THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023
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Comparative Table of IPC and Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
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person to whom it is made, if it is made for the benefit of that person.
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Illustration .
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A, a surgeon, in good faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live.
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The patient dies in consequence of the shock. A has committed no offence, though he knewit to be likely that the communication might cause the patient’s death.
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32. Except murder, and offences against the State punishable with death, nothing is an
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offence which is done by a person who is compelled to do it by threats, which, at the time ofdoing it, reasonably cause the apprehension that instant death to that person will otherwisebe the consequence:
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Provided the person doing the act did not of his own accord, or from a reasonable
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apprehension of harm to himself short of instant death, place himself in the situation bywhich he became subject to such constraint.
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Explanation 1.—A person who, of his own accord, or by reason of a threat of being
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beaten, joins a gang of dacoits, knowing their character, is not entitled to the benefit of thisexception, on the ground of his having been compelled by his associates to do anything thatis an offence by law.
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Explanation 2.—A person seized by a gang of dacoits, and forced, by threat of instant
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death, to do a thing which is an offence by law; for example, a smith compelled to take histools and to force the door of a house for the dacoits to enter and plunder it, is entitled to thebenefit of this exception.
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33. Nothing is an offence by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or
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that it is known to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm is so slight that no person ofordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm.
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Of the right of private defence
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34. Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence.
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35. Every person has a right, subject to the restrictions contained in section 37, to
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defend—
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(a) his own body, and the body of any other person, against any offence affecting
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the human body;
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(b) the property, whether movable or immovable, of himself or of any otherCommunication
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made in goodfaith.
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Act to which a
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personcompelled bythreats.
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Act causing
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slight harm.
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Things done
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in privatedefence.
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Right of
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privatedefence ofbody and ofproperty.5
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person, against any act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery,
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mischief or criminal trespass, or which is an attempt to commit theft, robbery, mischiefor criminal trespass.
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36. When an act, which would otherwise be a certain offence, is not that offence, by
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reason of the youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the mental illness or the intoxicationof the person doing that act, or by reason of any misconception on the part of that person,every person has the same right of private defence against that act which he would have ifthe act were that offence.
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Illustration s.
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(a) Z, under the influence of mental illness, attempts to kill A; Z is guilty of no offence.
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But A has the same right of private defence which he would have if Z were sane.
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(b) A enters by night a house which he is legally entitled to enter. Z, in good faith,
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taking A for a house-breaker, attacks A. Here Z, by attacking A under this misconception,commits no offence. But A has the same right of private defence against Z, which he wouldhave if Z were not acting under that misconception.
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37. (1) There is no right of private defence,––
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(a) against an act which does not reasonably cause the apprehension of death
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or of grievous hurt, if done, or attempted to be done, by a public servant acting in goodfaith under colour of his office, though that act, may not be strictly justifiable by law;
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(b) against an act which does not reasonably cause the apprehension of death
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or of grievous hurt, if done, or attempted to be done, by the direction of a publicservant acting in good faith under colour of his office, though that direction may notbe strictly justifiable by law;
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(c) in cases in which there is time to have recourse to the protection of the public
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authorities.
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(2) The right of private defence in no case extends to the inflicting of more harm than
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it is necessary to inflict for the purpose of defence.
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Explanation 1.—A person is not deprived of the right of private defence against an act
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done, or attempted to be done, by a public servant, as such, unless he knows or has reasonto believe, that the person doing the act is such public servant.
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Explanation 2.—A person is not deprived of the right of private defence against an act
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done, or attempted to be done, by the direction of a public servant, unless he knows, or hasreason to believe, that the person doing the act is acting by such direction, or unless suchperson states the authority under which he acts, or if he has authority in writing, unless heproduces such authority, if demanded.
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38. The right of private defence of the body extends, under the restrictions specified in
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section 37, to the voluntary causing of death or of any other harm to the assailant, if theoffence which occasions the exercise of the right be of any of the descriptions hereinafterenumerated, namely:—
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(a) such an assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that death will
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otherwise be the consequence of such assault;
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(b) such an assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that grievous
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hurt will otherwise be the consequence of such assault;
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(c) an assault with the intention of committing rape;
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(d) an assault with the intention of gratifying unnatural lust;
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(e) an assault with the intention of kidnapping or abducting;Right of
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privatedefenceagainst act ofa person withmental illness,etc.
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Acts against
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which there isno right ofprivatedefence.
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When the
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right ofprivatedefence ofbody extendsto causingdeath.5
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(f) an assault with the intention of wrongfully confining a person, under
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circumstances which may reasonably cause him to apprehend that he will be unable tohave recourse to the public authorities for his release;
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(g) an act of throwing or administering acid or an attempt to throw or administer
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acid which may reasonably cause the apprehension that grievous hurt will otherwisebe the consequence of such act.
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39. If the offence be not of any of the descriptions specfied in section 38, the right of
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private defence of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of death to theassailant, but does extend, under the restrictions specified in section 37, to the voluntarycausing to the assailant of any harm other than death.
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40. The right of private defence of the body commences as soon as a reasonable
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apprehension of danger to the body arises from an attempt or threat to commit the offencethough the offence may not have been committed; and it continues as long as suchapprehension of danger to the body continues.
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41. The right of private defence of property extends, under the restrictions specified in
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section 37, to the voluntary causing of death or of any other harm to the wrong-doer, if theoffence, the committing of which, or the attempting to commit which, occasions the exerciseof the right, be an offence of any of the descriptions hereinafter enumerated, namely:—
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(a) robbery;
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(b) house-breaking after sun set and before sun rise;
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(c) mischief by fire or any explosive substance committed on any building, tent
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or vessel, which building, tent or vessel is used as a human dwelling, or as a place forthe custody of property;
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(d) theft, mischief, or house-trespass, under such circumstances as may
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reasonably cause apprehension that death or grievous hurt will be the consequence,if such right of private defence is not exercised.
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42. If the offence, the committing of which, or the attempting to commit which occasions
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the exercise of the right of private defence, be theft, mischief, or criminal trespass, not of anyof the descriptions specified in section 41, that right does not extend to the voluntarycausing of death, but does extend, subject to the restrictions specified in section 37, to thevoluntary causing to the wrong-doer of any harm other than death.
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