julpiro/STEM-document-corpus · Datasets at Hugging Face

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In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix A, denoted tr(A), is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal, a 11 + a 22 + ⋯ + ...	Wikipedia/Trace_(linear_algebra)
In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as ring theory, a free algebra is the noncommutative analogue of a polynomial ring since its elements may be described as "polynomials" with non-commuting variables. Likewise, the polynomial ring may be regarded as a free commutative algebra. == Definit...	Wikipedia/Free_algebra
A system of polynomial equations (sometimes simply a polynomial system) is a set of simultaneous equations f1 = 0, ..., fh = 0 where the fi are polynomials in several variables, say x1, ..., xn, over some field k. A solution of a polynomial system is a set of values for the xis which belong to some algebraically closed...	Wikipedia/Systems_of_polynomial_equations
Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology in a general algebraic setting. It is a relatively young discipline, whose origins can be traced to investigations in combinatorial topology (a precursor to algebraic topology) and abstract algebra (theory of modules and syzygies) at the end of the ...	Wikipedia/Homological_algebra
In mathematics, an algebraic equation or polynomial equation is an equation of the form P = 0 {\displaystyle P=0} , where P is a polynomial with coefficients in some field, often the field of the rational numbers. For example, ...	Wikipedia/Algebraic_equation
In mathematics, a linear equation is an equation that may be put in the form a 1 x 1 + … + a n ...	Wikipedia/Linear_equations
In mathematics, geometric topology is the study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. == History == Geometric topology as an area distinct from algebraic topology may be said to have originated in the 1935 classification of lens spaces by Reidemeister torsion, which...	Wikipedia/Geometric_topology
In mathematics, a set B of elements of a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elem...	Wikipedia/Basis_(linear_algebra)
Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Algorithms and data structures are cen...	Wikipedia/Computer_science
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with what problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm, how efficiently they can be solved or to what degree (e.g., approximate solutions versus precise ones). The field is divided into three maj...	Wikipedia/Theory_of_computation
Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearing, gl...	Wikipedia/Topology
Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry, a sub-field of mathematics. Classically, an algebraic variety is defined as the set of solutions of a system of polynomial equations over the real or complex numbers. Modern definitions generalize this concept in several different ways, while a...	Wikipedia/Algebraic_varieties
In algebra, ring theory is the study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Ring theory studies the structure of rings; their representations, or, in different language, modules; special classes of rings (...	Wikipedia/Ring_theory
In mathematics, K-theory is, roughly speaking, the study of a ring generated by vector bundles over a topological space or scheme. In algebraic topology, it is a cohomology theory known as topological K-theory. In algebra and algebraic geometry, it is referred to as algebraic K-theory. It is also a fundamental tool in ...	Wikipedia/K-theory
In mathematics, a function from a set X to a set Y assigns to each element of X exactly one element of Y. The set X is called the domain of the function and the set Y is called the codomain of the function. Functions were originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity. For example, th...	Wikipedia/Function_(mathematics)
In mathematics, an algebraic structure or algebraic system consists of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satis...	Wikipedia/Algebraic_structure
In mathematics, a quintic function is a function of the form g ( x ) = a x 5 + b x 4 + c ...	Wikipedia/Quintic_function
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted by 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. Second, Boolean algebr...	Wikipedia/Boolean_algebra
In mathematics, a rate is the quotient of two quantities, often represented as a fraction. If the divisor (or fraction denominator) in the rate is equal to one expressed as a single unit, and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically (i.e., is an independent variable), then the dividend (the fra...	Wikipedia/Rates_of_change
In mathematics, a quadratic function of a single variable is a function of the form f ( x ) = a x 2 + b x + c , a ≠ ...	Wikipedia/Quadratic_function
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory – as a branch of mathematics – is mostly concerned with those that are relevant to mathematics as a whole. The modern study ...	Wikipedia/Set_theory
In mathematics, a geometric transformation is any bijection of a set to itself (or to another such set) with some salient geometrical underpinning, such as preserving distances, angles, or ratios (scale). More specifically, it is a function whose domain and range are sets of points – most often a real coordinate space,...	Wikipedia/Geometric_transformation
In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the formα f ( x ) = a x 4 + b x 3 + c ...	Wikipedia/Quartic_function
In mathematics, a noncommutative ring is a ring whose multiplication is not commutative; that is, there exist a and b in the ring such that ab and ba are different. Equivalently, a noncommutative ring is a ring that is not a commutative ring. Noncommutative algebra is the part of ring theory devoted to study of propert...	Wikipedia/Noncommutative_algebra
An algebraic number is a number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients. For example, the golden ratio, ( 1 + 5 ) / ...	Wikipedia/Algebraic_number
A solution in radicals or algebraic solution is an expression of a solution of a polynomial equation that is algebraic, that is, relies only on addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to integer powers, and extraction of nth roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.). A well-known example is the quadratic ...	Wikipedia/Algebraic_solution
In mathematics education, precalculus is a course, or a set of courses, that includes algebra and trigonometry at a level that is designed to prepare students for the study of calculus, thus the name precalculus. Schools often distinguish between algebra and trigonometry as two separate parts of the coursework. == C...	Wikipedia/Precalculus
In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics...	Wikipedia/Trigonometric_functions
In mathematics, a transcendental function is an analytic function that does not satisfy a polynomial equation whose coefficients are functions of the independent variable that can be written using only the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (without the need of taking limits). This ...	Wikipedia/Transcendental_function
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fracti...	Wikipedia/Algebraic_function
Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications. The term is defined by consensus, and thus lacks a general formal definition, but the list of ma...	Wikipedia/Special_functions
In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by Γ, capital Greek letter gamma) is the most common extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. Derived by Daniel Bernoulli, the gamma function Γ ( z ) {\displaystyle \Gamma (z)} is defined f...	Wikipedia/Gamma_function
In abstract algebra, a subset S {\displaystyle S} of a field L {\displaystyle L} is algebraically independent over a subfield K {\displaystyle K} if the elements of ...	Wikipedia/Algebraically_independent
In mathematics, a rational function is any function that can be defined by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers; they may be taken in any field K. In this case, one speaks of...	Wikipedia/Rational_function
In mathematics, a zero (also sometimes called a root) of a real-, complex-, or generally vector-valued function f {\displaystyle f} , is a member x {\displaystyle x} of the domain of f {\displa...	Wikipedia/Root_of_a_function
Bessel functions, named after Friedrich Bessel who was the first to systematically study them in 1824, are canonical solutions y(x) of Bessel's differential equation x 2 d ...	Wikipedia/Bessel_function
In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogues of the ordinary trigonometric functions, but defined using the hyperbola rather than the circle. Just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius, the points (cosh t, sinh t) form the right half of the unit hyperbola. Also, similarly to how the deriva...	Wikipedia/Hyperbolic_function
An algebraic number is a number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients. For example, the golden ratio, ( 1 + 5 ) / ...	Wikipedia/Algebraic_numbers
In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative everywhere equal to its value. The exponential of a variable ⁠ x {\displaystyle x} ⁠ is denoted ⁠ exp ⁡ x {\di...	Wikipedia/Exponential_function
In mathematics, the inverse trigonometric functions (occasionally also called antitrigonometric, cyclometric, or arcus functions) are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions, under suitably restricted domains. Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant...	Wikipedia/Inverse_trigonometric_functions
In mathematics, the inverse hyperbolic functions are inverses of the hyperbolic functions, analogous to the inverse circular functions. There are six in common use: inverse hyperbolic sine, inverse hyperbolic cosine, inverse hyperbolic tangent, inverse hyperbolic cosecant, inverse hyperbolic secant, and inverse hyperbo...	Wikipedia/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multip...	Wikipedia/Algebra
In mathematics, a quintic function is a function of the form g ( x ) = a x 5 + b x 4 + c ...	Wikipedia/Quintic_equation
In multilinear algebra, a tensor contraction is an operation on a tensor that arises from the canonical pairing of a vector space and its dual. In components, it is expressed as a sum of products of scalar components of the tensor(s) caused by applying the summation convention to a pair of dummy indices that are bound ...	Wikipedia/Tensor_contraction
In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field strength tensor is a second order tensor field characterizing the gluon interaction between quarks. The strong interaction is one of the fundamental interactions of nature, and the quantum field theory (QFT) to describe it is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Quarks i...	Wikipedia/Gluon_field_strength_tensor
In mathematics, a function space is a set of functions between two fixed sets. Often, the domain and/or codomain will have additional structure which is inherited by the function space. For example, the set of functions from any set X into a vector space has a natural vector space structure given by pointwise addition ...	Wikipedia/Function_space
In mathematics, the modern component-free approach to the theory of a tensor views a tensor as an abstract object, expressing some definite type of multilinear concept. Their properties can be derived from their definitions, as linear maps or more generally; and the rules for manipulations of tensors arise as an exten...	Wikipedia/Component-free_treatment_of_tensors
In mathematics, the tensor bundle of a manifold is the direct sum of all tensor products of the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle of that manifold. To do calculus on the tensor bundle a connection is needed, except for the special case of the exterior derivative of antisymmetric tensors. == Definition == A ten...	Wikipedia/Tensor_bundle
In mathematics, differential refers to several related notions derived from the early days of calculus, put on a rigorous footing, such as infinitesimal differences and the derivatives of functions. The term is used in various branches of mathematics such as calculus, differential geometry, algebraic geometry and algeb...	Wikipedia/Differential_(infinitesimal)
Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) is a specification that prescribes a set of low-level routines for performing common linear algebra operations such as vector addition, scalar multiplication, dot products, linear combinations, and matrix multiplication. They are the de facto standard low-level routines for linea...	Wikipedia/Basic_Linear_Algebra_Subprograms
In pure and applied mathematics, quantum mechanics and computer graphics, a tensor operator generalizes the notion of operators which are scalars and vectors. A special class of these are spherical tensor operators which apply the notion of the spherical basis and spherical harmonics. The spherical basis closely relate...	Wikipedia/Tensor_operator
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a tensor is antisymmetric or alternating on (or with respect to) an index subset if it alternates sign (+/−) when any two indices of the subset are interchanged. The index subset must generally either be all covariant or all contravariant. For example, ...	Wikipedia/Antisymmetric_tensor
The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor physical quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravita...	Wikipedia/Stress–energy_tensor
In linear algebra, linear transformations can be represented by matrices. If T {\displaystyle T} is a linear transformation mapping R n {\displaystyle \mathbb...	Wikipedia/Transformation_matrix
Curvilinear coordinates can be formulated in tensor calculus, with important applications in physics and engineering, particularly for describing transportation of physical quantities and deformation of matter in fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics. == Vector and tensor algebra in three-dimensional curvilinear co...	Wikipedia/Tensors_in_curvilinear_coordinates
Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving multiple variables (multivariate), rather than just one. Multivariable calculus may be thought of as an e...	Wikipedia/Multivariate_calculus
In mathematics, the tensor product V ⊗ W {\displaystyle V\otimes W} of two vector spaces V {\displaystyle V} and W {\displaystyle W} (over the same field) is a vector space...	Wikipedia/Tensor_product
In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initia...	Wikipedia/Elasticity_(physics)
In differential geometry, a tensor density or relative tensor is a generalization of the tensor field concept. A tensor density transforms as a tensor field when passing from one coordinate system to another (see tensor field), except that it is additionally multiplied or weighted by a power W ...	Wikipedia/Tensor_density
In mathematics, a tensor is an algebraic object that describes a multilinear relationship between sets of algebraic objects associated with a vector space. Tensors may map between different objects such as vectors, scalars, and even other tensors. There are many types of tensors, including scalars and vectors (which ar...	Wikipedia/Classical_treatment_of_tensors
In mathematics, a Clifford algebra is an algebra generated by a vector space with a quadratic form, and is a unital associative algebra with the additional structure of a distinguished subspace. As K-algebras, they generalize the real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and several other hypercomplex number systems. ...	Wikipedia/Clifford_algebra
Two-point tensors, or double vectors, are tensor-like quantities which transform as Euclidean vectors with respect to each of their indices. They are used in continuum mechanics to transform between reference ("material") and present ("configuration") coordinates. Examples include the deformation gradient and the first...	Wikipedia/Two-point_tensor
In mathematics, Ricci calculus constitutes the rules of index notation and manipulation for tensors and tensor fields on a differentiable manifold, with or without a metric tensor or connection. It is also the modern name for what used to be called the absolute differential calculus (the foundation of tensor calculus)...	Wikipedia/Ricci_calculus
In mathematics, the nonmetricity tensor in differential geometry is the covariant derivative of the metric tensor. It is therefore a tensor field of order three. It vanishes for the case of Riemannian geometry and can be used to study non-Riemannian spacetimes. == Definition == By components, it is defined as follows...	Wikipedia/Nonmetricity_tensor
In continuum mechanics, the Cauchy stress tensor (symbol σ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}} , named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy), also called true stress tensor or simply stress tensor, completely defines the state of stress at a point inside a mater...	Wikipedia/Cauchy_stress_tensor
In mathematics and physics, a tensor field is a function assigning a tensor to each point of a region of a mathematical space (typically a Euclidean space or manifold) or of the physical space. Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, general relativity, in the analysis of stress and strain...	Wikipedia/Tensor_field
In differential geometry, the Weyl curvature tensor, named after Hermann Weyl, is a measure of the curvature of spacetime or, more generally, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. Like the Riemann curvature tensor, the Weyl tensor expresses the tidal force that a body feels when moving along a geodesic. The Weyl tensor diffe...	Wikipedia/Weyl_tensor
In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics. For instance, the expression...	Wikipedia/Differential_forms
In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics. For instance, the expression...	Wikipedia/Differential_form
In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell bivector) is a mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime. The field tensor was developed by Arnold Sommerfeld after the four-dimensional...	Wikipedia/Electromagnetic_tensor
In physics and mathematics, a pseudotensor is usually a quantity that transforms like a tensor under an orientation-preserving coordinate transformation (e.g. a proper rotation) but additionally changes sign under an orientation-reversing coordinate transformation (e.g., an improper rotation), which is a transformation...	Wikipedia/Pseudotensor
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold M (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allows defining distances and angles there. More precisely, a metric tensor at ...	Wikipedia/Metric_tensor
In mathematics, the modern component-free approach to the theory of a tensor views a tensor as an abstract object, expressing some definite type of multilinear concept. Their properties can be derived from their definitions, as linear maps or more generally; and the rules for manipulations of tensors arise as an exten...	Wikipedia/Tensor_(intrinsic_definition)
In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation P {\displaystyle P} from a vector space to itself (an endomorphism) such that P ∘ P = P {\displaystyle P\circ P=P} . T...	Wikipedia/Projection_(linear_algebra)
In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and t...	Wikipedia/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)
In mathematics, specifically multilinear algebra, a dyadic or dyadic tensor is a second order tensor, written in a notation that fits in with vector algebra. There are numerous ways to multiply two Euclidean vectors. The dot product takes in two vectors and returns a scalar, while the cross product returns a pseudovect...	Wikipedia/Dyadic_tensor
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers. Like a vector...	Wikipedia/Module_(ring_theory)
In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics. For instance, the expression...	Wikipedia/Exterior_calculus
In differential geometry, the Einstein tensor (named after Albert Einstein; also known as the trace-reversed Ricci tensor) is used to express the curvature of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. In general relativity, it occurs in the Einstein field equations for gravitation that describe spacetime curvature in a manner that...	Wikipedia/Einstein_tensor
In mathematics, mathematical physics, and theoretical physics, the spin tensor is a quantity used to describe the rotational motion of particles in spacetime. The spin tensor has application in general relativity and special relativity, as well as quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics, and quantum field th...	Wikipedia/Spin_tensor
In engineering, physics, and chemistry, the study of transport phenomena concerns the exchange of mass, energy, charge, momentum and angular momentum between observed and studied systems. While it draws from fields as diverse as continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, it places a heavy emphasis on the commonalities bet...	Wikipedia/Transport_phenomena
Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving multiple variables (multivariate), rather than just one. Multivariable calculus may be thought of as an e...	Wikipedia/Multivariable_calculus
In mathematics and physics, vector is a term that refers to quantities that cannot be expressed by a single number (a scalar), or to elements of some vector spaces. Historically, vectors were introduced in geometry and physics (typically in mechanics) for quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction, such as ...	Wikipedia/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0); and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β, i.e. α = dβ. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, an...	Wikipedia/Closed_and_exact_differential_forms
In mathematics, Ricci calculus constitutes the rules of index notation and manipulation for tensors and tensor fields on a differentiable manifold, with or without a metric tensor or connection. It is also the modern name for what used to be called the absolute differential calculus (the foundation of tensor calculus)...	Wikipedia/Tensor_calculus
In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the part of the domain which is mapped to the zero vector of the co-domain; the kernel is always a linear subspace of the domain. That is, given a linear map L : V → W between two vector spaces V and W, the kernel of L is the vect...	Wikipedia/Kernel_(linear_algebra)
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Riemann curvature tensor or Riemann–Christoffel tensor (after Bernhard Riemann and Elwin Bruno Christoffel) is the most common way used to express the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. It assigns a tensor to each point of a Riemannian manifold (i.e., it is a ten...	Wikipedia/Riemann_curvature_tensor
In mathematics and physics, Penrose graphical notation or tensor diagram notation is a (usually handwritten) visual depiction of multilinear functions or tensors proposed by Roger Penrose in 1971. A diagram in the notation consists of several shapes linked together by lines. The notation widely appears in modern quant...	Wikipedia/Penrose_graphical_notation
In mathematics, a symmetric tensor is an unmixed tensor that is invariant under a permutation of its vector arguments: T ( v 1 , v 2 , … ...	Wikipedia/Symmetric_tensor
Numerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics. It is a subfield of numerical analysis, and a type of linear algebra. Co...	Wikipedia/Numerical_linear_algebra
The following tables provide a comparison of linear algebra software libraries, either specialized or general purpose libraries with significant linear algebra coverage. == Dense linear algebra == === General information === === Matrix types and operations === Matrix types (special types like bidiagonal/tridiagon...	Wikipedia/Comparison_of_linear_algebra_libraries
In linear algebra, a minor of a matrix A is the determinant of some smaller square matrix generated from A by removing one or more of its rows and columns. Minors obtained by removing just one row and one column from square matrices (first minors) are required for calculating matrix cofactors, which are useful for comp...	Wikipedia/Minor_(linear_algebra)
In linear algebra, the quotient of a vector space V {\displaystyle V} by a subspace N {\displaystyle N} is a vector space obtained by "collapsing" N {\displaystyle N} to zero. The space ob...	Wikipedia/Quotient_space_(linear_algebra)
In mathematics, an argument of a function is a value provided to obtain the function's result. It is also called an independent variable. For example, the binary function f ( x , y ) = x 2 ...	Wikipedia/Argument_of_a_function
In tensor analysis, a mixed tensor is a tensor which is neither strictly covariant nor strictly contravariant; at least one of the indices of a mixed tensor will be a subscript (covariant) and at least one of the indices will be a superscript (contravariant). A mixed tensor of type or valence ...	Wikipedia/Mixed_tensor
In differential geometry, the torsion tensor is a tensor that is associated to any affine connection. The torsion tensor is a bilinear map of two input vectors X , Y {\displaystyle X,Y} , that produces an output vector T ( ...	Wikipedia/Torsion_tensor
Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the deformation of and transmission of forces through materials modeled as a continuous medium (also called a continuum) rather than as discrete particles. Continuum mechanics deals with deformable bodies, as opposed to rigid bodies. A continuum model assum...	Wikipedia/Continuum_mechanics
In mathematics and particularly in algebra, a system of equations (either linear or nonlinear) is called consistent if there is at least one set of values for the unknowns that satisfies each equation in the system—that is, when substituted into each of the equations, they make each equation hold true as an identity. I...	Wikipedia/Consistent_equations
In algebra, the center of a ring R is the subring consisting of the elements x such that xy = yx for all elements y in R. It is a commutative ring and is denoted as Z(R); 'Z' stands for the German word Zentrum, meaning "center". If R is a ring, then R is an associative algebra over its center. Conversely, if R is an as...	Wikipedia/Center_(ring_theory)
In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a Banach algebra, named after Stefan Banach, is an associative algebra A {\displaystyle A} over the real or complex numbers (or over a non-Archimedean complete normed field) that at the same time is also a Banach space, that is,...	Wikipedia/Banach_algebra

In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix A, denoted tr(A), is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal, a 11 + a 22 + ⋯ + ...

Wikipedia/Trace_(linear_algebra)

In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as ring theory, a free algebra is the noncommutative analogue of a polynomial ring since its elements may be described as "polynomials" with non-commuting variables. Likewise, the polynomial ring may be regarded as a free commutative algebra. == Definit...

Wikipedia/Free_algebra

A system of polynomial equations (sometimes simply a polynomial system) is a set of simultaneous equations f1 = 0, ..., fh = 0 where the fi are polynomials in several variables, say x1, ..., xn, over some field k. A solution of a polynomial system is a set of values for the xis which belong to some algebraically closed...

Wikipedia/Systems_of_polynomial_equations

Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology in a general algebraic setting. It is a relatively young discipline, whose origins can be traced to investigations in combinatorial topology (a precursor to algebraic topology) and abstract algebra (theory of modules and syzygies) at the end of the ...

Wikipedia/Homological_algebra

In mathematics, an algebraic equation or polynomial equation is an equation of the form P = 0 {\displaystyle P=0} , where P is a polynomial with coefficients in some field, often the field of the rational numbers. For example, ...

Wikipedia/Algebraic_equation

In mathematics, a linear equation is an equation that may be put in the form a 1 x 1 + … + a n ...

Wikipedia/Linear_equations

In mathematics, geometric topology is the study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. == History == Geometric topology as an area distinct from algebraic topology may be said to have originated in the 1935 classification of lens spaces by Reidemeister torsion, which...

Wikipedia/Geometric_topology

In mathematics, a set B of elements of a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elem...

Wikipedia/Basis_(linear_algebra)

Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Algorithms and data structures are cen...

Wikipedia/Computer_science

In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with what problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm, how efficiently they can be solved or to what degree (e.g., approximate solutions versus precise ones). The field is divided into three maj...

Wikipedia/Theory_of_computation

Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearing, gl...

Wikipedia/Topology

Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry, a sub-field of mathematics. Classically, an algebraic variety is defined as the set of solutions of a system of polynomial equations over the real or complex numbers. Modern definitions generalize this concept in several different ways, while a...

Wikipedia/Algebraic_varieties

In algebra, ring theory is the study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Ring theory studies the structure of rings; their representations, or, in different language, modules; special classes of rings (...

Wikipedia/Ring_theory

In mathematics, K-theory is, roughly speaking, the study of a ring generated by vector bundles over a topological space or scheme. In algebraic topology, it is a cohomology theory known as topological K-theory. In algebra and algebraic geometry, it is referred to as algebraic K-theory. It is also a fundamental tool in ...

Wikipedia/K-theory

In mathematics, a function from a set X to a set Y assigns to each element of X exactly one element of Y. The set X is called the domain of the function and the set Y is called the codomain of the function. Functions were originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity. For example, th...

Wikipedia/Function_(mathematics)

In mathematics, an algebraic structure or algebraic system consists of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satis...

Wikipedia/Algebraic_structure

In mathematics, a quintic function is a function of the form g ( x ) = a x 5 + b x 4 + c ...

Wikipedia/Quintic_function

In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted by 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. Second, Boolean algebr...

Wikipedia/Boolean_algebra

In mathematics, a rate is the quotient of two quantities, often represented as a fraction. If the divisor (or fraction denominator) in the rate is equal to one expressed as a single unit, and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically (i.e., is an independent variable), then the dividend (the fra...

Wikipedia/Rates_of_change

In mathematics, a quadratic function of a single variable is a function of the form f ( x ) = a x 2 + b x + c , a ≠ ...

Wikipedia/Quadratic_function

Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory – as a branch of mathematics – is mostly concerned with those that are relevant to mathematics as a whole. The modern study ...

Wikipedia/Set_theory

In mathematics, a geometric transformation is any bijection of a set to itself (or to another such set) with some salient geometrical underpinning, such as preserving distances, angles, or ratios (scale). More specifically, it is a function whose domain and range are sets of points – most often a real coordinate space,...

Wikipedia/Geometric_transformation

In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the formα f ( x ) = a x 4 + b x 3 + c ...

Wikipedia/Quartic_function

In mathematics, a noncommutative ring is a ring whose multiplication is not commutative; that is, there exist a and b in the ring such that ab and ba are different. Equivalently, a noncommutative ring is a ring that is not a commutative ring. Noncommutative algebra is the part of ring theory devoted to study of propert...

Wikipedia/Noncommutative_algebra

An algebraic number is a number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients. For example, the golden ratio, ( 1 + 5 ) / ...

Wikipedia/Algebraic_number

A solution in radicals or algebraic solution is an expression of a solution of a polynomial equation that is algebraic, that is, relies only on addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to integer powers, and extraction of nth roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.). A well-known example is the quadratic ...

Wikipedia/Algebraic_solution

In mathematics education, precalculus is a course, or a set of courses, that includes algebra and trigonometry at a level that is designed to prepare students for the study of calculus, thus the name precalculus. Schools often distinguish between algebra and trigonometry as two separate parts of the coursework. == C...

Wikipedia/Precalculus

In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics...

Wikipedia/Trigonometric_functions

In mathematics, a transcendental function is an analytic function that does not satisfy a polynomial equation whose coefficients are functions of the independent variable that can be written using only the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (without the need of taking limits). This ...

Wikipedia/Transcendental_function

In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fracti...

Wikipedia/Algebraic_function

Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications. The term is defined by consensus, and thus lacks a general formal definition, but the list of ma...

Wikipedia/Special_functions

In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by Γ, capital Greek letter gamma) is the most common extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. Derived by Daniel Bernoulli, the gamma function Γ ( z ) {\displaystyle \Gamma (z)} is defined f...

Wikipedia/Gamma_function

In abstract algebra, a subset S {\displaystyle S} of a field L {\displaystyle L} is algebraically independent over a subfield K {\displaystyle K} if the elements of ...

Wikipedia/Algebraically_independent

In mathematics, a rational function is any function that can be defined by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers; they may be taken in any field K. In this case, one speaks of...

Wikipedia/Rational_function

In mathematics, a zero (also sometimes called a root) of a real-, complex-, or generally vector-valued function f {\displaystyle f} , is a member x {\displaystyle x} of the domain of f {\displa...

Wikipedia/Root_of_a_function

Bessel functions, named after Friedrich Bessel who was the first to systematically study them in 1824, are canonical solutions y(x) of Bessel's differential equation x 2 d ...

Wikipedia/Bessel_function

In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogues of the ordinary trigonometric functions, but defined using the hyperbola rather than the circle. Just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius, the points (cosh t, sinh t) form the right half of the unit hyperbola. Also, similarly to how the deriva...

Wikipedia/Hyperbolic_function

An algebraic number is a number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients. For example, the golden ratio, ( 1 + 5 ) / ...

Wikipedia/Algebraic_numbers

In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative everywhere equal to its value. The exponential of a variable ⁠ x {\displaystyle x} ⁠ is denoted ⁠ exp ⁡ x {\di...

Wikipedia/Exponential_function

In mathematics, the inverse trigonometric functions (occasionally also called antitrigonometric, cyclometric, or arcus functions) are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions, under suitably restricted domains. Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant...

Wikipedia/Inverse_trigonometric_functions

In mathematics, the inverse hyperbolic functions are inverses of the hyperbolic functions, analogous to the inverse circular functions. There are six in common use: inverse hyperbolic sine, inverse hyperbolic cosine, inverse hyperbolic tangent, inverse hyperbolic cosecant, inverse hyperbolic secant, and inverse hyperbo...

Wikipedia/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multip...

Wikipedia/Algebra

In mathematics, a quintic function is a function of the form g ( x ) = a x 5 + b x 4 + c ...

Wikipedia/Quintic_equation

In multilinear algebra, a tensor contraction is an operation on a tensor that arises from the canonical pairing of a vector space and its dual. In components, it is expressed as a sum of products of scalar components of the tensor(s) caused by applying the summation convention to a pair of dummy indices that are bound ...

Wikipedia/Tensor_contraction

In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field strength tensor is a second order tensor field characterizing the gluon interaction between quarks. The strong interaction is one of the fundamental interactions of nature, and the quantum field theory (QFT) to describe it is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Quarks i...

Wikipedia/Gluon_field_strength_tensor

In mathematics, a function space is a set of functions between two fixed sets. Often, the domain and/or codomain will have additional structure which is inherited by the function space. For example, the set of functions from any set X into a vector space has a natural vector space structure given by pointwise addition ...

Wikipedia/Function_space

In mathematics, the modern component-free approach to the theory of a tensor views a tensor as an abstract object, expressing some definite type of multilinear concept. Their properties can be derived from their definitions, as linear maps or more generally; and the rules for manipulations of tensors arise as an exten...

Wikipedia/Component-free_treatment_of_tensors

In mathematics, the tensor bundle of a manifold is the direct sum of all tensor products of the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle of that manifold. To do calculus on the tensor bundle a connection is needed, except for the special case of the exterior derivative of antisymmetric tensors. == Definition == A ten...

Wikipedia/Tensor_bundle

In mathematics, differential refers to several related notions derived from the early days of calculus, put on a rigorous footing, such as infinitesimal differences and the derivatives of functions. The term is used in various branches of mathematics such as calculus, differential geometry, algebraic geometry and algeb...

Wikipedia/Differential_(infinitesimal)

Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) is a specification that prescribes a set of low-level routines for performing common linear algebra operations such as vector addition, scalar multiplication, dot products, linear combinations, and matrix multiplication. They are the de facto standard low-level routines for linea...

Wikipedia/Basic_Linear_Algebra_Subprograms

In pure and applied mathematics, quantum mechanics and computer graphics, a tensor operator generalizes the notion of operators which are scalars and vectors. A special class of these are spherical tensor operators which apply the notion of the spherical basis and spherical harmonics. The spherical basis closely relate...

Wikipedia/Tensor_operator

In mathematics and theoretical physics, a tensor is antisymmetric or alternating on (or with respect to) an index subset if it alternates sign (+/−) when any two indices of the subset are interchanged. The index subset must generally either be all covariant or all contravariant. For example, ...

Wikipedia/Antisymmetric_tensor

The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor physical quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravita...

Wikipedia/Stress–energy_tensor

In linear algebra, linear transformations can be represented by matrices. If T {\displaystyle T} is a linear transformation mapping R n {\displaystyle \mathbb...

Wikipedia/Transformation_matrix

Curvilinear coordinates can be formulated in tensor calculus, with important applications in physics and engineering, particularly for describing transportation of physical quantities and deformation of matter in fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics. == Vector and tensor algebra in three-dimensional curvilinear co...

Wikipedia/Tensors_in_curvilinear_coordinates

Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving multiple variables (multivariate), rather than just one. Multivariable calculus may be thought of as an e...

Wikipedia/Multivariate_calculus

In mathematics, the tensor product V ⊗ W {\displaystyle V\otimes W} of two vector spaces V {\displaystyle V} and W {\displaystyle W} (over the same field) is a vector space...

Wikipedia/Tensor_product

In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initia...

Wikipedia/Elasticity_(physics)

In differential geometry, a tensor density or relative tensor is a generalization of the tensor field concept. A tensor density transforms as a tensor field when passing from one coordinate system to another (see tensor field), except that it is additionally multiplied or weighted by a power W ...

Wikipedia/Tensor_density

In mathematics, a tensor is an algebraic object that describes a multilinear relationship between sets of algebraic objects associated with a vector space. Tensors may map between different objects such as vectors, scalars, and even other tensors. There are many types of tensors, including scalars and vectors (which ar...

Wikipedia/Classical_treatment_of_tensors

In mathematics, a Clifford algebra is an algebra generated by a vector space with a quadratic form, and is a unital associative algebra with the additional structure of a distinguished subspace. As K-algebras, they generalize the real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and several other hypercomplex number systems. ...

Wikipedia/Clifford_algebra

Two-point tensors, or double vectors, are tensor-like quantities which transform as Euclidean vectors with respect to each of their indices. They are used in continuum mechanics to transform between reference ("material") and present ("configuration") coordinates. Examples include the deformation gradient and the first...

Wikipedia/Two-point_tensor

In mathematics, Ricci calculus constitutes the rules of index notation and manipulation for tensors and tensor fields on a differentiable manifold, with or without a metric tensor or connection. It is also the modern name for what used to be called the absolute differential calculus (the foundation of tensor calculus)...

Wikipedia/Ricci_calculus

In mathematics, the nonmetricity tensor in differential geometry is the covariant derivative of the metric tensor. It is therefore a tensor field of order three. It vanishes for the case of Riemannian geometry and can be used to study non-Riemannian spacetimes. == Definition == By components, it is defined as follows...

Wikipedia/Nonmetricity_tensor

In continuum mechanics, the Cauchy stress tensor (symbol σ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}} , named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy), also called true stress tensor or simply stress tensor, completely defines the state of stress at a point inside a mater...

Wikipedia/Cauchy_stress_tensor

In mathematics and physics, a tensor field is a function assigning a tensor to each point of a region of a mathematical space (typically a Euclidean space or manifold) or of the physical space. Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, general relativity, in the analysis of stress and strain...

Wikipedia/Tensor_field

In differential geometry, the Weyl curvature tensor, named after Hermann Weyl, is a measure of the curvature of spacetime or, more generally, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. Like the Riemann curvature tensor, the Weyl tensor expresses the tidal force that a body feels when moving along a geodesic. The Weyl tensor diffe...

Wikipedia/Weyl_tensor

In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics. For instance, the expression...

Wikipedia/Differential_forms

In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics. For instance, the expression...

Wikipedia/Differential_form

In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell bivector) is a mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime. The field tensor was developed by Arnold Sommerfeld after the four-dimensional...

Wikipedia/Electromagnetic_tensor

In physics and mathematics, a pseudotensor is usually a quantity that transforms like a tensor under an orientation-preserving coordinate transformation (e.g. a proper rotation) but additionally changes sign under an orientation-reversing coordinate transformation (e.g., an improper rotation), which is a transformation...

Wikipedia/Pseudotensor

In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold M (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allows defining distances and angles there. More precisely, a metric tensor at ...

Wikipedia/Metric_tensor

In mathematics, the modern component-free approach to the theory of a tensor views a tensor as an abstract object, expressing some definite type of multilinear concept. Their properties can be derived from their definitions, as linear maps or more generally; and the rules for manipulations of tensors arise as an exten...

Wikipedia/Tensor_(intrinsic_definition)

In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation P {\displaystyle P} from a vector space to itself (an endomorphism) such that P ∘ P = P {\displaystyle P\circ P=P} . T...

Wikipedia/Projection_(linear_algebra)

In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and t...

Wikipedia/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)

In mathematics, specifically multilinear algebra, a dyadic or dyadic tensor is a second order tensor, written in a notation that fits in with vector algebra. There are numerous ways to multiply two Euclidean vectors. The dot product takes in two vectors and returns a scalar, while the cross product returns a pseudovect...

Wikipedia/Dyadic_tensor

In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers. Like a vector...

Wikipedia/Module_(ring_theory)

In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics. For instance, the expression...

Wikipedia/Exterior_calculus

In differential geometry, the Einstein tensor (named after Albert Einstein; also known as the trace-reversed Ricci tensor) is used to express the curvature of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. In general relativity, it occurs in the Einstein field equations for gravitation that describe spacetime curvature in a manner that...

Wikipedia/Einstein_tensor

In mathematics, mathematical physics, and theoretical physics, the spin tensor is a quantity used to describe the rotational motion of particles in spacetime. The spin tensor has application in general relativity and special relativity, as well as quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics, and quantum field th...

Wikipedia/Spin_tensor

In engineering, physics, and chemistry, the study of transport phenomena concerns the exchange of mass, energy, charge, momentum and angular momentum between observed and studied systems. While it draws from fields as diverse as continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, it places a heavy emphasis on the commonalities bet...

Wikipedia/Transport_phenomena

Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving multiple variables (multivariate), rather than just one. Multivariable calculus may be thought of as an e...

Wikipedia/Multivariable_calculus

In mathematics and physics, vector is a term that refers to quantities that cannot be expressed by a single number (a scalar), or to elements of some vector spaces. Historically, vectors were introduced in geometry and physics (typically in mechanics) for quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction, such as ...

Wikipedia/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)

In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0); and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β, i.e. α = dβ. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, an...

Wikipedia/Closed_and_exact_differential_forms

In mathematics, Ricci calculus constitutes the rules of index notation and manipulation for tensors and tensor fields on a differentiable manifold, with or without a metric tensor or connection. It is also the modern name for what used to be called the absolute differential calculus (the foundation of tensor calculus)...

Wikipedia/Tensor_calculus

In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the part of the domain which is mapped to the zero vector of the co-domain; the kernel is always a linear subspace of the domain. That is, given a linear map L : V → W between two vector spaces V and W, the kernel of L is the vect...

Wikipedia/Kernel_(linear_algebra)

In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Riemann curvature tensor or Riemann–Christoffel tensor (after Bernhard Riemann and Elwin Bruno Christoffel) is the most common way used to express the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. It assigns a tensor to each point of a Riemannian manifold (i.e., it is a ten...

Wikipedia/Riemann_curvature_tensor

In mathematics and physics, Penrose graphical notation or tensor diagram notation is a (usually handwritten) visual depiction of multilinear functions or tensors proposed by Roger Penrose in 1971. A diagram in the notation consists of several shapes linked together by lines. The notation widely appears in modern quant...

Wikipedia/Penrose_graphical_notation

In mathematics, a symmetric tensor is an unmixed tensor that is invariant under a permutation of its vector arguments: T ( v 1 , v 2 , … ...

Wikipedia/Symmetric_tensor

Numerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics. It is a subfield of numerical analysis, and a type of linear algebra. Co...

Wikipedia/Numerical_linear_algebra

The following tables provide a comparison of linear algebra software libraries, either specialized or general purpose libraries with significant linear algebra coverage. == Dense linear algebra == === General information === === Matrix types and operations === Matrix types (special types like bidiagonal/tridiagon...

Wikipedia/Comparison_of_linear_algebra_libraries

In linear algebra, a minor of a matrix A is the determinant of some smaller square matrix generated from A by removing one or more of its rows and columns. Minors obtained by removing just one row and one column from square matrices (first minors) are required for calculating matrix cofactors, which are useful for comp...

Wikipedia/Minor_(linear_algebra)

In linear algebra, the quotient of a vector space V {\displaystyle V} by a subspace N {\displaystyle N} is a vector space obtained by "collapsing" N {\displaystyle N} to zero. The space ob...

Wikipedia/Quotient_space_(linear_algebra)

In mathematics, an argument of a function is a value provided to obtain the function's result. It is also called an independent variable. For example, the binary function f ( x , y ) = x 2 ...

Wikipedia/Argument_of_a_function

In tensor analysis, a mixed tensor is a tensor which is neither strictly covariant nor strictly contravariant; at least one of the indices of a mixed tensor will be a subscript (covariant) and at least one of the indices will be a superscript (contravariant). A mixed tensor of type or valence ...

Wikipedia/Mixed_tensor

In differential geometry, the torsion tensor is a tensor that is associated to any affine connection. The torsion tensor is a bilinear map of two input vectors X , Y {\displaystyle X,Y} , that produces an output vector T ( ...

Wikipedia/Torsion_tensor

Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the deformation of and transmission of forces through materials modeled as a continuous medium (also called a continuum) rather than as discrete particles. Continuum mechanics deals with deformable bodies, as opposed to rigid bodies. A continuum model assum...

Wikipedia/Continuum_mechanics

In mathematics and particularly in algebra, a system of equations (either linear or nonlinear) is called consistent if there is at least one set of values for the unknowns that satisfies each equation in the system—that is, when substituted into each of the equations, they make each equation hold true as an identity. I...

Wikipedia/Consistent_equations

In algebra, the center of a ring R is the subring consisting of the elements x such that xy = yx for all elements y in R. It is a commutative ring and is denoted as Z(R); 'Z' stands for the German word Zentrum, meaning "center". If R is a ring, then R is an associative algebra over its center. Conversely, if R is an as...

Wikipedia/Center_(ring_theory)

In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a Banach algebra, named after Stefan Banach, is an associative algebra A {\displaystyle A} over the real or complex numbers (or over a non-Archimedean complete normed field) that at the same time is also a Banach space, that is,...

Wikipedia/Banach_algebra