qtype stringclasses 16
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genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to 5-alpha reductase deficiency ? | Mutations in the SRD5A2 gene cause 5-alpha reductase deficiency. The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. This enzyme is involved in processing androgens, which are hormones that direct male sexual development. Specifically, the enzyme is responsible for a chemical ... |
inheritance | Is 5-alpha reductase deficiency inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the SRD5A2 gene in each cell have mutations. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Although pe... |
treatment | What are the treatments for 5-alpha reductase deficiency ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of 5-alpha reductase deficiency: - Genetic Testing Registry: 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ambiguous Genitalia - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Intersex These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the d... |
information | What is (are) Pendred syndrome ? | Pendred syndrome is a disorder typically associated with hearing loss and a thyroid condition called a goiter. A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped organ at the base of the neck that produces hormones. If a goiter develops in a person with Pendred syndrome, it usually forms betwe... |
frequency | How many people are affected by Pendred syndrome ? | The prevalence of Pendred syndrome is unknown. However, researchers estimate that it accounts for 7 to 8 percent of all hearing loss that is present from birth (congenital hearing loss). |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to Pendred syndrome ? | Mutations in the SLC26A4 gene cause about half of all cases of Pendred syndrome. The SLC26A4 gene provides instructions for making a protein called pendrin. This protein transports negatively charged particles (ions), including chloride, iodide, and bicarbonate, into and out of cells. Although the function of pendrin i... |
inheritance | Is Pendred syndrome inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for Pendred syndrome ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of Pendred syndrome: - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Childhood Communication - Gene Review: Gene Review: Pendred Syndrome/DFNB4 - Genetic Testing Registry: Pendred's syndrome - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Goiter - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hearing... |
information | What is (are) neurofibromatosis type 2 ? | Neurofibromatosis type 2 is a disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in the nervous system. The most common tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 are called vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas. These growths develop along the nerve that carries information from the inner ear to th... |
frequency | How many people are affected by neurofibromatosis type 2 ? | Neurofibromatosis type 2 has an estimated incidence of 1 in 33,000 people worldwide. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to neurofibromatosis type 2 ? | Mutations in the NF2 gene cause neurofibromatosis type 2. The NF2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called merlin (also known as schwannomin). This protein is produced in the nervous system, particularly in Schwann cells, which surround and insulate nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord. Merl... |
inheritance | Is neurofibromatosis type 2 inherited ? | Neurofibromatosis type 2 is considered to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. People with this condition are born with one mutated copy of the NF2 gene in each cell. In about half of cases, the altered gene is inherited from an affected parent. The remaining cases result from new mutations in the NF2 gen... |
treatment | What are the treatments for neurofibromatosis type 2 ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of neurofibromatosis type 2: - Boston Children's Hospital - Gene Review: Gene Review: Neurofibromatosis 2 - Genetic Testing Registry: Neurofibromatosis, type 2 - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Acoustic Neuroma - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Neurofibromatosis 2 - Neurofi... |
information | What is (are) mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease ? | Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) disease is a condition that affects several parts of the body, particularly the digestive system and nervous system. The major features of MNGIE disease can appear anytime from infancy to adulthood, but signs and symptoms most often begin by age 20. The medical... |
frequency | How many people are affected by mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease ? | The prevalence of MNGIE disease is unknown. About 70 people with this disorder have been reported. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease ? | Mutations in the TYMP gene (previously known as ECGF1) cause MNGIE disease. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called thymidine phosphorylase. Thymidine is a molecule known as a nucleoside, which (after a chemical modification) is used as a building block of DNA. Thymidine phosphorylase breaks down th... |
inheritance | Is mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the TYMP gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of MNGIE disease: - Gene Review: Gene Review: Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Disease - Genetic Testing Registry: Myoneural gastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Leukoencephalopathy (image) These resources from Me... |
information | What is (are) corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency ? | Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency is a condition with subtle signs and symptoms, the most frequent being extreme tiredness (fatigue), especially after physical exertion. Many people with this condition have unusually low blood pressure (hypotension). Some affected individuals have a fatty liver or experience c... |
frequency | How many people are affected by corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency ? | The prevalence of corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency is unknown, but it is thought to be a rare disorder. However, because some people with the disorder have mild or no symptoms, it is likely that corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency is underdiagnosed. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency ? | Mutations in the SERPINA6 gene cause corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency. The SERPINA6 gene provides instructions for making a protein called corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which is primarily produced in the liver. The CBG protein attaches (binds) to a hormone called cortisol. This hormone has numerous f... |
inheritance | Is corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency inherited ? | This condition is reported to have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the conditio... |
treatment | What are the treatments for corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency: - American Heart Association: Understanding Blood Pressure Readings - Genetic Testing Registry: Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and man... |
information | What is (are) iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia ? | Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia is one of many types of anemia, which is a group of conditions characterized by a shortage of healthy red blood cells. This shortage prevents the blood from carrying an adequate supply of oxygen to the body's tissues. Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia results from an inadequ... |
frequency | How many people are affected by iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia ? | Although iron deficiency anemia is relatively common, the prevalence of the iron-refractory form of the disease is unknown. At least 50 cases have been described in the medical literature. Researchers suspect that iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia is underdiagnosed because affected individuals with very mild sympt... |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia ? | Mutations in the TMPRSS6 gene cause iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called matriptase-2, which helps regulate iron levels in the body. TMPRSS6 gene mutations reduce or eliminate functional matriptase-2, which disrupts iron regulation and leads to a shortage o... |
inheritance | Is iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia: - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: How is Anemia Diagnosed? - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: How is Anemia Treated? These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and manageme... |
information | What is (are) thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency ? | Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) deficiency is a condition characterized by significantly reduced activity of an enzyme that helps the body process drugs called thiopurines. These drugs, which include 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, and azathioprine, inhibit (suppress) the body's immune system. Thiopurine drugs a... |
frequency | How many people are affected by thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency ? | Studies suggest that less than 1 percent of individuals in the general population have TPMT deficiency. Another 11 percent have moderately reduced levels of TPMT activity that increase their risk of hematopoietic toxicity with thiopurine drug treatment. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency ? | TPMT deficiency results from changes in the TPMT gene. This gene provides instructions for making the TPMT enzyme, which plays a critical role in breaking down (metabolizing) thiopurine drugs. Once inside the body, these drugs are converted to toxic compounds that kill immune system cells in the bone marrow. The TPMT e... |
inheritance | Is thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency inherited ? | The activity of the TPMT enzyme is inherited in a pattern described as autosomal codominant. Codominance means that two different versions of the gene are active (expressed), and both versions influence the genetic trait. The TPMT gene can be classified as either low-activity or high-activity. When the gene is altered... |
treatment | What are the treatments for thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency: - MedlinePlus Drug: Azathioprine - MedlinePlus Drug: Mercaptopurine - MedlinePlus Drug: Thioguanine These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: ... |
information | What is (are) progressive external ophthalmoplegia ? | Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a condition characterized by weakness of the eye muscles. The condition typically appears in adults between ages 18 and 40. The most common signs and symptoms of progressive external ophthalmoplegia are drooping eyelids (ptosis), which can affect one or both eyelids, and weakness... |
frequency | How many people are affected by progressive external ophthalmoplegia ? | The prevalence of progressive external ophthalmoplegia is unknown. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to progressive external ophthalmoplegia ? | Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a condition caused by defects in mitochondria, which are structures within cells that use oxygen to convert the energy from food into a form cells can use. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus (nuclear D... |
inheritance | Is progressive external ophthalmoplegia inherited ? | Progressive external ophthalmoplegia can have different inheritance patterns depending on the gene involved. When this condition is caused by mutations in the MT-TL1 gene, it is inherited in a mitochondrial pattern, which is also known as maternal inheritance. This pattern of inheritance applies to genes contained in ... |
treatment | What are the treatments for progressive external ophthalmoplegia ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of progressive external ophthalmoplegia: - Gene Review: Gene Review: Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Syndromes - Gene Review: Gene Review: POLG-Related Disorders - Genetic Testing Registry: Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA d... |
information | What is (are) alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins ? | Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a disorder affecting the development of the lungs and their blood vessels. The disorder affects the millions of small air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs and the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) in the alveoli. It is through these alveolar capil... |
frequency | How many people are affected by alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins ? | ACD/MPV is a rare disorder; its incidence is unknown. Approximately 200 infants with this disorder have been identified worldwide. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins ? | ACD/MPV can be caused by mutations in the FOXF1 gene. The protein produced from the FOXF1 gene is a transcription factor, which means that it attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of many other genes. The FOXF1 protein is important in development of the lungs and their blood vessels... |
inheritance | Is alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins inherited ? | ACD/MPV is usually not inherited, and most affected people have no history of the disorder in their family. The genetic changes associated with this condition usually occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or in early fetal development. When the condition is caused by a FOXF1 gene mutation or... |
treatment | What are the treatments for alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of ACD/MPV: - Genetic Testing Registry: Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Alveolar Abnormalities These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health con... |
information | What is (are) diastrophic dysplasia ? | Diastrophic dysplasia is a disorder of cartilage and bone development. Affected individuals have short stature with very short arms and legs. Most also have early-onset joint pain (osteoarthritis) and joint deformities called contractures, which restrict movement. These joint problems often make it difficult to walk an... |
frequency | How many people are affected by diastrophic dysplasia ? | Although the exact incidence of this condition is unknown, researchers estimate that it affects about 1 in 100,000 newborns. Diastrophic dysplasia occurs in all populations but appears to be particularly common in Finland. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to diastrophic dysplasia ? | Diastrophic dysplasia is one of several skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the SLC26A2 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is essential for the normal development of cartilage and for its conversion to bone. Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton duri... |
inheritance | Is diastrophic dysplasia inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for diastrophic dysplasia ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of diastrophic dysplasia: - Gene Review: Gene Review: Diastrophic Dysplasia - Genetic Testing Registry: Diastrophic dysplasia These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests -... |
information | What is (are) primary carnitine deficiency ? | Primary carnitine deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from using certain fats for energy, particularly during periods without food (fasting). Carnitine, a natural substance acquired mostly through the diet, is used by cells to process fats and produce energy. Signs and symptoms of primary carnitine defici... |
frequency | How many people are affected by primary carnitine deficiency ? | The incidence of primary carnitine deficiency in the general population is approximately 1 in 100,000 newborns. In Japan, this disorder affects 1 in every 40,000 newborns. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to primary carnitine deficiency ? | Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene cause primary carnitine deficiency. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called OCTN2 that transports carnitine into cells. Cells need carnitine to bring certain types of fats (fatty acids) into mitochondria, which are the energy-producing centers within cells. Fatty acids ... |
inheritance | Is primary carnitine deficiency inherited ? | Primary carnitine deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers, which means they each carry one copy of the mutated gene. Carriers of SLC22A5 gene mut... |
treatment | What are the treatments for primary carnitine deficiency ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of primary carnitine deficiency: - Baby's First Test - Gene Review: Gene Review: Systemic Primary Carnitine Deficiency - Genetic Testing Registry: Renal carnitine transport defect - The Linus Pauling Institute: L-Carnitine These resources from MedlinePlus offer ... |
information | What is (are) multiple sulfatase deficiency ? | Multiple sulfatase deficiency is a condition that mainly affects the brain, skin, and skeleton. Because the signs and symptoms of multiple sulfatase deficiency vary widely, researchers have split the condition into three types: neonatal, late-infantile, and juvenile. The neonatal type is the most severe form, with sig... |
frequency | How many people are affected by multiple sulfatase deficiency ? | Multiple sulfatase deficiency is estimated to occur in 1 per million individuals worldwide. Approximately 50 cases have been reported in the scientific literature. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to multiple sulfatase deficiency ? | Multiple sulfatase deficiency is caused by mutations in the SUMF1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). This enzyme is found in a cell structure called the endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein processing and transport. The FGE enzyme modi... |
inheritance | Is multiple sulfatase deficiency inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for multiple sulfatase deficiency ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of multiple sulfatase deficiency: - Genetic Testing Registry: Multiple sulfatase deficiency These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabi... |
information | What is (are) inclusion body myopathy 2 ? | Inclusion body myopathy 2 is a condition that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. This disorder causes muscle weakness that appears in late adolescence or early adulthood and worsens over time. The first sign of inclusion body myopathy 2 is weakness of a muscle in the... |
frequency | How many people are affected by inclusion body myopathy 2 ? | More than 200 people with inclusion body myopathy 2 have been reported. Most are of Iranian Jewish descent; the condition affects an estimated 1 in 1,500 people in this population. Additionally, at least 15 people in the Japanese population have been diagnosed with this disorder. Inclusion body myopathy 2 has also been... |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to inclusion body myopathy 2 ? | Mutations in the GNE gene cause inclusion body myopathy 2. The GNE gene provides instructions for making an enzyme found in cells and tissues throughout the body. This enzyme is involved in a chemical pathway that produces sialic acid, which is a simple sugar that attaches to the ends of more complex molecules on the s... |
inheritance | Is inclusion body myopathy 2 inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for inclusion body myopathy 2 ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of inclusion body myopathy 2: - Gene Review: Gene Review: GNE-Related Myopathy - Genetic Testing Registry: Inclusion body myopathy 2 - Genetic Testing Registry: Nonaka myopathy These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management ... |
information | What is (are) lactate dehydrogenase deficiency ? | Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency is a condition that affects how the body breaks down sugar to use as energy in cells, primarily muscle cells. There are two types of this condition: lactate dehydrogenase-A deficiency (sometimes called glycogen storage disease XI) and lactate dehydrogenase-B deficiency. People with la... |
frequency | How many people are affected by lactate dehydrogenase deficiency ? | Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare disorder. In Japan, this condition affects 1 in 1 million individuals; the prevalence of lactate dehydrogenase deficiency in other countries is unknown. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to lactate dehydrogenase deficiency ? | Mutations in the LDHA gene cause lactate dehydrogenase-A deficiency, and mutations in the LDHB gene cause lactate dehydrogenase-B deficiency. These genes provide instructions for making the lactate dehydrogenase-A and lactate dehydrogenase-B pieces (subunits) of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. This enzyme is found th... |
inheritance | Is lactate dehydrogenase deficiency inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for lactate dehydrogenase deficiency ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of lactate dehydrogenase deficiency: - Genetic Testing Registry: Glycogen storage disease XI - Genetic Testing Registry: Lactate dehydrogenase B deficiency - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: LDH Isoenzymes - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lactate Dehydrogenase Test These re... |
information | What is (are) Kallmann syndrome ? | Kallmann syndrome is a condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell. This disorder is a form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), which is a condition affecting the production of hormones that direct sexual development. Males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism are often born wi... |
frequency | How many people are affected by Kallmann syndrome ? | Kallmann syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 10,000 to 86,000 people and occurs more often in males than in females. Kallmann syndrome 1 is the most common form of the disorder. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to Kallmann syndrome ? | Mutations in the ANOS1, FGFR1, PROKR2, and PROK2 genes cause Kallmann syndrome. ANOS1 gene mutations are responsible for Kallmann syndrome 1. Kallmann syndrome 2 results from mutations in the FGFR1 gene. Mutations in the PROKR2 and PROK2 genes cause Kallmann syndrome types 3 and 4, respectively. The genes associated w... |
inheritance | Is Kallmann syndrome inherited ? | Kallmann syndrome 1 (caused by ANOS1 gene mutations) has an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance. The ANOS1 gene is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In fem... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Kallmann syndrome ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of Kallmann syndrome: - Gene Review: Gene Review: Isolated Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Deficiency - Genetic Testing Registry: Hypogonadism with anosmia - Genetic Testing Registry: Kallmann syndrome 1 - Genetic Testing Registry: Kallmann syndrome 2 - Gen... |
information | What is (are) Bardet-Biedl syndrome ? | Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a disorder that affects many parts of the body. The signs and symptoms of this condition vary among affected individuals, even among members of the same family. Vision loss is one of the major features of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Loss of vision occurs as the light-sensing tissue at the back of t... |
frequency | How many people are affected by Bardet-Biedl syndrome ? | In most of North America and Europe, Bardet-Biedl syndrome has a prevalence of 1 in 140,000 to 1 in 160,000 newborns. The condition is more common on the island of Newfoundland (off the east coast of Canada), where it affects an estimated 1 in 17,000 newborns. It also occurs more frequently in the Bedouin population of... |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to Bardet-Biedl syndrome ? | Bardet-Biedl syndrome can result from mutations in at least 14 different genes (often called BBS genes). These genes are known or suspected to play critical roles in cell structures called cilia. Cilia are microscopic, finger-like projections that stick out from the surface of many types of cells. They are involved in ... |
inheritance | Is Bardet-Biedl syndrome inherited ? | Bardet-Biedl syndrome is typically inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of a BBS gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the conditio... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Bardet-Biedl syndrome ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of Bardet-Biedl syndrome: - Gene Review: Gene Review: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome - Genetic Testing Registry: Bardet-Biedl syndrome - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Obesity - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Polydactyly These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the... |
information | What is (are) 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency ? | 3-beta ()-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects hormone-producing glands including the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males) and the adrenal glands. The gonads direct sexual development before birth and during puberty. The adrenal glands, which are located on top ... |
frequency | How many people are affected by 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency ? | The exact prevalence of 3-HSD deficiency is unknown. At least 60 affected individuals have been reported. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency ? | Mutations in the HSD3B2 gene cause 3-HSD deficiency. The HSD3B2 gene provides instructions for making the 3-HSD enzyme. This enzyme is found in the gonads and adrenal glands. The 3-HSD enzyme is involved in the production of many hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, and estrogen. Cortisol has numerous ... |
inheritance | Is 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. |
treatment | What are the treatments for 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: - Genetic Testing Registry: 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency - Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children: Cortisol Deficiency - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ambiguous Genitalia - MedlinePlus Encyclopedi... |
information | What is (are) popliteal pterygium syndrome ? | Popliteal pterygium syndrome is a condition that affects the development of the face, skin, and genitals. Most people with this disorder are born with a cleft lip, a cleft palate (an opening in the roof of the mouth), or both. Affected individuals may have depressions (pits) near the center of the lower lip, which may ... |
frequency | How many people are affected by popliteal pterygium syndrome ? | Popliteal pterygium syndrome is a rare condition, occurring in approximately 1 in 300,000 individuals. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to popliteal pterygium syndrome ? | Mutations in the IRF6 gene cause popliteal pterygium syndrome. The IRF6 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays an important role in early development. This protein is a transcription factor, which means that it attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular ... |
inheritance | Is popliteal pterygium syndrome inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. |
treatment | What are the treatments for popliteal pterygium syndrome ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of popliteal pterygium syndrome: - Gene Review: Gene Review: IRF6-Related Disorders - Genetic Testing Registry: Popliteal pterygium syndrome These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diag... |
information | What is (are) white sponge nevus ? | White sponge nevus is a condition characterized by the formation of white patches of tissue called nevi (singular: nevus) that appear as thickened, velvety, sponge-like tissue. The nevi are most commonly found on the moist lining of the mouth (oral mucosa), especially on the inside of the cheeks (buccal mucosa). Affect... |
frequency | How many people are affected by white sponge nevus ? | The exact prevalence of white sponge nevus is unknown, but it is estimated to affect less than 1 in 200,000 individuals worldwide. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to white sponge nevus ? | Mutations in the KRT4 or KRT13 gene cause white sponge nevus. These genes provide instructions for making proteins called keratins. Keratins are a group of tough, fibrous proteins that form the structural framework of epithelial cells, which are cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body and make up the diff... |
inheritance | Is white sponge nevus inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell can be sufficient to cause the disorder. However, some people who have a mutation that causes white sponge nevus do not develop these abnormal growths; this phenomenon is called reduced penetrance. |
treatment | What are the treatments for white sponge nevus ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of white sponge nevus: - Genetic Testing Registry: White sponge nevus of cannon These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - ... |
information | What is (are) Maffucci syndrome ? | Maffucci syndrome is a disorder that primarily affects the bones and skin. It is characterized by multiple enchondromas, which are noncancerous (benign) growths of cartilage that develop within the bones. These growths most commonly occur in the limb bones, especially in the bones of the hands and feet; however, they m... |
frequency | How many people are affected by Maffucci syndrome ? | Maffucci syndrome is very rare. Since it was first described in 1881, fewer than 200 cases have been reported worldwide. |
genetic changes | What are the genetic changes related to Maffucci syndrome ? | In most people with Maffucci syndrome, the disorder is caused by mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene. These genes provide instructions for making enzymes called isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, respectively. These enzymes convert a compound called isocitrate to another compound called 2-ketoglu... |
inheritance | Is Maffucci syndrome inherited ? | Maffucci syndrome is not inherited. The mutations that cause this disorder are somatic, which means they occur during a person's lifetime. A somatic mutation occurs in a single cell. As that cell continues to grow and divide, the cells derived from it also have the same mutation. In Maffucci syndrome, the mutation is t... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Maffucci syndrome ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of Maffucci syndrome: - Genetic Testing Registry: Maffucci syndrome These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Coun... |
information | What is (are) hereditary antithrombin deficiency ? | Hereditary antithrombin deficiency is a disorder of blood clotting. People with this condition are at higher than average risk for developing abnormal blood clots, particularly a type of clot that occurs in the deep veins of the legs. This type of clot is called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Affected individuals also h... |
frequency | How many people are affected by hereditary antithrombin deficiency ? | Hereditary antithrombin deficiency is estimated to occur in about 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 individuals. Of people who have experienced an abnormal blood clot, about 1 in 20 to 200 have hereditary antithrombin deficiency. |
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