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In mathematics, triality is a relationship among three vector spaces, analogous to the duality relation between dual vector spaces. Most commonly, it describes those special features of the Dynkin diagram D4 and the associated Lie group Spin(8), the double cover of 8-dimensional rotation group SO(8), arising because th... | Wikipedia/Triality |
In algebra, an Okubo algebra or pseudo-octonion algebra is an 8-dimensional non-associative algebra similar to the one studied by Susumu Okubo. Okubo algebras are composition algebras, flexible algebras (A(BA) = (AB)A), Lie admissible algebras, and power associative, but are not associative, not alternative algebras, a... | Wikipedia/Okubo_algebra |
In mathematics, an octonion algebra or Cayley algebra over a field F is a composition algebra over F that has dimension 8 over F. In other words, it is a 8-dimensional unital non-associative algebra A over F with a non-degenerate quadratic form N (called the norm form) such that
N
(
... | Wikipedia/Octonion_algebra |
Elements of Algebra is an elementary mathematics textbook written by mathematician Leonhard Euler around 1765 in German. It was first published in Russian as "Universal Arithmetic" (Универсальная арифметика), two volumes appearing in 1768-9 and in 1770 was printed from the original text. Elements of Algebra is one of t... | Wikipedia/Elements_of_Algebra |
In the mathematical field of set theory, an ultrafilter on a set
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a maximal filter on the set
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
In other words, it is a collection of subsets of
X
... | Wikipedia/Ultrafilter_lemma |
Algebraic closure of a subset
A
{\displaystyle A}
of a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is the set of all points that are linearly accessible from
A
{\displaystyle A}
. It is denoted by
... | Wikipedia/Algebraic_closure_(convex_analysis) |
In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame. The two differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstein's formula:
E
=
m
... | Wikipedia/Mass–energy_equivalence |
"An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism" is a fundamental publication by George Green in 1828, where he extends previous work of Siméon Denis Poisson on electricity and magnetism. The work in mathematical analysis, notably including what is now universally know... | Wikipedia/An_Essay_on_the_Application_of_Mathematical_Analysis_to_the_Theories_of_Electricity_and_Magnetism |
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids and the Buyids in Persia and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258. Islamic ... | Wikipedia/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
In Hamiltonian mechanics, a canonical transformation is a change of canonical coordinates (q, p) → (Q, P) that preserves the form of Hamilton's equations. This is sometimes known as form invariance. Although Hamilton's equations are preserved, it need not preserve the explicit form of the Hamiltonian itself. Canonical ... | Wikipedia/Canonical_transformations |
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts.: 1356 The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments. Typicall... | Wikipedia/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics |
Applied physics is the application of physics to solve scientific or engineering problems. It is usually considered a bridge or a connection between physics and engineering.
"Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors, such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of th... | Wikipedia/Applied_physics |
Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics is a textbook by mathematician Vladimir I. Arnold. It was originally written in Russian, and later translated into English by A. Weinstein and K. Vogtmann. It is aimed at graduate students.
== Contents ==
Part I: Newtonian Mechanics
Chapter 1: Experimental Facts
Chapter 2: ... | Wikipedia/Mathematical_Methods_of_Classical_Mechanics |
The symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation.
A family of particular transformations may be continuous (such as rotation of a circle) or discrete (e.g., reflection of a bilaterally symmetric... | Wikipedia/Symmetry_(physics) |
Quantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems.
== Expectation ==
In quantum mechanics a statistical ensemble (probability distribution over possible quantum states) is described by a density operator S, which is a non-negative, self-adjoint, trace-class operator of tra... | Wikipedia/Quantum_statistical_mechanics |
The Journal of Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of papers in mathematical physics. The journal was first published bimonthly beginning in January 1960; it became a monthly publication in 1963. The current editor is Jan Phil... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Mathematical_Physics |
This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process. ... | Wikipedia/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries |
Chemical physics is a branch of physics that studies chemical processes from a physical point of view. It focuses on understanding the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems, using principles from both physics and chemistry. This field investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic an... | Wikipedia/Chemical_physics |
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits.
The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and ... | Wikipedia/Maxwell's_equations |
Methoden der mathematischen Physik (Methods of Mathematical Physics) is a 1924 book, in two volumes totalling around 1000 pages, published under the names of Richard Courant and David Hilbert. It was a comprehensive treatment of the "methods of mathematical physics" of the time. The second volume is devoted to the theo... | Wikipedia/Methods_of_Mathematical_Physics |
In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with questions such as the nature of space, time, matter and the laws that govern... | Wikipedia/Philosophy_of_physics |
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combinations of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.
The funda... | Wikipedia/Particle_physics |
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials. Materials engineering is an engineering field of finding uses for materials in other fields and industries.
The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Age of Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical... | Wikipedia/Materials_science |
The calculus of variations (or variational calculus) is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions
and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals invol... | Wikipedia/Variational_calculus |
Classical physics refers to physics theories that are non-quantum or both non-quantum and non-relativistic, depending on the context. In historical discussions, classical physics refers to pre-1900 physics, while modern physics refers to post-1900 physics, which incorporates elements of quantum mechanics and relativity... | Wikipedia/Classical_physics |
Within the atmospheric sciences, atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, radiation budget, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere (as well as... | Wikipedia/Atmospheric_physics |
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of macroscopic quantities (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic e... | Wikipedia/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics |
Branches of physics include classical mechanics; thermodynamics and statistical mechanics; electromagnetism and photonics; relativity; quantum mechanics, atomic physics, and molecular physics; optics and acoustics; condensed matter physics; high-energy particle physics and nuclear physics; and chaos theory and cosmolog... | Wikipedia/Branches_of_physics |
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, molecular ... | Wikipedia/Biophysics |
In physics, a Galilean transformation is used to transform between the coordinates of two reference frames which differ only by constant relative motion within the constructs of Newtonian physics. These transformations together with spatial rotations and translations in space and time form the inhomogeneous Galilean gr... | Wikipedia/Galilean_transformation |
In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion... | Wikipedia/Hydrodynamics |
Aristotelian physics is the form of natural philosophy described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC). In his work Physics, Aristotle intended to establish general principles of change that govern all natural bodies, both living and inanimate, celestial and terrestrial – including all motion (ch... | Wikipedia/Aristotelian_physics |
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result fro... | Wikipedia/Solid-state_physics |
Aerodynamics (Ancient Greek: ἀήρ aero (air) + Ancient Greek: δυναμική (dynamics)) is the study of the motion of air, particularly when affected by a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It involves topics covered in the field of fluid dynamics and its subfield of gas dynamics, and is an important domain of study in ... | Wikipedia/Aerodynamics |
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in spac... | Wikipedia/Astrophysics |
Engineering physics (EP), sometimes engineering science, is the field of study combining pure science disciplines (such as physics, mathematics, chemistry or biology) and engineering disciplines (computer, nuclear, electrical, aerospace, medical, materials, mechanical, etc.).
In many languages, the term technical physi... | Wikipedia/Engineering_physics |
Celestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of objects in outer space. Historically, celestial mechanics applies principles of physics (classical mechanics) to astronomical objects, such as stars and planets, to produce ephemeris data.
== History ==
Modern analytic celestial mechanics ... | Wikipedia/Celestial_mechanics |
Combinatorial physics or physical combinatorics is the area of interaction between physics and combinatorics.
== Overview ==
"Combinatorial Physics is an emerging area which unites combinatorial and discrete mathematical techniques applied to theoretical physics, especially Quantum Theory."
"Physical combinatorics mi... | Wikipedia/Combinatorics_and_physics |
General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and refines Newton's law... | Wikipedia/General_theory_of_relativity |
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.
Discoveries in nuclear physics ha... | Wikipedia/Nuclear_physics |
The relationship between mathematics and physics has been a subject of study of philosophers, mathematicians and physicists since antiquity, and more recently also by historians and educators. Generally considered a relationship of great intimacy, mathematics has been described as "an essential tool for physics" and ph... | Wikipedia/Relationship_between_mathematics_and_physics |
Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which oceanography is divided. Others include biological, chemical and geological oceanography.
Phys... | Wikipedia/Physical_oceanography |
In mathematics, an integral transform is a type of transform that maps a function from its original function space into another function space via integration, where some of the properties of the original function might be more easily characterized and manipulated than in the original function space. The transformed fu... | Wikipedia/Integral_transforms |
Modern physics is a branch of physics that developed in the early 20th century and onward or branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics. Notable branches of modern physics include quantum mechanics, special relativity, and general relativity.
Classical physics is typically concerned with everyday conditi... | Wikipedia/Modern_physics |
The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively. Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. General relativity explains the law of grav... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_relativity |
Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and properties of Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists conduct investigations across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The term geophysics classically r... | Wikipedia/Geophysics |
In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities
q
˙
... | Wikipedia/Hamiltonian_dynamics |
In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initia... | Wikipedia/Elasticity_theory |
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper,
"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", the theory is presented as being based on just two postulates:
The laws of physics are invariant... | Wikipedia/Special_theory_of_relativity |
Scientific scholarship during the Byzantine Empire played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy, and also in the transmission of Islamic science to Renaissance Italy. Its rich historiographical tradition preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid... | Wikipedia/Byzantine_science |
Medical physics deals with the application of the concepts and methods of physics to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases with a specific goal of improving human health and well-being. Since 2008, medical physics has been included as a health profession according to International Standard Classific... | Wikipedia/Medical_physics |
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as experiments by Galileo Galilei, to more complicated... | Wikipedia/Experimental_physics |
Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences is a 1966 textbook by mathematician Mary L. Boas intended to develop skills in mathematical problem solving needed for junior to senior-graduate courses in engineering, physics, and chemistry. The book provides a comprehensive survey of analytic techniques and provides care... | Wikipedia/Mathematical_Methods_in_the_Physical_Sciences |
In physics, relativistic mechanics refers to mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). It provides a non-quantum mechanical description of a system of particles, or of a fluid, in cases where the velocities of moving objects are comparable to the speed of light c. As a result, class... | Wikipedia/Relativistic_mechanics |
The World, also called Treatise on the Light (French title: Traité du monde et de la lumière), is a book by René Descartes (1596–1650). Written between 1629 and 1633, it contains a nearly complete version of his philosophy, from method, to metaphysics, to physics and biology.
Descartes espoused mechanical philosophy, a... | Wikipedia/Cartesian_physics |
In mathematical analysis and in probability theory, a σ-algebra ("sigma algebra") is part of the formalism for defining sets that can be measured. In calculus and analysis, for example, σ-algebras are used to define the concept of sets with area or volume. In probability theory, they are used to define events with a we... | Wikipedia/Sigma_algebra |
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a monad is a triple
(
T
,
η
,
μ
)
{\displaystyle (T,\eta ,\mu )}
consisting of a functor T from a category to itself and two natural transformations
η
... | Wikipedia/T-algebra |
Algebraic may refer to any subject related to algebra in mathematics and related branches like algebraic number theory and algebraic topology. The word algebra itself has several meanings.
Algebraic may also refer to:
Algebraic data type, a datatype in computer programming each of whose values is data from other datat... | Wikipedia/Algebraic_(disambiguation) |
In mathematics, an algebra over a field (often simply called an algebra) is a vector space equipped with a bilinear product. Thus, an algebra is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with operations of multiplication and addition and scalar multiplication by elements of a field and satisfying the axioms i... | Wikipedia/Algebra_over_a_commutative_ring |
In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a *-algebra (or involutive algebra; read as "star-algebra") is a mathematical structure consisting of two involutive rings R and A, where R is commutative and A has the structure of an associative algebra over R. Involutive algebras generalize the idea of a num... | Wikipedia/*-algebra |
Algebra Felicia Blessett (born April 9, 1976), usually known as Algebra Blessett or just Algebra, is an American contemporary R&B singer.
== Early life ==
Blessett's mother was a gospel singer and bass player, and Blessett grew up to the sounds of soul music, gospel and R&B. Like many R&B singers, she sang in a gospe... | Wikipedia/Algebra_(singer) |
In database theory, relational algebra is a theory that uses algebraic structures for modeling data and defining queries on it with well founded semantics. The theory was introduced by Edgar F. Codd.
The main application of relational algebra is to provide a theoretical foundation for relational databases, particularly... | Wikipedia/Relational_algebra |
In mathematics, a field of sets is a mathematical structure consisting of a pair
(
X
,
F
)
{\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {F}})}
consisting of a set
X
{\displaysty... | Wikipedia/Algebra_over_a_set |
In universal algebra, a variety of algebras or equational class is the class of all algebraic structures of a given signature satisfying a given set of identities. For example, the groups form a variety of algebras, as do the abelian groups, the rings, the monoids etc. According to Birkhoff's theorem, a class of algebr... | Wikipedia/Algebraic_category |
In mathematics, especially in abstract algebra, a quasigroup is an algebraic structure that resembles a group in the sense that "division" is always possible. Quasigroups differ from groups mainly in that the associative and identity element properties are optional. In fact, a nonempty associative quasigroup is a group... | Wikipedia/Loop_(algebra) |
Magma is a computer algebra system designed to solve problems in algebra, number theory, geometry and combinatorics. It is named after the algebraic structure magma. It runs on Unix-like operating systems, as well as Windows.
== Introduction ==
Magma is produced and distributed by the Computational Algebra Group with... | Wikipedia/Magma_computer_algebra_system |
In mathematics, a partial function f from a set X to a set Y is a function from a subset S of X (possibly the whole X itself) to Y. The subset S, that is, the domain of f viewed as a function, is called the domain of definition or natural domain of f. If S equals X, that is, if f is defined on every element in X, then ... | Wikipedia/Total_function |
In mathematics, the concept of groupoid algebra generalizes the notion of group algebra.
== Definition ==
Given a groupoid
(
G
,
⋅
)
{\displaystyle (G,\cdot )}
(in the sense of a category with all morphisms invertible) and a field
... | Wikipedia/Groupoid_algebra |
In computer programming, a string is traditionally a sequence of characters, either as a literal constant or as some kind of variable. The latter may allow its elements to be mutated and the length changed, or it may be fixed (after creation). A string is often implemented as an array data structure of bytes (or words)... | Wikipedia/String_(computer_science) |
In topology, constructible sets are a class of subsets of a topological space that have a relatively "simple" structure.
They are used particularly in algebraic geometry and related fields. A key result known as Chevalley's theorem
in algebraic geometry shows that the image of a constructible set is constructible for a... | Wikipedia/Constructible_set_(topology) |
In mathematics, an algebraic manifold is an algebraic variety which is also a manifold. As such, algebraic manifolds are a generalisation of the concept of smooth curves and surfaces defined by polynomials. An example is the sphere, which can be defined as the zero set of the polynomial x2 + y2 + z2 – 1, and hence is a... | Wikipedia/Algebraic_manifold |
In algebraic geometry, a morphism between algebraic varieties is a function between the varieties that is given locally by polynomials. It is also called a regular map. A morphism from an algebraic variety to the affine line is also called a regular function.
A regular map whose inverse is also regular is called biregu... | Wikipedia/Regular_map_(algebraic_geometry) |
In graph theory, an isomorphism of graphs G and H is a bijection between the vertex sets of G and H
f
:
V
(
G
)
→
V
(
H
)
{\displaystyle f\colon V(G)\to V(H)}
such that any two vertices u and v of... | Wikipedia/Graph_isomorphism |
In the mathematical field of algebraic geometry, a singular point of an algebraic variety V is a point P that is 'special' (so, singular), in the geometric sense that at this point the tangent space at the variety may not be regularly defined. In case of varieties defined over the reals, this notion generalizes the not... | Wikipedia/Singular_point_of_an_algebraic_variety |
In algebraic geometry, motives (or sometimes motifs, following French usage) is a theory proposed by Alexander Grothendieck in the 1960s to unify the vast array of similarly behaved cohomology theories such as singular cohomology, de Rham cohomology, etale cohomology, and crystalline cohomology. Philosophically, a "mot... | Wikipedia/Motive_(algebraic_geometry) |
In algebraic geometry, a moduli space of (algebraic) curves is a geometric space (typically a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent isomorphism classes of algebraic curves. It is thus a special case of a moduli space. Depending on the restrictions applied to the classes of algebraic curves considered, ... | Wikipedia/Moduli_of_algebraic_curves |
In universal algebra, a variety of algebras or equational class is the class of all algebraic structures of a given signature satisfying a given set of identities. For example, the groups form a variety of algebras, as do the abelian groups, the rings, the monoids etc. According to Birkhoff's theorem, a class of algebr... | Wikipedia/Variety_of_algebras |
In mathematics, an algebraic torus, where a one dimensional torus is typically denoted by
G
m
{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} _{\mathbf {m} }}
,
... | Wikipedia/Algebraic_torus |
In mathematics, theta functions are special functions of several complex variables. They show up in many topics, including Abelian varieties, moduli spaces, quadratic forms, and solitons. Theta functions are parametrized by points in a tube domain inside a complex Lagrangian Grassmannian, namely the Siegel upper half s... | Wikipedia/Theta_function |
In mathematics, an algebraic manifold is an algebraic variety which is also a manifold. As such, algebraic manifolds are a generalisation of the concept of smooth curves and surfaces defined by polynomials. An example is the sphere, which can be defined as the zero set of the polynomial x2 + y2 + z2 – 1, and hence is a... | Wikipedia/Projective_algebraic_manifold |
In mathematics, specifically in group theory, two groups are commensurable if they differ only by a finite amount, in a precise sense. The commensurator of a subgroup is another subgroup, related to the normalizer.
== Abstract commensurability ==
Two groups G1 and G2 are said to be (abstractly) commensurable if there... | Wikipedia/Commensurability_(group_theory) |
In mathematics, the concept of abelian variety is the higher-dimensional generalization of the elliptic curve. The equations defining abelian varieties are a topic of study because every abelian variety is a projective variety. In dimension d ≥ 2, however, it is no longer as straightforward to discuss such equations.
T... | Wikipedia/Equations_defining_abelian_varieties |
Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography (NMR crystallography) is a method which utilizes primarily NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of solid materials on the atomic scale. Thus, solid-state NMR spectroscopy would be used primarily, possibly supplemented by quantum chemistry calculations (e.g. density func... | Wikipedia/NMR_crystallography |
Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common. Such defects may be the result of lattice irregularities or extrinsic substitutional or interstitial impurities, introduced during or after the diamond growth. The defects affect the material properties of diamond and determine to which type a diamond is assig... | Wikipedia/Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond |
Geological modelling, geologic modelling or geomodelling is the applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust based on geophysical and geological observations made on and below the Earth surface. A geomodel is the numerical equivalent of a three-dimensional geological map com... | Wikipedia/Geologic_modelling |
Kikuchi lines are patterns of electrons formed by scattering. They pair up to form bands in electron diffraction from single crystal specimens, there to serve as "roads in orientation-space" for microscopists uncertain of what they are looking at. In transmission electron microscopes, they are easily seen in diffractio... | Wikipedia/Kikuchi_lines_(physics) |
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published in English. The journal publishes theoretical and experimental studies in crystallography of both organic and inorganic substances. The editor-in-chief of the journal is Rainer Pöttgen from the University of... | Wikipedia/Zeitschrift_für_Kristallographie_–_Crystalline_Materials |
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low-energy electrons (30–200 eV) and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen.
LEED may be used in one of two ways:
Q... | Wikipedia/Low-energy_electron_diffraction |
This is a timeline of crystallography.
== 17th century ==
1669 - In his book De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento Nicolas Steno asserted that, although the number and size of crystal faces may vary from one crystal to another, the angles between corresponding faces are always the same. This was the original s... | Wikipedia/Timeline_of_crystallography |
Forensic geophysics is a branch of forensic science and is the study, the search, the localization and the mapping of buried objects or elements beneath the soil or the water, using geophysics tools for legal purposes. There are various geophysical techniques for forensic investigations in which the targets are buried ... | Wikipedia/Forensic_geophysics |
Crystallography is a book of poetry and prose published in 1994 and revised in 2003 by Canadian author Christian Bök. Based around a pataphysical conceit that language is a crystallization process, the book includes several forms of poetry including concrete poetry, as well as pseudohistorical texts, diagrams, charts, ... | Wikipedia/Crystallography_(book) |
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture. In preparative chromat... | Wikipedia/Gas_chromatography |
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are... | Wikipedia/Surface_science |
Kinks are deviations of a dislocation defect along its glide plane. In edge dislocations, the constant glide plane allows short regions of the dislocation to turn, converting into screw dislocations and producing kinks. Screw dislocations have rotatable glide planes, thus kinks that are generated along screw dislocatio... | Wikipedia/Kink_(materials_science) |
A crystallographic defect is an interruption of the regular patterns of arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids. The positions and orientations of particles, which are repeating at fixed distances determined by the unit cell parameters in crystals, exhibit a periodic crystal structure, but this is usual... | Wikipedia/Crystallographic_defect |
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( ; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic aci... | Wikipedia/DNA |
The Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm is an iterative phase retrieval algorithm for retrieving the phase of a complex-valued wavefront from two intensity measurements acquired in two different planes. Typically, the two planes are the image plane and the far field (diffraction) plane, and the wavefront propagation betwee... | Wikipedia/Gerchberg–Saxton_algorithm |
Low-energy electron microscopy, or LEEM, is an analytical surface science technique used to image atomically clean surfaces, atom-surface interactions, and thin (crystalline) films.
== Operation ==
High-energy electrons (15-20 keV) are emitted from an electron gun, focused using a set of condenser optics, and sent th... | Wikipedia/Low-energy_electron_microscopy |
Physical crystallography before X-rays describes how physical crystallography developed as a science up to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. In the period before X-rays, crystallography can be divided into three broad areas: geometric crystallography culminating in the discovery of the 230 spac... | Wikipedia/Physical_crystallography_before_X-rays |
The law of symmetry is a law in the field of crystallography concerning crystal structure. The law states that all crystals of the same substance possess the same elements of symmetry. The law is also named the law of constancy of symmetry, Haüy's law or the third law of crystallography.
== Definition ==
The way in w... | Wikipedia/Law_of_symmetry_(crystallography) |
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