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for the first time in my life i just felt viscerally connected to the universe in all of its time stopped or it just kind of felt nonexistent and what i with my eyes i didn't just see it it felt like a vision and i stood there in this nirvana for all of seconds less than three minutes when all of a sudden it was over the sun burst out the blue sky returned the stars and the planets and the corona were gone the world returned to normal but i had changed and that's how i became an an eclipse chaser
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you see the story was about an eclipse a partial solar eclipse that was set to cross the country in may of and the astronomer i interviewed him and he explained what was going to happen and how to view it but he emphasized that as interesting as a partial solar eclipse is a much rarer total solar eclipse is completely different in a total eclipse for all of two or three minutes the moon completely blocks the face of the sun creating what he described as the most awe inspiring spectacle in all of nature and so the advice he gave me was this before you die he said you owe it to yourself to experience a total solar eclipse well honestly i felt a little uncomfortable hearing that from someone i didn't know very well it felt sort of intimate but it got my attention and so i did some research now the thing about total eclipses is if you wait for one to come to you you're going to be waiting a long time
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to enjoy the sun and to see what would happen when the sun briefly went away well the day of the eclipse found us and many other people out behind the hyatt regency on the beach waiting for the show to begin and we wore eclipse glasses with cardboard frames and really dark lenses that enabled us to look at the sun safely a total eclipse begins as a partial eclipse as the moon very slowly makes its way in front of the sun so first it looked the sun had a little notch in its edge and then that notch grew larger and larger turning the sun into a crescent and it was all very interesting but i wouldn't say it was spectacular
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live demos are hard right things go wrong all the time but no matter what this thing will actually prevent this thing from going into you what's more it tells you immediately that i am the one responsible for this device you don't have to look for someone controlling it now i can tell you that it's easy a lot but i think a really good way to prove that is to grab a second one and launch it and if i can do this on stage live then i can show each and every one of you in five minutes how to operate one of these devices so now we have two eyes in the sky and now the trick is getting them back
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i came here to show you the it's a tethered flying camera but before i do that i want to tell you a bit about where it came from what motivated it so i was born in russia and three years ago in there were the russian federal elections there were massive irregularities reported and people came out to protest which was very unlikely for russia and no one really knew how significant these protests were because for whatever reason the world media largely ignored it
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i was interested and my canopy researcher colleagues have been interested in the dynamics of the canopy plants that live in the forest we've done stripping experiments where we've removed mats of and looked at the rates of we had predicted that they would grow back very quickly and that they would come in encroaching from the side what we found however was that they took an extremely long time over years to regenerate starting from the bottom and growing up and even now after years they're not up there they have not completely and i use this little image to say this is what happens to mosses if it's gone it's gone and if you're really lucky you might get something growing back from the bottom
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trees are wonderful arenas for discovery because of their tall stature their complex structure the biodiversity they foster and their quiet beauty i used to climb trees for fun all the time and now as a grown up i have made my profession understanding trees and forests through the medium of science the most mysterious part of forests is the upper tree canopy and dr terry erwin in called the canopy the last frontier i'd like to take you all on a journey up to the forest canopy and share with you what canopy researchers are asking and also how they're communicating with other people outside of science let's start our journey on the forest floor of one of my study sites in costa rica
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so just very quickly you can move on from here to another very interesting idea beyond the pretty picture beyond the nice visualization what is the purpose how is this useful this next idea comes from discussions with curators that we've been having at museums who by the way i've fallen in love with because they dedicate their whole life to try to tell these stories one of the curators told me amit what would it be like if you could create a virtual curator's table where all these six million objects are displayed in a way for us to look at the connections between them you can spend a lot of time trust me looking at different objects and understanding where they come from it's a crazy matrix experience
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the diversity of the content is what's amazing if we just had european paintings if we just had modern art i think it gets a bit boring for example this month we launched the black history channel with exhibitions which talk about arts and culture in that community we also have some amazing objects from japan centered around craftsmanship called made in japan and one of my favorite exhibitions which actually is the idea of my talk is i didn't expect to become a fan of japanese dolls but i am thanks to this exhibition that has really taught me about the craftsmanship behind the soul of a japanese doll trust me it's very exciting take my word for it so moving on swiftly
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i'm the weekly tech critic for the new york times i review gadgets and stuff and mostly what good dads should be doing this time of year is nestling with their kids and decorating the christmas tree what i'm mostly doing this year is going on cable tv and answering the same question what are the tech trends for next year and i'm like didn't we just go through this last year but i'm going to pick the one that interests me most and that is the completed marriage of the cell phone and the internet you know i found that volcano on images not realizing how much it makes me look like the cover of dianetics
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actually i need to update that there's one now and it's so interesting that i thought i would tell you about it it comes from t mobile and i am not paid by t mobile i'm not plugging t mobile the new york times has very rigid policies about that ever since that jayson blair jerk ruined it for all of us
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but it's actually really really cool you have a choice of phones and we're not talking ordinary phones including a blackberry that have fi the deal is any time you're in a fi all your calls are free and when you're out of the you're on the regular cellular network you're thinking well how often am i in a the answer is all the time because they give you a regular wireless that works with the phone for your house which is really ingenious because we all know that t mobile is the most pathetic carrier they have coverage like the size of my thumbnail
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they're like a stealth tower installation program we're putting it in our homes for them anyway they have fi phones in europe but the thing that t mobile did that nobody's done before is when you're on a call an you move from fi into cellular range the call is handed off in mid syllable seamlessly i'll show you the advanced technologies we use at the new york times to test this gear this is me with a camcorder on a phone going like this
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no not at all i'm having a great day with the kids what are you guys doing right there it just changed to the cellular tower in mid call i don't know why my wife says i never listen to her i don't get that
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all right we've made the point all right ringer off everyone wants in on the action
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you will pay grand central is this really brilliant idea where they give you a new phone number and then at that point one phone number rings all your phones at once your home phone your work phone your cell phone your yacht phone
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to teach you something even better this is called info they've just launched this voice activated version of the same thing it's speech recognition like you've never heard before so lets say i'm in monterey and i want what i want to find what bagels ok say the business and the city and state bagels monterey california i got the chinese line
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bagels monterey california top eight results number one bagel bakery on el dorado street to select number one you can press one or say number one number two bagel bakery commissary department number two number two two
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commissary department on mcclellan avenue monterey i'll connect you or say details or go back he's connecting me he doesn't even tell me the phone number he's just connecting me directly it's like having a personal valet hold on
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so they attach the audio file at the bottom of the email so you can listen to double check the services are called things like this is the one i use a lot of people say how are they doing this i don't really want people listening in to my calls the executives at these companies told me well we use a proprietary b best peer you know i think basically it's like these guys in india with headsets you know listening in the reason i think that is that on the first day i tried one of these services i got two voicemail messages one was from a guy named michael stevenson which shouldn't be that hard to transcribe and it was misspelled the other was from my video producer at the times whose name is singh with the silent nailed that one
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anyway this service promises that it's all software nobody is listening to your messages and they also promise that they're going to transcribe only the gist of your messages
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hello this is michael hope you're doing well i'm fine here everything's good hey i was walking along the street and the sky was blue and your daughter broke her leg at soccer practice i'm going to have a sandwich for lunch she's in room emergency room ok talk to you later bye
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and the call will continue to be free because they don't they haven't well no wait not so fast it also works the other way so if you start a call on your cellular network and you come home you keep being billed which is why most people with this service get into the habit of saying hey i just got home
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beauty of that is you never miss a call i know a lot of you are like ooh i don't want to be reached at any hour but the beauty is it's all going through the internet so you get all of these really cool features like you can say i want these people to be able to call me only during these hours and i want these people to hear this greeting hi boss i'm out making us both some money leave a message and then your wife calls and hi honey leave me a message
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i don't know if you realize this when you call on your cell phone they charge you two bucks did you know that it's an outrage i actually got a photograph of the employee right there i'm going to tell you how to avoid that now what you're going to use is cellular it's totally free there's not even ads if you know how to send a text message you can get the same information for free i'm about to change your life
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shortly i'll tell you why i was in milan here we go and those are just the beginning these are all the different things that you can text to and they will yeah you're all trying to write this down that's cute i do have an email address you can just ask me it's absolutely phenomenal the only downside is that it requires you to know how to text send a text message
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hi could i have with a no no no just kidding no no so anyway you never even find out the number it's just so amazing and it has incredible incredible accuracy this is even more amazing
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put this in your speed dial this you can ask by voice any question who won the world series what's the recipe for a certain cocktail it's absolutely amazing and they text you back the answer i tried this this morning just to make sure it's still alive which actors have played james bond they text me back this sean connery george lazenby roger moore timothy dalton pierce brosnan daniel craig right and then i was trying to pretend i was like a valley girl i'm like what's the word that means you know like when the sun the moon and the earth are like all in a line just to see how the recognition was they me back it's called a which i knew because it's the word that won me the ohio spelling bee in
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and at that moment your phone will ring and you're like i'm sorry i've got to take this the really beautiful thing is you know how when somebody's sitting next to you sometimes they can sort of hear a little bit of the caller so they give you a choice of what you want to hear on the other end here's the girlfriend
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i'm kinda like giving a talk right now well that's good what are you doing i was just wondering what you were up to right i can't really talk right now this is the i love this the boss call
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these programs can use all the components of the the touch screen this is the etch program the theme of you know how you erase it of course you shake it right of course we shake it to erase like this they have of these programs this is the translator program they have every language in the world
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you type in what you want and it gives you the translation this is amazing this is a song is running through your head you sing it into the thing do do do do do da da da da da da da dum ok you tap done and it will find out the song and play it for you i know it's insane right this is pandora
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the broke the dyke the wall but now it's everybody else so has done their own android operating system that will soon be on handsets phones from companies touch screen very very nice also with its own app store where you can download programs this is amazing in the wake of all this the most calcified corporate conservative carrier of all said you can use any phone you want on our network i love the wired headline pigs fly hell freezes over and opens up its network no really
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i'm sick to death of this old cell phone bad sound the signal's weak the software stinks a made phone i've heard there's something new a million times more rad than my phone i too will join the cult i want an concerns i have a few it's got some flaws we may just face it no keys no memory card the sealed you can't replace it
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it's got some flaws we may just face it no keys no memory card the sealed you can't replace it but god this thing is sweet a fi phone you had me from hello i want an i want to touch its precious screen i want to wipe the clean i want my friends to look and drool
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the importance of basking sharks to the coast communities is recognized through the language i don't pretend to know many irish words but in kerry they were often known as na the monster with the sails another title would be an d the unwieldy beast with two fins mr suggesting a big animal or my favorite grine the great fish of the sun that's a lovely evocative name on tory island a strange place anyway they were known as
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it became known as simon's shark slime and i thought hey you know i can build on this so we thought ok we're going to try to get out and get some slime so having spent three half thousand on satellite tags i then thought i'd invest the price is still on it in my local hardware store in for a mop handle and even less money on some oven cleaners and i wrapped the oven cleaner around the edge of the mop handle and
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i was desperate to have an opportunity to get some sharks and this was into august now and normally sharks peak in june july and you rarely see them or rarely can be in the right place to find sharks into august we were desperate so we rushed out to the as soon as we heard there were sharks there and managed to find some sharks so by just rubbing the mop handle down the shark as it swam under the boat you see a shark running under the boat here we managed to collect slime and here it is look at that lovely black shark slime and in about half an hour we got five samples five individual sharks were sampled using simon's shark slime sampling system
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they might weigh up to two tons some say up to five tons they're the second largest fish in the world
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some say up to five tons they're the second largest fish in the world they're also harmless plankton feeding animals and they are thought to be able to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour and can feed on kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive they're fantastic creatures we're very lucky in ireland we have plenty of basking sharks and plenty of opportunities to study them they were very important to coastal communities going back hundreds of years especially around the region where subsistence farmers used to sail out on their hookers and open boats sometimes way offshore to a place called the sunfish bank about miles west of island to kill the basking sharks this is a from about the they were very important for the oil out of their liver
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they were very important for the oil out of their liver a third of the basking size is their liver and it's full of oil gallons of oil that oil was used especially for lighting but also for dressing wounds and other things in fact the in of galway dublin and waterford were lit with sunfish oil sunfish is one of the words for basking sharks so they were incredibly important animals they've been around a long time very important to coastal communities probably the best documented basking shark fishery in the world is that from island
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and what kind of wireless technology are we going to use this is my big vision there is a tool that can help us bridge the digital divide respond to emergencies get traffic moving provide a new engine for economic growth and dramatically reduce emissions in every sector and this is a moment from the graduate do you remember this moment you guys are going to be the handsome young guy and i'm going to be the wise businessman i want to say one word to you just one word yes sir are you listening yes i am ad hoc peer self configuring wireless networks
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i'm going to talk about two stories today one is how we need to use market based pricing to affect demand and use wireless technologies to dramatically reduce our emissions in the transportation sector and the other is that there is an incredible opportunity if we choose the right wireless technologies how we can generate a new engine for economic growth and dramatically reduce in the other sectors i'm really scared we need to reduce emissions in ten to fifteen years by percent in order to avert catastrophic effects and i am astounded that i'm standing here to tell you that
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i'm really scared we need to reduce emissions in ten to fifteen years by percent in order to avert catastrophic effects and i am astounded that i'm standing here to tell you that what are catastrophic effects a three degree centigrade climate change rise that will result in percent species extinction it's not a movie this is real life and i'm really worried because when people talk about cars which i know something about the press and politicians and people in this room are all thinking let's use fuel efficient cars if we started today years from now at the end of this window of opportunity those fuel efficient cars will reduce our fossil fuel needs by four percent that is not enough
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asked by your chinese friend what is your zodiac sign don't think they are making small talk if you say i'm a monkey they immediately know you are either or years old
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the chinese believe certain animals get on better than the others so parents choose specific years to give birth to babies because they believe the team effort by the right combination of animals can give prosperity to families we even refer to the zodiac when entering into romantic relations i'm a pig i should have perfect romance with tigers goats and rabbits chinese people believe some animals are natural enemies as a pig i need to be careful with a snake raise your hand if you are a snake let's have a chat later
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jack parents must have been very proud and they are not the only ones in the year of the dragon the birthrate in china hong kong and taiwan increased by five percent that means another one million more babies with a traditional preference to baby boys the boy girl ratio that year was to when those dragon boys grow up they will face much more severe competition in love and job markets according to the bbc and the chinese government's press release january saw a peak of sections why that was the last month for the year of the horse it's not because they like horses so much it's because they try to avoid having unlucky goat babies
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if you are a goat please don't feel bad those are goat babies they don't look like losers to me
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it's a cycle labeled with animals starting with a rat and ending with a pig and has no association with constellations for example if you were born in you are a rabbit can you see your zodiac sign there our chinese ancestors constructed a very complicated theoretical framework based on yin and yang the five elements and the zodiac animals over thousands of years this popular culture has affected people's major decisions such as naming marriage giving birth and attitude towards each other
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it's everyone's dream to have a dragon baby jack parents must have been very proud and they are not the only ones in the year of the dragon the birthrate in china hong kong and taiwan increased by five percent
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perhaps one should consider zodiac in reverse as those tiger and goat babies will face much less competition maybe they are the lucky ones i went through the forbes top richest people in the world and it's interesting to see the most undesirable two animals the goat and tiger are at the top of the chart even higher than the dragon so maybe we should consider maybe it's much better to have less competition
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and back in the they used to teach student to take x rays thankfully not on you and i but on dead people so i've still got access to one of these dead people called frieda she's falling apart i'm afraid because she's very old and fragile but everyone on that bus is frieda and the bus is taken with a cargo scanning x ray which is the sort of machine you have on borders which checks for contraband and drugs and bombs and things fairly obvious what that is so using large scale objects does sort of create drama because you just don't see x rays of big things that often technology is moving ahead and these large cargo scanner x rays that work with the digital system are getting better and better and better again though to make it come alive you need somehow to add the human element and i think the reason this image works again is because frieda is driving the bulldozer
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quite a difficult brief make a pair of men's pants look beautiful but i think the process in itself shows how exquisite they are fashion now i'm sort of anti fashion because i don't show the surface i show what's within so the don't really like me because it doesn't matter if kate moss is wearing it or if i'm wearing it it looks the same
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and i'm sure ross can associate that with design the design comes from within it's not just i get some strange looks when i go out getting my props here i was fumbling around in the ladies' underwear department of a department store almost got escorted from the premises i live opposite a farm and this was the of the litter a piglet that died and what's really interesting is if you look at the legs you'll notice that the bones haven't fused and should that pig have grown unfortunately it was dead it would have certainly been dead after i x rayed it with the amount of radiation i used anyway
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if you look at the roof of the eden project or the british library it's all this honeycomb structure and i'm sure those architects are inspired as i am by what surrounds us by nature this in fact is a victoria water lily leaf that floats on the top of a pond an amaryllis flower looking really three dimensional seaweed ebbing in the tide now how do i do this and where do i do this and all of that sort of thing this is my new purpose built x ray shed and the door to my x ray room is made of lead and steel it weighs kilograms and the only exercise i get is opening and closing it
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so when you move forward from something fairly small a dress which is this size onto something like that which is done in exactly the same process you can see that that is a lot of work in fact that is three months solid x there is over separate components boeing sent me a in containers and i sent them back an x ray
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one on the extreme right is a photograph of an american the one on the left is an x ray but this time i had to use a real body because i needed all the skin tissue to make it look real to make it look like it was a real athlete so here i had to use a recently deceased body and getting a hold of that was extremely difficult and laborious but people do donate their bodies to art and science and when they do i'm in the queue so i like to use them
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so years ago dr x rayed his wife's hand quite why he had to pin her fingers to the floor with her brooch i'm not sure it seems a bit extreme to me that image was the start of the x ray technology and i'm still fundamentally using the same principles today i'm interpreting it in a more contemporary manner
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the first shot i ever did was of a soda can which was to promote a brand that we all know so i'm not going to do them any favors by showing you it but the second shot i did was my shoes i was wearing on the day and i do really like this shot because it shows all the detritus that's sort of embedded in the sole of the sneakers it was just one of those pot luck things where you get it right first time moving on to something a bit larger this is an x ray of a bus and the bus is full of people it's actually the same person
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and if it's well made i show it if it's badly made i show it and i'm sure ross can associate that with design the design comes from within
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and to carry on with a theme that we've already touched with is how nature is related to architecture if you look at the roof of the eden project or the british library it's all this honeycomb structure and i'm sure those architects are inspired as i am by what surrounds us by nature
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this is a quite high powered x ray machine what's interesting really about x ray really is if you think about it is that that technology is used for looking for cancer or looking for drugs or looking for contraband or whatever and i use that sort of technology to create things that are quite beautiful
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so still working with film i'm afraid technology in x ray where it's life size processed apart from these large cargo scanning machines hasn't moved on enough for the quality of the image and the resolution to be good enough for what i want to do with it which is show my pictures big so i have to use a drum scanner which was designed in the days when everyone shot photographs on film they scan each individual x ray and this shows how i do my process of same size x rays so this is again my daughter's dress still has the tag in it from me buying it so i can take it back to the shop if she didn't like it
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are always asking me where i come from and they're expecting me to say india and they're absolutely right insofar as percent of my blood and ancestry does come from india except i've never lived one day of my life there i can't speak even one word of its more than dialects so i don't think i've really earned the right to call myself an indian and if where do you come from means where were you born and raised and educated then i'm entirely of that funny little country known as england except i left england as soon as i completed my undergraduate education and all the time i was growing up i was the only kid in all my classes who didn't begin to look like the classic english heroes represented in our textbooks and if where do you come from means where do you pay your taxes where do you see your doctor and your dentist then i'm very much of the united states and i have been for years now since i was a really small child except for many of those years i've had to carry around this funny little pink card with green lines running through my face identifying me as a permanent alien i do actually feel more alien the longer i live there
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when i'm traveling especially to the major cities of the world the typical person i meet today will be let's say a half korean half german young woman living in paris and as soon as she meets a half thai half canadian young guy from edinburgh she recognizes him as kin she realizes that she probably has much more in common with him than with anybody entirely of korea or entirely of germany so they become friends they fall in love they move to new york city
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where you come from now is much less important than where you're going more and more of us are rooted in the future or the present tense as much as in the past and home we know is not just the place where you happen to be born it's the place where you become yourself and yet there is one great problem with movement and that is that it's really hard to get your bearings when you're in midair some years ago i noticed that i had accumulated one million miles on united airlines alone you all know that crazy system six days in hell you get the seventh day free
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it's such a simple question but these days of course simple questions bring ever more complicated answers people are always asking me where i come from and they're expecting me to say india and they're absolutely right insofar as percent of my blood and ancestry does come from india except i've never lived one day of my life there i can't speak even one word of its more than dialects so i don't think i've really earned the right to call myself an indian
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and if where do you come from means which place goes deepest inside you and where do you try to spend most of your time then i'm japanese because i've been living as much as i can for the last years in japan except all of those years i've been there on a tourist visa and i'm fairly sure not many japanese would want to consider me one of them and i say all this just to stress how very old fashioned and straightforward my background is because when i go to hong kong or sydney or vancouver most of the kids i meet are much more international and multi cultured than i am and they have one home associated with their parents but another associated with their partners a third connected maybe with the place where they happen to be a fourth connected with the place they dream of being and many more besides
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i say all this just to stress how very old fashioned and straightforward my background is because when i go to hong kong or sydney or vancouver most of the kids i meet are much more international and multi cultured than i am and they have one home associated with their parents but another associated with their partners a third connected maybe with the place where they happen to be a fourth connected with the place they dream of being and many more besides and their whole life will be spent taking pieces of many different places and putting them together into a stained glass whole home for them is really a work in progress it's like a project on which they're constantly adding upgrades and improvements and corrections and for more and more of us home has really less to do with a piece of soil than you could say with a piece of soul if somebody suddenly asks me where's your home i think about my sweetheart or my closest friends or the songs that travel with me wherever i happen to be and i'd always felt this way but it really came home to me as it were some years ago when i was climbing up the stairs in my parents' house in california and i looked through the living room windows and i saw that we were encircled by flames one of those wildfires that regularly tear through the hills of california and many other such places
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patients like mama who have been blind for over years and never seen her grandchildren for less than dollars we can restore her eyesight this is something that has to happen it's only in statistics that people go blind by the millions the reality is everyone goes blind on their own but now they might just be a text message away from help and now because live demos are always a bad idea we're going to try a live demo
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now i told you my mother she was ruthlessly realistic she was an unbelievable role model she was the kind of person who got to be the way she was because she was a single mom with six kids in chicago she was in the real estate business where she worked extraordinarily hard but oftentimes had a hard time making ends meet and that meant sometimes we got our phone disconnected or our lights turned off or we got evicted when we got evicted sometimes we lived in these small apartments that she owned sometimes in only one or two rooms because they weren't completed and we would heat our on hot plates but she never gave up hope ever and she never allowed us to give up hope either this brutal pragmatism that she had i mean i was four and she told me mommy is santa
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i've come here today to talk to you about a problem it's a very simple yet devastating problem one that spans the globe and is affecting all of us the problem is anonymous companies it sounds like a really dry and technical thing doesn't it but anonymous companies are making it difficult and sometimes impossible to find out the actual human beings responsible sometimes for really terrible crimes so why am i here talking to all of you well i guess i am a lifelong troublemaker and when my parents taught my twin brother and i to question authority i don't think they knew where it might lead
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chromosome one top left bottom right are the sex chromosomes women have two copies of that big x chromosome men have the x and of course that small copy of the y sorry boys but it's just a tiny little thing that makes you different so if you zoom in on this genome then what you see of course is this double helix structure the code of life spelled out with these four biochemical letters or we call them bases a c g and t how many are there in the human genome three billion is that a big number well everybody can throw around big numbers but in fact if i were to place one base on each pixel of this screen we would need screens to take a look at the genome so it's really quite big and perhaps because of its size a group of people all by the way with y chromosomes decided they would want to sequence it
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that the world has completely changed and none of you know about it so now what we do is take a genome we make maybe copies of it we cut all those copies up into little reads and then we sequence them massively parallel then we bring that into software and reassemble it and tell you what the story is so to give you a picture of what this looks like the human genome project right one run on one of these modern machines in a week and that is going to change to this summer and there's no sign of this pace slowing the price of a base to sequence a base has fallen million times that's the equivalent of you filling up your car with gas in waiting until and now you can drive to jupiter and back twice
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and it's not that he's not eating it's that when he eats his intestine basically opens up and feces spill out into his gut so a hundred surgeries later he looks at his mom and says mom please pray for me i'm in so much pain his pediatrician happens to have a background in clinical genetics and he has no idea what's going on but he says let's get this kid's genome and what they find is a single point mutation in a gene responsible for controlling programmed cell death so the theory is that he's having some immunological reaction to what's going on to the food essentially and that's a natural reaction which causes some programmed cell death but the gene that regulates that down is broken and so this informs among other things of course a treatment for bone marrow transplant which he undertakes and after nine months of grueling recovery he's now eating steak with sauce
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this is a typewriter a staple of every desktop for decades and in fact the typewriter was essentially deleted by this thing and then more general versions of word processors came about but ultimately it was a disruption on top of a disruption it was bob metcalfe inventing the ethernet and the connection of all these computers that fundamentally changed everything suddenly we had netscape we had yahoo and we had indeed the entire dot com bubble
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that was all done on a machine like this it costs about a dollar for each base a very slow way of doing it well folks i'm here to tell you that the world has completely changed and none of you know about it so now what we do is take a genome we make maybe copies of it we cut all those copies up into little reads and then we sequence them massively parallel
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so the worldwide capacity to sequence human is something like to human this year we know this based on the machines that are being placed this is expected to double triple or maybe quadruple year over year for the foreseeable future in fact there's one lab in particular that represents percent of all that capacity it's called the beijing institute
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two years later she comes back with stage ovarian cancer unfortunately treated again with surgery and chemotherapy she comes back three years later at age with more ovarian cancer more chemotherapy six months later she comes back with acute leukemia she goes into respiratory failure and dies eight days later so first the way in which this woman was treated in as little as years will look like bloodletting and it's because of people like my colleague rick wilson at the genome institute at washington university who decided to take a look at this woman postmortem and he took skin cells healthy skin and cancerous bone marrow and the whole of both of them in a couple of weeks no big deal then he compared those two in software and what he found among other things was a deletion a deletion across three billion bases in a particular gene called if you have this deleterious mutation in this gene you're percent likely to get cancer in your life
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so unfortunately this doesn't help this woman but it does have severe profound if you will implications to her family i mean if they have the same mutation and they get this genetic test and they understand it then they can get regular screens and can catch cancer early and potentially live a significantly longer life let me introduce you to the beery twins diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the age of two their mom is a very brave woman who didn't believe it the symptoms weren't matching up and through some heroic efforts and a lot of internet searching she was able to convince the medical community that in fact they had something else they had dopa responsive and so they were given l dopa and their symptoms did improve but they weren't totally asymptomatic
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so on top of l dopa they gave these kids a serotonin precursor drug and they're effectively normal now guys this would never have happened without whole genome sequencing at the time this was a few years ago it cost today it's next year the year after give or take a year that's how fast this is moving so here's little nick likes batman and squirt guns and it turns out nick shows up at the children's hospital with this distended belly like a famine victim and it's not that he's not eating it's that when he eats his intestine basically opens up and feces spill out into his gut so a hundred surgeries later he looks at his mom and says mom please pray for me
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it's here and what it means for all of us is that everybody in this room could live an extra years just because of this one thing which is a fantastic story unless you think about humanity's footprint on the planet and our ability to keep up food production so it turns out that the very same technology is also being used to grow new lines of corn wheat soybean and other crops that are highly tolerant of drought of flood of pests and pesticides
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like me raise your hand anybody nobody typically there's one or two so my father's father was one of resnick brothers
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even that's more complicated than you think a friend of mine works in psychiatry and he is interested in the question of why people do and don't take their so or something like that you have to take for a while he has a wonderful story of talking to a villager in india and saying have you taken your yes have you taken it every day yes have you taken if for a month yes what the guy actually meant was that he'd fed a dose of to his dog that morning
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about something which requires quantitative analysis and so the solution that we and many other people are thinking about there and at this point there is a dramatic flourish and out comes the universal solution to everything these days which is a cell phone in this particular case a camera phone they're everywhere six billion a month in india and the idea is that what one does is to take the device you dip it you develop the color you take a picture the picture goes to a central laboratory you don't have to send out a doctor you send out somebody who can just take the sample and in the clinic either a doctor or ideally a computer in this case does the analysis turns out to work actually quite well particularly when your color printer has printed the color bars that indicate how things work so my view of the health care worker of the future is not a doctor but an old otherwise unemployed who has two things a backpack full of these tests and a lancet to occasionally take a blood sample and an and these are the things that get him through his day
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this is one one of the things you occasionally need to do is separate blood cells from serum and the question was here we do it by taking a sample we put it in a centrifuge we spin it and you get blood cells out terrific what happens if you don't have electricity a centrifuge and whatever and we thought for a while of how you might do this and the way in fact you do it is what's shown here you get an which is everywhere and you saw off a blade and then you take tubing and you stick it on that you put the blood in somebody sits there and spins it it works really really well and we sat down we did the physics of and self aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing and sent it off to a journal we were very proud of this particularly the title which was as centrifuge
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i called up the editor and i said what's going on how is this possible the editor said with enormous disdain i read this and we're not going to publish it because we only publish science
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how do you provide medically relevant information at as close as possible to zero cost how do you do it let me just give you two examples the rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world poor resources a rigorous environment a series of problems light weight and things of this kind and also they're not so different from the home health care and diagnostic system world so the technology i want to talk about is for the third world for the developing world but it has i think much broader application because information is so important in the health care system so you see two examples here one is a lab that is actually a fairly high end laboratory in africa the second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who at a table in a market
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approach we took was the other way around to ask what is the cheapest possible stuff that you could make a diagnostic system out of and get useful information and add function and what we've chosen is paper what you see here is a device it's about a centimeter on the side it's about the size of a fingernail the lines around the edges are a polymer it's made of paper and paper of course wicks fluid as you know paper cloth drop wine on the tablecloth and the wine wicks all over everything
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it's made of paper and paper of course wicks fluid as you know paper cloth drop wine on the tablecloth and the wine wicks all over everything put it on your shirt it ruins the shirt that's what a hydrophilic surface does so in this device the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it in a drop of in this case urine the fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top the brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine and the combination of those two is a first order shot at a number of useful things that you want so this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper
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now how simple can you make the production why do we choose paper there's an example of the same thing on a finger showing you basically what it looks like one reason for using paper is that it's everywhere we have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper and wraps and all kinds of stuff so the production capability is there the second is you can put lots and lots of tests in a very small place
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i am going to be talking about secrets obviously the best way to divulge a secret is to tell someone to not say anything about it
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so then i thought a calculator is a metaphor i can just divide numbers that's like atom smashing that's what i did that's how i found are what i believe the thing that will allow string theory to be proved they are the nodes on the string patterns and relationships
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in the fall of a friend from guatemala sent octavio a link to the he showed it to javier they called me they said let's present this to the leaders of our country so in december we met in miami in a hotel conference room i tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are how much more valuable they are than they cost and i used this slide showing how valuable the raw land is in a place like new york city notice land that's worth thousands of dollars in some cases per square meter but it was a fairly abstract discussion and at some point when there was a pause octavio said paul maybe we could watch the
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in i decided that we needed to how we thought about economic development our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work they should be able to choose between at least a handful of different cities that were all competing to attract new residents now we're a long way away from that goal right now there are billions of people in developing countries who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them but the amazing thing about cities is they're worth so much more than it costs to build them so we could easily supply the world with dozens maybe hundreds of new cities
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so i'm still perplexed about what the true meaning of technology is as it relates to humanity as it relates to nature as it relates to the spiritual and i'm not even sure we know what technology is and one definition of technology is that which is first recorded this is the first example of the modern use of technology that i can find it was the suggested syllabus for dealing with the applied arts and science at cambridge university in before that obviously technology didn't exist but obviously it did i like one of the definitions that alan kay has for technology he says technology is anything that was invented after you were born
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so it sums up a lot of what we're talking about danny hillis actually has an update on that he says technology is anything that doesn't quite work yet
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something that was deeper and as i struggled to understand that i came up with a way of framing the question that seemed to work for me in my investigations and i'm this morning going to talk about this for the first time
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question that i came up with was this question what does technology want and by that i don't mean does it want chocolate or vanilla by what it wants i mean what are its inherent trends and biases what are its tendencies over time one way to think about this is thinking about biological organisms which we've heard a lot about and the trick that richard dawkins does which is to say to look at them as simply as genes as vehicles for genes
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we can record these acoustic signatures from mosquitoes i'll tell you exactly how to do this i caught some mosquitoes outside unlike bill gates i'm not going to release them
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