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has all this complex behavior already now in evolution what happened first thing that happened in evolution with mammals is we started to develop a thing called the i'm going to represent the by this box on top of the old brain means new layer it's a new layer on top of your brain it's the thing on the top of your head that got because it got shoved in there and doesn't fit
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now it's very unlikely the first things you'll see are like robots not that robots aren't useful people can build robots but the robotics part is the hardest part that's old brain that's really hard the new brain is easier than the old brain so first we'll do things that don't require a lot of robotics so you're not going to see you're going to see things more like intelligent cars that really understand what traffic is what driving is and have learned that cars with the on for half a minute probably aren't going to turn
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we study theoretical neuroscience and how the works i'm going to talk all about that
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and i don't remember exactly how it happened but i have one recollection which was pretty strong in my mind in september of scientific american came out with a single topic issue about the brain
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and i don't remember exactly how it happened but i have one recollection which was pretty strong in my mind in september of scientific american came out with a single topic issue about the brain it was one of their best issues ever they talked about the development disease vision and all the things you might want to know about brains it was really quite impressive one might've had the impression we knew a lot about brains but the last article in that issue was written by francis crick of fame today is i think the anniversary of the discovery of and he wrote a story basically saying this is all well and good but you know we don't know squat about brains and no one has a clue how they work so don't believe what anyone tells you
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today is i think the anniversary of the discovery of and he wrote a story basically saying this is all well and good but you know we don't know squat about brains and no one has a clue how they work so don't believe what anyone tells you this is a quote from that article he says what is conspicuously lacking he's a very proper british gentleman what is conspicuously lacking is a broad framework of ideas in which to interpret these different approaches i thought the word framework was great he didn't say we didn't have a theory he says we don't even know how to begin to think about it we don't even have a framework we are in the pre paradigm days if you want to use thomas kuhn so i fell in love with this
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well i want to study theory they said you can't study theory about brains
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it's been about years but i'm doing it now and i'm going to tell you about it so why should we have a good brain theory well there's lots of reasons people do science the most basic one is people like to know things we're curious and we go out and get knowledge why do we study ants it's interesting maybe we'll learn something useful but it's interesting and fascinating but sometimes a science has other attributes which makes it really interesting sometimes a science will tell something about ourselves it'll tell us who we are
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science will tell something about ourselves it'll tell us who we are evolution did this and copernicus did this where we have a new understanding of who we are and after all we are our brains my brain is talking to your brain our bodies are hanging along for the ride but my brain is talking to your brain and if we want to understand who we are and how we feel and perceive we need to understand brains another thing is sometimes science leads to big societal benefits technologies or businesses or whatever this is one too because when we understand how brains work we'll be able to build intelligent machines
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13,907
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why don't we have a good theory of brains people have been working on it for years let's first take a look at what normal science looks like this is normal science normal science is a nice balance between theory and the theorist guy says i think this is what's going on the experimentalist says you're wrong
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why is it that we underestimate feelings and perceptions i think it's going to be one of our biggest intellectual challenges because our political systems are replete with emotions in country after country we have seen politicians exploiting these emotions and yet within the academia and among the intelligentsia we are yet to take emotions seriously i think we should and just like we should focus on economic inequality worldwide we need to pay more attention to emotional and cognitive gaps worldwide and how to bridge these gaps because they do matter years ago when i was still living in istanbul an american scholar working on women writers in the middle east came to see me and at some point in our exchange she said i understand why you're a feminist because you know you live in turkey and i said to her i don't understand why you're not a feminist because you know you live in america
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sometimes it draws circles even slides backwards and that generations can make the same mistakes that their great grandfathers had made and now we know that there's no such thing as solid countries versus liquid countries in fact we are all living in liquid times just like the late zygmunt bauman told us and bauman had another definition for our age he used to say we are all going to be walking on moving sands and if that's the case i think it should concern us women more than men because when societies slide backwards into authoritarianism nationalism or religious fanaticism women have much more to lose that is why this needs to be a vital moment not only for global activism but in my opinion for global sisterhood as well but i want to make a little confession before i go any further until recently whenever i took part in an international conference or festival i would be usually one of the more depressed speakers
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having seen how our dreams of democracy and how our dreams of coexistence were crushed in turkey both gradually but also with a bewildering speed over the years i've felt quite demoralized and at these festivals there would be some other gloomy writers and they would come from places such as egypt nigeria pakistan bangladesh china venezuela russia and we would smile at each other in sympathy this camaraderie of the doomed
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i remember greek writers and poets joined first came on board and then writers from hungary and poland and then interestingly writers from austria the netherlands france and then writers from the where i live and where i call my home and then writers from the usa suddenly there were more of us feeling worried about the fate of our nations and the future of the world and maybe there were more of us now feeling like strangers in our own and then this bizarre thing happened those of us who used to be very depressed for a long time we started to feel less depressed whereas the newcomers they were so not used to feeling this way that they were now even more depressed
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reason why i'm telling you this is because i think there's more and more people all around the world today who have similarly mixed emotions about the lands they come from we love our native countries yeah how can we not we feel attached to the people the culture the land the food and yet at the same time we feel increasingly frustrated by its politics and politicians sometimes to the point of despair or hurt or anger i want to talk about emotions and the need to boost our emotional intelligence i think it's a pity that mainstream political theory pays very little attention to emotions oftentimes analysts and experts are so busy with data and metrics that they seem to forget those things in life that are difficult to measure and perhaps impossible to cluster under statistical models but i think this is a mistake for two main reasons
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but the way she had divided the world into two imaginary camps into two opposite camps it bothered me and it stayed with me according to this imaginary map some parts of the world were liquid countries they were like choppy waters not yet settled some other parts of the world namely the west were solid safe and stable so it was the liquid lands that needed feminism and activism and human rights and those of us who were unfortunate enough to come from such places had to keep struggling for these most essential values but there was hope
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so it was the liquid lands that needed feminism and activism and human rights and those of us who were unfortunate enough to come from such places had to keep struggling for these most essential values but there was hope since history moved forward even the most unsteady lands would someday catch up and meanwhile the citizens of solid lands could take comfort in the progress of history and in the triumph of the liberal order they could support the struggles of other people elsewhere but they themselves did not have to struggle for the basics of democracy anymore because they were beyond that stage i think in the year this hierarchical geography was shattered to pieces our world no longer follows this dualistic pattern in the scholar's mind if it ever did now we know that history does not necessarily move forward sometimes it draws circles even slides backwards and that generations can make the same mistakes that their great grandfathers had made
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but the thing is a dilemma quickly arose and that is that i'm really bored with music and i'm really bored with the role of the composer and so i decided to put that idea boredom as the focus of my presentation to you today and i'm going to share my music with you but i hope that i'm going to do so in a way that tells a story tells a story about how i used boredom as a catalyst for creativity and invention and how boredom actually forced me to change the fundamental question that i was asking in my discipline and how boredom also in a sense pushed me towards taking on roles beyond the sort of most traditional narrow definition of a composer what i'd like to do today is to start with an excerpt of a piece of music at the piano okay i wrote that
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so one of the things is that i mean some people would say like oh you're being a and maybe that's true i can understand how i mean because i don't have a pedigree in visual art and i don't have any training but it's just something that i wanted to do as an extension of my composition as an extension of a kind of creative impulse i can understand the question though but is it music i mean there's not any traditional notation i can also understand that sort of implicit criticism in this piece s which i made when i was living in copenhagen
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is a case of actually adapting something or maybe stealing something and then turning it into a musical notation another adaptation would be this piece i took the idea of the wristwatch and i turned it into a musical score i made my own faces and had a company fabricate them and the players follow these scores they follow the second hands and as they pass over the various symbols the players respond musically here's another example from another piece and then its realization
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and it's for hand gestures synchronized to sound and this invites yet another role and final one i'll share with you which is that of the choreographer and the score for the piece looks like this and it instructs me the performer to make various hand gestures at very specific times synchronized with an audio tape and that audio tape is made up exclusively of vocal samples i recorded an awesome singer and i took the sound of his voice in my computer and i warped it in countless ways to come up with the soundtrack that you're about to hear and i'll perform just an excerpt of aphasia for you here okay so that gives you a little taste of that piece
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but of course there are skeptics who say if we look at the evidence of science particularly neuroscience it suggests that your mind your essence the real you is very much dependent on a particular part of your body that is your brain and such skeptics can find comfort in the fourth kind of immortality story and that is legacy the idea that you can live on through the echo you leave in the world like the great greek warrior achilles who sacrificed his life fighting at troy so that he might win immortal fame and the pursuit of fame is as widespread and popular now as it ever was and in our digital age it's even easier to achieve you don't need to be a great warrior like achilles or a great king or hero all you need is an internet connection and a funny cat
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on the train home she gave me a present a coach brand change purse with brown leather trim i thanked her assuming it was fake like almost everything else for sale in after we got home min gave her mother another present a pink bourke handbag and a few nights later her sister was showing off a maroon shoulder bag slowly it was dawning on me that these handbags were made by their factory and every single one of them was authentic sister said to her parents in america this bag sells for dollars her parents who are both farmers looked on speechless and that's not all coach is coming out with a new line she said one bag will sell for she paused and said i don't know if that's yuan or american dollars but anyway it's
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so this simple narrative equating western demand and chinese suffering is appealing especially at a time when many of us already feel guilty about our impact on the world but it's also inaccurate and disrespectful we must be peculiarly self obsessed to imagine that we have the power to drive tens of millions of people on the other side of the world to migrate and suffer in such terrible ways in fact china makes goods for markets all over the world including its own thanks to a combination of factors its low costs its large and educated workforce and a flexible manufacturing system that responds quickly to market demands by focusing so much on ourselves and our gadgets we have rendered the individuals on the other end into invisibility as tiny and interchangeable as the parts of a mobile phone chinese workers are not forced into factories because of our insatiable desire for they choose to leave their homes in order to earn money to learn new skills and to see the world
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are a few bao my mother tells me to come home and get married but if i marry now before i have fully developed myself i can only marry an ordinary worker so i'm not in a rush chen ying when i went home for the new year everyone said i had changed they asked me what did you do that you have changed so much i told them that i studied and worked hard if you tell them more they won't understand anyway
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the internet the web as we know it the kind of web the things we're all talking about is already less than days old so all of the things that we've seen come about starting say with satellite images of the whole earth which we couldn't even imagine happening before all these things rolling into our lives just this abundance of things that are right before us sitting in front of our laptop or our desktop this kind of cornucopia of stuff just coming and never ending is amazing and we're not amazed it's really amazing that all this stuff is here
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and i know that years ago if i had told you that this was all coming you would have said that that's impossible there's simply no economic model that that would be possible and if i told you it was all coming for free you would say this is simply you're dreaming you're a californian utopian you're a wild eyed optimist and yet it's here
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the young man's name was he was a well known revolutionary in paris at the time was taken to the local hospital where he died the next day in the arms of his brother and the last words he said to his brother were don't cry for me alfred i need all the courage i can muster to die at the age of it wasn't in fact revolutionary politics for which was famous but a few years earlier while still at school he'd actually cracked one of the big mathematical problems at the time and he wrote to the academicians in paris trying to explain his theory but the academicians couldn't understand anything that he wrote
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anybody with five or less digits you've got to sit down because you've underestimated five or less digits so if you're in the tens of thousands you've got to sit down digits or more you've got to sit down you've overestimated digits or less sit down how many digits are there in your number two so you should have sat down earlier
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so the night before that duel he realized this possibly is his last chance to try and explain his great breakthrough so he stayed up the whole night writing away trying to explain his ideas and as the dawn came up and he went to meet his destiny he left this pile of papers on the table for the next generation maybe the fact that he stayed up all night doing mathematics was the fact that he was such a bad shot that morning and got killed but contained inside those documents was a new language a language to understand one of the most fundamental concepts of science namely symmetry now symmetry is almost nature's language
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contained inside those documents was a new language a language to understand one of the most fundamental concepts of science namely symmetry now symmetry is almost nature's language it helps us to understand so many different bits of the scientific world for example molecular structure what crystals are possible we can understand through the mathematics of symmetry in microbiology you really don't want to get a symmetrical object because they are generally rather nasty the swine flu virus at the moment is a symmetrical object and it uses the efficiency of symmetry to be able to propagate itself so well but on a larger scale of biology actually symmetry is very important because it actually communicates genetic information
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and this is what we saw so that was my office in here's the hole wall about eight hours later we found this kid to the right is this eight child who and to his left is a six girl who is not very tall and what he was doing was he was teaching her to browse so it sort of raised more questions than it answered is this real does the language matter because he's not supposed to know english will the computer last or will they break it and steal it and did anyone teach them the last question is what everybody said but you know i mean they must have poked their head over the wall and asked the people in your office can you show me how to do it and then somebody taught him so i took the experiment out of delhi and repeated it this time in a city called in the center of india where i was assured that nobody had ever taught anybody anything
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so i said have what shall i translate the internet into some indian language that's not possible so it has to be the other way about but let's see how do the children tackle the english language i took the experiment out to northeastern india to a village called where for some reason there was no english teacher so the children had not learned english at all and i built a similar hole wall one big difference in the villages as opposed to the urban slums there were more girls than boys who came to the kiosk in the urban slums the girls tend to stay away i left the computer there with lots of cds i didn't have any internet and came back three months later so when i came back there i found these two kids and olds who were playing a game on the computer and as soon as they saw me they said we need a faster processor and a better mouse
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and if i succeed in doing that maybe you would go back with the thought that you could build on and perhaps help me do my work the first piece of the puzzle is remoteness and the quality of education now by remoteness i mean two or three different kinds of things
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the first piece of the puzzle is remoteness and the quality of education now by remoteness i mean two or three different kinds of things of course remoteness in its normal sense which means that as you go further and further away from an urban center you get to areas what happens to education the second or a different kind of remoteness is that within the large metropolitan areas all over the world you have pockets like slums or shantytowns or poorer areas which are socially and economically remote from the rest of the city so it's us and them what happens to education in that context so keep both of those ideas of remoteness we made a guess the guess was that schools in remote areas do not have good enough teachers
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13,957
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we used to marry and had sex for the first time but now we marry and we stop having sex with others the fact is that monogamy had nothing to do with love men relied on women's fidelity in order to know whose children these are and who gets the cows when i die now everyone wants to know what percentage of people cheat i've been asked that question since i arrived at this conference
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but the definition of infidelity keeps on expanding watching porn staying secretly active on dating apps so because there is no universally agreed upon definition of what even constitutes an infidelity estimates vary widely from percent to percent but on top of it we are walking contradictions so percent of us will say that it is terribly wrong for our partner to lie about having an affair but just about the same amount of us will say that that's exactly what we would do if we were having one
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and contrary to what you may think affairs are way less about sex and a lot more about desire desire for attention desire to feel special desire to feel important and the very structure of an affair the fact that you can never have your lover keeps you wanting that in itself is a desire machine because the the ambiguity keeps you wanting that which you can't have now some of you probably think that affairs don't happen in open relationships but they do first of all the conversation about monogamy is not the same as the conversation about infidelity but the fact is that it seems that even when we have the freedom to have other sexual partners we still seem to be lured by the power of the forbidden that if we do that which we are not supposed to do then we feel like we are really doing what we want to and i've also told quite a few of my patients that if they could bring into their relationships one tenth of the boldness the imagination and the verve that they put into their affairs they probably would never need to see me
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every affair will redefine a relationship and every couple will determine what the legacy of the affair will be but affairs are here to stay and they're not going away and the dilemmas of love and desire they don't yield just simple answers of black and white and good and bad and victim and perpetrator betrayal in a relationship comes in many forms there are many ways that we betray our partner with contempt with neglect with indifference with violence sexual betrayal is only one way to hurt a partner in other words the victim of an affair is not always the victim of the marriage now you've listened to me and i know what you're thinking she has a french accent she must be pro affair
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and never has infidelity exacted such a psychological toll when marriage was an economic enterprise infidelity threatened our economic security but now that marriage is a romantic arrangement infidelity threatens our emotional security ironically we used to turn to adultery that was the space where we sought pure love but now that we seek love in marriage adultery destroys it now there are three ways that i think infidelity hurts differently today we have a romantic ideal in which we turn to one person to fulfill an endless list of needs to be my greatest lover my best friend the best parent my trusted confidant my emotional companion my intellectual equal and i am it i'm chosen i'm unique i'm indispensable i'm irreplaceable i'm the one and infidelity tells me i'm not
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and i am it i'm chosen i'm unique i'm indispensable i'm irreplaceable i'm the one and infidelity tells me i'm not it is the ultimate betrayal infidelity shatters the grand ambition of love but if throughout history infidelity has always been painful today it is often traumatic because it threatens our sense of self so my patient fernando he's plagued he goes on i thought i knew my life i thought i knew who you were who we were as a couple who i was now i question everything
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so my patient fernando he's plagued he goes on i thought i knew my life i thought i knew who you were who we were as a couple who i was now i question everything infidelity a violation of trust a crisis of identity can i ever trust you again he asks can i ever trust anyone again and this is also what my patient heather is telling me when she's talking to me about her story with nick married two kids nick just left on a business trip and heather is playing on his with the boys when she sees a message appear on the screen can't wait to see you
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married two kids nick just left on a business trip and heather is playing on his with the boys when she sees a message appear on the screen can't wait to see you strange she thinks we just saw each other and then another message can't wait to hold you in my arms and heather realizes these are not for her she also tells me that her father had affairs but her mother she found one little receipt in the pocket and a little bit of lipstick on the collar heather she goes digging and she finds hundreds of messages and photos exchanged and desires expressed the vivid details of nick's two year affair unfold in front of her in real time and it made me think affairs in the digital age are death by a thousand cuts but then we have another paradox that we're dealing with these days
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but then we have another paradox that we're dealing with these days because of this romantic ideal we are relying on our partner's fidelity with a unique fervor but we also have never been more inclined to stray and not because we have new desires today but because we live in an era where we feel that we are entitled to pursue our desires because this is the culture where i deserve to be happy and if we used to divorce because we were unhappy today we divorce because we could be happier and if divorce carried all the shame today choosing to stay when you can leave is the new shame so heather she can't talk to her friends because she's afraid that they will judge her for still loving nick and everywhere she turns she gets the same advice leave him throw the dog on the curb and if the situation were reversed nick would be in the same situation
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the dog i was stunned with jealousy here was some lawyer or money manager who for the rest of his life gets to tell people that he went into a burning building to save a living creature just because he beat me by five seconds well i was next the captain waved me over he said i need you to go into the house i need you to go upstairs past the fire and i need you to get this woman a pair of shoes
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don't wait until you make your first million to make a difference in somebody's life if you have something to give give it now serve food at a soup kitchen clean up a neighborhood park be a mentor not every day is going to offer us a chance to save somebody's life but every day offers us an opportunity to affect one so get in the game save the shoes thank you
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you look at the statistics and you see that the guy called george when he decides on where he wants to live is it florida or north dakota he goes and lives in georgia and if you look at a guy called dennis when he decides what to become is it a lawyer or does he want to become a doctor or a teacher best chance is that he wants to become a dentist and if paula decides should she marry joe or jack somehow paul sounds the most interesting and so even if we make those very important decisions for very silly reasons it remains statistically true that there are more georges living in georgia and there are more becoming dentists and there are more who are married to paul than statistically viable
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i spent the best part of last year working on a documentary about my own happiness trying to see if i can actually train my mind in a particular way like i can train my body so i can end up with an improved feeling of overall well being then this january my mother died and pursuing a film like that just seemed the last thing that was interesting to me so in a very typical silly designer fashion after years worth of work pretty much all i have to show for it are the titles for the film they were still done when i was on sabbatical with my company in indonesia we can see the first part here was designed here by pigs it was a little bit too funky and we wanted a more feminine point of view and employed a duck who did it in a much more fitting way fashion
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we can see the first part here was designed here by pigs it was a little bit too funky and we wanted a more feminine point of view and employed a duck who did it in a much more fitting way fashion my studio in bali was only minutes away from a monkey forest and monkeys of course are supposed to be the happiest of all animals so we trained them to be able to do three separate words to lay out them properly you can see there still is a little bit of a legibility problem there the is not really in place so of course what you don't do properly yourself is never deemed done really so this is us climbing onto the trees and putting it up over the valley in indonesia in that year what i did do a lot was look at all sorts of surveys looking at a lot of data on this subject
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i just made a transition indoors that's also interesting ok notice there's now a roof above us we're inside the pike place market and this is something that we're able to do with a backpack camera so we're now not only imaging in the street with this camera on tops of cars but we're also imaging inside and from here we're able to do the same sorts of registration not only of still images but also of video so this is something that we're now going to try for the first time live and this is really truly very frightening
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ok george can you pan back over to the corner market because i want to show points of interest no no the other way yeah yeah back to the corner back to the corner i don't want to see you guys yet ok ok back to the corner back to the corner back to the corner ok never mind what i wanted to show you was these points of interest over here on top of the image because what that gives you a sense of is the way if you're actually on the spot you can think about this this is taking a step in addition to augmented reality what the hell are you guys oh sorry
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we're doing two different ok i'm hanging up now we're doing two different things here one of them is to take that real
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about a year and a half ago stephen lawler who also gave a talk here at ted in on virtual earth brought me over to become the architect of bing maps which is microsoft's online mapping effort in the past two and a half we've been very hard at work on redefining the way maps work online and we really are seeing this in very different terms from the kind of mapping and direction site that one is used to so the first thing that you might notice about the mapping site is just the fluidity of the zooming and the panning which if you're familiar at all with that's where it comes from mapping is of course not just about it's also about imagery so as we zoom in beyond a certain level this resolves into a kind of sim city like virtual view at degrees
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mapping is of course not just about it's also about imagery so as we zoom in beyond a certain level this resolves into a kind of sim city like virtual view at degrees this can be viewed from any of the cardinal directions to show you the structure of the city all the facades now we see this space this three dimensional environment as being a canvas on which all sorts of applications can play out and directions are really just one of them if you click on this you'll see some of the ones that we've put out just in the past couple of months since we've launched so for example a couple of days after the disaster in haiti we had an earthquake map that showed before and after pictures from the sky this wonderful one which i don't have time to show you is taking hyper local in real time and mapping those stories those entries to the places that are referred to on the it's wonderful but i'm going to show you some more candy sort of stuff
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ok all right guys are you there all right i'm hitting it i'm punching play i'm live
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i'm going to abandon them now and walk back outside and while i walk outside i'll just mention that here we're using this for but you can equally well use this on the spot for augmented reality when you use it on the spot it means that you're able to bring all of that and information about the world to you so here we're taking the extra step of also broadcasting it that was being broadcast by the way on a network from the market all right and now there's one last ted talk that microsoft has given in the past several years
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to be fair it's not entirely their fault functional is a bias that affects all of us it's a tendency to only be able to think of an object in terms of its traditional use or function and mental set is another thing right that's sort of this preconceived framework with which we approach problems and that actually makes pretty hard for all of us which is i guess why they gave a tv show to the guy who was like really great at
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this is a tuberculosis ward and at the time this picture was taken in the late one in seven of all people died from tuberculosis we had no idea what was causing this disease the hypothesis was actually it was your constitution that made you susceptible and it was a highly romanticized disease it was also called consumption and it was the disorder of poets and artists and intellectuals and some people actually thought it gave you heightened sensitivity and conferred creative genius
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so kaluza said well maybe there are more dimensions of space he said if i want to describe one more force maybe i need one more dimension so he imagined that the world had four dimensions of space not three and imagined that electromagnetism was warps and curves in that fourth dimension now here's the thing when he wrote down the equations describing warps and curves in a universe with four space dimensions not three he found the old equations that einstein had already derived in three dimensions those were for gravity but he found one more equation because of the one more dimension and when he looked at that equation it was none other than the equation that scientists had long known to describe the electromagnetic force amazing it just popped out he was so excited by this realization that he ran around his house screaming victory that he had found the unified theory now clearly kaluza was a man who took theory very seriously he in fact there is a story that when he wanted to learn how to swim he read a book a treatise on swimming then dove into the ocean
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so imagine you're looking at something like a cable supporting a traffic light it's in manhattan you're in central park it's kind of irrelevant but the cable looks one dimensional from a distant viewpoint but you and i all know that it does have some thickness it's very hard to see it though from far away but if we zoom in and take the perspective of say a little ant walking around little ants are so small that they can access all of the dimensions the long dimension but also this clockwise counter clockwise direction and i hope you appreciate this it took so long to get these ants to do this
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13,994
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now here is the catch when you study the mathematics of string theory you find that it doesn't work in a universe that just has three dimensions of space it doesn't work in a universe with four dimensions of space nor five nor six finally you can study the equations and show that it works only in a universe that has dimensions of space and one dimension of time it leads us right back to this idea of kaluza and klein that our world when appropriately described has more dimensions than the ones that we see now you might think about that and say well ok you know if you have extra dimensions and they're really tightly curled up yeah perhaps we won't see them if they're small enough but if there's a little tiny civilization of green people walking around down there and you make them small enough and we won't see them either that is true one of the other predictions of string theory no that's not one of the other predictions of string theory
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13,995
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this particular idea however although we don't yet know whether it's right or wrong and at the end i'll discuss experiments which in the next few years may tell us whether it's right or wrong this idea has had a major impact on physics in the last century and continues to inform a lot of cutting edge research so i'd like to tell you something about the story of these extra dimensions
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13,996
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the story of these extra dimensions so where do we go to begin we need a little bit of back story go to this is a year when einstein is basking in the glow of having discovered the special theory of relativity and decides to take on a new project to try to understand fully the grand pervasive force of gravity and in that moment there are many people around who thought that that project had already been resolved newton had given the world a theory of gravity in the late that works well describes the motion of planets the motion of the moon and so forth the motion of apocryphal of apples falling from trees hitting people on the head all of that could be described using newton's work
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13,997
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einstein realized that newton had left something out of the story because even newton had written that although he understood how to calculate the effect of gravity he'd been unable to figure out how it really works how is it that the sun million miles away that somehow it affects the motion of the earth how does the sun reach out across empty inert space and exert influence and that is a task to which einstein set himself to figure out how gravity works and let me show you what it is that he found so einstein found that the medium that transmits gravity is space itself the idea goes like this imagine space is a substrate of all there is
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13,998
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i'd like to talk today about the two biggest social trends in the coming century and perhaps in the next years but i want to start with my work on romantic love because that's my most recent work what i and my colleagues did was put people who were madly in love into a functional brain scanner who were madly in love and their love was accepted and who were madly in love and they had just been dumped and so i want to tell you about that first and then go on into where i think love is going
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14,000
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we now know the brain circuitry of imagination of long term planning they tend to be web thinkers because the female parts of the brain are better connected they tend to collect more pieces of data when they think put them into more complex patterns see more options and outcomes they tend to be holistic thinkers what i call web thinkers men tend to and these are averages tend to get rid of what they regard as extraneous focus on what they do and move in a more step thinking pattern they're both perfectly good ways of thinking we need both of them to get ahead in fact there's many more male geniuses in the world and there's also many more male idiots in the world
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14,002
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i want to tell you a story to illustrate i've been carrying on here about the biology of love i wanted to show you a little bit about the culture of it too the magic of it it's a story that was told to me by somebody who had heard it just from one probably a true story it was a graduate student i'm at rutgers and my two colleagues art aron is at suny stony brook that's where we put our people in the machine and this graduate student was madly in love with another graduate student and she was not in love with him and they were all at a conference in beijing and he knew from our work that if you go and do something very novel with somebody you can drive up the dopamine in the brain and perhaps trigger this brain system for romantic love
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14,004
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and then you just focus on this person you can list what you don't like about them but then you sweep that aside and focus on what you do as chaucer said love is blind in trying to understand romantic love i decided i would read poetry from all over the world and i just want to give you one very short poem from eighth century china because it's an almost perfect example of a man who is focused totally on a particular woman it's a little bit like when you are madly in love with somebody and you walk into a parking lot their car is different from every other car in the parking lot their wine glass at dinner is different from every other wine glass at the dinner party
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14,005
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and it goes like this it's by a guy called yuan i cannot bear to put away the bamboo sleeping mat the night i brought you home i watched you roll it out he became hooked on a sleeping mat probably because of elevated activity of dopamine in his brain just like with you and me but anyway not only does this person take on special meaning you focus your attention on them
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14,008
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but the main characteristics of romantic love are craving an intense craving to be with a particular person not just sexually but emotionally it would be nice to go to bed with them but you want them to call you on the telephone to invite you out etc to tell you that they love you the other main characteristic is motivation the motor in the brain begins to crank and you want this person and last but not least it is an obsession before i put these people in the machine i would ask them all kinds of questions
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14,010
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so literally what you're seeing now is the confluence of a bunch of different people a bunch of different memories including my own of taking a little bit of liberty with the subject matter i basically shot everything with short lenses which means that you're very close to the action but framed it very similarly to the long lens shots which gives you a sense of distance so i was basically was setting up something that would remind you of something you haven't really quite seen before and then i'm going to show you exactly what it is that you were reacting to when you were reacting to it hello houston this is odyssey it's good to see you again rob legato i pretend they're clapping for me
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14,011
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in this particular case this is the climax of the movie and you know the weight of achieving it was simply take a model throw it out of a helicopter and shoot it and that's simply what i did that's me shooting and i'm a fairly mediocre operator so i got that nice sense of verisimilitude of a kind of you know following the rocket all the way down and giving that little sort of edge i was desperately trying to keep it in frame so then i come up to the next thing we had a nasa consultant who was actually an astronaut who was actually on some of the missions of apollo and he was there to basically double check my science and i guess somebody thought they needed to do that
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so what i got from him is he turned to me and said you would never ever design a rocket like that you would never have a rocket go up while the gantry arms are going out can you imagine the tragedy that could possibly happen with that you would never ever design a rocket like that and he was looking at me it's like yeah i don't know if you noticed but i'm the guy out in the parking lot recreating one of america's finest moments with fire extinguishers
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14,017
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jim cameron actually photographed the real titanic so he basically set up or basically shattered the suspension of disbelief because what he photographed was the real thing a mir sub going down or actually two mir subs going down to the real wreck and he created this very haunting footage it's really beautiful and it conjures up all these various different emotions but he couldn't photograph everything and to tell the story i had to fill in the gaps which is now rather daunting because now i have to recreate back to back what really happened and i had i'm the only one who could really blow it at that point so this is the footage he photographed and it was pretty moving and pretty awe inspiring so i'm going to just let it run so you kind of absorb this sort of thing and i'll describe my sort of reactions when i was looking at it for the very first time i got the feeling that my brain wanted to basically see it come back to life
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14,018
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okay so now the titanic transition so this is what i was referring to where i wanted to basically magically transplant from one state of the titanic to the other so i'll just play the shot once and what i was hoping for is that it just melts in front of you that was the last time titanic ever saw daylight so what i did is basically i had another screening room experience where i was basically tracking where i was looking or where we were looking and of course you're looking at the two people on the bow of the ship and then at some point i'm changing the periphery of the shot i'm changing it's becoming the rusted wreck and then i would run it every day and then i would find exactly the moment that i stopped looking at them and start noticing the rest of it and the moment my eye shifted we just marked it to the frame
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14,019
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the next illustration is something that there's like all one shot theory it's a very elegant way of telling a story especially if you're following somebody on a journey and that journey basically tells something about their personality in a very concise way and what we wanted to do based on the shot in goodfellas which is one of the great shots ever a martin scorsese film of basically following henry hill through what it feels like to be a gangster walk going through the copacabana and being treated in a special way he was the master of his universe and we wanted hugo to feel the same way so we created this shot that's hugo and we felt that if we could basically move the camera with him we would feel what it feels like to be this boy who is basically the master of his universe and his universe is you know behind the scenes in the bowels of this particular train station that only he can actually navigate through and do it this way and we had to make it feel that this is his normal everyday sort of life so the idea of doing it as one shot was very important and of course in shooting in which is basically it's a huge camera that's hanging off of a giant stick so to recreate a shot was the task and make it feel kind of like what the reaction you got when you saw the goodfellas shot so what you're now going to see is how we actually did it
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14,030
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well we mathematicians devote ourselves to come up with eternal truths but it isn't always easy to know the difference between an eternal truth or theorem and a mere conjecture you need proof for example let's say i have a big enormous infinite field i want to cover it with equal pieces without leaving any gaps i could use squares right i could use triangles not circles those leave little gaps
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14,032
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so fast forward to the supreme court's decision to strike down the ban on same sex marriage my husband dave and i walk over to the steps of the supreme court to celebrate that decision with so many other people and i couldn't help but think how far we came around rights and yet how far we needed to go around issues of addiction when i was nominated by president to be his director of drug policy i was very open about my recovery and about the fact that i was a gay man and at no point during my confirmation process at least that i know of did the fact that i was a gay man come to bear on my candidacy or my fitness to do this job but my addiction did at one point a congressional staffer said that there was no way that i was going to be confirmed by the united states senate because of my past despite the fact that i had been in recovery for over years and despite the fact that this job takes a little bit of knowledge around addiction
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14,033
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twenty eight years ago i was a broken man and you probably wouldn't be able to tell that if you met me i had a good job at a well respected academic institution i dressed well of course but my insides were rotting away you see i grew up in a family riddled with addiction and as a kid i also struggled with coming to terms with my own sexuality
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14,040
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but in the midst of that digital brawl a strange pattern developed someone would arrive at my profile with the usual rage and scorn i would respond with a custom mix of bible verses pop culture references and smiley faces they would be understandably confused and caught off guard but then a conversation would ensue and it was civil full of genuine curiosity on both sides how had the other come to such outrageous conclusions about the world sometimes the conversation even bled into real life people i'd sparred with on would come out to the picket line to see me when i protested in their city a man named david was one such person he ran a called and after several months of heated but friendly arguments online he came out to see me at a picket in new orleans he brought me a middle eastern dessert from jerusalem where he lives and i brought him kosher chocolate and held a god hates jews sign
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14,041
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our protests soon became a daily occurrence and an international phenomenon and as a member of westboro baptist church i became a fixture on picket lines across the country the end of my antigay picketing career and life as i knew it came years later triggered in part by strangers on who showed me the power of engaging the other
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14,043
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sea otters use tools and they take time away from what they're doing to show their babies what to do which is called teaching chimpanzees don't teach killer whales teach and killer whales share food when evolution makes something new it uses the parts it has in stock off the shelf before it fabricates a new twist and our brain has come to us through the enormity of the deep sweep of time if you look at the human brain compared to a chimpanzee brain what you see is we have basically a very big chimpanzee brain it's a good thing ours is bigger because we're also really insecure
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14,044
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some people say well there are certain things that make humans humans and one of those things is empathy empathy is the mind's ability to match moods with your companions it's a very useful thing if your companions start to move quickly you have to feel like you need to hurry up we're all in a hurry now the oldest form of empathy is contagious fear if your companions suddenly startle and fly away it does not work very well for you to say jeez i wonder why everybody just left
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14,045
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so ok so a reporter said to me maybe but how do you really know that other animals can think and feel and i started to rifle through all the hundreds of scientific references that i put in my book and i realized that the answer was right in the room with me when my dog gets off the rug and comes over to me not to the couch to me and she rolls over on her back and exposes her belly she has had the thought i would like my belly rubbed i know that i can go over to carl he will understand what i'm asking i know i can trust him because we're family he'll get the job done and it will feel good
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14,046
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when she shows up it's a big happy reunion except one time showed up and they didn't want to come near the boat and that was really strange and they couldn't figure out what was going on until somebody came out on deck and announced that one of the people onboard had died during a nap in his bunk how could dolphins know that one of the human hearts had just stopped why would they care and why would it spook them these mysterious things just hint at all of the things that are going on in the minds that are with us on earth that we almost never think about at all at an aquarium in south africa was a little baby bottle nosed dolphin named dolly she was nursing and one day a keeper took a cigarette break and he was looking into the window into their pool smoking dolly came over and looked at him went back to her mother nursed for a minute or two came back to the window and released a cloud of milk that enveloped her head like smoke somehow this baby bottle nosed dolphin got the idea of using milk to represent smoke when human beings use one thing to represent another we call that art
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14,049
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there are capacities of the human mind that we tend to think are capacities only of the human mind but is that true what are other beings doing with those brains what are they thinking and feeling is there a way to know i think there is a way in i think there are several ways in we can look at evolution we can look at their brains and we can watch what they do the first thing to remember is our brain is inherited the first neurons came from jellyfish
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14,050
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use tools as well as do most apes and they recognize human faces how do we celebrate the ape like intelligence of this invertebrate mostly boiled if a grouper chases a fish into a crevice in the coral it will sometimes go to where it knows a moray eel is sleeping and it will signal to the moray follow me and the moray will understand that signal the moray may go into the crevice and get the fish but the fish may bolt and the grouper may get it this is an ancient partnership that we have just recently found out about
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14,051
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but uh oh there's a dolphin a bigger brain with more ok maybe you're saying all right well we see brains but what does that have to say about minds well we can see the working of the mind in the logic of behaviors so these elephants you can see obviously they are resting they have found a patch of shade under the palm trees under which to let their babies sleep while they doze but remain vigilant we make perfect sense of that image just as they make perfect sense of what they're doing because under the arc of the same sun on the same plains listening to the howls of the same dangers they became who they are and we became who we are
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14,052
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this is what it looks like essentially this credit and debt system just for the u k this was the last years before the crash and you can see there consumer debt rose dramatically it was above the for three years in a row just before the crisis and in the mean time personal savings absolutely plummeted the savings ratio net savings were below zero in the middle of just before the crash this is people expanding debt drawing down their savings just to stay in the game this is a strange rather perverse story just to put it in very simple terms it's a story about us people being persuaded to spend money we don't have on things we don't need to create impressions that won't last on people we don't care about
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14,054
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but actually that childish misrepresentation stuck with me because it suddenly became clear to me why we don't do the obvious things we're too busy keeping out the giraffes putting the kids on the bus in the morning getting ourselves to work on time surviving email overload and shop floor politics foraging for groceries throwing together meals escaping for a couple of precious hours in the evening into prime time tv or ted online getting from one end of the day to the other keeping out the giraffes
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14,056
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i want to talk to you today about prosperity about our hopes for a shared and lasting prosperity and not just us but the two billion people worldwide who are still chronically undernourished and hope actually is at the heart of this in fact the latin word for hope is at the heart of the word prosperity pro hope in accordance with our hopes and expectations the irony is though that we have cashed out prosperity almost literally in terms of money and economic growth
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14,057
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pro hope in accordance with our hopes and expectations the irony is though that we have cashed out prosperity almost literally in terms of money and economic growth and we've grown our economies so much that we now stand in a real danger of undermining hope running down resources cutting down rainforests spilling oil into the gulf of mexico changing the climate and the only thing that has actually remotely slowed down the relentless rise of carbon emissions over the last two to three decades is recession and recession of course isn't exactly a recipe for hope either as we're busy finding out so we're caught in a kind of trap it's a dilemma a dilemma of growth we can't live with it we can't live without it trash the system or crash the planet it's a tough choice it isn't much of a choice and our best avenue of escape from this actually is a kind of blind faith in our own cleverness and technology and efficiency and doing things more efficiently
| 0
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14,061
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it work first rule a good foundation that keeps the wall dry from the ground and second rule a good roof that protects from the top and third rule erosion control mud walls need speed breakers so that the rainwater cannot run down the wall fast and these speed breakers could be lines of bamboo or stones or straw mixed into the mud just like a hill needs trees or rocks in order to prevent erosion it works just the same way and people always ask me if i have to add cement to the mud and the answer is no there is no stabilizer no coating on these walls only in the foundation so this is the close up of the wall after rainy seasons and as much as i grew a bit older the wall got some wrinkles as well the edges my not be as sharp as before but it still looks pretty good and if it needs repairing it is really easy to do you just take the broken part make it wet and put it back on the wall and it will look the same as before wish that would work on me too
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14,065
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example is an office building that we did for electronics in austria mud is healthy for the planet but also for the human bodies and the material is low tech but the performance is high tech the earth walls keep the highly sophisticated tools in the building safe by naturally regulating moisture and this wall in my own home is our we love our six tons of dirt at home not only because it's healthy and sustainable its archaic warmth is touching deep within my personal dream is to build a mud skyscraper right in manhattan
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14,066
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it was the end of october in the mountains in austria i was there on a field trip with my architecture students from zurich and when we reached a high valley i surprised them with the news that there was no hut or hotel booked for the night it was not a mistake it was totally on purpose the challenge was to build our own shelter with whatever we could find
| 0
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14,067
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and it was a great learning experience to discover that there are a lot of resources given by nature for free and all that we need is our sensitivity to see them and our creativity to use them i found myself in a similar situation when i was an architecture student about years ago i went to bangladesh to a remote village called with the aim to design and build a school as my thesis project i had lived in that village before when i was and a volunteer at a bangladeshi ngo for rural development and what i had learned from them was that the most sustainable strategy for sustainable development is to cherish and to use your very own resources and potential and not get dependent on external factors and this is what i tried to do with my architecture as well
| 0
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14,068
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load bearing earth walls that really ground the school and large bamboo structures that bring the lightness in that's the classroom on the ground floor attached to it are the caves they're for reading for for solo work for meditation for playing and the classroom on the top the children all signed with their names in bengali the doors and they did not only sign they also helped building the school and i'm sure you all had your hands in mud or clay before
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14,070
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yeah and the great thing is if an earth wall is not needed anymore it can go back to the ground it came from turn into a garden or get fully recycled without any loss of quality there's no other material that can do this and this is why mud is so excellent in terms of environmental performance what about the economic sustainability when we built the school i practically lived on the construction site and in the evening i used to go with the workers to the market and i could see how they spent their money and they would buy the vegetables from their neighbors they would get a new haircut or a new blouse from the tailor and because the main part of the building budget was spent on craftsmanship the school wasn't just a building it became a real catalyst for local development and that made me happy
| 0
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14,071
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of course this was a small scale project but in terms of awareness building and in terms of education it was like an acupuncture trigger point and in fact in more and more countries load bearing earthen structures are not allowed to be built anymore although they're traditional and have lasted for hundreds of years and not because the material is weak but because there are no architects and engineers who know how to deal with that material so education on all levels for craftsmen engineers and architects is really strongly needed equally important is technological development like prefabrication developed by my colleague martin rauch who is an austrian artist and expert in earthen structures and he has created technologies for rammed earth elements for prefabrication of rammed earth elements that include insulation wall and and all sorts of electrical fittings that can be layered to buildings and this is important in order to scale up and in order to fasten up the processes like in the herb center in switzerland and finally we need good built projects that prove you can build with an ancient material in a very modern way
| 0
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14,072
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nowadays we adults have to guide our children through what is often for us unfamiliar territory territory much more inviting for them it's impossible to find an answer without doing new things things that make us uncomfortable things we're not used to a lot of you may think it's easy for me because i'm relatively young and it used to be that way used to until last year when i felt the weight of my age on my shoulders the first time i opened
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