jonathanli/arc_easy_shuffled · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 8 22	question stringlengths 18 758	choices dict	answerKey stringclasses 8 values	ctx stringlengths 18 758	endings listlengths 4 4	label stringclasses 4 values	endings_shuffled listlengths 4 4
Mercury_7097265	After playing outside on a cold day, Jaime went inside to wash his hands. Although the water was normal temperature, he noticed that it felt warmer than usual. What would explain this phenomenon?	{ "text": [ "His body had more kinetic energy than the water.", "Heat flowed from a cooler substance to a warmer substance.", "The water from the faucet had a higher temperature than his skin.", "The thermal energy in the room was higher than the thermal energy outside." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	After playing outside on a cold day, Jaime went inside to wash his hands. Although the water was normal temperature, he noticed that it felt warmer than usual. What would explain this phenomenon?	[ "His body had more kinetic energy than the water.", "Heat flowed from a cooler substance to a warmer substance.", "The water from the faucet had a higher temperature than his skin.", "The thermal energy in the room was higher than the thermal energy outside." ]	2	[ "plastic", "lumber", "The water from the faucet had a higher temperature than his skin.", "What shape is a human skin cell?" ]
OHAT_2008_8_33	What is the relationship between tissues and organs?	{ "text": [ "Organs are made from one type of tissue.", "Tissues are made from one type of organ.", "Tissues are made from different types of organs.", "Organs are made from different types of tissues." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	What is the relationship between tissues and organs?	[ "Organs are made from one type of tissue.", "Tissues are made from one type of organ.", "Tissues are made from different types of organs.", "Organs are made from different types of tissues." ]	3	[ "a vehicle traveling on a bumpy road", "increase in frog population as more land is exposed", "ecological succession", "Organs are made from different types of tissues." ]
Mercury_7044118	What will be the most likely result for some species of animals with the continued burning of rain forests in Africa?	{ "text": [ "soil erosion", "destruction of their habitats", "improved nutrients in the soil", "more grasses as a result of burning" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	What will be the most likely result for some species of animals with the continued burning of rain forests in Africa?	[ "soil erosion", "destruction of their habitats", "improved nutrients in the soil", "more grasses as a result of burning" ]	1	[ "being able to breathe", "destruction of their habitats", "A great land bridge once connected the continents.", "a magnifying glass" ]
OHAT_2009_5_9	Earthworms live underground in the soil. As they move through the soil, they create tunnels. The tunnels help improve the soil. Plants grow better in soil that has earthworms. Which statement explains how earthworm tunnels help plants?	{ "text": [ "Earthworm tunnels bring heat into the soil that warms plant roots.", "Earthworm tunnels loosen the soil so plant roots can easily grow", "Earthworm tunnels allow sunlight to reach the plant roots in the soil.", "Earthworm tunnels create places where insects can hide and protect plant roots." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Earthworms live underground in the soil. As they move through the soil, they create tunnels. The tunnels help improve the soil. Plants grow better in soil that has earthworms. Which statement explains how earthworm tunnels help plants?	[ "Earthworm tunnels bring heat into the soil that warms plant roots.", "Earthworm tunnels loosen the soil so plant roots can easily grow", "Earthworm tunnels allow sunlight to reach the plant roots in the soil.", "Earthworm tunnels create places where insects can hide and protect plant roots." ]	1	[ "a decrease in nonnative plants", "Earthworm tunnels loosen the soil so plant roots can easily grow", "day.", "What are the effects of soil, temperature, water, and sunshine on the growth of corn plants?" ]
VASoL_2010_5_40	Which tools are best used to determine the speed of a turtle as it walks along a path?	{ "text": [ "Meter stick and graduated cylinder", "Stopwatch and meter stick", "Balance and metric ruler", "Balance and stopwatch" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Which tools are best used to determine the speed of a turtle as it walks along a path?	[ "Meter stick and graduated cylinder", "Stopwatch and meter stick", "Balance and metric ruler", "Balance and stopwatch" ]	1	[ "adding a colored dye to the mixture", "Stopwatch and meter stick", "fuel tank", "precipitation" ]
Mercury_SC_402628	Which tool would a student use to measure wind speed?	{ "text": [ "compass", "barometer", "anemometer", "weather vane" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which tool would a student use to measure wind speed?	[ "compass", "barometer", "anemometer", "weather vane" ]	2	[ "They work independently to remove wastes.", "directional selection", "anemometer", "Some mass is converted to energy." ]
ACTAAP_2008_7_8	Why would explorers use a compass when traveling to unknown lands?	{ "text": [ "to locate a direction to travel", "to measure the quality of drinking water", "to protect themselves from wild animals", "to determine levels of humanity in tropical areas" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Why would explorers use a compass when traveling to unknown lands?	[ "to locate a direction to travel", "to measure the quality of drinking water", "to protect themselves from wild animals", "to determine levels of humanity in tropical areas" ]	0	[ "to locate a direction to travel", "absorbed", "Expect wind speed to decrease for the next several hours.", "liquids." ]
Mercury_7013178	Which measurement tool is used to find the volume of a small piece of granite?	{ "text": [ "thermometer", "metric ruler", "graduated cylinder", "triple beam balance" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which measurement tool is used to find the volume of a small piece of granite?	[ "thermometer", "metric ruler", "graduated cylinder", "triple beam balance" ]	2	[ "tissues, organs, cells, organ systems, organisms", "The sugar in the soda turned into a gas.", "graduated cylinder", "fur and wings" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2007_4_2	What form of energy causes an ice cube to melt?	{ "text": [ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "heat" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	What form of energy causes an ice cube to melt?	[ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "heat" ]	3	[ "moist skin", "heat.", "an inherited trait", "heat" ]
Mercury_SC_401736	Which characteristic is most beneficial for an animal living on a snowy mountain?	{ "text": [ "thick fur", "dark spots", "moist skin", "webbed feet" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Which characteristic is most beneficial for an animal living on a snowy mountain?	[ "thick fur", "dark spots", "moist skin", "webbed feet" ]	0	[ "thick fur", "the types of nests they build", "Consumers take on the ecological role of producers.", "Democritus" ]
CSZ_2006_5_CSZ10302	Which of the following is a property of CO2 gas?	{ "text": [ "It feels like a rock.", "It smells like a lemon.", "It is colorless.", "It is hard." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which of the following is a property of CO2 gas?	[ "It feels like a rock.", "It smells like a lemon.", "It is colorless.", "It is hard." ]	2	[ "Water, rust, and salt are atoms.", "stops moving.", "It is colorless.", "inference" ]
Mercury_SC_415014	Which rapid changes can be caused by storms?	{ "text": [ "landslides and flooding", "flooding and earthquakes", "landslides and volcanoes", "volcanoes and earthquakes" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Which rapid changes can be caused by storms?	[ "landslides and flooding", "flooding and earthquakes", "landslides and volcanoes", "volcanoes and earthquakes" ]	0	[ "landslides and flooding", "whiskers get shorter", "the Eagle Nebula", "volume" ]
AIMS_2009_8_11	Which is an example of a chemical reaction?	{ "text": [ "nails rusting", "glass melting", "sugar dissolving", "alcohol vaporizing" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Which is an example of a chemical reaction?	[ "nails rusting", "glass melting", "sugar dissolving", "alcohol vaporizing" ]	0	[ "nails rusting", "end plate", "Winds weakened.", "The results are less important than the ideas in an experiment." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2007_4_3	Which unit of measurement can be used to describe the length of a desk?	{ "text": [ "centimeters", "grams", "liters", "degrees Celsius" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Which unit of measurement can be used to describe the length of a desk?	[ "centimeters", "grams", "liters", "degrees Celsius" ]	0	[ "centimeters", "sunspots", "T-lymphocytes", "heat" ]
Mercury_7236110	The incompleteness of the fossil record results primarily from which phenomenon?	{ "text": [ "the frequency and irregular timing of organism speciations", "the metamorphosis of most sedimentary rock by heat and pressure", "the geologically rapid cycling of crust material back into the mantle", "the rarity with which organic remains are exposed to fossil-forming conditions" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	The incompleteness of the fossil record results primarily from which phenomenon?	[ "the frequency and irregular timing of organism speciations", "the metamorphosis of most sedimentary rock by heat and pressure", "the geologically rapid cycling of crust material back into the mantle", "the rarity with which organic remains are exposed to fossil-forming conditions" ]	3	[ "The noise in the room was too loud.", "6", "the amount of food", "the rarity with which organic remains are exposed to fossil-forming conditions" ]
Mercury_SC_401266	A student conducts an investigation. In order to make a valid conclusion, she must	{ "text": [ "have a testable hypothesis.", "place the data in a graph.", "use the best technology.", "test multiple variables." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	A student conducts an investigation. In order to make a valid conclusion, she must	[ "have a testable hypothesis.", "place the data in a graph.", "use the best technology.", "test multiple variables." ]	0	[ "have a testable hypothesis.", "hybridization", "hood", "Heavy rainfall increases soil erosion." ]
Mercury_7029943	The bonding of oxygen to red blood cells is important to the body because it enables the body to	{ "text": [ "absorb nutrients from food.", "make energy from light.", "maintain a constant temperature.", "perform aerobic respiration in cells." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	The bonding of oxygen to red blood cells is important to the body because it enables the body to	[ "absorb nutrients from food.", "make energy from light.", "maintain a constant temperature.", "perform aerobic respiration in cells." ]	3	[ "wind", "photosynthesis", "high hardness", "perform aerobic respiration in cells." ]
ACTAAP_2012_7_6	Some of Earth's water is stored underground in porous rock formations known as aquifers. Which of these could use up groundwater in aquifers?	{ "text": [ "abundant rain in the Ozarks", "excessive pumping from wells", "dams on the lower Mississippi", "community water conservation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Some of Earth's water is stored underground in porous rock formations known as aquifers. Which of these could use up groundwater in aquifers?	[ "abundant rain in the Ozarks", "excessive pumping from wells", "dams on the lower Mississippi", "community water conservation" ]	1	[ "one year", "excessive pumping from wells", "used only one kitten", "Albert Einstein" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2009_8_21	All plants and animals have mechanisms that	{ "text": [ "transport nutrients", "perform photosynthesis", "regulate nerves", "produce flowers" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	1	All plants and animals have mechanisms that	[ "transport nutrients", "perform photosynthesis", "regulate nerves", "produce flowers" ]	0	[ "transport nutrients", "the core of Earth pulls on the ball with a magnetic attraction.", "remove his number from the class result", "make sure to put the microscope on an uneven surface" ]
Mercury_404692	Which is the best tool to measure the angles of a triangular object?	{ "text": [ "a meter stick", "a compass", "a protractor", "a spring scale" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which is the best tool to measure the angles of a triangular object?	[ "a meter stick", "a compass", "a protractor", "a spring scale" ]	2	[ "plant leaves closing up when touched", "people who read books about the bay", "a protractor", "It prevents many forms of illness in patients." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_19	All living organisms are dependent on plants because plants	{ "text": [ "produce carbon dioxide", "remove oxygen from the air", "are producers", "are consumers" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	3	All living organisms are dependent on plants because plants	[ "produce carbon dioxide", "remove oxygen from the air", "are producers", "are consumers" ]	2	[ "help patients spend less time in the emergency room.", "the frequency of earthquakes", "are producers", "2HO" ]
ACTAAP_2013_5_15	Compared to other stars in our galaxy, which is the best description of our Sun?	{ "text": [ "larger size, higher temperature", "smaller size, higher temperature", "larger size, average temperature", "average size, average temperature" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	Compared to other stars in our galaxy, which is the best description of our Sun?	[ "larger size, higher temperature", "smaller size, higher temperature", "larger size, average temperature", "average size, average temperature" ]	3	[ "microscope", "overpopulated", "a microwave", "average size, average temperature" ]
MCAS_1999_8_15	While studying the relationship between number of trees and amount of atmospheric oxygen, which of the following would be most important to take into account?	{ "text": [ "contributions to atmospheric oxygen from sources other than trees", "the ways in which industrialized nations use trees", "the root area of trees", "the bark mass of trees" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	While studying the relationship between number of trees and amount of atmospheric oxygen, which of the following would be most important to take into account?	[ "contributions to atmospheric oxygen from sources other than trees", "the ways in which industrialized nations use trees", "the root area of trees", "the bark mass of trees" ]	0	[ "contributions to atmospheric oxygen from sources other than trees", "Nervous", "increasing oxygen levels", "freezes." ]
Mercury_7042875	A student is working on a science project display for the school science fair. To best communicate why her conclusions are valid, what should be included on the display?	{ "text": [ "a list of authoritative sources that supports her conclusion", "instructions for viewers to repeat her procedures", "clearly illustrated diagrams of the scientific principles involved", "a complete write-up of her experimental method and data collected" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	A student is working on a science project display for the school science fair. To best communicate why her conclusions are valid, what should be included on the display?	[ "a list of authoritative sources that supports her conclusion", "instructions for viewers to repeat her procedures", "clearly illustrated diagrams of the scientific principles involved", "a complete write-up of her experimental method and data collected" ]	3	[ "nucleus", "observing only during a lunar or solar eclipse", "20 km/h", "a complete write-up of her experimental method and data collected" ]
Mercury_7216265	Which of the following describes asexual reproduction?	{ "text": [ "the process of meiosis in a fruit fly", "fertilization of a chicken egg", "binary fission in an amoeba", "the process of embryo development in a mouse" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which of the following describes asexual reproduction?	[ "the process of meiosis in a fruit fly", "fertilization of a chicken egg", "binary fission in an amoeba", "the process of embryo development in a mouse" ]	2	[ "wind", "the layer representing the outer core", "binary fission in an amoeba", "soil" ]
Mercury_186358	Which scientist is known for his genetics experiments with pea plants?	{ "text": [ "Charles Darwin", "Gregor Mendel", "Carolus Linnaeus", "Robert Hooke" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Which scientist is known for his genetics experiments with pea plants?	[ "Charles Darwin", "Gregor Mendel", "Carolus Linnaeus", "Robert Hooke" ]	1	[ "A black bear's fur", "Gregor Mendel", "sedimentation", "generate more waste." ]
NCEOGA_2013_5_30	On a cold, cloudy day, the local weather forecaster predicts that a high-pressure system will be moving into the area in the next 24 hours. Which weather conditions will this system most likely bring to the area?	{ "text": [ "stormy", "sunny", "snowy", "hot" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	On a cold, cloudy day, the local weather forecaster predicts that a high-pressure system will be moving into the area in the next 24 hours. Which weather conditions will this system most likely bring to the area?	[ "stormy", "sunny", "snowy", "hot" ]	1	[ "a fan blowing gently", "sunny", "There was unlimited food for the moose to eat.", "orbital shape" ]
Mercury_SC_LBS10947	What determines if twins are identical?	{ "text": [ "their genes", "their behavior", "their environment", "their personalities" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	What determines if twins are identical?	[ "their genes", "their behavior", "their environment", "their personalities" ]	0	[ "their genes", "time.", "Every cell is round.", "nonreactive with other substances" ]
Mercury_7082828	Which of these processes is a conversion made by solar panels?	{ "text": [ "mechanical energy to nuclear energy", "thermal energy to chemical energy", "kinetic energy to potential energy", "radiant energy to electrical energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	Which of these processes is a conversion made by solar panels?	[ "mechanical energy to nuclear energy", "thermal energy to chemical energy", "kinetic energy to potential energy", "radiant energy to electrical energy" ]	3	[ "erosion", "magnetism.", "lakes and the Sun", "radiant energy to electrical energy" ]
Mercury_7202615	In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant over sepia eyes. A male with red eyes is crossed with a female with sepia eyes producing first generation offspring that all had sepia eyes. What does this indicate about the flies that were crossed?	{ "text": [ "Both parents are homozygous for the trait.", "Both parents are heterozygous for the trait.", "The male is heterozygous and the female is homozygous recessive for the trait.", "The male is homozygous dominant and the female is heterozygous for the trait." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant over sepia eyes. A male with red eyes is crossed with a female with sepia eyes producing first generation offspring that all had sepia eyes. What does this indicate about the flies that were crossed?	[ "Both parents are homozygous for the trait.", "Both parents are heterozygous for the trait.", "The male is heterozygous and the female is homozygous recessive for the trait.", "The male is homozygous dominant and the female is heterozygous for the trait." ]	2	[ "They insulate against cold air.", "They lack a need for proteins in their life functions.", "The male is heterozygous and the female is homozygous recessive for the trait.", "sedimentation" ]
Mercury_7137638	Acid rain caused by industrial pollution greatly reduces the number of trees in a forested region that is home to a particular species of bird. How might this decrease in the number of trees most likely affect this bird population?	{ "text": [ "The population will adapt to ground dwelling.", "The population will decrease due to lack of resources.", "The population will stabilize when it moves to another region.", "The population will increase as predators move out of the region." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Acid rain caused by industrial pollution greatly reduces the number of trees in a forested region that is home to a particular species of bird. How might this decrease in the number of trees most likely affect this bird population?	[ "The population will adapt to ground dwelling.", "The population will decrease due to lack of resources.", "The population will stabilize when it moves to another region.", "The population will increase as predators move out of the region." ]	1	[ "cool and humid", "The population will decrease due to lack of resources.", "to absorb water and plant nutrients from the soil", "Na_{3}NO" ]
VASoL_2008_5_31	Which of these is the main function of a cell wall?	{ "text": [ "To make food", "To store water", "To provide support", "To make the plant green" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which of these is the main function of a cell wall?	[ "To make food", "To store water", "To provide support", "To make the plant green" ]	2	[ "All objects are hard.", "a spider spinning a web in a tree", "To provide support", "80" ]
AIMS_2008_8_14	Which sentence about the periodic table of elements is true?	{ "text": [ "All elements in period 2 are metals.", "All elements in group 18 are metals.", "Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.", "Metals are found on the right side of the periodic table." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which sentence about the periodic table of elements is true?	[ "All elements in period 2 are metals.", "All elements in group 18 are metals.", "Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.", "Metals are found on the right side of the periodic table." ]	2	[ "mixing them with pieces of copper", "It is determined in a court of law.", "Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.", "its decomposers" ]
CSZ_2008_5_CSZ20249	Salt concentration, water temperature, plankton, and the whale shark might all be used in a description of an ocean	{ "text": [ "climate.", "food web.", "ecosystem.", "population." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Salt concentration, water temperature, plankton, and the whale shark might all be used in a description of an ocean	[ "climate.", "food web.", "ecosystem.", "population." ]	2	[ "solid iron", "a hot, cloudy day", "ecosystem.", "strike-slip faults" ]
Mercury_7205765	Rocks can be classified many different ways, including as igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. This classification is based on the	{ "text": [ "origin of the rocks.", "use of the rocks.", "size of the rocks.", "hardness of the rocks." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Rocks can be classified many different ways, including as igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. This classification is based on the	[ "origin of the rocks.", "use of the rocks.", "size of the rocks.", "hardness of the rocks." ]	0	[ "origin of the rocks.", "Food provides water for energy.", "behavioral isolation", "X-rays" ]
Mercury_SC_413003	A mountain range has hills around its edges. How are the mountains and hills alike?	{ "text": [ "Both have grass at the top.", "Both are at least 1000 meters tall.", "Both have liquid rock at their centers.", "Both are taller than the land around them." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	A mountain range has hills around its edges. How are the mountains and hills alike?	[ "Both have grass at the top.", "Both are at least 1000 meters tall.", "Both have liquid rock at their centers.", "Both are taller than the land around them." ]	3	[ "aid in respiration.", "millimeter", "hormones", "Both are taller than the land around them." ]
Mercury_7094430	Human muscle cells need nutrients and oxygen during exercise. The human body is able to meet the needs of the muscle cells during exercise by increasing	{ "text": [ "digestion.", "excretion.", "secretion.", "circulation." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	Human muscle cells need nutrients and oxygen during exercise. The human body is able to meet the needs of the muscle cells during exercise by increasing	[ "digestion.", "excretion.", "secretion.", "circulation." ]	3	[ "number of leaves on the trees.", "Mars", "respiration", "circulation." ]
Mercury_SC_408361	Phyllis investigated what happened when she added some different substances to water. Which substance can combine with water to form a solution?	{ "text": [ "oil", "rocks", "soil", "sugar" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	Phyllis investigated what happened when she added some different substances to water. Which substance can combine with water to form a solution?	[ "oil", "rocks", "soil", "sugar" ]	3	[ "neutrons and molecules", "scales.", "coal", "sugar" ]
Mercury_SC_400190	Fossil fuels are considered a nonrenewable resource because they	{ "text": [ "have turned into solid rock.", "take a long period of time to form.", "are expensive to remove from rock.", "are located deep within the Earth's crust." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Fossil fuels are considered a nonrenewable resource because they	[ "have turned into solid rock.", "take a long period of time to form.", "are expensive to remove from rock.", "are located deep within the Earth's crust." ]	1	[ "the amount of oxygen produced by trees", "take a long period of time to form.", "tail-feather length", "arguments in philosophy." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2005_4_19	A student is growing some plants for an experiment. She notices small white spots on the leaves. Which tool should she use to get a better look at the spots?	{ "text": [ "thermometer", "hand lens", "graduated cylinder", "balance" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	A student is growing some plants for an experiment. She notices small white spots on the leaves. Which tool should she use to get a better look at the spots?	[ "thermometer", "hand lens", "graduated cylinder", "balance" ]	1	[ "sound", "hand lens", "radiation from the Sun", "genetic defects." ]
Mercury_7267978	Why are seals able to live off the coast of Antarctica while frogs, snakes, and panthers are not?	{ "text": [ "Seals can swim.", "Seals are predators.", "Seals have fur and blubber.", "Seals are warm-blooded animals." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Why are seals able to live off the coast of Antarctica while frogs, snakes, and panthers are not?	[ "Seals can swim.", "Seals are predators.", "Seals have fur and blubber.", "Seals are warm-blooded animals." ]	2	[ "digestive tract with two openings", "producer.", "Seals have fur and blubber.", "precipitation" ]
Mercury_7252193	How are the functions of a carbohydrate and a lipid similar?	{ "text": [ "Both are a source of energy.", "Both are replicated during meiosis.", "Both lower the activation energy of reactions.", "Both dissolve nutrients in the digestive system." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	How are the functions of a carbohydrate and a lipid similar?	[ "Both are a source of energy.", "Both are replicated during meiosis.", "Both lower the activation energy of reactions.", "Both dissolve nutrients in the digestive system." ]	0	[ "Both are a source of energy.", "increase in allergies in rainforest wildlife", "a proton", "a rabbit that can run fast" ]
Mercury_402206	Traveling in opposite directions, buses A and B are passing each other at the relative speed of 25 km/h, while a passenger on bus A walks toward the back of the bus at the speed of 5 km/h. What is the velocity of the passenger on bus A relative to bus B?	{ "text": [ "20 km/h in the direction of bus A", "20 km/h in the direction of bus B", "30 km/h in the direction of bus A", "30 km/h in the direction of bus B" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Traveling in opposite directions, buses A and B are passing each other at the relative speed of 25 km/h, while a passenger on bus A walks toward the back of the bus at the speed of 5 km/h. What is the velocity of the passenger on bus A relative to bus B?	[ "20 km/h in the direction of bus A", "20 km/h in the direction of bus B", "30 km/h in the direction of bus A", "30 km/h in the direction of bus B" ]	0	[ "20 km/h in the direction of bus A", "concave mirror", "fertilization", "hypertension" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_3	A student drops a ball. Which force causes the ball to fall to the ground?	{ "text": [ "electricity", "friction", "gravity", "magnetism" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	A student drops a ball. Which force causes the ball to fall to the ground?	[ "electricity", "friction", "gravity", "magnetism" ]	2	[ "translation.", "the airplane", "gravity", "lens." ]
Mercury_7221288	Hydrogen is located on the left side of the periodic table in the same column as the alkali metals, but it has characteristics of a nonmetal. Which of the following is a physical property of hydrogen?	{ "text": [ "Hydrogen can bond to itself.", "Hydrogen makes positive ions.", "Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "Hydrogen is combustible." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Hydrogen is located on the left side of the periodic table in the same column as the alkali metals, but it has characteristics of a nonmetal. Which of the following is a physical property of hydrogen?	[ "Hydrogen can bond to itself.", "Hydrogen makes positive ions.", "Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "Hydrogen is combustible." ]	2	[ "mechanical properties", "painting the roof of the home white to reflect light", "Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "cytoplasm" ]
Mercury_SC_402059	In an experiment, a scientist named Pavlov rang a bell before he fed his dogs, which made the dogs drool. Soon the dogs would drool when they heard the bell, even if they did not receive any food. What type of response did the dogs exhibit?	{ "text": [ "an instinct", "an inherited trait", "a learned behavior", "a conscious behavior" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	In an experiment, a scientist named Pavlov rang a bell before he fed his dogs, which made the dogs drool. Soon the dogs would drool when they heard the bell, even if they did not receive any food. What type of response did the dogs exhibit?	[ "an instinct", "an inherited trait", "a learned behavior", "a conscious behavior" ]	2	[ "in an oral report", "conducts electricity", "a learned behavior", "through filtration" ]
Mercury_SC_405298	Which invention will best help people travel quickly to far away places?	{ "text": [ "car", "boat", "airplane", "skateboard" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which invention will best help people travel quickly to far away places?	[ "car", "boat", "airplane", "skateboard" ]	2	[ "date of flowering and smell of the flower", "sexual reproduction.", "airplane", "nervous and digestive" ]
Mercury_7283623	What is an environmental threat posed by oil and gas acquisition and transport that is not posed by the acquisition and transport of the energy resources uranium, and wood?	{ "text": [ "habitat change", "vehicle pollution", "pipeline leaks", "soil compaction and loss" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	What is an environmental threat posed by oil and gas acquisition and transport that is not posed by the acquisition and transport of the energy resources uranium, and wood?	[ "habitat change", "vehicle pollution", "pipeline leaks", "soil compaction and loss" ]	2	[ "allow reproduction", "The skull supports the eyes in their sockets.", "pipeline leaks", "the endocrine system" ]
Mercury_7026390	Some plant species are more tolerant of acidic soil than others. The tolerant species are favored in areas affected by which consequence of human activity?	{ "text": [ "mixing of pollutants with rain", "erosion of topsoil by clearcutting", "runoff of fertilizer used in farming", "thinning of the atmospheric ozone layer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Some plant species are more tolerant of acidic soil than others. The tolerant species are favored in areas affected by which consequence of human activity?	[ "mixing of pollutants with rain", "erosion of topsoil by clearcutting", "runoff of fertilizer used in farming", "thinning of the atmospheric ozone layer" ]	0	[ "mixing of pollutants with rain", "magnetic", "invertebrates to flying organisms", "color" ]
Mercury_7068653	Which resource has the most potential for production of renewable electric energy?	{ "text": [ "coal", "oil", "natural gas", "geothermal" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	Which resource has the most potential for production of renewable electric energy?	[ "coal", "oil", "natural gas", "geothermal" ]	3	[ "a basalt column", "a protractor", "natural gas.", "geothermal" ]
MCAS_2008_8_5718	A layer of solid brittle rock comprises the outer 100 kilometers of Earth. This layer, which contains both the crust and the upper mantle, is called the	{ "text": [ "core.", "sediment.", "lithosphere.", "hemisphere." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	A layer of solid brittle rock comprises the outer 100 kilometers of Earth. This layer, which contains both the crust and the upper mantle, is called the	[ "core.", "sediment.", "lithosphere.", "hemisphere." ]	2	[ "The Capture Theory and the Giant Impact Theory", "helium", "lithosphere.", "bird" ]
Mercury_7005040	During its lifetime, which object is known to change in brightness, color, and temperature?	{ "text": [ "star", "moon", "asteroid", "planet" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	During its lifetime, which object is known to change in brightness, color, and temperature?	[ "star", "moon", "asteroid", "planet" ]	0	[ "star", "wind erosion", "O2", "material recycling" ]
Mercury_7007403	What causes a free falling object to accelerate?	{ "text": [ "inertia", "gravity", "initial speed", "initial direction" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	What causes a free falling object to accelerate?	[ "inertia", "gravity", "initial speed", "initial direction" ]	1	[ "the Moon revolving around Earth.", "gravity", "where oceans are deepest", "the lysosome of an engulfed prokaryotic cell" ]
Mercury_7043838	What is the main source of energy that drives all weather patterns?	{ "text": [ "the Sun", "oceans", "the Moon", "mountains" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	What is the main source of energy that drives all weather patterns?	[ "the Sun", "oceans", "the Moon", "mountains" ]	0	[ "the Sun", "how to nurse milk", "The mass of the statue is not related to the mass of the pieces.", "electrical conductivity" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_27	What is one factor that contributes to seasons occurring in New York State?	{ "text": [ "the revolution of the Moon around Earth", "the tilt of Earth on its axis", "the rising and falling of ocean tides", "the distance of Earth from the Sun" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	2	What is one factor that contributes to seasons occurring in New York State?	[ "the revolution of the Moon around Earth", "the tilt of Earth on its axis", "the rising and falling of ocean tides", "the distance of Earth from the Sun" ]	1	[ "radiation from the solid core", "the tilt of Earth on its axis", "It transmits light.", "harmful" ]
ACTAAP_2009_5_6	Which cell part is correctly paired with its function?	{ "text": [ "nucleus-controls cell activities", "chloroplast-outside boundary of plant cells", "cell wall-controls what goes in and out of cells", "cell membrane-where photosynthesis takes place" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Which cell part is correctly paired with its function?	[ "nucleus-controls cell activities", "chloroplast-outside boundary of plant cells", "cell wall-controls what goes in and out of cells", "cell membrane-where photosynthesis takes place" ]	0	[ "nucleus-controls cell activities", "Both have grass at the top.", "volcanic", "complete the experiment in one day" ]
Mercury_7207585	A meeting of scientists, called a symposium, occurs every year to share recent research about the atmosphere of Earth. This symposium mainly serves which purpose in science?	{ "text": [ "to test research methods used by other scientists", "to develop questions about space research", "to discuss the meaning of new discoveries", "to explain gas properties to the general public" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	A meeting of scientists, called a symposium, occurs every year to share recent research about the atmosphere of Earth. This symposium mainly serves which purpose in science?	[ "to test research methods used by other scientists", "to develop questions about space research", "to discuss the meaning of new discoveries", "to explain gas properties to the general public" ]	2	[ "sunglasses and thermal gloves", "riding a bicycle", "to discuss the meaning of new discoveries", "the battery pushing light through the wire" ]
ACTAAP_2009_7_13	A wind turbine primarily uses which type of energy?	{ "text": [ "nuclear", "thermal", "chemical", "mechanical" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	A wind turbine primarily uses which type of energy?	[ "nuclear", "thermal", "chemical", "mechanical" ]	3	[ "reaction", "respiration.", "A leaf falls to the soil, develops roots, and grows.", "mechanical" ]
Mercury_SC_401377	A rubber band will make a sound when it is	{ "text": [ "vibrated.", "stretched.", "cut into pieces.", "shot across a room." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	A rubber band will make a sound when it is	[ "vibrated.", "stretched.", "cut into pieces.", "shot across a room." ]	0	[ "vibrated.", "sodium, chlorine, and water", "Earth's magnetic field", "the brightness of the star" ]
Mercury_7016205	What would a warm air mass over the ocean most likely cause?	{ "text": [ "earthquake", "snowfall", "tsunami", "rainfall" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	What would a warm air mass over the ocean most likely cause?	[ "earthquake", "snowfall", "tsunami", "rainfall" ]	3	[ "observing on any sunny, clear day", "plant fossils that are similar in size", "is a broad band within the spectrum.", "rainfall" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_25	The Moon is visible to observers on Earth because of	{ "text": [ "reflected sunlight", "absorbed light from Earth's atmosphere", "gases in the Moon's interior", "volcanic eruptions on the Moon's surface" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	1	The Moon is visible to observers on Earth because of	[ "reflected sunlight", "absorbed light from Earth's atmosphere", "gases in the Moon's interior", "volcanic eruptions on the Moon's surface" ]	0	[ "reflected sunlight", "circulatory system", "Lower mass creates higher gravitational pull.", "gliding a boat through the water using sails" ]
Mercury_7071593	Which illness is always caused by an infection?	{ "text": [ "a heart attack", "a broken bone", "influenza", "cancer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which illness is always caused by an infection?	[ "a heart attack", "a broken bone", "influenza", "cancer" ]	2	[ "converting deforested areas into malls.", "Farm land", "influenza", "it is compressed" ]
Mercury_SC_408710	Jonny climbed an apple tree. How are Jonny and the apple tree similar to each other?	{ "text": [ "Both are made of cells.", "Both take in carbon dioxide.", "Both get nutrients directly from soil.", "Both get energy from other organisms." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Jonny climbed an apple tree. How are Jonny and the apple tree similar to each other?	[ "Both are made of cells.", "Both take in carbon dioxide.", "Both get nutrients directly from soil.", "Both get energy from other organisms." ]	0	[ "Both are made of cells.", "V-shaped valleys", "mitochondrion", "It removes sand from the ocean floor." ]
Mercury_402571	What are the names of the products in the chemical equation shown below? HCl + NaHCO_{3} -> NaCl + CO_{2} + H_{2}O	{ "text": [ "hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water", "hydrogen chloride and sodium bicarbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon monoxide, and dihydrogen oxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	What are the names of the products in the chemical equation shown below? HCl + NaHCO_{3} -> NaCl + CO_{2} + H_{2}O	[ "hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water", "hydrogen chloride and sodium bicarbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon monoxide, and dihydrogen oxide" ]	1	[ "absorbed.", "sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water", "brain", "less waste." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2005_4_29	A ball is tossed up in the air and it comes back down. The ball comes back down because of	{ "text": [ "gravity", "friction", "erosion", "magnetism" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	A ball is tossed up in the air and it comes back down. The ball comes back down because of	[ "gravity", "friction", "erosion", "magnetism" ]	0	[ "gravity", "large ears", "electron.", "asexual reproduction" ]
Mercury_SC_405456	Timber companies can best manage the number of trees in forests by	{ "text": [ "converting deforested areas into malls.", "planting trees to replace what they cut down.", "adding pesticides to the soil around the trees.", "removing the tree stumps when trees are cut down." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Timber companies can best manage the number of trees in forests by	[ "converting deforested areas into malls.", "planting trees to replace what they cut down.", "adding pesticides to the soil around the trees.", "removing the tree stumps when trees are cut down." ]	1	[ "stockpile chemical energy", "planting trees to replace what they cut down.", "natural gas.", "metabolic rate increases and body temperature decreases" ]
Mercury_7202248	The formation of the Himalayan Mountains is one example of land features caused by compressive forces. Which action most likely led to the formation of these mountains?	{ "text": [ "seafloor spreading", "strike-slip faulting", "colliding plates", "hot spots" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	The formation of the Himalayan Mountains is one example of land features caused by compressive forces. Which action most likely led to the formation of these mountains?	[ "seafloor spreading", "strike-slip faulting", "colliding plates", "hot spots" ]	2	[ "to mix with the thin atmosphere for astronauts during space walks", "leaf", "colliding plates", "magnetism" ]
Mercury_7139563	What abiotic factor would most likely signal a population of birds that it is time to migrate from north to south?	{ "text": [ "decrease in sunlight", "change in precipitation", "increase in food source", "change in wind direction" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	What abiotic factor would most likely signal a population of birds that it is time to migrate from north to south?	[ "decrease in sunlight", "change in precipitation", "increase in food source", "change in wind direction" ]	0	[ "decrease in sunlight", "The seeds of oak trees are protected from the sun.", "krypton", "Golgi complex" ]
Mercury_7016958	A greenhouse is used as a model of the atmosphere. Which of the following cannot be demonstrated by the model?	{ "text": [ "energy used to evaporate water", "changes in greenhouse gases", "light energy trapped as heat energy", "energy that builds up in the greenhouse air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	A greenhouse is used as a model of the atmosphere. Which of the following cannot be demonstrated by the model?	[ "energy used to evaporate water", "changes in greenhouse gases", "light energy trapped as heat energy", "energy that builds up in the greenhouse air" ]	1	[ "The mosquito larvae would use their breathing tubes to live on land.", "changes in greenhouse gases", "telephone", "It is snowing." ]
Mercury_7042963	A light bulb manufacturer claims its light bulb is "twice as bright" per unit of electrical energy consumed as the leading light bulb. If this claim is correct, what factor must be accurately compared between the two bulbs?	{ "text": [ "how much each bulb weighs", "how long each bulb lasts", "how much heat each bulb releases", "how much metal each bulb contains" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	A light bulb manufacturer claims its light bulb is "twice as bright" per unit of electrical energy consumed as the leading light bulb. If this claim is correct, what factor must be accurately compared between the two bulbs?	[ "how much each bulb weighs", "how long each bulb lasts", "how much heat each bulb releases", "how much metal each bulb contains" ]	2	[ "magnetism", "organisms that lived on the land, in the sea and in the air", "how much heat each bulb releases", "fall to winter" ]
Mercury_7013615	In the 17th century, Gregor Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits and observed the results in their offspring. To which of these did Mendel contribute most directly with his work?	{ "text": [ "medicine", "agriculture", "science of force and motion", "science of heredity and variation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	In the 17th century, Gregor Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits and observed the results in their offspring. To which of these did Mendel contribute most directly with his work?	[ "medicine", "agriculture", "science of force and motion", "science of heredity and variation" ]	3	[ "What color changes can be observed?", "classifying flowers", "acidic food.", "science of heredity and variation" ]
Mercury_SC_LBS10351	How does the appearance of a constellation change during the night?	{ "text": [ "Its shape appears to become longer.", "Its position appears to shift relative to the horizon.", "Its brightest stars begin to appear orange.", "Its distance to the North Star decreases." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	How does the appearance of a constellation change during the night?	[ "Its shape appears to become longer.", "Its position appears to shift relative to the horizon.", "Its brightest stars begin to appear orange.", "Its distance to the North Star decreases." ]	1	[ "magnetism", "Its position appears to shift relative to the horizon.", "by the size of the magnet lifting the metal paper clips", "light energy to heat energy" ]
CSZ_2008_5_CSZ20469	The freezing and thawing action of water affects a rock by	{ "text": [ "transforming the rock into igneous rock.", "chemically changing the rock.", "gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.", "leaving behind sedimentary particles from evaporated solutions." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	The freezing and thawing action of water affects a rock by	[ "transforming the rock into igneous rock.", "chemically changing the rock.", "gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.", "leaving behind sedimentary particles from evaporated solutions." ]	2	[ "the level of carbon dioxide in the cells", "number of earthquakes", "gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.", "ionization" ]
MCAS_2007_5_4772	Delilah put a container of water in the freezer and left it there overnight. The next morning she saw that the water in the container had changed to ice. Which of the following statements best explains why the water changed to ice?	{ "text": [ "The water gained energy.", "The water absorbed light.", "Mass was released from the water.", "Heat was taken away from the water." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	Delilah put a container of water in the freezer and left it there overnight. The next morning she saw that the water in the container had changed to ice. Which of the following statements best explains why the water changed to ice?	[ "The water gained energy.", "The water absorbed light.", "Mass was released from the water.", "Heat was taken away from the water." ]	3	[ "increased reproduction rate", "the growth of animals", "dialysis machine", "Heat was taken away from the water." ]
MCAS_2000_4_14	Earth's rotation (turning on its axis) causes	{ "text": [ "the seasons to change.", "the Moon to appear as different shapes.", "day and night.", "solar eclipses." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Earth's rotation (turning on its axis) causes	[ "the seasons to change.", "the Moon to appear as different shapes.", "day and night.", "solar eclipses." ]	2	[ "a group of planets revolving around a single star", "repeating steps in a procedure.", "day and night.", "vehicle 3" ]
MCAS_2005_5_32	Which of the following climates has cold winters and hot summers?	{ "text": [ "polar", "subtropical", "temperate", "tropical" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which of the following climates has cold winters and hot summers?	[ "polar", "subtropical", "temperate", "tropical" ]	2	[ "breathing", "Water", "temperate", "advances in the scientific method." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_10	What form of energy is being used when a person pushes a wooden block across the floor?	{ "text": [ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "electrical" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	What form of energy is being used when a person pushes a wooden block across the floor?	[ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "electrical" ]	0	[ "mechanical", "the father only", "Obtain several sea slugs and conduct experiments with them.", "It keeps the soil cool." ]
Mercury_405167	Which action is an example of good water management?	{ "text": [ "letting faucets drip", "watering the grass every day", "turning off the faucet when brushing teeth", "running the dishwasher when it is not full" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which action is an example of good water management?	[ "letting faucets drip", "watering the grass every day", "turning off the faucet when brushing teeth", "running the dishwasher when it is not full" ]	2	[ "centimeter", "roof.", "turning off the faucet when brushing teeth", "a mirror" ]
TIMSS_2007_8_pg97	An Earth year is the length of time it takes for	{ "text": [ "Earth to rotate once on its axis", "the Moon to revolve once around Earth", "the Sun to revolve once around Earth", "Earth to revolve once around the Sun" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	An Earth year is the length of time it takes for	[ "Earth to rotate once on its axis", "the Moon to revolve once around Earth", "the Sun to revolve once around Earth", "Earth to revolve once around the Sun" ]	3	[ "blizzards", "shear", "rabies", "Earth to revolve once around the Sun" ]
Mercury_SC_401243	Which land form results when carbonic acid in groundwater seeps through rock and dissolves limestone?	{ "text": [ "valleys", "ravines", "caverns", "mountains" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which land form results when carbonic acid in groundwater seeps through rock and dissolves limestone?	[ "valleys", "ravines", "caverns", "mountains" ]	2	[ "volcanoes", "clouds", "caverns", "Rocks with small interlocking crystals in them" ]
Mercury_7228480	Which part of a DNA molecule represents encoded information?	{ "text": [ "phosphate", "sugar", "guanine", "hydrogen bond" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which part of a DNA molecule represents encoded information?	[ "phosphate", "sugar", "guanine", "hydrogen bond" ]	2	[ "rubber gloves", "minerals", "guanine", "helium mixing with oxygen" ]
VASoL_2011_5_4	Early scientists most likely saw a discharge of electricity for the first time when observing a	{ "text": [ "waterfall", "rainbow", "lightning storm", "volcano erupting" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Early scientists most likely saw a discharge of electricity for the first time when observing a	[ "waterfall", "rainbow", "lightning storm", "volcano erupting" ]	2	[ "continue to speed up.", "Non-native plants cause native animals to relocate.", "lightning storm", "a tornado" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2009_8_34	In humans, the amount of sugar in blood is controlled by the release of a hormone called insulin. This process is an example of	{ "text": [ "depletion", "digestion", "regulation", "excretion" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	3	In humans, the amount of sugar in blood is controlled by the release of a hormone called insulin. This process is an example of	[ "depletion", "digestion", "regulation", "excretion" ]	2	[ "water", "nucleus", "regulation", "ask new questions." ]
MCAS_1999_8_21	It is necessary to add a day to the calendar every four years because	{ "text": [ "the axis of Earth is tilted.", "the gravitational pull of the Sun affects Earth's revolution.", "the revolution of Earth is not exactly 365 days.", "the Moon crosses the orbit of the Sun every 28 days." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	It is necessary to add a day to the calendar every four years because	[ "the axis of Earth is tilted.", "the gravitational pull of the Sun affects Earth's revolution.", "the revolution of Earth is not exactly 365 days.", "the Moon crosses the orbit of the Sun every 28 days." ]	2	[ "increasing use of chemicals near the stream", "increase in genetic diversity among surviving organisms", "the revolution of Earth is not exactly 365 days.", "hydrogen" ]
Mercury_SC_400141	Which tool would be best to measure the length of a butterfly?	{ "text": [ "triple beam balance", "graduated cylinder", "metric ruler", "thermometer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which tool would be best to measure the length of a butterfly?	[ "triple beam balance", "graduated cylinder", "metric ruler", "thermometer" ]	2	[ "a thermometer", "decreasing the pitch.", "metric ruler", "erode." ]
Mercury_SC_405001	Scientists invented a liquid that removes grease and keeps the skin soft. How could this discovery most likely be used?	{ "text": [ "to improve dish soap", "to cure a disease", "to make clothes", "to grow plants" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Scientists invented a liquid that removes grease and keeps the skin soft. How could this discovery most likely be used?	[ "to improve dish soap", "to cure a disease", "to make clothes", "to grow plants" ]	0	[ "to improve dish soap", "to fight off predators", "rotation", "predation" ]
Mercury_SC_415388	The first step in the water cycle is evaporation. What gives water the energy to evaporate?	{ "text": [ "Sun", "wind", "clouds", "waves" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	The first step in the water cycle is evaporation. What gives water the energy to evaporate?	[ "Sun", "wind", "clouds", "waves" ]	0	[ "Sun", "white dwarf", "Lichens, mosses, caribou, polar bears", "bar graph" ]
AKDE&ED_2008_4_10	On a warm sunny afternoon, ocean water splashed onto a rock. A short time later, the rock was dry. Which statement best explains what happened to the water on the rock?	{ "text": [ "Heat caused the water to become a gas.", "Heat melted the water and it disappeared.", "Salt caused the water to become a gas.", "Salt melted the water and it disappeared." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	On a warm sunny afternoon, ocean water splashed onto a rock. A short time later, the rock was dry. Which statement best explains what happened to the water on the rock?	[ "Heat caused the water to become a gas.", "Heat melted the water and it disappeared.", "Salt caused the water to become a gas.", "Salt melted the water and it disappeared." ]	0	[ "Heat caused the water to become a gas.", "The Moon does not rotate on its axis.", "succession species.", "swimming speed." ]
ACTAAP_2007_7_29	Which is a nonrenewable natural resource that is used to make electrical energy?	{ "text": [ "coal", "wind", "water", "thermal" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Which is a nonrenewable natural resource that is used to make electrical energy?	[ "coal", "wind", "water", "thermal" ]	0	[ "coal", "a wolf's howl", "nitrogen fixation", "triple-beam balance" ]
Mercury_7239785	Which process initiates the passage of half of a parent's DNA to offspring?	{ "text": [ "meiosis", "mitosis", "fertilization", "differentiation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	Which process initiates the passage of half of a parent's DNA to offspring?	[ "meiosis", "mitosis", "fertilization", "differentiation" ]	0	[ "meiosis", "require oxygen for respiration", "Rivers carry sediment and build deltas.", "endocrine" ]
Mercury_SC_411884	Which resource provides the minerals plants need to grow?	{ "text": [ "sunlight", "water", "soil", "air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Which resource provides the minerals plants need to grow?	[ "sunlight", "water", "soil", "air" ]	2	[ "comparing their data to the expected results.", "There is a greater number of offspring.", "soil", "It melts and becomes part of streams and rivers." ]
LEAP_2011_4_10297	At what time on a sunny day will the shadow of the school's flagpole be the shortest?	{ "text": [ "sunrise", "noon", "mid-afternoon", "sunset" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	At what time on a sunny day will the shadow of the school's flagpole be the shortest?	[ "sunrise", "noon", "mid-afternoon", "sunset" ]	1	[ "Color", "noon", "direction.", "light meter" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2005_4_11	Animals get energy for growth and repair from	{ "text": [ "soil", "food", "water", "air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Animals get energy for growth and repair from	[ "soil", "food", "water", "air" ]	1	[ "control", "food", "climate of a particular region.", "The balloon has a positive charge and the comb is neutral." ]
Mercury_SC_401356	A flower produces seeds that fall to the ground and grow into new plants that produce more flowers. The seeds begin to grow by the process of	{ "text": [ "fertilization.", "germination.", "maturation.", "pollination." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	A flower produces seeds that fall to the ground and grow into new plants that produce more flowers. The seeds begin to grow by the process of	[ "fertilization.", "germination.", "maturation.", "pollination." ]	1	[ "sound energy", "germination.", "Add water to the mixture.", "analyzing only melted ice cores." ]
Mercury_182035	A rock has most likely traveled a long distance from its place of origin if it is	{ "text": [ "very small.", "rounded and smooth.", "partially faded.", "rough and dense." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	A rock has most likely traveled a long distance from its place of origin if it is	[ "very small.", "rounded and smooth.", "partially faded.", "rough and dense." ]	1	[ "sunlight", "rounded and smooth.", "sound", "acidic." ]
Mercury_7092383	Which of the following best explains why the tectonic plates of Earth move?	{ "text": [ "conduction from solar heating", "heat convection from the mantle", "global winds", "ocean currents" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	Which of the following best explains why the tectonic plates of Earth move?	[ "conduction from solar heating", "heat convection from the mantle", "global winds", "ocean currents" ]	1	[ "pouring water into alcohol", "heat convection from the mantle", "muscular system", "Coal" ]
Mercury_7137813	Over a long period of time, a rocky volcanic island that previously did not support any form of life got transformed into a dense forested region. Which of these species is most likely to have been the pioneer species that initiated this transformation?	{ "text": [ "ferns", "grasses", "lichens", "mushrooms" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	Over a long period of time, a rocky volcanic island that previously did not support any form of life got transformed into a dense forested region. Which of these species is most likely to have been the pioneer species that initiated this transformation?	[ "ferns", "grasses", "lichens", "mushrooms" ]	2	[ "an increase in heart rate", "a scale and weights", "lichens", "overlapping layers of neutral, positive, and negative particles" ]
Mercury_SC_400129	The formation of coal deposits occurred over millions of years. Which feature was most responsible for these deposits?	{ "text": [ "barren deserts", "active volcanoes", "mountains covered in trees", "swamps with dense vegetation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	The formation of coal deposits occurred over millions of years. Which feature was most responsible for these deposits?	[ "barren deserts", "active volcanoes", "mountains covered in trees", "swamps with dense vegetation" ]	3	[ "migration", "toss it into a fire pit and burn it", "stomach", "swamps with dense vegetation" ]
Mercury_7164500	A teacher is performing a demonstration about static electricity for his class by rubbing a balloon against a wool sweater. The balloon sticks to the wool sweater. Which particles are exchanged during the demonstration?	{ "text": [ "atoms", "protons", "neutrons", "electrons" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	A teacher is performing a demonstration about static electricity for his class by rubbing a balloon against a wool sweater. The balloon sticks to the wool sweater. Which particles are exchanged during the demonstration?	[ "atoms", "protons", "neutrons", "electrons" ]	3	[ "in caves.", "discuss the statement with other students", "electricity", "electrons" ]
Mercury_404951	After a race, a newspaper lists the names of the five fastest runners. Another method that could be used to identify the five fastest runners is to make a chart that shows the	{ "text": [ "average of the speeds of the runners.", "total distance for each runner.", "time it took each runner to run the race.", "percentage of the runners who finished the race." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	After a race, a newspaper lists the names of the five fastest runners. Another method that could be used to identify the five fastest runners is to make a chart that shows the	[ "average of the speeds of the runners.", "total distance for each runner.", "time it took each runner to run the race.", "percentage of the runners who finished the race." ]	2	[ "Your hair color", "compound", "time it took each runner to run the race.", "add an inhibitor" ]

Mercury_7097265

After playing outside on a cold day, Jaime went inside to wash his hands. Although the water was normal temperature, he noticed that it felt warmer than usual. What would explain this phenomenon?

{ "text": [ "His body had more kinetic energy than the water.", "Heat flowed from a cooler substance to a warmer substance.", "The water from the faucet had a higher temperature than his skin.", "The thermal energy in the room was higher than the thermal energy outside." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

After playing outside on a cold day, Jaime went inside to wash his hands. Although the water was normal temperature, he noticed that it felt warmer than usual. What would explain this phenomenon?

[ "His body had more kinetic energy than the water.", "Heat flowed from a cooler substance to a warmer substance.", "The water from the faucet had a higher temperature than his skin.", "The thermal energy in the room was higher than the thermal energy outside." ]

2

[ "plastic", "lumber", "The water from the faucet had a higher temperature than his skin.", "What shape is a human skin cell?" ]

OHAT_2008_8_33

What is the relationship between tissues and organs?

{ "text": [ "Organs are made from one type of tissue.", "Tissues are made from one type of organ.", "Tissues are made from different types of organs.", "Organs are made from different types of tissues." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

What is the relationship between tissues and organs?

[ "Organs are made from one type of tissue.", "Tissues are made from one type of organ.", "Tissues are made from different types of organs.", "Organs are made from different types of tissues." ]

3

[ "a vehicle traveling on a bumpy road", "increase in frog population as more land is exposed", "ecological succession", "Organs are made from different types of tissues." ]

Mercury_7044118

What will be the most likely result for some species of animals with the continued burning of rain forests in Africa?

{ "text": [ "soil erosion", "destruction of their habitats", "improved nutrients in the soil", "more grasses as a result of burning" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

What will be the most likely result for some species of animals with the continued burning of rain forests in Africa?

[ "soil erosion", "destruction of their habitats", "improved nutrients in the soil", "more grasses as a result of burning" ]

1

[ "being able to breathe", "destruction of their habitats", "A great land bridge once connected the continents.", "a magnifying glass" ]

OHAT_2009_5_9

Earthworms live underground in the soil. As they move through the soil, they create tunnels. The tunnels help improve the soil. Plants grow better in soil that has earthworms. Which statement explains how earthworm tunnels help plants?

{ "text": [ "Earthworm tunnels bring heat into the soil that warms plant roots.", "Earthworm tunnels loosen the soil so plant roots can easily grow", "Earthworm tunnels allow sunlight to reach the plant roots in the soil.", "Earthworm tunnels create places where insects can hide and protect plant roots." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Earthworms live underground in the soil. As they move through the soil, they create tunnels. The tunnels help improve the soil. Plants grow better in soil that has earthworms. Which statement explains how earthworm tunnels help plants?

[ "Earthworm tunnels bring heat into the soil that warms plant roots.", "Earthworm tunnels loosen the soil so plant roots can easily grow", "Earthworm tunnels allow sunlight to reach the plant roots in the soil.", "Earthworm tunnels create places where insects can hide and protect plant roots." ]

1

[ "a decrease in nonnative plants", "Earthworm tunnels loosen the soil so plant roots can easily grow", "day.", "What are the effects of soil, temperature, water, and sunshine on the growth of corn plants?" ]

VASoL_2010_5_40

Which tools are best used to determine the speed of a turtle as it walks along a path?

{ "text": [ "Meter stick and graduated cylinder", "Stopwatch and meter stick", "Balance and metric ruler", "Balance and stopwatch" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Which tools are best used to determine the speed of a turtle as it walks along a path?

[ "Meter stick and graduated cylinder", "Stopwatch and meter stick", "Balance and metric ruler", "Balance and stopwatch" ]

1

[ "adding a colored dye to the mixture", "Stopwatch and meter stick", "fuel tank", "precipitation" ]

Mercury_SC_402628

Which tool would a student use to measure wind speed?

{ "text": [ "compass", "barometer", "anemometer", "weather vane" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which tool would a student use to measure wind speed?

[ "compass", "barometer", "anemometer", "weather vane" ]

2

[ "They work independently to remove wastes.", "directional selection", "anemometer", "Some mass is converted to energy." ]

ACTAAP_2008_7_8

Why would explorers use a compass when traveling to unknown lands?

{ "text": [ "to locate a direction to travel", "to measure the quality of drinking water", "to protect themselves from wild animals", "to determine levels of humanity in tropical areas" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Why would explorers use a compass when traveling to unknown lands?

[ "to locate a direction to travel", "to measure the quality of drinking water", "to protect themselves from wild animals", "to determine levels of humanity in tropical areas" ]

0

[ "to locate a direction to travel", "absorbed", "Expect wind speed to decrease for the next several hours.", "liquids." ]

Mercury_7013178

Which measurement tool is used to find the volume of a small piece of granite?

{ "text": [ "thermometer", "metric ruler", "graduated cylinder", "triple beam balance" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which measurement tool is used to find the volume of a small piece of granite?

[ "thermometer", "metric ruler", "graduated cylinder", "triple beam balance" ]

2

[ "tissues, organs, cells, organ systems, organisms", "The sugar in the soda turned into a gas.", "graduated cylinder", "fur and wings" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2007_4_2

What form of energy causes an ice cube to melt?

{ "text": [ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "heat" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

What form of energy causes an ice cube to melt?

[ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "heat" ]

3

[ "moist skin", "heat.", "an inherited trait", "heat" ]

Mercury_SC_401736

Which characteristic is most beneficial for an animal living on a snowy mountain?

{ "text": [ "thick fur", "dark spots", "moist skin", "webbed feet" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Which characteristic is most beneficial for an animal living on a snowy mountain?

[ "thick fur", "dark spots", "moist skin", "webbed feet" ]

0

[ "thick fur", "the types of nests they build", "Consumers take on the ecological role of producers.", "Democritus" ]

CSZ_2006_5_CSZ10302

Which of the following is a property of CO2 gas?

{ "text": [ "It feels like a rock.", "It smells like a lemon.", "It is colorless.", "It is hard." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which of the following is a property of CO2 gas?

[ "It feels like a rock.", "It smells like a lemon.", "It is colorless.", "It is hard." ]

2

[ "Water, rust, and salt are atoms.", "stops moving.", "It is colorless.", "inference" ]

Mercury_SC_415014

Which rapid changes can be caused by storms?

{ "text": [ "landslides and flooding", "flooding and earthquakes", "landslides and volcanoes", "volcanoes and earthquakes" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Which rapid changes can be caused by storms?

[ "landslides and flooding", "flooding and earthquakes", "landslides and volcanoes", "volcanoes and earthquakes" ]

0

[ "landslides and flooding", "whiskers get shorter", "the Eagle Nebula", "volume" ]

AIMS_2009_8_11

Which is an example of a chemical reaction?

{ "text": [ "nails rusting", "glass melting", "sugar dissolving", "alcohol vaporizing" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Which is an example of a chemical reaction?

[ "nails rusting", "glass melting", "sugar dissolving", "alcohol vaporizing" ]

0

[ "nails rusting", "end plate", "Winds weakened.", "The results are less important than the ideas in an experiment." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2007_4_3

Which unit of measurement can be used to describe the length of a desk?

{ "text": [ "centimeters", "grams", "liters", "degrees Celsius" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Which unit of measurement can be used to describe the length of a desk?

[ "centimeters", "grams", "liters", "degrees Celsius" ]

0

[ "centimeters", "sunspots", "T-lymphocytes", "heat" ]

Mercury_7236110

The incompleteness of the fossil record results primarily from which phenomenon?

{ "text": [ "the frequency and irregular timing of organism speciations", "the metamorphosis of most sedimentary rock by heat and pressure", "the geologically rapid cycling of crust material back into the mantle", "the rarity with which organic remains are exposed to fossil-forming conditions" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

The incompleteness of the fossil record results primarily from which phenomenon?

[ "the frequency and irregular timing of organism speciations", "the metamorphosis of most sedimentary rock by heat and pressure", "the geologically rapid cycling of crust material back into the mantle", "the rarity with which organic remains are exposed to fossil-forming conditions" ]

3

[ "The noise in the room was too loud.", "6", "the amount of food", "the rarity with which organic remains are exposed to fossil-forming conditions" ]

Mercury_SC_401266

A student conducts an investigation. In order to make a valid conclusion, she must

{ "text": [ "have a testable hypothesis.", "place the data in a graph.", "use the best technology.", "test multiple variables." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

A student conducts an investigation. In order to make a valid conclusion, she must

[ "have a testable hypothesis.", "place the data in a graph.", "use the best technology.", "test multiple variables." ]

0

[ "have a testable hypothesis.", "hybridization", "hood", "Heavy rainfall increases soil erosion." ]

Mercury_7029943

The bonding of oxygen to red blood cells is important to the body because it enables the body to

{ "text": [ "absorb nutrients from food.", "make energy from light.", "maintain a constant temperature.", "perform aerobic respiration in cells." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

The bonding of oxygen to red blood cells is important to the body because it enables the body to

[ "absorb nutrients from food.", "make energy from light.", "maintain a constant temperature.", "perform aerobic respiration in cells." ]

3

[ "wind", "photosynthesis", "high hardness", "perform aerobic respiration in cells." ]

ACTAAP_2012_7_6

Some of Earth's water is stored underground in porous rock formations known as aquifers. Which of these could use up groundwater in aquifers?

{ "text": [ "abundant rain in the Ozarks", "excessive pumping from wells", "dams on the lower Mississippi", "community water conservation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Some of Earth's water is stored underground in porous rock formations known as aquifers. Which of these could use up groundwater in aquifers?

[ "abundant rain in the Ozarks", "excessive pumping from wells", "dams on the lower Mississippi", "community water conservation" ]

1

[ "one year", "excessive pumping from wells", "used only one kitten", "Albert Einstein" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2009_8_21

All plants and animals have mechanisms that

{ "text": [ "transport nutrients", "perform photosynthesis", "regulate nerves", "produce flowers" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

1

All plants and animals have mechanisms that

[ "transport nutrients", "perform photosynthesis", "regulate nerves", "produce flowers" ]

0

[ "transport nutrients", "the core of Earth pulls on the ball with a magnetic attraction.", "remove his number from the class result", "make sure to put the microscope on an uneven surface" ]

Mercury_404692

Which is the best tool to measure the angles of a triangular object?

{ "text": [ "a meter stick", "a compass", "a protractor", "a spring scale" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which is the best tool to measure the angles of a triangular object?

[ "a meter stick", "a compass", "a protractor", "a spring scale" ]

2

[ "plant leaves closing up when touched", "people who read books about the bay", "a protractor", "It prevents many forms of illness in patients." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_19

All living organisms are dependent on plants because plants

{ "text": [ "produce carbon dioxide", "remove oxygen from the air", "are producers", "are consumers" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

3

All living organisms are dependent on plants because plants

[ "produce carbon dioxide", "remove oxygen from the air", "are producers", "are consumers" ]

2

[ "help patients spend less time in the emergency room.", "the frequency of earthquakes", "are producers", "2HO" ]

ACTAAP_2013_5_15

Compared to other stars in our galaxy, which is the best description of our Sun?

{ "text": [ "larger size, higher temperature", "smaller size, higher temperature", "larger size, average temperature", "average size, average temperature" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Compared to other stars in our galaxy, which is the best description of our Sun?

[ "larger size, higher temperature", "smaller size, higher temperature", "larger size, average temperature", "average size, average temperature" ]

3

[ "microscope", "overpopulated", "a microwave", "average size, average temperature" ]

MCAS_1999_8_15

While studying the relationship between number of trees and amount of atmospheric oxygen, which of the following would be most important to take into account?

{ "text": [ "contributions to atmospheric oxygen from sources other than trees", "the ways in which industrialized nations use trees", "the root area of trees", "the bark mass of trees" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

While studying the relationship between number of trees and amount of atmospheric oxygen, which of the following would be most important to take into account?

[ "contributions to atmospheric oxygen from sources other than trees", "the ways in which industrialized nations use trees", "the root area of trees", "the bark mass of trees" ]

0

[ "contributions to atmospheric oxygen from sources other than trees", "Nervous", "increasing oxygen levels", "freezes." ]

Mercury_7042875

A student is working on a science project display for the school science fair. To best communicate why her conclusions are valid, what should be included on the display?

{ "text": [ "a list of authoritative sources that supports her conclusion", "instructions for viewers to repeat her procedures", "clearly illustrated diagrams of the scientific principles involved", "a complete write-up of her experimental method and data collected" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

A student is working on a science project display for the school science fair. To best communicate why her conclusions are valid, what should be included on the display?

[ "a list of authoritative sources that supports her conclusion", "instructions for viewers to repeat her procedures", "clearly illustrated diagrams of the scientific principles involved", "a complete write-up of her experimental method and data collected" ]

3

[ "nucleus", "observing only during a lunar or solar eclipse", "20 km/h", "a complete write-up of her experimental method and data collected" ]

Mercury_7216265

Which of the following describes asexual reproduction?

{ "text": [ "the process of meiosis in a fruit fly", "fertilization of a chicken egg", "binary fission in an amoeba", "the process of embryo development in a mouse" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which of the following describes asexual reproduction?

[ "the process of meiosis in a fruit fly", "fertilization of a chicken egg", "binary fission in an amoeba", "the process of embryo development in a mouse" ]

2

[ "wind", "the layer representing the outer core", "binary fission in an amoeba", "soil" ]

Mercury_186358

Which scientist is known for his genetics experiments with pea plants?

{ "text": [ "Charles Darwin", "Gregor Mendel", "Carolus Linnaeus", "Robert Hooke" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Which scientist is known for his genetics experiments with pea plants?

[ "Charles Darwin", "Gregor Mendel", "Carolus Linnaeus", "Robert Hooke" ]

1

[ "A black bear's fur", "Gregor Mendel", "sedimentation", "generate more waste." ]

NCEOGA_2013_5_30

On a cold, cloudy day, the local weather forecaster predicts that a high-pressure system will be moving into the area in the next 24 hours. Which weather conditions will this system most likely bring to the area?

{ "text": [ "stormy", "sunny", "snowy", "hot" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

On a cold, cloudy day, the local weather forecaster predicts that a high-pressure system will be moving into the area in the next 24 hours. Which weather conditions will this system most likely bring to the area?

[ "stormy", "sunny", "snowy", "hot" ]

1

[ "a fan blowing gently", "sunny", "There was unlimited food for the moose to eat.", "orbital shape" ]

Mercury_SC_LBS10947

What determines if twins are identical?

{ "text": [ "their genes", "their behavior", "their environment", "their personalities" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

What determines if twins are identical?

[ "their genes", "their behavior", "their environment", "their personalities" ]

0

[ "their genes", "time.", "Every cell is round.", "nonreactive with other substances" ]

Mercury_7082828

Which of these processes is a conversion made by solar panels?

{ "text": [ "mechanical energy to nuclear energy", "thermal energy to chemical energy", "kinetic energy to potential energy", "radiant energy to electrical energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Which of these processes is a conversion made by solar panels?

[ "mechanical energy to nuclear energy", "thermal energy to chemical energy", "kinetic energy to potential energy", "radiant energy to electrical energy" ]

3

[ "erosion", "magnetism.", "lakes and the Sun", "radiant energy to electrical energy" ]

Mercury_7202615

In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant over sepia eyes. A male with red eyes is crossed with a female with sepia eyes producing first generation offspring that all had sepia eyes. What does this indicate about the flies that were crossed?

{ "text": [ "Both parents are homozygous for the trait.", "Both parents are heterozygous for the trait.", "The male is heterozygous and the female is homozygous recessive for the trait.", "The male is homozygous dominant and the female is heterozygous for the trait." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant over sepia eyes. A male with red eyes is crossed with a female with sepia eyes producing first generation offspring that all had sepia eyes. What does this indicate about the flies that were crossed?

[ "Both parents are homozygous for the trait.", "Both parents are heterozygous for the trait.", "The male is heterozygous and the female is homozygous recessive for the trait.", "The male is homozygous dominant and the female is heterozygous for the trait." ]

2

[ "They insulate against cold air.", "They lack a need for proteins in their life functions.", "The male is heterozygous and the female is homozygous recessive for the trait.", "sedimentation" ]

Mercury_7137638

Acid rain caused by industrial pollution greatly reduces the number of trees in a forested region that is home to a particular species of bird. How might this decrease in the number of trees most likely affect this bird population?

{ "text": [ "The population will adapt to ground dwelling.", "The population will decrease due to lack of resources.", "The population will stabilize when it moves to another region.", "The population will increase as predators move out of the region." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Acid rain caused by industrial pollution greatly reduces the number of trees in a forested region that is home to a particular species of bird. How might this decrease in the number of trees most likely affect this bird population?

[ "The population will adapt to ground dwelling.", "The population will decrease due to lack of resources.", "The population will stabilize when it moves to another region.", "The population will increase as predators move out of the region." ]

1

[ "cool and humid", "The population will decrease due to lack of resources.", "to absorb water and plant nutrients from the soil", "Na_{3}NO" ]

VASoL_2008_5_31

Which of these is the main function of a cell wall?

{ "text": [ "To make food", "To store water", "To provide support", "To make the plant green" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which of these is the main function of a cell wall?

[ "To make food", "To store water", "To provide support", "To make the plant green" ]

2

[ "All objects are hard.", "a spider spinning a web in a tree", "To provide support", "80" ]

AIMS_2008_8_14

Which sentence about the periodic table of elements is true?

{ "text": [ "All elements in period 2 are metals.", "All elements in group 18 are metals.", "Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.", "Metals are found on the right side of the periodic table." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which sentence about the periodic table of elements is true?

[ "All elements in period 2 are metals.", "All elements in group 18 are metals.", "Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.", "Metals are found on the right side of the periodic table." ]

2

[ "mixing them with pieces of copper", "It is determined in a court of law.", "Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.", "its decomposers" ]

CSZ_2008_5_CSZ20249

Salt concentration, water temperature, plankton, and the whale shark might all be used in a description of an ocean

{ "text": [ "climate.", "food web.", "ecosystem.", "population." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Salt concentration, water temperature, plankton, and the whale shark might all be used in a description of an ocean

[ "climate.", "food web.", "ecosystem.", "population." ]

2

[ "solid iron", "a hot, cloudy day", "ecosystem.", "strike-slip faults" ]

Mercury_7205765

Rocks can be classified many different ways, including as igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. This classification is based on the

{ "text": [ "origin of the rocks.", "use of the rocks.", "size of the rocks.", "hardness of the rocks." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Rocks can be classified many different ways, including as igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. This classification is based on the

[ "origin of the rocks.", "use of the rocks.", "size of the rocks.", "hardness of the rocks." ]

0

[ "origin of the rocks.", "Food provides water for energy.", "behavioral isolation", "X-rays" ]

Mercury_SC_413003

A mountain range has hills around its edges. How are the mountains and hills alike?

{ "text": [ "Both have grass at the top.", "Both are at least 1000 meters tall.", "Both have liquid rock at their centers.", "Both are taller than the land around them." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

A mountain range has hills around its edges. How are the mountains and hills alike?

[ "Both have grass at the top.", "Both are at least 1000 meters tall.", "Both have liquid rock at their centers.", "Both are taller than the land around them." ]

3

[ "aid in respiration.", "millimeter", "hormones", "Both are taller than the land around them." ]

Mercury_7094430

Human muscle cells need nutrients and oxygen during exercise. The human body is able to meet the needs of the muscle cells during exercise by increasing

{ "text": [ "digestion.", "excretion.", "secretion.", "circulation." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Human muscle cells need nutrients and oxygen during exercise. The human body is able to meet the needs of the muscle cells during exercise by increasing

[ "digestion.", "excretion.", "secretion.", "circulation." ]

3

[ "number of leaves on the trees.", "Mars", "respiration", "circulation." ]

Mercury_SC_408361

Phyllis investigated what happened when she added some different substances to water. Which substance can combine with water to form a solution?

{ "text": [ "oil", "rocks", "soil", "sugar" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Phyllis investigated what happened when she added some different substances to water. Which substance can combine with water to form a solution?

[ "oil", "rocks", "soil", "sugar" ]

3

[ "neutrons and molecules", "scales.", "coal", "sugar" ]

Mercury_SC_400190

Fossil fuels are considered a nonrenewable resource because they

{ "text": [ "have turned into solid rock.", "take a long period of time to form.", "are expensive to remove from rock.", "are located deep within the Earth's crust." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Fossil fuels are considered a nonrenewable resource because they

[ "have turned into solid rock.", "take a long period of time to form.", "are expensive to remove from rock.", "are located deep within the Earth's crust." ]

1

[ "the amount of oxygen produced by trees", "take a long period of time to form.", "tail-feather length", "arguments in philosophy." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2005_4_19

A student is growing some plants for an experiment. She notices small white spots on the leaves. Which tool should she use to get a better look at the spots?

{ "text": [ "thermometer", "hand lens", "graduated cylinder", "balance" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

A student is growing some plants for an experiment. She notices small white spots on the leaves. Which tool should she use to get a better look at the spots?

[ "thermometer", "hand lens", "graduated cylinder", "balance" ]

1

[ "sound", "hand lens", "radiation from the Sun", "genetic defects." ]

Mercury_7267978

Why are seals able to live off the coast of Antarctica while frogs, snakes, and panthers are not?

{ "text": [ "Seals can swim.", "Seals are predators.", "Seals have fur and blubber.", "Seals are warm-blooded animals." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Why are seals able to live off the coast of Antarctica while frogs, snakes, and panthers are not?

[ "Seals can swim.", "Seals are predators.", "Seals have fur and blubber.", "Seals are warm-blooded animals." ]

2

[ "digestive tract with two openings", "producer.", "Seals have fur and blubber.", "precipitation" ]

Mercury_7252193

How are the functions of a carbohydrate and a lipid similar?

{ "text": [ "Both are a source of energy.", "Both are replicated during meiosis.", "Both lower the activation energy of reactions.", "Both dissolve nutrients in the digestive system." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

How are the functions of a carbohydrate and a lipid similar?

[ "Both are a source of energy.", "Both are replicated during meiosis.", "Both lower the activation energy of reactions.", "Both dissolve nutrients in the digestive system." ]

0

[ "Both are a source of energy.", "increase in allergies in rainforest wildlife", "a proton", "a rabbit that can run fast" ]

Mercury_402206

Traveling in opposite directions, buses A and B are passing each other at the relative speed of 25 km/h, while a passenger on bus A walks toward the back of the bus at the speed of 5 km/h. What is the velocity of the passenger on bus A relative to bus B?

{ "text": [ "20 km/h in the direction of bus A", "20 km/h in the direction of bus B", "30 km/h in the direction of bus A", "30 km/h in the direction of bus B" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Traveling in opposite directions, buses A and B are passing each other at the relative speed of 25 km/h, while a passenger on bus A walks toward the back of the bus at the speed of 5 km/h. What is the velocity of the passenger on bus A relative to bus B?

[ "20 km/h in the direction of bus A", "20 km/h in the direction of bus B", "30 km/h in the direction of bus A", "30 km/h in the direction of bus B" ]

0

[ "20 km/h in the direction of bus A", "concave mirror", "fertilization", "hypertension" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_3

A student drops a ball. Which force causes the ball to fall to the ground?

{ "text": [ "electricity", "friction", "gravity", "magnetism" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

A student drops a ball. Which force causes the ball to fall to the ground?

[ "electricity", "friction", "gravity", "magnetism" ]

2

[ "translation.", "the airplane", "gravity", "lens." ]

Mercury_7221288

Hydrogen is located on the left side of the periodic table in the same column as the alkali metals, but it has characteristics of a nonmetal. Which of the following is a physical property of hydrogen?

{ "text": [ "Hydrogen can bond to itself.", "Hydrogen makes positive ions.", "Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "Hydrogen is combustible." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Hydrogen is located on the left side of the periodic table in the same column as the alkali metals, but it has characteristics of a nonmetal. Which of the following is a physical property of hydrogen?

[ "Hydrogen can bond to itself.", "Hydrogen makes positive ions.", "Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "Hydrogen is combustible." ]

2

[ "mechanical properties", "painting the roof of the home white to reflect light", "Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "cytoplasm" ]

Mercury_SC_402059

In an experiment, a scientist named Pavlov rang a bell before he fed his dogs, which made the dogs drool. Soon the dogs would drool when they heard the bell, even if they did not receive any food. What type of response did the dogs exhibit?

{ "text": [ "an instinct", "an inherited trait", "a learned behavior", "a conscious behavior" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

In an experiment, a scientist named Pavlov rang a bell before he fed his dogs, which made the dogs drool. Soon the dogs would drool when they heard the bell, even if they did not receive any food. What type of response did the dogs exhibit?

[ "an instinct", "an inherited trait", "a learned behavior", "a conscious behavior" ]

2

[ "in an oral report", "conducts electricity", "a learned behavior", "through filtration" ]

Mercury_SC_405298

Which invention will best help people travel quickly to far away places?

{ "text": [ "car", "boat", "airplane", "skateboard" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which invention will best help people travel quickly to far away places?

[ "car", "boat", "airplane", "skateboard" ]

2

[ "date of flowering and smell of the flower", "sexual reproduction.", "airplane", "nervous and digestive" ]

Mercury_7283623

What is an environmental threat posed by oil and gas acquisition and transport that is not posed by the acquisition and transport of the energy resources uranium, and wood?

{ "text": [ "habitat change", "vehicle pollution", "pipeline leaks", "soil compaction and loss" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

What is an environmental threat posed by oil and gas acquisition and transport that is not posed by the acquisition and transport of the energy resources uranium, and wood?

[ "habitat change", "vehicle pollution", "pipeline leaks", "soil compaction and loss" ]

2

[ "allow reproduction", "The skull supports the eyes in their sockets.", "pipeline leaks", "the endocrine system" ]

Mercury_7026390

Some plant species are more tolerant of acidic soil than others. The tolerant species are favored in areas affected by which consequence of human activity?

{ "text": [ "mixing of pollutants with rain", "erosion of topsoil by clearcutting", "runoff of fertilizer used in farming", "thinning of the atmospheric ozone layer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Some plant species are more tolerant of acidic soil than others. The tolerant species are favored in areas affected by which consequence of human activity?

[ "mixing of pollutants with rain", "erosion of topsoil by clearcutting", "runoff of fertilizer used in farming", "thinning of the atmospheric ozone layer" ]

0

[ "mixing of pollutants with rain", "magnetic", "invertebrates to flying organisms", "color" ]

Mercury_7068653

Which resource has the most potential for production of renewable electric energy?

{ "text": [ "coal", "oil", "natural gas", "geothermal" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Which resource has the most potential for production of renewable electric energy?

[ "coal", "oil", "natural gas", "geothermal" ]

3

[ "a basalt column", "a protractor", "natural gas.", "geothermal" ]

MCAS_2008_8_5718

A layer of solid brittle rock comprises the outer 100 kilometers of Earth. This layer, which contains both the crust and the upper mantle, is called the

{ "text": [ "core.", "sediment.", "lithosphere.", "hemisphere." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

A layer of solid brittle rock comprises the outer 100 kilometers of Earth. This layer, which contains both the crust and the upper mantle, is called the

[ "core.", "sediment.", "lithosphere.", "hemisphere." ]

2

[ "The Capture Theory and the Giant Impact Theory", "helium", "lithosphere.", "bird" ]

Mercury_7005040

During its lifetime, which object is known to change in brightness, color, and temperature?

{ "text": [ "star", "moon", "asteroid", "planet" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

During its lifetime, which object is known to change in brightness, color, and temperature?

[ "star", "moon", "asteroid", "planet" ]

0

[ "star", "wind erosion", "O2", "material recycling" ]

Mercury_7007403

What causes a free falling object to accelerate?

{ "text": [ "inertia", "gravity", "initial speed", "initial direction" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

What causes a free falling object to accelerate?

[ "inertia", "gravity", "initial speed", "initial direction" ]

1

[ "the Moon revolving around Earth.", "gravity", "where oceans are deepest", "the lysosome of an engulfed prokaryotic cell" ]

Mercury_7043838

What is the main source of energy that drives all weather patterns?

{ "text": [ "the Sun", "oceans", "the Moon", "mountains" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

What is the main source of energy that drives all weather patterns?

[ "the Sun", "oceans", "the Moon", "mountains" ]

0

[ "the Sun", "how to nurse milk", "The mass of the statue is not related to the mass of the pieces.", "electrical conductivity" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_27

What is one factor that contributes to seasons occurring in New York State?

{ "text": [ "the revolution of the Moon around Earth", "the tilt of Earth on its axis", "the rising and falling of ocean tides", "the distance of Earth from the Sun" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

2

What is one factor that contributes to seasons occurring in New York State?

[ "the revolution of the Moon around Earth", "the tilt of Earth on its axis", "the rising and falling of ocean tides", "the distance of Earth from the Sun" ]

1

[ "radiation from the solid core", "the tilt of Earth on its axis", "It transmits light.", "harmful" ]

ACTAAP_2009_5_6

Which cell part is correctly paired with its function?

{ "text": [ "nucleus-controls cell activities", "chloroplast-outside boundary of plant cells", "cell wall-controls what goes in and out of cells", "cell membrane-where photosynthesis takes place" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Which cell part is correctly paired with its function?

[ "nucleus-controls cell activities", "chloroplast-outside boundary of plant cells", "cell wall-controls what goes in and out of cells", "cell membrane-where photosynthesis takes place" ]

0

[ "nucleus-controls cell activities", "Both have grass at the top.", "volcanic", "complete the experiment in one day" ]

Mercury_7207585

A meeting of scientists, called a symposium, occurs every year to share recent research about the atmosphere of Earth. This symposium mainly serves which purpose in science?

{ "text": [ "to test research methods used by other scientists", "to develop questions about space research", "to discuss the meaning of new discoveries", "to explain gas properties to the general public" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

A meeting of scientists, called a symposium, occurs every year to share recent research about the atmosphere of Earth. This symposium mainly serves which purpose in science?

[ "to test research methods used by other scientists", "to develop questions about space research", "to discuss the meaning of new discoveries", "to explain gas properties to the general public" ]

2

[ "sunglasses and thermal gloves", "riding a bicycle", "to discuss the meaning of new discoveries", "the battery pushing light through the wire" ]

ACTAAP_2009_7_13

A wind turbine primarily uses which type of energy?

{ "text": [ "nuclear", "thermal", "chemical", "mechanical" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

A wind turbine primarily uses which type of energy?

[ "nuclear", "thermal", "chemical", "mechanical" ]

3

[ "reaction", "respiration.", "A leaf falls to the soil, develops roots, and grows.", "mechanical" ]

Mercury_SC_401377

A rubber band will make a sound when it is

{ "text": [ "vibrated.", "stretched.", "cut into pieces.", "shot across a room." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

A rubber band will make a sound when it is

[ "vibrated.", "stretched.", "cut into pieces.", "shot across a room." ]

0

[ "vibrated.", "sodium, chlorine, and water", "Earth's magnetic field", "the brightness of the star" ]

Mercury_7016205

What would a warm air mass over the ocean most likely cause?

{ "text": [ "earthquake", "snowfall", "tsunami", "rainfall" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

What would a warm air mass over the ocean most likely cause?

[ "earthquake", "snowfall", "tsunami", "rainfall" ]

3

[ "observing on any sunny, clear day", "plant fossils that are similar in size", "is a broad band within the spectrum.", "rainfall" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_25

The Moon is visible to observers on Earth because of

{ "text": [ "reflected sunlight", "absorbed light from Earth's atmosphere", "gases in the Moon's interior", "volcanic eruptions on the Moon's surface" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

1

The Moon is visible to observers on Earth because of

[ "reflected sunlight", "absorbed light from Earth's atmosphere", "gases in the Moon's interior", "volcanic eruptions on the Moon's surface" ]

0

[ "reflected sunlight", "circulatory system", "Lower mass creates higher gravitational pull.", "gliding a boat through the water using sails" ]

Mercury_7071593

Which illness is always caused by an infection?

{ "text": [ "a heart attack", "a broken bone", "influenza", "cancer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which illness is always caused by an infection?

[ "a heart attack", "a broken bone", "influenza", "cancer" ]

2

[ "converting deforested areas into malls.", "Farm land", "influenza", "it is compressed" ]

Mercury_SC_408710

Jonny climbed an apple tree. How are Jonny and the apple tree similar to each other?

{ "text": [ "Both are made of cells.", "Both take in carbon dioxide.", "Both get nutrients directly from soil.", "Both get energy from other organisms." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Jonny climbed an apple tree. How are Jonny and the apple tree similar to each other?

[ "Both are made of cells.", "Both take in carbon dioxide.", "Both get nutrients directly from soil.", "Both get energy from other organisms." ]

0

[ "Both are made of cells.", "V-shaped valleys", "mitochondrion", "It removes sand from the ocean floor." ]

Mercury_402571

What are the names of the products in the chemical equation shown below? HCl + NaHCO_{3} -> NaCl + CO_{2} + H_{2}O

{ "text": [ "hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water", "hydrogen chloride and sodium bicarbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon monoxide, and dihydrogen oxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

What are the names of the products in the chemical equation shown below? HCl + NaHCO_{3} -> NaCl + CO_{2} + H_{2}O

[ "hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water", "hydrogen chloride and sodium bicarbonate", "sodium chloride, carbon monoxide, and dihydrogen oxide" ]

1

[ "absorbed.", "sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water", "brain", "less waste." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2005_4_29

A ball is tossed up in the air and it comes back down. The ball comes back down because of

{ "text": [ "gravity", "friction", "erosion", "magnetism" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

A ball is tossed up in the air and it comes back down. The ball comes back down because of

[ "gravity", "friction", "erosion", "magnetism" ]

0

[ "gravity", "large ears", "electron.", "asexual reproduction" ]

Mercury_SC_405456

Timber companies can best manage the number of trees in forests by

{ "text": [ "converting deforested areas into malls.", "planting trees to replace what they cut down.", "adding pesticides to the soil around the trees.", "removing the tree stumps when trees are cut down." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Timber companies can best manage the number of trees in forests by

[ "converting deforested areas into malls.", "planting trees to replace what they cut down.", "adding pesticides to the soil around the trees.", "removing the tree stumps when trees are cut down." ]

1

[ "stockpile chemical energy", "planting trees to replace what they cut down.", "natural gas.", "metabolic rate increases and body temperature decreases" ]

Mercury_7202248

The formation of the Himalayan Mountains is one example of land features caused by compressive forces. Which action most likely led to the formation of these mountains?

{ "text": [ "seafloor spreading", "strike-slip faulting", "colliding plates", "hot spots" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

The formation of the Himalayan Mountains is one example of land features caused by compressive forces. Which action most likely led to the formation of these mountains?

[ "seafloor spreading", "strike-slip faulting", "colliding plates", "hot spots" ]

2

[ "to mix with the thin atmosphere for astronauts during space walks", "leaf", "colliding plates", "magnetism" ]

Mercury_7139563

What abiotic factor would most likely signal a population of birds that it is time to migrate from north to south?

{ "text": [ "decrease in sunlight", "change in precipitation", "increase in food source", "change in wind direction" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

What abiotic factor would most likely signal a population of birds that it is time to migrate from north to south?

[ "decrease in sunlight", "change in precipitation", "increase in food source", "change in wind direction" ]

0

[ "decrease in sunlight", "The seeds of oak trees are protected from the sun.", "krypton", "Golgi complex" ]

Mercury_7016958

A greenhouse is used as a model of the atmosphere. Which of the following cannot be demonstrated by the model?

{ "text": [ "energy used to evaporate water", "changes in greenhouse gases", "light energy trapped as heat energy", "energy that builds up in the greenhouse air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

A greenhouse is used as a model of the atmosphere. Which of the following cannot be demonstrated by the model?

[ "energy used to evaporate water", "changes in greenhouse gases", "light energy trapped as heat energy", "energy that builds up in the greenhouse air" ]

1

[ "The mosquito larvae would use their breathing tubes to live on land.", "changes in greenhouse gases", "telephone", "It is snowing." ]

Mercury_7042963

A light bulb manufacturer claims its light bulb is "twice as bright" per unit of electrical energy consumed as the leading light bulb. If this claim is correct, what factor must be accurately compared between the two bulbs?

{ "text": [ "how much each bulb weighs", "how long each bulb lasts", "how much heat each bulb releases", "how much metal each bulb contains" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

A light bulb manufacturer claims its light bulb is "twice as bright" per unit of electrical energy consumed as the leading light bulb. If this claim is correct, what factor must be accurately compared between the two bulbs?

[ "how much each bulb weighs", "how long each bulb lasts", "how much heat each bulb releases", "how much metal each bulb contains" ]

2

[ "magnetism", "organisms that lived on the land, in the sea and in the air", "how much heat each bulb releases", "fall to winter" ]

Mercury_7013615

In the 17th century, Gregor Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits and observed the results in their offspring. To which of these did Mendel contribute most directly with his work?

{ "text": [ "medicine", "agriculture", "science of force and motion", "science of heredity and variation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

In the 17th century, Gregor Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits and observed the results in their offspring. To which of these did Mendel contribute most directly with his work?

[ "medicine", "agriculture", "science of force and motion", "science of heredity and variation" ]

3

[ "What color changes can be observed?", "classifying flowers", "acidic food.", "science of heredity and variation" ]

Mercury_SC_LBS10351

How does the appearance of a constellation change during the night?

{ "text": [ "Its shape appears to become longer.", "Its position appears to shift relative to the horizon.", "Its brightest stars begin to appear orange.", "Its distance to the North Star decreases." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

How does the appearance of a constellation change during the night?

[ "Its shape appears to become longer.", "Its position appears to shift relative to the horizon.", "Its brightest stars begin to appear orange.", "Its distance to the North Star decreases." ]

1

[ "magnetism", "Its position appears to shift relative to the horizon.", "by the size of the magnet lifting the metal paper clips", "light energy to heat energy" ]

CSZ_2008_5_CSZ20469

The freezing and thawing action of water affects a rock by

{ "text": [ "transforming the rock into igneous rock.", "chemically changing the rock.", "gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.", "leaving behind sedimentary particles from evaporated solutions." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

The freezing and thawing action of water affects a rock by

[ "transforming the rock into igneous rock.", "chemically changing the rock.", "gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.", "leaving behind sedimentary particles from evaporated solutions." ]

2

[ "the level of carbon dioxide in the cells", "number of earthquakes", "gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.", "ionization" ]

MCAS_2007_5_4772

Delilah put a container of water in the freezer and left it there overnight. The next morning she saw that the water in the container had changed to ice. Which of the following statements best explains why the water changed to ice?

{ "text": [ "The water gained energy.", "The water absorbed light.", "Mass was released from the water.", "Heat was taken away from the water." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Delilah put a container of water in the freezer and left it there overnight. The next morning she saw that the water in the container had changed to ice. Which of the following statements best explains why the water changed to ice?

[ "The water gained energy.", "The water absorbed light.", "Mass was released from the water.", "Heat was taken away from the water." ]

3

[ "increased reproduction rate", "the growth of animals", "dialysis machine", "Heat was taken away from the water." ]

MCAS_2000_4_14

Earth's rotation (turning on its axis) causes

{ "text": [ "the seasons to change.", "the Moon to appear as different shapes.", "day and night.", "solar eclipses." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Earth's rotation (turning on its axis) causes

[ "the seasons to change.", "the Moon to appear as different shapes.", "day and night.", "solar eclipses." ]

2

[ "a group of planets revolving around a single star", "repeating steps in a procedure.", "day and night.", "vehicle 3" ]

MCAS_2005_5_32

Which of the following climates has cold winters and hot summers?

{ "text": [ "polar", "subtropical", "temperate", "tropical" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which of the following climates has cold winters and hot summers?

[ "polar", "subtropical", "temperate", "tropical" ]

2

[ "breathing", "Water", "temperate", "advances in the scientific method." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_10

What form of energy is being used when a person pushes a wooden block across the floor?

{ "text": [ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "electrical" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

What form of energy is being used when a person pushes a wooden block across the floor?

[ "mechanical", "magnetic", "sound", "electrical" ]

0

[ "mechanical", "the father only", "Obtain several sea slugs and conduct experiments with them.", "It keeps the soil cool." ]

Mercury_405167

Which action is an example of good water management?

{ "text": [ "letting faucets drip", "watering the grass every day", "turning off the faucet when brushing teeth", "running the dishwasher when it is not full" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which action is an example of good water management?

[ "letting faucets drip", "watering the grass every day", "turning off the faucet when brushing teeth", "running the dishwasher when it is not full" ]

2

[ "centimeter", "roof.", "turning off the faucet when brushing teeth", "a mirror" ]

TIMSS_2007_8_pg97

An Earth year is the length of time it takes for

{ "text": [ "Earth to rotate once on its axis", "the Moon to revolve once around Earth", "the Sun to revolve once around Earth", "Earth to revolve once around the Sun" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

An Earth year is the length of time it takes for

[ "Earth to rotate once on its axis", "the Moon to revolve once around Earth", "the Sun to revolve once around Earth", "Earth to revolve once around the Sun" ]

3

[ "blizzards", "shear", "rabies", "Earth to revolve once around the Sun" ]

Mercury_SC_401243

Which land form results when carbonic acid in groundwater seeps through rock and dissolves limestone?

{ "text": [ "valleys", "ravines", "caverns", "mountains" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which land form results when carbonic acid in groundwater seeps through rock and dissolves limestone?

[ "valleys", "ravines", "caverns", "mountains" ]

2

[ "volcanoes", "clouds", "caverns", "Rocks with small interlocking crystals in them" ]

Mercury_7228480

Which part of a DNA molecule represents encoded information?

{ "text": [ "phosphate", "sugar", "guanine", "hydrogen bond" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which part of a DNA molecule represents encoded information?

[ "phosphate", "sugar", "guanine", "hydrogen bond" ]

2

[ "rubber gloves", "minerals", "guanine", "helium mixing with oxygen" ]

VASoL_2011_5_4

Early scientists most likely saw a discharge of electricity for the first time when observing a

{ "text": [ "waterfall", "rainbow", "lightning storm", "volcano erupting" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Early scientists most likely saw a discharge of electricity for the first time when observing a

[ "waterfall", "rainbow", "lightning storm", "volcano erupting" ]

2

[ "continue to speed up.", "Non-native plants cause native animals to relocate.", "lightning storm", "a tornado" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2009_8_34

In humans, the amount of sugar in blood is controlled by the release of a hormone called insulin. This process is an example of

{ "text": [ "depletion", "digestion", "regulation", "excretion" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

3

In humans, the amount of sugar in blood is controlled by the release of a hormone called insulin. This process is an example of

[ "depletion", "digestion", "regulation", "excretion" ]

2

[ "water", "nucleus", "regulation", "ask new questions." ]

MCAS_1999_8_21

It is necessary to add a day to the calendar every four years because

{ "text": [ "the axis of Earth is tilted.", "the gravitational pull of the Sun affects Earth's revolution.", "the revolution of Earth is not exactly 365 days.", "the Moon crosses the orbit of the Sun every 28 days." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

It is necessary to add a day to the calendar every four years because

[ "the axis of Earth is tilted.", "the gravitational pull of the Sun affects Earth's revolution.", "the revolution of Earth is not exactly 365 days.", "the Moon crosses the orbit of the Sun every 28 days." ]

2

[ "increasing use of chemicals near the stream", "increase in genetic diversity among surviving organisms", "the revolution of Earth is not exactly 365 days.", "hydrogen" ]

Mercury_SC_400141

Which tool would be best to measure the length of a butterfly?

{ "text": [ "triple beam balance", "graduated cylinder", "metric ruler", "thermometer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which tool would be best to measure the length of a butterfly?

[ "triple beam balance", "graduated cylinder", "metric ruler", "thermometer" ]

2

[ "a thermometer", "decreasing the pitch.", "metric ruler", "erode." ]

Mercury_SC_405001

Scientists invented a liquid that removes grease and keeps the skin soft. How could this discovery most likely be used?

{ "text": [ "to improve dish soap", "to cure a disease", "to make clothes", "to grow plants" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Scientists invented a liquid that removes grease and keeps the skin soft. How could this discovery most likely be used?

[ "to improve dish soap", "to cure a disease", "to make clothes", "to grow plants" ]

0

[ "to improve dish soap", "to fight off predators", "rotation", "predation" ]

Mercury_SC_415388

The first step in the water cycle is evaporation. What gives water the energy to evaporate?

{ "text": [ "Sun", "wind", "clouds", "waves" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

The first step in the water cycle is evaporation. What gives water the energy to evaporate?

[ "Sun", "wind", "clouds", "waves" ]

0

[ "Sun", "white dwarf", "Lichens, mosses, caribou, polar bears", "bar graph" ]

AKDE&ED_2008_4_10

On a warm sunny afternoon, ocean water splashed onto a rock. A short time later, the rock was dry. Which statement best explains what happened to the water on the rock?

{ "text": [ "Heat caused the water to become a gas.", "Heat melted the water and it disappeared.", "Salt caused the water to become a gas.", "Salt melted the water and it disappeared." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

On a warm sunny afternoon, ocean water splashed onto a rock. A short time later, the rock was dry. Which statement best explains what happened to the water on the rock?

[ "Heat caused the water to become a gas.", "Heat melted the water and it disappeared.", "Salt caused the water to become a gas.", "Salt melted the water and it disappeared." ]

0

[ "Heat caused the water to become a gas.", "The Moon does not rotate on its axis.", "succession species.", "swimming speed." ]

ACTAAP_2007_7_29

Which is a nonrenewable natural resource that is used to make electrical energy?

{ "text": [ "coal", "wind", "water", "thermal" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Which is a nonrenewable natural resource that is used to make electrical energy?

[ "coal", "wind", "water", "thermal" ]

0

[ "coal", "a wolf's howl", "nitrogen fixation", "triple-beam balance" ]

Mercury_7239785

Which process initiates the passage of half of a parent's DNA to offspring?

{ "text": [ "meiosis", "mitosis", "fertilization", "differentiation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Which process initiates the passage of half of a parent's DNA to offspring?

[ "meiosis", "mitosis", "fertilization", "differentiation" ]

0

[ "meiosis", "require oxygen for respiration", "Rivers carry sediment and build deltas.", "endocrine" ]

Mercury_SC_411884

Which resource provides the minerals plants need to grow?

{ "text": [ "sunlight", "water", "soil", "air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Which resource provides the minerals plants need to grow?

[ "sunlight", "water", "soil", "air" ]

2

[ "comparing their data to the expected results.", "There is a greater number of offspring.", "soil", "It melts and becomes part of streams and rivers." ]

LEAP_2011_4_10297

At what time on a sunny day will the shadow of the school's flagpole be the shortest?

{ "text": [ "sunrise", "noon", "mid-afternoon", "sunset" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

At what time on a sunny day will the shadow of the school's flagpole be the shortest?

[ "sunrise", "noon", "mid-afternoon", "sunset" ]

1

[ "Color", "noon", "direction.", "light meter" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2005_4_11

Animals get energy for growth and repair from

{ "text": [ "soil", "food", "water", "air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Animals get energy for growth and repair from

[ "soil", "food", "water", "air" ]

1

[ "control", "food", "climate of a particular region.", "The balloon has a positive charge and the comb is neutral." ]

Mercury_SC_401356

A flower produces seeds that fall to the ground and grow into new plants that produce more flowers. The seeds begin to grow by the process of

{ "text": [ "fertilization.", "germination.", "maturation.", "pollination." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

A flower produces seeds that fall to the ground and grow into new plants that produce more flowers. The seeds begin to grow by the process of

[ "fertilization.", "germination.", "maturation.", "pollination." ]

1

[ "sound energy", "germination.", "Add water to the mixture.", "analyzing only melted ice cores." ]

Mercury_182035

A rock has most likely traveled a long distance from its place of origin if it is

{ "text": [ "very small.", "rounded and smooth.", "partially faded.", "rough and dense." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

A rock has most likely traveled a long distance from its place of origin if it is

[ "very small.", "rounded and smooth.", "partially faded.", "rough and dense." ]

1

[ "sunlight", "rounded and smooth.", "sound", "acidic." ]

Mercury_7092383

Which of the following best explains why the tectonic plates of Earth move?

{ "text": [ "conduction from solar heating", "heat convection from the mantle", "global winds", "ocean currents" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Which of the following best explains why the tectonic plates of Earth move?

[ "conduction from solar heating", "heat convection from the mantle", "global winds", "ocean currents" ]

1

[ "pouring water into alcohol", "heat convection from the mantle", "muscular system", "Coal" ]

Mercury_7137813

Over a long period of time, a rocky volcanic island that previously did not support any form of life got transformed into a dense forested region. Which of these species is most likely to have been the pioneer species that initiated this transformation?

{ "text": [ "ferns", "grasses", "lichens", "mushrooms" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Over a long period of time, a rocky volcanic island that previously did not support any form of life got transformed into a dense forested region. Which of these species is most likely to have been the pioneer species that initiated this transformation?

[ "ferns", "grasses", "lichens", "mushrooms" ]

2

[ "an increase in heart rate", "a scale and weights", "lichens", "overlapping layers of neutral, positive, and negative particles" ]

Mercury_SC_400129

The formation of coal deposits occurred over millions of years. Which feature was most responsible for these deposits?

{ "text": [ "barren deserts", "active volcanoes", "mountains covered in trees", "swamps with dense vegetation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

The formation of coal deposits occurred over millions of years. Which feature was most responsible for these deposits?

[ "barren deserts", "active volcanoes", "mountains covered in trees", "swamps with dense vegetation" ]

3

[ "migration", "toss it into a fire pit and burn it", "stomach", "swamps with dense vegetation" ]

Mercury_7164500

A teacher is performing a demonstration about static electricity for his class by rubbing a balloon against a wool sweater. The balloon sticks to the wool sweater. Which particles are exchanged during the demonstration?

{ "text": [ "atoms", "protons", "neutrons", "electrons" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

A teacher is performing a demonstration about static electricity for his class by rubbing a balloon against a wool sweater. The balloon sticks to the wool sweater. Which particles are exchanged during the demonstration?

[ "atoms", "protons", "neutrons", "electrons" ]

3

[ "in caves.", "discuss the statement with other students", "electricity", "electrons" ]

Mercury_404951

After a race, a newspaper lists the names of the five fastest runners. Another method that could be used to identify the five fastest runners is to make a chart that shows the

{ "text": [ "average of the speeds of the runners.", "total distance for each runner.", "time it took each runner to run the race.", "percentage of the runners who finished the race." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

After a race, a newspaper lists the names of the five fastest runners. Another method that could be used to identify the five fastest runners is to make a chart that shows the

[ "average of the speeds of the runners.", "total distance for each runner.", "time it took each runner to run the race.", "percentage of the runners who finished the race." ]

2

[ "Your hair color", "compound", "time it took each runner to run the race.", "add an inhibitor" ]