4/zero.alt43/zero.alt49-4
[2]S. Reimann et al., ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 3 |
1a7749e7-f41e-4c97-99af-62a4f906d843 | Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B ,vol.204, 2003.
doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt416/S/zero.alt4168-583X(/zero.alt42)/zero.alt41893-1
[5]V. Isensee, A. Oeftiger, and O. Boine-Frankenheim,
“Uncertainty-Quantified Machine Model Construction Us-
ingPhysics-Informed Gaussian Processes and BayesianOpti-
mization”,in Proc.IPAC’25 ,Ta... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 3 |
f08fc8ed-4315-477b-9f61-efa9567c6298 | 2006.
[9]H. Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics , 4th ed., Cham,
Switzerland: Springer,2015.
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[10]A. Krause, A. Singh, and C. Guestrin, “Near-optimal sensor
placements in Gaussian processes: Theory, efficient algo-
rithmsandempiricalstudies”, J.Mach.Learn.Res.... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 3 |
0b4e3ce1-75f4-4f76-8a50-5da6b654ee9c | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5125
MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation Techniques 2549WEP: Poster session WEP5125
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5125.pdf | 3 |
7e35e81a-704c-4639-a08d-7c9af7dd882b | HIGH-LEVELAPPLICATIONSFORLINACCOMMISSIONINGATELI-NP∗
A.-C. Cană1,2, G.-L. Chen†1, A.-D. Iancu1,2, R.-D. Pătrășcoiu1,2, H. Schubert1, P. Tracz1,
R. Kraus1, C.-D. Cirdei1,2, C. Matei1,2
1ELI-NP/IFIN-HH, Măgurele, Romania
2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Abstract
The ELI-NP (Extreme ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 0 |
1863a9f2-1e9b-4f77-b08c-e81e67df8c18 | acceleratorparameters. Tomeetthebeamdiagnosticcapa-
bilitiesandperformancerequirementsofthecommissioning
process,wehavedevelopedPython-basedhigh-levelappli-
cation software to support essential commissioning tasks,
including gun phase scans, emittance measurements, and
beam energy measurements. The software uses the py... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 0 |
9cedeb18-3ec9-4d6c-b346-0726cfa2ee83 | delivergamma-raybeamsviainverseComptonscattering,
employing an 800 MeV linear accelerator (LINAC) and a
high-finesseopticalcavityattheinteractionpoint[ 1,2]. The
LINAC consists of five acceleration modules, each capable
of up to 160 MeV, with quadrupole magnets for beam focus-
ingandbeampositionmonitorsfororbitdiagnost... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 0 |
076eddde-8aa9-4e44-be51-e7a931298de9 | essential to perform beam physics calculations and measure
keyacceleratorparameters. Inthispaper,wepresentPython-
basedhigh-levelapplicationsdevelopedforLINACcommis-
∗This work is carried out under the contract PN 23 21 01 06 sponsored by
theRomanianMinistry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization.
†guangling.chen@e... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 0 |
80b0eb9f-1037-4689-bc56-452a5ad447b2 | the ELI-NP GBS.
IMPLEMENTED HIGH-LEVEL
APPLICATIONS
TheoverallEPICS-basedcontrolarchitecturefortheGBS
LINAC is shown in Fig. 4. The system consists of device-
level IOCs (Input/Output Controllers) that interface with
hardware, a centralized archiver for data logging, and an
alarmsystemformonitoringoperationalstatus. Hi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 0 |
20e7df7a-836f-428c-8ef1-33ff1505bf3c | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5127
2550 MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation TechniquesWEP5127 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 0 |
2d7f61e2-dab0-4679-8f98-1d1600de1ca9 | created for simulation purposes. Simulation is an important
step in the commissioning process, as it helps anticipate
howRFphaseadjustmentsaffectbeamchargeandtiming,
reducestheneedforextensiveexperimentationontheactual
accelerator, and allows identification of optimal parameters
prior to hardware testing. For the high-... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 1 |
dd89e5d3-61bc-4c9a-9a48-83af5cc14916 | commissioning. The phase scan procedure enables deter-
minationoftheoptimuminjectionphase,wherethebeam
charge is maximized and the energy spread is minimized.
The interface, shown in Fig. 5, consists of a control panel
andameasurementdisplay. Fromthecontrolpanel,theuser
can initiate and stopphase scan measurements, and... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 1 |
f2c5cca1-5d59-4033-9652-426322f51940 | centeredattheoptimumphase 𝜙0,whichisaparameterthat
can be adjusted to simulate different operating conditions:
𝑄(𝜙) = 𝑄 0⋅exp⎛⎜
⎝−(𝜙−𝜙0)2
2𝜎2
𝜙⎞⎟
⎠. (1)
where𝑄0isthemaximumchargeand 𝜎𝜙characterizes
thephaseacceptancewidth. Thismodelcapturesthetypical
behaviorobservedinRFguns,wherethechargepeaksatthe
optimumi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 1 |
b20a20a8-649b-440d-99d1-c03f2326275b | next scan. To generate realistic ICT waveforms, for each
phasesettingwesimulatea current pulsewitha Gaussian
profile, add Gaussian noise with a standard deviation of
0.01Vtomodeldetectornoise,andgenerate4000voltage
samplesperdetector. Thetotalchargeisextractedfromeach
waveform through charge integration. The resulting ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 1 |
3c066ab7-b7cc-4a1e-b186-a11679172170 | emittance. The measurement setup consists of a quadrupole
magnetfollowedbya drift spaceand aprofile monitor. By
varying the quadrupole strength 𝑘and measuring the corre-
spondingbeamsize 𝜎𝑥atthescreen, thebeammatrixatthe
quadrupoleentrancecanbereconstructed. Foraquadrupole
modeledasathinlenswithfocallength 𝑓 = 1/(�... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 1 |
c25f26e4-b45b-4166-91dd-8724a9889a45 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5127
MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation Techniques 2551WEP: Poster session WEP5127
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 1 |
244ff942-c2e9-474b-b564-b77f4d42075f | ⎛⎜⎜⎜
⎝𝜎0,11
𝜎0,12
𝜎0,22⎞⎟⎟⎟
⎠= (ℳ𝑇ℳ)−1ℳ𝑇⎛⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜
⎝𝜎2
𝑥,1
𝜎2
𝑥,2
⋮
𝜎2𝑥,𝑛⎞⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎠.(4)
whereℳis the𝑛×3matrix with rows [𝐶2
𝑖, 2𝐶𝑖𝑆𝑖, 𝑆2
𝑖].
The emittance is then calculated as:
𝜖 =√𝜎0,11𝜎0,22−𝜎2
0,12. (5)
Thebeamemittancemeasurementsystemisimplemented
as an interactive Python simulation using PySi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 2 |
34ac35a6-5fb1-4392-82f2-52401e312540 | commissioning. Wewillimplementadipole-basedmagnetic
spectrometer, utilizing a bending magnet and a downstream
profile monitor. When a relativistic electron beam traverses
a dipole magnet with field 𝐵, the Lorentz force bends the
trajectorywithradius 𝜌governedby 𝐵𝜌 = 𝑝/𝑒 ,where𝑝is
the electron momentum. For relat... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 2 |
2d89f7cd-4e50-48f2-baeb-bc0d1687e4ae | will be implemented as a key diagnostic tool during LINAC
commissioning.
CONCLUSION
A set of Python-based high-level applications has been
developed for LINAC commissioning at ELI-NP, providing
essentialdiagnosticcapabilitiesforgunphasescans,emit-
tance measurements, and beam energy measurements. The
toolsinterfacewith... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 2 |
34f6425f-6b93-4aab-874f-e911e72c6abf | 21 01 06 sponsored by the Romanian Ministry of Research,
InnovationandDigitalization. Theauthorsextendtheirap-
preciationtoeverymember oftheELI-NPGamma System
Department for their valuable support and contributions.
REFERENCES
[1]C.A.Uretal.,“TheELI-NPfacilityfornuclearphysics”, Nucl.
Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B , vo... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 2 |
62f35dd3-4269-4cfd-b6dc-d7eb35992b5a | station at ELI-NP”, in Proc. ICALEPCS’21 , Shanghai, China,
Oct. 2021, pp. 422–425.
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[4]P. Denham, D. A. Garcia, A. Kulkarni et al., “Experimental
verification of space charge saturation scaling laws in high
gradient photocathode RF guns”, arXiv:2511.020... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5127.pdf | 2 |
9745df7f-7f97-4764-96ae-f38189a94e17 | ION TRANSPORT OPTIMISATION AT THE LOW ENERGY BRANCH
Z. Brencic∗1,2, M. Skobe1, M. Kelemen1, S. Sirca2
1Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
2University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Abstract
In majority of the accelerator beamlines, the goal is to
achievethehighestpossibledesiredbeamthroughput. When
the beam... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 0 |
94b9b530-88f7-4bd5-a60c-4c2ff5e19c11 | describehowwedeterminetheoptimalsettingsfortheLEB
optical elements.
INTRODUCTION
TheLowEnergyBranch(LEB)[ 1]attheMicroAnalytical
Center (MIC) [ 2] supplies a variety of high current (up to
50µA) ion beams, ranging from light (e.g. H, He, C, B,
15N),mid-mass(e.g. Si)toheavy(Ag,W,Pb,Bi)ionbeams
in the energy range of 100... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 0 |
0c393a1b-a705-4cb9-85ce-9110b8dd0f67 | FC 3
Figure1: BeamopticselementsoftheLEB,STstandsfor
electrostatic 𝑥 −𝑦steerer.
TRANSPORT OPTIMISATION
Whenoptimisingtransportthroughanionbeamlinewe
need to go through several levels of optimisation:
I.Choosetheopticalelementsneededforbeammanipula-
tion given desired energy range, mass range and beam
currents.
∗ziga.... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 0 |
01f3bbc1-8e5e-4134-ad1f-ee85d0b8b2e5 | measurementsofthebeamexitingtheacceleratorsources
toconstrainthedesignparametersoftheopticalelementsin
the LEB. Step III is still underway.
Intheupcomingchapters,wecovertheoptimisationsteps
IV and V. We use4He+beam as a tool for calibration of
optics, determination of misalignment and optics scaling
factors.
LEVEL IV. ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 0 |
1bf68f22-82b8-4605-8bdb-f15616b7b83b | 𝐼dipole=𝐷
𝜌√𝑚∗𝐸𝑘
𝑞2. (1)
The scaling constant 𝐷was obtained via calibra-
tion using pure4He+beam at 20 keV, for which the
dipole had to be set to 𝐼dipole= 9.2A, giving us
𝐷 = 257.148 A mm𝑒0/√keV amu.
For the operation of the beamline we are inter-
ested in the maximal kinetic energy that can be
bent with the... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 0 |
ced80203-1d49-4609-b5aa-3a06b84b6df8 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5128
MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation Techniques 2553WEP: Poster session WEP5128
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 0 |
4f156380-7579-4ef0-bf78-2d81a5746911 | thatthesourceextractionvoltagecanaccelerateionsupto
30 kV for all masses.
Einzel lens
The next component of the beamline is the einzel lens
usedtofocusthebeam(seeFig. 2and3). Theeinzellens
cylinders haveequal length and diameter 2𝑟,𝐿𝐸= 81mm
andare𝑔 = 8.1mmapart. Forthefocallengthofourlens
we use the approximation (... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 1 |
a8256f74-eea5-4737-8f50-113145e94fb9 | FC2(𝐿 = 900mm after the einzel lens) the value of 3.6kV.
As will be shown later the optimum is off, but of right order
of magnitude.
FC 1 FC 2V= 0 VE V= 0
g
LEL1 L2r
Figure 3: The setup of the einzel lens and the LEB Faraday
cups 1 and 2, along with corresponding lens voltages and
dimensions.
Electrostatic x-y steerer... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 1 |
d96fad4d-c0ea-4712-8a9e-f01de2a24943 | 2
1],(4)
and after applying the drift space 𝐿𝐷transfer map:
[𝑥
𝑥′]
𝑓= [1 𝐿𝑆+𝐿𝐷
0 1][𝑥
𝑥′]
𝑖−𝐿𝑆
2𝑑𝑉𝑥
𝑉acc[𝐿𝑆
2+𝐿𝐷
1].(5)
This yields for the desired Δ𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓− 𝑥𝑖the required
steerer voltage of:
𝑉𝑥= 𝑉acc(𝐿𝑆+𝐿𝐷)𝑥′
0−Δ𝑥
𝐿𝑆+2𝐿𝐷⋅4𝑑
𝐿𝑆, (6)
providing us with the scaling formula for t... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 1 |
3732f032-48a0-48e0-94c7-6f026191529c | 𝐼𝐹𝐶= ∫𝑟𝐹𝐶
−𝑟𝐹𝐶∫𝑟′
𝐹𝐶
−𝑟′
𝐹𝐶𝑓(𝑥,𝑥′)𝑓(𝑦,𝑦′)d𝑥d𝑥′d𝑦d𝑦′,(8)
with𝑟𝐹𝐶= 5mmtheradiusoftheFaradaycupentranceand
𝑟′
𝐹𝐶= 𝑟𝐹𝐶/𝑑𝐹𝐶= 10mrad the maximal angle of the beam
thatcanentertheFaradaycup(since 𝑟′
𝐹𝐶isfarlargerthan
the2.5 mrad divergenceofourbeamallanglesaredetected).
In radial coordi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 1 |
89600b77-d871-4643-9531-784bc7b7de9f | One option would be to use the current on the FC to find
theoptimal lens parameter via𝜕𝐼𝐹𝐶
𝜕𝑎= 0, butthe resulting
optimisationformulasarecomplicatedandcannotbesolved
exactly. The alternative is to look at the statistical momenta
of the beam: 𝜇(𝑎),𝜎(𝑎) and look for optima on the level of
those.
90-degree Dipo... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 2 |
5e01467d-835c-4185-af5d-3533b68b4b30 | (Eq.(3))𝑉𝐸= 3.6kVand the second lineto the prediction
of (Eq. (15))𝑉𝐸= 4.38kV.
Forafocallength 𝑓oftheeinzellens,sandwichedbetween
the drift space, 𝐿1and𝐿2, we can write the phase space
transfer matrix as:
𝑀 = 𝑀𝐿2𝑀𝐸𝑀𝐿1= [1−𝐿2/𝑓 𝐿2+𝐿1(1−𝐿2/𝑓)
−1/𝑓 1−𝐿1/𝑓].
(10)
We can obtain the transformation of m... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 2 |
b4fff197-1cf7-4568-9ae6-6f5669490f79 | wherethesecondtermisthecorrectingfactorduetofinite
beam phase space, with 𝐿1= 540mm,𝐿2= 900mm.
The corrected optimal einzel lens voltage 𝑉𝐸is then4.38
kVwhichisthevalueatwhichthemaximumtransmission
current on FC 2was indeed obtained (see Fig. 5).
Electrostatic x-y Steerer
In case of the steerer it is enough to look... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 2 |
182ac7ff-064f-411f-bcd3-88db635647ac | account.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Prof. Primož Pelicon
and Dr. Jurij Simčič forall their advice and support during
this research. The work at the Jožef Stefan Institute was
supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) grants
P1-0102, P1-0112, I0-0005.
REFERENCES
[1]Z. Brencic et al., “Devel... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 2 |
0f183d6b-c223-4d59-a927-716169662d03 | [3]A.GalejsandP.H.Rose,“Opticsofelectrostaticaccelerator
tubes”, in Focusing of Charged Particles , vol. 2, A. Septier,
Ed.NewYork,NY,USA:AcademicPress,1967,pp.297–326.
doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt416/B978-/zero.alt4-12-6369/zero.alt42-1.5/zero.alt4/zero.alt414-717th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauvil... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 2 |
bd94e046-f8ee-4c14-a926-de8d08dcf2d6 | [4]T.Kalvas,“Beamextractionandtransport”, in CAS-CERN
AcceleratorSchool: IonSources ,Senec,Slovakia,May29–Jun.
8, 2012, pp. 537–564. doi:1/zero.alt4.517/zero.alt4/CERN-2/zero.alt413-/zero.alt4/zero.alt47.537[5]M. Skobe, “Prototype control system for the low energy ion
beamline”, Master’s thesis, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 20... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5128.pdf | 3 |
0f0925c8-d005-4943-9c8e-9b73af0f04fb | BENCHMARKING OF THE PENELOPE/PENH AND PHITS CODES FOR
CALCULATION OF BEAM QUALITY CORRECTION FACTORS IN
THERAPEUTIC PROTON BEAMS
Y. Kubyshin∗, E. Marin, J. Sempau, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
This work benchmarks the PENELOPE/PENH (2021 ver-
sion)andPHITSMonteCarlocodestocalculatethe... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 0 |
9c4bca87-aedc-40c3-b493-43e128d8d3e9 | ionization chamber. To determine the 𝑘𝑄factors, simula-
tionsinvolvea1.25MeVphotonreferencebeam(Cobalt-60)
anda150MeVmonoenergeticprotonbeam. Thiscompar-
ison assesses the suitability and consistency of the PENE-
LOPE/PENH and PHITS codes for accurate clinical proton
beam dosimetry.
INTRODUCTION
The radiation therapy... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 0 |
efe6ac04-7f68-4621-8176-e141862a2ea2 | beam quality correction factor defined as
𝑘𝑄=𝑓𝑄
𝑓𝑄0𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑄
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑄0. (1)
Here𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑄and𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑄0arethe mean energiesrequiredto
create an ion pair in air for the beam qualities 𝑄and𝑄0,
respectively. The factor 𝑓𝑄is calculated as the ratio
𝑓𝑄=𝐷𝑤,𝑄
𝐷𝑎,𝑄, (2)
where𝐷𝑤,𝑄istheabsorbeddoseto... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 0 |
a7cf5e51-bbc6-4622-91a4-cc8663f60802 | simulations using one of the existing codes, such as PENE-
LOPE/PENH/penEASYorPHITS.Therearenumerouspub-
lications on this approach, see, for example, [ 3] and refer-
ences therein.
In article [ 4] the beam quality correction factors in mo-
noenergeticprotonbeamswerecalculatedbydetailedMC
simulation of ionization chamb... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 0 |
f34f3347-8482-4eea-a25d-e8085ddaf8e2 | includes electromagnetic interactions, as an extension of
the PENELOPE [ 8], and also nuclear reactions and neu-
tronproduction. ThepenEASY(2024version)providesa
convenient interface to launch simulations.
The benchmark will be done by comparing results of
simulationsofabsorbeddosestothereferencewatervolume
and an air-... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 0 |
cf6ff15a-a638-4ccc-b3f7-1ec0681e6133 | andGEANT4/TOPAS,andcomparisonoftheobtainedre-
sults [3]. Here we complete this work with the values ob-
tained with the latest version of PENH and PHITS.
BEAM SETTINGS AND GEOMETRIES
Thesimulationsofabsorbeddosetowater-filledandair-
filled volumes were performed with the MC codes PENH
andPHITSinthegeometriesandbeamsett... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 0 |
6e10d2da-7077-4f0e-99d5-38d45e1db709 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5129
MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation Techniques 2557WEP: Poster session WEP5129
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 0 |
f8b7c45a-6e11-4dd0-bc3c-2e5bf54dff1b | Figure 1: Geometries used forthe simulations.
ThegeometriesareshowninFig. 1. Thereferencevolume
is a disc with a diameter of 10mmand a thicknessin beam
direction of 0.25mmfilled with water, see Fig. 1(a). The
volumeforscoringthe absorbeddosein airisadisc cavity
withadiameterof 10mmandathicknessof 2.5mminthe
beam direct... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 1 |
77469db5-852a-481c-b9a3-ffb91007cc69 | see Ref. [ 2]. The air-filled volume models an ionization
chamber.
Inwhatfollowsthebeamqualities 𝑄0and𝑄standforthe
photon and proton beams defined here, respectively.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS
Sincethesourceandgeometriesdefinedabovehavepla-
nar symmetry in the plane orthogonal to the beam direction,
the simulations wer... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 1 |
69fee725-cc40-4d45-ac31-6c47a1dfd407 | plane10×10cm2facingthebeamandthicknessof 0.25mm
in the beam direction placed inside the same phantom as
in the initial geometry, so that its center is at the depth of
5cm. The source is a monoenergetic pencil beam of the ra-
dius5mmperpendicular tothe waterphantom surface,see
Fig.2. For the air-filled volume the recipr... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 1 |
3036751b-ba96-4feb-a5fe-c298511fa1e7 | Ref.[8])do not introducesignificant alterations, seeFig. 2.
Theideaofintroducingthe“skin”aroundthescoringvolume
is have the option to set low enough absorption energies for
electrons and protons in these two volumes only and define
higherabsorptionenergiesintherestofthephantom. The
concrete values are given below.
PENH... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 1 |
c3c09943-fb43-42ac-a815-c8b09c92152f | CSDA ranges of electrons and protons in water and the
radiationyieldofelectrons,resultingin 0.9cmfor1.25MeV
photons and 0.15cm for150MeVprotons.
The absorption energy for photons was set to 1keVin
all regions. The absorption energy for electrons and posi-
tionsinthescoringvolumeand“skin”wassetto 𝐸abs(𝑒−) =
𝐸abs(𝑒+)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 1 |
9aaed5a4-ba3f-4ab0-a188-5c7b6fab749b | transport of electrons, positronsand photons wasbasedon
theEGS5algorithmbysettingthevalueofthe negsparame-
tertonegs= 1. SincePHITSdoesnothaveoptionofsetting
differentvaluesofthecut-offenergiesindifferentregions
in a direct way, the same conservative cut-off energy for
electrons and positrons, emin(12)andemin(13), was ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 1 |
9965dafb-16fb-4fb3-a8d1-cfcce39bf5d0 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5129
2558 MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation TechniquesWEP5129 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 1 |
d5c4fbac-aeb2-4a61-80d6-ce4a4ca4f98c | Inthesimulationswiththeprotonbeam,theINCLmodel
fornuclearreactionsandtheJENDL-5datalibrarywereused
withtheupperenergylimitforprotonsandneutronsequalto
150.0MeV . Also the options for the Coulomb diffusion and
energystragglingwereturnedon( nspred= 2,nedisp= 1).
For both geometries the cut-off energy of protons was set t... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 2 |
ca67ee18-5435-4034-b14a-f90fb177f928 | thecase. WiththePHITScode,thesimulationswerecarried
out at a computer with the 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM)
i7-1355U( 1.70GHz ),12Core(s)processorandwerefully
parallelized. Thenumberofsimulatedparticleswas 3×107
for the photon beam and 3.75×106for the proton one.
Table 1: Absorbed Dose to the Reference Volume in eV/g
per... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 2 |
e74403c3-f640-424f-9f29-d632f3e02515 | PENH 1.0018(53) 1.019(4)
PHITS 0.9908(64) 1.004(8)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The absorbed doses to the reference water volume and to
air-filled parallel-plane disc volume for the irradiation with
1.25MeV photons and 150.0MeV protons are calculatedusing the Monte Carlo codes PENH (2021 version) and
PHITS(v. 3.35). Fromt... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 2 |
fd2fef94-9bd5-4826-811e-1939fd47b5f6 | PHITStakesplace. Theobtainedresultsestablishtheconsis-
tency of the PENELOPE/PENH/penEasy and PHITS codes
for accurate clinical proton beam dosimetry.
FurtherbenchmarksofthePENHandPHITS,andother
Monte Carlo codes are of interest. These future studies
may include MC simulations for other geometries of air-
filled volume... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 2 |
9e1fac50-0b35-44e4-8ed9-ec0325e58605 | PHITS code.
REFERENCES
[1]P. Andreo et al., “Absorbed Dose Determination in External
BeamRadiotherapy: AnInternationalCodeofPracticefor
Dosimetry Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water”,
IAEA, Vienna, Austria, Rep. TRS-398, 2000.
doi:1/zero.alt4.61/zero.alt492/iaea.ve7q-y94k
[2]J.Sempau etal.,“Electronbeamquality... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 2 |
d6a8d581-8c77-48b9-82c5-7e419d2741af | no. 10, pp. 4639–4653, 2019. doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt4/zero.alt42/mp.13737
[4]C.Gomà,P.Andreo,andJ.Sempau,“MonteCarlocalcula-
tionofbeamqualitycorrectionfactorsinprotonbeamsusing
detailed simulation of ionization chamber”, Phys. Med. Biol. ,
vol.61, no. 6, pp. 2389-2406, 2016.
doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt488//zero.alt4... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 2 |
2a494679-c511-4fcf-ba9a-6312ef2a2fb4 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5129
MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation Techniques 2559WEP: Poster session WEP5129
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 2 |
2cefa9b0-8653-4498-ace4-31c45e650add | vol. 136, pp. 144–159, 2013.
doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt416/j.nimb.2/zero.alt413./zero.alt48./zero.alt435
[7]F. Salvat, J.M. Quesada, “Nuclear effects in proton transport
and dose calculations”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B ,
vol. 475, pp. 49–62, 2020.
doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt416/j.nimb.2/zero.alt42/zero.alt4./... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 3 |
76b1b458-bdd6-40df-9dc5-a63c924c033c | [10]T.Satoetal.,“Recentimprovementsoftheparticleandheavy
ion transport code system – PHITS version 3.33”, J. Nucl.Sci. Technol. , vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 127–135, 2024.
doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt48/zero.alt4//zero.alt4/zero.alt4223131.2/zero.alt423.2275736
[11]PHITS website, https://phits.jaea.go.jp/
[12]G.BellandS.Glassto... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 3 |
ad9bd2d7-8a6e-4335-83df-9dd2679dec80 | WEP5130, this conference.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5129
2560 MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation TechniquesWEP5129 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the t... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5129.pdf | 3 |
75fd3a9b-6313-4d6a-a9f5-d1fb2a5a3c0a | BENCHMARKING THE PENH MONTE CARLO CODE AGAINST PHITS:
ASSESSMENT OF PROTON DEPTH-DOSE
Y. Kubyshin∗, E. Marin†, J. Sempau‡, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
This study provides a benchmark of the PENE-
LOPE/PENH/PenEasy(2021version)MonteCarlocodefor
protontransportusingreferenceresultsfrom... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 0 |
3787721d-9a87-485e-8067-1f35934e86ef | tonradiotherapyoffersamorepronounceddoseprofilechar-
acterizedbytheBraggpeakandasharpdistaldosefalloff.
Thesephysicalpropertiesallowforhighlyconformaldose
delivery to the tumor while minimizing damage to adjacent
healthy tissue. However, because of this steep dose gradi-
ent, the precision of proton beam delivery is pa... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 0 |
cc2c540d-8d6b-4126-a7c1-f79cead7c7da | of radiation transport. The 2024 version of PENELOPE
(PENetrationandEnergyLossofPositronsandElectrons)
has been extended to include proton interactions via the
PENH library (2021 version). PENH introduces the nec-
essaryphysicstomodelproton-matterinteractions,includ-
ing elasticscattering, electronic stopping, and nucl... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 0 |
44010f79-613f-4eea-a64c-f64505696d20 | apy and space radiation protection. This unified approach
allows for the simultaneous tracking of primary protons and
their secondary electromagnetic cascades within complex
geometries. Finally PENEASY (2024 version) provides the
interface to launch the simulations.
PHITS
ThePHITScodeversion3.35,wasemployedfortheinter-... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 0 |
2466ce22-54dd-4521-8457-6a1094c438ff | focuses on the absorbed-dose distributions in a water phan-
tom fortwoscenarios, regardingthe energyof the incident
proton beam. The results obtained by PENH and PHITS for
each scenario are presented and discussed.
SIMULATION FRAMEWORK
Thesimulatedscenarios, thebeam definitionandthe pa-
rametersoftheMonte-Carlosimulati... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 0 |
8b110799-7f7f-4039-842e-845880fe0a19 | and1mm depth, distributed alongthe beam direction. The
diskradiusof 5cmischosentocaptureallenergydeposition.
Figure1shows the dose obtained at the Bragg peak (blue
data) as a function of the radius. Fitting a Gaussian curve to
thatprofileleadstoa1- 𝜎equalto(0.67cm)whichisalmost
a factor of 10 larger than the considere... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 0 |
5ab7b4c6-c7bc-4b47-9f97-e97f39baae3a | 0 2 4 6 8 10
−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6Data
Gaussian Fit:
σ = 0.67 cm
FWHM = 1.58 cmDose (MeV/g per history)
Radius (cm)Dose Capture RegionRadial Dose Profile at Bragg Peak (z = 31.80 cm)Figure1: Energydepositioninthetransverseplaneobserved
attheBraggPeaklocationforScenario-2( 226MeV). The
vertical lines in gray color ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 1 |
fbebb21c-d1e5-469a-9830-4cfb5e276075 | [keV] [keV] [MeV] [eV]
PENH 100 1 1 103
PHITS 100 1 1 10−5
In PHITS, the simulation parameter nspreadis set to 2 to
accountforenergydispersionin the Coulomb scattering or
deceleration processes of charged particles, using the cutoff
values shown in Table 1. In addition, the ih2oparameter,
whichcontrolstheionizationpote... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 1 |
ede3b65a-0e50-4ab4-9ea6-29b15cebccf3 | capabilities of the code.
SIMULATION RESULTS
The comparison between PENH and PHITS shows re-
markably good agreement in the obtained dose profiles,
Braggpeaklocationandsharpdistaldosefalloff. Tables 2
and3summarize the comparison between the codes in
terms of Bragg peak and computation performance, respec-tively.Theloc... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 1 |
cfc70f23-70a0-49c5-9c9f-4a3aab50551c | performanceintermsofnumberofsimulatedhistories,CPU
timeandspeedsimulationforbothscenarios. NotethatCPU
time is the product of the simulation time times the number
of cores.
Code Energy Histories CPU Speed
[MeV] [ 106][min] [ 103hist./s]
PENH 100 12.2 124 1.47
PHITS 100 67.7 788 1.43
PENH 226 3.0 125 0.41
PHITS 226 41.4... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 1 |
4a29bba8-6801-4d3f-ba91-ab7101f2fff8 | depth, near 32cm, see Fig3. Quantitatively, the Bragg peak
locations and dose levels reported in Table 2show a remark-
ably good agreement between the codes.
However, the obtained dose profiles in the direction of
propagation of the proton beam, show differences within
the range that goes from 10cmto25cm. The maximum
d... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 1 |
fab7c044-74c6-4abe-a721-6ad45ee88f81 | 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0 2 4 6 8 10PENH
PHITSdose (MeV.cm2/g per history)
depth (cm)Zoom InZoom In
202530354045
7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8202530354045PENH
PHITS
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 37.07.58.08.59.09.5PENH
PHITS
depth (cm)Figure 2: Deposition energy comparison of a mono-
energetic beam of 100MeV, between PENH... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 2 |
2d26fe5c-ae1b-4004-8a5f-292dad3431f4 | Figure 3: Deposition energy comparison of mono-energetic
beam of226MeV, between PENH (black) and PHITS (red).
Right-handsideplotsarethezoom-infiguresmarkedinblue
dashed rectangles in the left figure.
Further studies would be required to explain the observed
differences.
Regarding computational efficiency, again similar... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 2 |
e7064f23-c9c2-448f-b604-2358a68696ab | MeVscenarios. Specifically,bothcodesaccuratelycaptured
theentrancedose,thelongitudinalstraggling,andthepre-
cise location of the Bragg peak, which was found at 7.6cm
for the100MeV beam and at 31.8cmfor the226MeV in
both codes. A small discrepancy is observed in the high en-ergy case that shows in the intermediate regio... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 2 |
cfb909d6-4946-40a3-af97-d35c00a79899 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support from grant PID2022-
140503OB-I00 funded by the Spanish MI-
CIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU
is gratefully acknowledged. YK is grateful to Tatsuhiko
Ogawa for his insightful and detailed comments on the
PHITS code.
REFERENCES
[1]F.Salvat,“AgenericalgorithmforMonteCarlosimul... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 2 |
d2073dde-916b-4e4a-a173-91db8eef8036 | [3]F. Salvat, “PENELOPE-2018: A code system for Monte
Carlosimulationofelectronandphotontransport”,OECD
Nuclear Energy Agency, Rep. NEA/MBDAV/R(2019)1,
Sept. 2019. https://www.oecd-nea.org/upload/
docs/application/pdf/2/zero.alt42/zero.alt4-1/zero.alt4/penelope-2/zero.alt418_
_a_code_system_for_monte_carlo_simulation_o... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 2 |
24938cd0-832c-4909-a34f-b9f22feeb771 | [6]Y.Kubyshin,E.Marin,andJ.Sempau,“Benchmarkingthe
PENELOPE/PENHandPHITScodesforcalculationofbeam
qualitycorrectionfactorsintherapeuticprotonbeams”, pre-
sented at IPAC’26, Deauville, France, May 2026, paper
WEP5129, this conference.
[7]Z.-Y. Yang et al., “Inter-comparison of dose distributions
calculated by FLUKA, GEA... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 2 |
e44d7193-20df-4a7b-bc76-c59cbd8b3698 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP5130
MC5.D11: Code Developments and Simulation Techniques 2563WEP: Poster session WEP5130
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP5130.pdf | 2 |
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