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The European Union Referendum Act 2015 (c. 36) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made legal provision for a consultative referendum to be held in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar, on whether it should remain a member state of the European Union or leave the bloc altogether. The Bill was introduced to the House of Commons by Philip Hammond, Foreign Secretary on 28 May 2015. Two weeks later, the second reading of the Bill was supported by MPs from all parties except the SNP; the Bill subsequently passed on its third reading in the Commons on 7 September 2015. It was approved by the House of Lords on 14 December 2015, and given Royal Assent on 17 December 2015. The Act came partly into force on the same day and came into full legal force on 1 February 2016.
The Act gave effect to a manifesto commitment of the Conservative Party at the general election of May 2015, and was one of the most significant pieces of legislation that was passed by the 2015–17 Parliament. It required the Secretary of State to appoint the day on which the referendum should be held, although it could not be any later than 31 December 2017 and, on 20 February 2016, David Cameron announced that the referendum would take place on 23 June 2016. In the referendum, the electorate voted by 51.9 per cent to 48.1 per cent in favour of leaving the EU, on a 72 per cent national turnout.
The Act became spent upon the conclusion of the referendum.
Origin
On 1 January 1973, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar joined what was then known as the European Communities, under terms negotiated by the then Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath. In accordance with British constitutional convention, specifically that of parliamentary sovereignty, accession was not subject to approval by referendum. Both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party were divided over the issue, and the European Communities Act 1972 was passed due to sufficient Labour abstentions to counteract the number of rebel Tories. In the run-up to the February 1974 general election, the Labour Party manifesto promised a referendum "on renegotiated terms", which its leader Harold Wilson hoped would end the division of his party. However, the election proved indecisive, and marked the end of Heath's premiership as Prime Minister; Wilson became PM, and called a second election later in the year. After the October 1974 general election, the Labour Party formed a minority administration and held the referendum on continued membership the following year, which was approved by 67% of voters.
For a few years the issue was largely settled but, with the approval by Parliament of the Single European Act, the Maastricht Treaty and the Lisbon Treaty, there were calls from eurosceptic Members of Parliament for a new UK referendum on continued membership. Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced in January 2013, in what became known as "The Bloomberg speech", a proposal to undertake a renegotiation of the terms of the UK's membership of the EU, and subsequently to hold a UK referendum on its membership of the Union. However, at the time of Cameron's speech, the Conservative Party was in Coalition government with the Liberal Democrats who, along with the Labour Party, were at the time opposed to any new referendum being held. The Conservative Party did not have an overall majority and a private member's bill by Conservative MP James Wharton to legislate an in-out referendum by the end of 2017 was blocked in the House of Lords. The proposals were contained in the Conservative Party manifesto for the 2015 United Kingdom general election; the Labour and Lib Dem parties had also made manifesto commitments to an EU referendum. On the Bill's second reading, on 9 June 2015, MPs voted by 544 to 53 in favour of the principle of holding a referendum with only the Scottish National Party opposing the Bill, and by 316 votes to 53 on its third reading in the Commons on 7 September 2015.
The Act
The Act legislated for a referendum to be held in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar on whether to remain a member of the EU, to be conducted by the Electoral Commission and overseen by an appointed "Chief Counting Officer" (CCO) and a "deputy chief counting officer" (DCCO) who declared the final result for the United Kingdom. By regulation the Act ordered the Secretary of State (in this case the Prime Minister) to appoint a date for the holding of the referendum, as long as the date was no later than 31 December 2017, and not on 5 May 2016 or 4 May 2017. The Electoral Commission is the public body under the terms of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 that was given the task to raise public awareness ahead of polling day, and to oversee the conduct of the referendum.
The referendum
Limitation
This Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK's continued membership of the European Union before the end of 2017. The Bill did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum, nor set a time limit by which a vote to leave the EU should be implemented. Instead, this was a type of referendum known as a pre-legislative or consultative referendum, which enables the electorate to voice an opinion which then influences the Government in its policy decisions. The referendums held in Scotland (1997), Wales (1997) and Northern Ireland (1998) are examples of this type, where opinion was tested before legislation was introduced. The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented, unlike, for example, Ireland, where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in its constitution.
In contrast, the legislation which provided for the referendum held on AV in May 2011 would have implemented the new system of voting without further legislation, provided that the boundary changes also provided for in the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 were also implemented. In the event, there was a substantial majority against any change. The 1975 referendum was held after the re-negotiated terms of the UK's EC membership had been agreed by all EC Member States and the terms set out in a command paper which later became known as the Referendum Act 1975 and was passed by both Houses.
The Bill became law when it received Royal Assent on 17 December 2015.
In accordance with the Act and the public duty of the Electoral Commission, a guide was posted to every household in the UK and Gibraltar in the week beginning of 16 May 2016 by HM Government. The leaflet was titled: "Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK". This leaflet stated: "This is your decision. The government will implement what you decide".
Campaign period
The Act legislated that the official referendum campaign period up until polling day would be of ten weeks' duration (which in the event ran from 15 April to 23 June 2016), with an official "purdah" period lasting four weeks (in the event running from 27 May until polling day) during which all government and public bodies were not permitted to comment or publish information specifically related to the subject of the referendum.
Campaign groups spending
Under this Act and the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, the Electoral Commission had the authority to designate and to provide funding for two official lead campaign groups, one for "Remain" and one for "Leave". Each designated group had access to grants worth up to £600,000 as well as television spots and free leaflet drops. The Act declared that these designated groups were not permitted to spend overall more than £7 million. The Act permitted other registered campaign groups to participate but that their overall spending was limited to a maximum of £700,000. Spending by unregistered groups was limited by the Act to a maximum of £10,000. The Electoral Commission announced the official "Remain" and "Leave" designated groups before the beginning of the official campaign period (on 13 April 2016) ahead of the deadline on 14 April 2016: Britain Stronger in Europe for "Remain" and Vote Leave for "Leave".
Political parties spending
Under the Act and the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, political parties were permitted to provide funding for the referendum, although their spending was limited according to their performance at the 2015 general election and, under the rules, the political parties were limited to the maximum of each amount as follows:
Conservative Party £7 million
Labour Party £5.5 million
UKIP £4 million
Liberal Democrats £3 million
SNP £700,000
All other political parties who received less than 5% of the national vote share had their maximum spending limited to no more than £700,000.
Individual spending
Unless individuals are officially registered with the Electoral Commission, the maximum limit for spending in the referendum was to be no more than £10,000.
Referendum question
The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum before the electorate under the Act was (in English):
with the responses to the question to be marked with a single (X):
and in Welsh:
with the responses (to be marked with a single (X)):
Original proposed question
Originally the Bill set out the question that was to appear on ballot papers as:
and in Welsh:
permitting a simple YES/NO answer.
The original proposed question was similar to the question voters were asked in the original 1975 EC membership referendum. However, during subsequent research by the Electoral Commission in their assessment which was published in September 2015 found that "members of the public feel the wording was not balanced and there was a perception of bias" and proposed a change in the wording of the question. The proposed change was accepted by the government, shortly before the Bill's third reading.
Voting areas
Under the provisions of the Act, the designation of a "voting area" (also known by some as "Counting areas") on the day of the referendum was to be overseen by "Counting officers" (CO) who were to declare the results of their local areas within the United Kingdom and Gibraltar as follows:
A district in England for which there is a district council
A county in England in which there are no districts with councils (Unitary authority)
A London borough
The City of London (including the Inner and Middle Temples)
The Isles of Scilly
A county or county borough in Wales
A local government area in Scotland
Northern Ireland
Gibraltar
There were a total of 382 voting areas. 326 in England, 32 in Scotland, 22 in Wales and single areas for Northern Ireland and Gibraltar. The local counts in the voting areas began from 2200 BST (Western European Summer Time) on Thursday 23 June 2016 after all polling stations had closed. Recounts within "voting areas" were permitted when circumstances require under the instructions of the "Counting officers (CO)." It was the first time that a United Kingdom referendum was counted overnight as both the previous 1975 EC Referendum and the 2011 AV Referendum were counted during the course of the following day after polling stations closed.
Regional counts
The Act also provided provision for the results from the "voting areas" to fed into twelve "regional counts" to be overseen by "Regional counting officers" (RCO) who were appointed in the following areas and declared the results for their areas as used under the European Parliamentary Elections Act 2002:
East Midlands (40 voting areas)
East of England (47 voting areas)
Greater London (33 voting areas)
Northern Ireland (1 voting area)
North East England (12 voting areas)
North West England (39 voting areas)
Scotland (32 voting areas)
South East England (67 voting areas)
South West England (also including Gibraltar) (38 voting areas)
Yorkshire and the Humber (21 voting areas)
Wales (22 voting areas)
West Midlands (30 voting areas)
For the purposes of the referendum, the local result from Gibraltar was fed into the South West England regional count. The regions each declared their results once all local voting areas had declared their local results early on Friday 24 June 2016. There was no provision under the Act for any national or regional recounts by the Chief Counting Officer and Regional Counting Officers.
Franchise
The right to vote in the referendum applied to UK and Gibraltar residents who are British, Irish and Commonwealth citizens, in accordance with the provisions of the Representation of the People Act 1983 and the Representation of the People Act 2000. Members of the House of Lords were able to vote in the referendum. Citizens of other EU countries resident in the UK were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens of Ireland, Malta or Cyprus. The same Acts only permitted UK nationals who had lived overseas for less than 15 years to vote, thus excluding a large number of British Europeans who were directly concerned, from voting either. This meant that a total of around 46.5 million people would be eligible to cast a vote in the referendum. Voting on the day of the referendum was from 07:00 to 22:00 BST (Western European Summer Time) (07:00 to 22:00 Central European Summer Time in Gibraltar) in some 41,000 polling stations staffed by over 100,000 officials. Each polling station was specified to have no more than 2,500 registered voters. Also under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act 2000 postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote (2 June 2016). Residents of the Isle of Man, and the other Crown Dependencies Jersey and Guernsey, were not be eligible to vote in the referendum, as those territories are not part of the UK [nor of the EU].
The minimum age for voters in the referendum was 18 years, in accordance with Representation Acts (above). A House of Lords amendment proposing to lower the minimum age to 16 years was rejected.
Calling of referendum
On the morning of Saturday 20 February 2016 Prime Minister David Cameron held a special cabinet meeting in 10 Downing Street with his fellow Ministers (the first such meeting to be held on a Saturday since 3 April 1982 at the start of the Falklands War). After the meeting, he announced outside the door of No 10 that the referendum would be held on Thursday 23 June 2016. On Monday 22 February 2016, Parliament enacted secondary legislation to authorise the holding of the referendum on that date.
Eligible voters
On Tuesday 21 June 2016, the Electoral Commission announced the provisional official number of eligible voters who were entitled to vote in the referendum on Thursday 23 June in each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom and Gibraltar following the closing date for registration on Thursday 9 June 2016 (these figures include all Commonwealth and Irish citizens along with members of the House of Lords who are not normally eligible to vote in UK general elections). The final number of eligible voters was published after 9 pm on Thursday 23 June 2016 by the Electoral Commission.
The following shows both the provisional figures and the final figures in heavy bold brackets.
English regions (together with Gibraltar)
Constituent countries
Referendum result
The national result was declared by Chief counting officer (CCO) and the then chair of the Electoral Commission Jenny Watson at Manchester Town Hall on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07:20 BST after all 382 voting areas and the 12 regions of the United Kingdom had declared their results. Of the voting areas a total of 263 returned majority votes in favour of leaving the European Union whilst 119 returned majority votes in favour of continued European Union membership including every council area within Scotland on a national turnout of 72% and in the voting regions Scotland, Northern Ireland and Greater London voted to remain whilst all other regions including Wales voted to leave.
Results by regions
Results by constituent countries & Gibraltar
Legislative consequences
The Act made no provision for the result to be legally binding on the government or on any future government; legally it was merely advisory. The result of the referendum required a single majority vote of the United Kingdom and Gibraltar with no super majorities, no double majorities of the constituent countries, nor any minimum turnout threshold required for the vote to pass. The Act did not specify any specific consequences that would follow the result of the referendum. In the event of a "Leave" vote, it was expected that the government would decide whether, when, and under what circumstances, the UK would invoke Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to begin a two-year process of negotiations for Britain to leave the EU. Since the Act was also silent on the question of executive prerogative, the question of whether the government or Parliament was entitled to invoke Article 50 was the subject of court proceedings (Miller's case). James Eadie QC, acting for the government, submitted in his address to the court that, because the Act is silent, it would imply that Parliament chose not to limit prerogative powers in this matter.
On 3 November 2016, the High Court in London ruled that it is the responsibility of Parliament (and not of the Government unilaterally) to decide whether, when, and how the UK should set aside legislation (in this case, the European Communities Act 1972 that makes the UK a member of the EU). The court held that the referendum was "advisory for the lawmakers in Parliament", enabling the electorate to influence Parliament in its policy decisions. In interpreting the intent of the Act, the court considered the precedents of previous UK referendums. As a consequence, the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill 2017 was introduced into Parliament to gain Parliament's consent for the invocation of Article 50. European Union law remains enforceable in the United Kingdom until or unless the European Communities Act 1972 is repealed. In October 2016, Theresa May promised a "Great Repeal Bill", which would repeal the European Communities Act and restate in UK law all enactments previously in force under EU law. This bill was expected to be introduced in the May 2017 parliamentary session and enacted before or during the Article 50 negotiations. It would not come into force until the date of exit. It would smooth the transition by ensuring that all laws remain in force until specifically repealed. This ultimately became the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.
Outcome
Following the referendum result and the verdict of the R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union case in January 2017 the UK Government led by Prime Minister Theresa May passed the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 which legally allowed the UK to formally begin the process and formally notified the European Union of the United Kingdom's intention to leave both the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community by triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on Wednesday 29 March 2017.
See also
Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013
European Communities Act 1972 (UK)
European Economic Area Act 1993
Referendum Act 1975
1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum
Withdrawal from the European Union
United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union
Euroscepticism
Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom
European Parliamentary Elections Act 2002
European Union (Amendment) Act 2008
2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership
Vote Leave
Labour Leave
Leave.EU
Britain Stronger in Europe
Labour in for Britain
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
Bloomberg speech
References
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Union
2015 in the European Union
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2015
Referendums in the United Kingdom
Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Brexit
Referendums related to the European Union | wiki |
Spoony Sam – cortometraggio del 1910 prodotto dalla Lubin Manufacturing Company
Spoony Sam – cortometraggio del 1912 diretto da Arthur Hotaling | wiki |
Neil Goldberg may refer to:
Neil Goldberg (producer)
Neil Goldberg (artist) | wiki |
Caphouse, cap house or cap-house may refer to:
Cap-house, an architectural feature of tower houses and castles, built at the top of a spiral staircase
Caphouse Colliery, a disused coal mine in Overton, Wakefield, England
The National Coal Mining Museum for England, a museum at the site of Caphouse Colliery | wiki |
The California Golden Bears softball program is a college softball team that represents the University of California, Berkeley in the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The team has had six head coaches since it started playing organized softball in the 1972 season.
Key
Coaches
Notes
References
Lists of college softball head coaches in the United States
California Golden Bears softball coaches | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Olive (Indiana)
Olive (Kalifornia)
Olive (Missouri)
Olive (Montana)
Olive (New York)
Olive (Nyugat-Virginia)
Olive (Oklahoma)
Olive (Virginia)
egyéb
Olive, szoftver | wiki |
Neil Abramson may refer to:
Neil Abramson (politician) (born 1967), American politician
Neil Abramson (filmmaker) (born 1963), American filmmaker | wiki |
Greenwich Museum may refer to several museums in London:
National Maritime Museum
Greenwich Heritage Centre
Fan Museum
Greenwich Visitor Centre | wiki |
A plasmodium is a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei, rather than being divided into individual cells each with a single nucleus.
Plasmodia are best known from slime molds, but are also found in parasitic Myxosporea, and some algae such as the Chlorarachniophyta.
Structure
A plasmodium is an amoeboid, multinucleate, and naked mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei. The resulting structure, a coenocyte, is created by many nuclear divisions without the process of cytokinesis, which in other organisms pulls newlydivided cells apart. In some cases, the resulting structure is a syncytium, created by the fusion of cells after division. Under suitable conditions, plasmodia differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
Taxonomic distribution
The term plasmodium, introduced by Leon Cienkowski, usually refers to the feeding stage of slime molds; these are macroscopic mycetozoans.
The multinucleate developmental stages of some intracellular parasites, namely Microsporidia (now in Fungi) and Myxosporidia (now in Cnidaria), former cnidosporans, are also sometimes called plasmodia.
Similarly, in Rhizaria, the amoeboid, multinucleate protoplasts of some Cercozoan algae, e.g. Chlorarachniophyta, are called plasmodia. These lack cell walls; the syncytia are created by cell fusion. Some plasmodiophorids and haplosporidians are other multinucleated rhizarians.
References
SAR supergroup biology | wiki |
The October 2021 NBA G League draft was the 21st draft of the NBA G League.
The Delaware Blue Coats had the first overall selection after a three-team trade involving the South Bay Lakers and Memphis Hustle. The Blue Coats selected Shamorie Ponds with the first pick.
Key
Draft
First round
Second round
Third round
References
Draft
NBA G League draft
National Basketball Association lists
NBA G League draft | wiki |
The 16205 / 06 Talaguppa - Mysore Junction Intercity Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways South Western Railway zone that runs between Talaguppa and in India.
It operates as train number 16205 from Talaguppa to and as train number 16206 in the reverse direction serving the states of Karnataka.
Coaches
The 16205 / 06 Talaguppa - Mysore Junction Intercity Express has one AC chair car, five Chair car, 14 general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a pantry car coach.
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.
Service
The 16205 Talaguppa - Intercity Express covers the distance of in 7 hours 45 mins (48 km/hr) & in 7 hours 30 mins as the 16206 - Talaguppa Intercity Express (50 km/hr).
As the average speed of the train is lower than , as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.
Routing
The 16205 / 06 Talaguppa - Mysore Junction Intercity Express runs from Talaguppa via to .
Traction
As the route is going to electrification, a based WDM-3D diesel locomotive pulls the train to its destination.
References
External links
16205 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
16206 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains
Rail transport in Karnataka
Transport in Mysore | wiki |
Aristonectinae is a clade of plesiosaurs in the family Elasmosauridae. It includes the Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs Aristonectes and Kaiwhekea, traditionally grouped with the Late Jurassic Tatenectes and Kimmerosaurus in the family Aristonectidae.
References
Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs | wiki |
Popsztár (Popstar) (2005) amerikai film Richard Gabai rendezésében
Popsztár (2009) Barbee első albuma | wiki |
Centro notifiche – applicazione dei sistemi iOS, macOS e watchOS
Centro notifiche – applicazione dei sistemi Windows | wiki |
Helen Brown may refer to:
Helen Agcaoili Summers Brown (1915–2011), Filipino-American teacher, librarian, and founder of the Pilipino American Reading Room and Library
Helen Brown (artist) (1917–1986), New Zealand artist
Helen Brown (author) (born 1954), New Zealand author
Helen Evans Brown (1904–1964), American food writer and cookbook author
Helen Gurley Brown (1922–2012), American author, publisher, and businesswoman
Helen Hayes (née Brown, 1900–1993), American actress
Helen Jean Brown (1903–1982), American botanist and phycologist
Helen Lawrenson (1907–1982), American writer, born Helen Strough Brown
Helen McElhone, née Brown (1933–2013), Scottish politician
Helen Paxton Brown (1876–1956), Scottish artist
Helen Shaw (politician) (c. 1879–1964), Scottish politician, born Helen Brown Shaw
Phyllis Fraser (1916–2006), American actress, journalist, and children's book publisher, born Helen Brown Nichols | wiki |
Michael Shea or Mike Shea may refer to:
Michael Shea (actor) (born 1952), American child/teen actor
Michael Shea (American author) (1946–2014), American fantasy/horror/sci-fi writer
Michael Shea (diplomat) (1938–2009), Scottish press secretary to Queen Elizabeth II and author
Michael Shea (ice hockey) (born 1961), Austrian ice hockey player
Michael A. Shea (1894–1954), Newfoundland politician
Michael P. Shea (born 1967), American attorney and United States district judge
Mike Shea (baseball) (1867–1927), American Major League pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds
Mike Shea (snowboarder) (born 1983), American para-snowboarder
Mike Shea (born 1966), founder, president, and CEO of Alternative Press magazine
See also
Michael O'Shea (disambiguation)
Shea (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ishtiqaq is the Arabic term for "derivation" or "etymology". It may refer to
a branch of traditional Arabic grammar, see Arabic grammar
a 9th-century work by Ibn Qutaybah
Kitab ul-Ishtiqaq, a 10th-century work by Ibn Duraid.
a lost work by Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (d. 1388)
Arabic words and phrases | wiki |
Letteratura
Paradiso e Inferno (Huxley), saggio di Aldous Huxley del 1956
Paradiso e Inferno (Stefánsson), romanzo del 2007 di Jón Kalman Stefánsson
Cinema
Paradiso e Inferno (Himmel und Hölle), film tedesco del 1994 di Hans-Christian Schmid
Paradiso + Inferno (Candy), film del 2006 di Neil Armfield
Televisione
Paradiso e inferno, episodio 4° della decima stagione del telefilm Supernatural
Pagine correlate
Heaven and Hell (disambigua)
Inferno e paradiso (disambigua) | wiki |
General Perrin may refer to:
Abner Monroe Perrin (1827–1864), Confederate States Army brigadier general
Herbert T. Perrin (1893–1962), U.S. Army brigadier general
Joseph Perrin (1754–1800), French general of the Revolutionary Wars
See also
Louis François Perrin de Précy (1742–1820), French Army lieutenant general | wiki |
Acid Queen – album di Tina Turner del 1975
Acid Queen – singolo di Tina Turner del 1975
Acid Queen – album dei Venom del 1991 | wiki |
Musikförläggarnas pris is an annual award given to Swedish songwriters, producers and lyricists. The award was created in 2003 by the Musikförläggarna music organisation in Sweden and meants to highlight Swedish music and its creators. The award ceremony is held every year at Berns Salonger in Stockholm and the prizes are made by designer Bertil Vallien.
Categories
Composer of the Year
International Success of the Year
Breakthrough of the Year
Song of the Year
Art Music Award of the Year - Large Ensemble/Opera
Art Music Award of the Year - Small Ensemble/Chamber Music
Scholarship Award
Special Award of the Year
Most Played Song of the Year
References
Musikförläggarnas pris | wiki |
LHK may refer to:
Larvik HK, Norwegian handball club
The Lighthouse Keepers, Australian band
Henk Krol List (Lijst Henk Krol), a Dutch political party | wiki |
Le est une division stratigraphique obsolète se situant vers la limite Miocène-Pliocène. C'est la deuxième et dernière partie du Miocène supérieur, équivalent au Messinien. Ce terme est encore couramment employé.
Notes et références
Miocène
Terme d'équivalence stratigraphique | wiki |
This is a list of tennis players who have represented the Belarus Davis Cup team in an official Davis Cup match. Belarus have taken part in the competition since 1994. Previously, Belarusians were members of the Soviet Union Davis Cup team. Belarus was suspended in 2022, due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Players
References
Davis Cup
Lists of Davis Cup tennis players | wiki |
The Dancom Group is a telecommunications company operating in Malaysia. It was established in 1985 as Dancom Telecommunications Sdn Bhd.
References
External links
Telecommunications companies of Malaysia
Telecommunications companies established in 1985
1985 establishments in Malaysia
Companies based in Kuala Lumpur
Privately held companies of Malaysia
Malaysian brands | wiki |
Le est une division stratigraphique obsolète qui correspondait à une grande partie du Miocène inférieur.
Notes et références
Miocène
Terme d'équivalence stratigraphique | wiki |
The respiration rate is a parameter which is used in ecological and agronomical modeling.
In theoretical production ecology and aquaculture, it typically refers to respiration per unit of time (usually loss of biomass by respiration per unit of weight), also referred to as relative respiration rate. In theoretical production ecology, biomass is expressed as dry weight, in aquaculture as wet fish weight.
The respiration rate is dependent of species, type of tissue or organ studied and temperature.
See also
Respiratory rate
Agronomy
Temporal rates | wiki |
"Bigmouth Strikes Again" is a 1986 song by the English rock band the Smiths from their third album The Queen Is Dead. Written by Johnny Marr and Morrissey, the song features self-deprecating lyrics that reflected Morrissey's frustrations with the music industry at the time. Musically, the song was inspired by the Rolling Stones' "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and centres around a guitar riff that Marr wrote during a 1985 soundcheck.
"Bigmouth Strikes Again" was released as the lead single from the album, bypassing Rough Trade's preferred choice, "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out". The single reached number 26 in the UK Singles Chart and has since seen critical acclaim along with several version recorded by other artists.
Background
"Bigmouth Strikes Again" began as a lyric written by Morrissey in the summer of 1985. The lyric was the final one of three written about Morrissey's frustration with the music industry, the previous two being "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side" and "Rubber Ring." "Bigmouth Strikes Again" specifically reflects Morrissey's negative experiences with the music press. When asked by the NME about the song, Morrissey replied, "I can't think of one sentence [I regret saying]. We're still at that stage where if I rescued a kitten from drowning, they'd say: 'Morrissey Mauls Kitten's Body'. So what can you do?"
Morrissey intended the lyrics of the song to be humorous; he explained, "I would call it a parody if that sounded less like self-celebration, which it definitely wasn't. It was just a really funny song". Drummer Mike Joyce commented, "What a fantastic title – one of Mozzer's better ones. And with this song, you can see why he made journalists cream their pants. Listen to the lyrical content. He was a one-off."
Johnny Marr based the song's music on a guitar riff he had written during a soundcheck of the band's 1985 tour. Marr later claimed that he had been inspired by the Rolling Stones' "Jumpin' Jack Flash", stating, "I wanted something that was a rush all the way through, without a distinct middle eight as such. I thought the guitar breaks should be percussive, not too pretty or cordial". Marr described the song as being "as close as getting to the sound of my heroes as we came".
Music and lyrics
During the song, the protagonist compares himself to Joan of Arc as "the flames rose to her Roman nose" and also says "now I know how Joan of Arc felt". In recent solo performances, Morrissey has changed the lyric "and her Walkman started to melt", to the more technologically current "and her iPod started to melt". Morrissey included the lyric "and her hearing aid started to melt" as a tribute to the band's deaf and hard-of-hearing fans.
Initially the band had asked Kirsty MacColl to contribute backing vocals, but Marr found her harmonies "really weird" and they were left off the final recording. Instead, the backing vocals were recorded by Morrissey and altered to a higher pitch. This is credited to "Ann Coates", a reference to the Manchester district of Ancoats.
Release
Though "Bigmouth Strikes Again" was initially planned to be released as the debut single from The Queen Is Dead in autumn 1985, by spring 1986, Rough Trade head Geoff Travis pushed for the band to release "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" instead. At Marr's insistence, the band stuck with "Bigmouth Strikes Again": Marr preferred to release a more assertive single and liked the idea of releasing a single-calibre song as an album track on every Smiths album.
"Bigmouth Strikes Again" was released as a single in May 1986, with the non-album instrumental song "Money Changes Everything" as the B-side. Marr later reused the music from "Money Changes Everything" for Bryan Ferry's 1987 hit single "The Right Stuff", which featured new lyrics from Ferry.
The single version's sleeve cover contains a photograph of James Dean by Nelva Jean Thomas. On the 12{{}} single, the band quoted Oscar Wilde's famous line "Talent borrows, genius steals" on the runout groove. The single reached number 26 in the UK.
A live version of the song appeared as the closing song on the band's only live album, Rank. Another live version, recorded at the Greek Theatre in Berkeley, California in August 1986, was released in 2017 to promote a collector's edition of The Queen Is Dead.Reception
"Bigmouth Strikes Again" has seen critical acclaim since its release. Decades later critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic would praise the song's "minor-key rush," while Clash wrote that the song's "brash Stones-esque rock and sharp guitar lines still sound vital today." Far Out wrote that the song was "the perfect combination of Morrissey’s playful self-deprecating lyricism coupled with Johnny Marr’s ferociously upbeat riff which is a combination that many other acts have tried to replicate but nobody has managed to capture the magic that these two would create in their five active years together."
Several publications have ranked the song as one of the band's best songs. Billboard ranked the song as the band's second best, while NME named it the band's fourth best. Paste called it the band's tenth best, while Louder included it in their unranked top ten, writing, "This could be their most iconic song." Rolling Stone ranked it as the Smiths' 13th best, writing, Bigmouth' was the funniest song they'd ever done – that drum break alone is a comic masterpiece." Consequence of Sound listed the song as the band's 19th best.
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Treepeople version
Seattle-based, Idaho indie rock/grunge band Treepeople covered "Bigmouth Strikes Again" on their 1992 double EP Something Vicious for Tomorrow/Time Whore, released by an independent Seattle label C/Z Records. The Treepeople version changes the second line of the first verse from "When I said by rights you should be bludgeoned in your bed" to "When I said I am gonna miss you when you're dead." This version was notable for having been recorded by Seattle grunge pioneer/producer Jack Endino of Skin Yard, who had previously worked with Mudhoney, Nirvana and Soundgarden, as well as having been mixed by Seattle production legend Steve Fisk, known for his work with notable acts like Nirvana, Screaming Trees, Seaweed, The Afghan Whigs and Love Battery.
Placebo version
The song was covered in 1996 by alternative band Placebo, who were asked by the French magazine Les Inrockuptibles to perform the song for the various artists compilation The Smiths Is Dead. This version changed the lyric "and her Walkman started to melt'" to "and her Discman/Megadrive started to melt." Their rendition of the song also appeared as a B-side to "Nancy Boy", as well as on Disc 2 of the Sleeping with Ghosts special edition. Far Out'' described the band's version as "simply brilliant" and wrote, "[Brian] Molko's vocal performance is both far removed and utterly akin to Morrissey's own performance, yet somehow Molko takes it to another level."
References
The Smiths songs
1986 singles
Songs written by Morrissey
Songs written by Johnny Marr
1986 songs
Rough Trade Records singles
UK Independent Singles Chart number-one singles | wiki |
The SAM (structural aluminum malleable) splint is a compact, lightweight, highly versatile device designed for immobilizing bone and soft tissue injuries in emergency settings. It consists of a layer of strips of soft aluminum, with a polyethylene closed-cell foam coating.
The SAM splint was invented by Dr. Sam Scheinberg who, as a trauma surgeon during the Vietnam War, found that field medics generally ignored the splint they were issued by the Army. He developed the idea while playing with a foil chewing gum wrapper.
The device is often found in first aid kits, emergency medical technician "jump kits," ambulances, and other similar settings. Generally supplied in a roll or as a flat strip up to long and wide, it can be unrolled or unfolded and formed to the shape of the injured person's body. Once folded into a curve, it becomes quite rigid and capable of immobilizing injured limbs and bones, including the leg, forearm, and humerus. Folded properly, it can also be used to stabilize the cervical spine. It can be easily cut with any scissors or shears, to make smaller devices such as finger splints.
The SAM splint is radiolucent, meaning it does not interfere with X-rays.
After use, the SAM splint can be cleaned, rerolled, and reused.
See also
Splint
References
External links
Emergency medical equipment | wiki |
Turkey Time may refer to:
Turkey time (time in Turkey), the time zone of the Republic of Turkey
Turkey Time (play), a 1931 British stage farce
Turkey Time (1933 film), a 1933 British film farce
Turkey Time (1970 film), a 1970 British television film by the BBC
"Turkey Time", an episode of Rocko's Modern Life | wiki |
The Minneapolis City Conference is the Minnesota State High School League-sponsored high school sports league for schools in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Members
Minnesota high school sports conferences
Minnesota State High School League
Sports in Minneapolis | wiki |
Cestisti inseriti nell'NBA All-Defensive Team per il periodo 2000-2010
Elenco
Note
Defensive | wiki |
Rodney Rowe may refer to:
Rodney Rowe (athlete) (born 1997), American sprinter
Rodney Rowe (footballer) (born 1975), English footballer | wiki |
664 is an area code within Mexico's National Phone Numbering Schema (Plan Nacional de Numeracion). It covers the municipality of Tijuana, Baja California. It overlays area code 663.
Calls to numbers with the Mexican area code 664 must be dialed as any other international call, using the international call prefix, and the country code 52.
Telephone numbers in Mexico | wiki |
Naked SNCTM is a Showtime television docuseries about the Snctm sex club.
References
External links
American documentary television series
2017 American television series debuts
Swinging (sexual practice) | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Mountain Home (Arkansas)
Mountain Home (Észak-Karolina)
Mountain Home (Idaho)
Mountain Home Village (Kalifornia)
Mountain Home (Santa Clara megye, Kalifornia)
Mountain Home (Nyugat-Virginia)
Mountain Home (Tennessee)
Mountain Home (Texas)
Mountain Home (Utah)
Mountain Home (Wyoming) | wiki |
Ciclopramine is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) that was never marketed.
References
Abandoned drugs
Amines
Tetracyclic antidepressants
Dibenzazepines | wiki |
Lady Thompson may refer to:
Annie Thompson (née Affleck) (1845–1913), wife of the Prime Minister of Canada
Ann Thompson (née Potts) (1869–1946), wife of Luke Thompson (politician)
Kate Fanny Thompson (1825–1904), married name of English composer Kate Loder
Lady Gwen Thompson, pseudonym of author Phyllis Thompson (née Healy) (1928–1986) | wiki |
Quicker'n a Wink is a 1940 American short documentary film in the Pete Smith Specialities series about stroboscopic photography, written by Buddy Adler and directed by George Sidney. In 1941, it won an Oscar for Best Short Subject (One-Reel) at the 13th Academy Awards.
Cast
Clarence Curtis (uncredited)
Harold E. Edgerton as himself (uncredited)
Tex Harris (uncredited)
Charles Lacey (uncredited)
June Preisser (uncredited)
Pete Smith as narrator (uncredited)
References
External links
1940 films
1940 documentary films
1940 short films
American black-and-white films
American short documentary films
Black-and-white documentary films
Documentary films about technology
Films produced by Pete Smith (film producer)
Films directed by George Sidney
Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners
1940s short documentary films
1940s American films | wiki |
Law enforcement in New York State is primarily conducted by Police Officers employed by State, City, County Police departments. A number of State, City, Educational, and private companies employ Peace Officers.
Types of Law Enforcement Officers
New York law enforcement agencies receive their powers and authority from the New York State Criminal Procedure Law as listed:
Police Officers who are listed under Article 2, §1.20 section 34 (A through V)
Peace Officers who are listed under Article 2, §2.10 (1 through 85) and Special Patrolmen, under Article 2, §2.10, sub 27
Powers of Peace officers
The powers of peace officers are listed and defined under criminal procedure law 2.20.
The powers of peace officers are limited by sections and/or subdivisions of the criminal procedure law, New York State penal law and employer.
Power of Special Patrolman
The powers of Special Patrolman are appointed in connection with special duties of employment, and such designation confers limited Peace Officer powers upon the employee pursuant to New York State Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10(27). The exercise of these powers is limited to the employee's geographical area of employment and only while such employee is actually on duty as listed in Chapter 13 subsection (c): Special Patrolmen
Firearms
Peace officers, as listed and defined under the Criminal Procedure Law 2.10 ( 1 through 85 ), must be appropriate license and authorized by their specific agency or department to carry a firearm and are limited by title and subdivision within criminal procedure law 2.10, and which is clearly stated by New York State legislation ( as of 01/13/2020 the NYS Assembly recommited and this bill was deleted IE : enacting clause stricken ... as posted on the bill ) . For example in subdivision 27 of criminal procedure law 2.10 which pertain to all New York City Special Patrolmen ( Peace Officer ). In this section it clearly states that nothing in this subdivision shall be deemed to authorize such officer to carry, possess, repair or dispose of a firearm unless the appropriate license therefor has been issued pursuant to section 400.00 of the penal law." Peace officers who are authorized by their specific agency or department to carry a firearm are required to adhere to all training standards, in accordance with criminal procedure law 2.30, and maybe required to obtain a separate firearm license pursuant to penal law 400.00, however, peace officers that are limited by specific subdivisions of criminal procedure law 2.10 are not authorized to carry a firearm in any capacity unless they apply for a firearms license under penal law 400.00.
Agencies
Listed are some agencies that do authorize their peace officers to carry a firearm:
New York City Sheriff's Office,
New York City Department of Investigation,
New York City Department of Correction,
New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision
New York State Court Officers.
Criminal Investigations Division
MTA Bridges and Tunnels,
Listed are some agencies that do not authorize their peace officers to carry a firearm:
Roosevelt Island Public Safety Department,
New York City Department of Health and Hospitals Police,
New York City Department of Homeless Services Police,
New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol,
New York City Human Resources Administration Police Department,
New York City Police Department School Safety Division,
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Police,
New York City Administration for Children's Services Police,
New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission,
New York State Office of Mental Health Police
New York State Office for People With Developmental Disabilities Police
Some private-sector public safety agencies allow their peace / special patrolman to carry a firearm only while working for said agencies and must be granted permission and licensed by the New York City Police Department (Pistol Licensing Section) in compliance with penal law 400.00:
Listed are a few such agencies:
Co-op City Department of Public Safety,
Hunts Point Department of Public Safety,
Parkchester Department of Public Safety.
Spring Creek Towers Public Safety.
Designation as a special patrolman is unique to New York City, it is granted by the New York City Police Commissioner under New York City Administrative Code §14-106. The powers of Special Patrolman are appointed in connection with special duties of employment, and such designation confers limited Peace Officer powers upon the employee pursuant to New York State Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10(27).
The exercise of these powers is limited to the employee's geographical area of employment and only while such employee is actually on duty as listed in Chapter 13 subsection (C): Special Patrolmen.
Some special patrolman are issued a firearm license for on duty use only and must be in compliance with penal law 400.00 and the New York City Police Department ( pistol license section ) rules and regulations.
Other Equipment
The equipment carried by peace officers depends on their duties and their agency's discretion. Most uniformed peace officers carry a baton, can of pepper spray, pair of handcuffs, a whistle, a flashlight, and a portable radio. In addition, certain peace officer agencies allow their officers to carry other equipment, such as tasers. Peace officer agencies can allow/ban certain equipment carried by officers, for example, NYPD Auxiliary Police officers are only equipped with a baton, handcuffs, flashlight, and whistle, while NYPD School Safety Agents only carry handcuffs, a flashlight, and a whistle.
Uniform
Uniforms worn by peace officers differ from agency to agency.
Most peace officers wear a uniform that has a dark blue shirt and dark blue pants with a dark blue peaked (eight-point) cap and black boots or shoes.
Another popular uniform worn by officers has a light blue shirt with dark blue pants with a dark blue peaked (eight-point) cap with black boots or shoes.
However, there are other colors and types of uniforms worn by officers, including grey, green, and black shirts and grey, green, and black pants.
Also, most officers wear a hat when on duty. The hats worn by officers differ in shape, size, type, brand, and color, ranging from a traditional eight-point cap, to stetsons, to a baseball style cap.
In addition, officers in certain specialized units in departments may wear a different style uniform compared to the uniform worn by patrol officers. A major piece of the peace officer uniform is the badge (also known as a shield in New York), which is usually worn on the left or right chest of the shirt or jacket. The shape and color of badges differ between rank and department.
Training
The amount and type of training given to peace officers differs between agencies. The Municipal Police Training Council (MPTC) prescribes a minimum of 700 hours of training for police officers in New York. Peace officers, which are considered specialists in a particular type of employment and title require less training (180 hours) but are usually provided with agency-specific or mission-specific training by their employer.
MPTC's Basic Course for Peace Officers is identical to the Basic Course for Police Officers minus the modules not relevant to the unique nature of the peace officer's employment. For example, MPTC does not require peace officers to receive training in responding to domestic violence, while police officers are required to receive such training. However, agencies are encouraged by MPTC to offer training that exceeds MPTC's minimum requirements, and many agencies do.
All training courses for peace officers include training in criminal law, police science, authorities of peace officers, some physical training, laws of arrest, and defensive tactics.
Peace officers authorized by their employer to carry firearms must complete the 47 hour firearms course required for all peace officers before they can carry their firearm, and must re-qualify yearly.
Limitation on disclosure
Records made to a municipality's E911 system shall not be made available to or obtained by any entity or person, other than limited exceptions.
See also
Law of New York
List of law enforcement agencies in New York
Briana's Law
References
External links
New York State Laws | wiki |
Le pain brié est un pain originaire de Normandie, plus précisément, de la région du Bessin.
Étymologie
Le nom de ce pain traditionnel vient du martèlement de la pâte, le terme « brié » dérivant du verbe « brier », qui signifie « marteler », en ancien normand ; sans aucun lien avec le fromage de Brie.
Préparation
Sa préparation comprend une longue période de pétrissage et un battage de la pâte, ce qui a pour effet de la resserrer, produisant un pain lourd avec une mie au levain serrée.
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Bibliographie
Prosper Montagné, The Concise Larousse Gastronomique: The World's Greatest Cookery Encyclopedia, 2003, 169.
Bernard Clayton, The Breads of France: And How to Bake Them in Your Own Kitchen, 2002, 88.
Articles connexes
Khobz talian
Liens externes
.
.
Pain français
Gastronomie en Normandie | wiki |
GSAT-10 is an Indian communication satellite which was launched by Ariane-5ECA carrier rocket in September 2012. It has 12 KU Band, 12 C Band and 6 lower extended c band transponders, and included a navigation payload to augment GAGAN capacity. Following its launch and on-orbit testing, it was placed in Geosynchronous orbit at 83.0° East, from where it will provide communication services in India.
Payload
12 high power KU-band transponders employing 140 W TWTA. It is being used by Tata Sky
12 C Band Transponders employing 32 W TWTA.
6 extended C-Band Transponders each having a bandwidth of 36 MHz employing 32 W TWTA.
GAGAN navigation payload operating in L1 and L5 bands.
Satellite
GSAT-10, with a design life of 15 years was operational by November 2012 and will augment telecommunication, Direct-To-Home and radio navigation services. At 3,400 kg at lift-off, at the time, it was the heaviest satellite built by the Bengaluru-headquartered Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was ISRO's 101st space mission. Arianespace's heavy lifting Ariane-5 ECA rocket launched the satellite about 30 minutes after the blast off from the European launch pad in South America at 2:48AM, prior to which it injected European co-passenger ASTRA 2F into orbit. GSAT-10 carries 30 transponders (12 Ku-band, 12 C-band and six Extended C-Band), which will provide vital augmentation to INSAT/GSAT transponder capacity. The GAGAN payload will provide improved accuracy of GPS signals (of better than seven metres) which will be used by Airports Authority of India for civil aviation requirements. This is the second satellite in INSAT/GSAT constellation with GAGAN payload after GSAT-8, which was launched in May 2011.
Launch
GSAT-10 is the second satellite in INSAT/GSAT constellation with GAGAN payload after GSAT-8, launched in May 2011. The satellite was successfully launched on 29 September 2012 at 2:48 am (IST) on board Ariane-5 rocket from Europe's spaceport in French Guiana.
Cost
The satellite and launch fee cost the agency ₹750 crores.
See also
Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System
Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS
GSAT
References
External links
ISRO Future Programmes
GSAT satellites
2012 in India
Spacecraft launched in 2012
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Ariane commercial payloads | wiki |
This list of Kansas reptiles includes the snakes, turtles and lizards found in the US state of Kansas.
Turtles
Kansas is home to 15 species of turtles.
Family Chelydridae – snapping turtles
Alligator snapping turtle
Common snapping turtle
Family Kinosternidae – mud and musk turtles
Common musk turtle (stinkpot)
Yellow mud turtle
Family Emydidae – basking and box turtles
Painted turtle
Common map turtle
Ouachita map turtle
False map turtle
River cooter
Ornate box turtle
Eastern box turtle
Pond slider turtle
Family Trionychidae – softshell turtles
Spiny softshell turtle
Smooth softshell turtle
Lizards
There are 16 species of lizards in Kansas.
Anguidae – lateral fold lizards
Slender glass lizard
Crotaphytidae – collared and leopard lizards
Eastern collared lizard
Gekkonidae – geckos
Mediterranean gecko (introduced)
Lacertidae – lacertas (wall and true lizards)
Western green lizard (introduced)
Italian wall lizard (introduced)
Phrynosomatidae – spiny lizards
Lesser earless lizard
Texas horned lizard
Prairie lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus)
Scincidae – skinks
Coal skink
Skin colored black dotted skink
Five-lined skink
Broadhead skink
Great Plains skink
Southern prairie skink (Plestiodon obtusirostris)
Northern prairie skink (Plestiodon septentrionalis)
Ground skink
Teiidae – whiptails
Six-lined racerunner
Venomous species
Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus)
Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix)
Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) (very rare)
Timber rattlesnake species in need of conservation (Crotalus horridus)
Prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis)
Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus)
Non-venomous species
Eastern glossy snake (Arizona elegans)
Western worm snake (Carphophis vermis)
Eastern racer (Coluber constrictor)
Ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus)
Western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus)
Eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos)
Night snake (Hypsiglena torquata)MT
Prairie kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster)
Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula)
Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum)
New Mexico blind snake (Leptotyphlops dissectus)
Coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum)
Plainbelly water snake (Nerodia erythrogaster)
Diamondback water snake (Nerodia rhombifer)
Northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon)
Rough green snake (Opheodrys aestivus)
Great Plains rat snake (Pantherophis emoryi)
Western rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta)
Gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer)
Graham's crayfish snake (Regina grahamii)
Longnose snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei)
Ground snake (Sonora semiannulata)
Brown snake (Storeria dekayi)
Redbelly snake species in need of conservation (Storeria occipitomaculata)
Flathead snake (Tantilla gracilis)
Plains blackhead snake (Tantilla nigriceps)
Checkered garter snake (Thamnophis marcianus)
Western ribbon snake (Thamnophis proximus)
Plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix)
Common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)
Lined snake (Tropidoclonion lineatum)
Rough earth snake (Virginia striatula)
Smooth earth snake (Virginia valeriae)
MT This snake has enlarged grooved teeth near the back of the upper jaw and secretes a mildly toxic saliva to incapacitate its prey. However, it is not considered dangerous to humans.
References
Kansas | wiki |
Cet article est une liste de guitaristes de bluegrass.
Musiciens
David Bromberg
Tommy Emmanuel
Lester Flatt
Jimmy Martin
Tony Rice
Ricky Skaggs
Dan Tyminski
Doc Watson
Clarence White
Mac Wiseman
Références
Bibliographie
Bluegrass
Guitariste de bluegrass | wiki |
Love Is a Four Letter Word may refer to :
Love Is a Four Letter Word (album), an album by Jason Mraz
Love Is a Four Letter Word (TV series), an Australian TV series broadcast by ABC
"Love Is a Four-Letter Word", an episode of The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency
Four-letter word, for other uses of the term
See also
"Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word", a song by Bob Dylan, notably recorded by Joan Baez
"Love Is Not a Four Letter Word", a song by Raury from All We Need
"Love Ain't Nothing But a Four Letter Word", a song by Bon Jovi released on the album 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong
"Love Ain't Just a Four Letter Word", a song by Jenny Wilson released on the album Love and Youth | wiki |
Joshua or Josh Greene may refer to:
Joshua Greene (psychologist), experimental psychologist at Harvard University
Joshua Greene (wine), wine critic, publisher and editor-in-chief of Wine & Spirits
Josh Greene (artist), American conceptual artist
Joshua Greene (mathematician), (Joshua E. Greene), the winner of the 2002 Morgan Prize
See also
Joshua Green (disambiguation) | wiki |
Unemployment insurance in the United States, colloquially referred to as unemployment benefits, refers to social insurance programs which replace a portion of wages for individuals during unemployment. The first unemployment insurance program in the U.S. was created in Wisconsin in 1932, and the federal Social Security Act of 1935 created programs nationwide that are administered by state governments. The constitutionality of the program was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1937.
Each of the 50 U.S. states, as well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands, administer their own unemployment insurance programs. Benefits are generally paid by state governments, funded in large part by state and federal payroll taxes levied on employers, to workers who have become unemployed through no fault of their own. Employees in Alaska, New Jersey and Pennsylvania are also required to contribute into the program. Benefit amounts for eligible workers vary by state, ranging from maximum weekly payments of $1,015 in Massachusetts to $235 in Mississippi as of 2022. According to the Internal Revenue Code, these benefits are classified as "social welfare benefits" and as such are included in a taxpayer's gross income. The standard duration of available unemployment compensation is six months, although extensions are possible during economic downturns. During the Great Recession, unemployment benefits were extended by 73 weeks.
Eligibility requirements for unemployment insurance vary by state, but generally speaking, employees not fired for misconduct ("terminated for cause") are eligible for unemployment benefits, while those fired for misconduct (this sometimes can include misconduct committed outside the workplace, such as a problematic social media post or committing a crime) are not. In every state, employees who quit their job without "good cause" are not eligible for unemployment benefits, but the definition of good cause varies by state. In some states, being fired for misconduct permanently bars the employee from receiving unemployment benefits, while in others it only disqualifies the employee for a short period.
History
As many European countries created unemployment insurance programs in the early 20th century (beginning with Britain in 1912), Progressive Era reformers advocated for a similar policy in the United States, but to little avail. In the early 20th century, some trade unions and employers set up private unemployment insurance programs for workers, but these were only available to a small portion of the workforce. Following the onset of the Great Depression, advocates pushed Congress and state legislatures to create public unemployment insurance programs. In 1931, governors from New York, Ohio, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut organized an interstate commission on unemployment insurance. In 1932, Wisconsin passed the first public unemployment insurance program in the United States, offering 50% wage compensation for a maximum of 10 weeks, funded through a payroll tax imposed on employers.
Programs were created in other states following the passage of the federal Social Security Act of 1935. Under Title III of the Act, the federal government would levy a payroll tax on almost all employers to fund unemployment insurance programs run by state governments, conditional on states following certain minimum requirements concerning program administration. In states that levied their own taxes to administer programs that exceeded the requirements, the federal government would forgive this payroll tax. The terms of this federal-state cooperation are set by the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), which authorizes the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to collect an annual federal employer tax used to fund state workforce agencies. In 1937, the Supreme Court held that federal unemployment law is constitutional and does not violate the Tenth Amendment in Steward Machine Company v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548.
Georgetown professor Pamela Herd says benefits are administered at the state level because Southern states did not want to be forced by the federal government to provide high unemployment benefits to black workers. She says racism was also a motivation to exclude agricultural and domestic workers, and to make the benefits difficult to apply for.
Beginning in 1954 under the Reed Act, the federal government transfers unemployment funds to state governments when the federal balance exceeds a certain threshold. Additionally, FUTA provides a fund that states can borrow from when needed to continue paying UI benefits. In 1970, FUTA was amended to create an extended benefits program where the federal government pays half the cost of extended benefits triggered during periods of high state-level unemployment.
In 1986, the Tax Reform Act required that unemployment compensation be considered taxable income for the purposes of federal taxes. In 2003, Rep. Philip English introduced legislation to repeal the taxation of unemployment compensation, but the legislation did not advance past committee. Most states with income tax consider unemployment compensation to be taxable. Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the first $2,400 worth of unemployment income received during the tax year of 2009 was exempted from being considered as taxable income on the federal level.
Structure
Taxation
Unemployment insurance is funded by both federal and state payroll taxes. In most states, employers pay state and federal unemployment taxes if: (1) they paid wages to employees totaling $1,500 or more in any quarter of a calendar year, or (2) they had at least one employee during any day of a week for 20 or more weeks in a calendar year, regardless of whether those weeks were consecutive. Some state laws differ from the federal law.
Since June 2011, the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) has set the taxable wage base as the first $7,000 of wages paid to each employee during a calendar year, and the tax rate as 6% of taxable wages. Employers can deduct up to 90% of the amount due if they paid taxes to a state to support a system of unemployment insurance which met Federal standards. Employers who pay the state unemployment tax on time receive an offset credit of up to 5.4% regardless of the rate of tax they pay their state. Therefore, the net FUTA tax rate is generally 0.6% (6.0%–5.4%) on the taxable amount of $7,000, for a maximum FUTA tax of $42.00 per employee per year.
State law determines individual state unemployment insurance tax rates and taxable wage bases. Although FUTA mandates a taxable wage base of $7,000 per employee, only Arizona, California, and Puerto Rico use this minimum as of 2020. The taxable wage base ranges significantly, with Washington using the highest amount of $52,700. All states use experience rating to determine tax rates, meaning that employers using the system more often have to pay additional taxes. As such, the range of state unemployment tax rates varies widely. For example, as of 2020, the state employer tax rage for unemployment insurance is 0.05%–6.42% in Arizona, 1.5%–6.2% in California, 0.94%–14.37% in Massachusetts, and 0.1%–5.5% in Oklahoma.
An exception to the federal-state joint funding mechanism is the Pandemic Unemployment Insurance (PUA) program created during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is funded entirely by the federal government.
Eligibility
The federal government sets broad guidelines for coverage and eligibility, but states vary in how they determine benefits and eligibility. Generally, the following requirements apply:
A worker must have worked for at least one quarter in the previous year. Workers are normally not eligible if they were temporary workers or paid under the table.
A worker must meet state requirements for wages earned or time worked during an established period of time (referred to as a "base period") to be eligible for benefits. In most states, the base period is usually the first four out of the last five completed calendar quarters prior to the time that the claim is filed.
A worker must have been laid off by an employer. Workers are not normally eligible if they quit without good cause, are fired for misconduct, or became unemployed due to a labor dispute. If the employer demonstrates that the unemployed person quit or was fired for cause, the worker is required to pay back the benefits they received.
A worker must be available for work and must accept a suitable offer of employment
If the worker's claim is denied, then they have the right to appeal. If the worker was fired for misconduct, then the employer has the burden to prove that the termination of employment is a misconduct defined by individual states laws. However, if the employee quit their job, then they must prove that their voluntary separation must be good cause.
Benefit amount and duration
Unemployment benefit amounts are based on reported covered quarterly earnings. The amount of earnings and the number of quarters worked are used to determine the length and value of the unemployment benefit. The national average weekly payment in 2020 was $378. Since 1987, unemployment compensation has been considered taxable income by the federal government.
For most states, the maximum period for receiving benefits is 26 weeks. Since a 1970 amendment to FUTA, there has been an extended benefit program that may be triggered by the state unemployment rate. Congress has also often passed temporary programs to extend benefits during recessions. This was done with the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation (TEUC) program in 2002–2003, which has since expired, and remained in force through June 2, 2010, with the Extended Unemployment Compensation 2008 legislation. As a result of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act passed in February 2009, many unemployed people receive up to 99 weeks of unemployment benefits, contingent on state legislation. In July 2010, legislation that provides an extension of federal extended unemployment benefits through November 2010 was signed by the president. The legislation extended benefits for 2.3 million unemployed workers who had exhausted their unemployment benefits.
Application process
It generally takes two weeks for benefit payments to begin, the first being a "waiting week", which is not reimbursed, and the second being the time lag between eligibility for the program and the first benefit actually being paid.
To begin a claim, the unemployed worker must apply for benefits through a state unemployment agency. In certain instances, the employer initiates the process. Generally, the certification includes the affected person affirming that they are "able and available for work", the amount of any part-time earnings they may have had, and whether they are actively seeking work. These certifications are usually accomplished either over the Internet or via an interactive voice response telephone call, but in a few states may be by mail. After receiving an application, the state will notify the individual if they qualify and the rate they will receive every week. The state will also review the reason for separation from employment. Many states require the individual to periodically certify that the conditions of the benefits are still met.
Federal taxes are not withheld from unemployment compensation at the time of payment unless requested by the recipient using Form W-4V.
Disqualification and appeals
If a worker's reason for separation from their last job is due to some reason other than a "lack of work," a determination will be made about whether they are eligible for benefits. Generally, all determinations of eligibility for benefits are made by the appropriate state under its law or applicable federal laws. If a worker is disqualified or denied benefits, they have the right to file an appeal within an established time-frame. The state will advise a worker of his or her appeal rights. An employer may also appeal a determination if they do not agree with the state's determination regarding the employee's eligibility.
If the worker's claim is denied, then they have the right to appeal. If the worker was fired for misconduct, then the employer has the burden to prove substantially that the termination of employment is a misconduct defined by individual states laws. However, if the employee quit their job, then they must prove that their voluntary separation must be for good cause.
Success rate of unemployment appeals is two-thirds, or 67% of the time for the most claimants. In the state of Oklahoma, claimants generally win 51.5% of the time in misconduct cases. In the State of New Jersey, claimants that were discharged as a result of a misconduct may still receive unemployment benefits after their disqualification period of six week has ended.
Payment through prepaid debit cards
Most states deliver unemployment benefits to recipients who do not have a bank account through a prepaid debit card. The federal government uses the Direct Express Debit Mastercard prepaid debit card offered by Mastercard and Comerica Bank to give some federal assistance payments to people who do not have bank accounts. Many states have similar programs for unemployment payments and other assistance.
Participation rates
Variations in eligibility requirements, time limits, time commitment for mandatory programs, the difficulty of filing successfully, and payout amounts have led to very different participation rates across the country. Immediately before the COVID-19 pandemic, 7.6% of unemployed people in Florida received benefits; 65.9% of unemployed people in Massachusetts did.
Temporary benefit extensions
Extended Benefits program
In 1970, the unemployment insurance program was amended by Congress to allow for automatic temporary extensions of benefit durations during high levels of state-level unemployment.
Temporary federal extensions
During national recessions, the federal government often extends unemployment insurance benefits temporarily as part of a broader countercyclical economic policy. This has occurred in 1958, 1961, 1971, 1974, 1982, 1991, 2002, 2008, and 2020.
The below table, based on research by the Congressional Research Service, summarizes the temporary extensions until 2008:
Great Recession (2008-2013)
During the Great Recession, the federal government passed the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and several amendments, which together created a major temporary expansion of unemployment insurance benefits called the Emergency Unemployment Compensation of 2008. The program initially extended benefits by 13 weeks. Unlike in previous recessions, the federal government also covered 100% of the cost of the automatic Extended Benefits program. Later amendments extended benefits further, using a tiered system, with state programs being eligible for a maximum of 53 additional weeks of benefit extensions based on state unemployment levels.
COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021)
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the CARES Act created three programs that significantly expanded unemployment insurance benefits. The Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (FPUC) increased the amount of benefits by $600 in addition to the normal amount allotted by state programs. This expired at the end of July, 2020, though was partially replaced by executive order of President Trump by money allocated to FEMA, for states that contribute matching funds. The Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation (PEUC) extended benefit durations by 13 weeks for those who have otherwise exhausted benefits. The Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) expanded eligibility for unemployment insurance temporarily, extending it to any individual who is out of work due to the pandemic, including formerly self-employed, contract, and gig workers.
On August 8, 2020, President Donald Trump signed an executive order that provided $300 to $400 extra benefits per week. Under the order, the federal government provided $300 in additional unemployment using Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funds, and states were responsible for contributing the remaining $100. States were given the option to choose how they would pay the remaining $100 and decide if they would even pay it.
In the Consolidated Appropriations Act passed in December 2020, the federal government provided extra benefit payments of $300 per week for 11 weeks (through March 14, 2021). In January 2021, newly inaugurated President Joe Biden's administration announced a proposal that would further extend unemployment insurance with additional payments of $400 per week through September 2021. Under the American Rescue Plan passed in March 2021, extra benefit payments were increased to $400 per week and benefits were extended through September 6, 2021. While benefits are normally taxable, this law made the first $10,200 in unemployment benefits received in the fiscal year 2020 exempt from taxation. Starting in June 2021, over 20 states, mostly those with Republicans in control of state government, opted to end benefit or eligibility extensions earlier than required.
The surge of unemployment filings and eligibility changes during the pandemic created a massive backlog of claims. Unemployed people reported severe delays in contacting unemployment offices to resolve problems or to file non-traditional claims, with some being told to use Twitter or contact the governor to get problems resolved. Some people waited for several months to receive benefits after having been laid off. To better meet this substantial increase in claims and comply with federal fraud prevention requirements, states accelerated their plans for modernizing their unemployment insurance systems. Congress allocated $2 billion in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 to help states improve access to unemployment benefits, reduce payment delays, and combat fraud. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Labor announced in August 2021 that it was creating an Office of Unemployment Insurance Modernization to oversee this spending and assist states in updating their unemployment systems.
Measurement
Current data
Each Thursday, the Department of Labor issues the Unemployment Insurance Weekly Claims Report. Its headline number is the seasonally adjusted estimate for initial unemployment claims filed during the previous week in the US. Since this statistic is published weekly, it is commonly depended on as a current indicator of the labor market and the economy generally.
In 2016, the number of people on unemployment benefits fell to around 2.14 million, the lowest in the last 4 decades.
. In April 2020, claims reached 40 million, a new all-time high.
Unemployment insurance outlook
Twice a year, the Office of Management and Budget delivers an economic assessment of the unemployment insurance program as it relates to budgetary issues. As it relates to the FY 2012 budget, the OMB reports that the insured unemployment rate (IUR) is projected to average 3.6% in both FY 2011 and in FY 2012. State unemployment regular benefit outlays are estimated at $61 billion in FY 2011 and $64.3 billion in FY 2012, down somewhat from Midsession estimates. Outlays from state trust fund accounts are projected to exceed revenues and interest income by $16.0 billion in FY 2011 and $15.1 billion in FY 2012. State trust fund account balances, net of loans, are projected to continue to fall, from -$27.4 billion at the end of FY 2010 to -$62.7 billion at the end of FY 2013, before starting to grow again.
Net balances are not projected to become positive again until well beyond FY 2016. Up to 40 states are projected to continue borrowing heavily from the Federal Unemployment Account (FUA) over the next few years. The aggregate loan balance is projected to increase from $40.2 billion at the end of FY 2010 to a peak end-of-year balance of $68.3 billion in FY 2013. Due to the high volume of state loans and increased EB payments, FUA and EUCA are projected to borrow $26.7 billion from the general fund in FY 2011 and an additional $19.4 billion in FY 2012, with neither account projected to return to a net positive balance before 2016. The general fund advances must be repaid with interest.
See also
Social programs in the United States
Federal Unemployment Tax Act
CARES Act
Notes
References
Unemployment benefits
Labour law
Economy of the United States | wiki |
Noodang Pimpol ; 15 October 1968 – 11 January 2011) is a Thai sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
1968 births
2011 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Noodang Pimpol
Noodang Pimpol
Place of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Noodang Pimpol
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Olympic female sprinters
Noodang Pimpol
Noodang Pimpol
Southeast Asian Games medalists in athletics
Noodang Pimpol | wiki |
In US education terminology, a rubric is "a scoring guide used to evaluate the quality of students' constructed responses". Put simply, it is a set of criteria for grading assignments. Rubrics usually contain evaluative criteria, quality definitions for those criteria at particular levels of achievement, and a scoring strategy. They are often presented in table format and can be used by teachers when marking, and by students when planning their work. In UK education, the rubric is the set of instructions at the head of an examination paper.
A scoring rubric is an attempt to communicate expectations of quality around a task. In many cases, scoring rubrics are used to delineate consistent criteria for grading. Because the criteria are public, a scoring rubric allows teachers and students alike to evaluate criteria, which can be complex and subjective. A scoring rubric can also provide a basis for self-evaluation, reflection, and peer review. It is aimed at accurate and fair assessment, fostering understanding, and indicating a way to proceed with subsequent learning/teaching. This integration of performance and feedback is called ongoing assessment or formative assessment.
Several common features of scoring rubrics can be distinguished, according to Bernie Dodge and Nancy Pickett:
They focus on measuring a stated objective (performance, behavior, or quality).
They use a range to rate performance.
They contain specific performance characteristics arranged in levels indicating either the developmental sophistication of the strategy used or the degree to which a standard has been met.
Components of a scoring rubric
Scoring rubrics include one or more dimensions on which performance is rated, definitions and examples that illustrate the attribute(s) being measured, and a rating scale for each dimension. Dimensions are generally referred to as criteria, the rating scale as levels, and definitions as descriptors.
Herman, Aschbacher, and Winters distinguish the following elements of a scoring rubric:
One or more traits or dimensions that serve as the basis for judging the student response
Definitions and examples to clarify the meaning of each trait or dimension
A scale of values on which to rate each dimension
Standards of excellence for specified performance levels accompanied by models or examples of each level
Since the 1980s, many scoring rubrics have been presented in a graphic format, typically as a grid. Studies of scoring rubric effectiveness now consider the efficiency of a grid over, say, a text-based list of criteria.
Rubrics can be classified as holistic, analytic, or developmental. Holistic rubrics integrate all aspects of the work into a single overall rating of the work. For example, "the terms and grades commonly used at university (i.e., excellent – A, good – B, average – C, poor – D, and weak – E) usually express an assessor's overall rating of a piece of work. When a research article or thesis is evaluated, the reviewer is asked to express his or her opinion in holistic terms – accept as is, accept with minor revisions, require major revisions for a second review, or reject. The classification response is a weighted judgement by the assessor taking all things into account at once; hence, holistic. In contrast, an analytic rubric specifies various dimensions or components of the product or process that are evaluated separately. The same rating scale labels may be used as the holistic, but it is applied to various key dimensions or aspects separately rather than an integrated judgement. This separate specification means that on one dimension the work could be excellent, but on one or more other dimensions the work might be poor to average. Most commonly, analytic rubrics have been used by teachers to score student writing when the teacher awards a separate score for such facets of written language as conventions or mechanics (i.e., spelling, punctuation, and grammar), organisation, content or ideas, and style. They are also used in many other domains of the school curriculum (e.g., performing arts, sports and athletics, studio arts, wood and metal technologies, etc.). By breaking the whole into significant dimensions or components and rating them separately, it is expected that better information will be obtained by the teacher and the student about what needs to be worked on next." (Brown, Irving, & Keegan, 2014, p. 55). Developmental rubrics are analytical but also meet developmental characteristics described below.
Steps to create a scoring rubric
Scoring rubrics may help students become thoughtful evaluators of their own and others' work and may reduce the amount of time teachers spend evaluating student work. Here is a seven-step method to creating and using a scoring rubric for writing assignments:
Have students look at models of good versus "not-so-good" work. A teacher should provide sample assignments of variable quality for students to review.
List the criteria to be used in the scoring rubric and allow for discussion of what counts as quality work. Asking for student feedback during the creation of the list also allows the teacher to assess the students' overall writing experiences.
Articulate gradations of quality. These hierarchical categories should concisely describe the levels of quality (ranging from bad to good) or development (ranging from beginning to mastery). They can be based on the discussion of the good versus not-so-good work samples or immature versus developed samples. Using a conservative number of gradations keeps the scoring rubric user-friendly while allowing for fluctuations that exist within the average range ("creating rubrics").
Practice on models. Students can test the scoring rubrics on sample assignments provided by the instructor. This practice can build students' confidence by teaching them how the instructor would use the scoring rubric on their papers. It can also aid student/teacher agreement on the reliability of the scoring rubric.
Ask for self and peer-assessment.
When to use scoring rubrics
A rubric can be used in individual assessment within the course, or a project or capstone project. However, it can be used when multiple evaluators are evaluating the assessment to get focus on the contributing attributes for the evaluation. Rubrics are ideally suited for project assessment since each component of the project has a corresponding section on the rubric that specifies criteria for quality of work.
Revise the work on the basis of that feedback. As students are working on their assignment, they can be stopped occasionally to do a self-assessment and then give and receive evaluations from their peers. Revisions should be based on the feedback they receive.
Use teacher assessment, which means using the same scoring rubric the students used to assess their work.
Developmental rubrics
Developmental rubrics are analytic rubrics that use multiple dimensions of developmental successions to facilitate assessment, instructional design, and transformative learning.
Defining developmental rubrics
Developmental rubrics refer to a matrix of modes of practice. Practices belong to a community of experts. Each mode of practice competes with a few others within the same dimension. Modes appear in succession because their frequency is determined by four parameters: endemicity, performance rate, commitment strength, and acceptance. Transformative learning results in changing from one mode to the next. The typical developmental modes can be roughly identified as beginning, exploring, sustaining, and inspiring. The timing of the four levels is unique to each dimension and it is common to find beginning or exploring modes in one dimension coexisting with sustaining or inspiring modes in another. Often, the modes within a dimension are given unique names in addition to the typical identifier. As a result, developmental rubrics have four properties:
They are descriptions of examples of behaviors.
They contain multiple dimensions each consisting of a few modes of practice that cannot be used simultaneously with other modes in the dimension.
The modes of practice within a dimension show a dynamic succession of levels.
They can be created for extremely diverse scales of times and places.
Creating developmental rubrics
Since practices belong to a community, the first step is to locate a group of practitioners, who are expert in their field and experienced with learners.
Next, each practitioner works with an expert developmental interviewer to create a matrix that best reflects their experiences. Once several interviews have been completed they can be combined within a single set of developmental rubrics for the community through individual or computerized text analysis.
Third, the community of experts rate learner performances and meet to compare ratings of the same performances and revise the definitions when multiple interpretations are discovered.
Fourth, instructors of particular courses share the developmental rubrics with students and identify the target modes of practice for the course. Typically, a course targets only a fraction of the dimensions of the community's developmental rubrics and only one mode of practice within each of the target dimensions.
Finally, the rubrics are used real-time to motivate student development, usually focusing on one dimension at a time and discussing the opportunities to perform at the next mode of practice in succession.
Etymology and history
The traditional meanings of the word rubric stem from "a heading on a document (often written in red—from Latin, rubrica, red ochre, red ink), or a direction for conducting church services". Drawing on definition 2 in the OED for this word, rubrics referred to the instructions on a test to the test-taker as to how questions were to be answered. This definition of "rubric" is still sometimes used, especially in the UK. In modern Italian, 'rubrica' means column, in the print context, so this term also refers to a visual structure of information. Many early Medieval texts were written in multiple columns on a single page.
In modern education circles, rubrics have recently come to refer to an assessment tool. The first usage of the term in this new sense is from the mid-1990s, but scholarly articles from that time do not explain why the term was co-opted. Perhaps rubrics are seen to act, in both cases, as metadata added to text to indicate what constitutes a successful use of that text. It may also be that the color of the traditional red marking pen is the common link.
The bridge from medicine to education occurred through the construction of "Standardized Developmental Ratings." These were first defined for writing assessment in the mid-1970s and used to train raters for New York State's Regents Exam in Writing by the late 1970s. That exam required raters to use multidimensional standardized developmental ratings to determine a holistic score. The term "rubrics" was applied to such ratings by Grubb in a book advocating holistic scoring rather than developmental rubrics. Developmental rubrics return to the original intent of standardized developmental ratings, which was to support student self-reflection and self-assessment as well as communication between an assessor and those being assessed. In this new sense, a scoring rubric is a set of criteria and standards typically linked to learning objectives. It is used to assess or communicate about product, performance, or process tasks.
Technical
Scoring rubrics can also improve scoring consistency. Grading is more reliable while using a rubric than without one. Educators can refer to a rubric while scoring assignments to keep grading consistent between students. Teachers can also use rubrics to keep their scoring consistent between other teachers who teach the same class.
See also
References
Further reading
Flash, P. (2009) Grading writing: Recommended grading strategies. Retrieved Sep 17, 2011, from http://writing.umn.edu/tww/responding/grading.html
http://www.uen.org/rubric/
Stevens, D. & Levi, Antonia J. (2013). Introduction to Rubrics: An Assessment Tool to Save Grading Time, Convey Effective Feedback, and Promote Student Learning. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
University of Minnesota, Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA), Virtual Assessment Center. (n.d.). Creating Rubrics. Retrieved May, 2015, from http://www.carla.umn.edu/assessment/vac/improvement/p_6.html
Winter H., (2002). Using test results for assessment of teaching and learning. Chem Eng Education 36:188–190
External links
Educational technology
Academia
Evaluation methods
Student assessment and evaluation | wiki |
The Dancing Tiger is a children's picture book written by Malachy Doyle and illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher, published in 2005. It won the Nestlé Children's Book Prize Silver Award and was longlisted for the Kate Greenaway Medal.
References
2005 children's books
Children's fiction books
British children's books
British picture books
Books about tigers | wiki |
Le terme radiation désigne :
Processus de rayonnement ;
Processus de radiation évolutive ;
Action consistant à supprimer une donnée d'un registre public ;
Sanction disciplinaire d'ordre professionnel qui consiste à exclure un membre d'une profession libérale. | wiki |
Bound & Gagged may refer to:
Bound and Gagged (comic strip), a syndicated newspaper comic strip drawn by Dana Summers
Bound & Gagged (magazine), a gay bondage magazine
Bound and Gagged (serial), a 1919 spoof film serial
Bound and Gagged: Pornography and the Politics of Fantasy in America, a 1996 book by Laura Kipnis | wiki |
Millettia rhodantha is a plant species as described by Henri Ernest Baillon, found in Angola. A synonym to it is Millettia aromatica.
Millettia rhodantha is included in the genus Millettia in the family Fabaceae.
It grows to a height of . No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.
References
rhodantha
Taxa named by Henri Ernest Baillon | wiki |
Les Colts de Baltimore (Baltimore Colts) était le nom que portait la franchise NFL des Colts d'Indianapolis (Indianapolis Colts) entre sa création en 1953 et 1983, date de son départ pour Indianapolis, Indiana.
Colts d'Indianapolis
Club sportif à Baltimore
Ancienne dénomination de franchise de la NFL | wiki |
In American slang, the term inside baseball refers to the minutiae and detailed inner workings of a system that are only interesting to, or appreciated by, experts, insiders, and aficionados. The phrase was originally used as a sports metaphor in political contexts, but has expanded to discussions of other topics as well. Language commentator William Safire wrote that the term refers to details about a subject that require such a specific knowledge about what is being discussed that the nuances are not understood or appreciated by outsiders.
Etymology
The term originated in the 1890s referring to a particular style of playing the game which relied on singles, walks, bunts, and stolen bases rather than power hitting. Within a few decades the term was being used to mean highly specialized knowledge about baseball, and by the 1950s it was being applied to politics.
References
English phrases
American slang
Political terminology of the United States | wiki |
Honor (or Honour) Among Thieves is a phrase suggesting trustworthiness within a group that is not considered trustworthy to outsiders. It may also refer to:
Books
Honour Among Thieves (novel), a 1993 novel by English author Jeffrey Archer.
Honour Among Thieves, a 1947 novel by H. C. Bailey
Honour Among Thieves, a 1991 novel by Donald Serrell Thomas
Honor Among Thieves, a 2014 novel by James S. A. Corey
Honor Among Thieves, a 2018 novel by Ann Aguirre and Rachel Caine
Film and TV
Touchez pas au grisbi, a 1954 French-Italian film released in the UK as Honour Among Thieves
Adieu l'ami, a 1968 French-Italian film starring Charles Bronson reissued as Honor Among Thieves
Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves, a 2023 American fantasy heist film set for release in 2023
Television
"Honor Among Thieves" (Person of Interest), a 2014 episode of Person of Interest
"Honor Among Thieves" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), a 1998 episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
"Honor Among Thieves", episode 4 of The Flash
"Honor Among Thieves", episode 5 of White Collar season 4
"Honor Among Thieves", episode 20 of Criminal Minds season 2
"Honour Among Thieves", episode 76 of The Bill series 9
"Honor Among Thieves?", episode 16 of Miami Vice season 4
”Honor Among Thieves”, episode 20 in season 2 of Criminal Minds
Games
Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves, the third game in the Sly Cooper franchise
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, the second game in the Uncharted franchise
Music
Honor Among Thieves (Artful Dodger album) 1976
Honor Among Thieves (Edwin McCain album) 1995
Honor Among Thieves, an album by Antiseen
Honor Among Thieves (The Brandos album) 1987
"Honour Among Thieves", a song by Gunship on the 2018 album Dark All Day
See also
Among Thieves (disambiguation) | wiki |
Patrick Hayden may refer to:
Patrick Nielsen Hayden, author and editor of science fiction
Patrick Hayden (scientist), physicist and information theorist
See also | wiki |
A positive locking device is a device used in conjunction with a fastener in order to positively lock the fastener. This means that the fastener cannot work loose from vibrations. The following is a list of positive locking devices:
A split beam nut
A castellated nut and a split pin
A hex nut or cap screw and a tab washer
A hex nut or cap screw and a lock plate
Safety wiring with various types of fasteners
References
Fasteners | wiki |
My Big Brother, Boris is a children's picture book by Liz Pichon, published in 2004. It won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Silver Award.
References
British picture books
2004 children's books
Animal tales | wiki |
Central India is a loosely defined geographical region of India. There is no clear official definition and various ones may be used. One common definition consists of the states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, which are included in almost all definitions. Like some other definitions this takes the part of northern India that is "central" on an east-west axis. Thus the Central Zonal Council set up by the Indian government includes both these states, plus Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand to the north, the last taking the region to the border with Tibet/China in the Himalayas.
Another approach, historically more usual, is to base "Central India" on a north-south axis, making it the part of India that is south of North India and north of South India; the definition of North India also varies hugely, but that of South India is generally agreed. This definition includes either some or all of the Deccan, in particular Maharashtra, and may or may not include some of the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north. If Maharashtra is included "Central India" includes a good part of the western coast, including Mumbai, but the eastern coast is never included, as Odisha stretches down to meet Andhra Pradesh, and these are counted in Eastern and Southern India respectively (and none of the eastern coast is part of the Hindi Belt).
Another definition is "the hill-country south of the Ganges plain", but north of the Deccan. Some official divisions of the country do not recognise any "Central" division at all.
Another definition, which treats the Deccan as a different unit, defines "Central India" as Madhya Pradesh and "eastern and central Uttar Pradesh". "Madhya Pradesh" means "central province", while "Uttar Pradesh" means "northern province", though when adopted in 1950 it had the advantage of preserving the common "UP" abbreviation for what was formerly the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. This definition is rather similar to the territories, all princely states, grouped by the British Raj in 1854 as the Central India Agency (not to be confused with the Central Provinces, bordering this to the south).
The Memoir of Central India by Sir John Malcolm, Governor of Bombay begins with a definition:
The country termed Central India is, roughly speaking, the region lying between the twenty-first and twenty-fifth degrees of north latitude, and the seventy-third and eightieth degrees of east longitude...
Depending on definition, Indore, the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, is the largest city in the region. Other major cities include Raipur, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, and Bilaspur. The states share many linguistic and cultural characteristics with North India including the predominance of Hindi.
History
The Bhimbetka caves show evidence of paleolithic settlements in present-day Madhya Pradesh. Stone age tools have also been discovered at various places along the Narmada river valley. Chalcolithic sites have been discovered at a number of places including Eran, Kayatha, Maheshwar, Nagda, and Navdatoli. Rock shelters with cave paintings, the earliest of which can be dated to 30,000 BCE, have also been discovered at a number of places. The settlements of humans in present-day Madhya Pradesh developed primarily in the valleys of rivers such as Narmada, Chambal, and Betwa. During the early Vedic period, the Vindhya mountains formed the southern boundary of the Indo-Aryan territory.
The Holkars of Indore, Scindias of Gwalior, Puars of Dewas Junior, Dewas Senior and Dhar State were powerful families of the Maratha Empire which were based in Central India. The territories that now comprises Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh were ruled by numerous princes who entered into subsidiary alliance with the British.
After independence, the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956. In 2000, the new state of Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh.
Language
The region is part of the Hindi Belt, and Modern Standard Hindi is the predominant language. Other Hindi belt languages such as Chhattisgarhi are also common regionally. Besides these Indo-Aryan languages, the Munda-family language Korku is also spoken in Central India.
See also
East India
North India
Northeast India
South India
Western India
Administrative divisions of India
References
Regions of India
Articles containing video clips | wiki |
American Homes 4 Rent, doing business as AMH, is a real estate investment trust based in Las Vegas, Nevada, that invests in single-family rental homes. As of December 31, 2019, the company owned 52,552 homes in 22 states. Its largest concentrations are in Atlanta (9.3% of total homes), Dallas-Fort Worth (8.4% of total homes), and Charlotte, North Carolina (7.2% of total homes).
History
The company was established in October 2012 by B. Wayne Hughes, the founder of Public Storage. It was one of the first large public companies to begin investing heavily in single-family homes, following the entry of The Blackstone Group into the field in 2012. Early funding for the company included a $600 million investment from the Alaska Permanent Fund.
In August 2013, the company became a public company via an initial public offering.
In March 2016, the company merged with American Residential Properties, Inc.
In January 2023, the company announced a branding change from American Homes 4 Rent to AMH in a public news release and a notice to investors.
See also
History and impact of institutional investment in housing in the United States
References
External links
2012 establishments in California
2013 initial public offerings
American companies established in 2012
Companies based in Agoura Hills, California
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Real estate companies established in 2012
Real estate investment trusts of the United States | wiki |
A clostridial vaccine is a vaccine for sheep and cattle that protects against diseases caused by toxins produced by an infection with one or more Clostridium bacteria. Clostridial vaccines are often administered to pregnant ewes a few weeks before they are due to give birth, in order to give passive immunity to their lambs. Clostridial bacteria multiply rapidly in infected sheep, and produce large amounts of toxin which can cause the sheep to die within hours.
Clostridial vaccines can contain anti-toxins to one or more endotoxins produced by the following bacteria:
Clostridium chauvoei
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium septicum
Clostridium sordellii
Clostridium tetani
Clostridial vaccines which protect sheep against multiple clostridial diseases have been available since the 1950s.
References
Animal vaccines
Sheep and goat diseases | wiki |
Sarasson () is a French dairy product resembling fromage blanc made from buttermilk. It is traditionally produced in the French departments of Loire, Ardèche, Haute-Loire and Puy-de-Dôme. In the 1600 textbook of agriculture , Olivier de Serres mentions the product.
See also
List of dairy products
References
French cheeses
Occitan cheeses
Massif Central | wiki |
An overlook is a high place where people can view scenery.
Overlook may also refer to:
Arts
The Overlook, a crime novel by Michael Connelly
Overlook (album), a 2011 album by Maria Taylor
Overlook Hotel, the setting for the Stephen King novel The Shining
The Overlook Press, a publishing house
Buildings
Overlook (Little Falls, New York), a historic home
Overlook (Martinsburg, West Virginia), a historic home
Overlook Castle, in Asheville, North Carolina
Places
Overlook, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood of Portland, Oregon
Overlook Colony, Delaware, an unincorporated community in the United States
Overlook Mountain, in the Catskill Mountains of New York
Mount Overlook, in Antarctica
See also
Overwatch (disambiguation)
Overlooked (disambiguation) | wiki |
Pasta e ceci is a dish common in Southern and Central Italy. It is made with pasta and chickpeas. It is part of the cucina povera, or peasant cuisine tradition in Italian cuisine.
History
The dish has ancient origins, and was mentioned in the Roman poet Horace's Satires.
Variants
The dish is popular in the region of Basilicata, where it is known as "piatto del brigante" ("the dish of the brigand"), as it is popularly believed to have been the favored dish of local brigands in the nineteenth century. In Campania the dish is popular in the province of Salerno and in Cilento. In both Basilicata and Campania the dish is usually prepared with lagane, a shape of pasta similar to tagliatelle, which was mentioned by Horace with the name Lagàne e ceci.
The Roman version of the dish makes use of anchovies.
In Puglia, the dish is known as ciceri e tria, a staple dish of the cuisine of Salento. The dish has been recognised by the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies as a traditional Apulian product and is mentioned in the twenty-second revision of the list of products of 2020. According to the traditional recipe a portion of the pasta is fried and then re-added to the dish alongside chickpeas.
References
See also
Pasta e fagioli
Wikimedia Commons on Pasta e ceci
Chickpea dishes
Pasta dishes
Italian cuisine | wiki |
Robert Coffin may refer to:
Robert P. T. Coffin (1892–1955), American writer, poet and professor
Robert Coffin (bishop) (1819–1885), Catholic bishop
Bob Coffin (born 1942), American politician | wiki |
The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist and proto-anarchist periodicals.
Footnotes
Further reading
External links
Cold Off The Presses contains full text copies of anarchist periodicals from the Anarchy Archives.
Lidiap: List of digitized anarchist periodicals A list of freely accessible digitized anarchist journals/newspapers on the internet
Periodicals
Periodicals | wiki |
The APZ (Abnormal Mental States) questionnaire is one of the most widely used psychometric scales for assessing subjective experiences of altered states of consciousness. First published in 1998 by Adolf Dittrich, the APZ questionnaire comprises three dimensions: "Oceanic Boundlessness (OSE)", "Dread of Ego Dissolution (AIA)" and "Visionary Restructuralization (VUS)". According to Google Scholar, it has been cited at least 269 times.
Notes
Psychological tests and scales
Consciousness studies
Mental states
Hallucinations
Psychedelia | wiki |
Ruth Young may refer to:
Ruth Comfort Mitchell Young (1882–1954), American author and playwright
Ruth Forbes Young (1903–1998), member of the Forbes family and philanthropist
Ruth Young (singer), American jazz singer
Ruth Young (archaeologist), professor of archaeology at the University of Leicester | wiki |
Samuel Upham may refer to:
Samuel C. Upham (1819–1885), American journalist, lyricist, navy officer and counterfeiter
Samuel F. Upham (1834–1904), professor of theology | wiki |
Squid cocktail is a seafood dish, which is usually served as an hors d'œuvre. It is similar to a prawn cocktail, but uses squid as the main ingredient.
In 1969 in the United States, squid cocktail was one of the dishes explored to increase the popularity of squid in a time of diminishing fish stocks. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a squid-gutting machine, and submitted squid cocktail, rings, and chowder to a 70-person tasting panel for market research. Despite a general lack of popularity of squid in the United States, aside from the internal "ethnic market", and polling that had shown a negative public perception of squid foods, the tasting panel gave the dishes "high marks".
See also
Cocktail sauce
List of seafood dishes
Squid as food
References
Squid dishes
Appetizers | wiki |
Superman Returns is the novelization of the 2006 film Superman Returns, written by Marv Wolfman.
Story
The book is a movie tie-in and is, therefore, basically the same as the movie with minor changes that come with artistic license. However, two major changes significantly deviate from the movie: Superman not having a shard of kryptonite inside him as he throws the kryptonite island into space and Jason’s non-linkage to Superman.
Superman retaining his powers even with a piece of kryptonite inside him is a hot topic that puts consistency into question, as evidenced by the talk pages.
Jason’s real identity is a fertile ground for a sequel.
Minor Details
Superman’s trip to Krypton is detailed in the book (ch. 5, pp. 37–48). This is most probably the segment in the movie that did not make the final cut.
Jor-El and Lara's courtship is presented (ch. 1, pp. 12–17).
Clark remembers the first time he used his heat vision, triggered by hormonal spurts, just like in the TV series Smallville (p. 64).
Ma Kent is dating Ben Hubbard, selling the Kent farm and moving to Montana (p. 76).
In the movie, it is implied that Jason recognizes Clark as Superman when the child sees the reporter beside the image of Superman on TV, in the Daily Planet. In the book, Jason recognizes Superman as Clark and has nearly finished articulating his observation when Superman cuts him off, in the seaplane after Superman saved the trio – Lois, Richard and Jason – from the sinking ship (p. 285).
The bank robber shot Superman’s head, not specifically stated as the left eye as shown in the movie (p. 183).
The Fins played against the Ravens in the Boeing 777 rescue scene (p. 136).
Clark has taken in eight bottles of beer (p. 112) at the Ace o' Clubs with a ninth in front of him that he pushed away (p. 117) before saving the space shuttle and the airplane.
In the movie, it appears that Lois fell for Richard White because Richard is the human version of Superman: good-looking, confident and can fly (a plane). In the book, Clark thinks that Richard looks very much like him, i.e., Superman (p. 153).
It is implied in the book that Superman created the crystal ship, that he used to visit the remains of Krypton, in the Fortress of Solitude (p. 89).
It was Lex Luthor with the help of Stanford who released the photos of the remains of Krypton, leading to Superman leaving Earth (p. 297).
Major Details
Superman lifts the kryptonite island without a shard of kryptonite imbedded in his body. Only a stab wound with no bleeding is noted by hospital personnel (p. 316).
Jason is not linked to Superman. Brutus is killed by Lois by pulling a bookcase down his head, snapping his neck (p. 256). However, just like in the movie, it is Jason who finds Superman near-drowning (p. 303). There is no scene in the book where Superman recites Jor-El’s words to Jason.
Media Translations
Films and books are different media. Framing a story from film to book and vice versa is not always flawless.
Marv Wolfman dated his Acknowledgments 12/15/05. The screenwriters may have made changes after said date (assuming Marv Wolfman finished the novelization on said date). Since the book is published 27 days earlier than the movie opening, it is possible that the “major details” are deliberately changed to keep the surprises intact.
References
Superman Returns. Film. Directed by Bryan Singer. Led by Brandon Routh. Warner Bros., 2006.
Wolfman, Marv. Superman Returns. New York: Warner Books, 2006.
2006 American novels
Superman novels
Novels based on films
Superman (1978 film series) | wiki |
Toon may refer to:
Places
Tōon, Ehime, a Japanese city in Ehime Prefecture
Toon, the former name of Ferdows, a city in South Khorasan Province, Iran
Toon, Somaliland, a town in the Garoodi region
People
Toon (name), a list of people with the given name, nickname or surname
Arts and entertainment
Toon (TV series), a 2016 Dutch television series
Toon (role-playing game), published by Steve Jackson Games
Toon, a term in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) for cartoon characters
Toon, a shortened name for cartoon animation
Businesses
Cartoon Network, an animation-oriented cable television network, sometimes abbreviated to Toon
Toon Books an American comic book publisher
Toon Studio, Disneyland Paris
Other uses
Toon, trees of the genus Toona
A nickname for Newcastle upon Tyne based on the local dialect pronunciation of the word "town"
A nickname for Newcastle United F.C.
See also
Toon Disney, a former pay TV channel
Toon Express Group, a Hong Kong entertainment company
Tōon-ryū, a style of karate
Toonz
Tune (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Whole Grain Stamp was created by the Whole Grains Council and a panel of scientific and culinary advisors in January 2005 as a visual marker to signal products that contain dietarily-significant amounts of whole grains. The Stamp features a stylized sheaf of grain on a golden-yellow background with a black border.
Every product that bears the "Basic Stamp" must contain at least 8 grams of whole grain per serving. 8 grams equals one half of a MyPyramid serving. Products that bear the "100% Whole Grain Stamp" contain at least 16 grams of whole grain per serving – or a full MyPyramid serving as outlined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture – and do not contain any refined grains.
The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that everyone over age 9 should eat at least three servings of whole grains each day for health. For an outline of scientific studies published on the health benefits of whole grains, see resources below. In 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the use of a health claim that can be used on whole grain foods: “Diets rich in whole grain foods and other plant foods, and low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may help reduce the risk of heart disease.”* However, these claims have certain limitations, and cannot be used on some whole grain foods even if the foods are 100% whole grain. See resources below for more information on health claims and Guideline specifics.
References
Further reading
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Nov. 2003; vol 78:5/920-927.
Diabetes Care, February 2004; vol 27:538-546.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Dec. 2004; vol 80:1492-1499.
Nutrition Research Reviews, May 2004; Vol 17: 99-110.
USDA MyPyramid
Resources
Whole Grains Education Materials
Whole Grain Stamp
Health campaigns
Cereals | wiki |
This is a list of shipwrecks located in and around the continent of Europe.
Albania
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canary Islands
Corsica
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Montenegro
The Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia / Soviet Union
Spain
Slovenia
Sweden
Ukraine
United Kingdom
References
External links
WRECKSITE Worldwide free database of + 65,000 wrecks with history, maritime charts and GPS positions
Europe
Shipwrecks
Shipwrecks | wiki |
The Northern Ireland national football team represents Northern Ireland in international association football. From 1882 to 1921 all of Ireland was represented by a single side, the Ireland national football team, organised by the Irish Football Association (IFA).
In 1920 Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. In 1922, The south of Ireland gained independence as the Irish Free State, later to become Republic of Ireland. Amid these political upheavals, a rival football association, the Football Association of Ireland (the F.A.I.), emerged in Dublin in 1921 and organised a separate league and later a national team. In 1923, during a period when the home nations had dis-affiliated from the governing body, the FAI was recognised by FIFA as the governing body of the Irish Free State on the condition that it changed its name to the Football Association of the Irish Free State. At the same time, the IFA continued to organise its national team on an all-Ireland basis, regularly calling up Free State players. During this era at least one Northerner, Harry Chatton, also played for the Irish Free State and from 1936, the FAI began to organise their own all–Ireland team. Both teams now competed as Ireland and during this era at least 39 dual internationals were selected to represent both teams.
Between 1928 and 1946 the IFA were not affiliated to FIFA and the two Ireland teams co-existed, never competing in the same competition.
In April 1951, FIFA decreed that the IFA team could not select "citizens of Eire". An exception was for British Home Championship games, as a 1923 IFAB agreement at Liverpool prevented FIFA intervention in relations between the four Home Nations. However, the exception would only apply "if the F.A. of Ireland do not object", and was never availed of.
At FIFA's 1953 congress, its Rule 3 was amended so that an international team must use "that title ... recognised politically and geographically of the countries or territories". The FAI initially claimed Rule 3 gave them the right to the name Ireland (see names of the Irish state), but FIFA subsequently ruled neither team could be referred to as Ireland, decreeing that the FAI team be officially designated as the Republic of Ireland, while the IFA team was to become Northern Ireland. The IFA objected and in 1954 was permitted to continue using the name Ireland in Home Internationals, based on the 1923 agreement. This practice was discontinued in the late 1970s.
This is a list of the Northern Ireland national football team results from 1960 to 1979.
1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Notes
References
External links
RSSSF: (Northern) Ireland - International Results
British Home Championships 1947-1966
British Home Championships 1967-1984
Northern Ireland Football Greats Archive
Northern Ireland Statistics and Records
England International Database From 1872
England Football Online
Scotland International Archive
Scotland Football Records Complete Record
Welsh Football Data Archive
1960-79
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results
results | wiki |
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.
The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for the 1981 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and Baseball America (since 1981).
Key
All-Americans
See also
Baseball awards#U.S. college baseball
References
College Baseball All-America Teams
All-America | wiki |
Sleeping Cupid:
Sleeping Cupid, a painting by Caravaggio.
Sleeping Cupid, a sculpture by Michelangelo. | wiki |
The Men's discus throw C7 was a field event in athletics at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, for visually impaired athletes.
Results
Final
References
Men's discus throw C7 | wiki |
Prepaid porn is a printed card with a scratch off password that gives the user access to online pornography without requiring any personal information. Most manufacturers/sales companies sell the cards to distributors who move the cards to retailers. Each company usually offers its own brand, but some sites offer a personalized/custom branding. Many companies advertise the business aspect of prepaid porn cards online as a money making opportunity.
Prepaid porn distributors can be found worldwide excluding some countries such as China and India. The cards are very popular in countries such as England and Australia.
Consumers can buy these cards in gas stations, adult shops, bars and convenience stores. The cards can either be displayed in point of purchase display or in a magazine cover style display. Distributors can put the cards in stores on a consignment or sell them directly to the retailer. The cost of the cards varies by country and currency.
External links
Wired Magazine Archives
NetworkWorld Article
Erotica and pornography websites | wiki |
Michael Gear may refer to:
Michael Gear (bishop) (1934–2018), English bishop
Michael Gear (cricketer) (born 1945), English cricketer
W. Michael Gear (born 1955), American writer | wiki |
10.000 luchtballonnen (album), een album van K3
10.000 luchtballonnen (single), een single op bovengenoemd album | wiki |
Katerin Xiomara Alfaro Torres (born 29 January 1992) is a Salvadoran footballer who plays as a defender. She has been a member of the El Salvador women's national team.
International career
Alfaro represented El Salvador at two CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship qualifications (2010 and 2012). She capped at senior level during the 2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying qualification.
See also
List of El Salvador women's international footballers
References
1992 births
Living people
Salvadoran women's footballers
Women's association football defenders
El Salvador women's international footballers | wiki |
A raw bar is a small restaurant or a bar within a restaurant where live shellfish are shucked and served. Raw bars typically offer a variety of raw and cooked seafood and shellfish that is served cold. Seafood-based dishes may also be offered, and additional, non-seafood foods may also be part of the fare. Raw bars may offer alcoholic beverages such as oyster shooters, as well as wine and sake that is paired with various foods. Additional accompaniments may include condiments, sauces and foods such as lemon and lime. Several restaurants in the United States offer raw bars, some of which are seasonal.
Fare
Raw seafood
Raw bars may serve a selection of raw oysters, clams, quahogs (hard clams), scallops and mussels. Varieties of hard clam may include littlenecks, which are less than 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in size, and cherrystones, which are up to 2 inches (5 cm). Various types of oysters may be served. Some raw bars may offer oyster shooters, a type of cocktail prepared with raw oyster. Some also offer ceviche, a dish prepared with raw seafood that is cured with citrus juices, particularly lime. Thinly sliced octopus (octopus carpaccio) is another raw bar item.
Cooked seafood
Raw bars sometimes supplement the menu with cooked versions of the same and additional seafoods and shellfish that are typically served cold, such as clam chowder, oyster stew, poached shrimp, shrimp cocktail, cooked or seared scallops, mussels, crab legs, lobster, cured salmon, sea urchin and steamers (steamed clams).
Other cooked foods
Sometimes lightly cooked liver or foie gras is a raw bar item.
Dishes
The plateau de fruits de mer is a seafood dish sometimes offered by raw bars that is prepared with raw and cooked shellfish and cold on a platter, usually on a bed of ice.
Accompaniments and condiments
Raw bars may offer wine or sake to accompany and be paired with the various foods. Condiments, such as cocktail sauce and lemon, may be available, which are typically served with raw oysters. These may also be used on other foods. Other food additions may include lime, tomato, chili peppers, mignonette sauce and caviar.
Restaurants
Raw bars exist in various cities in the United States, such as Jay's Restaurant in New York City, which has a raw bar. Some bistro-style restaurants offer a raw bar. Some restaurants offer a seasonal raw bar, such as Grand Banks restaurant in New York City and Bagley & Shakespeare in London.
Health risk
Consuming raw oyster is potentially dangerous as it might contain harmful bacteria. People eating raw oyster might contract vibriosis, an illness typically caused by eating raw seafood. There are reports of human casualties caused by consuming raw oyster.
See also
Seafood restaurant
Oyster bar
Sushi bar
Salad bar
List of oyster bars
List of seafood dishes
List of fish dishes
References
External links
Restaurants by type
Oyster bars
Potentially dangerous food
Seafood
Raw foods | wiki |
A hard disk drive failure occurs when a hard disk drive malfunctions and the stored information cannot be accessed with a properly configured computer.
A hard disk failure may occur in the course of normal operation, or due to an external factor such as exposure to fire or water or high magnetic fields, or suffering a sharp impact or environmental contamination, which can lead to a head crash.
The stored information on a hard drive may also be rendered inaccessible as a result of data corruption, disruption or destruction of the hard drive's master boot record, or by malware deliberately destroying the disk's contents.
Causes
There are a number of causes for hard drives to fail including: human error, hardware failure, firmware corruption, media damage, heat, water damage, power issues and mishaps. Drive manufacturers typically specify a mean time between failures (MTBF) or an annualized failure rate (AFR) which are population statistics that can't predict the behavior of an individual unit. These are calculated by constantly running samples of the drive for a short period of time, analyzing the resultant wear and tear upon the physical components of the drive, and extrapolating to provide a reasonable estimate of its lifespan. Hard disk drive failures tend to follow the concept of the bathtub curve. Drives typically fail within a short time if there is a defect present from manufacturing. If a drive proves reliable for a period of a few months after installation, the drive has a significantly greater chance of remaining reliable. Therefore, even if a drive is subjected to several years of heavy daily use, it may not show any notable signs of wear unless closely inspected. On the other hand, a drive can fail at any time in many different situations.
The most notorious cause of drive failure is a head crash, where the internal read-and-write head of the device, usually just hovering above the surface, touches a platter, or scratches the magnetic data-storage surface. A head crash usually incurs severe data loss, and data recovery attempts may cause further damage if not done by a specialist with proper equipment. Drive platters are coated with an extremely thin layer of non-electrostatic lubricant, so that the read-and-write head will likely simply glance off the surface of the platter should a collision occur. However, this head hovers mere nanometers from the platter's surface which makes a collision an acknowledged risk.
Another cause of failure is a faulty air filter. The air filters on today's drives equalize the atmospheric pressure and moisture between the drive enclosure and its outside environment. If the filter fails to capture a dust particle, the particle can land on the platter, causing a head crash if the head happens to sweep over it. After a head crash, particles from the damaged platter and head media can cause one or more bad sectors. These, in addition to platter damage, will quickly render a drive useless.
A drive also includes controller electronics, which occasionally fail. In such cases, it may be possible to recover all data by replacing the controller board.
The phenomenon of disk failure is not limited only to drives, but also applies to other types of magnetic media. In the late 1990s, Iomega's 100-megabyte Zip disks used in Zip drives were affected by the click of death, called so because the drives endlessly clicked when accessed, indicating the impending failure. 3.5-inch floppy disks can also fall victim to disk failure. If either the drive or the media is dirty, users may experience the buzz of death when attempting to access the drive.
Signs of drive failure
Failure of a hard disk drive can be catastrophic or gradual. The former typically presents as a drive that can no longer be detected by CMOS setup, or that fails to pass BIOS POST so that the operating system never sees it. Gradual hard-drive failure can be harder to diagnose, because its symptoms, such as corrupted data and slowing down of the PC (caused by gradually failing areas of the hard drive requiring repeated read attempts before successful access), can be caused by many other computer issues, such as malware. A rising number of bad sectors can be a sign of a failing hard drive, but because the hard drive automatically adds them to its own growth defect table, they may not become evident to utilities such as ScanDisk unless the utility can catch them before the hard drive's defect management system does, or the backup sectors held in reserve by the internal hard-drive defect management system run out (by which point the drive is on the point of failing outright). A cyclical repetitive pattern of seek activity such as rapid or slower seek-to-end noises (click of death) can be indicative of hard drive problems.
Landing zones and load/unload technology
During normal operation, heads in HDDs fly above the data recorded on the disks. Modern HDDs prevent power interruptions or other malfunctions from landing its heads in the data zone by either physically moving (parking) the heads to a special landing zone on the platters that is not used for data storage, or by physically locking the heads in a suspended (unloaded) position raised off the platters. Some early PC HDDs did not park the heads automatically when power was prematurely disconnected and the heads would land on data. In some other early units the user would run a program to manually park the heads.
Landing zones
A landing zone is an area of the platter usually near its inner diameter (ID), where no data is stored. This area is called the Contact Start/Stop (CSS) zone, or the landing zone. Disks are designed such that either a spring or, more recently, rotational inertia in the platters is used to park the heads in the case of unexpected power loss. In this case, the spindle motor temporarily acts as a generator, providing power to the actuator.
Spring tension from the head mounting constantly pushes the heads towards the platter. While the disk is spinning, the heads are supported by an air bearing and experience no physical contact or wear. In CSS drives the sliders carrying the head sensors (often also just called heads) are designed to survive a number of landings and takeoffs from the media surface, though wear and tear on these microscopic components eventually takes its toll. Most manufacturers design the sliders to survive 50,000 contact cycles before the chance of damage on startup rises above 50%. However, the decay rate is not linear: when a disk is younger and has had fewer start-stop cycles, it has a better chance of surviving the next startup than an older, higher-mileage disk (as the head literally drags along the disk's surface until the air bearing is established). For example, the Seagate Barracuda 7200.10 series of desktop hard disk drives are rated to 50,000 start–stop cycles; in other words, no failures attributed to the head–platter interface were seen before at least 50,000 start–stop cycles during testing.
Around 1995 IBM pioneered a technology where a landing zone on the disk is made by a precision laser process (Laser Zone Texture = LZT) producing an array of smooth nanometer-scale "bumps" in a landing zone, thus vastly improving stiction and wear performance. This technology is still in use today, predominantly in lower-capacity Seagate desktop drives, but has been phased out in 2.5" drives, as well as higher-capacity desktop, NAS, and enterprise drives in favor of load/unload ramps. In general, CSS technology can be prone to increased stiction (the tendency for the heads to stick to the platter surface), e.g. as a consequence of increased humidity. Excessive stiction can cause physical damage to the platter and slider or spindle motor.
Unloading
Load/unload technology relies on the heads being lifted off the platters into a safe location, thus eliminating the risks of wear and stiction altogether. The first HDD RAMAC and most early disk drives used complex mechanisms to load and unload the heads. Nearly all modern HDDs use ramp loading, first introduced by Memorex in 1967, to load/unload onto plastic "ramps" near the outer disk edge. Laptop drives adopted this due to the need for increased shock resistance, and then ultimately it was adopted on most desktop drives.
Addressing shock robustness, IBM also created a technology for their ThinkPad line of laptop computers called the Active Protection System. When a sudden, sharp movement is detected by the built-in accelerometer in the ThinkPad, internal hard disk heads automatically unload themselves to reduce the risk of any potential data loss or scratch defects. Apple later also utilized this technology in their PowerBook, iBook, MacBook Pro, and MacBook line, known as the Sudden Motion Sensor. Sony, HP with their HP 3D DriveGuard, and Toshiba have released similar technology in their notebook computers.
Modes of failure
Hard drives may fail in a number of ways. Failure may be immediate and total, progressive, or limited. Data may be totally destroyed, or partially or totally recoverable.
Earlier drives had a tendency toward developing bad sectors with use and wear; these bad sectors could be "mapped out" so they were not used and did not affect operation of a drive, and this was considered normal unless many bad sectors developed in a short period of time. Some early drives even had a table attached to a drive's case on which bad sectors were to be listed as they appeared. Later drives map out bad sectors automatically, in a way invisible to the user; a drive with remapped sectors may continue to be used, though performance may decrease as the drive must physically move the heads to the remapped sector. Statistics and logs available through S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) provide information about the remapping. In modern HDDs, each drive ships with zero user-visible bad sectors, and any bad/reallocated sectors may predict the impending failure of a drive.
Other failures, which may be either progressive or limited, are usually considered to be a reason to replace a drive; the value of data potentially at risk usually far outweighs the cost saved by continuing to use a drive which may be failing. Repeated but recoverable read or write errors, unusual noises, excessive and unusual heating, and other abnormalities, are warning signs.
Head crash: a head may contact the rotating platter due to mechanical shock or other reason. At best this will cause irreversible damage and data loss where contact was made. In the worst case the debris scraped off the damaged area may contaminate all heads and platters, and destroy all data on all platters. If damage is initially only partial, continued rotation of the drive may extend the damage until it is total.
Bad sectors: some magnetic sectors may become faulty without rendering the whole drive unusable. This may be a limited occurrence or a sign of imminent failure. A drive that has any reallocated sectors at all has a significantly increased chance of failing soon.
Stiction: after a time the head may not "take off" when started up as it tends to stick to the platter, a phenomenon known as stiction. This is usually due to unsuitable lubrication properties of the platter surface, a design or manufacturing defect rather than wear. This occasionally happened with some designs until the early 1990s.
Circuit failure: components of the electronic circuitry may fail making the drive inoperable, often due to electrostatic discharge or user error.
Bearing and motor failure: electric motors may fail or burn out, and bearings may wear enough to prevent proper operation. Since modern drives use fluid dynamic bearings, this is a relatively uncommon reason for modern hard drive failure.
Miscellaneous mechanical failures: parts, particularly moving parts, of any mechanism can break or fail, preventing normal operation, with possible further damage caused by fragments.
Metrics of failures
Most major hard disk and motherboard vendors support S.M.A.R.T, which measures drive characteristics such as operating temperature, spin-up time, data error rates, etc. Certain trends and sudden changes in these parameters are thought to be associated with increased likelihood of drive failure and data loss. However, S.M.A.R.T. parameters alone may not be useful for predicting individual drive failures. While several S.M.A.R.T. parameters affect failure probability, a large fraction of failed drives do not produce predictive S.M.A.R.T. parameters. Unpredictable breakdown may occur at any time in normal use, with potential loss of all data. Recovery of some or even all data from a damaged drive is sometimes, but not always possible, and is normally costly.
A 2007 study published by Google suggested very little correlation between failure rates and either high temperature or activity level. Indeed, the Google study indicated that "one of our key findings has been the lack of a consistent pattern of higher failure rates for higher temperature drives or for those drives at higher utilization levels.". Hard drives with S.M.A.R.T.-reported average temperatures below had higher failure rates than hard drives with the highest reported average temperature of , failure rates at least twice as high as the optimum S.M.A.R.T.-reported temperature range of to . The correlation between manufacturers, models and the failure rate was relatively strong. Statistics in this matter are kept highly secret by most entities; Google did not relate manufacturers' names with failure rates, though it has been revealed that Google uses Hitachi Deskstar drives in some of its servers.
Google's 2007 study found, based on a large field sample of drives, that actual annualized failure rates (AFRs) for individual drives ranged from 1.7% for first year drives to over 8.6% for three-year-old drives. A similar 2007 study at CMU on enterprise drives showed that measured MTBF was 3–4 times lower than the manufacturer's specification, with an estimated 3% mean AFR over 1–5 years based on replacement logs for a large sample of drives, and that hard drive failures were highly correlated in time.
A 2007 study of latent sector errors (as opposed to the above studies of complete disk failures) showed that 3.45% of 1.5 million disks developed latent sector errors over 32 months (3.15% of nearline disks and 1.46% of enterprise class disks developed at least one latent sector error within twelve months of their ship date), with the annual sector error rate increasing between the first and second years. Enterprise drives showed less sector errors than consumer drives. Background scrubbing was found to be effective in correcting these errors.
SCSI, SAS, and FC drives are more expensive than consumer-grade SATA drives, and usually used in servers and disk arrays, where SATA drives were sold to the home computer and desktop and near-line storage market and were perceived to be less reliable. This distinction is now becoming blurred.
The mean time between failures (MTBF) of SATA drives is usually specified to be about 1 million hours (some drives such as Western Digital Raptor have rated 1.4 million hours MTBF), while SAS/FC drives are rated for upwards of 1.6 million hours. Modern helium-filled drives are completely sealed without a breather port, thus eliminating the risk of debris ingression, resulting in a typical MTBF of 2.5 million hours. However, independent research indicates that MTBF is not a reliable estimate of a drive's longevity (service life). MTBF is conducted in laboratory environments in test chambers and is an important metric to determine the quality of a disk drive, but is designed to only measure the relatively constant failure rate over the service life of the drive (the middle of the "bathtub curve") before final wear-out phase. A more interpretable, but equivalent, metric to MTBF is annualized failure rate (AFR). AFR is the percentage of drive failures expected per year. Both AFR and MTBF tend to measure reliability only in the initial part of the life of a hard disk drive thereby understating the real probability of failure of a used drive.
The cloud storage company Backblaze produces an annual report into hard drive reliability. However, the company states that it mainly uses commodity consumer drives, which are deployed in enterprise conditions, rather than in their representative conditions and for their intended use. Consumer drives are also not tested to work with enterprise RAID cards of the kind used in a datacenter, and may not respond in the time a RAID controller expects; such cards will be identified as having failed when they have not. The result of tests of this kind may be relevant or irrelevant to different users, since they accurately represent the performance of consumer drives in the enterprise or under extreme stress, but may not accurately represent their performance in normal or intended use.
Example drive families with high failure rates
IBM 3380 DASD, 1984 ca.
Computer Memories Inc. 20MB HDD for PC/AT, 1985 ca.
Fujitsu MPG3 and MPF3 series, 2002 ca.
IBM Deskstar 75GXP, 2001 ca.
Seagate ST3000DM001, 2012 ca.
Mitigation
In order to avoid the loss of data due to disk failure, common solutions include:
Data backup, to allow restoration of data after a failure
Data scrubbing, to detect and repair latent corruption
Data redundancy, to allow systems to tolerate failures of individual drives
Active hard-drive protection, to protect laptop drives from external mechanical forces
S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) included in hard-drives, to provide early warning of predictable failure modes
Base isolation used under server racks in data centers
Data recovery
Data from a failed drive can sometimes be partially or totally recovered if the platters' magnetic coating is not totally destroyed. Specialized companies carry out data recovery, at significant cost. It may be possible to recover data by opening the drives in a clean room and using appropriate equipment to replace or revitalize failed components. If the electronics have failed, it is sometimes possible to replace the electronics board, though often drives of nominally exactly the same model manufactured at different times have different circuit boards that are incompatible. Moreover, electronics boards of modern drives usually contain drive-specific adaptation data required for accessing their system areas, so the related componentry needs to be either reprogrammed (if possible) or unsoldered and transferred between two electronics boards.
Sometimes operation can be restored for long enough to recover data, perhaps requiring reconstruction techniques such as file carving. Risky techniques may be justifiable if the drive is otherwise dead. If a drive is started up once it may continue to run for a shorter or longer time but never start again, so as much data as possible is recovered as soon as the drive starts.
References
See also
Solid-state drive#SSD reliability and failure modes
Cascading failure
Single point of failure
External links
Backblaze: Hard Drive Annual Failure Rates, 2019, Q2-2020
Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population – Google, Inc. February 2007
A Clean-Slate Look at Disk Scrubbing
Noises made by defective and failing hard disk drives
Hard disk drive anatomy: Logical and physical failures
Hard disk drives
Technological failures | wiki |
William Rolfe may refer to:
William James Rolfe (1827–1910), American educator
William Rolfe (MP) for Heytesbury (UK Parliament constituency) | wiki |
Pressed Steel may refer to:
Pressed Steel Car Company, a former American rolling stock manufacturer
Pressed Steel Company, a British company manufacturing most British automobile bodies and body panels
Maryland Pressed Steel Company, an American aircraft manufacturer
Detroit Pressed Steel Company
Pressed Steel Car Strike of 1909
See also
Stamping (metalworking)
Stamping press | wiki |
Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults was an annual list of popular books geared toward young adult readers, collated by the Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), which was published from 1988 to 2017. The aim of the list was "to encourage young adults to read for pleasure by presenting to them lists of popular or topical titles which are widely available in paperback and which represent a broad variety of accessible themes and genres". Unlike other lists published by the American Library Association and its subsidiaries, books on the list did not have to be published recently. Researchers, librarians, and educators have used the list to better understand books popular amongst young adults.
History
YALSA first released the Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults list in 1988. Working with book distributor Baker & Taylor, representatives from YALSA reviewed books available in paperback in five genres: "romance, horror, science fiction, sports, and mystery". In following years, YALSA added more genres to the list (e.g., fantasy, humor, and historical fiction).
Criteria
To be eligible for the list, books "must be in print and available in paperback", which ensures wider availability across socioeconomic statuses. The judges committee considers the opinions of young adult readers, looking at both young adult and adult books, both fiction and nonfiction. Furthermore, "Popularity is more important than literary quality."
Recipients
Between 1997 and 2010, YALSA did not select the top ten books annually; instead, they composed longer lists in selected categories.
The top ten books for 2011 to 2017 are listed below.
References
External links
Official website
Lists of books
American Library Association awards
English-language literary awards
Young adult literature awards
American literary awards | wiki |
L'aviere Ross (The Mint) – autobiografia di Thomas Edward Lawrence del 1936
The Mint – programma televisivo australiano
The Mint Las Vegas – albergo e casinò di Las Vegas, in Nevada, Stati Uniti d'America
Pagine correlate
Mint | wiki |
Combustible dièsel o Gasoli
Motor dièsel, motor de combustió interna.
Melon Diesel, grup de música de Gibraltar (Regne Unit).
Rudolf Diesel (París, 1858 - Canal de la Mànega, 1913), enginyer i inventor alemany.
Vin Diesel (1967, Nova York), actor estatunidenc.
Diesel (marca) Marca de roba de vestir. | wiki |
The Fourth of July tomato variety is a common cultivar of tomato plants. This is one of the earliest variety of non-cherry type tomatoes which might be ripe by the Fourth of July, in a typical climate.
The plant
Fourth of July tomatoes grow on indeterminate plants with regular-type leaves that are between 2 and 5 inches long and up to 3 inches wide.
The tomato
The Fourth of July tomato plant produce 4-ounce tomatoes that are bright red. This variety of tomato is usually ripe 49 days after transplanting in the ground. While Fourth of July tomato plants are one of the earliest varieties of non-cherry tomatoes, they will continue to produce tomatoes until late summer to early fall, and in some ideal weather conditions they will produce up to the first frost.
See also
List of tomato cultivars
References
External links
Picture Gallery from Google Images
Hybrid tomato cultivars | wiki |
ICES Statistical Rectangles (aka "ICES Rectangles") is a gridded, latitude-longitude based area notation system covering the north-east Atlantic region developed by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in the 1970s, for simplified analysis and visualization of spatial data of relevance to that organization's interests. The individual rectangles that make up the system each measure 1 degree of longitude by 0.5 degrees of latitude and are intended to be roughly square in real world use in the ICES region of interest, approximately 30 nautical miles by 30 nautical miles (55×55 km) at 60°N, although the actual width varies with latitude, gradually becoming wider than they are high south of 60°N, and narrower further north. The grid covers the region from 36°N to 85°30'N and from 44°W to 69°E (quoted as 68°30') using a set of alphanumeric identifiers, with row of latitude (identifiers 01 through 99, from south to north) cited first, then column of longitude (identifiers A0-A3, then B0-B9, C0-C9 etc., from west to east). The last used column identifier is M8; column identifiers A4-A9, and prefix "I" (uppercase "i") i.e. columns "I"0-"I"9 are not used. The resulting grid is 113 columns by 99 rows, comprising 11,187 labelled 1×0.5 degree cells. An example cell designation is 37F3, which designates the 1×0.5 degree rectangle of which the south-west corner is 54°00'N, 03°00'E. The grid covers both land and sea areas across its designated region, but as per the interests of its originating body, is typically employed for use with marine data such as analysis of marine resources, fishing activities, seabed habitat, etc., refer example references below. The full extent of the grid is visible in published figures such as Figs. 5-8 in Williamson et al., 2017.
To accommodate the visualization and/or analysis of finer scale data than is supported by the "standard" (1×0.5 degree) rectangles, an optional fifth character (as digits 1 through 9) can be used which will place a location within a finer 9-cell (3 by 3) sub-grid, for which the individual sub-rectangles then measure 20' of longitude by 10' of latitude (approximately 10×10 nautical miles). Sub-rectangle designations go north to south, then west to east, with 1 at the north west corner and 9 at the south east.
ICES rectangles have been used for reporting and analysis in numerous marine publications since the 1970s; for recent examples see. A vector polygon representation of the ICES Statistical Rectangles is available here.
See also
List of geodesic-geocoding systems
Geocode
References
External links
Example ICES Statistical Rectangles over the North Sea plus adjacent land areas, from marineregions.org (horizontal scale is exaggerated on this map)
Another map (slightly larger area, sea areas only annotated; horizontal and vertical scales are essentially correctly represented)
Geocodes | wiki |
BuenAgente is a Spanish comedy television series that originally aired on LaSexta from 5 May 2011 to 2 December 2011. The cast is led by Antonio Molero, Malena Alterio, Arturo Valls, Carmen Ruiz, Patricia Montero and Raúl Fernández.
Premise
Lola tells her husband Sebas that she is leaving him. Sebas does not give up and moves to a new residence (together with Olivia and Ana) near Lola's to try to be closer to his two children, Nata and Alex. The police station where Sebas works in is also welcoming new agents.
Cast
Production and release
BuenaGente was produced by Globomedia for LaSexta. The series premiered on 5 May 2011, earning 1,853,000 viewers and a 9.2% audience share (the best premiere of any LaSexta original fiction up to that date). The broadcasting run of the 8-episode first season ended on 20 June 2011, averaging 1,205,375 viewers and a 6.6% audience share. As LaSexta decided to ax the series, shooting wrapped on 26 October 2011. The 11-episode second season ran from 7 September to 2 December 2011, averaging 878,364 viewers and a 5.1% audience share.
Season 1
Season 2
References
Spanish-language television shows
LaSexta original programming
2011 Spanish television series debuts
2011 Spanish television series endings
2010s Spanish comedy television series
Spanish television sitcoms
Television series by Globomedia | wiki |
Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending the authority of a country over other countries and people.
Imperialism may also refer to:
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, a 1917 book by Lenin
Imperialism (Hobson book), a 1902 book by John A. Hobson
Imperialism (speech), a 1900 speech by William Jennings Bryan
Imperialism (video game), a 1997 turn-based strategy game
Theory of imperialism, a largely Marxist theory concerning the transfer of profit between countries | wiki |
San Bruno station is a Caltrain station located in San Bruno, California. The station is located just northeast of downtown San Bruno, above the intersection of San Mateo and San Bruno Avenues, adjacent to Artichoke Joe's Casino.
History
The first Southern Pacific Railroad station in San Bruno was located off Huntington Avenue (which parallels the railroad) at Euclid Avenue. It was moved one block south to San Bruno Avenue and expanded in 1916. The second story was removed in 1953. A new station with small concrete and wood shelters opened further south at Sylvan Avenue in 1963, and the old depot was demolished that September.
The construction of the BART extension to San Francisco International Airport and Millbrae required the construction of a BART tunnel under downtown San Bruno. The 1963-opened station was demolished in 1998; in April 1999, the Caltrain stop was moved to a temporary location under the I-380 overpass near the Tanforan Shopping Center to the north. A rebuilt station opened at the Sylvan Avenue site in 2003.
In 2010, construction began on the San Bruno Grade Separation Project, which included new elevated tracks and a new elevated station at San Bruno Avenue. In October 2010, trains began stopping at a temporary station at Georgia Avenue. Trains began using the new elevated tracks on May 26, 2013, and the new station opened on April 1, 2014.
The station platforms are planned to be lengthened to accommodate through-running California High-Speed Rail service.
References
External links
Caltrain – San Bruno
Caltrain stations in San Mateo County, California
San Bruno, California
San Francisco Bay Trail
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1962
1962 establishments in California
Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in California | wiki |
The Broadway cast recording of the musical My Fair Lady was released as an album by Columbia Records on the Masterworks label on April 2, 1956. The songs were composed by Frederick Loewe with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and conducted by Franz Allers, while the cast included stars Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews. The album became a massive seller, topping the charts on the US Billboard 200 for fifteen weeks at different times in 1956 (eight consecutive weeks), 1957, 1958 and 1959. It was the first LP record to sell 1 million copies. In the UK, upon its release in 1958, the album reached No.1 for 19 consecutive weeks and became the biggest-selling album of the year. Columbia's President, Goddard Lieberson provided the $375,000 needed to stage the show in return for the rights to the Cast recording. Columbia first reissued the album on compact disc in 1988 and it has been reissued a number of times since. It is currently available with bonus tracks.
The original cast recording had the (currently in 2018) 5th longest run ever for any album in the Billboard 200 charts with 480 weeks.
The leads of the Broadway cast re-recorded their parts for the London cast recording, which was made in stereo in 1959.
Track listing
Chart positions
returned to number 1 on Billboard 200 at different times during 1957, 1958 and 1959.
References
Cast recordings
Columbia Records albums
1956 albums
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Various artists albums
Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio | wiki |
Kevin Szalai is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from France.
Career statistics
By season
Races by year
(key)
References
External links
Profile on motogp.com
1992 births
French motorcycle racers
Living people
125cc World Championship riders
People from Forbach
Sportspeople from Moselle (department) | wiki |
The Bothin Convalescent Hospital was established in 1910 as a place for women and children to convalesce after illness or surgery. The hospital was built by Henry Bothin on a thousand-acre parcel of land he had purchased in 1903 along the Northwestern Pacific Railroad near Fairfax, California. Later, a tuberculosis sanitarium was constructed on the same property. A railroad station named Bothin served the hospitals. When Bothin died in 1923, he left behind a charitable foundation to support these facilities and other non-profit organizations. The convalescent home closed in 1940 and the tuberculosis hospital operated until the 1950s.
In 1948 the Marin Girl Scouts Council began using part of the property for summer activities. Scouting activity grew each year until 1959 when the entire property was leased to the Girl Scouts. Known as Camp Bothin, the site is officially named the Henry E. Bothin Youth Camp. There have been numerous claims of ghost citings at the camp, mostly relating to its prior use as a tuberculosis sanitarium
See also
Bothin Marsh
References
Hospitals in the San Francisco Bay Area
Girl Scouts of the USA | wiki |
Dead angle is a battle term that refers to a location that cannot be defended against. It may also refer to:
Dead Angle, a 1988 video game from Seibu Kaihatsu
A location at Cheatham Hill in Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, once known as the "Dead Angle."
"Dead Angle", a song by the Japanese band Saver Tiger.
The Dead Angle, a short story collection by Aleksandar Tišma
"Dead Angle", an episode of the anime Golgo 13.
"The Dead Angle", a volume of the manga Monster. | wiki |
A Projection panel (also called overhead display or LCD panel) is a device that, although no longer in production, was used as a data projector is today.
It works with an overhead projector. The panel consists of a translucent LCD, and a fan to keep it cool. The projection panel sits on the bed of the overhead projector, and acts like a piece of transparency. The panels have a VGA input, and sometimes Composite (RCA) and S-Video input. Later models have remotes, with functions such as 'freeze' which lets you freeze the image, useful for when you want to leave something on the screen whilst you do other things. Earlier models only had 640x480 resolution, while newer ones had up to SVGA resolution. Proxima, one maker of the panels, included a magic wand and sensor, which worked with the sensor detecting where you put the wand, to create and interactive effect, the equivalent of today's smart boards.
Although they are not produced anymore, used panels can be purchased for a fraction of the price of a data projector. The panels are quite dim, as they do not let a great deal of light through, so brightness can be a problem, even with a powerful overhead projector.
References
Display technology | wiki |
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