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so there you have justice scalia taking on the aristotelian premise of the majority's opinion justice scalia's opinion is questionable for two reasons first no real sports fan would talk that way
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it's also objectionable on a second ground on the face of it it seemed to be this debate about the golf cart an argument about fairness what's an unfair advantage but if fairness were the only thing at stake there would have been an easy and obvious solution what would it be audience let everyone use the cart let everyone ride in a golf cart if they want to then the fairness objection goes away but letting everyone ride in a cart would have been i suspect more anathema to the golfing greats and to the even than making an exception for casey martin why because what was at stake in the dispute over the golf cart was not only the essential nature of golf but the question what abilities are worthy of honor and recognition as athletic talents let me put the point as delicately as possible golfers are a little sensitive about the athletic status of their game
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if you think about the arguments we have most of the time it's shouting matches on cable television ideological food fights on the floor of congress i have a suggestion look at all the arguments we have these days over health care over bonuses and bailouts on wall street over the gap between rich and poor over affirmative action and same sex marriage lying just beneath the surface of those arguments with passions raging on all sides are big questions of moral philosophy big questions of justice
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but here's a harder question why do you think those of you who voted this way that the best flutes should go to the best flute players the greatest benefit to all the greatest benefit to all we'll hear better music if the best flutes should go to the best flute players that's peter audience peter
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all right well it's a good reason we'll all be better off if good music is played rather than terrible music but peter aristotle doesn't agree with you that that's the reason that's all right aristotle had a different reason for saying the best flutes should go to the best flute players he said that's what flutes are for to be played well
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the distribution of flutes may seem a trivial case let's take a contemporary example of the dispute about justice it had to do with golf casey martin a few years ago casey martin did any of you hear about him he was a very good golfer but he had a disability he had a bad leg a circulatory problem that made it very painful for him to walk the course in fact it carried risk of injury he asked the the professional association for permission to use a golf cart in the tournaments they said no
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he asked the the professional association for permission to use a golf cart in the tournaments they said no now that would give you an unfair advantage he sued and his case went all the way to the supreme court believe it or not the case over the golf cart because the law says that the disabled must be accommodated provided the accommodation does not change the essential nature of the activity he says i'm a great golfer i want to compete but i need a golf cart to get from one hole to the next suppose you were on the supreme court suppose you were deciding the justice of this case
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at the break i was asked by several people about my comments about the aging debate and this will be my only comment on it and that is i understand that optimists greatly outlive pessimists
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for example it was thought that the visual pigments that are in our eyes there was only one or two organisms in the environment that had these same pigments it turns out almost every species in the upper parts of the ocean in warm parts of the world have these same and use sunlight as the source of their energy and communication from one site from one barrel of seawater we discovered million new genes and as many as new species we've extended this to the air now with a grant from the sloan foundation we're measuring how many viruses and bacteria all of us are breathing in and out every day particularly on airplanes or closed auditoriums
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so in the last decade a large number of have been added most human pathogens a couple of plants several insects and several mammals including the human genome at this stage of the thinking from a little over years ago was by the end of this year we might have between three and five it's on the order of several hundred we just got a grant from the gordon and betty moore foundation to sequence this year as a side project from environmental organisms so the rate of reading the genetic code has changed but as we look what's out there we've barely scratched the surface on what is available on this planet most people don't realize it because they're invisible but microbes make up about a half of the earth's biomass whereas all animals only make up about one one thousandth of all the biomass and maybe it's something that people in oxford don't do very often but if you ever make it to the sea and you swallow a mouthful of seawater keep in mind that each milliliter has about a million bacteria and on the order of million viruses less than microbial species have been characterized as of two years ago and so we decided to do something about it and we started the sorcerer expedition where we were as with great oceanographic expeditions trying to sample the ocean every miles
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so we started to wonder what would a drug company do at this point well they probably would keep this a secret until they turn the prototype drug into an active pharmaceutical substance so we did just the opposite we published a paper that described this finding at the earliest prototype stage we gave the world the chemical identity of this molecule typically a secret in our discipline we told people exactly how to make it we gave them our email address suggesting that if they write us we'll send them a free molecule
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we basically tried to create the most competitive environment for our lab as possible and this was unfortunately successful
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because now we've shared this molecule just since december of last year with laboratories in the united states and more in europe many of them pharmaceutical companies seeking now to enter this space to target this rare cancer that thankfully right now is quite desirable to study in that industry but the science that's coming back from all of these laboratories about the use of this molecule has provided us insights we might not have had on our own leukemia cells treated with this compound turn into normal white blood cells mice with multiple an incurable malignancy of the bone marrow respond dramatically to the treatment with this drug you might know that fat has memory i'll nicely demonstrate that for you
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string of letters and numbers and symbols and parentheses that can be i suppose or worldwide is the chemical identity of our pro compound it's the information that we most need from pharmaceutical companies the information on how these early prototype drugs might work yet this information is largely a secret and so we seek really to download from the amazing successes of the computer science industry two principles that of open source and that of to quickly responsibly accelerate the delivery of targeted therapeutics to patients with cancer now the business model involves all of you this research is funded by the public it's funded by foundations and one thing i've learned in boston is that you people will do anything for cancer and i love that you bike across the state you walk up and down the river
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you might fairly ask why is that and the very unsatisfying yet scientific answer is it's too hard that for whatever reason these three proteins have entered a space in the language of our field that's called the genome which is like calling a computer or the moon it's a horrible term of trade but what it means is that we've failed to identify a greasy pocket in these proteins into which we like molecular can fashion an active small organic molecule or drug substance now as i was training in clinical medicine and hematology and oncology and stem cell transplantation what we had instead cascading through the regulatory network at the were these substances arsenic thalidomide and this chemical derivative of nitrogen mustard gas and this is the century and so i guess you'd say dissatisfied with the performance and quality of these medicines i went back to school in chemistry with the idea that perhaps by learning the trade of discovery chemistry and approaching it in the context of this brave new world of the open source the crowd source the collaborative network that we have access to within academia that we might more quickly bring powerful and targeted therapies to our patients
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i need to start by telling you a little bit about my social life which i know may not seem relevant but it is when people meet me at parties and they find out that i'm an english professor who specializes in language they generally have one of two reactions one set of people look frightened
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i'm sure you'll hear every mistake i make and then they stop talking
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the other set of people their eyes light up and they say you are just the person i want to talk to and then they tell me about whatever it is they think is going wrong with the english language
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every january we go to the american dialect society annual meeting where among other things we vote on the word of the year there are about or people who come some of the best known linguists in the united states to give you a sense of the flavor of the meeting it occurs right before happy hour anyone who comes can vote the most important rule is that you can vote with only one hand in the past some of the winners have been tweet in and in chad was the word of the year in the year because who knew what a chad was before and in now we have other categories in which we vote too and my favorite category is most creative word of the year past winners in this category have included area which is at the milwaukee airport after security where you can
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will all of these words stick absolutely not and we have made some questionable choices for example in when the word of the year was to mean demoted
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list by lake superior state university continues a fairly long tradition in english of complaints about new words so here is dean henry alford in who was very concerned that desirability is really a terrible word in benjamin franklin wrote a letter to david hume giving up the word colonize as bad over the years we've also seen worries about new pronunciations here is samuel rogers in who is concerned about some fashionable pronunciations that he finds offensive and he says as if contemplate were not bad enough balcony makes me sick
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about the word peruse and how you use that word i would guess many of you are thinking of skim scan reading quickly some of you may even have some walking involved because you're perusing grocery store shelves or something like that you might be surprised to learn that if you look in most standard dictionaries the first definition will be to read carefully or pore over american heritage has that as the first definition they then have as the second definition skim and next to that they say usage problem
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there are going to be changes that all of us don't like in the language there are going to be changes where you think really does the language have to change that way what i'm saying is we should be less quick to decide that that change is terrible we should be less quick to impose our likes and dislikes about words on other people and we should be entirely reluctant to think that the english language is in trouble it's not it is rich and vibrant and filled with the creativity of the speakers who speak it in retrospect we think it's fascinating that the word nice used to mean silly and that the word decimate used to mean to kill one in every
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now a second question again a show of hands how many of you have ever looked to see who edited the dictionary you are using okay many fewer at some level we know that there are human hands behind dictionaries but we're really not sure who those hands belong to i'm actually fascinated by this even the most critical people out there tend not to be very critical about dictionaries not distinguishing among them and not asking a whole lot of questions about who edited them just think about the phrase look it up in the dictionary which suggests that all dictionaries are exactly the same consider the library here on campus where you go into the reading room and there is a large unabridged dictionary up on a pedestal in this place of honor and respect lying open so we can go stand before it to get answers now don't get me wrong dictionaries are fantastic resources but they are human and they are not timeless i'm struck as a teacher that we tell students to critically question every text they read every website they visit except dictionaries which we tend to treat as un authored as if they came from nowhere to give us answers about what words really mean
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now don't get me wrong dictionaries are fantastic resources but they are human and they are not timeless i'm struck as a teacher that we tell students to critically question every text they read every website they visit except dictionaries which we tend to treat as un authored as if they came from nowhere to give us answers about what words really mean here's the thing if you ask dictionary editors what they'll tell you is they're just trying to keep up with us as we change the language they're watching what we say and what we write and trying to figure out what's going to stick and what's not going to stick they have to gamble because they want to appear cutting edge and catch the words that are going to make it such as but they don't want to appear faddish and include the words that aren't going to make it and i think a word that they're watching right now is you only live once now i get to hang out with dictionary editors and you might be surprised by one of the places where we hang out every january we go to the american dialect society annual meeting where among other things we vote on the word of the year there are about or people who come some of the best known linguists in the united states to give you a sense of the flavor of the meeting it occurs right before happy hour
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i have an entire file in my office of newspaper articles which express concern about illegitimate words that should not have been included in the dictionary including when it got into the oxford english dictionary and when it got into the oxford american dictionary i also have articles expressing concern about invite as a noun impact as a verb because only teeth can be impacted and is described as boorish bureaucratic misspeak now it's not that dictionary editors ignore these kinds of attitudes about language they try to provide us some guidance about words that are considered slang or informal or offensive often through usage labels but they're in something of a bind because they're trying to describe what we do and they know that we often go to dictionaries to get information about how we should use a word well or appropriately in response the american heritage dictionaries include usage notes
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there's a supreme court justice on it and a few linguists as of the list includes me
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about once a year i get a ballot that asks me about whether new uses new pronunciations new meanings are acceptable now here's what i do to fill out the ballot
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here's what i do to fill out the ballot i listen to what other people are saying and writing i do not listen to my own likes and dislikes about the english language i will be honest with you i do not like the word but that is neither here nor there in terms of whether is becoming common usage and becoming more acceptable in written prose so to be responsible what i do is go look at usage which often involves going to look at online databases such as books well if you look for in books here is what you find well it sure looks like is proving useful for a certain number of writers and has become more and more useful over the last years now there are going to be changes that all of us don't like in the language
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language just doesn't work that way i hope that what you can do is find language change not worrisome but fun and fascinating just the way dictionary editors do i hope you can enjoy being part of the creativity that is continually remaking our language and keeping it robust
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hi um okay hi everybody my name is i just want to say first of all that dating is never boring under any circumstance but i am very excited to be here right now so i am just trying to remind myself that you know like the purpose of being here and everything i mean trying to answer these questions it is very exciting but i also i just need to acknowledge that ted is an incredible experience right now in the present like i just need to say like isabel allende isabel allende okay maybe it doesn't mean of course it means something to you but to me it's like another level okay because i'm latina and i really appreciate the fact that there are role models here that i can really i don't know i just need to say that that's incredible to me and sometimes when i'm nervous and everything like that i just need to like say some affirmations that can help me i usually just try to use like the three little words that always make me feel better sotomayor sotomayor sotomayor
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thank you for having me my name is gary enjoy that i'm a member of the nation i'm also half lakota but that is my given name and no even though it would have seemed like an obvious choice no i did not go into politics tough crowd
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my name is lorraine levine and the idea of microchips implanted in my brain frankly just putting on my glasses reminds me of thank god i'm not wearing the glasses no offense to them i'm glad that you all enjoy them but at my age just putting on the regular ones i have already gives me too much information do you understand what i'm saying to you i don't need to know more i don't want to know that's it that's enough i love you all you're wonderful
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that was like amazing and i'm standing there and i was just like please don't say oh my god don't say oh my god and i just kept saying it oh my god oh my god
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sometimes i hear people respond to the disturbing facts of the climate crisis by saying oh this is so terrible what a burden we have i would like to ask you to that how many generations in all of human history have had the opportunity to rise to a challenge that is worthy of our best efforts a challenge that can pull from us more than we knew we could do i think we ought to approach this challenge with a sense of profound joy and gratitude that we are the generation about which a thousand years from now philharmonic orchestras and poets and singers will celebrate by saying they were the ones that found it within themselves to solve this crisis and lay the basis for a bright and optimistic human future let's do that thank you very much for so many people at ted there is deep pain that basically a design issue on a voting form one bad design issue meant that your voice wasn't being heard like that in the last eight years in a position where you could make these things come true that hurts you have no idea
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i was reminded by karen armstrong's fantastic presentation that religion really properly understood is not about belief but about behavior perhaps we should say the same thing about optimism how dare we be optimistic optimism is sometimes characterized as a belief an intellectual posture as mahatma gandhi famously said you must become the change you wish to see in the world and the outcome about which we wish to be optimistic is not going to be created by the belief alone except to the extent that the belief brings about new behavior but the word behavior is also i think sometimes misunderstood in this context i'm a big advocate of changing the lightbulbs and buying hybrids and tipper and i put solar panels on our house and dug the geothermal wells and did all of that other stuff but as important as it is to change the lightbulbs it is more important to change the laws and when we change our behavior in our daily lives we sometimes leave out the citizenship part and the democracy part
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talk about something that i'm known for something that would be particularly appropriate for many of the more technically minded people here or i could talk about something i really care about i decided to go with the latter i'm going to talk about rome now why would i care about rome particularly well i went to rhode island school of design in the second half of the to study architecture i was lucky enough to spend my last year my fifth year in rome as a student it changed my life not the least reason was the fact that i had spent those first four years living at home driving into everyday driving back i missed the i read about them i understand they were pretty interesting
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and i thought of maps at the beginning maybe i should just try and do a little atlas of my favorite streets and connections in rome and here's a line of text that actually evolves from the exhaust of a scooter zipping across the page here that same line of text wraps around a fountain in an illustration that can be turned upside down and read both ways maybe that line of text could be a story to help give some human aspect to this maybe i should get away from this map completely and really be honest about wanting to show you my favorite bits and pieces of rome and simply kick a soccer ball in the air which happens in so many of the squares in the city and let it bounce off of things and i'll simply explain what each of those things is that the soccer ball hits that seemed like a sort of a cheap shot but even though i just started this presentation this is not the first thing that i tried to do and i was getting sort of desperate eventually i realized that i had really no content that i could count on so i decided to move towards packaging
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he opens the window of the attic of course and there's a tablecloth wrapped around the building's television antenna he removes it the problems are solved everybody in the palazzo is happy and of course he also solves his own problem all he has to do now with a perfect table is wait for her to arrive that was the first attempt but it didn't seem substantial enough to convey whatever it was i wanted to convey about rome so i thought well i'll just do and i'll get inside and underneath and i'll show these things growing and show why they're shaped the way they are and so on and then i thought that's too complicated no i'll just take my favorite bits and pieces and i'll put them inside the pantheon but keep the scale so you can see the top of and the pyramid of and the of all side by side in this amazing space now that's one drawing so i thought maybe it's time for to meet escher
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i draw to better understand things sometimes i make a lot of drawings and i still don't understand what it is i'm drawing those of you who are comfortable with digital stuff and even smug about that relationship might be amused to know that the guy who is best known for the way things work while preparing for part of a panel for called understanding spent two days trying to get his laptop to communicate with his new cd burner who knew about extension managers i've always managed my own extensions so it never even occurred to me to read the instructions but i did finally figure it out i had to figure it out because along with the invitation came the frightening reminder that there would be no projector so bringing those would no longer be necessary but some alternate form of communication would
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and that's what i do as an illustrator that's my job so i'm going to show you some pictures of rome i've made a lot of drawings of rome over the years these are just drawings of rome i get back as often as possible i need to all different materials all different styles all different times drawings from sketchbooks looking at the details of rome part of the reason i'm showing you these is that it sort of helps illustrate this process i go through of trying to figure out what it is i feel about rome and why i feel it these are sketches of some of the little details rome is a city full of surprises
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these are sketches of some of the little details rome is a city full of surprises i mean we're talking about unusual perspectives we're talking about narrow little winding streets that suddenly open into vast sun drenched never though that are not humanly scaled part of the reason for that is the fact that they grew up organically that amazing juxtaposition of old and new the bits of light that come down between the buildings that sort of create a map that's traveling above your head of usually blue especially in the summer compared to the map that you would normally expect to see of conventional streets and i began to think about how i could communicate this in book form how could i share my sense of rome my understanding of rome and i'm going to show you a bunch of dead ends basically the primary reason for all these dead ends is when if you're not quite sure where you're going you're certainly not going to get there with any kind of efficiency
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anyways i went back to the notion went to alberto santos dumont found one of his that had enough dimensions so i could actually use it as a scale that i would then juxtapose with some of the things in rome this thing would be flying over or past or be parked in front of but it would be like having a ruler sort of travel through the pages without being a ruler not that you know how long number actually is but you would be able to compare number against the pantheon with number against the baths of and so on and so forth if you were interested this is beatrix she has a dog named ajax she has purchased a a small she's assembling the structure ajax is sniffing for holes in the balloon before they set off she launches this thing above the spanish steps and sets off for an aerial tour of the city
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and he put a lie to the notion that you have to be positive to live a long life and there is evidence for this when i asked him why he lived so long he kind of looked at me under hooded eyelids and he growled nobody has to know my secrets
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and she respected him and loved him and she told me when i questioned this obvious loss of her freedom you just don't understand do you looking after this man is a pleasure it's a huge privilege for me this is my heritage and indeed wherever i went to interview these centenarians i found a kitchen party here's giovanni with his two nieces maria above him and beside him his great niece sara who came when i was there to bring fresh fruits and vegetables and i quickly discovered by being there that in the blue zone as people age and indeed across their they're always surrounded by extended family by friends by neighbors the priest the the grocer people are always there or dropping by they are never left to live solitary lives this is unlike the rest of the developed world where as george burns quipped happiness is having a large loving caring family in another city
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in the developed world everywhere women live an average of six to eight years longer than men do six to eight years longer that's like a huge gap in the lancet published an article showing that men in rich countries are twice as likely to die as women are at any age but there is one place in the world where men live as long as women
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but there is one place in the world where men live as long as women it's a remote mountainous zone a blue zone where super longevity is common to both sexes this is the blue zone in sardinia an italian island in the mediterranean between corsica and tunisia where there are six times as many centenarians as on the italian mainland less than miles away there are times as many centenarians as there are in north america it's the only place where men live as long as women but why my curiosity was piqued i decided to research the science and the habits of the place and i started with the genetic profile
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foster care you could say that i'm an expert on the subject and in being an expert i want to let you know that being an expert does in no way make you right in light of the truth if you're in care legally the government is your parent loco margaret thatcher was my mother
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she lands months before the beatles release the white album months before martin luther king was killed it was a summer of love if you were white if you were black it was a summer of hate so she goes from oxford she's sent to the north of england to a mother and baby home and appointed a social worker it's her plan you know i have to say this in the houses it's her plan to have me fostered for a short period of time while she studies but the social worker he had a different agenda he found the foster parents and he said to them treat this as an adoption he's yours forever
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so they took me i was a message they said i was a sign from god they said i was norman mark greenwood now for the next years all i know is that this woman this birth woman should have her eyes scratched out for not signing the adoption papers she was an evil woman too selfish to sign so i spent those years kneeling and praying i tried praying i swear i tried praying god can i have a bike for christmas but i would always answer myself yes of course you can
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have we not made the connection and why have we not made the connection between how has that happened between these incredible characters of popular culture and religions and the fostered adopted or orphaned child in our midst it's not our pity that they need it's our respect i know famous musicians i know actors and film stars and millionaires and novelists and top lawyers and television executives and magazine editors and national journalists and and hairdressers all who were looked after children fostered adopted or orphaned and many of them grow into their adult lives in fear of speaking of their background as if it may somehow weaken their standing in the foreground as if it were somehow as if it were a time bomb strapped on the inside children in care who've had a life in care deserve the right to own and live the memory of their own childhood it is that simple
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you were separated from your family by the state you were separated from your family and placed into mother and baby homes you were appointed a social worker the adoptive parents were lined up it was the primary purpose of the social worker the aim to get the woman at her most vulnerable time in her entire life to sign the adoption papers so the adoption papers were signed the mother and baby's homes were often run by nuns the adoption papers were signed the child was given to the adoptive parents and the mother shipped back to her community to say that she'd been on a little break a little break
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go back to high school physics here if you calculate the amount of potential energy to take you and your spacesuit up to a couple hundred miles and then you accelerate yourself to miles per hour remember that one half squared and you figure it out it's about of energy if you expended that over an hour it's about megawatts if you go to one of micro power sources and they sell it to you for seven cents a kilowatt hour anybody here fast in math how much will it cost you and your spacesuit to go to orbit bucks that's the price improvement curve that we need some breakthroughs in physics along the way i'll grant you that
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and what i ended up doing was going out to the insurance industry and buying a hole insurance policy see the insurance companies went to boeing and lockheed and said are you going to compete no are you going to compete no no one's going to win this thing so they took a bet that no one would win by january of and i took a bet that someone would win so and the best thing is they paid off and the check didn't bounce
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one of the things i'm most happy about is that the is going to hang in air and space museum next to the spirit of st louis and the wright flyer isn't that great so a little bit about the future steps to space what's available for you today you can go and experience weightless flights by flights the price tag for that you know on virgin is going to be about there are three or four other serious efforts that will bring the price down very rapidly i think to about dollars for a flight orbital flights we can take you to the space station and then i truly believe once a group is in orbit around the earth i know if they don't do it i am we're going to stockpile some fuel make a for the moon and grab some real estate
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is a crumb in a supermarket filled with resources the analogy for me is alaska you know we bought alaska we americans bought alaska in the it's called folly we valued it as the number of seal pelts we could kill and then we discovered these things gold and oil and fishing and timber and it became you know a trillion dollar economy and now we take our honeymoons there
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we valued it as the number of seal pelts we could kill and then we discovered these things gold and oil and fishing and timber and it became you know a trillion dollar economy and now we take our honeymoons there the same thing will happen in space we are on the verge of the greatest exploration that the human race has ever known we explore for three reasons the weakest of which is curiosity you know it's funded nasa's budget up until now some images from mars in fact i think in the next decade without any question we will discover life on mars and find that it is literally ubiquitous under the soils and different parts of that planet the stronger motivator the much stronger motivator is fear
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the stronger motivator the much stronger motivator is fear it drove us to the moon we literally in fear with the soviet union raced to the moon and we have these huge rocks you know killer sized rocks in the hundreds of thousands or millions out there and while the probability is very small the impact figured in literally of one of these hitting the earth is so huge that to spend a small fraction looking searching preparing to defend is not unreasonable and of course the third motivator one near and dear to my heart as an entrepreneur is wealth in fact the greatest wealth if you think about these other asteroids there's a class of the nickel iron which in platinum group metal markets alone are worth something like trillion dollars if you can go out and grab one of these rocks my plan is to actually buy puts on the precious metal market and then actually claim that i'm going to go out and get one
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all these articles you would think there must be a mountain of research verifying the widespread nature of however after five decades of research there's no strong consensus on the definition the cause the treatment or even the existence of as most commonly defined by psychologists involves negative behavioral cognitive and physical symptoms from the time of ovulation to menstruation but here's where it gets tricky over different symptoms have been used to diagnose and here are just a few of those now i want to be clear here i'm not saying women don't get some of these symptoms what i'm saying is that getting some of these symptoms doesn't amount to a mental disorder and when psychologists come up with a disorder that's so vaguely defined the label eventually becomes meaningless with a list of symptoms this long and wide i could have you could have the guy in the third row here could have my dog could have
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many people here have heard of everybody right everyone knows that women go a little crazy right before they get their period that the menstrual cycle throws them onto an inevitable hormonal roller coaster of irrationality and irritability there's a general assumption that fluctuations in reproductive hormones cause extreme emotions and that the great majority of women are affected by this well i am here to tell you that scientific evidence says neither of those assumptions is true i'm here to give you the good news about
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it is a dream of mankind to fly like a bird birds are very agile they fly not with rotating components so they fly only by flapping their wings so we looked at the birds and we tried to make a model that is powerful and it must have excellent aerodynamic qualities that would fly by its own and only by flapping its wings so what would be better than to use the herring gull in its freedom circling and swooping over the sea and to use this as a role model so we bring a team together there are generalists and also specialists in the field of aerodynamics in the field of building gliders and the task was to build an indoor flying model that is able to fly over your heads so be careful later on
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next thing we have to do we have to control and regulate the whole structure only if you control and regulate it you will get that aerodynamic efficiency so the overall consumption of energy is about watts at takeoff and to watts in flight thank you markus we should fly it once more yeah sure
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so we can now look at the so here is one without a skin we have a wingspan of about two meters the length is one meter and six and the weight is only grams and it is all out of carbon fiber in the middle we have a motor and we also have a gear in it and we use the gear to transfer the circulation of the motor
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the length is one meter and six and the weight is only grams and it is all out of carbon fiber in the middle we have a motor and we also have a gear in it and we use the gear to transfer the circulation of the motor so within the motor we have three hall sensors so we know exactly where the wing is and if we now beat up and down we have the possibility to fly like a bird so if you go down you have the large area of propulsion and if you go up the wings are not that large and it is easier to get up so the next thing we did or the challenges we did was to coordinate this movement we have to turn it go up and go down we have a split wing
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for some reason people may know if the gene's under stress it behaves totally differently life is a journey a gene is just a starting point not the end you have this statistical risk of certain diseases when you are born but every day you make different choices and those choices will increase or decrease the risk of certain diseases but do you know where you are on the curve what's the past curve look like what kind of decisions are you facing every day and what kind of decision is the right one to make your own right curve over your life journey what's that the only thing you cannot change you cannot reverse back is time probably not yet maybe in the future
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i probably have the most comprehensive digital me on the planet i've spent a lot of dollars on me on myself and the digital me told me i have a genetic risk of gout by all of those things there you need different technology to do that you need the proteins genes you need antibodies you need to screen all your body about the and viruses covering you or in you you need to have all the smart devices there smart cars smart house smart tables smart watch smart phone to track all of your activities there the environment is important everything's important and don't forget the smart toilet
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becomes very very interesting but something you probably don't want to try like drinking fecal water from a healthier individual which will make you feel healthier this is from old chinese wisdom look at that right like years ago it's already there in the book but i still hate the smell
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the learning program is genome and the code of that program is the different of each species represent different survival strategies they represent hundreds of millions of years of evolution the interaction between every species' ancestor and the environment i was really fascinated about the world about the about you know the language of life the program of learning so i decided to co found the institute to read them i read many of them we probably read more than half of the prior animal in the world i mean up to date
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we did sequence also one species many many times human genome we the first asian i it myself many many times just to take advantage of that platform look at all those repeating base pairs you don't understand anything there but look at that one base pair
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look at all those repeating base pairs you don't understand anything there but look at that one base pair those five letters the these five represent a very specific in the tibetan population around the gene called that gene has been proved it's highly selective it's the most significant signature of positive selection of tibetans for the higher altitude adaptation you know what these five were the result of integration of or like individuals into humans this is the reason why we need to read those to understand history to understand what kind of learning process the genome has been through for the millions of years
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only percent of the chinese adult population had diabetes look at now percent genetics cannot change over years only one generation it must be something different diet the environment lifestyle even identical twins could develop totally differently it could be one becomes very obese the other is not one develops a cancer and the other does not not mentioning living in a very stressed environment
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let me leave you with a final thought our heritage is much more than our collective memory it's our collective treasure we owe it to our children our grandchildren and the generations we will never meet to keep it safe and to pass it along thank you thank you thank you thank you well i'm staying here because we wanted to demonstrate to you the power of this technology and so while i've been speaking you have been scanned
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this is all in and of course you can fly through the cloud of points you can look at it from on top from the ceiling you can look from different vantage points but i'm going to ask doug to zoom in on an individual in the crowd just to show the amount of detail that we can create so you have been digitally preserved in about four minutes
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i'd like to start with a short story it's about a little boy whose father was a history buff and who used to take him by the hand to visit the ruins of an ancient metropolis on the outskirts of their camp they would always stop by to visit these huge winged bulls that used to guard the gates of that ancient metropolis and the boy used to be scared of these winged bulls but at the same time they excited him and the dad used to use those bulls to tell the boy stories about that civilization and their work let's fast forward to the san francisco bay area many decades later where i started a technology company that brought the world its first laser scanning system let me show you how it works
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let's fast forward to the san francisco bay area many decades later where i started a technology company that brought the world its first laser scanning system let me show you how it works female voice long range laser scanning by sending out a pulse that's a laser beam of light the system measures the beam's time of flight recording the time it takes for the light to hit a surface and make its return with two mirrors the scanner calculates the beam's horizontal and vertical angles giving accurate x y and z coordinates the point is then recorded into a visualization program all of this happens in seconds ben you can see here these systems are extremely fast they collect millions of points at a time with very high accuracy and very high resolution
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and again we have no way of knowing but it's clear that a new form of wealth must have emerged more protein than a hunter's family could eat before it rotted so that raised a social question that i believe must have driven new social forms did the people who ate that mastodon meat owe something to the hunters and their families and if so how did they make arrangements again we can't know but we can be pretty sure that some form of symbolic communication must have been involved of course with agriculture came the first big civilizations the first cities built of mud and brick the first empires and it was the administers of these empires who began hiring people to keep track of the wheat and sheep and wine that was owed and the taxes that was owed on them by making marks marks on clay in that time not too much longer after that the alphabet was invented and this powerful tool was really reserved for thousands of years for the elite administrators who kept track of accounts for the empires
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now of course the enabling technologies are based on the internet and in the many era every desktop is now a printing press a broadcasting station a community or a marketplace evolution is speeding up more recently that power is and leaping off the desktops and very very quickly we're going to see a significant proportion if not the majority of the human race walking around holding carrying or wearing supercomputers linked at speeds greater than what we consider to be broadband today now when i started looking into collective action the considerable literature on it is based on what sociologists call social dilemmas and there are a couple of mythic narratives of social dilemmas i'm going to talk briefly about two of them the prisoner's dilemma and the tragedy of the commons now when i talked about this with kevin kelly he assured me that everybody in this audience pretty much knows the details of the prisoner's dilemma so i'm just going to go over that very very quickly if you have more questions about it ask kevin kelly later
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i'm here to enlist you in helping reshape the story about how humans and other critters get things done here is the old story we've already heard a little bit about it biology is war in which only the fiercest survive businesses and nations succeed only by defeating destroying and dominating competition politics is about your side winning at all costs but i think we can see the very beginnings of a new story beginning to emerge it's a narrative spread across a number of different disciplines in which cooperation collective action and complex play a more important role and the central but not all important role of competition and survival of the fittest shrinks just a little bit to make room
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the form of wealth in those days was enough food to stay alive but at some point they banded together to hunt bigger game
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so it's i'm in college and a friend and i go on a road trip from providence rhode island to portland oregon and you know we're young and unemployed so we do the whole thing on back roads through state parks and national forests basically the longest we can possibly take and somewhere in the middle of south dakota i turn to my friend and i ask her a question that's been bothering me for miles what's up with the chinese character i keep seeing by the side of the road my friend looks at me totally blankly there's actually a gentleman in the front row who's doing a perfect imitation of her look
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i've spent the last five years of my life thinking about situations exactly like this why we sometimes misunderstand the signs around us and how we behave when that happens and what all of this can tell us about human nature in other words as you heard chris say i've spent the last five years thinking about being wrong this might strike you as a strange career move but it actually has one great advantage no job competition
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do you remember that loony tunes cartoon where there's this pathetic coyote who's always chasing and never catching a roadrunner in pretty much every episode of this cartoon there's a moment where the coyote is chasing the roadrunner and the roadrunner runs off a cliff which is fine he's a bird he can fly but the thing is the coyote runs off the cliff right after him and what's funny at least if you're six years old is that the totally fine too he just keeps running right up until the moment that he looks down and realizes that he's in mid air that's when he falls when we're wrong about something not when we realize it but before that we're like that coyote after he's gone off the cliff and before he looks down you know we're already wrong we're already in trouble but we feel like we're on solid ground so i should actually correct something i said a moment ago it does feel like something to be wrong it feels like being right
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so this is one reason a structural reason why we get stuck inside this feeling of rightness i call this error blindness most of the time we don't have any kind of internal cue to let us know that we're wrong about something until it's too late but there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well and this one is cultural think back for a moment to elementary school you're sitting there in class and your teacher is handing back quiz papers and one of them looks like this this is not mine by the way
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a couple of years ago a woman comes into beth israel deaconess medical center for a surgery beth israel's in boston it's the teaching hospital for harvard one of the best hospitals in the country so this woman comes in and she's taken into the operating room she's the surgeon does his thing stitches her back up sends her out to the recovery room everything seems to have gone fine and she wakes up and she looks down at herself and she says why is the wrong side of my body in bandages well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one when the vice president for health care quality at beth israel spoke about this incident he said something very interesting he said for whatever reason the surgeon simply felt that he was on the correct side of the patient
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think for a moment about what it means to feel right it means that you think that your beliefs just perfectly reflect reality and when you feel that way you've got a problem to solve which is how are you going to explain all of those people who disagree with you it turns out most of us explain those people the same way by resorting to a series of unfortunate assumptions the first thing we usually do when someone disagrees with us is we just assume they're ignorant they don't have access to the same information that we do and when we generously share that information with them they're going to see the light and come on over to our team when that doesn't work when it turns out those people have all the same facts that we do and they still disagree with us then we move on to a second assumption which is that they're idiots
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but you know our stories are like this because our lives are like this we think this one thing is going to happen and something else happens instead george bush thought he was going to invade iraq find a bunch of weapons of mass destruction liberate the people and bring democracy to the middle east and something else happened instead
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the human species in general is fallible okay fine but when it comes down to me right now to all the beliefs i hold here in the present tense suddenly all of this abstract appreciation of fallibility goes out the window and i can't actually think of anything i'm wrong about and the thing is the present tense is where we live we go to meetings in the present tense we go on family vacations in the present tense we go to the polls and vote in the present tense
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except that then we freak out at the possibility that we've gotten something wrong because according to this getting something wrong means there's something wrong with us so we just insist that we're right because it makes us feel smart and responsible and virtuous and safe so let me tell you a story a couple of years ago a woman comes into beth israel deaconess medical center for a surgery
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so this is a huge practical problem but it's also a huge social problem think for a moment about what it means to feel right it means that you think that your beliefs just perfectly reflect reality
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so this is a catastrophe this attachment to our own rightness keeps us from preventing mistakes when we absolutely need to and causes us to treat each other terribly but to me what's most baffling and most tragic about this is that it misses the whole point of being human it's like we want to imagine that our minds are just these perfectly translucent windows and we just gaze out of them and describe the world as it unfolds and we want everybody else to gaze out of the same window and see the exact same thing
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year for various reasons i found myself listening to a lot of episodes of the public radio show this american life and so i'm listening and i'm listening and at some point i start feeling like all the stories are about being wrong and my first thought was i've lost it i've become the crazy lady i just imagined it everywhere which has happened but a couple of months later i actually had a chance to interview ira glass who's the host of the show and i mentioned this to him and he was like no actually that's true in fact he says as a staff we joke that every single episode of our show has the same crypto theme and the crypto theme is thought this one thing was going to happen and something else happened instead
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in fact he says as a staff we joke that every single episode of our show has the same crypto theme and the crypto theme is thought this one thing was going to happen and something else happened instead and the thing is says ira glass we need this we need these moments of surprise and reversal and to make these stories work and for the rest of us audience members as listeners as readers we eat this stuff up we love things like plot twists and red herrings and surprise endings when it comes to our stories we love being wrong but you know our stories are like this because our lives are like this we think this one thing is going to happen and something else happens instead
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so you're percent accurate right now it's much better than that actually my student i have to plug him because he's done some fantastic work and now he has proved that it works over the mobile telephone network as well which enables this project and we're getting percent accuracy ninety nine well that's an improvement so what that means is that people will be able to people will be able to call in from their mobile phones and do this test and people with parkinson's could call in record their voice and then their doctor can check up on their progress see where they're doing in this course of the disease
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so well i do applied math and this is a peculiar problem for anyone who does applied math is that we are like management consultants no one knows what the hell we do so i am going to give you some attempt today to try and explain to you what i do so dancing is one of the most human of activities we delight at ballet and tap dancers you will see later on now ballet requires an extraordinary level of expertise and a high level of skill and probably a level of initial suitability that may well have a genetic component to it
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back in i started noticing something i had been tracking return to work programs since and in i started noticing the use of a short term paid work opportunity whether it was called an internship or not but an internship like experience as a way for professionals to return to work i saw goldman sachs and sara lee start corporate reentry internship programs i saw a returning engineer a nontraditional reentry candidate apply for an entry level internship program in the military and then get a permanent job afterward i saw two universities integrate internships into mid career executive education programs so i wrote a report about what i was seeing and it became this article for harvard business review called the old intern i have to thank the editors there for that title and also for this artwork where you can see the old intern in the midst of all the college interns and then courtesy of fox business news they called the concept the old intern
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people returning to work after a career break i call them these are people who have taken career breaks for elder care for childcare reasons pursuing a personal interest or a personal health issue closely related are career of all kinds veterans military spouses retirees coming out of retirement or repatriating returning to work after a career break is hard because of a disconnect between the employers and the employers can view hiring people with a gap on their resume as a high risk proposition and individuals on career break can have doubts about their abilities to relaunch their careers especially if they've been out for a long time this disconnect is a problem that i'm trying to help solve
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here's the really alarming part we don't fully understand the long term impact of multiple injuries you guys may be familiar with this research that's coming out of the in a nutshell this research suggests that among retired players with three or more career concussions the incidence of early onset disease is much greater than it is for the general population so you've all seen that new york times you've seen it what you may not be familiar with is that this research was spearheaded by wives who said isn't it weird that my old husband is forever losing his keys isn't it weird that my old husband is forever losing the car isn't it weird that my old husband is forever losing his way home in the car from the driveway i may have forgotten to mention that my son is an only child so it's going to be really important that he be able to drive me around someday
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suit up wear a helmet the only way to prevent a bad outcome is to prevent that first injury from happening recently one of my graduate students tom said kim i've decided to wear a bike helmet on the way to class and tom knows that that little bit of foam in a bike helmet can reduce the g force of impact by half now i thought it was because i have this totally compelling helmet crusade this epiphany of tom's as it turns out it occurred to tom that a helmet is a good way to protect a graduate education
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and despite being cursed with my athletic inability he plays soccer he's interested in playing football
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so why would i worry because this is what i do this is what i teach it's what i study it's what i treat and i know that kids get every year
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