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i know you guys think of yourself as humans and this is sort of how i think of you this man is supposed to represent a generic human being and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body there is about a trillion human cells that make each one of us who we are and able to do all the things that we do but you have trillion bacterial cells in you or on you at any moment in your life so times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being and of course it's the that counts so here's all the a t and that make up your genetic code and give you all your charming characteristics you have about genes well it turns out you have times more bacterial genes playing a role in you or on you all of your life at the best you're percent human but more likely about one percent human depending on which of these metrics you like i know you think of yourself as human beings but i think of you as or percent bacterial
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the reason the squid is willing to put up with these shenanigans is because it wants that light the way that this symbiosis works is that this little squid lives just off the coast of hawaii just in sort of shallow knee deep water the squid is nocturnal so during the day it buries itself in the sand and sleeps but then at night it has to come out to hunt on bright nights when there is lots of starlight or moonlight that light can penetrate the depth of the water the squid lives in since it's just in those couple feet of water what the squid has developed is a shutter that can open and close over this specialized light organ housing the bacteria then it has detectors on its back so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back and it opens and closes the shutter so the amount of light coming out of the bottom which is made by the bacterium exactly matches how much light hits the back so the squid doesn't make a shadow it actually uses the light from the bacteria to counter illuminate itself in an anti device so predators can't see its shadow calculate its trajectory and eat it this is like the stealth bomber of the ocean
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so they have a second enzyme that makes a second signal and it has its own receptor and this molecule is the trade language of bacteria it's used by all different bacteria and it's the language of communication what happens is that bacteria are able to count how many of me and how many of you they take that information inside and they decide what tasks to carry out depending on who's in the minority and who's in the majority of any given population then again we turn to chemistry and we figured out what this generic molecule is that was the pink on my last slide this is it it's a very small five carbon molecule what the important thing is that we learned is that every bacterium has exactly the same enzyme and makes exactly the same molecule so they're all using this molecule for communication this is the bacterial esperanto
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one more example which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions to change what we consciously experience have a listen to this sounded strange right have a listen again and see if you can get anything still strange now listen to this i think is a really terrible idea
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in this panoramic video we've transformed the world which is in this case sussex campus into a psychedelic playground we've processed the footage using an algorithm based on deep dream to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions in this case to see dogs and you can see this is a very strange thing when perceptual predictions are too strong as they are here the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations people might report in altered states or perhaps even in psychosis now think about this for a minute if hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination but a controlled hallucination in which the brain's predictions are being reigned in by sensory information from the world in fact we're all hallucinating all the time including right now it's just that when we agree about our hallucinations we call that reality
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so let's return to the bodily self how does the brain generate the experience of being a body and of having a body well just the same principles apply the brain makes its best guess about what is and what is not part of its body and there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this and unlike most neuroscience experiments this is one you can do at home all you need is one of these
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and a couple of paintbrushes in the rubber hand illusion a person's real hand is hidden from view and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush while the person stares at the fake hand now for most people after a while this leads to the very uncanny sensation that the fake hand is in fact part of their body and the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess that the fake hand is in fact part of the body
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just over a year ago for the third time in my life i ceased to exist i was having a small operation and my brain was filling with anesthetic i remember a sense of detachment and falling apart and a coldness and then i was back drowsy and disoriented but definitely there now when you wake from a deep sleep you might feel confused about the time or anxious about but there's always a basic sense of time having passed of a continuity between then and now coming round from anesthesia is very different
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answering this question is so important because consciousness for each of us is all there is without it there's no world there's no self there's nothing at all and when we suffer we suffer consciously whether it's through mental illness or pain and if we can experience joy and suffering what about other animals might they be conscious too do they also have a sense of self and as computers get faster and smarter maybe there will come a point maybe not too far away when my develops a sense of its own existence i actually think the prospects for a conscious ai are pretty remote and i think this because my research is telling me that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms consciousness and intelligence are very different things you don't have to be smart to suffer but you probably do have to be alive
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so at the end of the two weeks we went back to room i love this picture because this is someone else's room and that's his room so there's all this hustle and bustle going on for the big unveiling and after over a year of planning two weeks of programming fest and all night sessions tony drew again for the first time in seven years and this is an amazing picture because this is his life support system and he's looking over his life support system we kicked his bed so that he could see out and we set up a projector on a wall out in the parking lot outside of his hospital and he drew again for the first time in front of his family and friends and you can only imagine what the feeling in the parking lot was the funny thing was we had to break into the parking lot too so we totally felt like we were legit in the whole graf scene too
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i have had the distinct blessing in my life to have worked on a bunch of amazing projects but the coolest i ever worked on was around this guy this guy's name is tempt tempt was one of the foremost graffiti artists in the and he came up home from a run one day and said dad my legs are tingling and that was the onset of als
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specifically it feels like little bits of my time get slipped away to various things like this like technology i check things i'll give you an example if this email shows up how many of you have gotten an email like this right i've been tagged in a photo when this appears i can't help but click on it right now right because like what if it's a bad photo so i have to click it right now but i'm not just going to click see photo what i'm actually going to do is spend the next minutes
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what does it mean to spend our time well i spend a lot of my time thinking about how to spend my time probably too much i probably obsess over it my friends think i do but i feel like i kind of have to because these days it feels like little bits of my time kind of slip away from me and when that happens it feels like parts of my life are slipping away specifically it feels like little bits of my time get slipped away to various things like this like technology i check things
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online dictionaries right now are paper thrown up on a screen this is flat look how many links there are in the actual entry two right those little buttons i had them all expanded except for the date chart so there's not very much going on here there's not a lot of and in fact online dictionaries replicate almost all the problems of print except for and when you improve you actually take away the one advantage of print which is serendipity serendipity is when you find things you weren't looking for because finding what you are looking for is so damned difficult so now when you think about this what we have here is a ham butt problem
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of taking more than one meaning for themselves so if you think of the word set a set can be a badger's burrow a set can be one of the pleats in an elizabethan ruff and there's one numbered definition in the the has different numbered definitions for set tiny little word numbered definitions one of them is just labeled miscellaneous technical senses do you know what that says to me that says to me it was friday afternoon and somebody wanted to go down the pub
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notice we're very specific that word compile the dictionary is not carved out of a piece of granite out of a lump of rock it's made up of lots of little bits
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right it's a fun word to say and i get to say it a lot now one of the non perks of being a lexicographer is that people don't usually have a kind of warm fuzzy image of the dictionary right nobody hugs their dictionaries but what people really often think about the dictionary is they think more like this
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right nobody hugs their dictionaries but what people really often think about the dictionary is they think more like this just to let you know i do not have a whistle but people think that my job is to let the good words make that difficult left hand turn into the dictionary and keep the bad words out but the thing is i don't want to be a traffic cop for one thing i just do not do uniforms and for another deciding what words are good and what words are bad is actually not very easy and it's not very fun and when parts of your job are not easy or fun you kind of look for an excuse not to do them
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but the thing is this isn't even the only challenge that religion faces today at the very same time that we need religion to be a strong force against extremism it is suffering from a second pernicious trend what i call religious ism this is when our institutions and our leaders are stuck in a paradigm that is rote and perfunctory devoid of life devoid of vision and devoid of soul let me explain what i mean like this one of the great blessings of being a rabbi is standing under the under the wedding canopy with a couple and helping them proclaim publicly and make holy the love that they found for one another i want to ask you now though to think maybe from your own experience or maybe just imagine it about the difference between the intensity of the experience under the wedding canopy and maybe the experience of the sixth or seventh anniversary
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i was a new mother and a young rabbi in the spring of and the world was in shambles maybe you remember every day we heard devastating reports from the war in iraq there were waves of terror rolling across the globe it seemed like humanity was spinning out of control i remember the night that i read about the series of coordinated bombings in the subway system in madrid and i got up and i walked over to the crib where my six baby girl lay sleeping sweetly and i heard the rhythm of her breath and i felt this sense of urgency coursing through my body
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healthy and happy as we go through life if you were going to invest now in your future best self where would you put your time and your energy there was a recent survey of asking them what their most important life goals were and over percent said that a major life goal for them was to get rich and another percent of those same young adults said that another major life goal was to become famous
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and then these teenagers grew up into adults who entered all walks of life they became factory workers and lawyers and bricklayers and doctors one president of the united states some developed alcoholism a few developed schizophrenia some climbed the social ladder from the bottom all the way to the very top and some made that journey in the opposite direction the founders of this study would never in their wildest dreams have imagined that i would be standing here today years later telling you that the study still continues every two years our patient and dedicated research staff calls up our men and asks them if we can send them yet one more set of questions about their lives many of the inner city boston men ask us why do you keep wanting to study me my life just isn't that interesting the harvard men never ask that question
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to get the clearest picture of these lives we don't just send them questionnaires we interview them in their living rooms we get their medical records from their doctors we draw their blood we scan their brains we talk to their children we videotape them talking with their wives about their deepest concerns and when about a decade ago we finally asked the wives if they would join us as members of the study many of the women said you know it's about time
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for years we've tracked the lives of men year after year asking about their work their home lives their health and of course asking all along the way without knowing how their life stories were going to turn out studies like this are exceedingly rare almost all projects of this kind fall apart within a decade because too many people drop out of the study or funding for the research dries up or the researchers get distracted or they die and nobody moves the ball further down the field but through a combination of luck and the persistence of several generations of researchers this study has survived
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almost all projects of this kind fall apart within a decade because too many people drop out of the study or funding for the research dries up or the researchers get distracted or they die and nobody moves the ball further down the field but through a combination of luck and the persistence of several generations of researchers this study has survived about of our original men are still alive still participating in the study most of them in their and we are now beginning to study the more than children of these men and i'm the fourth director of the study since we've tracked the lives of two groups of men the first group started in the study when they were sophomores at harvard college they all finished college during world war and then most went off to serve in the war and the second group that we've followed was a group of boys from boston's poorest neighborhoods boys who were chosen for the study specifically because they were from some of the most troubled and disadvantaged families in the boston of the
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i'd like to talk to you today about a whole new way to think about sexual activity and sexuality education by comparison if you talk to someone today in america about sexual activity you'll find pretty soon you're not just talking about sexual activity you're also talking about baseball because baseball is the dominant cultural metaphor that americans use to think about and talk about sexual activity and we know that because there's all this language in english that seems to be talking about baseball but that's really talking about sexual activity so for example you can be a pitcher or a catcher and that corresponds to whether you perform a sexual act or receive a sexual act of course there are the bases which refer to specific sexual activities that happen in a very specific order ultimately resulting in scoring a run or hitting a home run which is usually having vaginal intercourse to the point of orgasm at least for the guy
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we're not playing with each other we're playing against each other and when you show up to play baseball nobody needs to talk about what we're going to do or how this baseball game might be good for us everybody knows the rules you just take your position and play the game but when do you have pizza well you have pizza when you're hungry for pizza it starts with an internal sense an internal desire or a need huh i could go for some pizza
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and then there's this one if there's grass on the field play ball and that usually refers to if a young person specifically often a young woman is old enough to have pubic hair she's old enough to have sex with this baseball model is incredibly problematic it's sexist it's it's competitive it's goal directed and it can't result in healthy sexuality developing in young people or in adults so we need a new model
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that's usually a sign to the boy somebody's trying to defend people moving into the field that's often given to the girl it's competitive we're not playing with each other we're playing against each other and when you show up to play baseball nobody needs to talk about what we're going to do or how this baseball game might be good for us everybody knows the rules you just take your position and play the game
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so it wasn't the first time that i printed clothes for my senior collection at fashion design school i decided to try and print an entire fashion collection from my home the problem was that i barely knew anything about printing and i had only nine months to figure out how to print five fashionable looks i always felt most creative when i worked from home i loved experimenting with new materials and i always tried to develop new techniques to make the most unique textiles for my fashion projects i loved going to old factories and weird stores in search of leftovers of strange powders and weird materials and then bring them home to experiment on as you can probably imagine my roommates didn't like that at all
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the breakthrough came when i was introduced to which is a new kind of filament it's strong yet very flexible and with it i was able to print the first garment the red jacket that had the word libert freedom in french embedded into it i chose this word because i felt so empowered and free when i could just design a garment from my home and then print it by myself and actually you can easily download this jacket and easily change the word to something else for example your name or your name
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questions for philip right here well first an observation which is that you look like a character the observation is philip has been accused of looking like a character an in second life respond and then we'll get the rest of your question but i don't look like my
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and at the same time we're going to look at just images from a photo stream that is pretty close to live of things that snapshots from second life so hopefully this will be fascinating you can i can compete for your attention with the strange pictures that you see on screen that come from there i thought i'd talk a little bit about some just big ideas about this and then get john back out here so we can talk a little bit more and think and ask questions you know i guess the first question is why build a virtual world at all and i think the answer to that is always going to be at least driven to a certain extent by the people initially crazy enough to start the project you know so i can give you a little bit of first background just on me and what moved me as a really going back as far as a teenager and then an adult to actually try and build this kind of thing i was a very creative kid who read a lot and got into electronics first and then later programming computers when i was really young i was just always trying to make things i was just obsessed with taking things apart and building things and just anything i could do with my hands or with wood or electronics or metal or anything else
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thank you very much i have a few pictures and i'll talk a little bit about how i'm able to do what i do all these houses are built from between and percent recycled material stuff that was headed to the the landfill the burn pile it was all just gone this is the first house i built this double front door here with the three light transom that was headed to the landfill have a little turret there and then these buttons on the here right there those are hickory nuts and these buttons there those are chicken eggs
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this is a look at the inside you can see the three light transom there with the eyebrow windows certainly an architectural antique headed to the landfill even the is probably worth dollars everything in the kitchen was salvaged there's a o'keefe merritt stove if you like to cook cool stove this is going up into the turret i got that staircase for dollars including delivery to my lot
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then looking up in the turret you see there are bulges and pokes and sags and so forth well if that ruins your life well then you shouldn't live there
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this is a laundry chute and this right here is a shoe last those are those cast iron things you see at antique shops so i had one of those so i made some low tech gadgetry where you just stomp on the shoe last and then the door flies open and you throw your laundry down and then if you're smart enough it goes on a basket on top of the washer if not it goes into the toilet
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is a bathtub i made made out of scrap two started with the rim and then glued and nailed it up into a flat it up and flipped it over then did the two profiles on this side it's a two person tub after all it's not just a question of hygiene but there's a possibility of recreation as well
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then this faucet here is just a piece of osage orange it looks a little phallic but after all it's a bathroom
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so we changed that and put this is the famous budweiser house we don't know of any other house and so forth and so on this is a deadbolt it's a fence from a which is a very angry woodworking machine and they gave me the fence but they didn't give me the so we made a deadbolt out of it that'll keep bull elephants out i promise
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the shower is intended to simulate a glass of beer we've got bubbles going up there then suds at the top with lumpy tiles where do you get lumpy tiles well of course you don't but i get a lot of toilets and so you just dispatch a toilet with a hammer and then you have lumpy tiles and then the faucet is a beer tap
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so don't put it in the front door put it somewhere else it's a pretty panel of glass but if you put it in the front door people say oh you're trying to be like those guys and you didn't make it so don't put it there then another bathroom upstairs this light up here is the same light that occurs in every middle class foyer in america don't put it in the foyer put it in the shower or in the closet but not in the foyer then somebody gave me a so it got a
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but the first cause of waste is probably even buried in our human beings have a need for maintaining consistency of the mass what does that mean what it means is for every perception we have it needs to tally with the one like it before or we don't have continuity and we become a little bit disoriented so i can show you an object you've never seen before oh that's a cell phone but you've never seen this one before what you're doing is sizing up the pattern of structural features and then you go through your cell phone oh that's a cell phone if i took a bite out of it you'd go wait a second
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that's not a cell phone that's one of those new chocolate cell phones
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so don't put it in the front door put it somewhere else it's a pretty panel of glass
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but the first cause of waste is probably even buried in our human beings have a need for maintaining consistency of the mass
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repetition creates pattern if i have of these of those it makes no difference what these and those are
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apollonian mindset creates mountains of waste if something isn't perfect if it doesn't line up with that premeditated model dumpster
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oops this oops warped
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oops this oops warped if you buy a two and it's not straight you can take it back oh i'm so sorry sir we'll get you a straight one well i feature all those warped things because repetition creates pattern and it's from a perspective the fourth thing is labor is disproportionately more expensive than materials well that's just a myth and there's a story jim one of the guys i trained i said jim it's time now
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fourth thing is labor is disproportionately more expensive than materials well that's just a myth and there's a story jim one of the guys i trained i said jim it's time now i got a job for you as a foreman on a framing crew time for you to go dan i just don't think i'm ready jim now it's time you're the down oh so we hired on and he was out there with a tape measure going through the trash heap looking for header material or the board that goes over a door thinking he'd impress his boss that's how we taught him to do it
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then when they degrade what do you do with them now all that that apollonian platonic model is what the building industry is predicated on and there are a number of things that exacerbate that one is that all the professionals all the tradesmen vendors inspectors engineers architects all think like this and then it works its way back to the consumer who demands the same model it's a self fulfilling prophecy we can't get out of it
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human beings are a social species we like to hang together in groups just like just like lions
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we do what that group does that we're trying to identify with you see this in junior high a lot those kids they'll work all summer long kill themselves so that they can afford one pair of designer jeans so along about september they can stride in and go i'm important today see don't touch my designer jeans i see you don't have designer jeans you're not one of the beautiful see i'm one of the beautiful people see my jeans right there is reason enough to have uniforms and so that happens in the building industry as well we have confused hierarchy of needs just a little bit
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we're in trouble and i don't wear ammo belts crisscrossing my chest and a red bandana
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why is there okay okay
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why is there a world why are we in it and why is there something rather than nothing at all i mean this is the super ultimate why question so i'm going to talk about the mystery of existence the puzzle of existence where we are now in addressing it and why you should care and i hope you do care the philosopher arthur said that those who don't wonder about the contingency of their existence of the contingency of the world's existence are mentally deficient that's a little harsh but still
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let's put this in an equation i don't have any slides so i'm going to mime my visuals so use your imaginations so it's god nothing the world okay now that's the equation and so maybe you don't believe in god maybe you're a scientific atheist or an unscientific atheist and you don't believe in god and you're not happy with it by the way even if we have this equation god nothing the world there's already a problem why does god exist god doesn't exist by logic alone unless you believe the ontological argument and i hope you don't because it's not a good argument so it's conceivable if god were to exist he might wonder i'm eternal i'm all powerful but where did i come from whence then am i god speaks in a more formal english
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it's just a big cosmic and we think there's a lot of something out there but that's because we're enslaved by our desires if we let our desires melt away we'll see the world for what it truly is a nothingness and we'll slip into this happy state of nirvana which has been defined as having just enough life to enjoy being dead
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so we have these two extremes now we have sheer nothingness on one side and we have this vision of a reality that encompasses every conceivable world at the other extreme the fullest possible reality nothingness the simplest possible reality now what's in between these two extremes there are all kinds of intermediate realities that include some things and leave out others so one of these intermediate realities is say the most mathematically elegant reality that leaves out the bits the ugly asymmetries and so forth now there are some physicists who will tell you that we're actually living in the most elegant reality i think that brian greene is in the audience and he has written a book called the elegant universe he claims that the universe we live in mathematically is very elegant don't believe him
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we leaving out here there's also just the crummy generic realities that aren't special in any way that are sort of random they're infinitely removed from nothingness but they fall infinitely short of complete fullness they're a mixture of chaos and order of mathematical elegance and ugliness so i would describe these realities as an infinite mediocre incomplete mess a generic reality a kind of cosmic junk shot and these realities is there a deity in any of these realities maybe but the deity isn't perfect like the judeo christian deity the deity isn't all good and all powerful it might be instead percent malevolent but only percent effective which pretty much describes the world we see around us i think
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so anyway you may say this puzzle the mystery of existence it's just silly mystery mongering you're not astonished at the existence of the universe and you're in good company bertrand russell said i should say the universe is just there and that's all just a brute fact and my professor at columbia sidney a great philosophical wag when i said to him professor why is there something rather than nothing and he said oh even if there was nothing you still wouldn't be satisfied so okay
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so this question why is there something rather than nothing this sublime question was posed rather late in intellectual history it was towards the end of the century the philosopher leibniz who asked it a very smart guy leibniz who invented the calculus independently of isaac newton at about the same time but for leibniz who asked why is there something rather than nothing this was not a great mystery he either was or pretended to be an orthodox christian in his metaphysical outlook and he said it's obvious why the world exists because god created it and god created indeed out of nothing at all that's how powerful god is he doesn't need any preexisting materials to fashion a world out of
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that's how powerful god is he doesn't need any preexisting materials to fashion a world out of he can make it out of sheer nothingness creation ex and by the way this is what most americans today believe there is no mystery of existence for them god made it so let's put this in an equation i don't have any slides so i'm going to mime my visuals so use your imaginations so it's god nothing the world
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that's the buddhist thinking but i'm a westerner and i'm still concerned with the puzzle of existence so i've got this is going to get serious in a minute so nothing the world what are we going to put in that blank well how about science science is our best guide to the nature of reality and the most fundamental science is physics that tells us what naked reality really is that reveals what i call the true and ultimate furniture of the universe
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what are we going to put in that blank well how about science science is our best guide to the nature of reality and the most fundamental science is physics that tells us what naked reality really is that reveals what i call the true and ultimate furniture of the universe so maybe physics can fill this blank and indeed since about the late or around physicists have purported to give a purely scientific explanation of how a universe like ours could have popped into existence out of sheer nothingness a quantum fluctuation out of the void stephen hawking is one of these physicists more recently alex and the whole thing has been popularized by another very fine physicist and friend of mine lawrence krauss who wrote a book called a universe from nothing and lawrence thinks that he's given he's a militant atheist by the way so he's gotten god out of the picture the laws of quantum field theory the state art physics can show how out of sheer nothingness no space no time no matter nothing a little nugget of false vacuum can fluctuate into existence and then by the miracle of inflation blow up into this huge and cosmos we see around us okay this is a really ingenious scenario it's very speculative it's fascinating but i've got a big problem with it and the problem is this it's a pseudo religious point of view
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this is a problem believe it or not that reflective physicists really think a lot about and at this point they tend to go metaphysical say well maybe the set of laws that describes our universe it's just one set of laws and it describes one part of reality but maybe every consistent set of laws describes another part of reality and in fact all possible physical worlds really exist they're all out there we just see a little tiny part of reality that's described by the laws of quantum field theory but there are many many other worlds parts of reality that are described by vastly different theories that are different from ours in ways we can't imagine that are exotic steven weinberg the father of the standard model of particle physics has actually flirted with this idea himself that all possible realities actually exist also a younger physicist max who believes that all mathematical structures exist and mathematical existence is the same thing as physical existence so we have this vastly rich that encompasses every logical possibility now in taking this metaphysical way out these physicists and also philosophers are actually reaching back to a very old idea that goes back to plato it's the principle of or or the great chain of being that reality is actually as full as possible it's as far removed from nothingness as it could possibly be
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anyway so between nothingness and the fullest possible reality various special realities nothingness is special it's the simplest then there's the most elegant possible reality
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and the number of the actual humans that have existed is billion maybe billion an infinitesimal fraction so all of us we've won this amazing cosmic lottery we're here
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show daniel nice show you are the man nice show man that was good thank you you know sometimes when people do those they go all the way down you actually just did that
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you know all kinds of different ted is about invention let's be honest right yeah it is last night michael showed some juggling props he has invented and working on right now dan's going to show something he actually invented a type of juggling i actually invented right after i saw another juggler do it shut up
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more perfect perfect
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that's all right he does that all right oh it's time for richard's help
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and so we've actually found a way to incorporate richard in this he actually assumes more of the danger in this please stand up richard oh sorry
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jesus christ richard please stand in front of me can i say something sure in all past years i've rehearsed with them the things that have happened to me i have no idea what's going to happen and that's the truth all right please stand here in front god i hate that put your hands out like this please
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incredible you say why bother you say here we go just do it juggler boys you say this guy this guy invented air i think so that's right
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we're going on all right we'll try again all right oh my gosh oh all right here we go
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how about that i'll do it again oh wait it's on your side barry and it's awfully windy over there it is it's weird you wouldn't think it would affect half the stage but it is
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thank you because now to make this twice as difficult we'll juggle the seven clubs back seven club juggling to back
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in when i was years old i had the golden opportunity to go on an international exchange program ironically i'm an australian who prefers proper icy cold weather so i was both excited and tearful when i got on a plane to iceland after just having my parents and brothers goodbye i was welcomed into the home of a beautiful icelandic family who took me hiking and helped me get a grasp of the melodic icelandic language i struggled a bit with the initial period of homesickness i after school and i slept a lot two hours of chemistry class in a language that you don't yet fully understand can be a pretty good sedative
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i was and in love for the first time going together to the christmas dance was a public confirmation of our relationship and i felt like the luckiest girl in the world no longer a child but a young woman high on my newfound maturity i felt it was only natural to try drinking rum for the first time that night too that was a bad idea i became very ill drifting in and out of consciousness in between spasms of convulsive vomiting the security guards wanted to call me an ambulance but tom acted as my knight in shining armor and told them he'd take me home it was like a fairy tale his strong arms around me laying me in the safety of my bed
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we have won the next generation doesn't even have to worry about this game it is over and the biggest problem came in the last years it went from percent up to that percent and this really is a sobering picture upon realizing that we humans are in charge of life on earth we're like the capricious gods of old greek myths kind of playing with life and not a great deal of wisdom injected into it now the third curve is information technology this is moore's law plotted here which relates to density of information but it has been pretty good for showing a lot of other things about information technology computers their use internet etc and what's important is it just goes straight up through the top of the curve and has no real limits to it now try and contrast these this is the size of the earth going through that same frame
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ok pm if you can pass it down when you're done yeah i think i lost a little orientation i looked up into this light it hit the building and the building was poorly placed actually
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of environment or biology or information technology well it's the era of a lot of different things that we're in right now but one thing for sure it's the era of change there's more change going on than ever has occurred in the history of human life on earth and you all sort of know it but it's hard to get it so that you really understand it and i've tried to put together something that's a good start for this i've tried to show in this though the color doesn't come out that what i'm concerned with is the little time bubble that you are in
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and i've tried to put together something that's a good start for this i've tried to show in this though the color doesn't come out that what i'm concerned with is the little time bubble that you are in you tend to be interested in a generation past a generation future your parents your kids things you can change over the next few decades and this time bubble you kind of move along in and in that years if you look at the population curve you find the population of humans on the earth more than doubles and we're up three half times since i was born when you have a new baby by the time that kid gets out of high school more people will be added than existed on earth when i was born this is unprecedented and it's big where it goes in the future is questioned so that's the human part now the human part related to animals look at the left side of that
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bill lange i'm dave gallo and we're going to tell you some stories from the sea here in video we've got some of the most incredible video of titanic that's ever been seen and we're not going to show you any of it
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it's got these fishing lures on the bottom they're going up and down it's got tentacles dangling swirling around like that it's a colonial animal these are all individual animals banding together to make this one creature and it's got these jet thrusters up in front that it'll use in a moment and a little light if you take all the big fish and schooling fish and all that put them on one side of the scale put all the jelly type of animals on the other side those guys win hands down most of the biomass in the ocean is made out of creatures like this here's the x wing death jelly
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you can see here's a crab that lives down there he's managed to grab a tip of these worms now they normally retract as soon as a crab touches them oh good going so as soon as a crab touches them they retract down into their shells just like your fingernails there's a whole story being played out here that we're just now beginning to have some idea of because of this new camera technology these worms live in a real temperature extreme their foot is at about degrees c and their head is out at three degrees c so it's like having your hand in boiling water and your foot in freezing water that's how they like to live
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a closer view of that community here's crabs here worms here there are smaller animals crawling around here's pagoda structures i think this is the neatest looking thing i just can't get over this that you've got these little chimneys sitting here smoking away this stuff is toxic as hell by the way you could never get a permit to dump this in the ocean and it's coming out all from it
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turns out to be the most simplest form of life found there are a number of groups that are proposing that life evolved at these vent sites although the vent sites are short lived an individual site may last only years or so as an ecosystem they've been stable for millions well billions of years it works too well you see there're some fish inside here as well there's a fish sitting here here's a crab with his claw right at the end of that tube worm waiting for that worm to stick his head out
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the average depth is about two miles part of the problem i think is we stand at the beach or we see images like this of the ocean and you look out at this great big blue expanse and it's shimmering and it's moving and there's waves and there's surf and there's tides but you have no idea for what lies in there and in the oceans there are the longest mountain ranges on the planet most of the animals are in the oceans most of the earthquakes and volcanoes are in the sea at the bottom of the sea the biodiversity and the in the ocean is higher in places than it is in the rainforests it's mostly unexplored and yet there are beautiful sights like this that captivate us and make us become familiar with it but when you're standing at the beach i want you to think that you're standing at the edge of a very unfamiliar world we have to have a very special technology to get into that unfamiliar world
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you're standing at the beach i want you to think that you're standing at the edge of a very unfamiliar world we have to have a very special technology to get into that unfamiliar world we use the submarine alvin and we use cameras and the cameras are something that bill lange has developed with the help of sony marcel proust said the true voyage of discovery is not so much in seeking new landscapes as in having new eyes people that have with us have given us new eyes not only on what exists the new landscapes at the bottom of the sea but also how we think about life on the planet itself here's a jelly it's one of my favorites because it's got all sorts of working parts this turns out to be the longest creature in the oceans it gets up to about feet long
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this is one of them another one of our favorites because it's a little you can actually see through his head and here he is flapping with his ears and very gracefully going up we see those at all depths and even at the greatest depths they go from a couple of inches to a couple of feet they come right up to the submarine they'll put their eyes right up to the window and peek inside the sub this is really a world within a world and we're going to show you two
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is really a world within a world and we're going to show you two in this case we're passing down through the mid ocean and we see creatures like this this is kind of like an undersea rooster this guy that looks incredibly formal in a way and then one of my favorites what a face this is basically scientific data that you're looking at it's footage that we've collected for scientific purposes
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i do two things i design mobile computers and i study brains today's talk is about brains and yay i have a brain fan out there
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have one slide on my other life the computer life and that's this slide here these are some of the products i've worked on over the last years starting from the very original laptop to some of the first tablet computers and so on ending up most recently with the and we're continuing to do this i've done this because i believe mobile computing is the future of personal computing and i'm trying to make the world a little bit better by working on these things but this was i admit all an accident i really didn't want to do any of these products very early in my career i decided i was not going to be in the computer industry before that i just have to tell you about this picture of graffiti i picked off the web the other day i was looking for a picture for graffiti that'll text input language i found a website dedicated to teachers who want to make script writing things across the top of their blackboard and they had added graffiti to it and i'm sorry about that
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to mit the ai lab was there i said i want to build intelligent machines too but i want to study how brains work first and they said oh you don't need to do that you're just going to program computers that's all i said you really ought to study brains they said no you're wrong i said no you're wrong and i didn't get in
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i was like i'm studying brains now well i want to study theory they said you can't study theory about brains you can't get funded for that and as a graduate student you can't do that so i said oh my gosh i was depressed i said but i can make a difference in this field i went back in the computer industry and said i'll have to work here for a while that's when i designed all those computer products
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that's always been the case so we can say my the part of the brain i'm interested in has billion cells but you know what it's very very regular in fact it looks like it's the same thing repeated over and over again it's not as complex as it looks that's not the issue some people say brains can't understand brains very zen like woo
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sounds good but why i mean what's the point it's just a bunch of cells you understand your liver it's got a lot of cells in it too right so you know i don't think there's anything to that and finally some people say i don't feel like a bunch of cells i'm conscious i've got this experience i'm in the world i can't be just a bunch of cells well people used to believe there was a life force to be living and we now know that's really not true at all and there's really no evidence other than that people just disbelieve that cells can do what they do so some people have fallen into the pit of metaphysical dualism some really smart people too but we can reject all that
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