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b8536258-9a85-4639-9ba0-bd8507bb59b5 | LHC) era [ 2]. Four conceptual design reports (CDRs) have
been published in 2019, which also formed the basis for the
input to the following ESPP Update (ESPPU) [ 3–6].
In 2020 the ESPPU recommended, among others, a fu-
ture hadron collider at CERN with a centre-of-mass energy
of100TeVwith an electro-weak and Higgs-fac... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 0 |
501aac30-4b5e-4caf-84bc-a4f526ffdf6f | FSreport(FSR)inthreepublicvolumes,whichhavebeen
submitted to the ESPPU in 2025 [ 8–10].
Includingvariousinputofthecommunity,e.g.[ 11–13],
in early 2026 the recommendations have been published,
∗jacqueline.keintzel@cern.chwith the HL-LHC and the FCC-ee as the, respectively, first
and second highest priority for the Euro... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 0 |
1a9c01b3-7610-4ab9-a71e-4146f270ef3a | andoptimisedovermorethanadecadeandrepresentsthe
baseline presented in the FSR. Over the past three years,
theLocalChromaticityCorrection(LCC)opticshasbeen
developed and investigated in parallel.
Toensureacoherentandcost-effectivepathtowardsthe
TDRabaselinechoicebetweenGHCorLCCdesignmust
betakenwithafirstattemptinearly2... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 0 |
4b05d1c8-2661-4b46-951a-b9d9d0eb5d39 | sultsdescribedherefocuslargelyonthelowestbeamenergy
of45.6GeV perbeamcorrespondingtophysicsaroundthe
Z-pole. Furthermore, first insights on the highest energy of
182.5GeV,are presented in a separate section.
COMMON OVERALL LAYOUT
Despite several key differences between the GHC and
the LCC lattice, both designs respect ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 0 |
e44953a7-7a59-47a1-aff3-426c8d171a0e | extraction, as shown in Fig. 1.
•The overall machine geometry is preserved.
•Acircumferenceisdefinedbydetailedplacementand
is about 90.6km.
•Four baseline beam energy stages are considered,
namely, 45.6, 80, 120 and 182.5GeV , corresponding17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 0 |
cb84069a-353e-4577-aa16-b46a0bc670a3 | PA
PGPD PJ
PF PHPL PBSSS = 1400 m
SSS = 1400 mSSS = 1400 m SSS = 1400 mLSS = 2032 m
LSS = 2032 m LSS = 2032 mLSS = 2032 mTechnical site
Technical site Technical siteTechnical siteExperimental site
Experimental siteExperimental
siteExperimental
siteRF cavities
booster
RF cavities
colliderInjection and
beam du... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 1 |
27756b34-5202-403c-9535-f7d73104810f | tudebetweenthehighestandlowestoperationalener-
gies, such that severe intensity related effects render
the machine design even more difficult for operation
around the Z-threshold.
•In all experimental interaction regions, the beams col-
lidewithacrossingangleof 30mrad,approachingfrom
the inside outward and exchange ape... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 1 |
c9814291-2cf5-476a-a338-7e792f32756e | chromaticity distributed along the arcs with local correction
sections in the IRs for the vertical plane, combined with the
crab-waisttransformation,asshownintopFig. 2. TheLSSs
are identical to ensure a four-fold super-periodicity. The
arcs are based on a FODO structure with a large number of
non-interleaved sextupole ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 1 |
647eff64-082c-4cdf-95f7-f88630afe3ff | designandintegration. ThecurrentdesignoftheLCChas
the IPs shifted outside by approximately 7mwith respect to
the GHC.
PROCESS OF COMPARISON AND
DECISIONS TAKEN
The comparison between the GHC and LCC optics has
been performed as a collaborative exercise within the FCC-
ee study, involving multiple working groups coverin... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 1 |
d220046d-f705-411a-8226-e6b173a0d65a | vertical𝛽-functionsareshownin,respectively,blueandred.
Dipoles,quadrupolesandsextupolesareshown,respectively,
inblue,redandgreen. Focusinganddefocusingelements,
respectively,areshownaboveandbelowthehorizontalaxis.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-2... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 1 |
6a6b4eab-e5a2-4c22-a84f-bd7f9808931f | Table 1: ParameterTableForThe GHC And LCC Lattices At 𝑍And𝑡𝑡Mode
Optics GHC LCC
Mode Z tt Z tt
Beam energy 𝐸(GeV) 45.6 182.5 45.6 182.5
Circumference 𝐶(m) 90658.525 90644.816
Arc-cell setup 90°/90° long 90°/90° short 52°/45° 99°/77°
Mom. comp. factor 𝛼𝑐(1×10−6) 28.5 7.3 28.6 9.5
Energy Loss per turn 𝑊0(GeV) 0.0... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 2 |
fd23c254-08cc-42ad-ac72-d8099dd3b64f | 𝑥/𝑄′
𝑦 12 / 5 0 / 0 12 / 5 0 / 0
Harmonic number ℎat 400MHz 121200 121200
Total RF voltage of 400 / 800 MHz (GV) 0.09 2.1 / 8.9 0.09 2.0 / 8.1
Synchrotron tune 𝑄𝑠 0.031 0.086 0.031 0.111
RF momentum acceptance (%) 1 2 1 2
Bunch length 𝜎𝑧(noncoll./coll.) (mm) 5.4 / 16.3 1.9 / 2.7 5.1/ 16.7 1.9 / 2.8
Rel. mom. spr... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 2 |
f4cb0c74-90db-4ddd-905e-9e4dacb6ffd2 | including luminosity reach, dynamic aperture (DA), mo-
mentum acceptance (MA), or beam lifetime, as discussed
in detail below. These quantities have been evaluated by
simulations studies assuming as far as possible comparable
boundary conditions. Giventhe differentlevelsofmaturity
atthestageofcomparisonbetweentheGHCand... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 2 |
ceb26cf9-8e0a-4e1c-9ba6-20989961cb50 | has further been decided to assume the same beam currents
for GHC and LCC to be on par for most beam dynamics ef-
fects. But,duetolowerSRlossesintheLCClattice,theSR
powerisalsoslightlylowerforagivenbeamcurrent. This
could be factored as an operational saving for the project
or as an operational margin to increase the l... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 2 |
2bbb612a-6316-49e7-9840-ced3de8bd7a0 | preparedasacollectionofindependentlywrittenchapters,
butwithcommonassumptions. Thereportwasevaluatedby
an external review panel composed of eight accelerator and
large facility experts from diverse laboratories in Europe,
North America, Japan and China. The Panel gave its rec-
ommendation to choose the LCC optics as th... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 2 |
3a2b22ad-bdde-4415-9dac-c7ea2c593926 | patible with the foreseen intensities. Both designs, hence,
incorporatethecrab-waistcollisionschemewithstrongcrab-
sextupoles (𝑛+1
2)𝜋,𝑛 ∈ ℕ verticalphaseadvanceupstream
from the IP for both beams.
Equilibriumhorizontalemittancesincreasesignificantly
with the beam energy for given lattice, and hence, differ-
ent pha... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 2 |
03ba36ae-9321-4aad-8e42-82a781c037ba | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEV1001
MC1.A02: Lepton Circular Colliders 2951WEP: Poster session WEV1001
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title of the wor... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 2 |
33ba0a59-4633-4f33-b7a2-023e0a64dfe5 | Figure 3: DAfor 𝑍mode for GHC (left) and LCC (right) with SR, QF and beam-beam.
Figure 4: MA for 𝑍mode for GHC (left) and LCC (right) with SR, QF and beam-beam.
1000 lower then the horizontal one. Based on this, the verti-
calemittanceisincreasedfurtherbybeam-beaminteractions,
which is important to achieve bunch line... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 3 |
68dbda00-fbe1-49ff-88de-43e066cbbe79 | modulationindex. Forcomparisonthesamevalueisused
for the LCC. Luminosity is estimated with Xsuite [ 21] us-
ingasingleIPset-upwiththesoftGaussianstrong-strong
beam-beammodelincludingbeamstrahlungtogetherwith
aneffectiverepresentationofthelatticebasedontransferma-
tricesbetweentheIPandthincrab-sextupoles. Theresulting
p... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 3 |
6f866918-9831-4f6f-bd4f-b2a04b271fd0 | thoughthedifferencebetweenthetwoopticsremainsmodest.
ComparisonplotsareshowninFigs. 3and4. Moreinforma-
tionon DAandMA with errors is reportedin [ 20]. Beam
lifetime studies, using 10000 turns, equivalent to 3s, corre-
sponding to the time interval between consecutive top-up
injections, both lattices show excellent res... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 3 |
d5db57b4-daf2-48cd-98ca-a5ab0ff3502d | alignments and field errors is one of the major challenges
fortheFCC-ee[ 22–25]. ParallelBBAfor20quadrupoles
showsanrmsaccuracybelow 10µmforboth,with,however,
significant outliers in the GHC, partially stemming of 90∘
arc phase advance. Linear optics tuning studies with incom-
plete error sets achieve similar performan... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 3 |
906bc667-68e4-4419-a8a6-10e1da9ab44f | STATUS OF 𝑡𝑡OPTICS
The performance at 𝑡𝑡energy currently remains a critical
point for both optics, since the GHC and the LCC optics
exhibit poor beam lifetime at nominal 𝜉𝑦≥ 0.12per IP. We
note,that,inadditiontheZ-mode,only 𝑡𝑡isassessedinmore
detail and other energy points are currently not discussed
here. Ther... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
9733bc9c-7ae2-4a88-be30-2b092df6a043 | nancelinesintunespace,includingthe 𝑄𝑦= 𝑛/4resonances.
In order to recover a beam lifetime on the scale of 1000s,
the bunch intensity and the vertical beam-beam parame-
termustbereduced,whichlowerstheluminositytoabout
0.9×1034cm−2s−1in a realistic configuration ( −40%).
In contrast to the GHC optics, the LCC is not b... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
98e3dae9-681a-42f9-b6fe-7aba6a5eef2e | locatedontheoppositesiteoftheactualRFsection,tore-
cover an approximate two-fold super-periodicity, allowing a
luminosityof 1.1×1034cm−2s−1withaverticalbeam-beam
parameter of 0.1 and sufficient lifetime. For the LCC optics,
detailed investigations are still ongoing. Nevertheless, a re-
ductionofthebeam-beamparameterbya... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
259064ca-8098-47e8-9652-24323f7e1684 | The recommendation is based on several key features
oftheLCCdesignincludingitsmodulardesignapproach,
larger improved DA and MA for the ideal lattices, enhanced
flexibility in insertion design, fewer number of sextupole
circuitsinthearcsandreducedSRthankstoahigherdipole
filling factor. Nevertheless, severaladvantages of... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
f486a3a5-3aad-4a1b-b341-9311433d4c79 | solidated tables of reference beam and machine parameters
andtoaddressthespecificstudiesidentifiedbythereview
panel. Theseincludeadeeperunderstandingofsimulation
results in the presence of realistic errors, updated DA and
MAstudiesafteropticstuningincludingmagnetmanufac-
turing errors. Further short-term tasks include ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
7e8b5f1d-2972-4221-bc54-2bd86b8c8d8d | term panel recommendations are to be addressed, covering
commissioningsimulations,beamlifetimeandluminosity
performanceatallcollisionenergiesincluding 𝑡𝑡,integrated
simulations of beam-beam and collective effects, top-up
injectionandadeterminationoftheachievablepeaklumi-
nosityateachenergypoint. Onthetechnicalside,al... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
6b0f73d2-389a-4e7f-b290-a8069c0f767c | design.
LookingfurtheraheadintotheReferenceDesign Phase,
the objective is a fully consolidated optics design supported
by a complete and realistic set of beam dynamics simula-
tions. Thesesimulationswilldefinethebaselineoperational
scenario, drive further optimizations to maximize perfor-
manceandintegratedluminosityan... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
2970fa61-0ac3-451a-a67a-1351f2b9dd56 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEV1001
MC1.A02: Lepton Circular Colliders 2953WEP: Poster session WEV1001
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title of the wor... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 4 |
e8ec624b-ef59-470f-a8a0-14688b57984c | [2]M. Benedikt, A. Blondel, P. Janot, M. Mangano and
F. Zimmermann, “Future circular colliders succeeding
the LHC”, Nat. Phys. , vol. 16, pp. 402–407, 2020.
doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0856-2
[3]M. Benedikt et al., “FCC physics opportunities: Fu-
ture Circular Collider conceptual design report vol-
ume 1”, Eur. Phys. J. C ,... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 5 |
399a3a69-d905-475d-90c0-60f5c2bdee8d | ume 4: the High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC) conceptual design
report”,Eur. Phys. J. ST , vol. 228, pp. 1109–1382, 2019.
doi:10.1140/epjst/e2019-900088-6
[7]The European Strategy Group, “2020 update of the Euro-
peanstrategyforparticlephysics”,Rep.No.CERN-ESU-013,
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. doi:10.17181/ESU2020
[8]M. Bene... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 5 |
0ab2ba15-4a4a-49af-badb-7952d2c57323 | report volume 3: civil engineering, implementation and sus-
tainability”,Tech.Rep.CERN-FCC-ACC-2025-0003,CERN,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2025. doi:10.17181/CERN.I26X.V4VF
[11]Physics Preparatory Group, “Physics briefing book: input for
the2026updateoftheEuropeanstrategyforparticlephysics”,
Rep. No. CERN-ESU-2025-001, arXiv:... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 5 |
c8107b81-b87c-4ea8-be08-04fd45798413 | doi:10.17181/CERN.423R.S20Z
[15]K. Oide et al., “Design of beam optics for
the future circular collider e+e−collider”, Phys.
Rev. Accel. Beams , vol. 19, p. 111005, 2016.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.111005
[16]P.Raimondi,M.Hofer,S.Liuzzo,L.FarvacqueandS.White,
“LocalchromaticcorrectionopticsforFutureCircularCol-
l... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 5 |
9300357a-da9e-476f-ac61-7b575ea9b9af | tion – towards the reference design”, presented at the 17th
InternationalParticleAcceleratorConf.(IPAC’26),Deauville,
France, May 2026, paper MOP1018, this conference.
[20]J. Keintzel et al., “FCC-ee optics tuning – towards the ref-
erencedesign”,presentedatthe17thInternationalParticle
AcceleratorConf. (IPAC’26),Deauvi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 5 |
4b4ccf37-111d-4f02-abcc-e59f2e19e476 | [23]J. Bauche et al., “Progress of the FCC-ee optics tuning
working group”, in Proc. 14th Int. Particle Accelerator
Conf. (IPAC’23), Venice, Italy, May 2023, pp. 3158–3161.
doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2023-WEPL023
[24]L. van Riesen-Haupt et al., “The status of the FCC-ee op-
tics tuning”, in Proc. 15th Int. Particle Acceler... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 5 |
2272054b-43c6-4103-920f-1ec3047431b8 | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEV1001
2954 MC1.A02: Lepton Circular CollidersWEV1001 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title of the wor... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1001.pdf | 5 |
84a61567-65df-47b7-ba62-42314f29f178 | PREPARATION OF THE 2026 LHC HIGH-INTENSITY TESTS
IN VIEW OF HL-LHC
S. Kostoglou∗, C. Antuono, H. Bartosik, R. Bruce, X. Buffat, I. Efthymiopoulos, M. Hostettler,
G. Iadarola, B. E. Karlsen-Baeck, A. Lechner, L. Mether, D. Mirarchi, N. Mounet,
Y. Papaphilippou, S. Redaelli, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, M. Solfaroli, G. Sterbi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 0 |
8bcd3a50-514c-4ffa-a915-1c4b1b77cc69 | associated risk of equipment damage. In that respect, any
issue discovered only in Run 4 (2030-2033), the first run
oftheHL-LHCera,couldleadtosignificantdowntimeor
intensitylimitationsuntilappropriatemitigationmeasures
are put in place. It is therefore essential to identify such
potential limitations for elements that ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 0 |
f7f5b36c-5d99-4396-a1e2-9e6f040bf33a | known limitations in view of reliable HL-LHC operation.
Preparationforthehigh-intensitytestsstartedwithdedicated
machine development studies in 2025, making significant
progress towards HL-LHC beams and identifying critical
devices. Key observations and plans for 2026 are presented.
INTRODUCTION
One of the key ingredie... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 0 |
0f1af1cb-479d-47a4-9ab1-d2f0445e5173 | equipment design weaknesses and previously unknown con-
straints related to beam impedance-induced heating that are
not observed at lower intensities.
Recentexamplesinclude failuresof warm vacuummod-
ules in 2023 and 2025. In 2023, pressure spikes in sector
∗sofia.kostoglou@cern.chA4L1werefollowedbyslowlossesandbeamdum... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 0 |
67d81119-e80c-4adf-9922-6ee9d38a05f2 | isthelastopportunitytoprobeHL-LHCbeamconditions,
whilethereisstilltimetoidentifyandimplementmitigations
beforeRun4. Becausemostoftheinstalledhardwarewill
remainunchangedafterLS3,thesetestscanalreadyprovide
meaningful information on HL-LHC readiness.
Forthisreason, twoweeksattheendofthe2026runwill
be dedicated to high-i... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 0 |
ee7956cf-f302-41a8-ac96-7f1b791ae7be | as electron-cloud, beam-beam effects and halo studies.
Inthis paper,wesummarize the targetconditions forthe
2026 campaign, review the main machine constraints, the
lessons learned from the 2025 Machine Development (MD)
program and outline the proposed staged strategy to prepare
and execute the high-intensity program be... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 0 |
759c6ba3-85e4-4a9b-9d0e-24888469a705 | into collision. The reference beam configuration is based
on standard 4 ×72b trains with 2760 bunches, bunch lengths
around 1.3 ns, corresponding to an RMS bunch length of
7.61cm[10],andacollisiondurationofabout6–7h[ 11,12].17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 0 |
3f1630ef-de9b-4eb0-a57a-dd175b7f38ce | AlongtheHL-LHCcycle,thebunchintensitydecreasesdue
to burn-off in collisions, while the bunch length evolves
under the combined effect of synchrotron radiation damp-
ing and controlled longitudinal emittance blow-up once the
target bunch length is reached. The exact luminosity and
burn-off conditions depend on the pile-... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 1 |
2a52d96f-52d7-434e-8f4f-ed59e733dce5 | 2.2×1011ppb could cost about 30-50 fb−1per year, rising
to50-75fb−1peryearifcombinedwithtwoweeksofdown-
time,comparedtothepresentlyassumed200-250 fb−1per
year in Run 4 [ 12].
The HL-LHC scenarios include the following beam type
options [13,14]:
•Standard4 ×72bbeams asthenominalHL-LHCbase-
line, since they maximize the ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 1 |
96e099e1-1614-44f0-ab3d-f4db5bfe47e7 | twohigh-luminosityexperiments,ATLASandCMS,
attheexpenseofa10%lowerluminosityinLHCband
ALICE. Due to the reduced number of consecutive,
25 ns spaced bunches (48b vs. 72b), BCMS beams
reduce e-cloud head-load, result in smaller emittances
at injection and offer a more favorable configuration
for full-machine high-intensi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 1 |
51d72821-a9fd-4b2c-bf3b-03f5833efc99 | conditioning in both the injectors and the LHC.
MAIN CONSTRAINTS FOR 2026 TESTS
Themainconstraintsforthe2026testsariseeitherfrom
systems that are scheduled to be upgraded in LS3 to ensure
compatibilitywithHL-LHCbeams,orfromeffectsforwhichmitigation measures are planned during LS3. The most
relevant constraints are the ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 1 |
58595776-4ce5-477c-93dd-350601111c86 | be possible to reachthe maximum number of bunches
at3TeVwithBCMSbeams(2748bunches),whilestan-
dard beams are only possible with a reduced number
of bunches, approximately 2400 bunches at 3 TeV and
1700 at 6.8 TeV [ 15].
•Injection kickers: Vacuum and temperature limita-
tionsariseforlong,high-intensityback-to-backfills... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 1 |
4c5db4f0-66ba-489e-b1c2-c293109710a2 | HL-LHC operation is expected to lead to higher losses
atthestartoftherampandseveralmitigationmeasures
have been implemented for the test [ 26].
TEST PRIORITIES
Becauseofthepresentmachineconstraints,fullHL-LHC
beamconditionscannotbereachedbeforeLS3inasingle
configuration. The 2026 high-intensity campaign is there-
forep... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 1 |
61692ad3-2277-45fe-97ea-846b86c4c2d8 | achieved. Atthisenergy,baselineHL-LHCbeamsremain
within the safe limits for the TCDS, turnaround is faster and
theavailableheat-loadmarginallowsoperationwithalarger
number of bunches. For these reasons, the first phase of the17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 97... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 1 |
162d199a-6e60-40a5-9f2b-04e4fcb2ccb7 | Figure 1: Simulated bunch length (blue) and bunch intensity (green) during collisions for an HL-LHC physics production
fill. Left: conditions reproduced during the 3 TeV high-intensity tests; black lines show the simulated intensity (solid) and
bunch length (dashed), the latter growing due to IBS and controlled via RF ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 2 |
72f7eb2c-9576-4330-943d-4b65603164ec | atthisenergy. Suchcompensationisexpectedonlyathigher
energies, around 5–5.5 TeV, depending on the conditions in
the transverse plane. As a result, the bunch length naturally
increases with time, which would limit the duration over
which HL-LHC-like conditions can be maintained.
Figure1comparesthepredictedevolutionofbun... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 2 |
4c58431f-e077-43e6-ac42-ae36812fb6f1 | length would increase because of IBS (black dashed line).
To maintain a short bunch length over longer periods, the
RFvoltagewillbeincreasedinstepsasdiscussedinthenext
section.
At3TeV,intermsofbeamtypes,BCMSbeamsaregiven
highest priority, since they provide the best compromise
between large number of bunches and reduce... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 2 |
14fbd5ca-2277-4c4e-9650-4d7116726ce9 | byasolidlineandbunchlengthbyadashedlines. Duringthisphase,theconditionsareclosertothenominalHL-LHC
cycle, including top energy optics, collimation settings, syn-
chrotron radiation levels and e-cloud conditions. Its main
limitation comes from e-cloud heat load, which restricts the
maximumnumberofbunchesto1700bunches[ 1... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 2 |
24791a0a-57f1-443b-962c-d63a31711168 | possible validation of the beam and machine parameters for
thebaselineoperationalscenario. Beyonde-cloudstudies,
the 6.8 TeV phase could also provide the first opportunity to
collidewithHL-LHCbeamsandstudybeam-beameffects,
lifetime,dynamicaperture,halobehaviourandtheevolution
of transverse tails, including possible e-c... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 2 |
f1c4f502-d516-48f2-b13f-ceed9a703605 | because of e-cloud heat-load constraints, only about 1900
bunchesmaybereachableinsteadofthenominal2760. If
timeallows,8b4ebeamswouldthenbetestedasacomple-
mentaryoption. 8b4e beamsremain withintheTCDS-safe
envelope even at full HL-LHC bunch intensity, they pro-
vide a valuable way to identify limitations specific to th... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 2 |
a4736a53-4a7b-4d2f-a3c9-6af72b639ffd | extremecaseswithintherangeofpossibleHL-LHCfilling
schemes.
MACHINE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
A major objective of the 2025 MD studies was to prepare
the3TeVcycle. Asexplainedintheprevioussections,the
main limitation is the short time during which the bunch
length stays close to HL-LHC conditions. The goal was
thereforetocont... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 3 |
91df6568-f485-4292-a48d-8c5352c84314 | an initial RF voltage of 7.6 MV and RF voltage steps of
0.5 MV up to 16 MV, it is possible to keep the bunch length
ataround1.3nsforabout20minutesofeachvoltagestep.
This would extend the duration of the 3 TeV plateau to a
maximum of about 5-6 h. Since the optimal HL-LHC fill
length is about 6 h, including the intensity... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 3 |
42d4cc0f-154a-46e3-b09f-dad7a878ae45 | They were divided into two groups with different transverse
emittances: one close to the nominal value of about 2 µm
andonearound4µm. Twomethodsweresuccessfullytested
toobtainthelargertransverseemittance: eitherdirectlyfrom
the injectors or by controlled emittance blow-up with the
transverse damper in the LHC at inject... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 3 |
a5ae622a-a911-4989-8b41-64a823c1c4f9 | MD was set below the specification of the 2026 tests and
will need to be refined. Nevertheless, the study should be
regardedasaproofofprinciple. Thecomparisonbetween
thetwogroupsshowedthatthemeasuredbunchlengthevolu-
tion is in excellent agreement with the IBS and synchrotron
radiation model. These results provide stro... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 3 |
1e9f66d5-3b76-49e1-91c3-408a75492bec | at injection and its correlation with losses at the start of the
ramp[26,28]. Thesestudiesenabledtheidentificationofthe
mainlimitationsandthedefinitionandimplementationof
mitigations for most of the issues expected during injection
and ramping of HL-LHC beams.
A dedicated MD was carried out with 8b4e trains at HL-
LHC ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 3 |
c8e34c11-c0c9-4b9b-8a69-98d312a0f9a3 | forBeam2,areimportantduringPb-Pboperationtointer-
ceptparticlesoriginatingfrombound-freepairproduction.
Theyarenotusedduringprotonoperationandthusareset
at large gaps [ 30]. Pressure activity above 10−6mbar had
already been observed in this region since the installation
of the collimator and the start of Run 3 operatio... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 3 |
62177cbf-16a9-43ca-8494-5d29f5b12b46 | around this collimator with other beam configurations, in-
cluding lower-intensity and hybrid beams, this event sug-
gests a particular sensitivity of the TCLD to 8b4e beams.
Impedance simulations have identified possible mitigations,
such as operation with smaller gaps [ 32]. Since 8b4e beams
are not used routinely in... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 3 |
265be8b0-5bc5-4658-9be9-200ed2831dda | 8b4ebeamscanthereforehelpdeterminewhetherthislim-
itation can be conditioned, while high-intensity tests with
nominal 25 ns beams would allow to assess whether similar
effects may also arise with HL-LHC beams.
TENTATIVE TIMELINE FOR THE 2026
HIGH-INTENSITY TESTS
Thetentativeproposalforthe2026high-intensitytestis
basedo... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
0cf2eee8-0246-4afd-8d0e-3407e62c498a | and an initial intensity ramp-up with both beams in the ma-
chine up to a level equivalent, in terms of beam-impedance-
induced heating, to present operational conditions as re-
quiredformachineprotection. Inthisfirstweek,thebunch
intensityiskeptconstantat 2.3×1011ppb,whilethenumber
of bunches is gradually increased fi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
e087d25a-3536-433e-b5df-fbba7ca592d4 | vacuum modules will in any case be replaced during LS3.
Indeed, the objective is not to be limited by equipment that
isalreadyscheduledforreplacement,butrathertoidentify
limitations that are relevant for HL-LHC operation. Once
the maximum number of bunches has been reached, the
proposed program proceeds to testswith bo... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
96ceabd1-d791-4a90-869b-f4c0deda20c7 | ferent bunch intensity steps and to refine the corresponding
projections for HL-LHC operation. At 6.8 TeV, the main
priorityisthestudyofe-cloudwithsingle-beamandboth-
beamconfigurations. Attheendofe-cloudmeasurements,
thebeamscanbebroughtintocollisionsthusobtainingfor
the first time measurements of beam lifetime, trans... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
bb1549a5-9ead-4dd5-8807-6876b3222cc4 | purposeofthisearlyphaseistostartprobingthemachine
beyondpresentoperationallevels,gainfirstoperationalex-
perience under these conditions and reduce the risk of en-
countering early showstoppers during the first days of the
final campaign.
Duringtheseadvancedtests,theplanistoperformsingle-
beam studies at 3 TeV, gradual... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
05dbed93-ec38-47dc-81ed-f245971f82ba | experience beyond routine operation. At the same time, the
level of risk must remain limited, since nominal physics
production will continue after the tests.
CONCLUSIONS
The 2026 high-intensity tests are a critical step in the
preparationfortheHL-LHCera. Theirmainmotivationis
either to demonstrate successful operation ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
8656186f-f290-41df-8c07-d5ed8d4b3cb7 | actionsandstudies,strengthenconfidenceinthefutureoper-
ational scenario and overall improve readiness for HL-LHC.
Toovercomepresentmachineconstraintsandcoverthe
widest possible range of cases, the proposed program com-
bines twobeam energies and tests with several beam types,
fromthenominalHL-LHCbaselinetoalternativesc... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
af30ee5b-f330-45f9-b8a4-30c9e456967a | critical input for the preparation of the Run 4 operation.17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEV1002
MC1.A01: Hadron Colliders 2959WEP: Poster session WEV1002
Content from this work may be used under... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 4 |
cb801fe9-5581-48c7-a3be-92f991b5075a | REFERENCES
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c8a6ad43-ec89-4534-8a09-3164305de5a3 | transverse beam dynamics studies”, presented at IPAC’26,
Deauville,France,May2026,paperMOV1001,thisconfer-
ence.[30]M.Schaumann,J.M.Jowett,C.BahamondeCastro,R.Bruce,
A. Lechner, and T. Mertens, “Bound-free pair production
fromnuclearcollisionsandthesteady-statequenchlimitof
the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Had... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 6 |
052275dd-130d-4074-8bd5-eed46d7b9662 | “TCLDimpedancestudies”,presentedatLMC,2025, https:
//indico.cern.ch/event/16/zero.alt473/zero.alt46/contributions/
6772182/attachments/3167927/563/zero.alt4581/TCLD_5_
11_LMC_CA.pdf ,17th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Deauville, France JACoW Publishing
ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1002.pdf | 6 |
b879cf44-aa4d-4b37-9d0a-6f60f982d7f9 | ACCELERATOR DESIGN EDUCATIONAL PRIMER –
CONCEPTUALIZING AND OPTIMIZING THE HYBRID LHEC-LIKE
ELECTRON-ION COLLIDER DESIGN∗
A. Seryi1†, A. Formenti2, A. Huebl2, R. Lehe2, C. A. Lindstrøm3, C. Mitchell2, T. Pieloni4,
J. Qiang2, L. van Riesen-Haupt1, L. Vanhecke4, J.-L. Vay2, E. Zoni2
1Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA,... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 0 |
e53de5c3-065c-42a3-8a4d-8e3724c3f968 | tizingcost–analternativeconfigurationemergesasmore
advantageous: ahybridLHeC-likeelectronacceleratorus-
ing multi-pass energy recovery linacs (ERL). This solution
reduces electron-beam power by roughly an order of magni-
tude,yieldingnearlyafactoroftworeductionintotalproject
costcomparedwiththepresentbaselinewhilestill... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 0 |
93ba5feb-4d48-4851-89be-121aeacc3b14 | beameffects,synchronization,etc.),anddiscusseshowsuch
re-optimization studiescan beused totrain designers inan
erawhenAIdramaticallyexpandsexplorationofcomplex
accelerator parameter spaces.
PREAMBLE – AI AND EDUCATION
TheemergenceofAI-assistedcodingpresentsbothunique
challenges and unprecedented opportunities for accel... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 0 |
e2f86261-4aa9-4e2d-adae-3c9386e3fc5f | when AI tools are available –from parameter optimization
andcodegenerationtocostestimation–servingasadraft
script for future AI-assisted USPAS or CAS courses.
∗Developed with assistance from AI such as Claude, Gemini, etc.
†aseryi@odu.eduEIC-LHeC MINI-PROJECT
The mini-project assignment is:Given the EIC proton
beam sto... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 0 |
4b9121f6-1456-4dc9-a755-45143cea30cd | and luminosity-limiting [5]. This prompted the question:
couldreplacingtheEICelectronstorageringwithasuper-
conductingenergy-recoverylinac(ERL)yieldasimilarcost-
performanceadvantage? Theproposedhybridkeepsthefull
EIC proton infrastructure intact and replaces the electron
ring with a multi-pass ERL: electrons are accel... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 0 |
6e55be30-ba55-4d8b-a072-b257933fee9a | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEV1301
2962 MC1.A19: Lepton-Hadron CollidersWEV1301 WEP: Poster session
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title of the work,... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 0 |
b171827c-c58e-4ef0-a86f-c666b281932b | thatalargeinteraction-point(IP)disruptionisacceptable];
no large electron storage ring, substantially reducing civil
andmagnetcosts;anda6GeVlinactraversedthreetimes
covering the full 18 GeV EIC energy range.
ThelayoutisshowninFig.1. TheERLlinacisinstalledin
anewtunnelintheSouth-Westpart1oftheRHICinnerarea.
Recirculatio... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 1 |
d21527da-18fd-4d5d-93bc-9ea1c3895f75 | formulated physically meaningful prompts and verified out-
puts against accelerator physics principles.
EIC-LHeC PARAMETERS
ApproachandAIPromptingStrategyTheparameter
development followed an iterative dialogue with AI tools,
beginning from the two parent designs and converging on a
self-consistenthybrid. Theinitialprom... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 1 |
f690f528-5f10-44b8-86ce-d517f93ebf55 | 20 GeV𝑒on 7 TeV𝑝) and Baseline EIC (at 105 GeV CM)
Parameter EIC LHeC
e / p energy, GeV 10 / 275 20 / 7000√𝑠, GeV 105 749
Number of bunches 1160 2808
Collision frequency, Hz9.1×1074.0×107
𝑒bunch population1.72×10110.94×1010
𝑝bunch population6.9×10102.2×1011
𝑒norm. emitt. h/v,µm 391 / 26 22 / 22
𝑝norm. emitt. h/v... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 1 |
af0e5313-f5d0-45f6-b568-37563b650909 | damental conflicts before producing any code. (i)Bunch
1Sited to avoid the Peconic River protected watershed boundary [6].rate mismatch:the EIC ring (3834 m circumference,
1160 bunches) gives a collision frequency of ∼91 MHz,
whiletheLHeCelectronlinacassumes ∼40MHz;naively
combining the two implies ∼140 mA electron cur... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 1 |
547c6ea4-af28-48f4-8acc-821026abec6d | charge, somewhat higher than 1.5 nC of LHeC), and the IP
opticswerere-optimizedtomatchbeamsizes( 𝛽∗
𝑥=1.20m,
𝛽∗
𝑦=0.05m for electrons; 𝛽∗
𝑥=0.12m,𝛽∗
𝑦=0.06m for
protons). The AI also noted that 𝜉𝑒is unconstrained in a
linac-ring scheme since electrons are discarded after each
pass;onlytheprotonbeam–beamparame... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 1 |
c10818ae-03d2-4519-83eb-90d99772e198 | 𝑛bunches 386
𝑓collis 3.03×107Hz
Norm.𝜀h/v 22.0 / 22.0 3.3 / 0.3µm
𝛽∗
𝑥/𝑦at IP 1.20 / 0.05 0.12 / 0.06 m
𝜎𝑧 3.0 70.0 mm
𝜎𝑥/𝑦at IP 36.7 / 7.5 36.8 / 7.8µm
𝜎′
𝑥/𝑦at IP 30.6 / 149.9 306.3 / 130.6µrad
𝜉𝑥/𝑦 3.474 / 0.679 0.001 / 0.002
𝐼beam 57.6 1000 mA
PeakL2.1×1033cm−2s−1
Table 3: Hybrid EIC, optimized wi... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 1 |
9e6e4945-9c57-44d6-81ba-cc07d657159b | ISBN: 978-3-95450-252-3 ISSN: 2673-5350 doi: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2026-WEV1301
MC1.A19: Lepton-Hadron Colliders 2963WEP: Poster session WEV1301
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence (© 2026). Any distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s), title of the work,... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 1 |
857523c6-f107-4156-bb9f-0cf21ac634ab | figurations. The large electron 𝜉𝑒reflects severe single-pass
disruption–acceptablesinceelectronsarediscardedafter
collision,butraisingquestionsaboutERLacceptanceforthe
disrupted bunch. The optimized case reaches 1034cm−2s−1
through emittance reductions; proton divergences up to
182µrad horizontally imply tight FD ap... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 2 |
97113b42-408b-49d0-bfdc-603bf7994dab | right. Positrons (or protons) are moving left.
Thatpromptisreproducedheretoillustratethelevelof
physical detail required to obtain useful AI-generated code.
The prompt specified: a 2D head-on collision (longitudinal
𝑍and vertical𝑌coordinates only); each bunch represented
by 50 transverse slices of 21 particles, place... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 2 |
1ba151a1-3742-4a54-acd5-b06bb93c1d40 | tionduringthefullcollision. Visualizationofthecollision
dynamicswasrequestedfromtheoutset. TheAI(Claude)
produced working, animated code on the first attempt. Five
short follow-up prompts then corrected the kick sign, tuned
𝐷𝑌, added offset collisions, and improved the visualization
display. The entire exchange – ini... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 2 |
bbaea39c-3171-4a82-958b-c710f9e4493f | them through AI-assisted modifications to explore different
physics phenomena.
For the specific example of EIC-LHeC hybrid mini-
project, students could progressively enhance their under-
standing by first converting the code to use of physical
units;thenimplementingrealisticbeamdistributionswith
emittance and beta-fun... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 2 |
8941547c-a6cf-45dd-9aaa-ec50223feef2 | theIPintoaparallelbeamdownstream. Thepromptspec-
ified: use thick-lens transfer matrices; trace four rays with
zeropositionattheIPandinitialanglesequalto ±𝜎′
𝑥,𝑦from
Table2;assume 𝐿∗=2m(IPtoentranceofQ1),quadrupole
length𝐿𝑞=2m, and inter-quadrupole gap 0.5 m; solve for
the quadrupole strengths such that the beam ... | D:\Daily_ihep\Conferences\IPAC2026\WEV\WEV1301.pdf | 2 |
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