text stringlengths 559 401k | source stringlengths 13 121 |
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In geometric topology, the Property P conjecture is a statement about 3-manifolds obtained by Dehn surgery on a knot in the 3-sphere. A knot in the 3-sphere is said to have Property P if every 3-manifold obtained by performing (non-trivial) Dehn surgery on the knot is not simply-connected. The conjecture states that al... | Wikipedia/Property_P_conjecture |
In set theory, a tree is a partially ordered set
(
T
,
<
)
{\displaystyle (T,<)}
such that for each
t
∈
T
{\displaystyle t\in T}
, the set
{
s
∈
... | Wikipedia/Tree_(set_theory) |
In mathematics, a cardinal function (or cardinal invariant) is a function that returns cardinal numbers.
== Cardinal functions in set theory ==
The most frequently used cardinal function is the function that assigns to a set A its cardinality, denoted by |A|.
Aleph numbers and beth numbers can both be seen as cardina... | Wikipedia/Cardinal_function |
In mathematics, a topological space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is called countably generated if the topology of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is determined by the countable sets in a similar way as the topology of a sequential space (or a Fréchet sp... | Wikipedia/Countably_generated_space |
In mathematics, a cardinal function (or cardinal invariant) is a function that returns cardinal numbers.
== Cardinal functions in set theory ==
The most frequently used cardinal function is the function that assigns to a set A its cardinality, denoted by |A|.
Aleph numbers and beth numbers can both be seen as cardina... | Wikipedia/Character_(topology) |
PCF theory is the name of a mathematical theory, introduced by Saharon Shelah (1978), that deals with the cofinality of the ultraproducts of ordered sets. It gives strong upper bounds on the cardinalities of power sets of singular cardinals, and has many more applications as well. The abbreviation "PCF" stands for "pos... | Wikipedia/PCF_theory |
In mathematics, more specifically point-set topology, a Moore space is a developable regular Hausdorff space. That is, a topological space X is a Moore space if the following conditions hold:
Any two distinct points can be separated by neighbourhoods, and any closed set and any point in its complement can be separated... | Wikipedia/Normal_Moore_space_conjecture |
The Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the mechanics of materials and deformable structures of all types. It was established by Charles R. Steele, who was also the first editor-in-chief.
== History ==
The journal was established in 2006 after 21... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Mechanics_of_Materials_and_Structures |
Algebra & Number Theory is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by the nonprofit organization Mathematical Sciences Publishers. It was launched on January 17, 2007, with the goal of "providing an alternative to the current range of commercial specialty journals in algebra and number theory, an alternative of h... | Wikipedia/Algebra_&_Number_Theory |
Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems (MEMOCS) is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal founded by the International Research Center for the Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems (M&MoCS) from Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, in Italy. It is published by Mathematical Sciences Publishers, and fir... | Wikipedia/Mathematics_and_Mechanics_of_Complex_Systems |
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van der Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to dist... | Wikipedia/Van_der_Waals_force |
In continuum mechanics, the Flamant solution provides expressions for the stresses and displacements in a linear elastic wedge loaded by point forces at its sharp end. This solution was developed by Alfred-Aimé Flamant in 1892 by modifying the three dimensional solutions for linear elasticity of Joseph Valentin Boussin... | Wikipedia/Flamant_solution |
Non-smooth mechanics is a modeling approach in mechanics which does not require the time evolutions of the positions and of the velocities to be smooth functions. Due to possible impacts, the velocities of the mechanical system are allowed to undergo jumps at certain time instants in order to fulfill the kinematical re... | Wikipedia/Non-smooth_mechanics |
The strength of materials is determined using various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of ... | Wikipedia/Mechanics_of_materials |
A design is the concept or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. In s... | Wikipedia/Design |
In mechanics and physics, shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion. Shock is a transient physical excitation.
Shock describes matter subject to extreme rates of force with respect to time. Shock is a vector that has units of an acceleration (rate of change of ... | Wikipedia/Shock_(mechanics) |
Contact dynamics deals with the motion of multibody systems subjected to unilateral contacts and friction. Such systems are omnipresent in many multibody dynamics applications. Consider for example
Contacts between wheels and ground in vehicle dynamics
Squealing of brakes due to friction induced oscillations
Motion of... | Wikipedia/Contact_dynamics |
Euler–Bernoulli beam theory (also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. It covers the case corresponding to small deflections of a beam that is subj... | Wikipedia/Beam_theory |
Geospatial topology is the study and application of qualitative spatial relationships between geographic features, or between representations of such features in geographic information, such as in geographic information systems (GIS). For example, the fact that two regions overlap or that one contains the other are exa... | Wikipedia/Geospatial_topology |
Topology of a transmembrane protein refers to locations of N- and C-termini of membrane-spanning polypeptide chain with respect to the inner or outer sides of the biological membrane occupied by the protein.
Several databases provide experimentally determined topologies of membrane proteins. They include Uniprot, TOPD... | Wikipedia/Membrane_topology |
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.
Network topo... | Wikipedia/Logical_topology |
A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They frequently undergo significant conformational changes to move a substance through the mem... | Wikipedia/Transmembrane_proteins |
The circuit topology of an electronic circuit is the form taken by the network of interconnections of the circuit components. Different specific values or ratings of the components are regarded as being the same topology. Topology is not concerned with the physical layout of components in a circuit, nor with their po... | Wikipedia/Topology_(electronics) |
Topology is an indie classical quintet from Australia, formed in 1997.. They perform throughout Australia and abroad and have to date released 14 albums, including one with rock/electronica band Full Fathom Five and one with contemporary ensemble Loops. They were formerly the resident ensembles at the University of Wes... | Wikipedia/Topology_(musical_ensemble) |
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.
Network topo... | Wikipedia/Network_topology |
Topology is an album by multi-instrumentalist and composer Joe McPhee, recorded in 1981 and first released on the Swiss HatHut label, it was rereleased on CD in 1990.
== Reception ==
AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars.
== Track listing ==
All compositions by Joe McPhee
"Age" – 10:47
"Blues for Chicago" – 5:34
"Pi... | Wikipedia/Topology_(album) |
Topology was a peer-reviewed mathematical journal covering topology and geometry. It was established in 1962 and was published by Elsevier. The last issue of Topology appeared in 2009.
== Pricing dispute ==
On 10 August 2006, after months of unsuccessful negotiations with Elsevier about the price policy of library su... | Wikipedia/Topology_(journal) |
In relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the Bargmann–Wigner equations describe free particles with non-zero mass and arbitrary spin j, an integer for bosons (j = 1, 2, 3 ...) or half-integer for fermions (j = 1⁄2, 3⁄2, 5⁄2 ...). The solutions to the equations are wavefunctions, mathematically in the... | Wikipedia/Bargmann–Wigner_equations |
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Hi... | Wikipedia/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model |
The Thirring model is an exactly solvable quantum field theory which describes the self-interactions of a Dirac field in (1+1) dimensions.
== Definition ==
The Thirring model is given by the Lagrangian density
L
=
... | Wikipedia/Thirring_model |
Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) is an application to local quantum physics of C*-algebra theory. Also referred to as the Haag–Kastler axiomatic framework for quantum field theory, because it was introduced by Rudolf Haag and Daniel Kastler (1964). The axioms are stated in terms of an algebra given for every open ... | Wikipedia/Local_quantum_field_theory |
The BF model or BF theory is a topological field, which when quantized, becomes a topological quantum field theory. BF stands for background field B and F, as can be seen below, are also the variables appearing in the Lagrangian of the theory, which is helpful as a mnemonic device.
We have a 4-dimensional differentiabl... | Wikipedia/BF_model |
In physics, Liouville field theory (or simply Liouville theory) is a two-dimensional conformal field theory whose classical equation of motion is a generalization of Liouville's equation.
Liouville theory is defined for all complex values of the central charge
c
{\displaystyle c}... | Wikipedia/Liouville_field_theory |
Technicolor theories are models of physics beyond the Standard Model that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, the mechanism through which W and Z bosons acquire masses. Early technicolor theories were modelled on quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the "color" theory of the strong nuclear force, which inspired thei... | Wikipedia/Technicolor_(physics) |
In many-body theory, the term Green's function (or Green function) is sometimes used interchangeably with correlation function, but refers specifically to correlators of field operators or creation and annihilation operators.
The name comes from the Green's functions used to solve inhomogeneous differential equations, ... | Wikipedia/Green's_function_(many-body_theory) |
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the weak interaction, weak force or the weak nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and gravitation. It is the mechanism of interaction between subatomic particles that is responsible for ... | Wikipedia/Quantum_flavordynamics |
Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) is an application to local quantum physics of C*-algebra theory. Also referred to as the Haag–Kastler axiomatic framework for quantum field theory, because it was introduced by Rudolf Haag and Daniel Kastler (1964). The axioms are stated in terms of an algebra given for every open ... | Wikipedia/Algebraic_quantum_field_theory |
The Gross–Neveu model (GN) is a quantum field theory model of Dirac fermions interacting via four-fermion interactions in 1 spatial and 1 time dimension. It was introduced in 1974 by David Gross and André Neveu
as a toy model for quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. It shares several feature... | Wikipedia/Gross–Neveu_model |
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is an extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry. MSSM is the minimal supersymmetrical model as it considers only "the [minimum] number of new particle states and new interactions consistent with "Reality". Supersymmetry pairs bosons with fermions, so ev... | Wikipedia/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model |
A model is an informative representation of an object, person, or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus, 'a measure'.
Models can be divided into physical models (e.g. a ship model or a fashion model) and... | Wikipedia/Physical_model |
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha, beta, an... | Wikipedia/Decay_rate |
Dirac hole theory is a theory in quantum mechanics, named after English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, who introduced it in 1929. The theory poses that the continuum of negative energy states, that are solutions to the Dirac equation, are filled with electrons, and the vacancies in this continuum (holes) are manifes... | Wikipedia/Dirac_hole_theory |
In theoretical physics, more specifically in quantum field theory and supersymmetry, supersymmetric Yang–Mills, also known as super Yang–Mills and abbreviated to SYM, is a supersymmetric generalization of Yang–Mills theory, which is a gauge theory that plays an important part in the mathematical formulation of forces i... | Wikipedia/N_=_1_supersymmetric_Yang–Mills_theory |
In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, often called Landau–Ginzburg theory, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity. In its initial form, it was postulated as a phenomenological model which could describe type-I superconductors without examining th... | Wikipedia/Ginzburg–Landau_theory |
In quantum field theory, the energy that a particle has as a result of changes that it causes in its environment defines its self-energy
Σ
{\displaystyle \Sigma }
. The self-energy represents the contribution to the particle's energy, or effective mass, due to interactions bet... | Wikipedia/Self-energy |
In quantum field theory, correlation functions, often referred to as correlators or Green's functions, are vacuum expectation values of time-ordered products of field operators. They are a key object of study in quantum field theory where they can be used to calculate various observables such as S-matrix elements, alth... | Wikipedia/Correlation_function_(quantum_field_theory) |
Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT), sometimes known as the BEC vacuum theory, is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the fundamental physical vacuum (non-removable background) is considered as a superfluid or as a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC).
The microscopic structure of this physical vacuum i... | Wikipedia/Superfluid_vacuum_theory |
N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills (SYM) theory is a relativistic conformally invariant Lagrangian gauge theory describing the interactions of fermions via gauge field exchanges. In D=4 spacetime dimensions, N=4 is the maximal number of supersymmetries or supersymmetry charges.
SYM theory is a toy theory based on Yang–Mi... | Wikipedia/N_=_4_supersymmetric_Yang–Mills_theory |
In theoretical physics and mathematics, a Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW) model, also called a Wess–Zumino–Novikov–Witten model, is a type of two-dimensional conformal field theory named after Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino, Sergei Novikov and Edward Witten. A WZW model is associated to a Lie group (or supergroup), and its symmetr... | Wikipedia/Wess–Zumino–Witten_model |
In mathematical physics, noncommutative quantum field theory (or quantum field theory on noncommutative spacetime) is an application of noncommutative mathematics to the spacetime of quantum field theory that is an outgrowth of noncommutative geometry and index theory in which the coordinate functions are noncommutativ... | Wikipedia/Noncommutative_quantum_field_theory |
In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function, β(g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, g, on the energy scale, μ, of a given physical process described by quantum field theory.
It is defined as
β
(
g
)
=
μ
... | Wikipedia/Beta_function_(physics) |
In theoretical physics, the Wess–Zumino model has become the first known example of an interacting four-dimensional quantum field theory with linearly realised supersymmetry. In 1974, Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino studied, using modern terminology, dynamics of a single chiral superfield (composed of a complex scalar and... | Wikipedia/Wess–Zumino_model |
Shinsei Ryu and Tadashi Takayanagi published 2006 a conjecture within holography that posits a quantitative relationship between the entanglement entropy of a conformal field theory and the geometry of an associated anti-de Sitter spacetime. The formula characterizes "holographic screens" in the bulk; that is, it spec... | Wikipedia/Ryu–Takayanagi_conjecture |
In theoretical physics, ABJM theory is a quantum field theory studied by Ofer Aharony, Oren Bergman, Daniel Jafferis, and Juan Maldacena. It provides a holographic dual to M-theory on
A
d
S
4
×
S
... | Wikipedia/ABJM_superconformal_field_theory |
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits.
The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and ... | Wikipedia/Maxwell's_equation |
In physics, the Callan–Symanzik equation is a differential equation describing the evolution of the n-point correlation functions under variation of the energy scale at which the theory is defined and involves the beta function of the theory and the anomalous dimensions.
The Callan–Symanzik equation was discovered inde... | Wikipedia/Callan–Symanzik_equation |
In physics, a sigma model is a field theory that describes the field as a point particle confined to move on a fixed manifold. This manifold can be taken to be any Riemannian manifold, although it is most commonly taken to be either a Lie group or a symmetric space. The model may or may not be quantized. An example of ... | Wikipedia/Sigma_model |
The Wheeler–DeWitt equation for theoretical physics and applied mathematics, is a field equation attributed to John Archibald Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt. The equation attempts to mathematically combine the ideas of quantum mechanics and general relativity, a step towards a theory of quantum gravity.
In this approach, tim... | Wikipedia/Wheeler–DeWitt_equation |
A black hole firewall is a hypothetical phenomenon where an observer falling into a black hole encounters high-energy quanta at (or near) the event horizon. The "firewall" phenomenon was proposed in 2012 by physicists Ahmed Almheiri, Donald Marolf, Joseph Polchinski, and James Sully as a possible solution to an appare... | Wikipedia/Firewall_(physics) |
In theoretical physics, background field method is a useful procedure to calculate the effective action of a quantum field theory by expanding a quantum field around a classical "background" value B:
ϕ
(
x
)
=
B
(
x
)
+
... | Wikipedia/Background_field_method |
The Schwinger–Dyson equations (SDEs) or Dyson–Schwinger equations, named after Julian Schwinger and Freeman Dyson, are general relations between correlation functions in quantum field theories (QFTs). They are also referred to as the Euler–Lagrange equations of quantum field theories, since they are the equations of mo... | Wikipedia/Schwinger-Dyson_equation |
The Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory (also called the Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory), named after its originators, the physicists Richard Feynman and John Archibald Wheeler, is a theory of electrodynamics based on a relativistic correct extension of action at a distance electron particles. The theory postulates ... | Wikipedia/Wheeler–Feynman_absorber_theory |
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)", or the Eightfold Way, the successful classification scheme organizing the large number o... | Wikipedia/Quark_model |
In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also refer to the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates (a point reflection):
P
:
... | Wikipedia/Parity_(physics) |
In quantum physics an anomaly or quantum anomaly is the failure of a symmetry of a theory's classical action to be a symmetry of any regularization of the full quantum theory.
In classical physics, a classical anomaly is the failure of a symmetry to be restored in the limit in which the symmetry-breaking parameter go... | Wikipedia/Anomaly_(physics) |
The Chern–Simons theory is a 3-dimensional topological quantum field theory of Schwarz type. It was discovered first by mathematical physicist Albert Schwarz. It is named after mathematicians Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, who introduced the Chern–Simons 3-form. In the Chern–Simons theory, the action is pro... | Wikipedia/Chern–Simons_theory |
Quantum hadrodynamics (QHD) is an effective field theory pertaining to interactions between hadrons, that is, hadron-hadron interactions or the inter-hadron force. It is "a framework for describing the nuclear many-body problem as a relativistic system of baryons and mesons". Quantum hadrodynamics is closely related an... | Wikipedia/Quantum_hadrodynamics |
In mathematics and physics, specifically the study of field theory and partial differential equations, a Toda field theory, named after Morikazu Toda, is specified by a choice of Lie algebra and a specific Lagrangian.
== Formulation ==
Fixing the Lie algebra to have rank
r
{\di... | Wikipedia/Toda_field_theory |
In quantum field theory, a nonlinear σ model describes a field Σ that takes on values in a nonlinear manifold called the target manifold T. The non-linear σ-model was introduced by Gell-Mann & Lévy (1960, §6), who named it after a field corresponding to a spinless meson called σ in their model. This article deals prim... | Wikipedia/Non-linear_sigma_model |
The Russo–Susskind–Thorlacius model or RST model in short is a modification of the CGHS model to take care of conformal anomalies and render it analytically soluble. In the CGHS model, if we include Faddeev–Popov ghosts to gauge-fix diffeomorphisms in the conformal gauge, they contribute an anomaly of -24. Each matter ... | Wikipedia/RST_model |
The soler model is a quantum field theory model of Dirac fermions interacting via four fermion interactions in 3 spatial and 1 time dimension. It was introduced in 1938 by Dmitri Ivanenko
and re-introduced and investigated in 1970 by Mario Soler as a toy model of self-interacting electron.
This model is described by ... | Wikipedia/Soler_model |
Group field theory (GFT) is a quantum field theory in which the base manifold is taken to be a Lie group. It is closely related to background independent quantum gravity approaches such as loop quantum gravity, the spin foam formalism and causal dynamical triangulation. Its perturbative expansion can be interpreted as ... | Wikipedia/Group_field_theory |
In mathematics, the Yang–Mills–Higgs equations are a set of non-linear partial differential equations for a Yang–Mills field, given by a connection, and a Higgs field, given by a section of a vector bundle (specifically, the adjoint bundle). These equations are
... | Wikipedia/Yang–Mills–Higgs_equations |
The sine-Gordon equation is a second-order nonlinear partial differential equation for a function
φ
{\displaystyle \varphi }
dependent on two variables typically denoted
x
{\displaystyle x}
and
t
... | Wikipedia/Sine-Gordon_equation |
In theoretical physics, a minimal model or Virasoro minimal model is a two-dimensional conformal field theory whose spectrum is built from finitely many irreducible representations of the Virasoro algebra.
Minimal models have been classified, giving rise to an ADE classification. Most minimal models have been solved, i... | Wikipedia/Minimal_model_(physics) |
In the physics of electromagnetism, the Abraham–Lorentz force (also known as the Lorentz–Abraham force) is the reaction force on an accelerating charged particle caused by the particle emitting electromagnetic radiation by self-interaction. It is also called the radiation reaction force, the radiation damping force, ... | Wikipedia/Abraham–Lorentz_force |
In theoretical physics, the Born–Infeld model or the Dirac–Born–Infeld action is a particular example of what is usually known as a nonlinear electrodynamics. It was historically introduced in the 1930s to remove the divergence of the electron's self-energy in classical electrodynamics by introducing an upper bound of ... | Wikipedia/Born–Infeld_model |
In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles. They can also be described by some of the... | Wikipedia/Flavour_(particle_physics) |
The Thirring–Wess model or Vector Meson model
is an exactly solvable quantum field theory, describing the interaction of a Dirac field with a vector field in dimension two.
== Definition ==
The Lagrangian density is made of three terms:
the free vector field
A
... | Wikipedia/Thirring–Wess_model |
Many first principles in quantum field theory are explained, or get further insight, in string theory.
== From quantum field theory to string theory ==
Emission and absorption: one of the most basic building blocks of quantum field theory, is the notion that particles (such as electrons) can emit and absorb other par... | Wikipedia/Relationship_between_string_theory_and_quantum_field_theory |
In particle physics, NMSSM is an acronym for Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.
It is a supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model that adds an additional singlet chiral superfield to the MSSM and can be used to dynamically generate the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
... | Wikipedia/Next-to-Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model |
In theoretical physics, Seiberg–Witten theory is an
N
=
2
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2}
supersymmetric gauge theory with an exact low-energy effective action (for massless degrees of freedom), of which the kinetic... | Wikipedia/Seiberg–Witten_theory |
A two-dimensional conformal field theory is a quantum field theory on a Euclidean two-dimensional space, that is invariant under local conformal transformations.
In contrast to other types of conformal field theories, two-dimensional conformal field theories have infinite-dimensional symmetry algebras. In some cases, t... | Wikipedia/Two-dimensional_conformal_field_theory |
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory in curved spacetime (QFTCS) is an extension of quantum field theory from Minkowski spacetime to a general curved spacetime. This theory uses a semi-classical approach; it treats spacetime as a fixed, classical background, while giving a quantum-mechanical description of the ... | Wikipedia/Quantum_field_theory_in_curved_spacetime |
In elementary particle physics and mathematical physics, in particular in effective field theory, a form factor is a function that encapsulates the properties of a certain particle interaction without including all of the underlying physics, but instead, providing the momentum dependence of suitable matrix elements. It... | Wikipedia/Form_factor_(quantum_field_theory) |
In condensed matter physics, quantum hydrodynamics (QHD) is most generally the study of hydrodynamic-like systems which demonstrate quantum mechanical behavior. They arise in semiclassical mechanics in the study of metal and semiconductor devices, in which case being derived from the Boltzmann transport equation combin... | Wikipedia/Quantum_hydrodynamics |
Communications in Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Springer. The journal publishes papers in all fields of mathematical physics, but focuses particularly in analysis related to condensed matter physics, statistical mechanics and quantum field theory, and in operator algebras, quantu... | Wikipedia/Communications_in_Mathematical_Physics |
The Schwinger–Dyson equations (SDEs) or Dyson–Schwinger equations, named after Julian Schwinger and Freeman Dyson, are general relations between correlation functions in quantum field theories (QFTs). They are also referred to as the Euler–Lagrange equations of quantum field theories, since they are the equations of mo... | Wikipedia/Schwinger–Dyson_equation |
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combinations of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.
The funda... | Wikipedia/High-energy_physics |
In nuclear physics, the chiral model, introduced by Feza Gürsey in 1960, is a phenomenological model describing effective interactions of mesons in the chiral limit (where the masses of the quarks go to zero), but without necessarily mentioning quarks at all. It is a nonlinear sigma model with the principal homogeneous... | Wikipedia/Chiral_model |
The Bousso bound captures a fundamental relation between quantum information and the geometry of space and time. It appears to be an imprint of a unified theory that combines quantum mechanics with Einstein's general relativity. The study of black hole thermodynamics and the information paradox led to the idea of the h... | Wikipedia/Bousso's_holographic_bound |
S-matrix theory was a proposal for replacing local quantum field theory as the basic principle of elementary particle physics.
It avoided the notion of space and time by replacing it with abstract mathematical properties of the S-matrix. In S-matrix theory, the S-matrix relates the infinite past to the infinite future ... | Wikipedia/S-matrix_theory |
The Callan–Giddings–Harvey–Strominger (CGHS) model is a toy model of general relativity in 1 spatial and 1 time dimension. It is named after Curtis Callan, Steven Giddings, Jeffrey A. Harvey and Andrew Strominger, who published on it in 1992.
== Overview ==
General relativity is a highly nonlinear model, and as such,... | Wikipedia/CGHS_model |
In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the common 4D of space and time and considered an important precursor to string theory. In their setup, the vacuum has the usual 3 dimensions of space and... | Wikipedia/Kaluza–Klein_theory |
In theoretical physics, scalar electrodynamics is a theory of a U(1) gauge field coupled to a charged spin 0 scalar field that takes the place of the Dirac fermions in "ordinary" quantum electrodynamics. The scalar field is charged, and with an appropriate potential, it has the capacity to break the gauge symmetry via ... | Wikipedia/Scalar_electrodynamics |
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin-1/2 massive particles, called "Dirac particles", such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is ... | Wikipedia/Dirac's_equation |
In theoretical physics, thermal quantum field theory (thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature.
In the Matsubara formalism, the basic idea (due to Felix Bloch) is that th... | Wikipedia/Thermal_quantum_field_theory |
The Bullough–Dodd model is an integrable model in 1+1-dimensional quantum field theory introduced by Robin Bullough and Roger Dodd. Its
Lagrangian density is
L
=
1
2
(
... | Wikipedia/Bullough–Dodd_model |
In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the propagator is a function that specifies the probability amplitude for a particle to travel from one place to another in a given period of time, or to travel with a certain energy and momentum. In Feynman diagrams, which serve to calculate the rate of collisions in quan... | Wikipedia/Propagator_(Quantum_Theory) |
Axiomatic quantum field theory is a mathematical discipline which aims to describe quantum field theory in terms of rigorous axioms. It is strongly associated with functional analysis and operator algebras, but has also been studied in recent years from a more geometric and functorial perspective.
There are two main c... | Wikipedia/Axiomatic_quantum_field_theory |
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