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15,000
he should because the problem with all that poop lying around is that poop carries passengers fifty communicable diseases like to travel in human shit all those things the eggs the cysts the bacteria the viruses all those can travel in one gram of human feces how well that little boy will not have washed his hands he's barefoot
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diarrhea is the second biggest killer of children worldwide and you've probably been asked to care about things like or t b or measles but diarrhea kills more children than all those three things put together it's a very potent weapon of mass destruction and the cost to the world is immense billion dollars lost every year on the losses to poor sanitation these are cholera beds in haiti you'll have heard of cholera but we don't hear about diarrhea it gets a fraction of the attention and funding given to any of those other diseases but we know how to fix this
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and here's the suit again this is using the front loader that you'll see in a second and i want to play you a video of the actual launch a great place to launch balloons but it's a fantastic place to land under a parachute especially when you're going to land miles away from the place you started that's a helium truck in the background it's darkness i've already spent about an hour and a half pre breathing and then here you see the suit going on it takes about an hour to get the suit on astronauts get this really nice air conditioned van to go to the launch pad but i got a front loader
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you can see the top you can see the balloon up there that's where the helium is this is dave clearing the airspace with the for miles and there we go
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that's me waving with my left hand the reason i'm waving with my left hand is because on the right hand is the emergency cutaway
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my team forbade me from using my right hand so the trip up is beautiful it's kind of like earth in reverse
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so now i'm down low right now and you can basically see the parachute come out right there at this point i'm very happy that there's a parachute out i thought i was the only one happy but it turns out mission control was really happy as well the really nice thing about this is the moment i opened i had a close of friend of mine my parachute guy he flew in another airplane and he actually jumped out and landed right next to me he was my wingman on the descent this is my landing but it's probably more properly called a crash
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you have a scuba tank you have a wetsuit you have visibility and that scuba is exactly this system and we're going to launch it into the stratosphere three years later this is what we have we've got an amazing suit that was made by dover dover was the company that made all of the apollo suits and all of the activity suits they had never sold a suit commercially only to the government but they sold one to me which i am very grateful for up here we have a parachute
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they had never sold a suit commercially only to the government but they sold one to me which i am very grateful for up here we have a parachute this was all about safety everyone on the team knew that i have a wife and two small children and and i wanted to come back safely so there's a main parachute and a reserve parachute and if i do nothing the reserve parachute is going to open because of an automatic opening device the suit itself can protect me from the cold this area in the front here has thermal protection it will actually heat water that will wrap around my body it has two redundant oxygen tanks
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interesting here because if you look i'm right over the airport and i'm probably at feet but immediately i'm about to go into a stratospheric wind of over miles an hour this is my flight director telling me that i had just gone higher than anybody else had ever gone in a balloon and i was about feet from release this is what it looks like you can see the darkness of space the curvature of the earth the fragile planet below i'm practicing my emergency procedures mentally right now if anything goes wrong i want to be ready and the main thing that i want to do here is to have a release and fall and stay completely stable ground control everyone ready five
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everyone needs a coach it doesn't matter whether you're a basketball player a tennis player a gymnast or a bridge player
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here you go we all need people who will give us feedback that's how we improve unfortunately there's one group of people who get almost no systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better and these people have one of the most important jobs in the world i'm talking about teachers when melinda and i learned how little useful feedback most teachers get we were blown away
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that's how we improve unfortunately there's one group of people who get almost no systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better and these people have one of the most important jobs in the world i'm talking about teachers when melinda and i learned how little useful feedback most teachers get we were blown away until recently over percent of teachers just got one word of feedback satisfactory if all my bridge coach ever told me was that i was satisfactory i would have no hope of ever getting better how would i know who was the best how would i know what i was doing differently today districts are revamping the way they evaluate teachers but we still give them almost no feedback that actually helps them improve their practice our teachers deserve better the system we have today isn't fair to them
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the thought of what ray anderson calls tomorrow's child asking why we didn't do something on our watch to save sharks and tuna and and coral reefs and the living ocean while there still was time well now is that time i hope for your help to explore and protect the wild ocean in ways that will restore the health and in so doing secure hope for humankind health to the ocean means health for us and i hope jill wish to engage earthlings includes dolphins and whales and other sea creatures in this quest to find intelligent life elsewhere in the universe and i hope jill that someday we will find evidence that there is intelligent life among humans on this planet
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did i say that i guess i did for me as a scientist it all began in when i first tried scuba it's when i first got to know fish swimming in something other than lemon slices and butter i actually love diving at night you see a lot of fish then that you don't see in the daytime diving day and night was really easy for me in when i led a team of aquanauts living underwater for weeks at a time at the same time that astronauts were putting their footprints on the moon
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put them together so that in each pair of country one has twice the child mortality of the other and this means that it's much bigger a difference than the uncertainty of the data i won't put you at a test here but it's turkey which is highest there poland russia pakistan and south africa and these were the results of the swedish students i did it so i got the confidence interval which is pretty narrow and i got happy of course a right answer out of five possible that means that there was a place for a professor of international health and for my course
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when i was compiling the report i really realized my discovery i have shown that swedish top students know statistically significantly less about the world than the chimpanzees
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because the chimpanzee would score half right if i gave them two bananas with sri lanka and turkey they would be right half of the cases but the students are not there the problem for me was not ignorance it was preconceived ideas i did also an unethical study of the professors of the karolinska institute that hands out the nobel prize in medicine and they are on par with the chimpanzee there
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n statistics that have been available here we go can you see there it's china there moving against better health there improving there all the green latin american countries are moving towards smaller families your yellow ones here are the arabic countries and they get longer life but not larger families the africans are the green here they still remain here this is india indonesia is moving on pretty fast
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and even more policy makers and the corporate sectors would like to see how the world is changing now why doesn't this take place why are we not using the data we have we have data in the united nations in the national statistical agencies and in universities and other non governmental organizations because the data is hidden down in the databases and the public is there and the internet is there but we have still not used it effectively all that information we saw changing in the world does not include publicly funded statistics there are some web pages like this you know but they take some nourishment down from the databases but people put prices on them stupid passwords and boring statistics
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this is what we would like to see isn't it the publicly funded data is down here and we would like flowers to grow out on the net and one of the crucial points is to make them and then people can use the different design tool to animate it there and i have pretty good news for you i have good news that the present new head of u n statistics he doesn't say it's impossible he only says we can't do it
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but when you get that opportunity you get a little nervous i thought these students coming to us actually have the highest grade you can get in swedish college systems so i thought maybe they know everything i'm going to teach them about so i did a pre test when they came
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and they said the world is still and and is western world and is third world and what do you mean with western world i said well that's long life and small family and third world is short life and large family so this is what i could display here
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i put fertility rate here number of children per woman one two three four up to about eight children per woman we have very good data since about on the size of families in all countries the error margin is narrow here i put life expectancy at birth from years in some countries up to about years and there was really a group of countries here that was industrialized countries and they had small families and long lives and these were the developing countries they had large families and they had relatively short lives now what has happened since we want to see the change are the students right is it still two types of countries or have these developing countries got smaller families and they live here or have they got longer lives and live up there let's see we stopped the world then
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in the here you have bangladesh still among the african countries but now bangladesh it's a miracle that happens in the the start to promote family planning they move up into that corner and in the we have the terrible epidemic that takes down the life expectancy of the african countries and all the rest of them move up into the corner where we have long lives and small family and we have a completely new world let me make a comparison directly between the united states of america and vietnam
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let me make a comparison directly between the united states of america and vietnam america had small families and long life vietnam had large families and short lives and this is what happens the data during the war indicate that even with all the death there was an improvement of life expectancy by the end of the year the family planning started in vietnam they went for smaller families and the united states up there is getting for longer life keeping family size and in the now they give up communist planning and they go for market economy and it moves faster even than social life and today we have in vietnam the same life expectancy and the same family size here in vietnam as in united states by the end of the war
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there's no gap between rich and poor any longer this is a myth there's a little hump here
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so when my twin brother was born he decided to tinker with the spelling of name he said if mae west can be m why can't be k so he changed spelling now had a baby boy called a couple of weeks ago he decided to spell or rather misspell with an a e you know my grandfather died many years ago when i was little but his love for mae west lives on as a misspelling in the of his progeny that for me is successful legacy
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name it i'm on it i've started outsourcing my memory to the digital world you know but that comes with a problem it's so easy to think of technology as a metaphor for memory but our brains are not perfect storage devices like technology we only remember what we want to at least i do and i rather think of our brains as biased curators of our memory you know and if technology is not a metaphor for memory what is it and i use our technology as a tool in our plan to really curate our digital legacy that is a picture of my mother and she recently got a account you know where this is going and i've been very supportive until this picture shows up on my page
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turned out next morning i wrote a letter to both of them and replied and came and launched my very first show years ago and what a bang it started my career with you know when we think of time in this way we can curate not only the future but also the past this is a picture of my family and that is my wife she's the co creator of my plan a high school history teacher i love but i hate history i keep saying nets you live in the past while i'll create the future and when i'm done you can study about it
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our parents think we're cuckoo because you know we both come from families that really look up to humility and wisdom but we both like to live larger than life i believe in the concept of a yogi be a dude before you can become an ascetic
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our friends think we're mad our parents think we're cuckoo because you know we both come from families that really look up to humility and wisdom but we both like to live larger than life i believe in the concept of a yogi be a dude before you can become an ascetic this is me being a rock star even if it's in my own house you know so when and i sat down to make our first plan years ago we said we want the focus of this plan to go way beyond ourselves what do we mean by beyond ourselves well years we calculated is at the end of our direct contact with the world there's nobody i'll meet in my life will ever live beyond years so we thought that's a perfect place where we should situate our plan and let our imagination take flight you know i never really believed in legacy
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i never really believed in legacy what am i going to leave behind i'm an artist until i made a cartoon about it caused so much trouble for me i was so upset you know a cartoon that was meant to be a cartoon of the week ended up staying so much longer now i'm in the business of creating art that will definitely even outlive me and i think about what i want to leave behind through those paintings
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i don't know your name audience member howard howard howard i'm sitting next to howard i don't know howard obviously and he's going i hope you're not next
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amazing amazing performance i kind of erased everything in my brain to follow that let me start some place i'm interested i kind of do the same thing but i don't move my body
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because really all i'm interested in always as an architect is the way things are produced because that's what i do right and it's not based on an a notion i have no interest at all in conceiving something in my brain and saying this is what it looks like in fact somebody mentioned ewan maybe it was you in your introduction about this is what architects did somebody say it's what business people come to it's what the corporate world comes to when they want to make it look like something at the end of the line huh wow it doesn't work that way for me at all i have no interest in that whatsoever architecture is the beginning of something because it's if you're not involved in first principles if you're not involved in the absolute the beginning of that generative process it's cake decoration and i've nothing wrong with cake decoration and cake decorators if anybody's involved in cake decorations it's not what i'm interested in doing
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i work with more or less inert matter and i organize it and well it's also a bit different because an architect versus let's say a dance company finally is a negotiation between one's private world one's conceptual world the world of ideas the world of aspirations of inventions with the relationship of the exterior world and all the limitations the naysayers because i have to say for my whole career if there's anything that's been consistent it's been that you can't do it no matter what i've done what i've tried to do everybody says it can't be done and it's continuous across the complete spectrum of the various kind of realities that you confront with your ideas
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and to be an architect somehow you have to negotiate between left and right and you have to negotiate between this very private place where ideas take place and the outside world and then make it understood i can start any number of places because this process is also i think very different from some of the morning sessions which you had such a kind of very clear such a lineal idea like the last one say with howard that i think the creative process in architecture the design process is extremely circuitous it's labyrinthine it's idea of the quickest way between two points is the circuitous line not the straight line and definitely my life has been part of that i'm going to start with some simple kind of notions of how we organize things but basically what we do is we try to give coherence to the world
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but basically what we do is we try to give coherence to the world we make physical things buildings that become a part in an process they make cities and those things are the reflection of the processes and the time that they are made and what i'm doing is attempting to synthesize the way one sees the world and the territories which are useful as generative material because really all i'm interested in always as an architect is the way things are produced because that's what i do right and it's not based on an a notion i have no interest at all in conceiving something in my brain and saying this is what it looks like
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m a m not working around a m i go to bed in low spirits then a few hours later waking up and go ah it's time to get the kids to school what is this there was this voice in my head i swear take the second term to the other side transform and invert in
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what is it that we find so sexy in math after all it seems to be dull and abstract just numbers and computations and rules to apply mathematics may be abstract but it's not dull and it's not about computing it is about reasoning and proving our core activity it is about imagination the talent which we most praise it is about finding the truth there's nothing like the feeling which invades you when after months of hard thinking you finally understand the right reasoning to solve your problem the great mathematician weil likened this no kidding to sexual pleasure
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you've got to do cars in the rain you've got to do cars in the snow that's by the way is a presentation we made to our board of directors we haul their butts out in the snow too you want to know cars outside well you've got to stand outside to do this and because these are artists they have very artistic temperaments all right now one thing about art is art is discovery and art is discovering yourself through your art right and one thing about cars is we're all a little bit like pygmalion we are completely in love with our own creations this is one of my favorite paintings it really describes our relationship with cars this is sick beyond belief
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group of engineers worked in germany and the idea was they would work separately on this problem of what's the successor to the they would come together compare notes then they would work apart come together and they would produce together a monumental set of diverse opinions that didn't pollute each other's ideas but at the same time came together and resolved the problems hopefully really understand the customer at its heart where the customer is live with them in america so sent the team off and actually something different happened they went other places
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point you're going to see a picture of michelangelo this is completely different than automobiles automobiles are self moving things right elevators are automobiles and they're not very emotional they solve a purpose and certainly automobiles have been around for years and have made our lives functionally a lot better in many ways they've also been a real pain in the ass because automobiles are really the thing we have to solve we have to solve the pollution we have to solve the congestion but that's not what interests me in this speech what interests me in this speech is cars automobiles may be what you use but cars are what we are in many ways and as long as we can solve the problems of automobiles and i believe we can with fuel cells or hydrogen like is really hip on and lots of other things then i think we can look past that and try and understand why this hook is in many of us of this car and what that means what we can learn from it that's what i want to get to
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cars are a sculpture did you know this that every car you see out there is sculpted by hand many people think well it's computers and it's done by machines and stuff like that well they reproduce it but the originals are all done by hand it's done by men and women who believe a lot in their craft and they put that same kind of tension into the sculpting of a car that you do in a great sculpture that you would go and look at in a museum that tension between the need to express the need to discover then you put something new into it and at the same time you have bounds of craftsmanship rules that say this is how you handle surfaces this is what control is all about this is how you show you're a master of your craft and that tension that discovery that push for something new and at the same time that sense of obligation to the regards of craftsmanship that's as strong in cars as it is in anything
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so is founded on the principle of universal darwinism darwin had this amazing idea indeed some people say it's the best idea anybody ever had isn't that a wonderful thought that there could be such a thing as a best idea anybody ever had do you think there could audience no
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because the idea was so simple and yet it explains all design in the universe i would say not just biological design but all of the design that we think of as human design it's all just the same thing happening what did darwin say i know you know the idea natural selection but let me just paraphrase the origin of species in a few sentences what darwin said was something like this if you have creatures that vary and that can't be doubted i've been to the galapagos and i've measured the size of the and the size of the turtle shells and so on and so on and pages later
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there's one word i love on that slide what do you think my favorite word is audience chaos chaos no what mind no audience without no not without
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what is this all about i suppose it's there to tell you that somebody's cleaned the place and it's all lovely and you know actually all it tells you is that another person has potentially spread germs from place to place
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but then a long time later billions of years later we got the second the that was dangerous all right think of the big brain how many mothers do we have here you know all about big brains they are dangerous to give birth to are agonizing to give birth to
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is a dangerous child for any species to let loose on its planet by the time you realize what's happening the child is a toddler up and causing havoc and it's too late to put it back we humans are earth's species we're the ones who let the second out of its box and we can't push it back in we're seeing the consequences all around us now that i suggest is the view that comes out of taking seriously
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and another pages later and if the very few that survive pass onto their offspring whatever it was that helped them survive then those offspring must be better adapted to the circumstances in which all this happened than their parents were you see the idea if if if then he had no concept of the idea of an algorithm but that's what he described in that book and this is what we now know as the evolutionary algorithm the principle is you just need those three things variation selection and heredity
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must must this is what makes it so amazing you don't need a designer or a plan or foresight or anything else if there's something that is copied with variation and it's selected then you must get design appearing out of nowhere
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but that it will get copied if it can regardless of the consequences it doesn't care about the consequences because it can't because it's just information being copied
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this is information copied with variation and selection this is design process going on he wanted a name for the new so he took the greek word which means that which is imitated remember that that's the core definition that which is imitated and abbreviated it to just because it sounds good and made a good an effective spreading so that's how the idea came about it's important to stick with that definition the whole science of is much maligned much misunderstood much feared
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and what about oh i can't see any interesting here all right everyone who's got some interesting for me oh well your earrings i don't suppose you invented the idea of earrings you probably went out and bought them there are plenty more in the shops that's something that's passed on from person to person all the stories that we're telling well of course ted is a great fest masses of the way to think about though is to think why do they spread they're selfish information they will get copied if they can but some of them will be copied because they're good or true or useful or beautiful some of them will be copied even though they're not
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and yet i would like to think that i am more than my genes what do you guys think are you more than your genes audience yes yes i think some people agree with me i think we should make a statement i think we should say it all together all right i'm more than my genes all together everybody i am more than my genes sebastian what am i i am my now since you guys are really great maybe you can humor me and say this all together too
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so one way of trying to test the theory is to look for such chains inside but it won't be easy because they're not going to look like this they're going to be scrambled up so we'll have to use our computers to try to unscramble the chain and if we can do that the sequence of the neurons we recover from that will be a prediction of the pattern of neural activity that is replayed in the brain during memory recall and if that were successful that would be the first example of reading a memory from a
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what a mess have you ever tried to wire up a system as complex as this i hope not but if you have you know it's very easy to make a mistake the branches of neurons are like the wires of the brain can anyone guess what's the total length of wires in your brain i'll give you a hint it's a big number
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well so far only one is known that of this tiny worm its modest nervous system consists of just neurons and in the and a team of scientists mapped all connections between the neurons in this diagram every node is a and every line is a connection this is the of the worm c your is far more complex than this because your brain contains billion neurons and times as many connections there's a diagram like this for your brain but there's no way it would fit on this slide your contains one million times more connections than your genome has letters
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what's in that information we don't know for sure but there are theories since the century have speculated that maybe your memories the information that makes you you maybe your memories are stored in the connections between your brain's neurons and perhaps other aspects of your personal identity maybe your personality and your intellect maybe they're also encoded in the connections between your neurons and so now you can see why i proposed this hypothesis i am my i didn't ask you to chant it because it's true i just want you to remember it
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and so now you can see why i proposed this hypothesis i am my i didn't ask you to chant it because it's true i just want you to remember it and in fact we don't know if this hypothesis is correct because we have never had technologies powerful enough to test it finding that worm took over a dozen years of tedious labor and to find the of brains more like our own we need more sophisticated technologies that are automated that will speed up the process of finding and in the next few minutes i'll tell you about some of these technologies which are currently under development in my lab and the labs of my collaborators now you've probably seen pictures of neurons before you can recognize them instantly by their fantastic shapes they extend long and delicate branches and in short they look like trees
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you can recognize them instantly by their fantastic shapes they extend long and delicate branches and in short they look like trees but this is just a single in order to find we have to see all the neurons at the same time so let's meet bobby who works in the laboratory of jeff lichtman at harvard university bobby is holding fantastically thin slices of a mouse brain and we're zooming in by a factor of times to obtain the resolution so that we can see the branches of neurons all at the same time except you still may not really recognize them and that's because we have to work in three dimensions if we take many images of many slices of the brain and stack them up we get a three dimensional image
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delighted to be here and to talk to you about a subject dear to my heart which is beauty i do the philosophy of art aesthetics actually for a living i try to figure out intellectually philosophically psychologically what the experience of beauty is what sensibly can be said about it and how people go off the rails in trying to understand it now this is an extremely complicated subject in part because the things that we call beautiful are so different i mean just think of the sheer variety a baby's face harold in italy movies like the wizard of oz or the plays of chekhov a central california landscape a view of mt fuji der a stunning match winning goal in a world cup soccer match van starry night a jane austen novel fred astaire dancing across the screen
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so it turns out that mathematics is a very powerful language it has generated considerable insight in physics in biology and economics but not that much in the humanities and in history i think there's a belief that it's just impossible that you cannot quantify the doings of mankind that you cannot measure history but i don't think that's right i want to show you a couple of examples why so my collaborator and i were considering the following fact that two kings separated by centuries will speak a very different language that's a powerful historical force so the king of england alfred the great will use a vocabulary and grammar that is quite different from the king of hip hop jay z
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i'm guessing that's not what you expected and it's not what i expected either and thank goodness i realized that an asian man was not my mom before i hugged him because that would have been so awkward recognizing people isn't one of my strengths due to a genetic visual impairment that has no correction or cure as a result i am legally blind though i prefer partially sighted because it's more optimistic
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yes they are no they're not yes they are and how do you know you can't see but i know what a straight line looks like i had snapped a picture during our back and forth and presented him the evidence that proved i was right
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three wishes well i can't do much about africa i'm a tech i'm into medical gadgetry which is mostly high tech stuff like mr bono talked about the first wish is to use the epilepsy responsive called for responsive that's a brilliant acronym for the treatment of other brain disorders well if we're going to do it for epilepsy why the hell not try it for something else then you saw what that device looked like that the woman was using to fix her migraines i tell you this that's something which some research engineer like me would concoct not a real designer of good equipment
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the second wish is at the present time the clinical trials of magnetic stimulators that's what means device to treat migraine headaches appears to be quite successful well that's the good news the present portable device is far from designed both as to human factors as appearance i think she said it looks like a gun a lot of people don't like guns
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and that is the second wish and of the prize money that ted was so generous to give me i am donating dollars to the people to get on with the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder and i'm making another available for a company to optimize the design of the device for migraines and that's how i'll use my prize money well the third and final wish is somewhat unfortunately it's much more complicated because it involves lawyers
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have a couple of ideas to begin with as a starting point for discussion with the ted group a major part of the problem is the nature of the written extent of informed consent that the patient or spouse must read and sign for example i asked the epilepsy people what are they using for informed consent would you believe pages single space the patient has to read before they're in our trial to cure their epilepsy what do you think someone has at the end of reading single spaced pages they don't understand what the hell it's about
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annual incidence million americans mortality people dying each year about half of them have permanent damage to their heart that will cause them to have very bad problems later on thus people either have died or have significant damage to their heart muscle symptoms are often denied by the patient particularly us men because we are very brave we are very brave and we don't want to admit that i'm having a hell of a chest pain
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mortality people dying each year about half of them have permanent damage to their heart that will cause them to have very bad problems later on thus people either have died or have significant damage to their heart muscle symptoms are often denied by the patient particularly us men because we are very brave we are very brave and we don't want to admit that i'm having a hell of a chest pain then approximately percent of all patients never have any symptoms what are we going to do about them how can we save their lives it's particularly true of diabetics and elderly women well what is needed for the earliest possible warning of a heart attack a means to determine if there's a complete blockage of a coronary artery that ladies and gentlemen is a heart attack
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so we have to try these devices out because the won't just let us use them on people unless we try it out first and the best model for this happens to be pigs and what we tried with the pig was external electrodes on the skin like you see in an emergency room and i'm going to show you why they don't work very well and then we put a lead which is a wire in the right inside the heart which does the which is the signal voltage from inside the heart well with the pig at the baseline before we blocked the pig's artery to simulate a heart attack that was the signal after seconds even an expert couldn't tell the difference and after three minutes well if you really studied it you'd see a difference but what happened when we looked inside the pig's heart to the there was the baseline first of all a much bigger and more reliable signal second of all i'll bet even you people who are untrained can see the difference and we see here an st segment elevation right after this sharp line look at the difference there it doesn't take much every layperson could see that difference and computers can be programmed to easily detect it
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it doesn't take much every layperson could see that difference and computers can be programmed to easily detect it then look at that after three minutes we see that the signal that's actually in the heart we can use it to tell people that they're having a heart attack even before they have symptoms so we can save their life then we tried it with my son dr tim we tried it on some human patients who had to have a stent put in well he kept the balloon filled to block the artery to simulate a blockage which is what a heart attack is and it's not hard to see that the baseline is the first picture on the upper left next to it at seconds you see this rise here then this rise that's the st elevation and if we had a computer that could detect it we could tell you you're having a heart attack so early it could save your life and prevent congestive heart failure
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it's got one knob and every morning i hop on it and yes i've got a challenge as you might see and i put my challenge on but the thing is that it's made this simple that whenever i hop on it sends my data to health as well and it's collected by my general practitioner as well so he can see what's my problem in weight not on the very moment that i need support or something like it but also looking backward but there's another thing as some of you might know i've got more than followers on so every morning i hop on my weight scale and before i'm in my car people start talking to me i think you need a light lunch today lucien
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we started asking some questions what if we could reorganize the medical care system what if we could have community members like be a part or even be the center of our medical team what if could help us bring health care from clinics in cities to the doorsteps of her neighbors was when i met her and despite her amazing talent and grit she hadn't had a paying job in years so what if technology could support her what if we could invest in her with real training equip her with real medicines and have her have a real job well in i was trying to answer these questions and my wife and i were getting married that year we asked our relatives to forgo the wedding registry gifts and instead donate some money so we could have some start up money to launch a nonprofit i promise you i'm a lot more romantic than that
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b took prince and his mother to the river got in a canoe and paddled for four hours to get to the hospital later after prince was discharged a b taught mom how to feed baby a food supplement a few months ago a b took me to visit prince and he's a chubby little guy
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i want to share with you something my father taught me no condition is permanent it's a lesson he shared with me again and again and i learned it to be true the hard way here i am in my fourth grade class this is my yearbook picture taken in my class in school in monrovia liberia my parents migrated from india to west africa in the and i had the privilege of growing up there i was nine years old i loved kicking around a soccer ball and i was a total math and science geek
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my parents migrated from india to west africa in the and i had the privilege of growing up there i was nine years old i loved kicking around a soccer ball and i was a total math and science geek i was living the kind of life that really any child would dream of but no condition is permanent on christmas eve in civil war erupted in liberia the war started in the rural countryside and within months rebel armies had marched towards our hometown my school shut down and when the rebel armies captured the only international airport people started panicking and fleeing my mom came knocking one morning and said raj pack your things we have to go we were rushed to the center of town and there on a tarmac we were split into two lines
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money in fact is the most successful story ever invented and told by humans because it is the only story everybody believes not everybody believes in god not everybody believes in human rights not everybody believes in nationalism but everybody believes in money and in the dollar bill take even osama bin laden he hated american politics and american religion and american culture but he had no objection to american dollars he was quite fond of them actually
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in the book if i understand it correctly you argue that the amazing breakthroughs that we are experiencing right now not only will potentially make our lives better but they will create and i quote you new classes and new class struggles just as the industrial revolution did can you elaborate for us yes in the industrial revolution we saw the creation of a new class of the urban proletariat and much of the political and social history of the last years involved what to do with this class and the new problems and opportunities now we see the creation of a new massive class of useless people
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usually we look for the difference between us and all the other animals on the individual level we want to believe i want to believe that there is something special about me about my body about my brain that makes me so superior to a dog or a pig or a chimpanzee but the truth is that on the individual level i'm embarrassingly similar to a chimpanzee and if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on some lonely island and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better i would definitely place my bet on the chimpanzee not on myself and this is not something wrong with me personally i guess if they took almost any one of you and placed you alone with a chimpanzee on some island the chimpanzee would do much better the real difference between humans and all other animals is not on the individual level it's on the collective level
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in contrast humans normally gather there in tens of thousands and what we get is not chaos usually what we get is extremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation all the huge achievements of humankind throughout history whether it's building the pyramids or flying to the moon have been based not on individual abilities but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers think even about this very talk that i'm giving now i'm standing here in front of an audience of about or people most of you are complete strangers to me similarly i don't really know all the people who have organized and worked on this event i don't know the pilot and the crew members of the plane that brought me over here yesterday to london i don't know the people who invented and manufactured this microphone and these cameras which are recording what i'm saying i don't know the people who wrote all the books and articles that i read in preparation for this talk
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you could get a humphrey bogart sandwich the students went there in advance and arranged that they'd all order feynman sandwiches one after another they came in and ordered feynman sandwiches feynman loved this story he told me this story and he was really happy and laughing when he finished the story i said to him dick i wonder what would be the difference between a feynman sandwich and a susskind sandwich and without skipping a beat at all he said well they'd be about the same the only difference is a susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham ham as in bad actor
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did we talk about well what do you talk about when you talk about minds there's one obvious thing to talk about can a machine become a mind can you build a machine that thinks like a human being that is conscious we sat around and talked about this we of course never resolved it but the trouble with the philosophers is that they were when they should have been science it's a scientific question after all and this was a very very dangerous thing to do around dick feynman
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and the man was incredibly curious and he wanted to understand what it was and why it was that there was this funny connection and one day we were walking we were in france in les we were up in the mountains and feynman said to me leonardo the reason he called me leonardo is because we were in europe and he was practicing his french
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and eyes just opened up he went off like a lightbulb and he said that he had had basically exactly the same relationship with his father in fact he had been convinced at one time that to be a good physicist it was very important to have had that kind of relationship with your father i apologize for the sexist conversation here but this is the way it really happened he said he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary a necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist being dick he of course wanted to check this he wanted to go out and do an experiment
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he sat down and i imagine he had nothing more than a simple piece of paper and a pencil and he tried to write down and did write down the simplest function that he could think of which had the boundary conditions that the wave function vanish when things touch and is smooth in between he wrote down a simple thing so simple in fact that i suspect a really smart high school student who didn't even have calculus could understand what he wrote down the thing was that simple thing that he wrote down explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium and then some i've always wondered whether the professionals the real professional helium physicists were just a little bit embarrassed by this they had their super powerful technique and they couldn't do as well incidentally i'll tell you what that super powerful technique was it was the technique of feynman diagrams
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you just get to think of it as a population of frozen this was the key to analyzing these experiments extremely effective somebody said the word revolution is a bad word i suppose it is so i won't say revolution but it certainly evolved very very deeply our understanding of the proton and of particles beyond that well i had some more that i was going to tell you about my connection with feynman what he was like but i see i have exactly half a minute so i think i'll just finish up by saying i actually don't think feynman would have liked this event i think he would have said i don't need this but
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i decided when i was asked to do this that what i really wanted to talk about was my friend richard feynman i was one of the fortunate few that really did get to know him and enjoyed his presence and i'm going to tell you about the richard feynman that i knew i'm sure there are people here who could tell you about the richard feynman they knew and it would probably be a different richard feynman richard feynman was a very complex man he was a man of many many parts
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he was a man of many many parts he was of course foremost a very very very great scientist he was an actor you saw him act i also had the good fortune to be in those lectures up in the balcony they were fantastic he was a philosopher he was a drum player
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he was a philosopher he was a drum player he was a teacher par excellence richard feynman was also a showman an enormous showman he was brash irreverent he was full of macho a kind of macho one upmanship he loved intellectual battle he had a gargantuan ego but the man had somehow a lot of room at the bottom
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he always made me feel smart how can somebody like that make you feel smart somehow he did he made me feel smart he made me feel he was smart he made me feel we were both smart and the two of us could solve any problem whatever and in fact we did sometimes do physics together we never published a paper together but we did have a lot of fun he loved to win win these little macho games we would sometimes play and he didn't only play them with me but with all sorts of people
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he loved to win win these little macho games we would sometimes play and he didn't only play them with me but with all sorts of people he would almost always win but when he didn't win when he lost he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun as if he had won i remember once he told me a story about a joke the students played on him i think it was for his birthday they took him for lunch to a sandwich place in pasadena it may still exist i don't know celebrity sandwiches was their thing you could get a marilyn monroe sandwich
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the truth of the matter is that a feynman sandwich had a load of ham but absolutely no baloney what feynman hated worse than anything else was intellectual pretense false sophistication jargon i remember sometime during the dick and i and sidney coleman would meet a couple of times up in san francisco at some very rich guy's house up in san francisco for dinner and the last time the rich guy invited us he also invited a couple of philosophers these guys were philosophers of mind
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they were so happy they had met the great man they had been instructed by the great man they had an enormous amount of fun having their faces shoved in the mud and it was something special i realized there was something just extraordinary about feynman even when he did what he did dick he was my friend i did call him dick dick and i had a little bit of a rapport i think it may have been a special rapport that he and i had we liked each other we liked the same kind of things
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we try to do whatever we can to provide some assistance some protection some comfort we have to we can't do otherwise it's what makes us feel i don't know simply human that's a picture of me the day of my release months after my release i met the then french prime minister the second thing he told me you were totally irresponsible to go to the north caucasus you don't know how many problems you've created for us it was a short meeting
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i cannot forget them their names were andrei fernanda fred hans nancy sheryl and the list is longer for many their existence their humanity has been reduced to statistics coldly recorded as security incidents for me they were colleagues belonging to that community of humanitarian aid workers that tried to bring a bit of comfort to the victims of the wars in chechnya in the they were nurses shelter experts paralegals interpreters and for this service they were murdered their families torn apart and their story largely forgotten
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i was asked as a consultant to see a woman in her retired english professor who had pancreatic cancer i was asked to see her because she had pain nausea vomiting when i went to see her we talked about those symptoms and in the course of that consultation she asked me whether i thought that medical marijuana might help her i thought back to everything that i had learned in medical school about medical marijuana which didn't take very long because i had learned absolutely nothing and so i told her that as far as i knew medical marijuana had no benefits whatsoever and she smiled and nodded and reached into the handbag next to the bed and pulled out a stack of about a dozen randomized controlled trials showing that medical marijuana has benefits for symptoms like nausea and pain and anxiety she handed me those articles and said maybe you should read these before offering an opinion
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