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The smallpox vaccine is used to prevent smallpox infection caused by the variola virus. It is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred immunity against the deadly smallpo... | Wikipedia/Variola_vaccine |
The announcement of the polio vaccine's safety and effectiveness was on April 12, 1955, by Thomas Francis, Jr., of the University of Michigan, the monitor of the test results. Within minutes of his announcement to the audience of scientists and reporters, news of the event was carried coast to coast by wire services an... | Wikipedia/Announcement_of_Polio_vaccine_success |
Polio (Infantile paralysis or poliomyelitis) epidemics were a concern during the summer months for children globally, with records of polio from the Egyptians and Greeks to the 1950s epidemics. Two U.S. virologists, Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh and Albert B. Sabin of the University of Cincinnati emerged a... | Wikipedia/Cold_War_tensions_and_the_polio_vaccine |
Vaccine contamination with Simian vacuolating virus 40, known as SV40 occurred in the United States and other countries between 1955 and 1961.
SV40 is a monkey virus that has the potential to cause cancer in animals, although this is considered unlikely and there have been no known human cases. Soon after its discovery... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_contamination_with_SV40 |
Protein Sciences Corporation is a biotech company based in Meriden, Connecticut. The company develops and produces vaccines and biopharmaceuticals for use against influenza and other diseases. In 2017, the company was acquired by Sanofi for $750 million.
== Vaccines ==
Protein Sciences has developed a novel method fo... | Wikipedia/Protein_Sciences |
Marketing Authorisation Application (MAA) is an application submitted by a drug manufacturer seeking marketing authorisation, that is permission to bring a medicinal product (for example, a new medicine or generic medicine) to the market.
MAA is part of the official procedure before the Medicines and Healthcare product... | Wikipedia/Marketing_Authorization_Application |
The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE; ) is a federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE's stated mission is to protect the United States from transnational crime and illegal immigration that threaten national security and public safety.
ICE enforces over 40... | Wikipedia/Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement |
Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) is a
public research university focusing primarily on health sciences with a main campus, including two hospitals, in Portland, Oregon. The institution was founded in 1887 as the University of Oregon Medical Department and later became the University of Oregon Medical School. I... | Wikipedia/Oregon_Health_and_Science_University |
The Vaccine Revolt (Portuguese: Revolta da Vacina) was a popular riot that took place between 10 and 16 November 1904 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil. Its immediate pretext was a law that made vaccination against smallpox compulsory, but it is also associated with deeper causes, such as the ur... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_Revolt |
Bad Science Watch is a Canadian non-profit organization dedicated to improving consumer protection policies and promoting proper scientific inquiry, especially as it relates to health products and services marketed to the public.
Bad Science Watch intervenes both in the media and at the governmental level, advocating f... | Wikipedia/Bad_Science_Watch |
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio ... | Wikipedia/Salk_polio_vaccine |
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, referred to as The Merck Manual,
is the world's best-selling medical textbook, and the oldest continuously published English language medical textbook. First published in 1899, the current print edition of the book, the 20th Edition, was published in 2018. In 2014, Merck decid... | Wikipedia/The_Merck_Manual_of_Diagnosis_and_Therapy |
The Vaccine Confidence Project (VCP) founded in 2010 by Heidi Larson, was developed in response to hesitancy and misinformation on vaccination programmes such as those that caused a boycott of polio eradication efforts in Northern Nigeria in 2003–04. It is an early warning system to identify and evaluate public confide... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_Confidence_Project |
A vaccination policy is a health policy adopted in order to prevent the spread of infectious disease. These policies are generally put into place by state or local governments, but may also be set by private facilities, such as workplaces or schools. Many policies have been developed and implemented since vaccines were... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_policy |
A scale-free network is a network whose degree distribution follows a power law, at least asymptotically. That is, the fraction P(k) of nodes in the network having k connections to other nodes goes for large values of k as
P
(
k
)
∼
... | Wikipedia/Scale-free_networks |
In the context of network theory, a complex network is a graph (network) with non-trivial topological features—features that do not occur in simple networks such as lattices or random graphs but often occur in networks representing real systems. The study of complex networks is a young and active area of scientific res... | Wikipedia/Complex_networks |
Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections between the elements or act... | Wikipedia/Network_Science |
People have been found to perceive images with spiritual or religious themes or import, sometimes called iconoplasms or simulacra, in the shapes of natural phenomena. The images perceived, whether iconic or aniconic, may be the faces of religious notables or the manifestation of spiritual symbols in the natural, organi... | Wikipedia/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena |
Servilius Damocrates (or Democrates; Greek: Δαμοκράτης, Δημοκράτης) was a Greek physician at Rome in the middle to late 1st century AD. He may have received the praenomen "Servillius" from his having become a client of the Servilia gens. Galen calls him ἄριστος ἰατρός, and Pliny says he was "e primis medentium," and r... | Wikipedia/Damocrates |
During the imperial period of Rome, disease was a devastating aspect of life. As the borders of the empire continuously expanded and the population steadily grew, cities in the Roman Empire were exposed to a multitude of diseases. There were a variety of potential causes of these diseases present in the highly dense an... | Wikipedia/Disease_in_Imperial_Rome |
A contagious disease is an infectious disease that can be spread rapidly in several ways, including direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet contact.
These diseases are caused by organisms such as parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. While many types of organisms live on the human body and are usually harmles... | Wikipedia/Contagious_diseases |
Astrology consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing has ... | Wikipedia/Astrology_and_science |
Ancient Roman surgical practices developed from Greek techniques. Roman surgeons and doctors usually learned through apprenticeships or studying. Ancient Roman doctors such as Galen and Celsus described Roman surgical techniques in their medical literature, such as De Medicina. These methods encompassed modern oral sur... | Wikipedia/Surgery_in_ancient_Rome |
Virulence-related outer membrane proteins, or outer surface proteins (Osp) in some contexts, are expressed in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and are essential to bacterial survival within macrophages and for eukaryotic cell invasion.
This family consists of several bacterial and phage Ail/Lom-like protein... | Wikipedia/Virulence-related_outer_membrane_protein_family |
Lyme disease is spread to humans through the bite of infected ticks. The tick population is affected by weather and climate. Many factors determine tick population densities as well as diseased population densities of ticks so that no single factor can determine likelihood of exposure to tick-borne disease. Overall cl... | Wikipedia/Weather_and_climate_effects_on_Lyme_disease_exposure |
Empiric therapy or empirical therapy is medical treatment or therapy based on experience and, more specifically, therapy begun on the basis of a clinical "educated guess" in the absence of complete or perfect information. Thus it is applied before the confirmation of a definitive medical diagnosis or without complete u... | Wikipedia/Empiric_treatment |
Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia, which has 52 known species. Three species (Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia burgdorferi s.s.) are the main causative agents of the disease in humans, while a number of others have been implicated as possibly pathoge... | Wikipedia/Lyme_disease_microbiology |
Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) is a United States federal research facility dedicated to the study of foreign animal diseases of livestock. It is a national laboratory of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T), and operates as a partnership with the U.S. Depart... | Wikipedia/Plum_Island_Animal_Disease_Center |
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) comprise a category of otherwise unrelated disease-modifying drugs defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down disease progression. The term is often used in contrast to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (which refers to agents that treat the inflammation,... | Wikipedia/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drugs |
Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. They are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is considered to be substa... | Wikipedia/Tick-borne_diseases |
Virulence-related outer membrane proteins, or outer surface proteins (Osp) in some contexts, are expressed in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and are essential to bacterial survival within macrophages and for eukaryotic cell invasion.
This family consists of several bacterial and phage Ail/Lom-like protein... | Wikipedia/Outer_surface_protein |
Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is an infectious disease that most often results from a scratch or bite of a cat. Symptoms typically include a non-painful bump or blister at the site of injury and painful and swollen lymph nodes. People may feel tired, have a headache, or a fever. Symptoms typically begin within 3–14 days fo... | Wikipedia/Cat-scratch_disease |
Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to southwestern India. The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. KFDV is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected hard ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera), which act as a reservoir of KFDV.
== Signs and ... | Wikipedia/Kyasanur_Forest_disease |
A skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute... | Wikipedia/Bacterial_skin_disease |
The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV, the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, or BIBP vaccine, is one of two whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (sometimes written as Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products, resulting in the t... | Wikipedia/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID‑19_vaccine |
COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop preventative therapeutic prescription drugs that would alleviate the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). From early 2020 through 2021, several hundred drug companies, biotechnology firms, university research groups, and health organizations were ... | Wikipedia/COVID‑19_drug_development |
The Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name VidPrevtyn Beta, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sanofi Pasteur and GSK.
The Sanofi–GSK COVID‑19 vaccine was authorized for medical use in the European Union in November 2022.
== Medical uses ==
The Sanofi–GSK COVID‑19 vaccine is used as a booster for acti... | Wikipedia/Sanofi–GSK_COVID‑19_vaccine |
The Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as WIBP-CorV, is one of two inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm. Peer-reviewed results show that the vaccine is 72.8% effective against symptomatic cases and 100% against severe cases (26 cases in vaccinated group vs. 95 cases in placebo group). The... | Wikipedia/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID‑19_vaccine |
Sputnik V (Russian: Спутник V, the brand name from the Russian Direct Investment Fund or RDIF) or Gam-COVID-Vac (Russian: Гам-КОВИД-Вак, the name under which it is legally registered and produced) is an adenovirus viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbi... | Wikipedia/Sputnik_V_COVID‑19_vaccine |
The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN International) is a voluntary non-partisan public health alliance of health organizations and vaccine manufacturers. DCVMN aims to protect people globally against known and emerging infectious diseases through the provision of a consistent supply of high qu... | Wikipedia/Developing_Countries_Vaccine_Manufacturers_Network |
Drug repositioning (also known as drug repurposing, re-profiling, re-tasking, or therapeutic switching) is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed. This is one line of scientific research which is being pursued to ... | Wikipedia/COVID‑19_drug_repurposing_research |
In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus.: 29–33 The proteins are usually glycoproteins that form dimers or trimers.: 29–33
== History and etymology ==
The term "peplomer" refers to an i... | Wikipedia/Spike_protein |
A universal coronavirus vaccine, also known as a pan-coronavirus vaccine, is a theoretical coronavirus vaccine that would be effective against all coronavirus strains. A universal vaccine would provide protection against coronavirus strains that have caused disease in humans, such as SARS-CoV-2 (including all its varia... | Wikipedia/Universal_coronavirus_vaccine |
The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Comirnaty, is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the German biotechnology company BioNTech. For its development, BioNTech collaborated with the American company Pfizer to carry out clinical trials, logistics, and manufacturing. It is authorized fo... | Wikipedia/Pfizer–BioNTech_COVID‑19_vaccine |
The Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine, (Ad26.COV2.S) sold under the brand name Jcovden, is a COVID‑19 vaccine that was developed by Janssen Vaccines in Leiden, Netherlands, and its Belgian parent company Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of American company Johnson & Johnson.
It is a viral vector vaccine based on a human ad... | Wikipedia/Janssen_COVID‑19_vaccine |
The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Nuvaxovid and Covovax, among others, is a subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Novavax and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations.
Updated versions of the vaccine have been developed to provide coverage against the Omicron variant, with different f... | Wikipedia/Novavax_COVID‑19_vaccine |
A task force (TF) is a unit or formation established to work on a single defined task or activity. Originally introduced by the United States Navy, the term has now caught on for general usage and is a standard part of NATO terminology. Many non-military organizations now create "task forces" or task groups for tempo... | Wikipedia/Task_force |
COVID-19 vaccine clinical research uses clinical research to establish the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines. These characteristics include efficacy, effectiveness, and safety. As of November 2022, 40 vaccines are authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for public use:
one DNA vaccine: ZyCoV-D
four... | Wikipedia/COVID-19_vaccine_efficacy |
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakene... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_platform |
The MVC COVID-19 vaccine (Chinese: 高端新冠肺炎疫苗; pinyin: Gāoduān xīnguàn fèiyán yìmiáo; Wade–Giles: Kaotuan hsinkuan feiyen imiao), designated MVC-COV1901 and also known as the Medigen COVID-19 vaccine, is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation in Taiwan, American company Dyna... | Wikipedia/MVC_COVID‑19_vaccine |
The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzevria among others, is a viral vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus C... | Wikipedia/Oxford–AstraZeneca_COVID‑19_vaccine |
A dispute broke out in January 2021 between the European Commission and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca AB about the provision of COVID-19 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, and, in February, spilled out into a dispute over Article 16 of the Northern Ireland Protocol. Vaccination proceeded apace in the UK bu... | Wikipedia/COVID_vaccine_dispute |
Oxford Science Enterprises (OSE) (Previously known as Oxford Sciences Innovation) is a British early-stage venture capital firm with over $800M in AUM based in Oxford, UK. It operates in partnership with the University of Oxford, as the university's preferred investor, several prominent financiers back the firm, includ... | Wikipedia/Oxford_Sciences_Innovation |
The Journal of Clinical Investigation is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering biomedical research. It was established in 1924 and is published by the American Society for Clinical Investigation. Articles focus on the mechanisms of disease, with an emphasis on basic research, early-stage clinical studie... | Wikipedia/The_Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation |
The Journal of Clinical Epidemiology is a peer-reviewed journal of epidemiology. The journal was originally established as the Journal of Chronic Diseases in 1955 as a follow-up to Harry S. Truman's 1951 Presidential Task Force on national health concerns and the subsequently written Magnuson Report.
Under the editoria... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Chronic_Diseases |
Personalized mRNA cancer vaccine therapy is a therapy that uses a personalized cancer vaccine based on mRNA vaccine technology to target existing tumors in patients. As of 2024, number of mRNA cancer vaccines are in clinical trials, of which many are personalized therapies based on engineering mRNA-mediated immune resp... | Wikipedia/Personalized_mRNA_cancer_vaccine_therapy |
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to ... | Wikipedia/Phase_III_trial |
Cancer vaccine targeting CD4+ T cells is a type of vaccine used to treat existing cancer. Cancerous cells usually cannot be recognized by the human immune system, and therefore cannot be destroyed. Some researchers state that cancer can be treated by increasing the response of T cells, especially CD4+ T cells, to cance... | Wikipedia/Cancer_vaccine_targeting_CD4+_T_cells |
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection. There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the HIV life-cycle. The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as highly active ant... | Wikipedia/Antiretroviral_therapy |
A hexavalent vaccine, or 6-in-1 vaccine, is a combination vaccine with six individual vaccines conjugated into one, intended to protect people from multiple diseases. The term usually refers to the children's vaccine that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, haemophilus B, and hepatitis B, wh... | Wikipedia/Hexavalent_vaccines |
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external facto... | Wikipedia/Predisease |
Clinical Science is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers all areas of clinical investigation, with a focus on translational science and medicine. The journal is currently published biweekly by Portland Press on behalf of the Biochemical Society.
== History ==
The journal was established in 1909 by Thomas Lewis... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Science_(journal) |
Clinical research is a branch of medical research that involves people and aims to determine the effectiveness (efficacy) and safety of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for improving human health. These research procedures are designed for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis o... | Wikipedia/Clinical_science |
A Clinical Trial Management System (CTMS) is a software system used by biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries to manage clinical trials in clinical research. The system maintains and manages planning, performing and reporting functions, along with participant contact information, tracking deadlines and milestones.... | Wikipedia/Clinical_trial_management_system |
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic member of the genus Streptococcus. S. pneumoniae cells are usually found in pairs (diplococci) and do not form spores and are non motile. As a significant human pathogenic bacterium S. pneumoniae was recognized as a majo... | Wikipedia/Pneumococcal_disease |
The Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network (ARLN) is a group of laboratories of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established to supplement the work of local and state public health laboratories in the identification and research of antibiotic resistance. It was created as part of the CDC's Nation... | Wikipedia/Antibiotic_Resistance_Lab_Network |
A census-designated place (CDP) is a concentration of population defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only.
CDPs have been used in each decennial census since 1980 as the counterparts of incorporated places, such as self-governing cities, towns, and villages, for the purposes of gathering... | Wikipedia/Census-designated_place |
The Division of Industrial Hygiene was a division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) with responsibility for occupational safety and health programs. It existed from 1914 until 1971, when it became the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). It had several names during its existence, most no... | Wikipedia/Division_of_Industrial_Hygiene |
The Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) is an operating agency of the U.S. Public Health Service within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that focuses on preventing, preparing for, and responding to the adverse health effects of public health emergencies and disasters. Its fun... | Wikipedia/Administration_for_Strategic_Preparedness_and_Response |
The Office of Science is a component of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The Office of Science is the lead federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for energy and the Nation’s largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences. The Office of Science portfolio has two principal t... | Wikipedia/Office_of_Science |
An unincorporated area is a parcel of land that is not governed by a local general-purpose municipal corporation. They may be governed or serviced by an encompassing unit (such as a county) or another branch of the state (such as the military). There are many unincorporated communities and areas in the United States a... | Wikipedia/Unincorporated_area |
The White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy was a government entity in the United States created in 2008 by President Barack Obama by Executive Order. It existed for over two years and was combined with another presidential office in April 2011. The office was created to coordinate administration policy ... | Wikipedia/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy |
The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is an office within the United States Department of Energy. Formed from other energy agencies after the 1973 energy crisis, EERE is led by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Assistant Secretary), who is appointed by the presiden... | Wikipedia/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy |
The White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation is an office within the White House Office that is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. It was established on September 12, 2022, by Joe Biden via executive order in order to coordinate the policymaking process with resp... | Wikipedia/White_House_Office_on_Clean_Energy_Innovation_and_Implementation |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), formed in 1946, is the leading national public health institute of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and ... | Wikipedia/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_timeline |
Since 1980, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been organized around constituent centers, institutes, and offices (CIOs). Five centers were created in 1980, which was reflected in CDC's contemporaneous name change from the singular "Center" to plural "Centers". The current centers are descended f... | Wikipedia/Organization_of_the_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention |
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, heart diseases, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. NCDs may be ch... | Wikipedia/Non-infectious_diseases |
The Fernbank Science Center is a museum, classroom, and woodland complex located in Atlanta. It is owned and operated by the DeKalb County School District, which announced in May 2012 it was considering closing the facility to cut its annual budget, then quickly shelved the plan after public outcry. The nearby Fernba... | Wikipedia/Fernbank_Science_Center |
The Uncrewed Systems Research Transition Office (UxSRTO) was an agency of the United States federal government, tasked with collecting meteorological and environmental data using unmanned aerial vehicles, before it was shut down in March 2024. It was a branch of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), a d... | Wikipedia/Uncrewed_Systems_Research_Transition_Office |
Preventing Chronic Disease is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal established by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), covering research on all aspects of chronic diseases.
The PCD Collections are articles grouped together that feat... | Wikipedia/Preventing_Chronic_Disease |
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior, established in 2010 by Secretarial Order.
On May 19, 2010, Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar signed a Secretarial Order dividing the Minerals Management Service (MMS) into three independent entities: BOEM,... | Wikipedia/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management |
The Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) was a United States Federal executive agency created in 1965 as part of a reorganization of the United States Department of Commerce. Its mission was to unify and oversee the meteorological, climatological, hydrographic, and geodetic operations of the United Stat... | Wikipedia/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration |
In atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange,... | Wikipedia/Atmospheric_model |
Catastrophe modeling (also known as cat modeling) is the process of using computer-assisted calculations to estimate the losses that could be sustained due to a catastrophic event such as a hurricane or earthquake. Cat modeling is especially applicable to analyzing risks in the insurance industry and is at the conflue... | Wikipedia/Catastrophe_modeling |
An ecosystem model is an abstract, usually mathematical, representation of an ecological system (ranging in scale from an individual population, to an ecological community, or even an entire biome), which is studied to better understand the real system.
Using data gathered from the field, ecological relationships—such ... | Wikipedia/Ecosystem_model |
The eradication of infectious diseases is the reduction of the prevalence of an infectious disease in the global host population to zero.
Two infectious diseases have successfully been eradicated: smallpox in humans, and rinderpest in ruminants. There are four ongoing programs, targeting the human diseases poliomyeliti... | Wikipedia/Disease_eradication |
A sexual network is a social network that is defined by the sexual relationships within a set of individuals.
== Studies and discoveries ==
Like other forms of social networks, sexual networks can be formally studied using the mathematics of graph theory and network theory.
Recent epidemiological studies have investi... | Wikipedia/Sexual_network |
Viral phylodynamics is the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.
Since the term was coined in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact vira... | Wikipedia/Phylodynamics |
Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems, and are used by hydrologists and hydrogeologists. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict aquifer conditions.
== Characteristics ==
An unambiguous definition of "groundwater model" is difficult to give, but there are many common characte... | Wikipedia/Groundwater_model |
An hydrological transport model is a mathematical model used to simulate the flow of rivers, streams, groundwater movement or drainage front displacement, and calculate water quality parameters. These models generally came into use in the 1960s and 1970s when demand for numerical forecasting of water quality and draina... | Wikipedia/Hydrological_transport_model |
Integrated assessment modelling (IAM) or integrated modelling (IM) is a term used for a type of scientific modelling that tries to link main features of society and economy with the biosphere and atmosphere into one modelling framework. The goal of integrated assessment modelling is to accommodate informed policy-maki... | Wikipedia/Integrated_assessment_modelling |
A chemical transport model (CTM) is a type of computer numerical model which typically simulates atmospheric chemistry and may be used for air pollution forecasting.
== Chemical transport models and general circulation models ==
While related general circulation models (GCMs) focus on simulating overall atmospheric d... | Wikipedia/Chemical_transport_model |
Business process modeling (BPM) is the action of capturing and representing processes of an enterprise (i.e. modeling them), so that the current business processes may be analyzed, applied securely and consistently, improved, and automated.
BPM is typically performed by business analysts, with subject matter experts co... | Wikipedia/Business_process_modelling |
The Reed–Frost model is a mathematical model of epidemics put forth in the 1920s by Lowell Reed and Wade Hampton Frost, of Johns Hopkins University. While originally presented in a talk by Frost in 1928 and used in courses at Hopkins for two decades, the mathematical formulation was not published until the 1950s, when ... | Wikipedia/Reed–Frost_model |
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection caused by a group of enteroviruses. It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell. This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister, on the hands, feet and mouth and occasionally buttocks and groin. Signs an... | Wikipedia/Hand_foot_mouth_disease |
Neurological disorders represent a complex array of medical conditions that fundamentally disrupt the functioning of the nervous system. These disorders affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerve networks, presenting unique diagnosis, treatment, and patient care challenges. At their core, they represent disruptions to th... | Wikipedia/Neurologic_disease |
Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system.
== Classification ==
Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into five groups:
glucocorticoids
cytostatics
antibodies
drugs acting ... | Wikipedia/Immunosuppressant_drugs |
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος (ónkos), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass".
Oncology is focused on the diagnosis of cancer ... | Wikipedia/oncology |
A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of a tumor in the body (usually a cancerous one). It is specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules (such as hormones or cytokines) by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor. Unlike a mas... | Wikipedia/Paraneoplastic_phenomena |
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera (that is, scintigraphy), but is able to provide true 3D information. This information i... | Wikipedia/Single_Photon_Emission_Computed_Tomography |
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