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"September Song" is an American pop standard, originally performed in Knickerbocker Holiday (1938).
September Song may also refer to:
September Song (album), a 1963 album by Jimmy Durante
"September Song" (JP Cooper song), 2016
September Song (TV series), a British television comedy-drama
September (Earth, Wind & Fire song), a song by Earth, Wind & Fire (1978)
See also
September Songs – The Music of Kurt Weill, a 1994 documentary
"September" (song), multiple songs with this title | wiki |
Mariana González may refer to:
Mariana González Oliva (born 1976), Argentinian Olympic field hockey player
Mariana González (fencer) (born 1979), Venezuelan Olympic fencer | wiki |
Café Riche is a café in downtown Cairo, Egypt.
Café Riche may also refer to:
Café Riche, Paris, a former restaurant in Paris
Café Riche, Pretoria, a restaurant in Pretoria, South Africa | wiki |
Glass working refers collectively to a wide range of techniques and artistic styles that use glass as the primary medium. Some common forms of glass working are:
Glassblowing, the creation of hollow objects such as bottles and vases by blowing air through molten glass
Glass sculpture, works sculpted or molded from glass
Stained glass, glass colored by various means, usually in an artistic fashion
See also
Glass beadmaking
Glass polishing
Glass production
History of glass
Other media
metal working
wood working
Glass | wiki |
An anatomical model is a three-dimensional representation of human or animal anatomy, used for medical and biological education.
Model specs
The model may show the anatomy partially dissected, or have removable parts allowing the student to remove and inspect the modelled body parts. Some models may have changeable genital inserts and other interchangeable parts which permit a unisex model to represent an individual of either sex.
Although 3D computer models of anatomy now exist as an alternative, physical anatomical models still have advantages in providing insight into anatomy.
See also
Anatomy
Comparative anatomy
References
External links
Physical models
Anatomy
Medical education
History of anatomy
Sculpture | wiki |
Glass polishing may refer to:
the fine grinding of glass by abrasives to produce smooth surfaces or for artistic purposes
the cleaning of the surfaces of glass objects to rid them of dirt, fingerprints, etc. | wiki |
Red Eye Records may refer to:
Red Eye Records (label), an independent record label started in 1985
Red Eye Records (store), an independent record store in Sydney, Australia
See also
Redeye Distribution, an American record label | wiki |
Straw is a colour, a tone of pale yellow, the colour of straw. The Latin word stramineus, with the same meaning, is often used in describing nature.
The first recorded use of straw as a colour name in English was in 1589.
Straw in nature
The name of the colour straw is used as an adjective in the names of birds and other animals with such colouring to describe their appearance, including:
Invertebrates
Barred straw
Straw underwing
Birds
Straw-backed tanager
Straw-headed bulbul
Straw-tailed whydah
Mammals
Straw-coloured fruit bat
Straw-coloured pygmy rice rat
Other
Blood plasma is also straw coloured
See also
List of colours
References
Your Dictionary: straw-color
Straw
Bird colours | wiki |
Palmarès
Chicago Sky: 2021
WNBA Coach of the Year (2019)
WNBA Basketball Executive of the Year (2022)
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Hog farm may refer to:
Pig farming
Intensive pig farming, modern large-scale farming of domestic pigs
Hog Farm, America's longest running hippie commune
"Hog Farm", English title of a 1974 Swedish song by Pugh Rogefeldt | wiki |
The Coober Pedy Solar Power Station was planned to be Australia's largest off-grid solar power station, located at remote Coober Pedy in South Australia's far north. The project would cost $7.1 million and the Australian Government promised providing $3.55 million under its Renewable Remote Power Generation program. When completed at the end of 2009, the power station was to consist of 26 solar dishes, each one 14 metres high, which would track the arc of the Sun. The power plant was to generate about 1860 megawatt-hours per year, 13 per cent of Coober Pedy's total electricity requirements. It would cut Diesel fuel consumption by up to 520,000 litres a year, saving 1,500 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.
The Government had negotiations with two proponents and failed to convince either of the viability of the project. The project never proceeded.
In 2014, a new proposal was raised to create a hybrid solar, wind and Diesel power system for Coober Pedy. The contract was let to Energy Developments without an open tender process. The project will convert Coober Pedy's electricity from being generated 100% from Diesel to only 30% Diesel, with the other 70% provided by the combination of renewable energy sources. Energy Developments Limited is the developer for the new system. It has been supplying the electricity for Coober Pedy since 2004.
A facility integrating 4 MW of wind power, 1 MW of solar power and a 1 MW, 500 kWh battery was operational in 2019.
The project plans to combine 1MW of solar PV and 4MW of wind energy generation and a 1MW, 0.5MWh battery storage and inverter system as well as a range of additional proven technologies to displace up to 70% of the current diesel fired generation at Coober Pedy.
References
Solar power stations in South Australia
Cancelled power stations | wiki |
Danielle Miller is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her work on Take This Waltz (2011), Childstar (2004) and Céline (2008). The biggest role she has had so far is that of Sage in Dark Oracle series.
References
External links
Canadian film actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
An Americanist studies the Americas, American culture, or American language. It may refer to:
Americas
A linguist specializing in the indigenous languages of the Americas
Americanist phonetic notation
International Congress of Americanists
Society of Early Americanists
United States
A scholar specializing in American studies
A scholar specializing in politics of the United States
See also
Americanism (disambiguation) | wiki |
Wings of Eagles or On Wings of Eagles may refer to:
On Wings of Eagles, a 1983 non-fiction thriller by Ken Follett
On Wings of Eagles (miniseries), a 1986 TV adaptation
The Wings of Eagles, a 1957 American film
Operation On Wings of Eagles, the exodus of Yemenite Jews to Israel 1949–1950
"On Eagle's Wings", a Christian hymn
Wings of Eagles (horse) (foaled 2014), a Thoroughbred racehorse
Wings of Eagles (Elmira Corning Regional Airport), a museum
See also
On the Wings of an Eagle (disambiguation), including "Wings of an Eagle"
Eagle Wing (disambiguation)
Kanfei Nesharim (disambiguation) | wiki |
Keeping Canada Alive is a Canadian television documentary series, which premiered October 4, 2015 on CBC Television.
Narrated by Kiefer Sutherland, the six-episode series provides a view of Canada's health care system. Over a 24-hour period in May 2015, production crews in 24 cities across Canada filmed the inner workings of hospitals and other medical facilities. In addition to the six televised episodes, additional footage is available from the program's website.
References
External links
2015 Canadian television series debuts
CBC Television original programming
Television series by Force Four Entertainment
2010s Canadian medical television series
2010s Canadian documentary television series | wiki |
Oceanisation, or oceanization, is the process of formation of an ocean after continental rifting. The oceanisation is marked by the accretion of oceanic basalts between the drifting continental blocks and the incursion of marine waters and species in the rift basin. According to John Frederick Dewey in the 1960s the idea of continental drift was different to that of oceanisation which was "the mysterious metasomatism or transformation of continental crust into oceanic crust".
References
Geology | wiki |
Rex Norris may refer to:
Rex Norris (American football) (born 1939), American football coach
Rex Norris (field hockey) (1899–1980), Indian Olympic field hockey player | wiki |
Mountain ash may refer to:
Eucalyptus regnans, the tallest of all flowering plants, native to Australia
Mountain-ashes or rowans, varieties of trees and shrubs in the genus Sorbus
See also
Mountain Ash, Rhondda Cynon Taf, a town in Wales
Mountain Ash, Kentucky, a town in the USA | wiki |
Amperea is a plant species of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1824. The entire genus is endemic to Australia.
Species
References
Euphorbiaceae genera
Acalyphoideae
Endemic flora of Australia | wiki |
A committee or commission is a body of one or more persons subordinate to a deliberative assembly. A committee is not itself considered to be a form of assembly. Usually, the assembly sends matters into a committee as a way to explore them more fully than would be possible if the assembly itself were considering them. Committees may have different functions and their types of work differ depending on the type of the organization and its needs.
A member of a legislature may be delegated a committee assignment, which gives them the right to serve on a certain committee.
Purpose
A deliberative assembly may form a committee (or "commission") consisting of one or more persons to assist with the work of the assembly. For larger organizations, much work is done in committees. Committees can be a way to formally draw together people of relevant expertise from different parts of an organization who otherwise would not have a good way to share information and coordinate actions. They may have the advantage of widening viewpoints and sharing out responsibilities. They can also be appointed with experts to recommend actions in matters that require specialized knowledge or technical judgment.
Functions
Committees can serve several different functions:
Governance In organizations considered too large for all the members to participate in decisions affecting the organization as a whole, a smaller body, such as a board of directors, is given the power to make decisions, spend money, or take actions. A governance committee is formed as a separate committee to review the performance of the board and board policy as well as nominate candidates for the board.
Coordination and administration A large body may have smaller committees with more specialized functions. Examples are an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising committee, and a program committee. Large conventions or academic conferences are usually organized by a coordinating committee drawn from the membership of the organization.
Research and recommendations Committees may be formed to do research and make recommendations on a potential or planned project or change. For example, an organization considering a major capital investment might create a temporary working committee of several people to review options and make recommendations to upper management or the board of directors.
DisciplineA committee on discipline may be used to handle disciplinary procedures on members of the organization.
As a tactic for indecision As a means of public relations by sending sensitive, inconvenient, or irrelevant matters to committees, organizations may bypass, stall, or disacknowledge matters without declaring a formal policy of inaction or indifference. However, this could be considered a dilatory tactic.
Power and authority
Generally, committees are required to report to their parent body. Committees do not usually have the power to act independently unless the body that created it gives it such power.
Procedures
When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for the committee. Sometimes a vice-chairman (or similar name) is also appointed. It is common for the committee chairman to organize its meetings. Sometimes these meetings are held through videoconferencing or other means if committee members are not able to attend in person, as may be the case if they are in different parts of the country or the world.
The chairman is responsible for running meetings. Duties include keeping the discussion on the appropriate subject, recognizing members to speak, and confirming what the committee has decided (through voting or by unanimous consent). Using Roberts Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), committees may follow informal procedures (such as not requiring motions if it's clear what is being discussed). The level of formality depends on the size and type of committee, in which sometimes larger committees considering crucial issues may require more formal processes.
Minutes are a record of the decisions at meetings. They can be taken by a person designated as the secretary. For most organizations, committees are not required to keep formal minutes. However, some bodies require that committees take minutes, especially if the committees are public ones subject to open meeting laws.
Committees may meet on a regular basis, such as weekly or more often, or meetings may be called irregularly as the need arises. The frequency of the meetings depends on the work of the committee and the needs of the parent body.
When the committee completes its work, it provides the results in a report to its parent body. The report may include the methods used, the facts uncovered, the conclusions reached, and any recommendations. If the committee is not ready to report, it may provide a partial report or the assembly may discharge the committee of the matter so that the assembly can handle it. Also, if members of the committee are not performing their duties, they may be removed or replaced by the appointing power. Whether the committee continues to exist after presenting its report depends on the type of committee. Generally, committees established by the bylaws or the organization's rules continue to exist, while committees formed for a particular purpose go out of existence after the final report.
Commit (motion)
In parliamentary procedure, the motion to commit (or refer) is used to refer another motion—usually a main motion—to a committee.
A motion to commit should specify to which committee the matter is to be referred, and if the committee is a special committee appointed specifically for purposes of the referred motion, it should also specify the number of committee members and the method of their selection, unless that is specified in the bylaws.
Any proposed amendments to the main motion that are pending at the time the motion is referred to a committee go to the committee as well.
Once referred, but before the committee reports its recommendations back to the assembly, the referred motion may be removed from the committee's consideration by the motion to discharge a committee.
Recommit
In the United States House of Representatives, a motion to recommit can be made with or without instructions. If the motion is made without instructions, the bill or resolution is simply sent back to the committee. If the motion is made with instructions and the motion is agreed to, the chairman of the committee in question will immediately report the bill or resolution back to the whole House with the new language. In this sense, a motion to recommit with instructions is effectively an amendment.
Variations for full assembly consideration
In Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), the motion to commit has three variations which do not turn a question over to a smaller group, but simply permit the assembly's full meeting body to consider it with the greater freedom of debate that is allowed to committees. These forms are to go into a committee of the whole, to go into a quasi-committee of the whole, and to consider informally. Passing any of these motions removes the limitations on the number of times a member can speak. The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure has informal consideration, but does not have "committee of the whole" and "quasi committee of the whole".
Discharge a committee
In Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the motion to discharge a committee is used to take a matter out of a committee's hands before the committee has made a final report on it. A committee can use this motion to discharge a subcommittee.
The vote required is a majority vote if the committee has failed to report at the prescribed time or if the assembly is considering a partial report of the committee. Otherwise, it requires a majority vote with previous notice; or a two-thirds vote; or a majority of the entire membership.
Under The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, the assembly that has referred a motion or a matter to a committee may, by a majority vote, withdraw it at any time from the committee, refer it to another committee, or decide the question itself.
Types
Executive committee
Organizations with a large board of directors (such as international labor unions, large corporations with thousands of stock holders or national and international organizations) may have a smaller body of the board, called an executive committee, handle its business. The executive committee may function more like a board than an actual committee. In any case, an executive committee can only be established through a specific provision in the charter or bylaws of the entity (i.e. a board cannot appoint an executive committee without authorization to do so). Members of the executive committee may be elected by the overall franchised membership or by the board, depending on the rules of the organization, and usually consist of the CEO and the Vice Presidents in charge of respective directorates within the organization. However formed, an executive committee only has such powers and authority that the governing documents of the organization give it. In some cases, it may be empowered to act on behalf of the board or organization, while in others, it may only be able to make recommendations.
Conference committee
Governments at the national level may have a conference committee. A conference committee in a bicameral legislature is responsible for creating a compromise version of a particular bill when each house has passed a different version.
A conference committee in the United States Congress is a temporary panel of negotiators from the House of Representatives and the Senate. Unless one chamber decides to accept the other's original bill, the compromise version must pass both chambers after leaving the conference committee. The committee is usually composed of the senior members of the standing committees that originally considered the legislation in each chamber.
Other countries that use conference committees include France, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. In Canada, conference committees have been unused since 1947. In the European Union (EU) legislative process, a similar committee is called a 'Conciliation Committee', which carries out the Trilogue negotiations in case the Council does not agree with a text amended and adopted by the European Parliament at a second reading. Although the practice has fallen out of favour in other Australian Parliaments, the Parliament of South Australia still regularly appoints a "Conference of Managers" from each House to negotiate compromises on disputed bills in private.
Different use of term
In organizations, the term "conference committee" may have a different meaning. This meaning may be associated with the conferences, or conventions, that the organization puts together. The committees that are responsible for organizing such events may be called "conference committees".
Standing committee
A standing committee is a subunit of a political or deliberative body established in a permanent fashion to aid the parent assembly in accomplishing its duties, for example by meeting on a specific, permanent policy domain (e.g. defence, health, or trade and industry). A standing committee is granted its scope and powers over a particular area of business by the governing documents. Standing committees meet on a regular or irregular basis depending on their function, and retain any power or oversight originally given them until subsequent official actions of the governing body (through changes to law or by-laws) disbands the committee.
Legislatures
Most governmental legislative committees are standing committees. The phrase is used in the legislatures of the following countries:
Armenia
Standing Committees of the National Assembly
Australia
Australian House of Representatives committees
Australian Senate committees
Canada
List of committees of the Canadian House of Commons
Standing committee (Canada)
China
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Special committee of the National People's Congress
Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Iceland
List of standing committees of the Icelandic parliament
Ireland
Committees of the Oireachtas
Hong Kong
Legislative Council (Hong Kong)
India
Standing committee (India)
Malaysia
Dewan Rakyat committees
Dewan Negara committees
New Zealand
New Zealand House of Representatives committees
United Kingdom
Parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom
Public bill committee
United States
Standing committee (United States Congress)
Under the laws of the United States of America, a standing committee is a Congressional committee permanently authorized by United States House of Representatives and United States Senate rules. The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 greatly reduced the number of committees, and set up the legislative committee structure still in use today, as modified by authorized changes via the orderly mechanism of rules changes.
Examples in organizations
Examples of standing committees in organizations are an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising committee, a governance committee, and a program committee. Typically, the standing committees perform their work throughout the year and present their reports at an annual meeting of the organization. These committees continue to exist after presenting their reports, although the membership in the committees may change.
Nominating committee
A nominating committee (or nominations committee) is a group formed for the purpose of nominating candidates for office or the board in an organization. It may consist of members from inside the organization. Sometimes a governance committee takes the role of a nominating committee. Depending on the organization, this committee may be empowered to actively seek out candidates or may only have the power to receive nominations from members and verify that the candidates are eligible.
A nominating committee works similarly to an electoral college, the main difference being that the available candidates, either nominated or "written in" outside of the committee's choices, are then voted into office by the membership. It is a part of governance methods often employed by corporate bodies, business entities, and social and sporting groups, especially clubs. The intention is that they be made up of qualified and knowledgeable people representing the best interests of the membership. In the case of business entities, their directors will often be brought in from outside, and receive a benefit for their expertise.
In the context of nominations for awards, a nominating committee can also be formed for the purpose of nominating persons or things held up for judgment by others as to their comparative quality or value, especially for the purpose of bestowing awards in the arts, or in application to industry's products and services. The objective being to update, set, and maintain high and possibly new standards.
Steering committee
A steering committee is a committee that provides guidance, direction and control to a project within an organization. The term is derived from the steering mechanism that changes the steering angle of a vehicle's wheels.
Project steering committees are frequently used for guiding and monitoring IT projects in large organizations, as part of project governance. The functions of the committee might include building a business case for the project, planning, providing assistance and guidance, monitoring the progress, controlling the project scope and resolving conflicts.
As with other committees, the specific duties and role of the steering committee vary among organizations.
Special committee
A special committee (also working, select, or ad hoc committee) is established to accomplish a particular task or to oversee a specific area in need of control or oversight. Many are research or coordination committees in type or purpose, and are temporary. Some are a sub-group of a larger society with a particular area of interest which are organized to meet and discuss matters pertaining to their interests. For example, a group of astronomers might be organized to discuss how to get the larger society to address near Earth objects. A subgroup of engineers and scientists of a large project's development team could be organized to solve some particular issue with offsetting considerations and trade-offs. Once the committee makes its final report to its parent body, the special committee ceases to exist.
Subcommittee
A committee that is a subset of a larger committee is called a subcommittee. Committees that have a large workload may form subcommittees to further divide the work. Subcommittees report to the parent committee and not to the general assembly.
Committee of the whole
When the entire assembly meets as a committee to discuss or debate, this is called a "committee of the whole". This is not an actual committee but a procedural device that is more commonly used in legislative bodies.
Central Committee
"Central Committee" was the common designation of a standing administrative body of communist parties, analogous to a board of directors, whether ruling or non-ruling in the 20th century and of surviving communist states in the 21st century. In such party organizations the committee would typically be made up of delegates elected at a party congress. In those states where it constituted the state power, the Central Committee made decisions for the party between congresses, and usually was (at least nominally) responsible for electing the Politburo. In non-ruling Communist parties, the Central Committee is usually understood by the party membership to be the ultimate decision-making authority between Congresses once the process of democratic centralism has led to an agreed-upon position.
See also
Caucus
List of IEC technical committees
List of the Czech Republic Senate committees
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)
Parliamentary Committees of the United Kingdom
Popular Committees (disambiguation)
Revolutionary committee (disambiguation)
Standing Committees of the European Parliament
United States congressional committee
References
Human communication
Legislatures
Meetings
Parliamentary procedure
Political communication | wiki |
Eagle Wing is a card game.
Eagle Wing, Eagle's Wing or Eagles Wing may refer to:
the wing of an eagle
Eagle's Wing, a 1979 film
Eagles Wing Corporation, an American aircraft manufacturer
436th Airlift Wing, nickname Eagle Wing, a unit of the United States Air Force
See also
Wings of Eagles (disambiguation)
On the Wings of an Eagle (disambiguation) | wiki |
Zhenping Road () is the name of an interchange station on the Shanghai Metro. It serves Lines 3, 4 and 7. The station typically handles 108,000 passengers on weekdays.
The station is located in Putuo District, Shanghai, and opened on 26 December 2000 as part of the initial section of Line 3 from to , and Line 4 service began here on the final day of 2005. The interchange with Line 7 opened along with the first section of that line from to on 5 December 2009.
Station Layout
References
Railway stations in Shanghai
Shanghai Metro stations in Putuo District
Line 3, Shanghai Metro
Line 4, Shanghai Metro
Line 7, Shanghai Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2000 | wiki |
A Judas goat is a goat used to lead sheep or cattle to a specific destination, sometimes to slaughter.
Judas goat or Judas Goat may also refer to:
Assembly ship, also known as a Judas goat, a bomber aircraft used by the U.S. Air Force in World War II to lead formations
The Judas Goat, a 1978 Spenser novel by Robert B. Parker
"The Judas Goat", a 2017 episode from season 1 of TV series The Punisher | wiki |
In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics absent from contemporary society. As a descriptor term, reactionary derives from the ideological context of the left–right political spectrum. As an adjective, the word reactionary describes points of view and policies meant to restore a past status quo ante.
In ideology, reactionism is a tradition in right-wing politics; the reactionary stance opposes policies for the social transformation of society, whereas conservatives seek to preserve the socio-economic structure and order that exists in the present. In popular usage, reactionary refers to a strong traditionalist conservative political perspective of a person opposed to social, political, and economic change.
Reactionary ideologies can be radical in the sense of political extremism in service to re-establishing past conditions. In political discourse, being a reactionary is generally regarded as negative; Peter King observed that it is "an unsought-for label, used as a torment rather than a badge of honor." Despite this, the descriptor "political reactionary" has been adopted by writers such as the Austrian monarchist Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, the Scottish journalist Gerald Warner of Craigenmaddie, the Colombian political theologian Nicolás Gómez Dávila, and the American historian John Lukacs.
History and usage
The French Revolution gave the English language three politically descriptive words denoting anti-progressive politics: (i) "reactionary", (ii) "conservative", and (iii) "right". "Reactionary" derives from the French word (a late 18th-century coinage based on the word , "reaction") and "conservative" from , identifying monarchist parliamentarians opposed to the revolution. In this French usage, reactionary denotes "a movement towards the reversal of an existing tendency or state" and a "return to a previous condition of affairs". The Oxford English Dictionary cites the first English language usage in 1799 in a translation of Lazare Carnot's letter on the Coup of 18 Fructidor.
During the French Revolution, conservative forces (especially within the Catholic Church) organized opposition to the progressive sociopolitical and economic changes brought by the Revolution; and so Conservatives fought to restore the temporal authority of the Church and Crown. In 19th Century European politics, the reactionary class included the Catholic Church's hierarchy and the aristocracy, royal families, and royalists who believed that national government was the sole domain of the Church and the State. In France, supporters of traditional rule by direct heirs of the House of Bourbon dynasty were labeled the legitimist reaction. In the Third Republic, the monarchists were the reactionary faction, later renamed Conservative.
In the 19th century, reactionary denoted people who idealized feudalism and the pre-modern era—before the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution—when economies were mostly agrarian, a landed aristocracy dominated society, a hereditary king ruled, and the Catholic Church was society's moral center. Those labeled "reactionary" favored the aristocracy instead of the middle and working classes. Reactionaries opposed democracy and parliamentarism.
Thermidorian Reaction
The Thermidorian Reaction was a movement within the French Revolution against the perceived excesses of the Jacobins. Maximilien Robespierre's Reign of Terror ended on 27 July 1794 (9 Thermidor year II in the French Republican Calendar). The overthrow of Robespierre signaled the reassertion of the French National Convention over the Committee of Public Safety. The Jacobins were suppressed, the prisons were emptied, and the committee was shorn of its powers. After the execution of some 104 Robespierre supporters, the Thermidorian Reaction stopped using the guillotine against alleged counter-revolutionaries, set a middle course between the monarchists and the radicals, and ushered in a time of relative exuberance and its accompanying corruption.
Restoration of the French monarchy
With the Congress of Vienna, inspired by Tsar Alexander I of Russia, the monarchs of Russia, Prussia and Austria formed the Holy Alliance, a form of collective security against revolution and Bonapartism. This instance of reaction was surpassed by a movement that developed in France when, after the second fall of Napoleon, the Bourbon Restoration, or reinstatement of the Bourbon dynasty, ensued. This time it was to be a constitutional monarchy, with an elected lower house of parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. The Franchise was restricted to men over the age of forty, which indicated that for the first fifteen years of their lives, they had lived under the ancien régime. Nevertheless, King Louis XVIII worried he would still suffer an intractable parliament. He was delighted with the ultra-royalists, or Ultras, whom the election returned, declaring that he had found a chambre introuvable, literally, an "unfindable house".
It was the Declaration of Saint-Ouen that prepared the way for the Restoration. Before the French Revolution, which radically and bloodily overthrew most aspects of French society's organization, the only way constitutional change could be instituted was by extracting it from old legal documents that could be interpreted as agreeing with the proposal. Everything new had to be expressed as a righteous revival of something old that had lapsed and had been forgotten. This was also the means used by diminished aristocrats to get themselves a bigger piece of the pie. In the 18th century, those gentry whose fortunes and prestige had diminished to the level of peasants would search diligently for every ancient feudal statute that might give them something. For example, the "ban" meant that all peasants had to grind their grain in their lord's mill. Therefore, these gentry came to the French States-General of 1789 fully prepared to press for expanding such practices in all provinces to the legal limit. They were horrified when, for example, the French Revolution permitted common citizens to go hunting, one of the few perquisites they had always enjoyed.
Thus with the Bourbons Restoration, the Chambre Introuvable set about reverting every law to return society to conditions prior to the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV, when the power of the Second Estate was at its zenith. This clearly distinguishes a "reactionary" from a "conservative." The conservatives would have accepted many improvements brought about by the revolution and refused a program of wholesale reversion. The use of the word "reactionary" in later days as a political slur is thus often rhetorical since there is nothing directly comparable with the Chambre Introuvable in the history of other countries.
Clerical philosophers
In the revolution's aftermath, France was continually wracked by quarrels between right-wing legitimists and left-wing revolutionaries. Herein arose the clerical philosophers—Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald, François-René de Chateaubriand—whose answer was restoring the House of Bourbon and reinstalling the Catholic Church as the established church. Since then, France's political spectrum has featured similar divisions (see ). The teachings of the 19th-century popes buttressed the ideas of the clerical philosophers.
Metternich and containment
From 1815 to 1848, Prince Metternich, the foreign minister of the Austrian Empire, stepped in to organize the containment of revolutionary forces through international alliances to prevent revolutionary fervor. At the Congress of Vienna, he was very influential in establishing the new order, the Concert of Europe, after the defeat of Napoleon.
After the Congress, Prince Metternich worked hard to bolster and stabilize the conservative regime of the Restoration period. He worked furiously to prevent Russia's Tsar Alexander I (who aided the liberal forces in Germany, Italy, and France) from gaining influence in Europe. The Church was his principal ally. He promoted it as a conservative principle of order while opposing nationalist and liberal tendencies within the Church. His basic philosophy was based on Edmund Burke, who championed the need for old roots and the orderly development of society. He opposed democratic and parliamentary institutions but favored modernizing existing structures through gradual reform. Despite Metternich's efforts, a series of revolutions rocked Europe in 1848.
20th century
In the 20th century, proponents of socialism and communism used the term reactionary polemically to label their enemies, such as the White Armies, who fought in the Russian Civil War against the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. In Marxist terminology, reactionary is a pejorative adjective denoting people whose ideas might appear to be socialist but, in their opinion, contain elements of feudalism, capitalism, nationalism, fascism, or other characteristics of the ruling class, including usage between conflicting factions of Marxist movements. Non-socialists also used the label reactionary, with British diplomat Sir John Jordan nicknaming the Chinese Royalist Party the "reactionary party" for supporting the Qing dynasty and opposing republicanism during the Xinhai Revolution in 1912.
Reactionary is also used to denote supporters of authoritarian anti-communist régimes such as Vichy France, Spain under Franco, and Portugal under Salazar. One example occurred after Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. On 26 October 1958, the day following the Nobel Committee's announcement, Moscow's Literary Gazette ran a polemical article by David Zaslavski entitled, Reactionary Propaganda Uproar over a Literary Weed.
The Italian Fascists desired a new social order based on the ancient feudal principle of delegation (though without serfdom) in their enthusiasm for the corporate state. Benito Mussolini said that "fascism is reaction" and that "fascism, which did not fear to call itself reactionary... has not today any impediment against declaring itself illiberal and anti-liberal." Giovanni Gentile and Mussolini also attacked certain reactionary policies, particularly monarchism, and veiled some aspects of Italian conservative Catholicism. They wrote, "History doesn't travel backwards. The fascist doctrine has not taken Joseph de Maistre as its prophet. Monarchical absolutism is of the past, and so is ecclesiolatry." They further elaborated in their political doctrine that fascism "is not reactionary [in the old way] but revolutionary."
Conversely, they explained that fascism was of the right, not the left. Fascism was certainly not simply a return to tradition, as it carried the centralized state beyond even what had been seen in absolute monarchies. Fascist one-party states were as centralized as most communist states, and fascism's intense nationalism was not found in the period prior to the French Revolution.
Although the German Nazis did not consider themselves fascists or reactionaries and condemned the traditional German forces of reaction (Prussian monarchists, Junker nobility, and Roman Catholic clergy) as being among their enemies, next to their Red Front enemies in the Nazi Party march , they virulently opposed revolutionary leftism. The fact that the Nazis called their 1933 rise to power the (national revolution) showed that, like the Italian Fascists, they supported some form of revolution; however, the Germans and Italian fascists both idealized tradition, folklore, and the tenets of classical thought and leadership, as exemplified in Nazi-era Germany by the idolization of Frederick the Great. They also rejected the Weimar Republic parliamentary era under the Weimar Constitution, which had succeeded the monarchy in 1918, despite it also being capitalist and classical. Although claiming to be separate from reactionism, the Nazis' rejection of Weimar was based on ostensibly reactionary principles, as the Nazis claimed that the parliamentary system was simply the first step towards Bolshevism and instead idealized more reactionary parts of Germany's past. They referred to Nazi Germany as the German Realm and informally as the Drittes Reich (Third Realm), a reference to past reactionary German entities: the Holy Roman Empire (First Realm) and the German Empire (Second Realm).
Clericalist movements, sometimes labeled as clerical fascist by their critics, can be considered reactionaries in terms of the 19th century since they share some elements of fascism while at the same time promoting a return to the pre-revolutionary model of social relations, with a strong role for the Church. Their utmost philosopher was Nicolás Gómez Dávila.
Political scientist Corey Robin argues that modern conservatism in the United States is fundamentally reactionary in his book The Reactionary Mind.
21st century
Japan's right-wing nationalist and populist movements and related organizations, which emerged rapidly from the late 20th century, are considered "reactionary" because they revised the post-war peace constitution and have an advocating attitude toward the Japanese Empire.
"Neo-reactionary" is a term that is sometimes a self-description of an informal group of online political theorists who have been active since the 2000s. The phrase "neo-reactionary" was coined by "Mencius Moldbug" (the pseudonym of Curtis Yarvin, a computer programmer) in 2008. Arnold Kling used it in 2010 to describe "Moldbug", and the subculture quickly adopted it. Proponents of the "Neo-reactionary" movement (also called the "Dark Enlightenment" movement) include philosopher Nick Land, among others.
See also
Anti-modernism
Backlash (sociology)
Fundamentalism
Loyalism
Radical politics
Restoration (disambiguation)
Romanticism
Royalism
References
Bibliography
Liberty or Equality, Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Christendom Press, Front Royal, Virginia, 1993.
Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism, Social Forces in England and France 1815-1870, J. Salwyn Schapiro, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., NY, 1949. (with over 34 mentions of the word "reactionary" in political context)
The Reactionary Revolution, The Catholic Revival in French Literature, 1870/1914, Richard Griffiths, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., NY, 1965.
Oxford English Dictionary, 20 Vol. 31 references on the use of the term.
1790s neologisms
Counter-revolutionaries
Clericalism
Far-right politics
Fascism
Feudalism
Monarchism
Political theories
Right-wing politics
Revolution terminology
Theocracy
Cognitive inertia | wiki |
An appendectomy, also termed appendicectomy, is a surgical operation in which the vermiform appendix (a portion of the intestine) is removed. Appendectomy is normally performed as an urgent or emergency procedure to treat complicated acute appendicitis.
Appendectomy may be performed laparoscopically (as minimally invasive surgery) or as an open operation. Over the 2010s, surgical practice has increasingly moved towards routinely offering laparoscopic appendicectomy; for example in the United Kingdom over 95% of adult appendicectomies are planned as laparoscopic procedures. Laparoscopy is often used if the diagnosis is in doubt, or in order to leave a less visible surgical scar. Recovery may be slightly faster after laparoscopic surgery, although the laparoscopic procedure itself is more expensive and resource-intensive than open surgery and generally takes longer. Advanced pelvic sepsis occasionally requires a lower midline laparotomy.
Complicated (perforated) appendicitis should undergo prompt surgical intervention. There has been significant recent trial evidence that uncomplicated appendicitis can be treated with either antibiotics or appendicectomy. After appendicectomy the main difference in treatment is the length of time the antibiotics are administered. For uncomplicated appendicitis, antibiotics should be continued up to 24 hours post-operatively. For complicated appendicitis, antibiotics should be continued for anywhere between 3 and 7 days. An interval appendectomy is generally performed 6–8 weeks after conservative management with antibiotics for special cases, such as perforated appendicitis. Delay of appendectomy 24 hours after admission for symptoms of appendicitis has not shown to increase risk of perforation or other complications.
Procedure
In general terms, the procedure for an open appendectomy is:
Antibiotics are given immediately if signs of actual sepsis are seen (in appendicitis, sepsis and bacteremia usually only occurs at some point after rupture, once peritonitis has begun), or if there is reasonable suspicion that the appendix has ruptured (e.g., on imaging) or if the onset of peritonitis - which will lead to full sepsis if not quickly treated- is suspected; otherwise, a single dose of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics is given immediately before surgery.
General anaesthesia is induced, with endotracheal intubation and full muscle relaxation, and the patient is positioned supine.
The abdomen is prepared and draped and is examined under anesthesia.
If a mass is present, the incision is made over the mass. Otherwise, the incision is made over McBurney's point (one-third of the way from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus), which represents the most common position of the base of the appendix.
The various layers of the abdominal wall are opened. In order to preserve the integrity of abdominal wall, the external oblique aponeurosis is split along the line of its fibers, as is the internal oblique muscle. As the two run at right angles to each other, this reduces the risk of later incisional hernia.
On entering the peritoneum, the appendix is identified, mobilized, and then ligated and divided at its base.
Some surgeons choose to bury the stump of the appendix by inverting it so it points into the caecum.
Each layer of the abdominal wall is then closed in turn.
The skin may be closed with staples or stitches.
The wound is dressed.
The patient is brought to the recovery room.
Incisions
The standardization of an incision is not best practice when performing an appendectomy given that the appendix is a mobile organ. A physical exam should be performed prior to the operation and the incision should be chosen based on the point of maximal tenderness to palpation.
These incisions are placed for appendectomy:
McBurney's incision, also known as grid iron incision
Lanz incision
Rutherford Morison incision
Paramedian incision
Over the past decade, the outcomes of laparoscopic appendectomies have compared favorably to those for open appendectomies because of decreased pain, fewer postoperative complications, shorter hospitalization, earlier mobilization, earlier return to work, and better cosmesis; however, despite these advantages, efforts are still being made to decrease abdominal incision and visible scars after laparoscopy. Recent research has led to the development of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES); however, numerous difficulties need to be overcome before a wider clinical application of NOTES is adopted, including complications such as the opening of hollow viscera, failed sutures, a lack of fully developed instrumentation, and the necessity of reliable cost-benefit analyses.
Many surgeons have attempted to reduce incisional morbidity and improve cosmetic outcomes in laparoscopic appendectomy by using fewer and smaller ports. Kollmar et al. described moving laparoscopic incisions to hide them in the natural camouflages like the suprapubic hairline to improve cosmesis. Additionally, reports in the literature indicate that minilaparoscopic appendectomy using 2– or 3-mm or even smaller instruments along with one 12-mm port minimizes pain and improves cosmesis. More recently, studies by Ates et al. and Roberts et al. have described variants of an sling-based single-port laparoscopic appendectomy with good clinical results.
Also, a trend is increasing towards single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), using a special multiport umbilical trocar. With SILS, a more conventional view of the field of surgery is seen compared to NOTES. The equipment used for SILS is familiar to surgeons already doing laparoscopic surgery. Most importantly, it is easy to convert SILS to conventional laparoscopy by adding a few trocars; this conversion to conventional laparoscopy is called 'port rescue'. SILS has been shown to be feasible, reasonably safe, and cosmetically advantageous, compared to standard laparoscopy; however, this newer technique involves specialized instruments and is more difficult to learn because of a loss of triangulation, clashing of instruments, crossing of instruments (cross triangulation), and a lack of maneuverability. The additional problem of decreased exposure and the added financial burden of procuring special articulating or curved coaxial instruments exist. SILS is still evolving, being used successfully in many centres, but with some way to go before it becomes mainstream. This limits its widespread use, especially in rural or peripheral centres with limited resources.
Pediatric patients
Pediatric patients have a mobile cecum, which allows externalization of the cecal appendix through the umbilicus in most cases. This has led to the development of surgical techniques such as laparoscopic-assisted transumbilical appendectomy, which allows the entire surgery to be performed with a single umbilical incision and has significant advantages in terms of both recovery and aesthetic outcome.
Pregnancy
Appendicitis is the most common emergent general surgery related problem to arise during pregnancy. There is a natural elevation in white blood cell count in addition to anatomical changes of the appendix that occur during pregnancy. These findings, in addition to non-specific abdominal symptoms make appendicitis difficult to diagnose. Appendicitis develops most commonly in the second trimester. If appendicitis develops in a pregnant woman, an appendectomy is usually performed and should not harm the fetus. The risk of premature delivery is about 10%. The risk of fetal death in the perioperative period after an appendectomy for early acute appendicitis is 3 to 5%. The risk of fetal death is 20% in perforated appendicitis.
There has been debate regarding which surgical approach is preferred during pregnancy. Overall, there is no increased risk of fetal loss or preterm delivery with the laparoscopic approach (LA) as compared to the open approach (OA). However, the LA was associated with shorter length of stay in the hospital as well as reduced risk of wound infection.
Patient positioning is of utmost importance to ensure safety of the fetus during the procedure. This is especially important during the third trimester due to the potential of compression of the inferior vena cava leading by the enlarged uterus. Placing the patient in a 30-degree left lateral decubitus position alleviates this pressure and prevents fetal distress.
One area of concern related to the LA during pregnancy is pneumoperitoneum. This causes an increase in the intra-abdominal pressure, leading to decreased venous return and therefore, decreased cardiac output. The decreased cardiac output may lead to fetal acidosis and cause distress. However, an animal pregnancy model demonstrated that a 10-12mmHg insufflation pressure demonstrated no adverse effects on the fetus. SAGES (Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons) currently recommends an insufflation pressure of 10-15mmHg during pregnancy.
Recovery
A study from 2010 found that the average hospital stay for people with appendicitis in the United States was 1.8 days. For people with a perforated (ruptured) appendix, the average length of stay was 5.2 days.
Recovery time from the operation varies from person to person. Some take up to three weeks before being completely active; for others, it can be a matter of days. In the case of a laparoscopic operation, the patient has three stapled scars of about an inch (2.5 cm) in length, between the navel and pubic hair line. When an open appendectomy has been performed, the patient has a 2– to 3-inch (5–7.5 cm) scar, which will initially be heavily bruised.
Complications
One of the most common post-operative complications associated with an appendectomy is the development of a surgical site infection (SSI). Signs and symptoms indicative of a superficial SSI are redness, swelling, and tenderness surrounding the incision and are most likely to arise on post-operative day 4 or 5. These symptoms oftentimes precede fluid drainage from the incision. Tenderness extending beyond the redness that surrounds the incision, in addition to the development of cutaneous vesicles or bullae may be indicative of a deep SSI.
Patients with complicated appendicitis (perforated appendicitis) are more likely to develop a SSI, abdominal abscess, or pelvic abscess during the post-operative period. Placement of an abdominal drain was originally thought to reduce the risk of these post-operative complications. However, abdominal drains have not been found to play a significant role in reducing SSIs and have led to increased length of stay in the hospital in addition to increased cost of the operation.
Frequency
About 327,000 appendectomies were performed during U.S. hospital stays in 2011, a rate of 10.5 procedures per 10,000 population. Appendectomies accounted for 2.1% of all operating-room procedures in 2011.
History
The first recorded successful appendectomy was performed in September 1731 by English surgeon William Cookesley on Abraham Pike, a chimney sweep. The second was on December 6, 1735, at St. George's Hospital in London, when French surgeon Claudius Amyand described the presence of a perforated appendix within the inguinal hernial sac of an 11-year-old boy. The organ had apparently been perforated by a pin the boy had swallowed. The patient, Hanvil Andersen, made a recovery and was discharged a month later.
Harry Hancock performed the first abdominal surgery for appendicitis in 1848, but he did not remove the appendix. In 1889 in New York City, Charles McBurney described the presentation and pathogenesis of appendicitis accurately and developed the teaching that an early appendectomy was the best treatment to avoid perforation and peritonitis.
Some cases of autoappendectomies have occurred. One was attempted by Evan O'Neill Kane in 1921, but the operation was completed by his assistants. Another was Leonid Rogozov, who in 1961 had to perform the operation on himself as he was the only doctor on a remote Antarctic base.
On September 13, 1980, Kurt Semm performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy, opening up the path for a much wider application of minimally invasive surgery.
Cost
United States
While appendectomy is a standard surgical procedure, its cost has been found to vary considerably in the United States. A 2012 study analyzed 2009 data from nearly 20,000 adult patients treated for appendicitis in California hospitals. Researchers examined "only uncomplicated episodes of acute appendicitis" that involved "visits for patients 18 to 59 years old with hospitalization that lasted fewer than four days with routine discharges to home." The lowest charge for removal of an appendix was $1,529 and the highest $182,955, almost 120 times greater. The median charge was $33,611. While the study was limited to California, the researchers indicated that the results were applicable anywhere in the United States. Many, but not all, patients are covered by some sort of medical insurance.
A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that in 2010, the average cost for a stay in the United States involving appendicitis was $7,800. For stays where the appendix had ruptured, the average cost was $12,800. The majority of patients seen in the hospital were covered by private insurance.
See also
List of surgeries by type
Evan O'Neill Kane
Leonid Rogozov
References
External links
Open Appendectomy: Operative procedure video
Laparoscopic Appendectomy Video (includes case presentation)
Open & Laparoscopic appendectomy, appendectomy
A video of the procedure
Another video of the procedure (either requires Windows Media Player and will not load in Firefox 1.5; or use with any player that can play .wmv files)
Surgical removal procedures
General surgery
Digestive system surgery | wiki |
Diphylleia grayi, the skeleton flower, is a species of perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae. It is native to northern and central Japan.
Description
The plant grows up to and flowers from June to July. After it flowers, it bears dark blue-purple fruit with a white powdery coating. The plant is known to have petals that become transparent when in contact with water, giving it its common name. Once it is dry, the petals return to white.
Distribution and habitat
The plant is distributed from north to central Honshu, Hokkaido, Mount Daisen, and Sakhalin. It grows in slightly moist places in the woods of high mountains.
In popular culture
South Korean artist Jonghyun, a member of the boy band Shinee, wrote and released a song titled "Diphylleia Grayi" in 2015 as part of his album Story Op.1. The composition "Diphylleia Grayi" uses the double-leaf metaphor as the personification of internal and external struggle. In September 2015, Jonghyun presented his book Skeleton Flower: Things That Have Been Released and Set Free.
Gallery
References
Berberidaceae
Flora of Japan
Plants described in 1868 | wiki |
L'NBA D-League All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) è il premio conferito dalla NBA D-League al miglior giocatore dell'All-Star Game.
Vincitori
MVP | wiki |
Sherpa Tashi es un deportista estadounidense que compitió en taekwondo. Ganó una medalla de oro en el Campeonato Panamericano de Taekwondo de 2012 en la categoría de –54 kg.
Palmarés internacional
Referencias
Tashi, Sherpa | wiki |
Animal toilet may refer to:
Animal latrine, wildlife dedicated defecation site
Litter box, pet defecation site
Animal grooming; see Groom (disambiguation) | wiki |
System Policy Editor is a graphical tool provided with Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows 98. System policies are made up from a set of registry entries that control the computer resources available to a user or group of users. These registry entries can be applied to individual users, groups of users, or to anybody logging on to a particular computer.
It works by manipulating Registry and security settings. User-specific settings are stored in the HKEY_CURRENT_USER registry hive. Likewise, machine-specific settings are written under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE. ADM files are template files that are used by System Policy Editor to describe where registry-based policy settings are stored in the registry. They also describe the user interface presented to System Policy administrators.
In Windows 2000, the System Policy Editor was replaced with the Group Policy snap-in for Microsoft Management Console (MMC).
References
Windows administration
Discontinued Microsoft software | wiki |
Zuma Beach is a 1978 TV movie written by John Carpenter & William Schwartz from a story by John Herman Shaner & Al Ramrus and directed by Lee H. Katzin and starring Suzanne Somers.
Plot
A fading rock singer goes to the beach to get away from it all and winds up getting involved in the lives of the teenage beachgoers.
Cast
Suzanne Somers as Bonnie Katt
Steven Keats as Jerry McCabe
Mark Wheeler as David Hunter
Kimberly Beck as Cathy
Perry Lang as Billy
Michael Biehn as J.D.
Biff Warren as Norman
Les Lannom as Stan
Rosanna Arquette as Beverly
Gary Imhoff as Frank
Leonard Stone as Johnson
Steve Franken as Rick
Richard Molinare as Frank
Tanya Roberts as Denise
P.J. Soles as Nancy
Timothy Hutton as Art
Janus Blythe as Jennifer
History
Suzanne Somers' fame was rising due to the success of the sitcom Three's Company, and she wanted to star in movies. Although a lightweight TV movie, Zuma Beach provided Somers with her first starring movie role.
John Carpenter wrote the script for a producer "who just said he wanted a beach movie." He sold it to Warner Bros., and it became a TV movie to star Suzanne Somers. Carpenter said he "was going to direct it, for about 10 seconds, but one of my mentors, Richard Kobritz...helped me see I didn’t want to do it. It was vastly rewritten, so I really shouldn’t have taken credit for it, but I was a little asshole in those days."
Tim Hutton had one of his first roles in the film.
Reception
The Los Angeles Times praised the naturalness of Somers' performance.
References
External links
Full movie on archive.org
1978 television films
1978 films
1978 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama television films
NBC network original films
Films directed by Lee H. Katzin
Films with screenplays by John Carpenter
Films set on beaches
Films shot in California
Beach party films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films | wiki |
A bank holiday is a national public holiday in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and the Crown Dependencies. The term refers to all public holidays in the United Kingdom, be they set out in statute, declared by royal proclamation or held by convention under common law.
The term "bank holiday" refers to the fact that banking institutions typically close for business on such holidays, as they once used to do on certain saint's days.
List of current holidays
Notes
See also
List of holidays by country
Bank Holidays Act 1871
Proposed St David's Day bank holiday
References
External links
UK bank holidays
Scotland Bank Holidays - Scottish Government
Public holidays (Ireland)
Public holidays in the United Kingdom
Irish culture | wiki |
Calcium deficiency may refer to:
Calcium deficiency, a plant disorder that can be caused by insufficient calcium in the growing medium, but is more frequently a product of low transpiration of the whole plant or more commonly the affected tissue
Hypocalcaemia, the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood | wiki |
The anatomy of spiders includes many characteristics shared with other arachnids. These characteristics include bodies divided into two tagmata (sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed.
Spiders also have several adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids. All spiders are capable of producing silk of various types, which many species use to build webs to ensnare prey. Most spiders possess venom, which is injected into prey (or defensively, when the spider feels threatened) through the fangs of the chelicerae. Male spiders have specialized pedipalps that are used to transfer sperm to the female during mating. Many species of spiders exhibit a great deal of sexual dimorphism.
External anatomy
Spiders, unlike insects, have only two main body parts (tagmata) instead of three: a fused head and thorax (called a cephalothorax or prosoma) and an abdomen (also called an opisthosoma). The exception to this rule are the assassin spiders in the family Archaeidae, whose cephalothorax is divided into two parts by an elongated "neck". In the majority of spiders, the abdomen is not externally segmented. The exception is the Liphistiidae, a basal family, which retains this more primitive character; hence they are sometimes called segmented spiders. The abdomen and cephalothorax are connected by a thin waist called the pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders have an endoskeleton in addition to their exoskeleton.
Cephalothorax
The cephalothorax, also called prosoma, is composed of two primary surfaces: a dorsal carapace and a ventral sternum. Most external appendages on the spider are attached to the cephalothorax, including the eyes, chelicerae and other mouthparts, pedipalps and legs.
Like other arachnids, spiders are unable to chew their food, so they have a mouth part shaped like a short drinking straw that they use to suck up the liquefied insides of their prey. However, they are able to eat their own silk to recycle proteins needed in the production of new spider webs. Some spiders, such as the dewdrop spiders (Argyrodes), even eat the silk of other spider species.
Appendages
Spiders typically have eight walking legs (insects have six). They do not have antennae; the pair of appendages in front of the legs are the pedipalps (or just palps). Spiders' legs are made up of seven segments. Starting from the body end, these are the coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus. The tip of the tarsus bears claws, which vary in number and size. Spiders that spin webs typically have three claws, the middle one being small; hunting spiders typically have only two claws. Since they do not have antennae, spiders use specialised and sensitive setae on their legs to pick up scent, sounds, vibrations and air currents. Some spiders, such as the Australian crab spider, do not have claws.
The pedipalps have only six segments: the metatarsus is missing. In adult males, the tarsus of each palp is modified to carry an elaborate and often species-specific structure used for mating (variously called a palpal bulb, palpal organ or copulatory bulb). The basal segments of the pedipalps, the coxae, next to the mouth, are modified to assist with feeding, and are termed maxillae, although they are not homologous with the maxillae of mandibulate arthropods. In mesothele and mygalomorph spiders, the maxillae are only slightly modified; in araneomorph spiders, the anterior edge is often saw-like and is used in cutting up prey.
Eyes, vision, and sense organs
Spiders usually have eight eyes, each with a single lens rather than multiple units as in the compound eyes of insects. The specific arrangement of the eyes is one of the features used in classifying different species. Most species of the Haplogynae have six eyes, although some have eight (Plectreuridae), four (e.g., Tetrablemma) or even two (most Caponiidae). Sometimes one pair of eyes is better developed than the rest, or even, in some cave species, there are no eyes at all. Several families of hunting spiders, such as jumping spiders and wolf spiders, have fair to excellent vision. The main pair of eyes in jumping spiders even sees in color.
Net-casting spiders of genus Deinopis have their posterior median eyes enlarged into large forward-facing compound lenses. These eyes have a wide field of view and are able to gather available light more efficiently than the eyes of cats and owls. This is despite the fact that they lack a reflective layer (tapetum lucidum); instead, each night, a large area of light-sensitive membrane is manufactured within the eyes, and since arachnid eyes do not have irises, it is rapidly destroyed again at dawn.
However, most spiders that lurk on flowers, webs, and other fixed locations waiting for prey tend to have very poor eyesight; instead they possess an extreme sensitivity to vibrations, which aids in prey capture. Vibration sensitive spiders can sense vibrations from such various mediums as the water surface, the soil or their silk threads. Changes in the air pressure can also be detected in search of prey.
Pedicel
The cephalothorax is joined to the abdomen by a thin flexible pedicel. This allows a spider to move its abdomen in all directions, and thus, for example, to spin silk without moving the cephalothorax. This waist is actually the last segment (somite) of the cephalothorax (the pregenital somite) and is lost in most other members of the Arachnida (in scorpions it is only detectable in the embryos).
Abdomen
The abdomen is also known as the opisthosoma. On the ventral side of the abdomen are two hardened plates covering the book lungs. These are called the epigastric plates. A fold, known as the epigastric furrow, separates the region of the book lungs and epigyne from the more posterior part of the abdomen. In the middle of this furrow is the opening of the oviduct (in females) and at either end are the lung slits. In most spiders the external segmentation is no longer visible, but is still noticeable internally. The first abdominal segment behind the pedicel contains both the openings to a pair of book lungs (absent in a few species) and the gonopore (genital opening). Then follows a segment with a second pair of book lungs (replaced with trachea in most modern spiders). The next two segments carry the spinnerets. In the majority of spiders the spinnerets have migrated to the posterior end of the body. The remaining abdominal segments are more difficult to distinguish.
Spinnerets
The abdomen has no appendages except from one to four (usually three) modified pairs of movable telescoping organs called spinnerets, which produce silk. Originally, the common ancestor of spiders had four pairs of spinnerets, with two pairs on the tenth body segment and two pairs on the eleventh body segment, located in the middle on the ventral side of the abdomen. The suborder Mesothelae is unique in having only two types of silk glands – thought to be the ancestral condition. All other spiders have the spinnerets further towards the posterior end of the body where they form a small cluster, and the anterior central spinnerets on the tenth segment are lost or reduced (suborder Mygalomorphae), or modified into a specialised and flattened plate called the cribellum (suborder Araneomorphae). The cribellum (usually separated into a left and a right half) produces a thread made up of hundreds to thousands of very fine dry silk fibers (about 10 nm thick) around a few thicker core fibers, which then are combed into a woolly structure by using a group of specialized hairs (setae) on their fourth pair of legs. It is suspected their woolly silk is charged with static electricity, causing its fine fibres to attach to trapped prey. Once all araneomorph (modern) spiders had a cribellum, but today it only remains in the cribellate spiders (although it is sometimes missing even here), which are widespread around the world. Often, this plate lacks the ability to produce silk, and is then called the colulus; an organ that zoologists have not identified a function for. The colulus is reduced or absent in most species. The cribellate spiders were the first spiders to build specialized prey catching webs, later evolving into groups that used the spinnerets solely to make webs, instead using silk threads dotted with droplets of a sticky liquid (like pearls on a necklace) to capture small arthropods, and a few large species even small bats and birds. Other spiders do not build webs at all, but have become active hunters, like the highly successful jumping spiders.
Internal anatomy
Circulation
Spiders, like most arthropods, have an open circulatory system, i.e., they do not have true blood, or veins which transport it. Rather, their bodies are filled with haemolymph, which is pumped through arteries by a heart into spaces called sinuses surrounding their internal organs. The haemolymph contains hemocyanin, a respiratory protein similar in function to hemoglobin. Hemocyanin contains two copper atoms, tinting the haemolymph with a faint blue color.
The heart is located in the abdomen a short distance within the middle line of the dorsal body-wall, and above the intestine. Unlike in insects, the heart is not divided into chambers, but consists of a simple tube. The aorta, which supplies haemolymph to the cephalothorax, extends from the anterior end of the heart. Smaller arteries extend from sides and posterior end of the heart. A thin-walled sac, known as the pericardium, completely surrounds the heart.
Breathing
Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based either on book lungs or on tracheae. Mesothele and mygalomorph spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and oxygen to diffuse in and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. This is also the case for some basal araneomorph spiders like the family Hypochilidae, but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. This system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist desiccation. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of spiracles, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and migrated posterior close to the spinnerets.
Among smaller araneomorph spiders there are species in which the anterior pair of book lungs have also evolved into tracheae, or are simply reduced or missing. In a very few species the book lungs have developed deep channels, apparently signs of evolution into tracheae. Some very small spiders in moist and sheltered habitats do not have any breathing organs at all, as gas exchange occurs directly through their body surface. In the tracheal system oxygen interchange is much more efficient, enabling cursorial hunting (hunting involving extended pursuit) and other advanced characteristics, such as having a smaller heart and the ability to live in drier habitats.
Digestion
Digestion is carried out internally and externally. Spiders do not have powerful chelicerae, but secrete digestive fluids into their prey from a series of ducts perforating their chelicerae. The coxal glands are excretory organs that lie in the prosoma, and open to the outside at the coxae of the walking legs. In primitive spiders, such as the Mesothelae and the Mygalomorphae, two pairs of coxal glands open onto the posterior side of the first and third coxae. They release a fluid only during feeding and play an important role in ion and water balance. Digestive fluids dissolve the prey's internal tissues. Then the spider feeds by sucking the partially digested fluids out. Other spiders with more powerfully built chelicerae masticate the entire body of their prey and leave behind only a relatively small amount of indigestible materials. Spiders consume only liquid foods. Many spiders will store prey temporarily. Web weaving spiders that have made a shroud of silk to quiet their envenomed prey's death struggles will generally leave them in these shrouds and then consume them at their leisure.
Reproductive system
Almost all spiders reproduce sexually. They are unusual in that they do not transfer sperm directly, for example via a penis. Instead the males transfer it to specialized structures (palpal bulbs) on the pedipalps and then meander about to search for a mate. These palps are then introduced into the female's epigyne. This was first described in 1678 by Martin Lister. In 1843 it was revealed that males build a nuptial web into which they deposit a drop of semen, which is then taken up by the copulatory apparatus (the palpal bulb) in the pedipalp. The structure of the copulatory apparatus varies significantly between males of different species. While the widened palpal tarsus of the southern house spider, Kukulcania hibernalis (Filistatidae), only forms a simple bulb containing the coiled blind duct, members of the genus Argiope have a highly complex structure.
See also
Glossary of spider terms
References
Bibliography
External links
Theraphosidae Belgium, anatomy of bird eaters | wiki |
Jeonbok-juk () or abalone rice porridge is a variety of juk (죽; 粥), or Korean porridge, made with abalone and white rice. Abalone is regarded as a high quality ingredient in Korean cuisine and was often presented as a gift to the king of Korea. The dish is a local specialty of Jeju Island where abalones are commonly harvested. Jeonbokjuk is known as not only a delicacy but also as a nutritional supplement and digestive aid, especially for ill patients or elderly people. Jeonbokjuk can be made with or without the abalone's internal organs. The former type of jeonbokjuk has a green tinge while the latter is more ivory in color.
Preparation and serving
Abalones are first prepared by cleaning with a brush in water, and the flesh is taken out from the flat and middle of the shells with a small kitchen knife. The internal organs are removed separately from the flesh (taking care not to damage them). The flesh is slightly parboiled in a pot of boiling water and then thinly sliced. Rice is soaked in a bowl of water 3 to 4 hours before cooking. The abalone flesh is stir-fried on a pot over a mid-flame with sesame oil, with the soaked rice then added. After stir frying for a while, water is poured into the pot and the dish is cooked at a higher temperature. Constant stirring prevents the ingredients from sticking to the bottom of the pot. After the dish has come to a boil, the heat is lowered and let to simmer. The dish is seasoned with salt or ganjang (Korean soy sauce).
See also
Congee
Jatjuk
Korean cuisine
List of porridges
References
External links
Jeonbokjuk recipe
Jeonbokjuk recipe
Juk
Korean seafood dishes
Jeju cuisine | wiki |
Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company may refer to:
Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (Iowa), incorporated in 1893
Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (New York), incorporated in 1882 | wiki |
Wulfthryth (fl. 868) was a queen of Wessex, the wife of King Æthelred I.
Little is known of Wulfthryth. She witnessed a charter of 868, in which she has the title of regina ("queen"). The charter appears in the Codex Wintoniensis, but Wulfthryth is otherwise unrecorded in primary sources. Stephanie Hollis notes that 868 was the year of Alfred the Great's marriage to a Mercian and that "Wulfthryth's name looks Mercian".
Wulfthryth had two sons, Æthelhelm (c. 865 – c. 890) and Æthelwold (died 902), who were too young to succeed their father when he died in 871, and Alfred became king. Æthelwold unsuccessfully led Æthelwold's Revolt, disputing the throne with his cousin Edward the Elder after Alfred's death in 899.
Notes
External notes
9th-century English people
Anglo-Saxon royal consorts
House of Wessex
9th-century English women | wiki |
Gated tomography may refer to:
Gated SPECT
Gated X-ray CT, see X-ray computed tomography#Cardiac | wiki |
Chag may refer to:
Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG)
Chag (Jewish holiday), (חג in Hebrew, plural: Chagim) the transliteration from Hebrew meaning "holiday"
Niraj Chag (born 1976), London-based musical artist and composer
See also
Chaga people, a sub-group in Tanzania | wiki |
Salchow may refer to:
Ulrich Salchow (1877–1949), Swedish figure skater
Salchow jump, a figure skating jump named after him | wiki |
È la sorella di Karlie Samuelson.
Carriera
È stata selezionata dalle Chicago Sky al primo giro del Draft WNBA 2019 (4ª scelta assoluta).
Palmarès
Naismith Prep Player of the Year (2015)
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Scheda su baloncestoenvivo.feb.es | wiki |
John Hambley is a British television and film producer. He was executive producer for television series such as Minder, The Wind in the Willows, Danger Mouse and Count Duckula. He also produced the film The BFG, a movie for which he wrote the script.
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
British film producers
British television producers
Living people | wiki |
In statistics, probable error defines the half-range of an interval about a central point for the distribution, such that half of the values from the distribution will lie within the interval and half outside.
Thus for a symmetric distribution it is equivalent to half the interquartile range, or the median absolute deviation. One such use of the term probable error in this sense is as the name for the scale parameter of the Cauchy distribution, which does not have a standard deviation.
The probable error can also be expressed as a multiple of the standard deviation σ, which requires that at least the second statistical moment of the distribution should exist, whereas the other definition does not. For a normal distribution this is
(see details)
See also
Average absolute deviation
Circular error probable
Confidence interval
Standard error
References
Theory of probability distributions
Errors and residuals
Statistical deviation and dispersion
ru:Срединное отклонение | wiki |
Palazzo Cattaneo-Adorno – palazzo di Genova, situato in via Garibaldi 8-10
Palazzo Cattaneo Della Volta – palazzo di Genova, situato in piazza Cattaneo 26
Palazzo Antoniotto Cattaneo – palazzo di Genova, situato in piazza della Nunziata 2
Palazzo Balbi Cattaneo – palazzo di Genova, situato in via Balbi 2
Palazzo Durazzo-Cattaneo Adorno – palazzo di Genova, situato in via del Campo 12
Palazzo Lorenzo Cattaneo – palazzo di Genova, situato in piazza Grillo Cattaneo 1 | wiki |
Pinalia amica is a species of orchid.
References
amica | wiki |
Neve Sha'anan (, from Book of Isaiah; literally "tranquil abode") may refer to:
Neve Sha'anan, Haifa, a large neighborhood in Haifa, Israel
Neve Sha'anan, Jerusalem, a neighborhood in Jerusalem, Israel
Neve Sha'anan, Tel Aviv, a neighborhood in Tel Aviv, Israel | wiki |
In the field of computer science, a pre-topological order or pre-topological ordering of a directed graph is a linear ordering of its vertices such that if there is a directed path from vertex u to vertex v and v comes before u in the ordering, then there is also a directed path from vertex v to vertex u.
If the graph is a directed acyclic graph (DAG), topological orderings are pre-topological orderings and vice versa. In other cases, any pre-topological ordering gives a partial order.
References
Graph algorithms
Sorting algorithms
Directed graphs | wiki |
Evergreen – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Teksas, w hrabstwie Starr.
CDP w stanie Teksas | wiki |
The Bronze Statuettes of Athletic Spartan Girl are bronze figurines depicting a Spartan young woman wearing a short tunic in a presumably running pose. These statuettes are considered Spartan manufacture dating from the 6th century B.C., and they were used as decorative attachments to ritual vessels as votive dedications, such as a cauldron, suggested by the bronze rivet on their feet. The figures typically have their hair hung down, right arm slightly bent, left hand lifted the hem of the chiton skirt and expose part of the left thigh, likely to facilitate the movement, and their legs in a wide stride.
The style of the statuettes is attributed to Laconia (the region where Sparta is located) workshops in Archaic Period. The typical characteristics of Laconian bronzes are slender bodies with unproportional muscular legs, arched and swelling thighs, immature chests in female figures, and long faces with strongly marked facial features. Laconia bronzes were widely traded, which helps to explain why some of those Laconia manufacture were not discovered in the region. It may also suggest the possible presence of Laconian craftsmen at that site.
History
Female athletic costume in ancient Greece
The statuette in British Museum is in a special kind of outfit: a short chiton affixed to the left shoulder leaving the right shoulder and breast bare. This is the type of athletic costume especially for the participant in Heraea Games, the earliest recorded women running competition held quadrennially in Olympic stadium. Although women in Ancient Greece (except Sparta) were not encouraged to participate in athletic activities and were excluded from the Olympic games, they could participate in the foot race at the Heraea, which was an athletic event for females of all ages. Thus, this particular piece depicts a participant in the Heraea. One speculation proposed that the costume is adapted from a light garment worn by men in hot weather or while performing hard labor.
The piece from the National Archaeological Museum, Athens is wearing a different kind of dress. Unlike the costume for Heraea Game, the bodice of the chiton covers both shoulders and breasts. It may suggest that this running costume is for girls at local ritual festivals in Sparta that are documented in ancient literature. During the festival, some Spartan maidens ran a special race in honor of Dionysus. This ritual celebrating the girls' rites of passage also involved dancing, singing and other athletic events.
Athletic Spartan women
Women in Sparta led very different lives from their counterparts in the rest part of ancient Greece in terms of engagement in athletics. Spartan girls were offered a state-supervised educational system separated from the boys, including a physical training program. The aim of the program was to produce healthy mothers of healthy warriors. Spartan girls engaged in various athletic events including running and wrestling. They might even wrestle boys.
Spartan girls were said to wear very little when they did sports. Wearing short tunics exposing half of their thighs, Spartan females were called "thigh flashers" according to some accounts in ancient Greece. There were complaints that they left home "with bare thighs and loosened tunics" on their way to run and wrestle. Serving as supplements to those ancient literary sources, roughly forty bronze statuettes dating from the Archaic period are found showing young Spartan women dancing or running (including the two discussed ahead). There are even pieces depicting Spartan females playing sports in nudity, just as the Spartan males.
References
Further reading
Spears, B. (1984). A perspective of the history of women's sport in ancient Greece. Journal of Sport History, 11(2), 32–47.
Dillon, M. (2000). Did Parthenon attend the Olympic Games? Girls and women competing, spectating, and carrying out cult roles at Greek religious festivals. Hermes, 457–480.
Mills, B. D. (1994). Women of Ancient Greece: Participating in Sport?.
Serwint, N. (1993). The Female Athletic Costume at the Heraia and Prenuptial Initiation Rites. American Journal of Archaeology,97(3), 403–422. doi:10.2307/506363
Scanlon, T. (1996). Games for Girls. Archaeology, 49(4), 32–33. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771026
P. Christesen. (2012). Athletics and Social Order in Sparta in the Classical Period. Classical Antiquity, 31(2), 193–255. doi:10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193
Bronze sculptures
6th-century BC Greek sculptures
Sparta | wiki |
Equity stripping, also known as equity skimming, is a type of foreclosure rescue scheme. Often considered a form of predatory lending, equity stripping became increasingly widespread in the early 2000s. In an equity stripping scheme an investor buys the property from a homeowner facing foreclosure and agrees to lease the home to the homeowner who may remain in the home as a tenant. Often, these transactions take advantage of uninformed, low-income homeowners; because of the complexity of the transaction, victims are often unaware that they are giving away their property and equity. Several states have taken steps to confront the more unscrupulous practices of equity stripping. Although "foreclosure re-conveyance" schemes can be beneficial and ethically conducted in some circumstances, many times the practice relies on fraud and egregious or unmeetable terms.
Term and definition
The term "equity stripping" has sometimes referred to lending refinance practices that charge excessive fees thereby "stripping the equity" out of the home. The practice more often describes foreclosure rescue scams. While most do not consider equity stripping a form of predatory lending per se, equity stripping is related to traditional forms of that practice. Subprime loans targeted at vulnerable and unsophisticated homeowners often lead to foreclosure, and those victims more often fall to equity stripping scams. Additionally, some do consider equity stripping, in essence, a form of predatory lending since the scam works essentially like a high-cost and risky refinancing. Equity stripping, however, is conducted almost always by local agents and investors, while traditional predatory lending is carried out by large banks or national companies.
Alternate Uses
In addition to the fraudulent uses described here, the term "equity stripping" also refers to the asset protection concept whereby the equity of an asset is encumbered, or stripped, to frustrate collection efforts by unsecured creditors. This can be done to protect the assets of individuals or organizations in high-risk businesses (e.g. doctors) from losing equity in lawsuit actions.
Scam Elements
Foreclosure
A homeowner falls behind on his mortgage payments and enters foreclosure. Foreclosure notices are published in newspapers or distributed by reporting services to investors and rescue artists. Foreclosed homeowners also contact lenders to inquire about refinancing options.
Solicitation
Rescue artists obtain contact information for foreclosed homeowners and make contacts personally, by phone, or through direct mail. Some lenders and brokers will also refer foreclosed homeowners that do not qualify for new loans to rescue artists for a commission. Rescue artists offer the foreclosed homeowner a "miracle refinancing" and/or say they can "save the home" from foreclosure.
Acquisition
A method to achieve this involves obtaining new financing for the property. Rescue artists approach the homeowner using a title such as private investor. An additional party, called a straw borrower, acts as the buyer in the sale. This requires the involvement of lenders and an approval process, as the borrower takes a type of mortgage loan called a cash-out refinance to purchase the property. Rescue artists arrange the closing (often delaying the date until shortly before the homeowner's removal to create urgency). At the closing, the homeowner transfers the title (possibly unwittingly) to the rescue artist or an arranged investor. The rescue artist or arranged investor pays off the amount owed in foreclosure to acquire the deed, and inherits or is paid any portion of the homeowner's remaining equity. The rescue artist will express intention to reconvey the property back to the homeowner in the form of a lease or a contract for deed.
Simple mortgage assumption allows the owner of the home in foreclosure to transfer the deed to the property to the rescue artist without the involvement of any lender. This results in a transfer of ownership and debt to the rescue artist through a private transaction. Without lender approval, the original owner of the home remains fully liable for any debt owed on the property. The rescue artist may in this case either charge rent payments to the owner with a false promise of the ability to eventually repurchase the property, or charge payments the original owner is led to believe are toward a refinanced mortgage. In these cases, the property remains in foreclosure status, unbeknownst to the original owner. After the transfer of the deed, the original owner and the rescue artist are held equally liable for the remaining debt and pursued by the lender for payment.
Result
The homeowners remain in the home and pay rent or contract-for-deed payments (often higher than their previous mortgage payments). The rescue artist may immediately abscond with the funds obtained from any equity cash-out, defaulting on the new mortgage loan. The rescue artist may not leave with the equity proceeds immediately; rather, they may charge rent payments to the original owner (now tenant). Though the original owner may be led to believe they are paying toward owning the property again, the rescue artist does not intend to relinquish the property to them at any time. In some instances, the rescue artist takes as many rental payments as possible while defaulting on the mortgage, leaving the original owner to be evicted from the property in the resulting foreclosure, losing both their home and money. In other instances, the rescue artist establishes rental terms purposely unaffordable for the original owner. They inevitably fall behind and are evicted from their homes. In this case, the rescue artist may use or sell the property however they choose.
Legal Remedies
Several states have passed laws to prevent and/or regulate equity stripping schemes. Minnesota passed a comprehensive law aimed at "foreclosure re-conveyance" practices in 2004, and Maryland in 2005 was the first of at least 14 other states to adopt the Minnesota model for regulating these transactions. These state laws require adequate disclosures, capped fees, and an ability to pay on behalf of the consumer. The statutes also ban certain deceptive and unfair practices associated with equity stripping.
Other laws regulating the activity of "foreclosure consultants" have been passed in California, Georgia, and Missouri.
Additionally, state fraud and unfair and deceptive trade practices laws may be applicable. The Truth in Lending Act may also govern some transactions.
Non-Predatory Foreclosure Rescue
In certain circumstances, foreclosure rescue services can be beneficial to the consumer. When refinancing options are exhausted and foreclosure proceedings have led to near eviction, a foreclosure rescue transaction with moderate fees and full disclosures can be legally and ethically executed.
A consumer can face removal from the property and the loss of their entire equity following a foreclosure auction. As an alternative, foreclosure rescuers have the ability to redeem the home from foreclosure with a new mortgage of their own. For a moderate fee or portion of the existing equity, this can keep the former homeowner in the home as a tenant while they repair their credit or increase their income. After a given time period, the homeowner can then repurchase the property from the rescuer.
If done with full verbal and written disclosure, terms the consumer is capable of fulfilling, and moderate total fees, foreclosure rescue can be suitable to consumers in dire situations.
This mechanism is often used by family members or friends in order to prevent the loss of a home. In effect, the investor "lends" their good credit to the foreclosed homeowner by paying off the foreclosed mortgage and obtaining the title to the home temporarily.
References
Private equity
Real estate in the United States
Foreclosure | wiki |
The Beardless Warriors is a 1960 World War II novel by American writer Richard Matheson. It was based on his experiences as a young infantryman in the 87th Division in France and Germany.
Plot synopsis
Set in late 1944 Germany, during the assault on the Siegfried Line, the novel follows 15 days in a US Army Rifle Squad led by the venerable Sergeant Cooley. Everett 'Hack' Hackermeyer, a troubled 18-year-old from a hellish family upbringing, is just one of several teenage soldiers. Over the course of the story, Hackermeyer will come to realize the value of his own life and shed his guarded cynicism.
Adaptation
It was filmed by Universal Pictures in 1966 as The Young Warriors. Most of Matheson's story was jettisoned in order to build the film around stock footage from the Audie Murphy film To Hell and Back. The film starred Universal contract players Steve Carlson, Jonathan Daly, and Robert Pine, with James Drury as the sergeant.
Notes
External links
Fiction set in 1944
1960 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels by Richard Matheson
Novels set during World War II
Little, Brown and Company books | wiki |
Septic may refer to:
Septic shock, a medical condition
Septic tank or septic system, a component of a small scale sewage disposal system
Septic equation, a polynomial of degree seven
Slang term for "American" in the Cockney dialect
See also
Sepsis
Aseptic
Antiseptic | wiki |
Gigi Does It is an American sitcom that was created by David Krumholtz, Ricky Mabe, Zach Golden, Ben Newmark, and Dan Newmark, with Krumholtz playing a Jewish senior citizen (the title character) who learns she has inherited millions of dollars from her late husband. On April 28, 2015, IFC ordered the series. The series premiered on IFC on October 1, 2015. On December 5, 2015, the series was canceled by IFC.
Cast
David Krumholtz as Gigi
Ricky Mabe as Ricky
Lesley Ann Warren as Tretchy Feinberg
Episodes
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an aggregate score of 29% based on 2 positive and 7 negative critic reviews.
References
External links
2015 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2010s American sitcoms
IFC (American TV channel) original programming | wiki |
Anotogaster is a genus of dragonflies in the family Cordulegastridae.
The genus contains the following species:
Anotogaster antehumeralis
Anotogaster basalis
Anotogaster chaoi
Anotogaster cornutifrons
Anotogaster flaveola
Anotogaster gigantica
Anotogaster gregoryi
Anotogaster klossi
Anotogaster kuchenbeiseri
Anotogaster myosa
Anotogaster nipalensis
Anotogaster sakaii
Anotogaster sapaensis
Anotogaster sieboldii – jumbo dragonfly, Siebold's dragonfly
Anotogaster xanthoptera
References
Cordulegastridae
Anisoptera genera
Taxa named by Edmond de Sélys Longchamps | wiki |
The Haircut is a 1982 American short comedy film directed by Tamar Simon Hoffs. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival.
Cast
John Cassavetes as Music Industry Executive
Joyce Bulifant as Dell (Manicurist)
Nicholas Colasanto as Bobby Russo (Barber)
Meshach Taylor as Sam (Shoe Shine Man)
Susanna Hoffs as Bobby Russo's Daughter (as The Bangs)
Debbi Peterson as Bobby Russo's Daughter (as The Bangs)
Victoria Peterson as Bobby Russo's Daughter (as The Bangs)
Marji Mize as Bobby Russo's Daughter (as The Bangs)
Robert Silvestro as Man in Towel
Bob Russo as Real Barber
Michael Barsimanto as Drummer
Daniel Selby as Male Singer
References
External links
1982 films
1982 comedy films
Films directed by Tamar Simon Hoffs
American comedy short films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | wiki |
The Hispaniolan masked curly-tailed lizard (Leiocephalus personatus) is a lizard species from the family of curly-tailed lizard (Leiocephalidae). It is also known as the
Hispaniolan masked curlytail, Haitian curlytail lizard and the green-legged curly-tail. endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
Description
The species is sexually dimorphic, with the males being considerably larger, and having red markings on the head around the lower jaw. Females are much smaller, and are brown in colour, with lighter stripes running down the flanks. In males, the snout–vent length is with a tail of . Adult males have a black face and throat, extending beyond the ear to the shoulder folds. Young males often have pale spots below and in front of the ears. The crown is brown. Older males often have a wide pale longitudinal stripe on the back as well as lateral stripes. The underparts are lightly spotted with black, including the chin, legs and rather paler tail. The female is rather smaller than the male with a snout-to-vent length of and is rather more drab in colouration, with four longitudinal pale stripes, much black barring between the stripes, and underparts heavily spotted with black.
Distribution and habitat
This lizard is endemic to Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea. It is known from various locations in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It occurs at altitudes of up to about . It mainly inhabits damp locations, but is also present in shaded parts of dry shrublands, including broadleaf woodland, pine forests, plantations, coastal scrub, gardens, arable land and pasture. It also occurs in urban areas, city parks and town gardens. This lizard was first recorded in Florida in 1994, where it was described as a newly arrived exotic species "likely to colonize natural areas". It is restricted to several localities in Dade County.
Ecology
This lizard lives on the ground and is diurnal. It feeds mainly on insects and other small arthropods, but also eats some plant material. It is probably preyed on by the invasive small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata) which has been introduced to the island. A study of anti-predator behaviour among these lizards showed that those that lived in more open, exposed locations, tended to display such traits as longer limbs and faster sprint speeds.
Status
Leiocephalus personatus is endemic to Hispaniola, but within its limited range it is a common species and no particular threats have been identified. The population appears to be stable and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
References
Further reading
External links
Leiocephalus personatus – Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
Leiocephalus
Endemic fauna of Hispaniola
Reptiles of the Dominican Republic
Reptiles of Haiti
Reptiles described in 1862
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope | wiki |
Lemona () is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located about 25 km northeast of the town of Paphos and 7 km west of Agios Fotios.
It may have taken its name at old times from many stagnant waters () that existed in the area or from many lemon trees in the area (). The main occupation of the former inhabitants was agriculture. The village school closed in 1987. Lemona has an altitude of . Lemona Village is close to Choulou, Kourdaka and Letymvou villages.
Built at an elevation of 300 and watered by the river Ezousa, the Lemona village of about 50 inhabitants constitutes an impasse, as the road from there does not lead to another village. In addition the settlement is a hunting site during the hunting season.
References
Communities in Paphos District | wiki |
Spider cannibalism is the act of a spider consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. In the majority of cases a female spider kills and eats a male before, during, or after copulation. Cases in which males eat females are rare.
Females eating males
Many cultures, such as South Africa and Slovakia, believe that the male (usually significantly smaller than the female, down to 1% of her size as seen in Tidarren sisyphoides) is likely to be killed by the female after the coupling, or sometimes even before intercourse has been initiated. This supposed propensity is what gave the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans, its name. However, the three species of North American black widows do not usually kill the male (although they have been known to do so). Males can sometimes even live in the web of a female for a period without being harmed in any way. The male Australian redback spider Latrodectus hasselti is killed by the female after he inserts his second palpus in the female genital opening; in over 60% of cases the female then eats the male.
Although the male Latrodectus hasselti may sometimes die during mating without the female actually consuming him, this species represents a possible strategy of "male sacrifice". The male redback, while copulating, "somersaults" and twists his abdomen directly onto the fangs of his mate. Approximately 65% of males are consumed at this stage. Males that "sacrifice" themselves gain the benefit of increasing their paternity relative to males who do not get cannibalized.
Despite these examples and many other similar reports, however, the theory of the "sacrificial male" has become greater than the truth. Mating of spiders is not always followed by cannibalism. Indeed, scholars have noted that the "supposed aggressiveness of the female spider towards the male is largely a myth" and that cannibalism only occurs in exceptional cases. Even so, spider cannibalism has been shown to occur in some species more than in others, mainly species belonging to Latrodectus.
There has always been speculation on why this sacrifice of male mates might occur despite the obvious disadvantage to the sacrificial males. One theory is that once the male has mated, he is unlikely to mate again and so any further extension of his life is of lesser evolutionary benefit than his indirectly contributing nutrition to the eggs. Having more offspring would give the male the advantage of having his genes passed on over other males that might avoid being eaten. This scenario would be consistent with Roberts's hypothesis that old or unfit males get eaten, whilst younger and fitter ones may survive to mate again.
Males eating females
Reversing the traditional roles, species that have males consuming females are relatively unknown; the few that do show a male-biased sexual dimorphism. Examples include Allocosa brasiliensis, Evarcha culicivora, and Argyronetia aquatica. Male water spiders, Argyronetia aquatica, show a predilection for mating with larger females, while cannibalizing females smaller than themselves.
As is the case with Allocosa brasiliensis, males cull older females who are less fertile than their young counterparts.
Sacrificial mothers
Offspring of the species Stegodyphus lineatus exhibit matriphagy, eating their mother.
A female of Segestria florentina will sometimes die while guarding her eggs, and the hatched spiders will later eat her.
Non-reproductive cannibalism
Juvenile redback spiders live in groups immediately after hatching, and are known to cannibalize siblings during this period. Cannibalism is a heritable trait in these spiders, with some families more prone to it than others.
Some spiders, such as Pholcus phalangioides, will prey on their own kind when food is scarce. Also, females of Phidippus johnsoni have been observed carrying dead males in their fangs. This behavior may be triggered by aggression, where females carry over hostility from their juvenile state and consume males just as they would prey. Sih and Johnson surmise that non-reproductive cannibalism can occur due to a remnant of an aggression trait in juvenile females. Known as the "aggressive spillover hypothesis", this tendency to unselectively attack anything that moves is cultivated by a positive correlation between hostility, foraging capability, and fecundity. Aggression at a young age leads to an increase in prey consumption and as such, a larger adult size. This behavior "spills over" into adulthood, and shows up as a nonadaptive trait that manifests itself through adult females preying on males of their same species.
See also
Cannibalism (zoology)
Sexual cannibalism
References
Spiders
Articles containing video clips
Animal cannibalism | wiki |
Thunbergia jayii is een plantensoort uit de Acanthusfamilie (Acanthaceae). De soort komt voor in Malawi.
Acanthusfamilie | wiki |
Barbara O'Connor may refer to:
Barbara O'Connor (media studies scholar), Senior Lecturer in the School of Communications at Dublin City University
Barbara O'Connor (author), author of children's books | wiki |
Paul State Forest is a Virginia state forest located in Rockingham County near the town of Ottobine. Its are used for a variety of purposes including research.
It had previously been part of the family farm of John Paul, Jr., a United States federal judge in Western Virginia, who donated it to the state in 1961.
References
Virginia state forests
Virginia state forests
Protected areas of Rockingham County, Virginia
1962 establishments in Virginia
Protected areas established in 1962 | wiki |
Tracy Lynn Olivera is an American actress. It has been said that her "versatility as an actress makes her a DC theatre force of nature." As a jazz singer, she frequently performs with pianist Lenny Williams and her solo cd is entitled Because.
She is married to Evan Casey and together they have a son, Oscar Linus. She met Casey while performing in Allegro at the Signature Theatre. She studied at The Catholic University of America.
References
American musical theatre actresses
Living people
American stage actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American actresses
American women singers
Catholic University of America alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
A buzzword is a word or phrase, new or already existing, that becomes popular for a period of time. Buzzwords often derive from technical terms yet often have much of the original technical meaning removed through fashionable use, being simply used to impress others. Some "buzzwords" retain their true technical meaning when used in the correct contexts, for example artificial intelligence.
Buzzwords often originate in jargon, acronyms, or neologisms. Examples of overworked business buzzwords include synergy, vertical, dynamic, cyber and strategy.
It has been stated that businesses could not operate without buzzwords, as they are the shorthands or internal shortcuts that make perfect sense to people informed of the context. However, a useful buzzword can become co-opted into general popular speech and lose its usefulness. According to management professor Robert Kreitner, "Buzzwords are the literary equivalent of Gresham's Law. They will drive out good ideas."
Buzzwords, or buzz-phrases such as "all on the same page", can also be seen in business as a way to make people feel like there is a mutual understanding. As most workplaces use a specialized jargon, which could be argued is another form of buzzwords, it allows quicker communication. Indeed, many new hires feel more like "part of the team" the quicker they learn the buzzwords of their new workplace. Buzzwords permeate people's working lives so much that many don't realise that they are using them. The vice president of CSC Index, Rich DeVane, notes that buzzwords describe not only a trend, but also what can be considered a "ticket of entry" with regards to being considered as a successful organization – "What people find tiresome is each consulting firm's attempt to put a different spin on it. That's what gives bad information."
Buzzwords also feature prominently in politics, where they can result in a process which "privileges rhetoric over reality, producing policies that are 'operationalized' first and only 'conceptualized' at a later date". The resulting political speech is known for "eschewing reasoned debate (as characterized by the use of evidence and structured argument), instead employing language exclusively for the purposes of control and manipulation".
Definition
The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines a buzzword (hyphenating the term as buzz-word) as a slogan, or as a fashionable piece of jargon: a chic, fashionable, voguish, trendy word a la mode.
It has been asserted that buzzwords do not simply appear, they are created by a group of people working within a business as a means to generate hype. Buzzwords are most closely associated with management and have become the vocabulary that is known as "management speak": Using a pompous or magisterial term, of or relating to a particular subject employed to impress those outside of the field of expertise.
It could also be called buzz phrase or loaded word.
What this means is that when a manager uses a said buzzword, most other people do not hear the meaning, and instead just see it as a buzzword. However it has been said that buzzwords are almost a "necessary evil" of management, as a way to inspire their team, but also stroke their own egos. With that being said, a buzzword is not necessarily a bad thing, as many disciplines thrive with the introduction of new terms which can be called buzzwords. These can also cross over into pop culture and indeed even into everyday life. With media channels now operating through many media, such as television, radio, print and increasingly digital (especially with the rise of social media), a "buzzword" can catch on and rapidly be adapted through the world.
Origin
The origin of buzzwords can be seen in as coming from business students studying at Harvard University as a way to help them gain better results from their studies. Such language terms were collated and then became what is known today as "buzzwords". During the early years of buzzwords, buzzwords were used by students as a means to enable them to quickly recall items of importance. As an example, "If his analysis does not highlight the most important problems he has 'poor focus', and if he fails to emphasize important recommendations he will be accused of 'tinkering'. If the sequence for the 'implementation' of the recommendations is not good it is a matter of 'poor timing'. To succeed, the student must 'get on top of the problem'. He must 'hit the problem' and not 'shadow box' it. If he cannot do these things he might just as well 'turn in his suit'".
Students have used many different buzzwords to describe the situation that they are in, and how this might affect a moment in their everyday life. From studying these business students, noticed that business students could speak with apparent authority. It also seemed as if using the right buzzword was more important than what the student came up with as an answer. Buzzwords have a strong influence on business culture and are commonly used in business speak.
In popular culture
Jon Keegan of the Wall Street Journal has published a Business Buzzwords Generator, which allows readers to use a randomizer to assemble "meaningless business phrases using overused business buzzwords" – for example, "This product will incentivize big data and demonstrate innovative performance in the playing field."
Forbes hosts an annual "Jargon Madness" game, in which 32 of "corporate America's most insufferable expressions" are played off against each other in a bracketed, basketball-style tournament to determine the buzzword of the year.
LinkedIn publishes an annual list of buzzwords to avoid in creating résumés (British English: CVs) – "trite, empty words that may sound good to your ear but say almost nothing". The 2014 list: motivated, passionate, creative, driven, extensive experience, responsible, strategic, track record, organizational, and expert.
When people are approaching a meeting where they expect the presenters to use many buzzwords, they may prepare a game of buzzword bingo, where players score points each time a particular buzzword is used.
Patch Products has published a board game called Buzz Word.
The "Weird Al" Yankovic album Mandatory Fun contains the song "Mission Statement", which is a long list of essentially meaningless buzzwords.
Examples
General conversation
Education
Business, sales and marketing
Science and technology
Politics and current affairs
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Propaganda techniques using words
Rhetorical techniques | wiki |
Lightning Bug may refer to:
A firefly
Photinus (beetle)
Photuris (genus)
Pyractomena
Aircraft
Reflex Lightning Bug, an American kit aircraft design of the 1990s
Ryan Model 147 Lightning Bug, an unmanned aerial vehicle
Popular culture
Lightning Bug (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Lightning Bug (film), a 2004 horror film by writer/director Robert Hall
Lightning Bug (novel), a 1987 novel by American author Donald Harington
"Lightning Bug" (song), 2020 song by Dean Brody
Animal common name disambiguation pages | wiki |
UltraPort may refer to:
ThinkPad UltraPort - the IBM nonstandard USB connection
Ultra Port Architecture - the Sun Microsystems proprietary bus | wiki |
Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act, 2005 (also called as Chhattisgarh Vishesh Jan Suraksha Adhiniyam, 2005) is a law in the state of Chhattisgarh passed by the Chhattisgarh assembly in December 2005. The bill received the assent of the President of India and was brought into effect by notification issued on 12 April 2006.
The law
The People's Union for Democratic Rights pointed out that although this act was ostensibly meant to combat growing Maoist violence, all the Maoist groups operating in Chhattisgarh were already banned and declared unlawful organisations after the 2004 amendment to the Unlawful Activities - Act, 1967
It authorises the police to detain a person for committing acts, which among other things, show a "tendency to pose an obstacle to the administration of law". The act also states any person whose actions "encourage(s) the disobedience of the established law" will be considered "unlawful".
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, in a statement, said that the present definition of "unlawful activities" imperils free exercise of fundamental freedoms set out under Article 19 of the Constitution and illustratively it appears to restrict the right to hold public meetings; organise public protests; and oppose government policies through the media.
Arrests
Six organisations were banned under this act. Dr. Binayak Sen, General Secretary, Chhattisgarh People's Union for Civil Liberties was detained under this Act on 14 May 2007 allegedly for his linkages with the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
Criticism
Human rights activists says this legislation will lead to increased repression of human rights.
The People's Union for Democratic Rights said that this legislation is meant to suppress all political dissent in the state. This is evident from the fact that Maoist groups were already banned under 2004 amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.
The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative has expressed its reservations about the Act, and said it may become a potential instrument to throttle the right to free speech, legitimate dissent, and trample the fundamental rights enshrined in Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.
Concerns on press freedom
The act bars the media from carrying reports of any kind of ‘unlawful activities’ in the state. International Federation of Journalists appealed to the President of India, not to give his assent to "this undemocratic legislation, and initiate public debate on the complex causes of conflict, rather than treat it as a law and order problem."
President Christopher Warren, in a statement, said, "Freedom of the press is a pre-requisite for the peaceful resolution of conflict, and restricting the media from carrying out its professional activities can only lead to more suspicion and misinformation. Under no circumstances has gagging the media and silencing journalists furthered the objective of tackling armed conflict. It is only when democratic debate and the free flow of accurate information is made possible is the cause of democracy furthered."
References
External links
Unofficial English Translation of the Act
PUDR Analysis on the act
Chhattisgarh’s novel way to counter Naxals: Gun for journalists
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative statement
Chhattisgarh security act challenged in Supreme Court
Chhattisgarh state legislation
2005 in law
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | wiki |
Congressional archives consist of records and personal papers that document the history and activities of the United States Congress. The National Archives and Records Administration’s Center for Legislative Archives collects and preserves the official administrative and legislative records of the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives. The personal papers of individual senators and representatives, broadly called congressional collections, are the private property of members of Congress. Many members choose to donate their papers to repositories where their records are preserved and made available to the public.
Overview
The information resources documenting the legislative branch of the United States government are important for the understanding the role Congress plays in making the Nation’s laws and representing the views of the people in the federal government. The records and personal papers are created in many formats, including paper documents and photographs, electronic files, e-mails, databases, social media posts, videos, and more. Permanent records of the House of Representatives and the Senate reside in the National Archives and Records Administration’s Center for Legislative Archives. The personal papers of members of both chambers are preserved at archival repositories throughout the United States.
Official Records of the U.S. Congress
The official records of Congress are created in the standing, select, and joint committees of the Senate and House of Representatives. These records document committees’ organization, functions, and legislative intent and history. Records include bill and hearing files, meeting minutes, correspondence with executive agencies and interested parties, staff research files, and more. The National Archives and Records Administration’s Center for Legislative Archives maintains physical custody of the records and makes them available to the public in accordance with House and Senate rules.
In the House, the chair of each committee transfers non-current records of the committee to the Clerk. The Clerk delivers the records to the Archivist of the United States for preservation in the National Archives and Records Administration. These records remain the permanent property of the House and are subject to rules and orders of the body. Most records are closed from public viewing for 30–50 years depending on their nature and content.
In the Senate, official records filed with the Secretary of the Senate are transferred to the National Archives. The Senate continues to own their records and determine the rules of access. Senate records are closed for 20 years, and records with personal information or relating to investigations, executive sessions, or nominations, are closed for 50 years.
Personal Papers of Members of the U.S. Congress
Any files created by a congressional office are considered the Member’s property. These typically include legislative files, constituent services files, political campaign and leadership files, personal papers, and office management files. Members’ personal papers may be donated to an archival repository of their designation and are dispersed in repositories throughout the country.
History
Prior to the 1930s, no centralized means of archiving the records of Congress existed. Then in 1937 the Senate began to transfer records to the National Archives and Records Administration. The House of Representatives began to do the same in 1946.
In 1977, the congressionally mandated National Study Commission on Records and Documents of Federal Officials, known as the Public Documents Commission, recommended that presidential and congressional papers should be defined as public property. Congress passed the 1978 Presidential Records Act to make the presidential records public property, but the ownership of congressional records was more complex. The Senate took steps to better manage its official records first by creating the Senate Historical Office in 1975 and then with a 1980 mandate that most of its confidential records be opened 20 years after their creation. The records created in Member offices remained the private property of each member. There have been thousands of Members of Congress and preservation of the significant volume of congressional archival materials remains a challenge. In 1985, the National Archives established the Legislative Archives Division, renamed the Center for Legislative Archives in 1988.
Steps to improve congressional records management and preservation continued, and in 1990, the Advisory Committee on the Records of Congress was created to advise Congress and the Archivist of the United States on the preservation of the records of Congress. The committee is chaired by the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate and includes the Senate and House historians, the Archivist of the United States, and appointed public members who represent historians, political scientists, congressional archivists, and others responsible for legislative records. It meets twice a year.
In 1992, The Documentation of Congress was published based on the work of the Task Force on Congressional Documentation of the Society of American Archivists’ Congressional Archivists Roundtable. The Documentation of Congress provided detailed recommendations for improving the documentation of congressional functions.
In 2008, the House of Representatives passed House Concurrent Resolution 307, declaring that papers of Members are “crucial to the public’s understanding of the role of Congress in making the Nation’s laws and responding to the needs of its citizens.”
Repositories for Personal Papers of Members of the U.S. Congress
Names of repositories that hold congressional papers are available through the National Archives and Records Administration’s Center for Legislative Archives and the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress.
Lists of Personal Papers of Members of Congress by State
List of Locations of West Virginia Congressional papers
References
National Archives and Records Administration
Archives in the United States
Legislative libraries | wiki |
The ankle knee step is a type of high step used by marching bands. It is named such because when executed properly, the ankle of one leg should be at the height of the knee of the other leg. This step is chiefly used by marching bands which consider themselves traditional or show style bands, although drum corps and corps-style marching bands may use this step sparingly for effect.
When performed, the toe should be the last part of the foot to leave the ground and the first part to hit it again. Although the step is a dynamic movement, care should be taken to step smoothly so as not to interrupt the air flow of wind instrumentalists. As the glide step rolls the foot from the heel to the toe, marchers executing the ankle knee step roll the foot from the toe to the heel.
The entire step is a fluid motion; execution should be in time such that the "up" position is reached on the "and" counts and the "down" position is on the "down" counts. The foot comes forward in a scooping action rather than a bicycle step, which is to be avoided.
Notable Bands that use Ankle-Knee Step
Marching 100 (Florida A&M University)
The Pride (Bethune-Cookman University)
The Human Jukebox (Southern University)
Tiger Marching Band (Grambling State University)
The Aristocrat of Bands (Tennessee State University)
Marching Illini (University of Illinois)
Eastern Michigan University Marching BandThe Pride of The Peninsula (Eastern Michigan University)
South Carolina State Marching 101 Band (SCSU)
See also
Glide step
Chair step
References
Marching bands
Military marching | wiki |
Podocarpus brevifolius é uma espécie de conífera da família Podocarpaceae.
Apenas pode ser encontrada na Malásia.
Referências
brevifolius | wiki |
Carriera
Venne selezionato dai Baltimore Bullets al primo giro del Draft NBA 1969 (14ª scelta assoluta).
Palmarès
NBA All-Rookie First Team (1970)
Collegamenti esterni
Scheda su thedraftreview.com | wiki |
Real Prison Breaks is a British television series shown on ITV4 and Pick TV in 2010 and 2011, which documents prison escapes from around the world. In each episode three prison escapes are documented and reconstructed, usually one from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia or Ireland. It is narrated by Sean Bean.
Episodes
Season 1
Court House Killer (July 13, 2010)
Prisoner in Paradise (July 13, 2010)
Honeymoon's Over (July 20, 2010)
Nothing to Lose (July 20, 2010)
Postage Freedom (July 27, 2010)
Oral High Jinks (July 27, 2010)
Everything's Bigger in Texas (August 3, 2010)
Casanova's Leap (August 3, 2010
Digging Out (August 10, 2010)
Tragic Consequence (August 10, 2010)
Season 2
The Pact (August 9, 2011)
The Poster Caper (August 9, 2011)
Runaway Chuck (August 16, 2011)
Love on the Run (August 16, 2011)
Lovelorn & Airborne (August 23, 2011)
The Torturer (August 23, 2011)
The Escapist (August 30, 2011)
A Fugitive Among Us (September 6, 2011)
Trooper Tragedy (September 13, 2011)
Gone to the Dogs (September 20, 2011)
Love Behind Bars (September 27, 2011)
Love & Loyalty (October 4, 2011)
References
External links
2010 British television series debuts
2011 British television series endings
2010s British crime television series
British prison television series
ITV documentaries
English-language television shows | wiki |
Disease resistance breeding is the process of selective breeding to produce or improve disease resistance. It is also used more generally for breeding for disease tolerance.
Types include:
Plant breeding for disease resistance
Other examples of Selective breeding in other organisms | wiki |
Drive-through is a service that motorists can use from their vehicle (without parking).
It may also mean:
the auto-racing penalty: Drive-through (auto racing)
a 2007 film: Drive-Thru (film)
a song by Tenacious D: Tenacious D (album)
a SpongeBob SquarePants episode: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 8) | wiki |
Neticonazole (INN) is an imidazole antifungal for the treatment of fungal skin infections.
Neticonazole is only approved for use in Japan. It is sold as a topical ointment under the tradename Atolant.
References
Phenol ethers
Thioethers
Alkene derivatives
Imidazole antifungals
Lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors | wiki |
Scheduling software may refer to:
Appointment scheduling software, software that allows businesses and professionals to manage appointments and bookings
Meeting scheduling software, software that helps teams co-ordinate meetings considering multiple individual schedules
Employee scheduling software, software that automates the process of creating and maintaining schedules for multiple employees
Job scheduler, a computer application for controlling unattended background program execution of jobs
See also
List of job scheduler software
Schedule (disambiguation)
Scheduler (disambiguation) | wiki |
A monochrome outfit is a full dress combination (usually including headwear, purse, footwears, and other accessories) that uses only variations of a single color, usually differing only in lightness and darkness.
The term may also mean a dress combination that uses only the colors black and white, for example as favored by fashion designer Coco Chanel.
See also
Miss Monochrome, an anime character and virtual singer that dresses in black and white.
References
Clothing | wiki |
Beyond Natural Selection is a 1991 book by Robert G. Wesson, published by MIT Press.
Wesson argues for the case of pluralism in biology. He suggests alternative mechanisms of evolution rather than natural selection. Wesson argues that reductionism is inadequate and looks for chaos theory as an example of a different approach that is needed to explain evolution. The book provides unsolved problems that Wesson believed natural selection could not account for.
Reception
The paleontologist Joseph G. Carter in a critical review for the American Scientist wrote the book "includes innumerable oversimplifications and misrepresentations of both evolutionary theory and the paleontological record." Carter noted that the book was filled with errors such as Wesson's claim there is a lack of transitional fossils. Carter wrote that the "book approaches the scientific illiteracy" of the intelligent design text Of Pandas and People, and concluded it was an "embarrassment to the editors of the MIT Press".
The ecologist Arthur M. Shapiro in a review for The Quarterly Review of Biology negatively reviewed the book for misunderstanding evolutionary biology and poor scholarship. According to Shapiro he "found an average of just over one error... per page by checking pages of this book at random."
The historian Peter J. Bowler compared the book to anti-Darwinian and creationist works. He criticized the book for utilizing straw man arguments and presenting no valid scientific alternative to natural selection. Bowler noted that it is "easy to criticize an established theory, much more difficult to come up with a workable alternative... Hand waving about the creative power of the organism makes a nice-sounding philosophical position but a poor scientific theory".
References
1991 non-fiction books
Books about evolution
MIT Press books
Non-Darwinian evolution
1991 in biology | wiki |
Division No. 1, Subdivision J is an unorganized subdivision on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division 1.
Newfoundland and Labrador subdivisions | wiki |
Ishi Giant is a giant sequoia in California, United States. It is located in Kennedy Grove, which is part of a group of eight closely spaced giant sequoia groves situated in Sequoia National Forest in the Sierra Nevada in eastern central California. It was the 14th largest giant sequoia in the world before it atrophied during the Rough Fire in 2015.
History
Ishi Giant was discovered by naturalist Dwight M. Willard in 1993. Naturalist Wendell D. Flint suggested naming the tree "Calavera" after the two discovered a human skull beside the tree later that same year. However, Willard chose to name the tree after Ishi, the last Yahi Yana tribesman who is believed to have been the last Native American in the United States to have lived most of his life completely outside American culture.
Before 2015, Ishi Giant measured tall with a trunk volume of , making it the fourteenth largest giant sequoia tree in the world. The trunk of tree featured a large, deep burn scar on its southern face with two large "buttresses" on either side of its trunk. The crown of the tree was concentrated almost exclusively around the top third of its total height.
In 2015, the tree lost significant trunk volume, over in height, and over half of its crown during the Rough Fire. A new volume and height estimate is needed to determine its current size.
See also
List of largest giant sequoias
List of individual trees
References
Individual giant sequoia trees
Kings Canyon National Park | wiki |
Acetoxolone (also known as acetylglycyrrhetic acid, acetylglycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhetinyl acetate and glycyrrhetic acid acetate) is a drug used for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is an acetyl derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid. It is found in Echinopora lamellosa.
See also
Carbenoxolone
Enoxolone
References
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system and metabolism
Triterpenes
Carboxylic acids
Ketones
Acetate esters | wiki |
Luohan (or "lohan" in older sources) is Chinese for arhat.
Luohan may also refer to:
Luohan or Flowerhorn cichlid, a cichlid fish hybrid
See also
Lohan (disambiguation)
Yixian glazed pottery luohans
Luohan quan, named after the Chinese word for arhat
Luóhàn guǒ (arhat's fruit), the Chinese word for the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii
Luóhàn zhāi (vegetarian arhat), a Chinese dish also known as Buddha's delight | wiki |
The light heavyweight class is an event on the Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games competition. Light heavyweights were limited to those boxers weighing under , 20 boxers competed.
Like all Olympic boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.
Medalists
Tournament
Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games | wiki |
Sulglicotide (or sulglycotide) is a drug used for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
References
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system and metabolism | wiki |
Dimethylaminopropionylphenothiazine or 10-(alpha-dimethylaminopropionyl)phenothiazine is an antispasmodic.
References
Phenothiazines
Acetamides | wiki |
Ambutonium bromide is a muscarinic antagonist.
References
Muscarinic antagonists
Quaternary ammonium compounds | wiki |
Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions. Water is traditionally removed through evaporation by using methods such as air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying, although today electric food dehydrators or freeze-drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results.
Food types
Many different foods can be prepared by dehydration. Meat has held a historically significant role. For centuries, much of the European diet depended on dried cod—known as salt cod, bacalhau (with salt), or stockfish (without). It formed the main protein source for the slaves on the West Indian plantations, and was a major economic force within the triangular trade. Dried fish most commonly cod or haddock, known as Harðfiskur, is a delicacy in Iceland, while dried reindeer meat is a traditional Sami food. Dried meats include prosciutto (Parma ham), bresaola, biltong and beef jerky.
Dried fruits have been consumed historically due to their high sugar content and sweet taste, and a longer shelf-life from drying. Fruits may be used differently when dried. The plum becomes a prune, the grape a raisin. Figs and dates may be transformed into different products that can either be eaten as they are, used in recipes, or rehydrated.
Freeze-dried vegetables are often found in food for backpackers, hunters, and the military. Garlic and onion are often dried. Edible mushrooms, as well as other fungi, are also sometimes dried for preservation purposes or to be used as seasonings.
Preparation
Home drying of vegetables, fruit and meat can be carried out with electrical dehydrators (household appliance) or by sun-drying or by wind. Preservatives such as potassium metabisulfite, BHA, or BHT may be used, but are not required. However, dried products without these preservatives may require refrigeration or freezing to ensure safe storage for a long time.
Industrial food dehydration is often accomplished by freeze-drying. In this case food is flash frozen and put into a reduced-pressure system which causes the water to sublimate directly from the solid to the gaseous phase. Although freeze-drying is more expensive than traditional dehydration techniques, it also mitigates the change in flavor, texture, and nutritional value. In addition, another widely used industrial method of drying of food is convective hot air drying. Industrial hot air dryers are simple and easy to design, construct and maintain. More so, it is very affordable and has been reported to retain most of the nutritional properties of food if dried using appropriate drying conditions.
Another form of food dehydration is irradiation. Irradiation uses x-rays, ultraviolet light, and ionizing radiations to penetrate food to the point of sterilization. Astronauts and people who are highly at risk for microbial infections benefit from this method of food drying.
Hurdle technology is the combination of multiple food preservation methods. Hurdle technology uses low doses of multiple food preservation techniques in order to ensure food is not only safe but is desirable visually and texturally.
Packaging
Packaging ensures effective food preservation. Some methods of packaging that are beneficial to dehydrated food are vacuum sealed, inert gases, or gases that help regulate respiration, biological organisms, and growth of microorganisms.
Other methods
There are many different methods for drying, each with their own advantages for particular applications. These include:
Convection drying
Bed dryers
Drum drying
Freeze Drying
Microwave-vacuum drying
Shelf dryers
Spray drying
Infrared radiation drying
Combined thermal hybrid drying
Sunlight
Commercial food dehydrators
Household oven
See also
Bouillon cube
Curing
Dried fruit
Instant noodles
Instant soup
List of dried foods
List of smoked foods
Meat extract
References
External links
National Center for Home Food Preservation, drying section
Cooking techniques
Drying processes
Food technology
Garde manger
ca:Assecatge | wiki |
Pentagonica spatulata is een keversoort uit de familie van de loopkevers (Carabidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2011 door Baehr.
spatulata | wiki |
Reasonable Doubt: A Tale of Two Kidnappings is a 2021 Mexican true crime documentary miniseries, about four men who were arrested for being involved in a kidnapping following a car accident.
Episodes
References
External links
2020s Mexican television series
2021 Mexican television series debuts
Spanish-language Netflix original programming
Netflix original documentary television series | wiki |
Neelu (1936–2018) is a Tamil actor.
Neelu is an Indian name. It may refer to
Neelu Vaghela (born 1970), Indian actress
Neelu Kohli, Indian actress
Neelu Rohmetra, Indian academic
See also
Nilu Phule (1930s–2009), Marathi actor | wiki |
Functional training is a classification of exercise which involves training the body for the activities performed in daily life.
Origins
Functional training has its origins in rehabilitation. Physical and occupational therapists and chiropractors often use this approach to retrain patients with movement disorders. Interventions are designed to incorporate task and context specific practice in areas meaningful to each patient, with an overall goal of functional independence. For example, exercises that mimic what patients did at home or work may be included in treatment in order to help them return to their lives or jobs after an injury or surgery. Thus if a patient's job required repeatedly heavy lifting, rehabilitation would be targeted towards heavy lifting, if the patient were a parent of young children, it would be targeted towards moderate lifting and endurance, and if the patient were a marathon runner, training would be targeted towards re-building endurance. However, treatments are designed after careful consideration of the patient's condition, what he or she would like to achieve, and ensuring goals of treatment are realistic and achievable.
Functional training attempts to adapt or develop exercises which allow individuals to perform the activities of daily life more easily and without injuries.
In the context of body building, functional training involves mainly weight bearing activities targeted at core muscles of the abdomen and lower back. Fabio Martella wrote that most fitness facilities have a variety of weight training machines which target and isolate specific muscles. As a result, the movements do not necessarily bear any relationship to the movements people make in their regular activities or sports.
In rehabilitation, training does not necessarily have to involve weight bearing activities, but can target any task or a combination of tasks that a patient is having difficulty with. Balance training, for example, is often incorporated into a patient's treatment plan if it has been impaired after injury or disease.
Evidence
Rehabilitation after stroke has evolved over the past 15 years from conventional treatment techniques to task specific training techniques which involve training of basic functions, skills and endurance (muscular and cardiovascular). Functional training has been well supported in evidenced based research for rehabilitation of this population. It has been shown that task specific training yields long-lasting cortical reorganization which is specific to the areas of the brain being used with each task. Studies have also shown that patients make larger gains in functional tasks used in their rehabilitation and since they are more likely to continue practicing these tasks in everyday living, better results during follow-up are obtained.
Equipment
Some options include:
Clubbells
Macebells
Cable machines
Barbells
Dumbbells
Medicine balls
Kettlebells
Bodyweight training
Physioballs (also called Swiss balls or exercise balls)
Resistance bands
Rocker and wobble boards
Whole Body Vibration equipment (also called WBV or Acceleration Training)
Balance disks
Sandbags
Suspension system
Slideboard
Redcord
Ropes
In rehabilitation however, equipment is mainly chosen by its relevance to the patient. In many cases equipment needs are minimal and include things that are familiar and useful to the patient.
Cable machines
Cable machines, also known as pulley machines, are large upright machines, either with a single pulley, or else a pulley attached to both sides. They allow an athlete to recruit all major muscle groups while moving in multiple planes. Cable machines also provide a smooth, continuous action which reduces the need for momentum to start repetitions, provide a constant tension on the muscle, peak-contraction is possible at the top of each rep, a safe means of performing negative repetitions, and a variety of attachments that allow great flexibility in the exercises performed and body parts targeted.
Components of a functional exercise program
To be effective, a functional exercise program should include a number of different elements which can be adapted to an individual's needs or goals:
Based on functional tasks directed toward everyday life activities.
Individualized – a training program should be tailored to each individual. Any program must be specific to the goals of an individual, focusing on meaningful tasks. It must also be specific to the individual state of health, including presence or history of injury. An assessment should be performed to help guide exercise selection and training load.
Integrated – It should include a variety of exercises that work on flexibility, core, balance, strength and power, focusing on multiple movement planes.
Progressive – Progressive training steadily increases the difficulty of the task.
Periodized – mainly by training with distributed practice and varying the tasks.
Repeated frequently.
Use of real life object manipulation.
Performed in context-specific environments.
Feedback should be incorporated following performance (self-feedback of success is used as well as trainer/therapist feedback).
See also
Direct visual feedback
References
Physical exercise
Weight training
Aerobic exercise | wiki |
Tumble or tumbling may refer to:
Arts and media
Tumble (album), a 1989 album by Biota
Tumble (TV series), a British TV series
Tumble (video game), a 2010 Sony Interactive Entertainment video game
"Tumble", a song by Meghan Trainor from the album Only 17
Mr Tumble, a character on Something Special
Other uses
Tumbling (gymnastics), a gymnastic sport
Tumble, Carmarthenshire, a village in South Wales
Tumble RFC, a rugby union club
A special case of Poinsot's ellipsoid, describing a form of chaotic rotation of an extended object
See also
Tumble finishing, a technique for smoothing and polishing the surface on small parts
Tumbler (disambiguation) | wiki |
A paddle is a handheld tool with an elongated handle and a flat, widened distal end (i.e. the blade), used as a lever to apply force onto the bladed end. It most commonly describes a completely handheld tool used to propel a human-powered watercraft by pushing water in a direction opposite to the direction of travel (i.e. paddling). It is different to an oar (which is similar in shape and performs the same function via rowing) in that the latter is attached to the watercraft via a fulcrum.
However, the term "paddle" can also be used to describe objects of similar shapes or functions:
A rotating set of paddle boards known as a paddle wheel is used to propel a steamboat (i.e. paddle steamer).
A number of games (e.g. ping-pong), a "paddle" or "bat" is a small racket used to strike a ball.
A mixing paddle is an agitator device used to stir and more thoroughly mix separate ingredients within a mixture.
A spanking paddle is used in corporal punishment, typically to forcefully hit someone (e.g. a juvenile) on the buttocks.
Canoe and kayak paddles
Materials and designs
Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass, carbon fibre, or metal rod (the shaft) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the blade) on the other end. Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end; they are handled from the middle of the shaft.
Kayak paddles having blades in the same plane (when viewed down the shaft) are called "un-feathered." Paddles with blades in different planes are called "feathered". Feathered paddles are measured by the degree of feather, such as 30, 45, or even 90 degrees. Many modern paddles are made of two pieces which can be snapped together in either feathered or unfeathered settings. The shaft is normally straight but in some cases a 'crank' is added with the aim of making the paddle more comfortable and reducing strain on the wrist. Because the kayak paddle is not supported by the boat, paddles made of lighter materials are desired; it is not uncommon for a kayak paddle to be two pounds ( ) or less and very expensive paddles can be as light as . Weight savings are more desirable at the ends of the paddle rather than in the middle.
Cheaper kayak paddles have an aluminium shaft while more expensive ones use a lighter fibreglass or carbon fibre shaft. Some paddles have a smaller diameter shaft for people with smaller hands. Paddle length varies with a longer paddle being better suited for stronger people, taller people, and people using the paddle in a wider kayak. Some paddle makers have an online paddle size calculator. Blades vary in size and shape. A blade with a larger surface area may be desirable for a strong person with good shoulder joints, but tiring for a weaker person or a person with less than perfect shoulder joints.
Because normal paddling involves alternately dipping and raising the paddle blades, the colour of the blades may affect the visibility of the kayaker to powerboats operators under limited visibility conditions. For this reason white or yellow blades may offer a safety advantage over black or blue blades. Of course, kayakers should wear a headlamp or have other lighting on their kayak under conditions of limited lighting. However, if a powerboat operator must look straight into a sun low in the sky to see a kayaker, the motion of brightly coloured paddle blades may be of more value than lighting on the kayak. Highly reflective water resistant tape (e.g. SOLAS tape) may be affixed to the paddle blades and boat to enhance visibility.
Use
The paddle is held with two hands, some distance apart from each other. For normal use, it is drawn through the water from front (bow) to back (stern) to drive the boat forwards. The two blades of a kayak paddle are dipped alternately on either side of the kayak. A paddle is distinguished from an oar in that the paddle is held in the user's hands and completely supported by the paddler, whereas an oar is primarily supported by the boat, through the use of oarlocks. Gloves may be worn to prevent blistering for long periods of paddling.
Other types
On mechanical paddle steamers, the motorized paddling is not done with a mass of paddles or oars but by rotating one or a few paddle wheels (rather the inverse of a water mill).
Racing paddles also have special designs. They are generally less flat and are curved to catch more water which will enable racing paddlers to maximize the efficiency of their stroke. Wing bladed paddles are very popular in kayak racing. A wing paddle looks like a spoon and acts like a wing or sail generating lift on the convex side, which pulls the paddle forward-outward at the expense of overcoming drag. This gives additional forward thrust as compared with a flat paddle with forward thrust mainly from drag. Bent shaft paddles, popular with tripping and marathon canoers, have a blade that is angled from the shaft, usually 12 to 15 degrees.
See also
Canoe paddle strokes
Mixing paddle
Oar
Spanking paddle
References
External links
Paddling History
Canoeing and kayaking equipment
Marine propulsion
Fishing equipment | wiki |
A lay leader is a member of the laity in any congregation who has been chosen as a leader either by their peers or the leadership of the congregation. In most denominations, lay leadership is not an ordained clerical office, and the lay leader's responsibilities vary according to the particular tradition of the congregation. Some organizations do not allow the lay leader to give sacraments for example, but do allow them to perform most other portions of the service that are normally the responsibility of the clergy (e.g. giving sermons when the regular clergy are on vacation).
By denomination
The Assemblies of God official position paper on Ordination states, "When necessary, the laity can perform all of the functions of ministry except those for which the State requires an ordained minister."
In The United Methodist Church the lay leader refers to the principal layperson in a local church, district or Annual Conference who represents and leads the laity in ministry. It is an elected position, and the lay leader will serve on most church committees.
Various titles are used for lay leaders in different religious organizations, including lay preacher; lay reader (in Episcopal churches); lay speaker (in the United Methodist Church, USA); local preacher (in the UK Methodist Church and the Uniting Church in Australia); Reader (in the Anglican Church); and deacon, though this last title can also refer to an ordained ministry.
The Unitarian & Free Christian Churches of Great Britain have Accredited Lay Preachers who take services including rites of passage.
Responsibilities
The following list gives examples of things lay leaders may be responsible for:
acting as ushers
acting as liturgists
making announcements
reading scripture
offering sermons
conducting a complete service
serving or chairing church committees
congregational advocate and liaison
References
Local Christian church officials
Religious leadership roles | wiki |
Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. For example, observers often fail to notice major differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again. People's poor ability to detect changes has been argued to reflect fundamental limitations of human attention. Change blindness has become a highly researched topic and some have argued that it may have important practical implications in areas such as eyewitness testimony and distractions while driving.
History
Early anecdotal observations
Outside of the domain of psychology, phenomena related to change blindness have been discussed since the 19th century. When film editing was introduced in movies, editors began to notice that changes to the background were not noticed by those watching the film. Going back earlier, William James (1842–1910) was the first to mention the lack of ability to detect change in his book Principles of Psychology (1890).
Earliest experimental reports
Research on change blindness developed from investigation in other phenomena such as eye movements and working memory. Although individuals have a very good memory as to whether or not they have seen an image, they are generally poor at recalling the smaller details in that image. When we are visually stimulated with a complex picture, it is more likely that individuals retain only a gist of an image and not the image in its entirety.
The laboratory study of change blindness began in the 1970s within the context of eye movement research. George McConkie conducted the first studies on change blindness involving changes in words and texts; in these studies, the changes were introduced while the observer performed a saccadic eye movement. Observers often failed to notice these changes.
In the late 1980s, the first clear experimental demonstration was published showing very poor change detection in complex displays over brief intervals without eye movements being involved. Pashler (1988) showed that observers were poor at detecting changes introduced into arrays of letters while the display was flickered off and on, even if the offset was as brief as 67 milliseconds (although offsets briefer than that produced much more effective change detection). Pashler concluded by noting how odd it was that people generally report having a "clear sense of apprehending the identities and locations of large numbers of objects in a scene" (p. 377), and that given this introspective sense, it seemed quite surprising how poor is their detection of changes.
Research in the 1990s and 2000s
With the rise of the ability to present complex, real-world images on a computer screen, McConkie, in the early 1990s, as part of new research at the new Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, renewed investigations of why the world looks stable and continuous despite the shifting retinal input signal that accompanied each saccade. This research began when John Grimes and Dr. George McConkie (1996) began to use actual photographs to study visual stability. This development in change blindness research was able to show the effects of change blindness in more realistic settings. Additionally, further research stated that rather large changes will not be detected when they occur during saccadic movements of the eye. In the first experiment of this kind, in 1995, Blackmore et al. forced saccades by moving the image and making a change in the scene at the same time. Observers' ability to detect the changes fell to chance. The effect was stronger using this method than when using brief grey flashes between images, although subsequent research has mostly used grey flashes or masking stimuli. Another finding based on similar studies stated that a change was easily picked up on by participants when the eye was fixated on the point of change. Therefore, the eye must be directly fixated on the area of change for it to be noticed. This was called the saccade target theory of transsaccadic memory of visual stability. However, other research in the mid-1990s has indicated that individuals still have difficulty detecting change even when they are directly fixated on a particular scene. Rensink, O'Regan, and Clarke presented a picture, followed by a blank, masking screen, followed by the initial picture with a change. The masking screen acts like a saccadic eye movement. This was a critical contribution to change blindness research because it demonstrated that a change can remain unnoticed with the smallest disruptions.
Research on change blindness proceeded one step further into practical applications of this phenomenon. For example, there does not have to be a masking stimulus in order for individuals to miss a change in a scene. Individuals often take significantly longer to notice certain changes if there are a few small, high contrast shapes that are temporarily splattered over a picture. This method for testing change blindness is called “mudsplashes”. This method is particularly relevant to individuals driving in a car when there is a visual obstruction on the windshield. This obstruction may impair an individual's ability to detect a change in their environment which could result in severe negative consequences while driving.
Current research (2010–present)
Change detection
Research indicates that detecting changes in a change blindness task is easier when items are holistically processed, such as faces. Individuals notice a change faster when required to detect changes in facial features than when required to detect changes in images of houses. However, individuals are better at identifying the nature of the change in houses.
Other researchers have discovered that mental processing in change blindness begins even before the change is presented. More specifically, there is increased brain activity in the parietal-occipital and occipital regions prior to the emergence of a change in a change blindness task.
Researchers have also indicated there is a difference in brain activity between detecting a change and identifying change in an image. Detecting a change is associated with a higher ERP (Event-related potential) whereas identifying change is associated with an increased ERP before and after the change was presented.
Additional research using fluctuations in ERPs has observed that changes in pictures (change blindness) are represented in the brain, even without the perceiver's conscious awareness of the change.
Change blindness can be effectively used in the process of visualizing actual changes detected in 3D scenes. With appropriate techniques it is possible to enhance the perception of the portion of a 3D scene that is changed while hiding non significant, but otherwise still visible, changes.
Lucid dreaming
Lucid dreaming occurs when one realizes that the events experienced within a dream are bizarre or would not occur in one's waking life. As such, the inability to notice the bizarre nature of the dream has been coined as an example of change blindness, also known as individuals who are non-lucid dreamers. However, a recent study found that lucid dreamers did not perform better on a change blindness task than non-lucid dreamers. Therefore, the relation between lucid dreamers and change blindness has been discredited to some degree.
In teams
Another interesting area of research is the decreased susceptibility to change blindness when individuals are placed in teams. Although change blindness is still observed within teams, research has indicated that changes between images are noticed more when individuals work in teams as opposed to individually. Both teamwork and communication assist teams in correctly identifying changes between images.
Expertise
Another recent study looked at the relation between expertise and change blindness. Physics experts were more likely to notice a change between two physics problems than novices. It is hypothesized that experts are better at analyzing problems on a deeper level whereas novices employ a surface-level analysis. This research suggests that observing the phenomenon of change blindness may be conditional upon the context of the task.
Choice blindness
Cognitive psychologists expanded the study of change blindness into decision-making. In one study, they showed participants ten pairs of faces and asked them to choose which face was more attractive. For some pairs, the experimenter used sleight of hand to show participants a face they had not chosen. Only 26% of subjects noticed the mismatch between their choice of face and the different face they were shown instead. The experimenters tested pairs of faces that were either high in similarity or low in similarity, but the detection rate was no different between those conditions. Subjects were also asked to give reasons why they had chosen a face (although due to the sleight of hand they actually hadn't chosen it). Despite the mismatch, subjects gave responses that were comparable in emotionality, specificity, and certainty for faces they had or had not actually chosen. Further research has shown that the failure to detect mismatches between intention and outcome exists in consumer product choices and in political attitudes.
Counteraction
Prior research in the early part of the decade had shown that change blindness can be counteracted by a number of methods. Shifting attention with a visual cue can help lower the negative effects of change blindness. Stimulation of the superior colliculus improves performance and reaction time in the same way. However, recent research has also been done on countering tactile change blindness. A 2016 study by Riggs et al. shows that three successful methods for limiting tactile change blindness in distinguishing changes in vibration patterns are attention guidance, signal gradation and direct comparison. All three methods seek to bring attention to the area of change. Attention guidance works proactively by increasing the frequency of a cue. The second and third methods are reactive and based on error-feedback. Signal gradation further increases the intensity of the vibration after the change has been missed. Direct comparison pairs the pre-change and post-change vibration intensities without a gap in between after a change has been missed to support the use of relative judgment rather than absolute. While all significantly improve performance, the second and third countermeasures are most effective. Concentration and attention are also a major factors in avoiding change blindness.
Non-humans
Though comparatively little research has been done on change blindness in other animals, a few species of animals exhibited the same effects of change blindness as humans. Using the same motion detection paradigm for monkeys as humans, researchers found the results were the same in showing change blindness in motion. Pigeons not only demonstrate change blindness, but also are influenced by the salience and timing of the change in scenery like humans. Chimpanzees similarly have difficulty with detecting change in flicker-type visual search after a blank display was shown. Positional switches of a stimulus are the most difficult for chimpanzees to detect. The results show that the same levels of attention is demanded for chimpanzees as humans in these tasks.
Change detection methods
Saccade forcing paradigm
This method was used in the first, 1995, experiment. A change is made in an image at the same time as the image is moved in an unpredictable direction, forcing a saccade. This method mimics eye movements and can detect change blindness without introducing blank screens, masking stimuli or mudsplashes. However, it is unclear if small additions to an image will predict if people will be unable to notice larger changes in an image to the same position to their eye.
Flicker paradigm
In this paradigm, an image and an altered image are switched back and forth with a blank screen in the middle. This procedure is performed at a very high rate and observers are instructed to click a button as soon as they see the difference between the two images. This method of studying change blindness has helped researchers discover two very important findings. The first finding is that it usually takes a while for individuals to notice a change even though they are being instructed to search for a change. In some cases, it can even take individuals over one minute of constant flickers to determine the location of the change. The second important finding is that changes to more important areas of a photograph are noticed at a faster rate than changes to areas of less interest. Although the flicker paradigm was first used in the late 1990s, it is still commonly used in current research on change blindness and has contributed to current knowledge on change blindness.
Forced choice detection paradigm
Individuals who are tested under the forced choice paradigm are only allowed to view the two pictures once before they make a choice. Both images are also shown for the same amount of time. The flicker paradigm and the forced choice detection paradigm are known as intentional change detection tasks, which means that the participants know they are trying to detect change. These studies have shown that even while participants are focusing their attention and searching for a change, the change may remain unnoticed.
Mudsplashes
Mudsplashes are small, high contrast shapes that are scattered over an image, but do not cover the area of the picture in which the change occurs. This mudsplash effect prevents individuals from noticing the change between the two pictures. A practical application of this paradigm is that dangerous stimuli in a scene may not be noticed if there are slight obstructions in an individual's visual field. Previously, it has been stated that humans hold a very good internal representation of visual stimuli. Studies involving mudsplashes have shown that change blindness may occur because our internal representations of visual stimuli may be much worse than previous studies have shown. Mudsplashes have not been used as frequently as the flicker or forced choice detection paradigms in change blindness research, but have yielded many significant and groundbreaking results.
Foreground-background segregation
The foreground-background segregation method for studying change blindness uses photographs of scenery with a distinct foreground and background. Researchers using this paradigm have found that individuals are usually able to recognize relatively small changes in the foreground of an image. In addition, large changes to the colour of the background take significantly longer to detect. This paradigm is critical to change blindness research because many previous studies have not examined the location of changes in the visual field.
Neuroanatomy
Neuroimaging
Various studies have used MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) to measure brain activity when individuals detect (or fail to detect) a change in the environment. When individuals detect a change, the neural networks of the parietal and right dorsolateral prefrontal lobe regions are strongly activated. If individuals were instructed to detect changes in faces, the fusiform face area was also significantly activated. In addition, other structures such as the pulvinar, cerebellum, and inferior temporal gyrus also showed an increase in activation when individuals reported a change. It has been proposed that the parietal and frontal cortex along with the cerebellum and pulvinar might be used to direct an organism's attention to a change in the environment. A decrease of activation in these brain areas was observed if a change was not detected by the organism. Furthermore, the neurological activation of these highlighted brain areas was correlated with an individual's conscious awareness of change and not the physical change itself.
Other studies using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanners have shown that when change is not consciously detected, there was a significant decrease in the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal lobe regions. These results further the importance of the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortex in the detection of visual change. In addition to fMRI studies, recent research has used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in order to inhibit areas of the brain while participants were instructed to try to detect the change between two images. The results show that when the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is inhibited, individuals are significantly slower at detecting change. The PPC is critical for encoding and maintaining visual images in short term working memory, which demonstrates the importance of the PPC in terms of detecting changes between images. For a change to be detected, the information of the first picture needs to be held in working memory and compared to the second picture. If the PPC is inhibited, the area of the brain responsible for encoding visual images will not function properly. The information will not be encoded and will not be held in working memory and compared to the second picture, thus inducing change blindness.
Role of attention
The role of attention is critical for an organism's ability to detect change. In order for an organism to detect change, visual stimulation must enter through eye and proceed through the visual stream in the brain. A study in 2004 demonstrated that if the superior colliculus (responsible for eye movements) of a monkey's brain is electrically stimulated, there would be a significant decrease in reaction time to detect the change. Therefore, it is critical for organisms to attend to the change in order for it to be detected. Organisms are only able to detect this change once the visual stimulation comes through the eye (its movements are controlled by the superior colliculus) and is subsequently processed through the visual stream.
Influencing factors
Age
Age has been implicated as one of the factors which modulates the severity of change blindness. In a study conducted by Veiel et al. it was found that older individuals were slower to detect the changes in a change blindness experiment than were younger individuals. This trend was also noticed by Caird et al., who found that drivers aged 65 and older were more prone to making incorrect decisions after a change blindness paradigm was used at an intersection, than were participants aged 18–64. Age differences in change detection become most pronounced when the task is easier. While the actual shift in ability does not occur until at least age 65, people's confidence in their ability to detect change drops significantly at middle-age.
Children from 6–13 years old looked at colored pictures of real world scenes that were manipulated by color, location of objects, or the removal of objects, in the central or peripheral focus of the image. Adults are more accurate when noticing the changes that occur in the picture. Children can accurately detect central changes, but aren't as good at detecting peripheral changes, and their accuracy depends on the type of manipulation.
Younger drivers (average of 22 years old) were compared with older drivers (average of 69 years old). Images were presented on a screen showing various driving situations that included an original image and a modified image, and participants had to identify where a change had occurred in the modified version, if any. Older drivers expressed reduced accuracy, higher reaction times, and more false positive responses compared to younger drivers.
Attention
Attention is another factor that has been implicated in change blindness. Increasing shifts in attention decrease the severity of change blindness and changes in the foreground are detected more readily than changes made to the background of an image, an effect of the intentional bias for foreground elements.
Community volunteers had to focus on a screen and accurately identify if there was a change between series of dots after being fixated on a point in the center of the screen. Distraction of attention by visual disruptions and the observers' ability to focus on potential change were found to have an effect on attention with change blindness.
Object presentation
Object presentation is the way in which objects appear and is a factor that determines the occurrence of change blindness. Change blindness can occur even without a delay between the original image and the altered image, but only if the change in the image forces the viewer to redefine the objects in the image. Additionally, the appearance of a new object is more resistant to change blindness than a looming object, and both the appearance of a new object and the looming of an object are more resistant to change blindness than the receding of an object. Furthermore, the appearance or onset of an object is more resistant to the occurrence of change blindness than the disappearance or offset of an object.
Substance use
Substance use has been found to affect the detection biases on change detection tasks. If an individual was presented with two changes simultaneously, those that had a change related to the substance they use regularly reported using the substance more than those detecting the neutral stimuli. This indicates a relationship between substance use and change detection within a change blindness paradigm. This bias for devoting more attention to the drug-relevant stimuli is also observed with problem drinkers. Individuals who have a more severe drinking problem are quicker to detect changes in alcohol-related stimuli than in neutral stimuli.
Alcohol can sometimes improve change blindness. For example, intoxicated participants were quicker at detecting minor changes in large displays of images than sober participants. This could be attributed to more passive viewings of larger images, and the use of alcohol slows down more controlled search processes.
Active viewing involves more saccades than fixations. When viewing an image with a more passive search, more information is processed with each fixation. The alcohol slows down the movement and processing of the brain, therefore causing more fixation points.
In other senses
In addition to change blindness induced by changes in visual images, change blindness also exists for the other senses:
Change deafness – Change deafness is the concept of change blindness for auditory information. In his experiment, Vitevitch (2003) used a speech shadowing task to demonstrate change deafness. He presented a list of words to participants and had them simultaneously repeat the words they heard. Halfway through the list, either the same or a different speaker presented the second half of the words to participants. At least 40% of participants failed to detect the change in speaker when it occurred. Fenn et al. called participants on the phone and replaced the speaker in the middle of the conversation. Participants rarely noticed change. However, when explicitly monitoring for change, the participants' detection increased. Neuhoff et al. (2015) expanded on the idea of change deafness, and identified a new phenomenon called "slow-change deafness" using a series of four experiments. In the first experiment, he had participants listen to continuous speech that changed three semitones in pitch over time. Fifty percent of participants failed to notice the change. In the second and third experiments, listeners were alerted to the possibility of a change. In these trials, detection rates drastically improved. In the fourth experiment, the magnitude of the change that occurred in the stimulus increased, causing the detection rates to increase. These experiments demonstrated that "slow-change deafness" depends on both the magnitude of a stimulus change and the listeners' expectations.
Olfactory – Humans are constantly in a state of change blindness due to the poor spatial and temporal resolutions with which scents are detected. Although humans' odor detection thresholds are very low, our olfactory attention is only captured by unusually high odorant concentrations. Olfactory input is made up of a series of sniffs separated in time. The long inter-sniff-interval creates "change anosmia," in which humans have trouble discerning smells that are not highly concentrated. This period of sensory habituation as well as very low concentrations of odorants regularly yield no subjective experience. This behavior is called "experiential nothingness".
Somatosensory – Somatosensory change blindness for tactile stimuli has been observed, and reveals important information about the distinction from visual change blindness. Auvray et al. (2008) did an experiment on the ability to detect change between two patterns of tactile stimuli presented to fingertips. The experiments presented consecutive patterns which were separated by an empty interval, or by a tactile, visual, or auditory mask. Results showed that performance was impaired when the empty interval was inserted, and even more so when tactile mask was introduced. Changes in tactile displays composed of two or three stimuli with only one distractor in between go unnoticed, while several distractors are needed for visual displays to go unnoticed. These experiments have shown us that our ability to monitor tactile information is affected by more severe limitations than the same ability within the visual modality.
Practical implications
The phenomenon of change blindness has practical implications in the following areas:
Eyewitness testimony
Research in change blindness has uncovered the possibility of inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony. In many cases, witnesses are rarely able to detect a change in the criminal's identity unless first intending to remember the incident in question. This inability to detect a change in identity can lead to inaccuracy in identifying criminals, mistaken eyewitness identification, and wrongful conviction. Therefore, eyewitness testimonies should be handled with caution in court in order to avoid any of these negative consequences.
Driving ability
Older drivers make more incorrect decisions than younger drivers when faced with a change in the scene at an intersection. This can be attributed to the fact that older individuals notice change at a slower rate compared to younger individuals. In addition, the location and relevance of changes have an effect on what is noticed while driving. The reaction time to changes in the driver's peripherals is much slower than the reaction time to changes that occur towards the center of the driver's visual field. Furthermore, drivers are also able to recognize more relevant changes as opposed to irrelevant ones. Research on the effects of change blindness while driving could provide insight into potential explanations of why car accidents occur.
Military
Military command and control personnel who monitor multiple displays have a delayed time to accurately identify changes due to the necessity of verifying the changes, as well as the effective 'guessing' on some trials. Due to the fact that control personnel have delayed reaction because of change blindness, an interface design of computer work stations may be extremely beneficial to improve the reaction time and accuracy.
Blindness
Change blindness is defined as a misplaced confidence in one's ability to correctly identify visual changes. People are fairly confident in their ability to detect a change, but most people exhibit poor performance on a change blindness task.
Factors
Perceived Success – A higher perception of success from previous experience inflates the individual's confidence for success in future experiences.
Search Time – A longer time spent looking for the visual change creates the impression of poor performance on the task. In other words, a shorter time in identifying a visual change creates the impression of good performance and thus the individual will be overconfident in this ability.
Spotlight effect
The spotlight effect is a social phenomenon that is defined as an overestimation of the ability of others to notice us. A seemingly obvious change such as another individual changing a sweater during a memory task is rarely noticed. However, the individuals switching the sweater tend to overestimate the ability of the test writers to notice the change in sweaters. In the spotlight effect, this poor performance is a result of the overestimation of others' ability to notice us whereas in change blindness it is the overestimation of others' ability to notice the sweater change. In other words, it is the distinction between noticing differences on a person and noticing differences between any images.
See also
Attention
Change deafness
Inattentional blindness
Introspection illusion
Memory
Motion blindness
Neuroimaging
Saccade
Salience (neuroscience)
Selective attention
Spot the difference
The Invisible Gorilla
Visual short term memory
References
Further reading
External links
Examples of change blindness
Ten demos of change blindness at the University of British Columbia (requires QuickTime)
Demos at the University of Illinois of gradual changes to scenes and examples of motion-picture based change detection. Also includes demonstrations of inattentional blindness. (requires QuickTime and some require Java)
Dan Dennett's 2003 talk at TED shows some visual illusions including several striking examples of change blindness.
Re-creation of Simons & Levin experiment by British illusionist Derren Brown
Consciousness studies
Attention | wiki |
Applicability may refer to:
Direct applicability, concept of European Union constitutional law that regulations require no implementing legislation within individual member states
Industrial applicability, a patentability requirement according to which a patent can only be granted for an invention which is susceptible of industrial application
Applicability, element of the Code scaling, applicability, and uncertainty approach used to identify and quantify overall nuclear reactor uncertainties
See also
Applicability domain
Acceptability | wiki |
Geek humor may refer to:
Humor of or about geeks
Computer humor
Internet humor
Mathematical joke | wiki |
Area code 626 is a telephone area code that was split from area code 818 in the U.S. state of California, on June 14, 1997. It covers most of the San Gabriel Valley and nearby areas in the northeastern portion of Los Angeles County, California, U.S., including Arcadia, Monrovia, El Monte, most of Pasadena and West Covina.
Prior to October 2021, area code 626 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.
Cities and communities in the 626 area code
Alhambra (small portion in the 213/323 area code)
Altadena
Arcadia
Avocado Heights
Azusa
Baldwin Park
Bassett
Bradbury
Charter Oak
Citrus
Covina
Duarte
East Pasadena
East San Gabriel
El Monte
Glendora (small portion in the 909 area code)
Hacienda Heights (small portion in the 562 area code)
Industry (small portions in the 562 and 909 area codes)
Irwindale
La Puente
Mayflower Village
Monrovia
Monterey Park (also in the 213/323 area code)
North El Monte
Pasadena (small portion in the 213/323 area code)
Rosemead (small portion in the 213/323 area code)
Rowland Heights (also in the 909 area code and small portion in the 562 area code)
San Gabriel
San Marino
Sierra Madre
South El Monte
South Pasadena (also in the 213/323 area code)
South San Gabriel
South San Jose Hills
Temple City
Valinda
Vincent
Walnut (mostly in the 909 area code)
West Covina (small portion in the 909 area code)
West Puente Valley
See also
List of California area codes
List of NANP area codes
North American Numbering Plan
References
External links
626
Los Angeles County, California
San Gabriel Valley
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1997
626 | wiki |
The Act of Killing () is a 2012 Danish-British-Norwegian documentary film directed by Joshua Oppenheimer, Christine Cynn, and an anonymous Indonesian co-director. The film explores the social significance of the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 by focusing on the perpetrators and having them produce reenactments of the killings in the style of various Hollywood genres. The film's primary subjects had been petty criminals, but came to lead a powerful death squad during the anti-communist purge which resulted in the death of an estimated 500,000–2,000,000 suspected communists, communist sympathisers, alleged leftists, and ethnic Chinese. As many of the institutions and people responsible remained in power, those who carried out the killings were never held to account and continue to hold positions of power and respect. Oppenheimer was struck by the extent to which people not only rationalised but boasted about their participation in the killings, and used the film to explore the role the events continue to play in people's lives in the present. According to Oppenheimer, it is "about a regime in which genocide has, paradoxically, been effaced and celebrated – in order to keep the survivors terrified, the public brainwashed, and the perpetrators able to live with themselves."
The film first screened in September 2012 at the Telluride Film Festival in Colorado, and had its public premiere on July 19, 2013, in New York City. Its worldwide box office earnings totaled over $0.5 million USD, and it made $1.1 million in video sales. The Act of Killing has received worldwide critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, surveyed 137 reviews and judged 96% to be positive. Metacritic, another review aggregator, evaluated 30 reviews, finding an average score of 89 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim".
The Act of Killing garnered awards and nominations primarily in the Best Documentary category and for Oppenheimer's direction, but also audience awards, special awards, and recognition for Signe Byrge Sørensen's production and editing by Janus Billeskov Jansen and Niels Pagh Andersen. Among its Best Documentary awards are a BAFTA, European Film Award, and a Robert Award, along with nominations for an Academy Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award, Directors Guild of America Award, Independent Spirit Award, and International Documentary Association Award. Included in many of the awards was the anonymous Indonesian co-director, who was unable to share in the recognition because of the danger posed by his or her participation.
The Act of Killing was screened only in underground venues in Indonesia, but its success led to media coverage there, generating controversy and opening a conversation about the past. In Oppenheimer's BAFTAs acceptance speech, he reported that the subject is receiving more attention, and that the film "is helping to catalyse a change in how Indonesia talks about its past". Oppenheimer also used the platform afforded by the awards to call attention to the "collective responsibility" of the United States and United Kingdom for "participating and ignoring" the crimes of 1965–66. When it was nominated for an Academy Award, the Indonesian government responded with a full-page statement about the killings and the film in the Jakarta Globe. The response marks the first time the government has admitted wrongdoing. The nomination also stoked controversy in China, where it had not been well known that Chinese people were the target of a significant amount of the violence.
Accolades
Notes
References
External links
Lists of accolades by film | wiki |
Shady Acres Entertainment is a production company founded in 1999 by producer and director Tom Shadyac. It is based at Universal Studios. It is taken from his last name, Shadyac, which separated and became two words "Shady" and "Acres". Shady Acres signed a production deal with Universal to produce films while its lone television series was co-produced by Touchstone Television (now ABC Signature).
On June 4, 1999, Shady Acres received a television shingle, which would be based at Touchstone Television (now ABC Signature). Although the company produced a handful of pilots, only one of them would go on the air.
On February 14, 2008, Universal decided to cut ties with that Shady Acres Entertainment studio, and became an independent production outfit.
Nicole Pritchett was the head of development and production at Shady Acres Entertainment from 2009 until 2015, along with one of the Producers of the documentary I AM.
Filmography
Dragonfly (2002) (with Spyglass Entertainment)
Bruce Almighty (2003) (with Pit Bull Productions)
Accepted (2006)
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007) (with Relativity Media and Happy Madison Productions)
Evan Almighty (2007) (with Original Film)
I Am (2011) (with Homemande Canvas Productions)
Television series
8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter (2003) (with Touchstone Television)
References
1999 establishments in California
American companies established in 1999
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Entertainment companies based in California
Film production companies of the United States
Mass media companies established in 1999
Television production companies of the United States | wiki |
Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in cars, buildings, and electronics.
A radiator is always a source of heat to its environment, although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment, or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for automotive engine cooling and HVAC dry cooling towers. Despite the name, most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation.
History
The Roman hypocaust is an early example of a type of radiator for building space heating. Franz San Galli, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, is credited with inventing the heating radiator around 1855, having received a radiator patent in 1857, but American Joseph Nason developed a primitive radiator in 1841 and received a number of U.S. patents for hot water and steam heating.
Radiation and convection
Heat transfer from a radiator occurs by two mechanisms: thermal radiation and convection into flowing air or liquid. Conduction is not normally a major source of heat transfer in radiators.. A radiator may even transfer heat by phase change, for example, drying a pair of socks. In practice, the term "radiator" refers to any of a number of devices in which a liquid circulates through exposed pipes (often with fins or other means of increasing surface area). The term "convector" refers to a class of devices in which the source of heat is not directly exposed.
To increase the surface area available for heat exchange with the surroundings, a radiator will have multiple fins, in contact with the tube carrying liquid pumped through the radiator. Air (or other exterior fluid) in contact with the fins carries off heat. If air flow is obstructed by dirt or damage to the fins, that portion of the radiator is ineffective at heat transfer.
Heating
Radiators are commonly used to heat buildings on the European continent. In a radiative central heating system, hot water or sometimes steam is generated in a central boiler and circulated by pumps through radiators within the building, where this heat is transferred to the surroundings.
In Israel, portable radiators are common to heat a single room, as a safer alternative to space heater and fan heater.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Radiators are used in dry cooling towers and closed-loop cooling towers for cooling buildings using liquid-cooled chillers for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) while keeping the chiller coolant isolated from the surroundings.
Engine cooling
Radiators are used for cooling internal combustion engines, mainly in automobiles but also in piston-engined aircraft, railway locomotives, motorcycles, stationary generating plants and other places where heat engines are used (watercrafts, having an unlimited supply of a relatively cool water outside, usually use the liquid-liquid heat exchangers instead).
To cool down the heat engine, a coolant is passed through the engine block, where it absorbs heat from the engine. The hot coolant is then fed into the inlet tank of the radiator (located either on the top of the radiator, or along one side), from which it is distributed across the radiator core through tubes to another tank on the opposite end of the radiator. As the coolant passes through the radiator tubes on its way to the opposite tank, it transfers much of its heat to the tubes which, in turn, transfer the heat to the fins that are lodged between each row of tubes. The fins then release the heat to the ambient air. Fins are used to greatly increase the contact surface of the tubes to the air, thus increasing the exchange efficiency. The cooled liquid is fed back to the engine, and the cycle repeats. Normally, the radiator does not reduce the temperature of the coolant back to ambient air temperature, but it is still sufficiently cooled to keep the engine from overheating.
This coolant is usually water-based, with the addition of glycols to prevent freezing and other additives to limit corrosion, erosion and cavitation. However, the coolant may also be an oil. The first engines used thermosiphons to circulate the coolant; today, however, all but the smallest engines use pumps.
Up to the 1980s, radiator cores were often made of copper (for fins) and brass (for tubes, headers, and side-plates, while tanks could also be made of brass or of plastic, often a polyamide). Starting in the 1970s, use of aluminium increased, eventually taking over the vast majority of vehicular radiator applications. The main inducements for aluminium are reduced weight and cost.
Since air has a lower heat capacity and density than liquid coolants, a fairly large volume flow rate (relative to the coolant's) must be blown through the radiator core to capture the heat from the coolant. Radiators often have one or more fans that blow air through the radiator. To save fan power consumption in vehicles, radiators are often behind the grille at the front end of a vehicle. Ram air can give a portion or all of the necessary cooling air flow when the coolant temperature remains below the system's designed maximum temperature, and the fan remains disengaged.
Electronics and computers
As electronic devices become smaller, the problem of dispersing waste heat becomes more difficult. Tiny radiators known as heat sinks are used to convey heat from the electronic components into a cooling air stream. Heatsinks do not use water, rather they conduct the heat from the source. High-performance heat sinks have copper to conduct better. Heat is transferred to the air by conduction and convection; a relatively small proportion of heat is transferred by radiation owing to the low temperature of semiconductor devices compared to their surroundings.
Radiators are also used in liquid cooling loops for rejecting heat.
Spacecraft
Radiators are found as components of some spacecraft. These radiators work by radiating heat energy away as light (generally infrared given the temperatures at which spacecraft try to operate) because in the vacuum of space neither convection nor conduction can work to transfer heat away. On the International Space Station, these can be seen clearly as large white panels attached to the main truss. They can be found on both crewed and uncrewed craft.
See also
Radiatori – small, squat pasta shaped to resemble radiators
References
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Plumbing
Residential heating appliances
Russian inventions
Vehicle parts | wiki |
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