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6a8b69c2-1c59-4ea1-a640-db544d316840 | surement method [ 8]. When charged particle beams pass
through a dispersive section, particles with different kinetic
energies are deflected on different trajectories. Hence, in
circumstances where the dispersion is sufficiently large, the
energy spread can be translated into transverse deflection,
whichthencanbescanne... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 0 |
0aa0e423-5faf-420c-86eb-e1fd43f544a8 | ity of the RCFFC, the experimental setup, and the methods
employed. The focus lies on the ion beam measurements
of the charge distribution in the longitudinal phase plane.
Furthermore, the backpropagation of the obtained ion distri-
bution is presented.
Figure 1: Layout of the UNILAC. The target location X2 and the bun... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 0 |
7191fb6d-c1d2-45f1-a32e-b6fdf24c5e4d | FAST FARADAY CUP
The RCFFC is capable of measuring the longitudinal
charge distribution of each bunch along the macro pulse.
Thebeamcouplesthrougharoundholefromthesideofa
coaxial cable through the dielectric medium into the central
conductor. Ithasabandwidthof 5GHzandatimeresolution
of22psat𝛽 = 0.15 limitedbyfielddilu... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 1 |
3d84ecfd-1ec1-46d1-9c1c-b22d61243b18 | by the beam and reducing field dilution effects [ 14].
MEASUREMENTS
The measurements presented in this work were carried
outwitha 𝐴𝑟8+ionbeamfromthehighchargestateinjector
(HLI) with an energy of 11.4MeV/u and an average beam
currentof 35µAattheX2targetlocation(seeFig. 1). The
RCFFC is measuring the longitudinal char... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 1 |
df105a71-731b-426d-b9e2-1327201e33a3 | be𝜎 = 13.75 deg, which corresponds to a time structure of
𝜎 = 352 psat a frequency of 𝑓 = 108.4 MHz. However,
it should be noted that this only corresponds to the bunch
length of a transversal slice of the beam, as only a part of
the beam passes through the hole of 0.8mmin the RCFFC.
The measurement of the entire be... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 1 |
12467569-1a8e-47f2-a022-1bdcf35e1216 | motor positions with specific particle energies, with higher
position values corresponding to higher-energy particles, as
shownin Fig. 4. Themeasured chargedistributionsin the
longitudinal phase plane reveal two central energy peaks
that probably originate in the HLI.
Figure 4: Measurements of the charge distribution i... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 1 |
42213d75-4d4c-4efa-9291-4f16fe614178 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP6045
MC6.T03: Beam Diagnostics and Instrumentation 2673WEP: Poster session WEP6045
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 1 |
f6028033-0746-4984-8207-6d6324ee0a58 | BE10 was used as a buncher. The buncher amplitude was
then gradually increased. For each of these dedicated set-
tings,theentirebeamwasscannedhorizontallywiththeFFC
inorder to measure the chargedistribution in the longitudi-
nalphaseplane. Asetofsuchdistributionsobtainedthrough
thismethodispresentedinFig. 4. Itiseviden... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 2 |
3a64379f-fa53-41d2-afd0-e114e8b37ccd | theellipse,representingthebeamportraitinthelongitudinal
phase plane, a drift of 29mis used, where higher-energy
particles arrive earlier while lower-energy particles arrive
later as shown in Fig. 5.
Figure 5: Transformation of the ellipse, representing the
beam portrait in the longitudinal phase plane for different
bun... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 2 |
da5c9254-f5f5-4291-ab22-b262840f201f | theAlvarezsection fortherespectivebunchersettingsusing
themultiparticlebeamdynamicscode Aperture3D .Addi-
tionally, the 4-RMS ellipses of the back-propagated particle
ensembles were then calculated; see Fig. 6.
The orientations of the corresponding ellipses show good
agreement within ±2.5%. However, they differ in phas... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 2 |
49320a88-4874-49c4-892a-5e372f676373 | ensembles of various data sets at the exit of the Alvarez
section,markedbythebunchervoltageappliedduringthe
respective measurement.
not achieved, it must be assumed that the particle ensemble
actually expected in the longitudinal phase plane behind
theAlvarezsectionlieswithinthis“overallellipse”witha
longitudinal4-RMSe... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 2 |
eb52cb07-6f5c-440b-97e6-b451ecef745e | from the measurement point in the diagnostic chamber in
X2totheexitoftheAlvarezsection. Atthisposition,amax-
imumlongitudinalRMSemittanceof 𝜖rms= 700degkeV/u
could be calculated.
The obtained results allow further optimization of the
beam injection into the synchrotron SIS18 [ 15]. In addi-
tion, the developed method ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 2 |
c72d9b4e-ffd0-4bd8-b2e6-baa2db72a08d | Shemyakin and D. Sun from Fermilab.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP6045
2674 MC6.T03: Beam Diagnostics and InstrumentationWEP6045 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under th... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 2 |
7bae1d18-473e-44e9-8fe7-0cb30d0363b9 | REFERENCES
[1]S. Lauber et al., “Longitudinal phase space reconstruction
for a heavy ion accelerator”, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams , vol.
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[2]W. Barth et al., “High brilliance beam investigationsat the
universal linear accelerator”, Phys. Rev.... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 3 |
a56fd697-b8da-401d-913f-42dda0ce7122 | 8422. doi:1/zero.alt4.339/zero.alt4/app13148422
[5]W. Barth et al., “U28+-intensity record applying a H2-gas
stripper cell”, Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams , vol. 18, p.
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[6]W. Barth et al., “Heavy ion linac as a high current prot... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 3 |
353773e0-21ff-44a8-b0bd-82fb4cf249e4 | [9]S.Lauber etal.,“Modeling beam dynamics inthe HELIAC
AdvancedDemonstrator”,in Proc.LINAC’24 ,Chicago,IL,
USA, Aug. 2024, pp. 404–407.
doi:1/zero.alt4.18429/JACoW-LINAC2/zero.alt424-TUPB/zero.alt431
[10]R. Singh et al., “Simulation and Measurements of the Fast
FaradayCupsatGSIUNILAC”,in Proc.IBIC’22 ,Kraków,Poland, Se... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 3 |
70d62685-6514-44fb-b0fd-607ab8479492 | [13]K.Mal,S.Kumar,G.Rodrigues,andR.Singh,“Studyand
improvements of a radially coupled coaxial Fast Faraday cup
design toward lower intensity beams”, AIP Adv., vol. 12,
no. 12, Dec. 2022. doi:1/zero.alt4.1/zero.alt463/5./zero.alt413189/zero.alt4
[14]J.-P. Carniero et al., “Longitudinal beam dynamics studies at
the PIP-I... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 3 |
78ee739b-7be0-4a6d-9ed0-771abe452373 | [17]M. Schwarz et al., “Reference beam dynamics layout for the
SC CW heavy ion HELIAC at GSI”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods
Phys. Res. A , vol. 951, p. 163044.
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[18]S. Lauber et al., “An Alternating Phase Focusing injector for
heavyionacceleration”, Nucl.Instr... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 3 |
e17e9b68-6abe-489d-aefb-fe41551151c7 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP6045
MC6.T03: Beam Diagnostics and Instrumentation 2675WEP: Poster session WEP6045
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6045.pdf | 3 |
b7b033d1-3dc1-4dd9-9223-b72115a600e0 | UPGRADE OF THE BEAM LOSS MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE
UNILAC HEAVY ION LINEAR ACCELERATOR AT GSI
M. Dziewiecki∗, L. Braisz, K. Laihem, M. Loy, S. Rauch, A. Russo, M. Witthaus
GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
Abstract
The beam-loss monitoring system of the UNILAC heavy-
ionlinearacceleratoris... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 0 |
2f843cd0-550e-4c18-a9b2-6a8e76f77c59 | electronics, the need for improved scalability, flexibility
and safety, and last but not least, alignment with the new
GSI/FAIR controls architecture.
The new system operates under the supervision of a Sys-
tem Control Unit (SCU), the standard front-end platform
of the GSI/FAIR control system. It is controlled by the
F... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 0 |
7c5fd040-418b-4f07-9fb8-217154a4926d | late1990s[ 1]. Thesystemusesmultiplebeam-currenttrans-
formersatvariouslocationsalongtheaccelerator[ 2]. Trans-
formersignalsareamplifiedbycalibratedfront-endampli-
fiers, and the resulting voltages are converted to pulse trains
usingvoltage-to-frequency (V→f)converters. Thesesignals
arefedtodifferentialintegratorsbase... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 0 |
c10fd916-a018-49d2-a66f-67e2b35d98b4 | various species can be accelerated in adjacent 20ms-long
cycles. To accommodate the required threshold changes,
the threshold registers are reloaded at the beginning of each
cycle.
∗m.dziewiecki@gsi.de
Figure 1: Simplified signal processing flow.
The original BLM system demonstrated robust operation
forover25years. How... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 0 |
9beeb211-d4fc-4a09-98f5-62e29ba901ff | unchanged.
Thehardwarechangesaffecttheresolutionandrangeof
the system as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: BLM ParametersBeforeand After Upgrade
Parameter Original Upgraded
Resolution 2.2nC 0.7nC
Max. pulse frequency 8MHz 24MHz
Counter depth [bits] 13 + sign 31 + sign
Counting range ±18.022µC ±1.5C1
The functions of the V→fco... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 0 |
13a8e334-111d-438f-b041-d1f68d6a6024 | pulse duration.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP6046
2676 MC6.T03: Beam Diagnostics and InstrumentationWEP6046 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 0 |
08f19114-4b3c-4446-afd8-22e4399205f5 | V→F CONVERTERS
Theoperationprincipleofthe V→fconverterisillustrated
inFig.2: itisasynchronous,first-order,one-bit ΔΣmod-
ulator. The output (and feedback) is gated with the clock
signal to get discrete pulses rather than a continuous binary
waveform.1
Figure2: OperationprincipleandthePCBviewofthe V→f
converter.
The cir... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 1 |
6de36200-d6d4-482c-887d-30e9ef1b4c71 | It contains an embedded PC running the control software
1Notethatgatingthefeedbacksignaldoesnotchangetheoperationprinci-
pleof the modulator.andanFPGA-basedcircuitrywhichactsasatimingreceiver
and local bus interface.
The DIOB is a universal, FPGA-based module for imple-
mentinguse-case-specific,real-timefunctionality. ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 1 |
f49d6cd6-ba1a-49ab-af9c-cb86d7d83fd4 | inputs(not shownin thefigure) and outputsto thechopper
control. Such an architecture allows on-the-fly reconfigura-
tion — which was not possible with the original system.
Figure 4: The counter pool.
Asingleup/downcounterunitcontainsthecounter,two
thresholdregistersandtwocomparators: forthepositiveand
the negative thre... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 1 |
92b32746-50ca-4bc0-8e92-802078d9b76f | debouncing(whichlimitstheinputfrequencyto 31.25MHz )
and a watchdog: the V→fconverters generate certain idle
frequencyevenwithzeroinput. Lackofthissignalisused
to detect connection loss.
Gatesignalsaresuppliedbyhardware,isolatedTTLin-
puts. A safety mechanism triggers if an expected gate pulse
is missing or a pulse arr... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 1 |
f4524ac5-4b39-4837-a508-4564907a45c7 | SOFTWARE AND INTEGRATION
The control software is based on the Front-End Software
Architecture [ 6,7] (FESA) and runs under control of an
embedded Linux system [ 8] within the SCU.
The control system architecture assumes that every
counter is a separate device (which was the case of the orig-
inal BLM) while the hardwar... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 2 |
a7d866bc-2f7d-4393-bf0f-64424f457d45 | synchronousoperation. Itgovernscommunicationwith
the hardware in order to allow safe, atomic access and
undisturbed handling of the timing events. Further,
itperformscontinuousdataacquisitionandbuffering.
Thefrontendlayerhidesmostofthelow-levelcomplex-
ity, providing only the necessary interface.
COMMISSIONING
Due its ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 2 |
3cdeb1f6-a31d-4631-80a1-339cf239c77a | converters, measured for 4 channels.The next planned step shall be parallel operation of the
new system along with the original one to compare them di-
rectly during the beam time. However, probable irreversible
damagetotheoriginalsystemduetothefireincidentatGSI
in February 2026 will force these plans to be revised.
CO... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 2 |
46260274-1e23-401e-874f-32948a8dfd5f | pp. 232–234.
https://arxiv.org/abs/physics//zero.alt4/zero.alt4/zero.alt4811/zero.alt4
[2]H. Reeg, J. Glatz, N. Schneider, and H. Walter, “Machine
Protection by Active Current-transmission Control at GSI-
UNILAC”, in Proc. EPAC’06 , Edinburgh, UK, Jun. 2006, pa-
per TUPCH014, pp. 1025–1027.
[3]P.Gerhard,“AbouttheNewLin... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 2 |
5227723b-a3e0-4d72-a1ae-1777289b41e9 | BoardComputerforDeviceControlintheFAIRAccelerator
Control System”, presented at ICALEPCS’09 , Kobe, Japan,
Oct. 2009, paper TUP060
[6]M.Arruat etal.,“Front-EndSoftwareArchitecture”,in Proc.
ICALEPCS’07 , Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Oct. 2007, paper
WOPA04, pp. 310–312.
[7]A.Schwinn etal.,“FESA3—TheNewFront-EndSoftware
Framewor... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6046.pdf | 2 |
c40e8ceb-3d43-4903-850f-b7805e8bd0e4 | CNN-BASED ARRIVAL TIME DETERMINATION IN PILED-UP
PARTICLE COUNTER SIGNALS
R. Singh∗, P. Boutachkov, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
T. Habermann†, M. Kumm, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
Abstract
Pulse pile-up limits the count rate, timing precision, and
energy resolution of radiation detection systems in... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 0 |
276f3122-ff4c-40bb-8cec-64657d767952 | theconceptpresentedisgeneral-purposeandcouldbeappli-
cable to any radiation detector. First model implementation
isperformedontheFPGAonboardacommercialdigitizer
anditsperformanceiscomparedagainstthesinglethreshold
leading-edge discriminator.
INTRODUCTION
Radiation or particle detectors communicate the informa-
tion of ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 0 |
7d373dcf-2da7-444d-a554-9c44329b395b | fluctuations scale as √𝑁. The probability of 𝑘events within
a resolving time 𝜏at mean rate 𝑟is𝑃(𝑘) = (𝑟𝜏)𝑘𝑒−𝑟𝜏/𝑘!.
Poissonprocess discussed above is statisticallythe most fa-
vorable case for pile-ups, while in slowly extracted beam
from synchrotrons, the situation can be significantly worse.
The synchrotr... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 0 |
243884c7-7d13-46c2-8a29-92e1861b9dcb | operatingatGSIreportedoccupancy-relatedpile-upatits
interaction rate of ∼20 kHz due to substantial aforemen-
tionedbeamfluctuationson ≈ 10−100 µstimescalesthat
∗r.singh@gsi.de
†The work was partially funded by the German Federal Ministry of Re-
search,Technologyand Space, Germany under Grant 05K25REAdegradetrackingeffi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 0 |
a5834751-dfe2-4331-a0e7-8ea70dd0b3ed | rejecting piled-up pulses [ 5,6], and this evolved into pile-up
avoidanceusingeitheranalogpulseshapingmethods[ 7,8]or
more trivially, by detector segmentation dividing the pulses
intomultiplechannels. Withtheadventofdigitalprocess-
ing, conceptual change from pile-up avoidance to pile-up
recoveryemerged[ 9]. Mostofthes... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 0 |
ea54bb3e-7374-49dc-a710-c9b73b95919f | odsisshownin [ 13,15]. Arguablythemostgeneralclassical
approach is MLE, however it requires iterative nonlinear op-
timization for eachwaveform segment resulting in variable
and unbounded computation time, making it a challenge for
real-timeFPGAimplementationatthethroughputsrequired
at our targeted rates.
Morerecently,... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 0 |
70b3e418-0711-40b1-97e7-cdfbd83288c1 | modeloverfittingandimpropergeneralization. Acompar-
ison of template matching and CNN in context of particle
countingapplicationcanbefound[ 16]. Althoughdeeplearn-
ingapproachesappearverydifferentfromclassicalmethods,
itishelpfultounderstandthemasaformofamortizedinfer-
ence[17],atrainedneuralnetworklearnstheapproximate... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 0 |
16ba9b1d-39a2-4b96-b8df-ae110b9e5100 | than repeatedly at run time giving deterministic latency and
resourceusageindependentofpulserate. Inthisproject,we
aimtoprovideaframeworkwithlabelledpiled-updatafrom
variousradiationdetectorsanddeeplearningmodelstrained
onthisdata. Asummaryofcurrentandfuturedatacollec-
tionmethods,firstmodelimplementedintheFPGAalong
wi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 1 |
6492a88f-8f46-478e-bf74-a125928df5ee | state, producing PMT pulses with consistent characteristics,
i.e. the area under each pulse is comparable and thus the
total power in any given time window serve as an estimator
of the number of constituent pulses [ 18]. Supervised train-
ingoftheCNNrequiresprecisegroundtruthlabelsforall
the quantities to the determine... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 1 |
596c066e-9474-420b-b5dc-8b19c8f0d781 | first set of reliable data for training the network. Following
that, synthetic piled-up pulses under linear superimposition
assumption were generated using identified single pulses in
previous step. These aspects were discussed in detail in the
precedingcontribution[ 18]andwereusedfortrainingthe
CNN model reported in t... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 1 |
d95e2f52-a3d8-4c4d-a972-3383f85bb708 | real operational conditions in the slower detectors using the
pulsesdetectedonfastdetectors. Anexampleisindicatedin
Fig.1where238U92+beamisextractedat700MeV/uusing
knockoutmethod(KO)withanexcitationfrequencyof2.36
MHz. Up to 5 ms waveforms are recorded with a sampling
rate of 3.125 GSa/s at an average extraction rate o... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 1 |
c4677b9c-8c30-40c9-8b6b-93b5b9d9f189 | diatingthePMTatprogrammableratesandseparationsgives
exactgroundtruthforbothcountingandtiming,withoutthe
limitations of manual labeling, linear synthetic superposi-
tion or expensive beam time campaigns. This set-up will
allow simulating piled-up signals from up to 4-5 particles
within10ns. Allthelabellingdatawillbemade... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 1 |
f43d2aa8-5b03-4f44-a586-997ef7d116d1 | theinputsignal is scaledbeforethe FPGAprocessing. The
FPGAonthe ADQ35 providesampleresources forcustom
firmware development: ∼5,000 DSP slices, ∼600k LUTs,
and∼2,000 BRAM blocks. The ADQ35 optionally pro-
videsafirmwareforWaveformandPulseDetection(FWPD),
which implements a leading-edge discriminator (LED) with
programm... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 1 |
6a88bb93-1552-4568-8168-03433e7f3a03 | ideas from YOLOv1 architecture [ 23] where the input sam-
plesaredividedintoequal-sizedcells,andeachcellpredicts
aconfidencescoretogetherwithapositionoffsetofallpeaks
relativetostartofthecell. Thus,eachcellindependentlypre-
dictsupto 𝑚 = 4pulsepeaksandoutputsarelativeposition17th International Particle Accelerator Con... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 1 |
ac6ab11e-baa3-4841-93ea-d2c4e4ba183d | or timê 𝑝𝑥∈ [0,1)from the start of waveform window and
a confidence score ̂ 𝑝𝑐∈ [0,1]for the predicted time. For
the FPGA implementation, small modifications weremade
tothearchitecturepresentedin [ 18]toreducethenumber
ofmodelparametersfrom9,000toaround2,000parameters
in total. The network consists of six convolut... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 2 |
5c907dbb-6ac7-4dff-a4d2-1f5f1b2ad451 | conv4 3 1 16 (𝑛, 16)
conv5 1 1 16 (𝑛, 16)
conv6 3 1 2𝑚 (𝑛, 2𝑚)
reshape – – – (𝑛, 𝑚, 2)
3.125 GSa/s, each cell spans 10.24 ns. The SCI followed by
PMTproducespulseswith ∼8nsrisetimeand ∼30nsdecay
(seeFig.1),i.e. eachpulsespans ∼4cells. Foranindividual
pulse, the cell containing the peak must predict it, while
the... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 2 |
8d25912d-109e-41ed-a151-7f637791c411 | training the PILONET [ 18,24]. The receptive field of each
cellattheoutputlayeris244originalsamples(78ns),cover-
ingroughly2completepulsewidths. Thetoolchainusedto
implementthetrainedCNNmodelontheFPGAisdiscussed
in[25]. Theutilizedtoolchainisdata-rateawareandutilizes
theFPGAresourcesoptimally. AlternativeFPGAporting
me... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 2 |
f80f36bd-4133-4a59-8155-7e64c04b20fe | usinga500MHzsignalgeneratorat10GSa/sandconnected
to the ADQ35 digitizer whose FPGA is running the CNN
implementation(thisdatasetwasnotpartofthetrainingset)
Figure 2: Comparison of detection performance at 20 MHz
averageparticlerate. Thecellsaremarkedwithdashedlines
and receptive field with the shaded region. The optima... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 2 |
9d698292-6646-44b3-bd84-dc872d0202a1 | tomatically by a low rate calibration run without piled-up
pulses. All thepeaks werecorrectlyidentified(in compari-
sontofastdetectorinFig. 1)attheoptimalnormalization
setting. Unsurprisingly LED performs poorly under pile-up
conditionsasobserved,i.e. only8peaksinsteadof15could
be identified for the best threshold sett... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 2 |
788ce5dd-b5fa-43ed-a593-c5933b78e6b4 | independently optimized outputs will be evaluated. Pulse
energy determination will be added on top of the timing
predictionsusingtheW-SUMmethod[ 9]. Twoextensions
broaden the scope of the architecture. First, scaling to de-
tectors with different pulse shapes by adjusting the digitizer
samplingratesothateachpulsespanst... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 2 |
52ada980-1768-4ebb-b348-d80e5a59dcac | data, providing a continuous validity signal alongside the
per-pulsepredictions. TheCNNcountpredictionswillbe
integratedintothespillfeedbacksystematGSIandtested
with beam at the highest particle rates available.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 2 |
af2e2482-27c9-46e3-9d64-c71349fe96f3 | REFERENCES
[1]R.Singh,P.Forck,andS.Sorge,“Reducingfluctuationsin
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[2]R.Singh,P.Boutachkov,P.Forck,S.Sorge,andH.Welker,
“Slow Ex... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 3 |
1002d30b-2a93-42d5-b627-6bb781e3c59e | optimization system improving slow extraction at GSI”, in
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[5]W.Feller,“Onprobabilityproblemsinthetheoryofcounters”,
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115, 1948.
[6]G. Bertol... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 3 |
f577eddf-92e1-4547-90f6-a1860d9b6719 | [8]V. Drndarević, “Elimination of distortions of nuclear energy
spectra caused by pulse pile-up”, Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol. 5,
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[9]W.H.WongandH.Li,“Ascintillationdetectorsignalpro-
cessingtechniquewithactivepileupprevention... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 3 |
4df2a168-892c-4e50-be10-5d89d9c53550 | vol. 1062, p. 169273, 2024.
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[12]P. A. B. Scoullar, C. C. McLean, and R. J. Evans, “Real
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[17]K. Cranmer, J. Brehmer, and G. ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 3 |
f09671c7-0a4b-4bfb-8a98-ad02bfe07b85 | Welsch,andH.Zhang,“UV–VISemissionsfromhighenergy
heavy ions: mechanisms and applications to single-ion detec-
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[20]M. Alfonsi et al., “Validation of the diamond detectors for
theSuperFragmentSeparatorbea... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 3 |
d74e0fde-8f75-4deb-88eb-3bc62ae52cbd | data
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df8a5e67-7c99-46e6-aa5a-a3c6041e186f | fpgaswithhls4ml”, Mach.Learn.:Sci.Technol. ,vol.2,no.4,
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[27]S. Sorge,P. Forck,and R. Singh, “Spill ripple mitigationby
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motion”, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams , vol. 26, no. 1, p. 014402,
Jan. ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 3 |
f29dc408-0e5b-470e-8937-633d501994f0 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP6047
2682 MC6.T03: Beam Diagnostics and InstrumentationWEP6047 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6047.pdf | 3 |
be1f7bfc-85e4-4c5b-a171-5fc85e52328a | CONTINUOUS OPERATION OF CRYOGENIC CURRENT
COMPARATORS AT FAIR*
T. Sieber†, M. Schwickert, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
S. Shinde1, F. Schmidl, Friedrich -Schiller -University Jena, Jena, Germany
T. Stoehlker1, 2, V. Tympel1, Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
T. Koettig , CERN European Organization for Nuclear Res... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 0 |
503f6d4a-564c-400c-8eaf-79e0cf474fbc | with a resolution of 10 nA or better, independent from ion
species and without tedious calibrations procedure.
We have developed the CCC over the last ten years in an
international collaboration with the goal of a highly sensi-tive and continuous current measurement in the transfer
lines and rings at FAIR and CERN... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 0 |
c38adbd6-beb0-41f0-8dbd-574051c5d016 | this contribution we present the status and results of our current work with focus on the cryogenics aspects.
INTRODUCTION
The Cryogenic Current Comparator basically consists
of a pickup coil, a SQUID - (Superconducting Quantum In-
terference Device) magnetometer and a superconducting
shielding, which provides a... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 0 |
33b33d5a-8e33-4c95-b631-fdb6b4a39e38 | cuit. Just like in regular, normal conducting beam trans-
formers, t he arrangement can be regarded as a transformer
with the particle beam being the primary and the pickup
coil being the secondary winding. The signal from the
pickup coil is fed to a DC SQUID, which is operated in a compensation circuit, using a so... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 0 |
a07847a9-5f23-4651-b1cb-9a5621cad910 | with radial meanders and high permeability ring core (red)
surrounded by the pickup loop (yellow), which is again connected to the SQUID coupling loop. In our case the ref-
erence current is not used, Ia is the beam current. Bi = azi-muthal field, Li = coupling inductance to squid circuit. The small arrows indicate t... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 0 |
faa6017b-c4cd-4ab6-bab0-bc9802e02874 | stability (which allows for lead as shielding material).
However , the axial CCC could not be operated inside the
FAIR cryostat due to its sensitivity to external noise and in gene ral its weak coupling to beam (resp. calibration -) cur-
rent [5]. C onsequently , a third CCC type, which combines
the axial meander ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 0 |
0c29d3e4-ebfe-4a5c-995c-e811aadce61d | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP6048
MC6.T03: Beam Diagnostics and Instrumentation 2683WEP: Poster session WEP6048
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 0 |
f6087a02-4416-4feb-8e49-563f4386056c | core’ or DCCC. Figure 2 shows the three mentioned varie-
ties at one glance.
The DCCC represents a preliminary conclusion of our
detector development and is the final choice for the FAIR diagnostics system. Some further optimization is ongoing to improve synchronization of the SQUIDs as well as for
filtering of pe... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 1 |
4e6407a1-c5b5-4f87-9c3e-9d0357635fbf | pendent toroidal cores .
CRYOGENIC SUPPORT SYSTEM
A major requ irement for stable nonstop operation in the
FAIR beamlines (and the remaining challenge) is complete
self-contained stand -alone operation of the cryogenic sys-
tem. To achieve this, the cryogenic support system has
steadily been optimized i ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 1 |
052f8e16-f386-4d71-9ec1-b0cb9c240ee1 | cessibility for maintenance and repair work. The outer di-mensions of the isolation vacuum vessel are 1.2 m x 0.8 m
x 0.8 m. It consists of a stainless -steel frame, covered by
aluminum windows, which enable access to all inner com-ponents. The He container (volume 70 l), which houses the
CCC is located in the cent... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 1 |
07eac754-7897-477d-9cca-c45861802850 | phon effect from density reduction/liquefaction at the liq-uefier cold head. Once it is running, there are two compet-
ing ways for the gas flow, 1. along the shield cooling line
(as intended), 2. backwards through the He filling tube.
Calculations predict an evaporation rate of 17 l/day. Ta-
ble 1 shows the main h... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 1 |
621c073a-43b4-4d9e-b63d-5663e732d9b1 | A system for gas handling and re -liquefaction has been
installed to achieve self -contained operation . Fig. 4 shows
a schematic of our test setup. We started our tests with a
Cryomech© HeRL15 He -liquefier (capacity 15l/day). It
turned out the additional heat load by the liquefier filling tube itself made it n... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 1 |
99a5dc73-6b4c-4da5-b58a-87a6aab5a41f | 17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEP6048
2684 MC6.T03: Beam Diagnostics and InstrumentationWEP6048 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (©... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 1 |
a91442f1-d6c8-438c-bfcb-6c1a2852af7c | Figure 4: Cryogenic system of the CCC. Flow meters de-
tect the flow to recovery line and liquefier . An additional
He supply bottle compensates losses. Operation pressure is
at 1.1 bara.
Further investigations are necessary to identify loss (or
contamination) mechanisms in the He circuit. Avoiding
contaminat... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 2 |
07ac9f8b-458e-4e75-949c-0211345d196f | will after H e filling start to oscillate over different modes,
reaching at some point an equilibrium, which still includes
two or more superimposed oscillations. Figure 5 shows as
an example the oscillations over a period of 1 ½ hours dur-
ing our liquefaction test.
Figure 5: Pressure oscillations during a l... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 2 |
fc788523-92e7-4b1a-832d-fa0bf8f92ac4 | rod), which increases the amount of warm gas coming to the liquefier . Here - due to limited power at 4K - a certain
time span is needed to start the cycle again. Temperature
values from shield and cold head are in agreement with this interpretation.
For better understanding of the thermal properties and
gas dyn... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 2 |
80f3e95e-de76-46b1-8ef4-aaa8db36edf2 | Due to the geometric complexity and limited computing
resources, the surface and volumetric meshing are treated
as separate steps. The governing thermodynamic and con-trol equations are then advanced in time using open- source
Python libraries, and the resul ting state variables (e.g., tem-
peratures, boil -off/liqu... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 2 |
2ea09760-ff68-4589-9be8-e3fda0885e87 | cluded with the dual core DCCC as final design choice .
The remaining task to allow for routine operation of the
CCC in FAIR tunnels is to stabilize the cryogenic support
system and to demonstrate stand -alone operation. We
achieved six months standing time, showing that the lique-
fier power is sufficiently h... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 2 |
76a95770-45dd-4119-9032-1dd41ba816c7 | REFERENCES
[1] F. Kurian, “Cryogenic Current Comparators for precise Ion
Beam Current Measurements”, PhD thesis, University of
Frankfurt, Germany, 2015K.
[2] Grohmann, H. D. Hahlbohm, D. Hechtfischer, and H.
Lübbig, “Field attenuation as the underlying principle of
cryocurrent comparators 2. Ring cavity element... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 3 |
c9e2292d-4df8-4a1c-bf7a-9db4d0d8d8b9 | of charged particle beams”, Supercond. Sci. Technol ., vol.
32, pp. 014002, Dec. 2018 .
doi: 10.1088/1361- 6668/aaf206
[5] D. M. Haider et al. , “Versatile Beamline Cryostat for the
Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) for FAIR”, in Proc. IBIC'19 , Malmö, Sweden, pp. 78 -81, Sep. 2019 .
doi:10.18429/JACoW- IBIC... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 3 |
f4acef8a-64da-4da7-8a26-f21822dd3fa7 | sented at the IPAC'26, Deauville, France, May 2026, paper
WEP6044, this conference.
[9] T. Sieber et al. , “Optimization Studies for an Advanced Cry-
ogenic Current Com parator (CCC) System for FAIR”, in
Proc. IBIC'16 , Barcelona, Spain, Sep. 2016, pp. 715-718.
doi:10.18429/JACoW- IBIC2016- WEPG40
[10] S. Shind... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6048.pdf | 3 |
900fec01-7532-4ec0-943f-e9b993e4948d | FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF THE TRANSIENT ELECTRICAL
NEAR-FIELD OF ELECTRON BUNCHES IN THE FLUTE IN-AIR SECTION
S. Funkner∗, G. Niehues, E. Bründermann, F. Donoso, A. Malygin, A.-S. Müller,
M. J. Nasse, M. Reissig, R. Ruprecht, J. L. Steinmann
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
P. Rabiei, S. Toroghi, Parto... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 0 |
6c99b8bc-40dd-4c74-9706-c63209a30f41 | tics. Here, we present first electro-optical measurements of
bunch-inducednear-fieldsignalsintheFLUTEin-airsection
usingaphotonic-integratedMach-Zehnder-interferometer
sensorplacedclosetothebeamaxis. Themeasureddelay-
dependentresponseshowsfeaturesconsistentwithelectro-
optical detection of the transient electric near ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 0 |
22c3c2f4-36de-4a26-9eac-63df0e2d0e7f | accelerator development and for beam studies.
Electro-optical (EO) sampling is a well-established
method for time-resolved measurements of electric fields in
the THz frequency band and has been applied to the diag-
nosticsofrelativisticelectronbunchespreviously. Forexam-
ple,single-shotEOtechniqueshaveenabledsub-picose... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 0 |
12fec36c-ed1d-4b6d-b2f1-891f483e5dd7 | experiments have demonstrated access to spatiotemporal
electric-field profiles around relativistic electron beams [ 3].
The FLUTE in-air section [ 4] provides access to the re-
gionoutsidethevacuumtubewherethebunch-inducedfield
evolvesinspaceandtimeafterthebunchexitsintotheair.
∗stefan.funkner@kit.eduThismakesthesetupa... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 0 |
d36451da-fdf3-44ed-9a79-5b7cc1627045 | Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensors with oppo-
sitelypoledlithium-niobatewaveguidearmshaverecently
beendemonstratedfortime-domaindetectionoffreelyprop-
agatingTHzfields [ 5,6]and laterused atKIT formeasure-
mentsofcoherentsynchrotronradiationofelectronbunches
at KARA [ 7]. Here, the present work investigates a fi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 0 |
39ad238b-d68b-4fcc-92ac-3a899a2869ca | THztime-domaintraces. Wearguethatthesefirstresultsare
consistent with near-field-sensitive detection of the electron
bunchwhiledetailedinterpretationsrelatedtoprecisetiming
reconstruction remain part of an ongoing analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
During the experiments, electron bunches with an energy
of30MeVandachargeof(2... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 0 |
98bcfb7f-ab06-4337-a60d-60d09fbbf5e9 | acceleratedtotheir finalenergyin a3GHz traveling-wave
linac and subsequently transported through a four-dipole
magnetic chicane foroptional longitudinal bunchcompres-
sion. During the experiments, the beam exitedthe vacuum
system through a thin metal foil into an in-air section at the
end of the beamline.17th Internati... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 0 |
6bea9afe-eb53-40e3-9de9-3caeb26b76d1 | Figure1: (a)PhotooftheexperimentalsetupandbeampathintheFLUTEin-airsection. TheSchottkybarrierdiodeis
visibleasthegold-coloreddetector,whiletheMZIEOsensorisenclosedinthewhitehousingmountedperpendicularto
the diode. During the measurements, the electron bunch propagated below the detectors towards the beam dump at the en... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 1 |
03ed682a-ee6d-4f7a-b61f-05868881e3a9 | EOsensorweremountedonamovable 𝑥-𝑦translationstage,
whiletheelectronbunchpropagatedalongthe 𝑧-direction.
For both detectors, the orientation with respect to the polar-
ization of the transient electric near-fieldis relevant. In the
configuration used here, the integrated sensor was primarily
sensitive to the electric... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 1 |
1817c9ce-a8e3-4583-b9f9-74e4a5250e92 | with the bunch-induced transient near field in a MZI [ 5].
ThroughthePockelseffect,thetransientelectricfieldmodu-
lates the optical phase in the interferometer, which is con-
verted into a signal with an amplified balanced photode-
tector(PDB450C,Thorlabs)operatedatatransimpedance
gainof1×107VA−1withanominalbandwidthof... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 1 |
6855c226-0db6-43f2-bfd2-1a627bc8a239 | simulation frequency was set to 100 GHz.
As shown in Fig. 1(b), the bunch field is compressed per-
pendicular to its motion in a pancake like structure before
the transition and evolves into an expanding curved wave-
frontafterenteringthein-airsection. Thiscurvaturemaybe
relevantforspatiallyresolvedEOmeasurements,since... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 1 |
ac844f40-36ad-473e-91bc-dc92634b2a19 | Eachtraceisobtainedbyaveraging10oscilloscopeacqui-
sitions, corresponding to a total acquisition time of 1 s at
the 10 Hz bunch repetition rate. The residual sinusoidal
modulation is attributed to incomplete cancellation in the
balanceddetectionschemeandfollowsthe62.5MHzrepe-
tition rate of the probe laser, correspondi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 1 |
5a8ad59b-2f54-4f42-9c62-2fb0bb71a6c2 | including possible contributions from the EO sensor, the
readoutelectronics,andelectromagneticreflections,isstill
under investigation. For the present preliminary analysis,
we define a relative EO signal amplitude for each delay set-17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 1 |
90b6efba-5ec3-4c85-b97d-d628452e1547 | Figure 2: (a) Oscilloscope traces of the balanced photo-diode signal recorded for two different timing conditions of the EO
probe pulse. The periodic modulation originates from the residual imbalance of the balanced detection and follows the
62.5MHz probe-laser repetition rate. The beam-induced signal is quantified by ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 2 |
c97510dd-6fc2-4ed5-8f71-739871311ccf | interpretation of a beam-induced EO signal.
tingasthedifferencebetweenthemeanbalanced-detector
signal levels in two fixed oscilloscope-time windows before
and after the step-like response, as indicated by the arrow
inFig.2(a). Thesewindowswerechosentocoverapproxi-
matelyintegermultiplesofthe 16nsperiodof theresidual
os... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEP\WEP6049.pdf | 2 |
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