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so ok so why so we have the finger other people have dinosaurs you know why do we have them well as i said we have them because we think maybe playfulness is important but why is it important we use it in a pretty pragmatic way to be honest we think playfulness helps us get to better creative solutions helps us do our jobs better and helps us feel better when we do them now an adult encountering a new situation when we encounter a new situation we have a tendency to want to categorize it just as quickly as we can you know and a reason for that we want to settle on an answer
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kids are more engaged with open possibilities now certainly when they come across something new certainly ask what is it of course they will but also ask what can i do with it and you know the more creative of them might get to a really interesting example and this openness is the beginning of exploratory play
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i had also had the privilege since the last years to work on several masterpieces as you can see behind me but basically to do what well to assess for example the state of conservation see here the face of the madonna of the chair that when just shining a light on it you suddenly see another different lady aged lady i should rather say there is a lot of varnish still sitting there several and some over cleaning it becomes very visible but also technology has helped to write new pages of our history or at least to update pages of our histories for example the lady with the unicorn another painting by rafael well you see the unicorn a lot has been said and written about the unicorn but if you take an x ray of the unicorn it becomes a puppy dog and no problem but unfortunately continuing with the scientific examination of this painting came out that rafael did not paint the unicorn did not paint the puppy dog actually left the painting unfinished so all this writing about the exotic symbol of the unicorn unfortunately is not very reliable
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i would say the discovery that really caught my imagination my admiration is the incredibly vivid drawing under this layer brown layer of the adoration of the magi here you see a handmade setting scanner with an infrared camera put on it and just peering through this brown layer of this masterpiece to reveal what could have been underneath well this happens to be the most important painting we have in italy by leonardo da vinci and look at the wonderful images of faces that nobody has seen for five centuries look at these portraits they're magnificent you see leonardo at work you see the geniality of his creation right directly on the ground layer of the panel and see this cool thing finding i should rather say an elephant
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well this time we focused on trying to reconstruct the way the hall of the was before the remodeling and the so called sala grande which was built in and to find out the original doors windows and in order to do that we first created a model and then with we went on to discover hidden windows these are the original windows of the hall of the sala grande
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well from there unfortunately in the project came to a halt many political reasons
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everyone is both a learner and a teacher this is me being inspired by my first tutor my mom and this is me teaching introduction to artificial intelligence to students at stanford university now the students and i enjoyed the class but it occurred to me that while the subject matter of the class is advanced and modern the teaching technology isn't in fact i use basically the same technology as this century classroom note the textbook the sage on the stage and the sleeping guy in the back
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co teacher sebastian thrun and i thought there must be a better way we challenged ourselves to create an online class that would be equal or better in quality to our stanford class but to bring it to anyone in the world for free we announced the class on july and within two weeks people had signed up for it and that grew to students from countries we were thrilled to have that kind of audience and just a bit terrified that we hadn't finished preparing the class yet
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and i like that kind of response that's just what we were going for we didn't want students to memorize the formulas we wanted to change the way they looked at the world and we succeeded or i should say the students succeeded and it's a little bit ironic that we set about to disrupt traditional education and in doing so we ended up making our online class much more like a traditional college class than other online classes most online classes the videos are always available you can watch them any time you want but if you can do it any time that means you can do it tomorrow and if you can do it tomorrow well you may not ever get around to it
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so we got to work we studied what others had done what we could copy and what we could change benjamin bloom had showed that one tutoring works best so that's what we tried to emulate like with me and my mom even though we knew it would be one here an overhead video camera is recording me as i'm talking and drawing on a piece of paper a student said this class felt like sitting in a bar with a really smart friend who's explaining something you haven't grasped but are about to and that's exactly what we were aiming for
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now from khan academy we saw that short videos worked much better than trying to record an hour long lecture and put it on the small format screen we decided to go even shorter and more interactive our typical video is two minutes sometimes shorter never more than six and then we pause for a quiz question to make it feel like one tutoring here i'm explaining how a computer uses the grammar of english to parse sentences and here there's a pause and the student has to reflect understand what's going on and check the right boxes before they can continue students learn best when they're actively practicing we wanted to engage them to have them grapple with ambiguity and guide them to synthesize the key ideas themselves we mostly avoid questions like here's a formula now tell me the value of y when x is equal to two
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this motivated the students to keep going and it also meant that everybody was working on the same thing at the same time so if you went into a discussion forum you could get an answer from a peer within minutes now i'll show you some of the forums most of which were self organized by the students themselves from daphne koller and andrew ng we learned the concept of flipping the classroom students watched the videos on their own and then they come together to discuss them from eric mazur i learned about peer instruction that peers can be the best teachers because they're the ones that remember what it's like to not understand sebastian and i have forgotten some of that
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but despite that cold you could have rain falling down on the surface of titan and doing on titan what rain does on the earth it carves gullies it forms rivers and cataracts it can create canyons it can pool in large basins and craters it can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills down into the lowlands so stop and think for a minute try to imagine what the surface of titan might look like it's dark high noon on titan is as dark as deep earth twilight on the earth it's cold it's eerie it's misty it might be raining and you might be standing on the shores of lake michigan brimming with paint thinner
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picture is taken at kilometers this is the picture taken at eight kilometers ok again the shoreline okay now kilometers eight kilometers this is roughly an airline altitude if you were going to take an airplane trip across the u s you would be flying at these altitudes so this is the picture you would have at the window of airlines as you fly across the surface of titan
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in the next minutes i'm going to take you on a journey and it's a journey that you and i have been on for many years now and it began some years ago when humans first stepped off our planet and in those years not only did we literally physically set foot on the moon but we have dispatched robotic spacecraft to all the planets all eight of them and we have landed on asteroids we have with comets and at this point in time we have a spacecraft on its way to pluto the body formerly known as a planet and all of these robotic missions are part of a bigger human journey a voyage to understand something to get a sense of our cosmic place to understand something of our origins and how earth our planet and we living on it came to be and of all the places in the solar system that we might go to and search for answers to questions like this there's saturn and we have been to saturn before we visited saturn in the early but our investigations of saturn have become far more in depth in detail since the cassini spacecraft traveling across interplanetary space for seven years glided into orbit around saturn in the summer of and became at that point the farthest robotic outpost that humanity had ever established around the sun
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and those are titan and titan is saturn's largest moon and until cassini had arrived there was the largest single expanse of unexplored terrain that we had remaining in our solar system and it is a body that has long intrigued people who've watched the planets it has a very large thick atmosphere and in fact its surface environment was believed to be more like the environment we have here on the earth or at least had in the past than any other body in the solar system its atmosphere is largely molecular nitrogen like you are breathing here in this room except that its atmosphere is suffused with simple organic materials like methane and propane and ethane and these molecules high up in the atmosphere of titan get broken down and their products join together to make haze particles this haze is ubiquitous
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i said i'd talk about two windows on human nature the cognitive machinery with which we the world and now i'm going to say a few words about the relationship types that govern human social interaction again as reflected in language and i'll start out with a puzzle the puzzle of indirect speech acts now i'm sure most of you have seen the movie fargo and you might remember the scene in which the kidnapper is pulled over by a police officer is asked to show his driver's license and holds his wallet out with a bill extending at a slight angle out of the wallet and he says i was just thinking that maybe we could take care of it here in fargo which everyone including the audience interprets as a veiled bribe this kind of indirect speech is rampant in language for example in polite requests if someone says if you could pass the guacamole that would be awesome we know exactly what he means even though that's a rather bizarre concept being expressed
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would you like to come up and see my etchings i think most people understand the intent behind that and likewise if someone says nice store you've got there it would be a real shame if something happened to it we understand that as a veiled threat rather than a musing of hypothetical possibilities
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this is a picture of maurice the honorary perpetual secretary of francaise the french academy he is splendidly attired in his uniform befitting the role of the french academy as legislating the correct usage in french and perpetuating the language the french academy has two main tasks it compiles a dictionary of official french they're now working on their ninth edition which they began in and they've reached the letter p they also legislate on correct usage such as the proper term for what the french call email which ought to be the world wide web the french are told ought to be referred to as la the global spider web recommendations that the french gaily ignore now this is one model of how language comes to be namely it's legislated by an academy
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now this is one model of how language comes to be namely it's legislated by an academy but anyone who looks at language realizes that this is a rather silly conceit that language rather emerges from human minds interacting from one another and this is visible in the unstoppable change in language the fact that by the time the academy finishes their dictionary it will already be well out of date we see it in the constant appearance of slang and jargon of the historical change in languages in divergence of dialects and the formation of new languages so language is not so much a creator or of human nature so much as a window onto human nature in a book that i'm currently working on i hope to use language to shed light on a number of aspects of human nature including the cognitive machinery with which humans the world and the relationship types that govern human interaction and i'm going to say a few words about each one this morning let me start off with a technical problem in language that i've worried about for quite some time and indulge me in my passion for verbs and how they're used
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today i'm going to talk about technology and society the department of transport estimated that last year people died from traffic crashes in the us alone worldwide million people die every year in traffic accidents if there was a way we could eliminate percent of those accidents would you support it of course you would this is what driverless car technology promises to achieve by eliminating the main source of accidents human error now picture yourself in a driverless car in the year sitting back and watching this vintage video
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what do you think or kant here's what we found most people sided with so it seems that people want cars to be utilitarian minimize total harm and that's what we should all do problem solved but there is a little catch when we asked people whether they would purchase such cars they said absolutely not
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we see this problem in many places in the difficulty of managing overfishing or in reducing carbon emissions to mitigate climate change when it comes to the regulation of driverless cars the common land now is basically public safety that's the common good and the farmers are the passengers or the car owners who are choosing to ride in those cars and by making the individually rational choice of prioritizing their own safety they may collectively be diminishing the common good which is minimizing total harm it's called the tragedy of the commons traditionally but i think in the case of driverless cars the problem may be a little bit more insidious because there is not necessarily an individual human being making those decisions so car manufacturers may simply program cars that will maximize safety for their clients and those cars may learn automatically on their own that doing so requires slightly increasing risk for pedestrians so to use the sheep metaphor it's like we now have electric sheep that have a mind of their own
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all of a sudden the car experiences mechanical failure and is unable to stop if the car continues it will crash into a bunch of pedestrians crossing the street but the car may swerve hitting one bystander killing them to save the pedestrians what should the car do and who should decide what if instead the car could swerve into a wall crashing and killing you the passenger in order to save those pedestrians this scenario is inspired by the trolley problem which was invented by philosophers a few decades ago to think about ethics now the way we think about this problem matters
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so if we acknowledge that cars will have to make trade offs on the road how do we think about those trade offs and how do we decide well maybe we should run a survey to find out what society wants because ultimately regulations and the law are a reflection of societal values so this is what we did with my collaborators jean and we ran a survey in which we presented people with these types of scenarios we gave them two options inspired by two philosophers jeremy and immanuel kant says the car should follow utilitarian ethics it should take the action that will minimize total harm even if that action will kill a bystander and even if that action will kill the passenger
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we've seen this problem before it's called a social dilemma and to understand the social dilemma we have to go a little bit back in history in the english economist william forster lloyd published a pamphlet which describes the following scenario you have a group of farmers english farmers who are sharing a common land for their sheep to graze now if each farmer brings a certain number of sheep let's say three sheep the land will be rejuvenated the farmers are happy the sheep are happy everything is good
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as a starting point my brilliant students edmond awad and dsouza built the moral machine website which generates random scenarios at you basically a bunch of random dilemmas in a sequence where you have to choose what the car should do in a given scenario and we vary the ages and even the species of the different victims
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so let's wrap up we started with the question let's call it the ethical dilemma of what the car should do in a specific scenario swerve or stay but then we realized that the problem was a different one it was the problem of how to get society to agree on and enforce the trade offs they're comfortable with it's a social dilemma in the isaac asimov wrote his famous laws of robotics the three laws of robotics
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but i really like that so i wrote a book called the laws of simplicity i was in milan last week for the italian launch it's kind of a book about questions questions about simplicity very few answers i'm also wondering myself what is simplicity is it good is it bad is complexity better i'm not sure after i wrote the laws of simplicity i was very tired of simplicity as you can imagine and so in my life i've discovered that vacation is the most important skill for any kind of over achiever because your companies will always take away your life but they can never take away your vacation in theory
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so i went to the cape last summer to hide from simplicity and i went to the gap because i only have black pants so i went and bought khaki shorts or whatever and unfortunately their branding was all about keep it simple
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turned on the tv and i don't watch tv very much but you know this person this is paris hilton apparently and she has this show the simple life so i watched this it's not very simple a little bit confusing
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so i wanted to escape again so i went out to my car and cape cod there are idyllic roads and all of us can drive in this room and when you drive these signs are very important it's a very simple sign it says road and road approaching so i'm mostly driving along okay and then i saw this sign
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we're human beings we love complex things we love relationships very complex so we love this kind of stuff i'm at this place called the media lab maybe some of you guys have heard of this place it's designed by i m pei one of the premier modernist architects modernism means white box and it's a perfect white box
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last year at ted these were all my titles i had a lot of titles i have a default title as a father of a bunch of daughters this year at ted i'm happy to report that i have new titles in addition to my previous titles another associate director of research and this also happened so i have five daughters now
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and work till p m six days a week my father was kind of like andy grove paranoid of the competition so often seven days a week family business equals child labor we were a great model so i loved going to school school was great and maybe going to school helped me get to this media lab place i'm not sure
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had a problem because i make all this flying stuff and people say oh i know your work you're the guy that makes eye candy and when you're told this you feel kind of weird eye candy sort of pejorative don't you think so i say no i make eye meat instead
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the tree i began to use my old computers i took these to tokyo in to make computer objects this is a new way to type on my old color classic you can't type very much on this i also discovered that an mouse responds to emissions and starts to move by itself so this is a self drawing machine and also one year the bondi blue thing that caddy would come out like dangerous like whack like that but i thought this is very interesting what if i make like a car crash test so i have a crash test
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and also as a child i was the fattest kid in class so i used to love oh i love yummy so i wanted to play with in some way i wasn't sure where to go with this i invented paint paint is a very simple way to paint with
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sometimes they find a hair in the food that's my hair my hair's clean it's okay i'm a tenured professor which means basically i don't have to work anymore it's a strange business model i can come into work everyday and staple five pieces of paper and just stare at it with my latte end of story
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the car is so big the camera is so small yet the manual for the camera is so much bigger than the car manual it doesn't make any sense
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also if you look at your physical strength you know i have a lot of cocky freshmen at mit so i tell them oh your bodies are really getting stronger and stronger but in your late twenties and mid thirties cells they die ok it gets them to work harder sometimes and if you have your vision vision is interesting as you age from infant age your vision gets better and maybe in your late teens early twenties you're looking for a mate and your vision goes after that
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you know there's also something called the complete guide there's a sort of business model around being stupid in some sense we like to have technology make us feel bad for some strange reason but i really like that so i wrote a book called the laws of simplicity i was in milan last week for the italian launch it's kind of a book about questions questions about simplicity
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but looking way back when i was a child you see i grew up in a tofu factory in seattle many of you may not like tofu because you haven't had good tofu but a good food it's a very simple kind of food
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and there was this person muriel cooper who knows muriel cooper muriel cooper wasn't she amazing muriel cooper she was wacky and she was a exactly and she showed us she showed the world how to make the computer beautiful again and she's very important in my life because she's the one that told me to leave mit and go to art school it was the best advice i ever got so i went to art school because of her she passed away in and i was hired back to mit to try to fill her shoes but it's so hard this amazing person muriel cooper
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i was in japan i went to an art school in japan i had a nice sort of situation because somehow i was connected to paul rand some of you guys know paul rand the greatest graphic designer i'm sorry out there the great graphic designer paul rand designed the logo the westinghouse logo he basically said i've designed everything and also tanaka was a very important mentor in my life the paul rand of japan he designed most of the major icons of japan like brand and also when you have mentors and yesterday kareem abdul jabbar talked about mentors these people in your life the problem with mentors is that they all die
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you have mentors and yesterday kareem abdul jabbar talked about mentors these people in your life the problem with mentors is that they all die this is a sad thing but it's actually a happy thing in a way because you can remember them in their pure form i think that the mentors that we all meet sort of humanize us when you get older and you're all freaked out whatever the mentors calm us down and i'm grateful for my mentors and i'm sure all of you are too because the human thing is very hard when you're at mit the t doesn't stand for human it stands for technology and because of that i always wondered about this human thing
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because the human thing is very hard when you're at mit the t doesn't stand for human it stands for technology and because of that i always wondered about this human thing so i've always been this word human to find out how many hits i get and in i had million hits and for computer because computers are against humans a bit i have million hits let me do an al gore here so if you sort of compare that like this you'll see that computer versus human i've been tracking this for the last year computer versus human over the last year has changed it used to be kind of two to one now humans are catching up
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so if you sort of compare that like this you'll see that computer versus human i've been tracking this for the last year computer versus human over the last year has changed it used to be kind of two to one now humans are catching up very good us humans we're catching up with the computers in the simplicity realm it's also interesting so if you compare complexities to simplicity it's also catching up in a way too so somehow humans and simplicity are intertwined i think i have a confession i'm not a man of simplicity i spent my entire early career making complex stuff
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i have a confession i'm not a man of simplicity i spent my entire early career making complex stuff lots of complex stuff i wrote computer programs to make complex graphics like this i had clients in japan to make really complex stuff like this and i've always felt bad about it in a sense so i hid in a time dimension i built things in a time graphics dimension i did this series of calendars for shiseido
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i built things in a time graphics dimension i did this series of calendars for shiseido this is a floral theme calendar in and this is a firework calendar so you launch the number into space because the japanese believe that when you see fireworks you're cooler for some reason this is why they have fireworks in the summer a very extreme culture lastly this is a fall based calendar because i have so many leaves in my yard so this is the leaves in my yard essentially and so i made a lot of these types of things
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computer programs are essentially trees and when you make art with a computer program there's kind of a problem whenever you make art with a computer program you're always on the tree and the paradox is that for excellent art you want to be off the tree so this is sort of a complication i've found so to get off the tree i began to use my old computers
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so i focused on food as my area these sort of clementine peel things in japan it's a wonderful thing to remove the clementine peel just in one piece who's done that before one piece clementine oh you guys are missing out if you haven't done it yet it was very good and i discovered i can make sculptures out of this actually in different forms if you dry them quick you can make like elephants and steers and stuff and my wife didn't like these because they mold so i had to stop that so i went back to the computer and i bought five large fries and scanned them all and i was looking for some kind of food theme and i wrote some software to automatically lay out french fry images and as a child i'd hear that song you know oh beautiful for spacious skies for amber waves of grain so i made this amber waves image it's sort of a midwest cornfield out of french fries
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it's a bit eerie isn't it so i thought maybe i'll do this for the next twenty years or something and i wrote this book the laws of simplicity it's a very short simple book
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and i wrote this book the laws of simplicity it's a very short simple book there are ten laws and three keys the ten laws and three keys i won't go over them because that's why i have a book and also that's why it's on the web for free but the laws are kind of like sushi in a way there are all kinds in japan they say that sushi is challenging you know the uni is the most challenging so number ten is challenging people hate number ten like they hate uni actually the three keys are easy to eat so this is cooked already so easy to eat
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the three keys are easy to eat so this is cooked already so easy to eat so enjoy your sushi meal later with the laws of simplicity because i want to simplify them for you because that's what this is about i have to simplify this thing so if i simplify the laws of simplicity i have what's called the cookie versus laundry thing anyone who has kids knows that if you offer a kid a big cookie or a small cookie which cookie are they going to take the big cookie you can say the small cookie has godiva chocolate bits in it but it doesn't work they want the big cookie
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so we started with them saying well what do you want what's a problem you want to solve and they said let's work on newborn jaundice so this is another one of these mind boggling global problems jaundice affects two thirds of newborns around the world of those newborns one in roughly if it's not treated the jaundice gets so severe that it leads to either a life long disability or the kids could even die there's one way to treat jaundice and that's what's called an exchange transfusion so as you can imagine that's expensive and a little bit dangerous there is another cure it's very technological it's very complex a little daunting you've got to shine blue light on the kid
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bright blue light on as much of the skin as you can cover how is this a hard problem i went to mit ok we'll figure that out
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and here's what we developed this is the firefly device except this time we didn't stop at the concept car from the very beginning we started by talking to manufacturers our goal is to make a state art product that our partner can actually manufacture our goal is to study how they work the resources they have access to so that they can make this product so that's the design for manufacture question when we think about actual use you'll notice that firefly has a single it only fits a single baby and the idea here is it's obvious how you ought to use this device if you try to put more than one kid in you're stacking them on top of each other
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the idea here is you want to make it hard to use wrong in other words you want to make the right way to use it the easiest way to use it another example again silly mom silly mom thinks her baby looks cold wants to put a blanket over the baby that's why we have lights above and below the baby in firefly so if mom does put a blanket over the baby it's still receiving effective from below last story here i've got a friend in india who told me that you haven't really tested a piece of electronic technology for distribution in asia until you've trained a cockroach to climb in and pee on every single little component on the inside
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you think it's funny i had a laptop in the peace corps and the screen had all these dead pixels on it and one day i looked in they were all dead ants that had gotten into my laptop and perished those poor ants
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went wrong between the design studio and the factory today i don't want to talk about beautiful babies i want to talk about the awkward adolescence of design those sort of teenage years where you're trying to figure out how the world works i'm going to start with an example from some work that we did on newborn health so here's a problem four million babies around the world mostly in developing countries die every year before their first birthday even before their first month of life it turns out half of those kids or about million newborns around the world would make it if you could just keep them warm for the first three days maybe the first week so this is a newborn intensive care unit in nepal
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is a newborn intensive care unit in nepal all of these kids in blankets belong in incubators something like this this is a donated japanese atom incubator that we found in a in this is what we want probably what happened is a hospital in japan upgraded their equipment and donated their old stuff to nepal the problem is without technicians without spare parts donations like this very quickly turn into junk so this seemed like a problem that we could do something about keeping a baby warm for a week that's not rocket science
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so this seemed like a problem that we could do something about keeping a baby warm for a week that's not rocket science so we got started we with a leading medical research institution here in boston we conducted months of user research overseas trying to think like designers human centered design let's figure out what people want we killed thousands of post it notes we made dozens of prototypes to get to this so this is the infant incubator and this has a lot of smarts built into it and we felt great so the idea here is unlike the concept car we want to marry something beautiful with something that actually works
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the bad news the only baby ever actually put inside the incubator was this kid during a time magazine photo shoot so recognition is fantastic we want design to get out for people to see it it won lots of awards but it felt like a booby prize we wanted to make beautiful things that are going to make the world a better place and i don't think this kid was even in it long enough to get warm
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well it turns out there's this whole constellation of people who have to be involved in a product for it to be successful manufacturing financing distribution regulation michael free at path says you have to figure out who will choose use and pay the dues for a product like this and i have to ask the question that always ask sir what is your business and who is your customer who is our customer well here's an example this is a bangladeshi hospital director outside his facility it turns out he doesn't buy any of his equipment those decisions are made by the ministry of health or by foreign donors and it just kind of shows up
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j was one of many fellow inmates who had big plans for the future he had a vision when he got out he was going to leave the dope game for good and fly straight and he was actually working on merging his two passions into one vision he'd spent dollars to buy a website that exclusively featured women having sex on top of or inside of luxury sports cars
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it was my first week in federal prison and i was learning quickly that it wasn't what you see on tv in fact it was teeming with smart ambitious men whose business instincts were in many cases as sharp as those of the who had wined and dined me six months earlier when i was a rising star in the missouri senate now percent of the guys that i was locked up with had been drug dealers on the outside but when they talked about what they did they talked about it in a different jargon but the business concepts that they talked about weren't unlike those that you'd learn in a first year class at wharton promotional incentives you never charge a first time user focus grouping new product launches territorial expansion but they didn't spend a lot of time reliving the glory days for the most part everyone was just trying to survive it's a lot harder than you might think
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15,556
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the rights of citizens the future of the internet so i would like to welcome to the ted stage the man behind those revelations ed snowden ed is in a remote location somewhere in russia controlling this from his laptop so he can see what the can see ed welcome to the ted stage what can you see as a matter of fact ha i can see everyone this is amazing
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15,557
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some people are furious at what you've done i heard a quote recently from dick cheney who said that julian was a flea bite edward snowden is the lion that bit the head off the dog he thinks you've committed one of the worst acts of betrayal in american history what would you say to people who think that dick cheney's really something else
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15,558
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so i'd actually like to get some feedback from the audience here because i know there's widely differing reactions to edward snowden suppose you had the following two choices right you could view what he did as fundamentally a reckless act that has endangered america or you could view it as fundamentally a heroic act that will work towards america and the world's long term good those are the two choices i'll give you i'm curious to see who's willing to vote with the first of those that this was a reckless act there are some hands going up some hands going up it's hard to put your hand up when the man is standing right here but i see them i can see you
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15,559
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you have a question for ed well two questions a general question ed can you still hear us yes i can hear you ca oh he's back the wiretap on your line got a little interfered with for a moment
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15,560
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absolutely there's really no question the principles that have been the foundation of this project have been the public interest and the principles that underly the journalistic establishment in the united states and around the world and i think if the press is now saying we support this this is something that needed to happen that's a powerful argument but it's not the final argument and i think that's something that public should decide but at the same time the government has hinted that they want some kind of deal that they want me to compromise the journalists with which i've been working to come back and i want to make it very clear that i did not do this to be safe i did this to do what was right and i'm not going to stop my work in the public interest just to benefit myself in the meantime courtesy of the internet and this technology you're here back in north america not quite the u s canada in this form i'm curious how does that feel canada is different than what i expected it's a lot warmer
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15,561
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ed some questions for you you've been called many things in the last few months you've been called a whistleblower a traitor a hero what words would you describe yourself with you know everybody who is involved with this debate has been struggling over me and my personality and how to describe me but when i think about it this isn't the question that we should be struggling with
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15,562
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know everybody who is involved with this debate has been struggling over me and my personality and how to describe me but when i think about it this isn't the question that we should be struggling with who i am really doesn't matter at all if i'm the worst person in the world you can hate me and move on what really matters here are the issues what really matters here is the kind of government we want the kind of internet we want the kind of relationship between people and societies and that's what i'm hoping the debate will move towards and we've seen that increasing over time if i had to describe myself i wouldn't use words like hero i wouldn't use patriot and i wouldn't use traitor
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15,563
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so just to give some context for those who don't know the whole story this time a year ago you were stationed in hawaii working as a consultant to the as a you had access to their systems and you began revealing certain classified documents to some handpicked journalists leading the way to june's revelations now what propelled you to do this es you know when i was sitting in hawaii and the years before when i was working in the intelligence community i saw a lot of things that had disturbed me we do a lot of good things in the intelligence community things that need to be done and things that help everyone but there are also things that go too far
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15,564
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now what propelled you to do this es you know when i was sitting in hawaii and the years before when i was working in the intelligence community i saw a lot of things that had disturbed me we do a lot of good things in the intelligence community things that need to be done and things that help everyone but there are also things that go too far there are things that shouldn't be done and decisions that were being made in secret without the public's awareness without the public's consent and without even our representatives in government having knowledge of these programs when i really came to struggle with these issues i thought to myself how can i do this in the most responsible way that maximizes the public benefit while minimizing the risks and out of all the solutions that i could come up with out of going to congress when there were no laws there were no legal protections for a private employee a contractor in intelligence like myself there was a risk that i would be buried along with the information and the public would never find out but the first amendment of the united states constitution guarantees us a free press for a reason and that's to enable an adversarial press to challenge the government but also to work together with the government to have a dialogue and debate about how we can inform the public about matters of vital importance without putting our national security at risk and by working with journalists by giving all of my information back to the american people rather than trusting myself to make the decisions about publication we've had a robust debate with a deep investment by the government that i think has resulted in a benefit for everyone and the risks that have been threatened the risks that have been played up by the government have never materialized we've never seen any evidence of even a single instance of specific harm and because of that i'm comfortable with the decisions that i made
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15,565
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show the audience a couple of examples of what you revealed if we could have a slide up and ed i don't know whether you can see the slides are here this is a slide of the prism program and maybe you could tell the audience what that was that was revealed the best way to understand prism because there's been a little bit of controversy is to first talk about what prism isn't much of the debate in the u s has been about they've said it's just it's just and they're talking about a specific legal authority called section of the patriot act that allows sort of a warrantless wiretapping mass surveillance of the entire country's phone records things like that who you're talking to when you're talking to them where you traveled
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15,566
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and soon after that i wrote a story about genetically engineered food same thing only bigger people were going crazy so i wrote a story about that too and i couldn't understand why people thought this was why they thought moving molecules around in a specific rather than a haphazard way was trespassing on nature's ground but you know i do what i do i wrote the story i moved on i mean i'm a journalist we type we file we go to dinner it's fine
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15,567
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we love to wrap ourselves in lies we love to do it everyone take their vitamins this morning a little antioxidant to get you going i know you did because half of americans do every day they take the stuff and they take alternative medicines and it doesn't matter how often we find out that they're useless the data says it all the time they darken your urine they almost never do more than that
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15,568
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we love to wrap ourselves in lies we love to do it everyone take their vitamins this morning a little antioxidant to get you going i know you did because half of americans do every day they take the stuff and they take alternative medicines and it doesn't matter how often we find out that they're useless the data says it all the time they darken your urine they almost never do more than that it's okay you want to pay billion dollars for dark urine i'm totally with you
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15,569
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we hate big government we don't trust the man and we shouldn't our health care system sucks it's cruel to millions of people it's absolutely astonishingly cold and soul bending to those of us who can even afford it so we run away from it and where do we run we leap into the arms of big placebo
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15,570
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the most mindless epidemic we're in the middle of right now is this absurd battle between proponents of genetically engineered food and the organic elite it's an idiotic debate it has to stop it's a debate about words about metaphors it's ideology it's not science every single thing we eat every grain of rice every of parsley every brussels sprout has been modified by man you know there weren't tangerines in the garden of eden there wasn't any cantaloupe
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15,571
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and all i can say about this is why are we fighting it i mean let's ask ourselves why are we fighting it because we don't want to move genes around this is about moving genes around it's not about chemicals it's not about our ridiculous passion for hormones our insistence on having bigger food better food singular food this isn't about rice krispies this is about keeping people alive and it's about time we started to understand what that meant because you know something if we don't if we continue to act the way we're acting we're guilty of something that i don't think we want to be guilty of high tech colonialism there's no other way to describe what's going on here it's selfish it's ugly it's beneath us and we really have to stop it so after this amazingly fun conversation you might want to say so you still want to get in this ridiculous time machine and go forward absolutely
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15,572
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a big machine a cool ted ish machine and it's a time machine and everyone in this room has to get into it and you can go backwards you can go forwards you cannot stay where you are and i wonder what you'd choose because i've been asking my friends this question a lot lately and they all want to go back i don't know
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15,573
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and i wonder what you'd choose because i've been asking my friends this question a lot lately and they all want to go back i don't know they want to go back before there were automobiles or or american idol i don't know i'm convinced that there's some sort of pull to nostalgia to wishful thinking and i understand that i'm not part of that crowd i have to say i don't want to go back and it's not because i'm adventurous it's because possibilities on this planet they don't go back they go forward
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15,574
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so i want to get in the machine and i want to go forward this is the greatest time there's ever been on this planet by any measure that you wish to choose health wealth mobility opportunity declining rates of disease there's never been a time like this my great grandparents died all of them by the time they were my grandparents pushed that number to my parents are closing in on so there better be a nine at the beginning of my death number
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15,575
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kid born in new delhi today can expect to live as long as the richest man in the world did years ago think about that it's an incredible fact and why is it true smallpox smallpox killed billions of people on this planet it reshaped the demography of the globe in a way that no war ever has
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15,579
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as a trans person who doesn't fit neatly into the gender binary if i could change the world tomorrow to make it easier for me to navigate the very first thing i would do is blink and create single stall gender neutral bathrooms in all public places trans people and trans issues they've been getting a lot of mainstream media attention lately and this is a great and necessary thing but most of that attention has been focused on a very few individuals most of whom are kinda rich and pretty famous and probably don't have to worry that much anymore about where they're going to pee in between classes at their community college or where they're going to get changed into their gym strip at their public high school fame and money these television star trans people from most of the everyday challenges that the rest of us have to tackle on a daily basis public bathrooms they've been a problem for me since as far back as i can remember first when i was just a little baby tomboy and then later as a masculine appearing predominantly estrogen based organism
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15,580
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now today as a trans person public bathrooms and change rooms are where i am most likely to be questioned or harassed i've often been verbally attacked behind their doors i've been hauled out by security guards with my pants still halfway pulled up i've been stared at screamed at whispered about and one time i got smacked in the face by a little old lady's purse that from the looks of the shiner i took home that day i am pretty certain contained at least dollars of rolled up small change and a large hard candy collection
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15,581
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i know a little girl she's the daughter of a friend of mine she's a self identified tomboy i'm talking about cowboy boots and caterpillar yellow toy trucks and bug jars the whole nine yards one time i asked her what her favorite color was she told me camouflage
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15,582
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she had already been taught the brutal lesson that there was no bathroom door at preschool with a sign on it that welcomed people like her she'd already learned that bathrooms were going to be a problem and that problem started with her and was hers alone so my friend asked me to talk to her little daughter and i did i wanted to tell her that me and her mom were going to march on down and talk to that school and the problem was going to go away but i knew that wasn't true i wanted to tell her that it was all going to get better when she got older but i couldn't so i asked her to tell me the story of what had happened asked her to tell me how it made her feel mad and sad she told me so i told her that she wasn't alone and that it wasn't right what had happened to her and then she asked me if i had ever peed in my pants before i said yes i had but not for a really long time
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15,583
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which of course was a lie because you know how you hit like or and sometimes you just i don't know you pee a little bit when you cough or sneeze when you're running upstairs or you're stretching don't lie it happens right she doesn't need to know that i figure
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15,584
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and i know what some of you are thinking and you're mostly right i can and do just use the men's room most of the time these days but that doesn't solve my change room dilemmas does it and i shouldn't have to use the men's room because i'm not a man i'm a trans person and now we've got these politicians that keep trying to pass these bathroom bills
| 0
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15,585
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every time one of these politicians brings one of these bills to the table i can't help but wonder you know just who will and exactly how would we go about enforcing laws like these right panty checks really genital inspections outside of bath change rooms at public pools there's no legal or ethical or plausible way to enforce laws like these anyway they exist only to foster fear and promote they don't make anyone safer
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15,586
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meanwhile our trans children suffer they drop out of school or they opt out of life altogether trans people especially trans and gender youth face additional challenges when accessing pools and gyms but also universities hospitals libraries don't even get me started on how they treat us in airports if we don't move now to make sure that these places are truly open and accessible to everyone then we just need to get honest and quit calling them public places we need to just admit that they are really only open for people who fit neatly into one of two gender boxes which i do not
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15,587
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so that awesome little kid she came home from school last october from her half day of preschool with soggy pants on because the other kids at school were harassing her when she tried to use the girls' bathroom and the teacher had already instructed her to stay out of the boys' bathroom and she had drank two glasses of that red juice at the halloween party and i mean who can resist that red juice right it's so good and she couldn't hold her pee any longer her and her classmates were four years old
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15,588
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told her when you get older your bladder is going to grow bigger too when you get old like me you're going to be able to hold your pee for way longer i promised her until you can get home she asked me i said yes until you can get home she seemed to take some comfort in that
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15,591
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the story starts in kenya in december of when there was a disputed presidential election and in the immediate aftermath of that election there was an outbreak of ethnic violence and there was a lawyer in nairobi ory who some of you may know from her who began about it on her site kenyan pundit and shortly after the election and the outbreak of violence the government suddenly imposed a significant media blackout and so went from being commentary as part of the media landscape to being a critical part of the media landscape in trying to understand where the violence was and solicited from her commenters more information about what was going on the comments began pouring in and would collate them
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15,593
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what happened in afghanistan one of the unsung and untold success stories of our nation building effort in afghanistan involved the world bank in investing heavily in identifying training and promoting afghani health sector leaders these health sector leaders have pulled off an incredible feat in afghanistan they have aggressively increased access to health care for the majority of the population they are rapidly improving the health status of the afghan population which used to be the worst in the world in fact the afghan ministry of health does things that i wish we would do in america they use things like data to make policy it's incredible
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15,594
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well i know a little bit about what this is like because when i was a medical student in i worked in a refugee camp in the balkans during the kosovo war when the war was over i got permission unbelievably from my medical school to take some time off and follow some of the families that i had befriended in the camp back to their village in kosovo and understand how they navigated life in this postwar setting postwar kosovo was a very interesting place because nato troops were there mostly to make sure the war didn't break out again
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