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whatever you want you can download the data that way the problem is once you do you will find that each agency codes their addresses differently so one is street name intersection street street borough address building building address so once again you're spending time even when we have this portal you're spending time normalizing our address fields and that's not the best use of our citizens' time we can do better than that as a city we can standardize our addresses and if we do we can get more maps like this this is a map of fire hydrants in new york city but not just any fire hydrants these are the top grossing fire hydrants in terms of parking tickets
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six thousand miles of road miles of subway track miles of bike lanes and a half a mile of tram track if you've ever been to roosevelt island these are the numbers that make up the infrastructure of new york city these are the statistics of our infrastructure they're the kind of numbers you can find released in reports by city agencies for example the department of transportation will probably tell you how many miles of road they maintain the will boast how many miles of subway track there are
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these are the statistics of our infrastructure they're the kind of numbers you can find released in reports by city agencies for example the department of transportation will probably tell you how many miles of road they maintain the will boast how many miles of subway track there are most city agencies give us statistics this is from a report this year from the taxi and limousine commission where we learn that there's about taxis here in new york city pretty interesting right but did you ever think about where these numbers came from because for these numbers to exist someone at the city agency had to stop and say here's a number that somebody might want want to know here's a number that our citizens want to know so they go back to their raw data they count they add they calculate and then they put out reports and those reports will have numbers like this
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which is sort of the idea we normally have about what technology is it's all that new stuff it's not roads or penicillin or factory tires it's the new stuff my friend danny hillis says kind of a similar one he says technology is anything that doesn't work yet
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same time it wants to give us things and what it gives us is basically progress you can take all kinds of curves and they're all pointing up there's really no dispute about progress if we discount the cost of that and that's the thing that bothers most people is that progress is really real but we wonder and question what are the environmental costs of it i did a survey of the number of species of artifacts in my house and there's other people have come up with when king henry of england died he had things in his house but that was the entire wealth of england so
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so maybe spraying ddt on crops is a really bad idea but ddt sprayed on local homes there's nothing better to eliminate malaria besides insect ddt impregnated mosquito nets but that's a really good idea that's a good job for technology so our job as humans is to parent our mind children to find them good friends to find them a good job and so every technology is sort of a creative force looking for the right job that's actually my son right here
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i want to talk about my investigations into what technology means in our lives not just our immediate life but in the cosmic sense in the kind of long history of the world and our place in the world what is this stuff what is the significance and so i want to kind of go through my little story of what i found out one of the first things i started to investigate was the history of the name of technology in the united states there is a state of the union address given by every president since
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which is again a sense that it's all new but we know that it's just not new it actually goes way back and what i want to suggest is it goes a long way back so another way to think about technology what it means is to imagine a world without technology if we were to eliminate every single bit of technology in the world today and i mean everything from blades to scrapers to cloth we as a species would not live very long we would die by the billions and very quickly the wolves would get us we would be defenseless we would be unable to grow enough food or find enough food
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the hunter gatherers used some elementary tools so they had minimal technology but they had some technology and if we study those hunter gatherer tribes and the neanderthal which are very similar to early man we find out a very curious thing about this world without technology and this is a kind of a curve of their average age there are no neanderthal fossils that are older than years old that we've ever found and the average age of most of these hunter gatherer tribes is to there are very few young infants because they die high mortality rate and there's very few old people so the profile is sort of for your average san francisco neighborhood a lot of young people and if you go there you say hey everybody's really healthy
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the kids are using them on the tablet they're zooming into the pictures and using it for art class biology class and that's not something i planned that's just a beautiful offshoot of the project in fact one of the things i like to do at the exhibitions is actually look at the reactions and you know standing in front of a three meter insect they could have been horrified but they're not they look in wonder this little chap here he stood there for five minutes motionless
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so i had been a photographer for years before i began the project and in that time i had shot global ad campaigns i had the opportunity to photograph some of my generation's icons and i was traveling the world i got to a point in my career that i dreamed of getting to and yet for some reason i still felt a little bit unfulfilled despite the extraordinary things i was shooting and experiencing they'd started to feel a little bit ordinary to me i was also getting concerned about how disposable photography had started to feel in the digital world and i really wanted to produce images that had a sense of worth again and i needed a subject that felt extraordinary
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this story quite rightly caused ripples around the world people like michelle and others lent their voices in protest and at about the same time i was living in london at the time i was sent from london to to cover the world economic forum that nigeria was hosting for the first time but when we arrived it was clear that there was only one story in town we put the government under pressure we asked tough questions about what they were doing to bring these girls back understandably they weren't too happy with our line of questioning and let's just say we received our fair share of alternative facts
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i want to tell you a story about a girl but i can't tell you her real name so let's just call her is she's shy but she has a beautiful smile that lights up her face but she's in constant pain
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here are your instructions toss the coin four times and then on a computer terminal in front of you enter the number of times tails came up this is the situation here's the rub for every time that you announce that you had a tails throw you get paid five francs so if you say i had two tails throws you get paid francs if you say you had zero you get paid zero francs if you say i had four tails throws then you get paid francs it's anonymous nobody's watching what you're doing and you get paid that money anonymously i've got two questions for you
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we did it at the art exhibition that took place here in zurich recently not with students in the lab at the university but with the real population like you guys first a quick reminder of stats if i throw the coin four times and it's a fair coin then the probability that it comes up four times tails is percent and i hope you can intuitively see that the probability that all four of them are tails is much lower than if two of them are tails right here are the specific numbers here's what happened people did this experiment for real around to percent of people said well i had four tails throws that's extremely unlikely
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but the really amazing thing here perhaps to an economist is there are around percent of people who did not say i had four tails throws even though in that situation nobody's watching you the only consequence that's in place is you get more money if you say four than less you leave francs on the table by announcing zero i don't know whether the other people all were honest or whether they also said a little bit higher or lower than what they did because it's anonymous we only observed the distribution but what i can tell you and here's another coin toss there you go it's tails
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have you interacted with today well you got up in the morning took a shower washed your hair used a hair dryer ate breakfast ate cereals fruit yogurt whatever had coffee tea you took public transport to come here or maybe used your private car you interacted with the company that you work for or that you own you interacted with your clients your customers and so on and so forth i'm pretty sure there are at least seven companies you've interacted with today
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we can all think of some examples right the car industry's secrets aren't quite so secret anymore fraud has become a feature not a bug of the financial services industry that's not me who's claiming that that's the president of the american finance association who stated that in his presidential address that's a huge problem if you think about especially an economy like switzerland which relies so much on the trust put into its financial industry on the other hand there are six out of seven companies who actually remain honest despite all temptations to start engaging in fraud there are whistle blowers like michael woodford who blew the whistle on olympus these whistle blowers risk their careers their friendships to bring out the truth about their companies
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similarly reputation is a very powerful economic force right we try to build a reputation maybe for being honest because then people trust us more in the future right adam smith talked about the baker who's not producing good bread out of his benevolence for those people who consume the bread but because he wants to sell more future bread in my research we find for example at the university of zurich that swiss banks who get caught up in media and in the context for example of tax evasion of tax fraud have bad media coverage they lose net new money in the future and therefore make lower profits that's a very powerful force benefits and costs here's another viewpoint of the world meet immanuel kant century german philosopher superstar
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so i didn't expect that but i mean i expected you could synchronize it didn't occur to me you'd increase your frequency it's interesting
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let's see if we can get this to work my wife pointed out to me that it will work better if i put both on at the same time because otherwise the whole thing will tip over all right so there we go let's see ok i'm not trying to cheat let me start them out of sync no hard to even do that all right so before any one goes out of sync i'll just put those right there
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first of all we know that you're all brilliant this is a room full of intelligent people highly sensitive some trained musicians out there is that what enabled you to synchronize so to put the question a little more seriously let's ask ourselves what are the minimum requirements for what you just did for spontaneous do you need for instance to be as smart as you are do you even need a brain at all just to synchronize do you need to be alive i mean that's a spooky thought right inanimate objects that might spontaneously synchronize themselves it's real in fact i'll try to explain today that sync is maybe one of if not one of the most perhaps the most pervasive drive in all of nature
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it's real in fact i'll try to explain today that sync is maybe one of if not one of the most perhaps the most pervasive drive in all of nature it extends from the subatomic scale to the farthest reaches of the cosmos it's a deep tendency toward order in nature that opposes what we've all been taught about entropy i mean i'm not saying the law of entropy is wrong it's not but there is a countervailing force in the universe the tendency towards spontaneous order and so that's our theme now to get into that let me begin with what might have occurred to you immediately when you hear that we're talking about in nature which is the glorious example of birds that flock together or fish swimming in organized schools so these are not particularly intelligent creatures and yet as we'll see they exhibit beautiful ballets
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the police response to a community in mourning was to use force to impose fear fear of militarized police imprisonment fines the media even tried to make us afraid of each other by the way they spun the story and all of these things have worked in the past but like i said this time it was different michael brown's death and the subsequent treatment of the community led to a string of protests in and around ferguson and st louis when i got out to those protests about the fourth or fifth day it was not out of courage it was out of guilt see i'm black i don't know if y'all noticed that
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and this one's configured to go with a surfboard you can see that dark opaque panel on the front and it's particularly better for the surface where being and providing a silhouette is problematic second is the cryptic wetsuit or the one which attempts to hide the wearer in the water column there are three panels on this suit and in any given conditions one or more of those panels will match the reflective spectra of the water so as to disappear fully or partially leaving the last panel or panels to create a disruptive profile in the water column and this one's particularly well suited to the dive configuration so when you're deeper under the water so we knew that we had some really solid science here we knew if you wanted to stand out you needed to look and we knew if you wanted to be cryptic you needed to look like this but the acid test is always going to be how would sharks really behave in the context of these patterns and shapes and testing to simulate a person in a wetsuit in the water with a predatory shark in a natural environment is actually a lot harder than you might think
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scientific breakthrough the kind that can potentially save lives can sometimes be lying right out in the open for us to discover in the evolved accumulated body of human anecdote for example or in the time tested adaptations that we observe in the natural world around us science starts with observation but the trick is to identify the patterns and signatures that we might otherwise dismiss as myth or coincidence isolate them and test them with scientific rigor and when we do the results will often surprise western australia has had a particular problem with shark attacks over the last three years unfortunately and tragically culminating in five fatal shark attacks in a period during that time but western australia is not alone in this the incident of shark engagements on humans is escalating worldwide
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i wanted to create environments that moved and like an illusionist go from one world to another in a second i wanted to have humor beauty simplicity and complexity and use metaphors to suggest ideas at the beginning of the show for example zero dream and reality technology is an instrument that allowed me to manifest my visions in high definition live on stage so today i would like to talk to you about the relationship between theater and technology let's start with technology all right let's start with theater
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i love theater i love the idea that you can transform become somebody else and look at life with a completely new perspective i love the idea that people will sit in one room for a couple of hours and listen the idea that in that room at that moment everyone regardless of their age their gender their race their color their religion comes together at that moment we transcend space and time together theater awakens our senses and opens the door to our imagination
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now you can imagine that if nectar is such a valuable thing and expensive for the plant to produce and it attracts lots of then just as in human sex people might start to deceive they might say i've got a bit of nectar do you want to come and get it now this is a plant this is a plant here that insects in south africa just love and they've evolved with a long proboscis to get the nectar at the bottom and this is the mimic so this is a plant that is mimicking the first plant and here is the long fly that has not gotten any nectar from the mimic because the mimic doesn't give it any nectar it thought it would get some so not only has the fly not got the nectar from the mimic plant it's also if you look very closely just at the head end you can see that it's got a bit of pollen that it would be transmitting to another plant if only some botanist hadn't come along and stuck it to a blue piece of card
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now deceit carries on through the plant kingdom this flower with its black dots they might look like black dots to us but if i tell you to a male insect of the right species that looks like two females who are really really hot to trot
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this one's clever it's called obsidian i think of it as sometimes to the right species of bee this looks like another very aggressive bee and it goes and it on the head lots and lots of times to try and drive it away and of course covers itself with pollen the other thing it does is that this plant mimics another orchid that has a wonderful store of food for insects and this one doesn't have anything for them so it's deceiving on two levels fabulous
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and it does something that no other plant that i know of does and that is that when it flowers that's the in the middle there for a period of about two days it in a way which is rather similar to mammals so instead of having starch which is the food of plants it takes something rather similar to brown fat and burns it at such a rate that it's burning fat about the rate of a small cat and that's twice the energy output weight for weight than a hummingbird absolutely astonishing this thing does something else which is unusual not only will it raise itself to fahrenheit or degrees centigrade for two days but it keeps constant temperature there's a mechanism in there that keeps constant temperature now why does it do this i hear you ask now wouldn't you know it there's some beetles that just love to make love at that temperature and they get inside and they get it all on
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they're really difficult for plants to produce they take an enormous amount of energy and a lot of resources why would they go to that bother and the answer of course like so many things in the world is sex i know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures and the reason that sexual reproduction is so important there are lots of other things that plants can do to reproduce you can take cuttings they can sort of have sex with themselves they can pollinate themselves but they really need to spread their genes to mix with other genes so that they can adapt to environmental niches evolution works that way now the way that plants transmit that information is through pollen
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the way that plants transmit that information is through pollen some of you may have seen some of these pictures before as i say every home should have a scanning electron microscope to be able to see these and there is as many different kinds of pollen as there are flowering plants and that's actually rather useful for forensics and so on most pollen that causes hay fever for us is from plants that use the wind to disseminate the pollen and that's a very inefficient process which is why it gets up our noses so much because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it hoping that your sex cells your male sex cells which are held within the pollen will somehow reach another flower just by chance so all the grasses which means all of the cereal crops and most of the trees have wind borne pollen
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because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it hoping that your sex cells your male sex cells which are held within the pollen will somehow reach another flower just by chance so all the grasses which means all of the cereal crops and most of the trees have wind borne pollen but most species actually use insects to do their bidding and that's more intelligent in a way because the pollen they don't need so much of it the insects and other species can take the pollen transfer it directly to where it's required so we're aware obviously of the relationship between insects and plants there's a symbiotic relationship there whether it's flies or birds or bees they're getting something in return and that something in return is generally nectar sometimes that symbiosis has led to wonderful adaptations the hummingbird hawk moth is beautiful in its adaptation the plant gets something and the hawk moth spreads the pollen somewhere else plants have evolved to create little landing strips here and there for bees that might have lost their way
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because i believe there is no such thing as utopia all problems are local all solutions are local so that means you know somebody who's based in mississippi knows more about mississippi than i do so what happened is we used and all these other internet tools and we ended up having chapters starting up thousands of architects in countries so the bullet point sorry i never do a suit so i knew that i was going to take this off ok because i'm going to do it very quick this isn't just about nonprofit what it showed me is that there's a grassroots movement going on of socially responsible designers who really believe that this world has got a lot smaller and that we have the opportunity not the responsibility but the opportunity to really get involved in making change
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quick to assemble it's got a flap that's the invention it took years to design this and get it implemented in the field i was years old there's a problem here luckily we're not alone there are hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of architects and designers and inventors around the world that are getting involved in humanitarian work more hemp houses it's a theme in japan apparently i'm not sure what they're smoking
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so this is all done in the last two years i showed you something that took years to do and this is just a selection of things that were built in the last couple of years from brazil to india mexico alabama china israel palestine vietnam the average age of a designer who gets involved in this project is that's how old i am so it's a young i just have to stop here because arup is in the room and this is the best designed toilet in the world if you're ever ever in india go use this toilet
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we started architecture for humanity with dollars and a website so chris somehow decided to give me so why not this many people open source architecture is the way to go you have a diverse community of participants and we're not just talking about inventors and designers but we're talking about the funding model my role is not as a designer it's as a conduit between the design world and the humanitarian world and what we need is something that replicates me globally because i haven't slept in seven years
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also a process of reviewing the designs i want every arup engineer in the world to check and make sure that we're doing stuff that's standing because those guys are the best in the world plug and so you know i want these i just should note i have two laptops and one of them is there and that has designs on it if i drop that laptop what happens so it's important to have these proven ideas put up there easy to use easy to get ahold of my mom once said there's nothing worse than being all mouth and no trousers
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we believe that where the resources and expertise are scarce innovative sustainable design can really make a difference in people's lives so i started my life as an architect or training as an architect and i was always interested in socially responsible design and how you can really make an impact but when i went to architecture school it seemed that i was a black sheep in the family
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that led to a number of prototypes being built and really experimenting with some ideas two years later we started doing a project on developing mobile health clinics in sub saharan africa responding to the pandemic that led to entries from countries we also have designers from around the world that participate and we had an exhibit of work that followed that was the tipping point for us we started responding to natural disasters and getting involved in iran in bam also following up on our work in africa working within the united states most people look at poverty and they see the face of a foreigner but i live in bozeman montana go up to the north plains on the reservations or go down to alabama or mississippi pre katrina and i could have shown you places that have far worse conditions than many developing countries that i've been to
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and because of the internet and because of connections to and so forth within literally hours of the tsunami we were already raising funds getting involved working with people on the ground we run from a couple of laptops and in the first couple of days i had emails from people needing help so we began to get involved in projects there and i'll talk about some others
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so we decided to embrace an open source model of business so that anyone anywhere in the world could start a local chapter and they can get involved in local problems because i believe there is no such thing as utopia all problems are local
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so seven years later we've developed so that we've got advocacy instigation and implementation we advocate for good design not only through student workshops and lectures and public forums op we have a book on humanitarian work but also disaster mitigation and dealing with public policy we can talk about but that's another talk
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thank you very much chris everybody who came up here said they were scared i don't know if i'm scared but this is my first time of addressing an audience like this and i don't have any smart technology for you to look at there are no slides so you'll just have to be content with me
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africans after they're tired we're tired of being the subject of everybody's charity and care we are grateful but we know that we can take charge of our own destinies if we have the will to reform and what is happening in many african countries now is a realization that no one can do it but us we have to do it we can invite partners who can support us but we have to start we have to reform our economies change our leadership become more democratic be more open to change and to information and this is what we started to do in one of the largest countries on the continent nigeria in fact if you're not in nigeria you're not in africa i want to tell you that
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having a telephone in my country was a huge luxury you couldn't get it you had to bribe you had to do everything to get your phone when president supported and launched the liberalization of the telecommunications sector we went from to million lines and counting nigeria's telecoms market is the second fastest growing in the world after china we are getting investments of about a billion dollars a year in telecoms and nobody knows except a few smart people
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what i want to do this morning is share with you a couple of stories and talk about a different africa already this morning there were some allusions to the africa that you hear about all the time the africa of the africa of malaria the africa of poverty the africa of conflict and the africa of disasters while it is true that those things are going on there's an africa that you don't hear about very much and sometimes i'm puzzled and i ask myself why this is the africa that is changing that chris alluded to this is the africa of opportunity
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this is the africa of opportunity this is the africa where people want to take charge of their own futures and their own destinies and this is the africa where people are looking for partnerships to do this that's what i want to talk about today and i want to start by telling you a story about that change in africa on of september mr a governor of one of the oil rich states of nigeria was arrested by the london metropolitan police on a visit to london he was arrested because there were transfers of eight million dollars that went into some dormant accounts that belonged to him and his family this arrest occurred because there was cooperation between the london metropolitan police and the economic and financial crimes commission of nigeria led by one of our most able and courageous people mr
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this arrest occurred because there was cooperation between the london metropolitan police and the economic and financial crimes commission of nigeria led by one of our most able and courageous people mr was arraigned in london due to some slip ups he managed to escape dressed as a woman and ran from london back to nigeria where according to our constitution those in office as governors president as in many countries have immunity and cannot be prosecuted but what happened people were so outraged by this behavior that it was possible for his state legislature to impeach him and get him out of office today as we call him for short is in jail this is a story about the fact that people in africa are no longer willing to tolerate corruption from their leaders this is a story about the fact that people want their resources managed properly for their good and not taken out to places where they'll benefit just a few of the elite and therefore when you hear about the corrupt africa corruption all the time i want you to know that the people and the governments are trying hard to fight this in some of the countries and that some successes are emerging
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but the truth of the matter is that this is going on the results are showing independent monitoring by the world bank and other organizations show that in many instances the trend is downwards in terms of corruption and governance is improving a study by the economic commission for africa showed a clear trend upwards in governance in african countries and let me say just one more thing before i leave this area of governance that is that people talk about corruption corruption all the time when they talk about it you immediately think about africa
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and let me say just one more thing before i leave this area of governance that is that people talk about corruption corruption all the time when they talk about it you immediately think about africa that's the image african countries but let me say this if was able to export eight million dollars into an account in london if the other people who had taken money estimated at to billion now of developing countries' monies sitting abroad in the developed countries if they're able to do this what is that is that not corruption in this country if you receive stolen goods are you not prosecuted so when we talk about this kind of corruption let us also think about what is happening on the other side of the globe where the money's going and what can be done to stop it i'm working on an initiative now along with the world bank on asset recovery trying to do what we can to get the monies that have been taken abroad developing countries' moneys to get that sent back because if we can get the billion dollars sitting out there back it may be far more for some of these countries than all the aid that is being put together
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are you tired of going to work and making money for other people and who are those people anyways those people that make money from your work well they're capitalists they have capital and they use your labor to make more capital so if you're tired of going to work and making money for other people then you're probably like me just tired of capitalism which is ironic because i'm a capitalist
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we also employ about guys mostly people of color most of whom are felons and we pay above the minimum wage and we are now proud members of the united steelworkers union now is not a cooperative now it's a privately held company with community minded ownership but i would like it to become one i would like for them to fire the boss that's me
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what that means is that when we ask ourselves why are our communities broke like we're not just broke because we're broke we're broke for a reason historical context really does matter but our history tells another story as well there's this incredible book called collective courage which is the story of how thousands of african americans have been able to build businesses and schools hospitals farming cooperatives banks financial institutions entire communities and sovereign economies without a lot of capital and they did it by working together and leveraging their community assets and trusting each other and putting solidarity first not just profits by any means necessary and they didn't have to wait around for celebrities and athletes to bring their money back to the hood however if you are a celebrity or an athlete and you're listening to this please feel free to bring your money
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and i'm going to tell you why but first let me tell you how we got started so a lot of people ask how did come to be and i have to be really honest i leveraged my white privilege so here's how white privilege worked for me and my white grandmother was born on her family's plantation in arkansas in
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there's a lot of different versions of what i'm talking about today is worker ownership you may not have heard of worker ownership but it's been an incredible tool for black economic liberation for a century and it's also working all over the world right now
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they put our mom shops out of business they make our entrepreneurs into wage workers and they take money out of our pocket and send it to their shareholders so i was so inspired by all these stories of resistance and resilience that i got together with a few people here in los angeles and we created stands for the los angeles union cooperative initiative and our objective is to create more worker owned businesses here in los angeles
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on ah sorry about that forgot this give it another try okay he figured out the system
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so magic is a very introverted field while scientists regularly publish their latest research we magicians do not like to share our methods and secrets that's true even amongst peers but if you look at creative practice as a form of research or art as a form of for humanity then how could a cyber illusionist like myself share his research now my own speciality is combining digital technology and magic and about three years ago i started an exercise in openness and inclusiveness by reaching out into the open source software community to create new digital tools for magic tools that could eventually be shared with other artists to start them off further on in the process and to get them to the poetry faster
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i'm not saying i believe this but this is the standard freudian view and then as you grow up the cortex develops and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother thank god or you would all be sexually aroused when you saw your mother and then what happens is there's a blow to your head damaging the cortex allowing these latent sexual urges to emerge flaming to the surface and suddenly and inexplicably you find yourself being sexually aroused by your mother and you say my god if this is my mom how come i'm being sexually turned on she's some other woman she's an impostor it's the only interpretation that makes sense to your damaged brain this has never made much sense to me this argument it's very ingenious as all freudian arguments are but didn't make much sense because i have seen the same delusion a patient having the same delusion about his pet poodle
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it looks exactly like fifi but it's some other dog right now you try using the freudian explanation there
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test this well what you do is if you take any one of you here and put you in front of a screen and measure your galvanic skin response and show pictures on the screen i can measure how you sweat when you see an object like a table or an umbrella of course you don't sweat if i show you a picture of a lion or a tiger or a you start sweating right and believe it or not if i show you a picture of your mother i'm talking about normal people you start sweating you don't even have to be jewish
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now how do you help these patients how do you the learned paralysis so you can relieve him of this excruciating spasm of the phantom arm well we said what if you now send the command to the phantom but give him visual feedback that it's obeying his command right maybe you can relieve the phantom pain the phantom cramp how do you do that well virtual reality but that costs millions of dollars so i hit on a way of doing this for three dollars but don't tell my funding agencies
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i don't believe this and my pain is being relieved ok and then i said close your eyes he closes his eyes and move your normal hand oh nothing it's clenched again ok open your eyes oh my god oh my god it's moving again so he was like a kid in a candy store so i said ok this proves my theory about learned paralysis and the critical role of visual input but i'm not going to get a nobel prize for getting somebody to move his phantom limb
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so he took it home and after two weeks he phones me and he said doctor you're not going to believe this i said what he said it's gone i said what's gone i thought maybe the mirror box was gone
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ok what is what causes it well there are many theories one theory is they're just crazy now that's not really a scientific theory so we can forget about it another theory is they are acid junkies and right now there may be some truth to this because it's much more common here in the bay area than in san diego ok
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ok i'm going to show you that you're all but you're in denial about it here's what i call martian alphabet just like your alphabet a is a b is b c is c different shapes for different right here you've got martian alphabet one of them is kiki one of them is which one is kiki and which one is how many of you think that's kiki and that's raise your hands well it's one or two mutants
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ask this guy what all that glitters is not gold what does that mean the patient says well if it's metallic and shiny it doesn't mean it's gold you have to measure its specific gravity ok so they completely miss the metaphorical meaning so this area is about eight times the size in higher especially in humans as in lower primates something very interesting is going on here in the angular because it's the crossroads between hearing vision and touch and it became enormous in humans and something very interesting is going on and i think it's a basis of many uniquely human abilities like abstraction metaphor and creativity all of these questions that philosophers have been studying for millennia we scientists can begin to explore by doing brain imaging and by studying patients and asking the right questions thank you sorry about that
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what you get is a highly selective loss of one function with other functions being preserved intact and this gives you some confidence in asserting that that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating that function so you can then map function onto structure and then find out what the doing to generate that particular function
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and if you look tucked away inside the inner surface of the temporal lobes you can't see it there is a little structure called the and that's been called the face area in the brain because when it's damaged you can no longer recognize people's faces
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and if you look tucked away inside the inner surface of the temporal lobes you can't see it there is a little structure called the and that's been called the face area in the brain because when it's damaged you can no longer recognize people's faces you can still recognize them from their voice and say oh yeah that's joe but you can't look at their face and know who it is right you can't even recognize yourself in the mirror i mean you know it's you because you wink and it winks and you know it's a mirror but you don't really recognize yourself as yourself ok now that syndrome is well known as caused by damage to the but there's another rare syndrome so rare in fact that very few physicians have heard about it not even neurologists this is called the delusion and that is a patient who's otherwise completely normal has had a head injury comes out of coma otherwise completely normal he looks at his mother and says this looks exactly like my mother this woman but she's an impostor she's some other woman pretending to be my mother
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but there's another rare syndrome so rare in fact that very few physicians have heard about it not even neurologists this is called the delusion and that is a patient who's otherwise completely normal has had a head injury comes out of coma otherwise completely normal he looks at his mother and says this looks exactly like my mother this woman but she's an impostor she's some other woman pretending to be my mother now why does this happen why would somebody and this person is perfectly lucid and intelligent in all other respects but when he sees his mother his delusion kicks in and says it's not mother now the most common interpretation of this which you find in all the psychiatry textbooks is a freudian view and that is that this chap and the same argument applies to women by the way but i'll just talk about guys when you're a little baby a young baby you had a strong sexual attraction to your mother this is the so called oedipus complex of freud i'm not saying i believe this but this is the standard freudian view and then as you grow up the cortex develops and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother
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now what happens if you show this patient you take the patient and show him pictures on the screen and measure his galvanic skin response tables and chairs and lint nothing happens as in normal people but when you show him a picture of his mother the galvanic skin response is flat there's no emotional reaction to his mother because that wire going from the visual areas to the emotional centers is cut so his vision is normal because the visual areas are normal his emotions are normal he'll laugh he'll cry so on and so forth but the wire from vision to emotions is cut and therefore he has this delusion that his mother is an impostor it's a lovely example of the sort of thing we do take a bizarre seemingly incomprehensible neural psychiatric syndrome and say that the standard freudian view is wrong that in fact you can come up with a precise explanation in terms of the known neural anatomy of the brain
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the way if this patient then goes and mother phones from an adjacent room phones him and he picks up the phone and he says wow mom how are you where are you there's no delusion through the phone then she approaches him after an hour he says who are you you look just like my mother ok the reason is there's a separate pathway going from the hearing centers in the brain to the emotional centers and that's not been cut by the accident
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ok now the next question is what can you learn about phantom limbs by doing experiments one of the things we've found was about half the patients with phantom limbs claim that they can move the phantom it'll pat his brother on the shoulder it'll answer the phone when it rings it'll wave goodbye these are very compelling vivid sensations the patient's not delusional he knows that the arm is not there but nevertheless it's a compelling sensory experience for the patient
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these are very compelling vivid sensations the patient's not delusional he knows that the arm is not there but nevertheless it's a compelling sensory experience for the patient but however about half the patients this doesn't happen the phantom limb they'll say but doctor the phantom limb is paralyzed it's fixed in a clenched spasm and it's excruciatingly painful if only i could move it maybe the pain will be relieved now why would a phantom limb be paralyzed it sounds like an oxymoron but when we were looking at the case sheets what we found was these people with the paralyzed phantom limbs the original arm was paralyzed because of the peripheral nerve injury
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marriage for example in the western world divorce rates are about percent that means that out of five married couples two will end up splitting their assets but when you ask newlyweds about their own likelihood of divorce they estimate it at zero percent and even divorce lawyers who should really know better hugely underestimate their own likelihood of divorce so it turns out that optimists are not less likely to divorce but they are more likely to remarry in the words of samuel johnson remarriage is the triumph of hope over experience
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so if we're married we're more likely to have kids and we all think our kids will be especially talented this by the way is my two nephew guy and i just want to make it absolutely clear that he's a really bad example of the optimism bias because he is in fact uniquely talented
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the first one is getting along well with others who here believes they're at the bottom percent okay that's about people out of who believes they're at the top percent that's most of us here okay now do the same for your driving ability how interesting are you how attractive are you how honest are you and finally how modest are you so most of us put ourselves above average on most of these abilities now this is statistically impossible we can't all be better than everyone else
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we wanted to know was whether people will take the information that we gave them to change their beliefs and indeed they did but mostly when the information we gave them was better than what they expected so for example if someone said my likelihood of suffering from cancer is about percent and we said hey good news the average likelihood is only percent the next time around they would say well maybe my likelihood is about percent so they learned quickly and efficiently but if someone started off saying my average likelihood of suffering from cancer is about percent and we said hey bad news the average likelihood is about percent the next time around they would say yep still think it's about percent
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we wanted to know could we change this could we alter people's optimism bias by interfering with the brain activity in these regions and there's a way for us to do that this is my collaborator kanai and what he's doing is he's passing a small magnetic pulse through the skull of the participant in our study into their inferior frontal and by doing that he's interfering with the activity of this brain region for about half an hour after that everything goes back to normal i assure you
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it's a global phenomenon the optimism bias has been observed in many different countries in western cultures in non western cultures in females and males in kids in the elderly it's quite widespread but the question is is it good for us so some people say no some people say the secret to happiness is low expectations
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question is is it good for us so some people say no some people say the secret to happiness is low expectations i think the logic goes something like this if we don't expect greatness if we don't expect to find love and be healthy and successful well we're not going to be disappointed when these things don't happen and if we're not disappointed when good things don't happen and we're pleasantly surprised when they do we will be happy so it's a very good theory but it turns out to be wrong for three reasons number one whatever happens whether you succeed or you fail people with high expectations always feel better because how we feel when we get dumped or win employee of the month depends on how we interpret that event the psychologists margaret marshall and john brown studied students with high and low expectations and they found that when people with high expectations succeed they attribute that success to their own traits
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as a kid i grew up on a farm in florida and i did what most little kids do i played a little baseball did a few other things like that but i always had the sense of being an outsider and it wasn't until i saw pictures in the magazines that a couple other guys skate i thought wow that's for me you know because there was no coach standing directly over you and these guys they were just being themselves there was no opponent directly across from you and i loved that sense so i started skating when i was about years old in and when i did i picked it up pretty quickly in fact here's some footage from about it wasn't until i won my first amateur championship and then by i was and i won my first world championship which was amazing to me and in a very real sense that was the first real victory i had oh watch this this is a casper slide where the board's upside down mental note on that one
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you are so helpless right you're on this gurney and you're watching the ceiling go by every time it's always that and right when they're putting the mask on you before you go to sleep all i was thinking is man when i wake up and i get better the first thing i'm going to do is film that trick and indeed i did it was the very first thing i filmed which was awesome i told you a little bit about the evolution of the tricks consider that content in a sense what we do as street skaters is you have these tricks say i'm working on or a primo that you guys know this stuff now
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ok up there that was called a flip notice how the board flipped and spun this way both axes and another example of how the context changed and the creative process for me and for most skaters is you go you get out of the car you check for security you check for stuff
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you punch it up and then when i would do that it was throwing my shoulder this way which as i was doing it i was like oh wow that's begging for a flip because that's how you load up for a flip and so this is what i want to emphasize that as you can imagine all of these tricks are made of executive motor functions more granular to the degree to which i can't quite tell you but one thing i do know is every trick is made of combining two or three or four or five movements and so as i'm going up these things are floating around and you have to sort of let the cognitive mind rest back pull it back a little bit and let your intuition go as you feel these things and these are kind of floating around and as the wall hits you they connect themselves to an extent and that's when the cognitive mind oh flip i'm going to make that so that's how that works to me the creative process the process itself of street skating so next oh mind you
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and skaters i think they tend to be outsiders who seek a sense of belonging but belonging on their own terms and real respect is given by how much we take what other guys do these basic tricks flips we take that we make it our own and then we contribute back to the community the inner way that the community itself the greater the contribution the more we express and form our individuality which is so important to a lot of us who feel like rejects to begin with the summation of that gives us something we could never achieve as an individual i should say this there's some sort of beautiful symmetry that the degree to which we connect to a community is in proportion to our individuality which we are expressing by what we do next these guys very similar community that's extremely conducive to innovation
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an ollie so as she mentioned that is overstated for sure but that's why they called me the godfather of modern street skating here's some images of that now i was about halfway through my pro career in i would say the freestyle itself we developed all these flat ground tricks as you saw but there was evolving a new kind of skateboarding where guys were taking it to the streets and they were using that ollie like i showed you
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and your front foot the way it grabs it i'd seen someone slide on the back of the board like that and i was like how can i get it over because that had not yet been done and then it dawned on me and here's part of what i'm saying i had an infrastructure i had this deep layer where it was like oh my gosh it's just your foot it's just the way you throw your board over just let the ledge do that and it's easy and the next thing you know there's more tricks based out of the variations so that's the kind of thing here check this out here's another way and i won't overdo this a little indulgent i understand there's something called a primo slide
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so that's the kind of thing here check this out here's another way and i won't overdo this a little indulgent i understand there's something called a primo slide it is the funnest trick ever to do it's like and this one look how it slides sideways every which way ok so when you're skating and you take a fall the board slips that way or that way it's kind of predictable this it goes every which way it's like a cartoon the falls and that's what i love the most about it it's so much fun to do
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these are some of the best skaters in the world these are my friends oh my gosh they're such good people and the beauty of skateboarding is that no one guy is the best in fact i know this is rotten to say they're my friends but a couple of them actually don't look that comfortable on their board what makes them great is the degree to which they use their skateboarding to themselves
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next and this is something deeper i think i was on tour when i was reading one of the feynman biographies it was the red one or the blue one and he made this statement that was so profound to me it was that the nobel prize was the tombstone on all great work and it resonated because i had won out of contests that i'd entered over years and it made me bananas in fact winning isn't the word i won it once
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and he made this statement that was so profound to me it was that the nobel prize was the tombstone on all great work and it resonated because i had won out of contests that i'd entered over years and it made me bananas in fact winning isn't the word i won it once the rest of the time you're just defending and you get into this turtle posture you know where you're not doing it usurped the joy of what i loved to do because i was no longer doing it to create and have fun and when it died out from under me that was one of the most liberating things because i could create and look i understand that i am on the very edge of preachy here i'm not here to do that it's just that i'm in front of a very privileged audience if you guys aren't already leaders in your community you probably will be and if there's anything i can give you that will transcend what i've gotten from skateboarding the only things of meaning i think and of permanence it's not fame it's not all these things what it is is that there's an intrinsic value in creating something for the sake of creating it and better than that because i'm years old or i'll be and how pathetic is that i'm still skateboarding but there is there is this beauty in dropping it into a community of your own making and seeing it dispersed and seeing younger more talented just different talent take it to levels you can never imagine because that lives on
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how can we lend and borrow more things without knocking on each other's doors at a bad time how can we share more memories of our abandoned buildings and gain a better understanding of our landscape how can we share more of our hopes for our vacant storefronts so our communities can reflect our needs and dreams today now i live in new orleans and i am in love with new orleans my soul is always soothed by the giant live oak trees shading lovers drunks and dreamers for hundreds of years and i trust a city that always makes way for music i feel like every time someone sneezes new orleans has a parade
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but i struggle to maintain this perspective in my daily life i feel like it's easy to get caught up in the day and forget what really matters to you so with help from old and new friends i turned the side of this abandoned house into a giant and stenciled it with a fill blank sentence before i die i want to so anyone walking by can pick up a piece of chalk reflect on their life and share their personal aspirations in public space i didn't know what to expect from this experiment but by the next day the wall was entirely filled out and it kept growing and i'd like to share a few things that people wrote on this wall before i die i want to be tried for piracy
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i live near this house and i thought about how i could make it a nicer space for my neighborhood and i also thought about something that changed my life forever in i lost someone i loved very much her name was joan and she was a mother to me and her death was sudden and unexpected and i thought about death a lot
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die i want to straddle the international dateline before i die i want to sing for millions before i die i want to plant a tree before i die i want to live off the grid before i die i want to hold her one more time before i die i want to be someone's cavalry
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