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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-44497731-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Introduction | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1945 elections in Africa",
"October 1945 events in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1945 in Gabon",
"1945 in French Equatorial Africa",
"1945 elections in France"
] | |
projected-44497731-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Electoral system | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected. | The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college. | [] | [
"Electoral system"
] | [
"1945 elections in Africa",
"October 1945 events in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1945 in Gabon",
"1945 in French Equatorial Africa",
"1945 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497731-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Campaign | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected. | The election campaign was largely a contest between three large ethnic groups; the Fang of Gabon, the Mbochi in the north of Congo and the Vili from the Pointe-Noire coastal area. One other large group, the Kongo, refused to vote or wrote the name of the religious figure André Matsoua (who had died in prison in 1942) on the ballot paper.
The Fang candidate was Jean-Hilaire Aubame, whilst the Vili candidate was Jean-Félix Tchicaya. | [] | [
"Campaign"
] | [
"1945 elections in Africa",
"October 1945 events in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1945 in Gabon",
"1945 in French Equatorial Africa",
"1945 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497731-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Aftermath | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected. | Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed, and although Tchicaya did sit with the SFIO, d'Arboussier joined the MUR. | [] | [
"Aftermath"
] | [
"1945 elections in Africa",
"October 1945 events in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1945 in Gabon",
"1945 in French Equatorial Africa",
"1945 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497731-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | References | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected. | Gabon
Category:October 1945 events in Africa
Category:Elections in Gabon
Category:Elections in the Republic of the Congo
Category:1945 in Gabon
Category:1945 in French Equatorial Africa
Category:1945 elections in France | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1945 elections in Africa",
"October 1945 events in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1945 in Gabon",
"1945 in French Equatorial Africa",
"1945 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497732-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galadriel%20Stineman | Galadriel Stineman | Introduction | Galadriel Lynn Putthoff Stineman is an American actress and model. She is best known for her roles as Gwen Tennyson in Ben 10: Alien Swarm and as Cassidy Finch in The Middle. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Living people",
"American television actresses",
"Actresses from Cincinnati",
"Actresses from Kentucky",
"American film actresses",
"21st-century American actresses",
"American voice actresses",
"American video game actresses",
"Northern Kentucky University alumni",
"Newport Central Catholic High... | |
projected-44497732-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galadriel%20Stineman | Galadriel Stineman | Early life | Galadriel Lynn Putthoff Stineman is an American actress and model. She is best known for her roles as Gwen Tennyson in Ben 10: Alien Swarm and as Cassidy Finch in The Middle. | Stineman was born in Cincinnati and named after the character Galadriel in The Lord of the Rings, which her mother read while pregnant. She completed her high-school education at Newport Central Catholic High School, in Newport, Kentucky. She was a cheerleader, dancer and horseback rider while at school. Although she participated in the drama club, she never captured a starring role in any play at school level.
She grew up in Northern Kentucky, where her father was a tennis player as well as a teacher and her mother, a nurse. She then attended Northern Kentucky University. As a very involved undergrad, she was president of Delta Zeta sorority, vice president of student government and named "Outstanding Senior of the Year". It was during her time at NKU that she became involved in student films and eventually signed with a couple local talent agencies to pick up extra money. She graduated magna cum laude in 2007 from the College of Informatics. | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"Living people",
"American television actresses",
"Actresses from Cincinnati",
"Actresses from Kentucky",
"American film actresses",
"21st-century American actresses",
"American voice actresses",
"American video game actresses",
"Northern Kentucky University alumni",
"Newport Central Catholic High... |
projected-44497732-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galadriel%20Stineman | Galadriel Stineman | Career | Galadriel Lynn Putthoff Stineman is an American actress and model. She is best known for her roles as Gwen Tennyson in Ben 10: Alien Swarm and as Cassidy Finch in The Middle. | Stineman moved to Los Angeles after graduation and made her debut in Fame (2009) as a dancer. Her breakthrough came when she portrayed Gwen Tennyson in Ben 10: Alien Swarm (2009), a science fiction action film by Alex Winter based on the Cartoon Network animated series Ben 10: Alien Force. She was the second actress to play the part of Gwen. Stineman had been involved in major projects since 2009. She played Audra in Junkyard Dog (2010) and Cassidy in The Middle (2012–14) | [] | [
"Career"
] | [
"Living people",
"American television actresses",
"Actresses from Cincinnati",
"Actresses from Kentucky",
"American film actresses",
"21st-century American actresses",
"American voice actresses",
"American video game actresses",
"Northern Kentucky University alumni",
"Newport Central Catholic High... |
projected-44497732-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galadriel%20Stineman | Galadriel Stineman | Personal life | Galadriel Lynn Putthoff Stineman is an American actress and model. She is best known for her roles as Gwen Tennyson in Ben 10: Alien Swarm and as Cassidy Finch in The Middle. | Stineman is married to actor Kevin Joy and they have two sons, Atticus and Sawyer. | [] | [
"Personal life"
] | [
"Living people",
"American television actresses",
"Actresses from Cincinnati",
"Actresses from Kentucky",
"American film actresses",
"21st-century American actresses",
"American voice actresses",
"American video game actresses",
"Northern Kentucky University alumni",
"Newport Central Catholic High... |
projected-44497758-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian%20treaty%20of%201548 | Burgundian treaty of 1548 | Introduction | The Burgundian treaty of 1548 (ratified on 26 June), also known as the Transaction of Augsburg, settled the status of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1540s in the Habsburg Netherlands",
"Burgundian Circle",
"1548 in the Holy Roman Empire"
] | |
projected-44497758-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian%20treaty%20of%201548 | Burgundian treaty of 1548 | History | The Burgundian treaty of 1548 (ratified on 26 June), also known as the Transaction of Augsburg, settled the status of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire. | Essentially the work of Viglius van Aytta, it represents a first step towards the emergence of the Netherlands as an independent territory. It was made possible politically by the French loss of Artois and Flanders. Administratively, a chancellery and tribunal was established at Mechelen which for the first time had as its jurisdiction "the Netherlands" exclusively.
The treaty resulted in a significant shift of territories from the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle to the Burgundian Circle. The newly formed administrative division of the empire now united all Burgundian territories, which were no longer subject to the Reichskammergericht.
To compensate for its territorial gain, the Burgundian Circle was now obliged to pay taxes equivalent to those of two prince-electorates, and in war taxes towards the Turkish Wars even equivalent to three prince-electorates.
To ensure that the Burgundian territory now united in the Burgundian Circle would remain under a single administration, Charles V in the following year promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 which declared the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands a single indivisible possession not to be divided in future inheritance.
The consequence of these attempts at reducing the fragmentation of the government of the Holy Roman Empire was the separation of the Netherlands as an entity apart from the remaining empire, forming an important step towards the formation of the Dutch Republic in 1581. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"1540s in the Habsburg Netherlands",
"Burgundian Circle",
"1548 in the Holy Roman Empire"
] |
projected-44497758-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian%20treaty%20of%201548 | Burgundian treaty of 1548 | Territories | The Burgundian treaty of 1548 (ratified on 26 June), also known as the Transaction of Augsburg, settled the status of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire. | The treaty, written in New Latin, stipulates in Article 15 that the territories mentioned are to become a single unit that will be passed on undivided to the next generations after Charles V (speaking in majestic plural) through hereditary succession:
(original text) Nimirum, nos veros, haereditarios & supremos Dominos dictarum nostrarum provinciarum Patrimonialium Belgicarum, pro Nobis, nostris haeredibus & successoribus, simul dictae nostrae Provinciae Patrimoniales Belgicae, nominatim Ducatus Lotharingiae, Brabantiae, Limburgi, Luxemburgi, Geldriae; Comitatus Flandriae, Artesiae, Burgundiae, Hannoniae, Hollandiae, Selandiae, Namurci, Zutphaniae; Marchionatus S. R. Imperii, Dominia Frisiae, Ultraiecti, Transisalaniae, Groningae, Falcomontis, Dalhemii, Salinis, Mechliniae & Traecti, una cum omnibus eorundem appendicibus & incorporationibus, Principatibus, Praelaturis, Dignitatibus, Comitatibus, Baroniis & Dominiis ad ea pertinentibus Vasallis & appendicibus, futuros in posterum & semper sub protectione, custodia, conservatione & auxilio Imperatorum & Regum Romanorum & S. R. I. eosque fruituros libertatibus ac iuribus eiusdem, & per dictos Imperatores & Reges Romanorum, & status dicti S. R. I. semper, sicut alii Principes, status & membra eiusdem Imperii, defendos, conservandos, fovendos, & fideliter iuvandos.
(modern English) Evidently, our aforementioned Patrimonial Belgian Provinces, for Ourselves, our heirs and successors, us [being] the real, hereditary and supreme Lords of our aforementioned Patrimonial Belgian provinces, namely the Duchies of Lotharingia, Brabant, Limburg, Luxemburg, and Guelders; the Counties of Flanders, Artois, Burgundy, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Namur, and Zutphen; the March of the Holy Roman Empire; the Lordships of Frisia, Utrecht, Overijssel, Groningen, Valkenburg, Dalhem, Salins, Mechelen, and Maastricht, along with all of their appendages and incorporations, princes, prelatures, dignitaries, counts, barons and lords that belong to certain vassals and appendices, will in the future be one, and always under the protection, custody, conservation and assistance of the Emperors and Kings of the Romans and the Holy Roman Empire, and will enjoy the liberties and rights of the same [Empire], and will forever after be faithfully defended, conserved, supported and assisted by the aforementioned the Emperors and Kings of the Romans and the Holy Roman Empire, just like the other princes, states and members of the same Empire. | [] | [
"Territories"
] | [
"1540s in the Habsburg Netherlands",
"Burgundian Circle",
"1548 in the Holy Roman Empire"
] |
projected-44497758-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian%20treaty%20of%201548 | Burgundian treaty of 1548 | Sources | The Burgundian treaty of 1548 (ratified on 26 June), also known as the Transaction of Augsburg, settled the status of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire. | Category:1540s in the Habsburg Netherlands
Category:Burgundian Circle
Category:1548 in the Holy Roman Empire | [] | [
"Sources"
] | [
"1540s in the Habsburg Netherlands",
"Burgundian Circle",
"1548 in the Holy Roman Empire"
] |
projected-44497774-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitar%20Ezra%20F.C. | Beitar Ezra F.C. | Introduction | Beitar Ezra () is an Israeli football club based in the Ezra neighbourhood of Tel Aviv. The club currently plays in Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division.
Today, the first Captain in the team is Gilor Bardush, and the secondary is Amir Itzhaki. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Football clubs in Israel",
"Betar football clubs",
"Football clubs in Tel Aviv",
"Association football clubs established in 1954",
"1954 establishments in Israel"
] | |
projected-44497774-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitar%20Ezra%20F.C. | Beitar Ezra F.C. | History | Beitar Ezra () is an Israeli football club based in the Ezra neighbourhood of Tel Aviv. The club currently plays in Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division.
Today, the first Captain in the team is Gilor Bardush, and the secondary is Amir Itzhaki. | The club was founded in 1954 and played its entire history in the lower divisions of Israeli football.
Beitar joined Liga Gimel at the 1954–55 season, the last season in which Liga Gimel was the third tier of Israeli football league system. The club's best period was at the mid-1960s, when they won Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division in the 1962–63 season and promoted to Liga Bet, then the third tier. In the 1964–65 season, Beitar was topping the table of Liga Bet South A division after 15 games and was crowned as the "winter champions" of the league. However, drop in form saw the club finish the league at the seventh place. In the following season, the club finished second bottom and relegated back to Liga Gimel after three seasons playing in Liga Bet. From that point, the club became known as one of the worst teams in Israeli football. Beitar have conceded 202 goals at the "double season" of 1966–68, and in 1969, the club found itself playing at the newly formed bottom tier, Liga Dalet. In 1985, Liga Dalet was scrapped and the club returned to Liga Gimel, where they play since at the Tel Aviv division. The 2009–10 season was exceptional, as the club finished the league with even number of wins, draws and losses and with a positive goal difference of +14.
The club's founder and chairman, Tzadok Hamami, which holds UEFA Pro Licence, have also renewed his footballer card at age of 82. However, his last match as an active player for Beitar Ezra, was at 25 December 2009, aged 79, when he entered as substitute at the 90th minute in the 0–0 draw against Hapoel Neve Golan. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Football clubs in Israel",
"Betar football clubs",
"Football clubs in Tel Aviv",
"Association football clubs established in 1954",
"1954 establishments in Israel"
] |
projected-44497774-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitar%20Ezra%20F.C. | Beitar Ezra F.C. | Current squad | Beitar Ezra () is an Israeli football club based in the Ezra neighbourhood of Tel Aviv. The club currently plays in Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division.
Today, the first Captain in the team is Gilor Bardush, and the secondary is Amir Itzhaki. | As to 16 January 2020 | [] | [
"Current squad"
] | [
"Football clubs in Israel",
"Betar football clubs",
"Football clubs in Tel Aviv",
"Association football clubs established in 1954",
"1954 establishments in Israel"
] |
projected-44497774-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitar%20Ezra%20F.C. | Beitar Ezra F.C. | References | Beitar Ezra () is an Israeli football club based in the Ezra neighbourhood of Tel Aviv. The club currently plays in Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division.
Today, the first Captain in the team is Gilor Bardush, and the secondary is Amir Itzhaki. | Ezra
Tel Aviv
Category:Football clubs in Tel Aviv
Category:Association football clubs established in 1954
Category:1954 establishments in Israel | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Football clubs in Israel",
"Betar football clubs",
"Football clubs in Tel Aviv",
"Association football clubs established in 1954",
"1954 establishments in Israel"
] |
projected-44497799-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20V.%20Seshagiri%20Rao | A. V. Seshagiri Rao | Introduction | A. V. Seshagiri Rao (1926 – 17 June 2007) was a Kannada film director. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Kannada film directors",
"Telugu film directors",
"1926 births",
"2007 deaths",
"20th-century Indian film directors",
"Film directors from Chennai"
] | |
projected-44497799-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20V.%20Seshagiri%20Rao | A. V. Seshagiri Rao | Film career | A. V. Seshagiri Rao (1926 – 17 June 2007) was a Kannada film director. | He started his film career at a young age and directed about 50 films including in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil. He made his directorial debut in Telugu film Pendli Pilipu starring N. T. Rama Rao and Devika in 1962. He gave blockbusters like Rajkumar-starrer Sampath Ge Sawal, Bahadur Gandu and Bettadha Huli to the Kannada film industry. His last film was Bahadura Hennu in which actress Roopa Ganguly had played the lead role. | [] | [
"Film career"
] | [
"Kannada film directors",
"Telugu film directors",
"1926 births",
"2007 deaths",
"20th-century Indian film directors",
"Film directors from Chennai"
] |
projected-44497799-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20V.%20Seshagiri%20Rao | A. V. Seshagiri Rao | Death | A. V. Seshagiri Rao (1926 – 17 June 2007) was a Kannada film director. | He died following a fall at his house in Chennai, India, where died of brain haemorrhage. | [] | [
"Death"
] | [
"Kannada film directors",
"Telugu film directors",
"1926 births",
"2007 deaths",
"20th-century Indian film directors",
"Film directors from Chennai"
] |
projected-44497815-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Association%20Dubai | Pakistan Association Dubai | Introduction | The Pakistan Association Dubai (PAD) is the largest community center for overseas Pakistanis in the world. It was founded in the late 1960s as a platform for advancing the social and cultural interests of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai and more broadly, the United Arab Emirates. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Organisations based in Dubai",
"Overseas Pakistani organisations",
"Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates",
"Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates"
] | |
projected-44497815-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Association%20Dubai | Pakistan Association Dubai | History | The Pakistan Association Dubai (PAD) is the largest community center for overseas Pakistanis in the world. It was founded in the late 1960s as a platform for advancing the social and cultural interests of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai and more broadly, the United Arab Emirates. | The Pakistani diaspora in the UAE is the third largest overseas Pakistani community, and also one of the oldest expatriate groups in the UAE. There are currently over 1.2 million Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates, out of which over 400,000 are based in Dubai alone. Pakistanis collectively comprise around 13% of Dubai's population and are the third largest ethnic group in the emirate (after Indians and native Emiratis). When PAD was founded in the late 1960s by members of the early community, it was initially based at a small rented office space in Murshid Bazar in Deira, where the Pakistan Education Academy now exists. By the early 1990s, the office was shifted to the Astoria Hotel in Bur Dubai. Later, the centre where the association is now headquartered was built on Oud Metha Road in Bur Dubai. The objectives of PAD include promoting relations between Pakistan and the UAE, providing community support and welfare, promoting Pakistani culture, organising recreational community events, and enhancing the interests of the Pakistani expatriate community in the UAE. Apply Here For Dubai UAE Embassy Attestation In Pakistan. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Organisations based in Dubai",
"Overseas Pakistani organisations",
"Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates",
"Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates"
] |
projected-44497815-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Association%20Dubai | Pakistan Association Dubai | Structure | The Pakistan Association Dubai (PAD) is the largest community center for overseas Pakistanis in the world. It was founded in the late 1960s as a platform for advancing the social and cultural interests of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai and more broadly, the United Arab Emirates. | The association elects a president who formally heads the organisation, typically for a tenure of two to three years. A vice-president, general-secretary and joint-secretary are also elected as part of the executive body. Membership is required to register and participate in the association. PAD works closely with the Consulate-General of Pakistan in Dubai. There are multiple community wings operating under PAD. These include the medical, engineering, journalist, professional, accounting and ladies wings, among others. | [] | [
"Structure"
] | [
"Organisations based in Dubai",
"Overseas Pakistani organisations",
"Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates",
"Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates"
] |
projected-44497815-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Association%20Dubai | Pakistan Association Dubai | Events and activities | The Pakistan Association Dubai (PAD) is the largest community center for overseas Pakistanis in the world. It was founded in the late 1960s as a platform for advancing the social and cultural interests of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai and more broadly, the United Arab Emirates. | PAD arranges numerous cultural events and gatherings in the community, such as Independence Day, Pakistan Day and UAE National Day celebrations, literary events including mushairas, iftar dinners during Ramadan, chaand raat events, meena bazaars, fundraising dinners and awareness events, award ceremonies, art exhibitions, sport and leisurely events, as well as workshops and language classes. PAD also arranges support services for Pakistanis in the UAE labour force, as well welfare activities both in Pakistan and the UAE. A newsletter is published and distributed by the association. | [] | [
"Events and activities"
] | [
"Organisations based in Dubai",
"Overseas Pakistani organisations",
"Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates",
"Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates"
] |
projected-44497815-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Association%20Dubai | Pakistan Association Dubai | See also | The Pakistan Association Dubai (PAD) is the largest community center for overseas Pakistanis in the world. It was founded in the late 1960s as a platform for advancing the social and cultural interests of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai and more broadly, the United Arab Emirates. | Consulate-General of Pakistan, Dubai
Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Organisations based in Dubai",
"Overseas Pakistani organisations",
"Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates",
"Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates"
] |
projected-44497815-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Association%20Dubai | Pakistan Association Dubai | References | The Pakistan Association Dubai (PAD) is the largest community center for overseas Pakistanis in the world. It was founded in the late 1960s as a platform for advancing the social and cultural interests of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai and more broadly, the United Arab Emirates. | Category:Organisations based in Dubai
Category:Overseas Pakistani organisations
Category:Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates
Category:Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Organisations based in Dubai",
"Overseas Pakistani organisations",
"Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates",
"Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates"
] |
projected-44497825-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo | Introduction | Alt-Ergo is an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, specifically designed for program verification. It is based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and distributed under an open-source license (CeCILL-C). Its original authors were Sylvain Conchon and Evelyne Contejean, at LRI, but it is now developed and maintained at OCamlPro. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"OCaml software",
"Formal methods tools",
"Software testing tools",
"Linux software"
] | |
projected-44497825-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo | Design choices | Alt-Ergo is an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, specifically designed for program verification. It is based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and distributed under an open-source license (CeCILL-C). Its original authors were Sylvain Conchon and Evelyne Contejean, at LRI, but it is now developed and maintained at OCamlPro. | Contrary to most SMT solvers, Alt-Ergo uses a specific input language with prenex polymorphism. This helps reducing the number of quantified axioms and the complexity of problems. It also partially supports SMT-LIB 2 language, but performs less efficiently on SMT files. | [] | [
"Technologies",
"Design choices"
] | [
"OCaml software",
"Formal methods tools",
"Software testing tools",
"Linux software"
] |
projected-44497825-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo | Main components | Alt-Ergo is an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, specifically designed for program verification. It is based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and distributed under an open-source license (CeCILL-C). Its original authors were Sylvain Conchon and Evelyne Contejean, at LRI, but it is now developed and maintained at OCamlPro. | The core of Alt-Ergo is made of three parts: a DFS-based SAT solver, a quantifiers instantiation engine based on E-Matching, and a combination of decision procedures for a set of built-in theories. | [] | [
"Technologies",
"Main components"
] | [
"OCaml software",
"Formal methods tools",
"Software testing tools",
"Linux software"
] |
projected-44497825-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo | Built-in theories | Alt-Ergo is an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, specifically designed for program verification. It is based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and distributed under an open-source license (CeCILL-C). Its original authors were Sylvain Conchon and Evelyne Contejean, at LRI, but it is now developed and maintained at OCamlPro. | Alt-Ergo implements (semi-)decision procedures for the following theories:
empty theory
linear integer arithmetic
linear rational arithmetic
non-linear arithmetic
floating point arithmetic
polymorphic arrays
enumerated datatypes
AC symbols
record datatypes | [] | [
"Technologies",
"Built-in theories"
] | [
"OCaml software",
"Formal methods tools",
"Software testing tools",
"Linux software"
] |
projected-44497825-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo | Industrial uses | Alt-Ergo is an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, specifically designed for program verification. It is based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and distributed under an open-source license (CeCILL-C). Its original authors were Sylvain Conchon and Evelyne Contejean, at LRI, but it is now developed and maintained at OCamlPro. | There are several verification platforms built on top of Alt-Ergo:
Why3, a platform for deductive program verification, uses Alt-Ergo as its main prover;
CAVEAT, a C-verifier developed by CEA and used by Airbus; Alt-Ergo was included in the qualification DO-178C of one of its aircraft;
Frama-C, a framework to analyse C-code, uses Alt-Ergo in the Jessie and WP plugins (dedicated to "deductive program verification");
SPARK, uses Alt-Ergo (behind GNATprove) to automate the verification of some assertions in Spark 2014;
Atelier-B can use Alt-Ergo instead of its main prover (increasing success from 84% to 98% on the ANR Bware project benchmarks);
Rodin, a B-method framework developed by Systerel, can use Alt-Ergo as a back-end;
Cubicle, an open source model checker for verifying safety properties of array-based transition systems.
EasyCrypt, a toolset for reasoning about relational properties of probabilistic computations with adversarial code. | [] | [
"Industrial uses"
] | [
"OCaml software",
"Formal methods tools",
"Software testing tools",
"Linux software"
] |
projected-44497825-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo | See also | Alt-Ergo is an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, specifically designed for program verification. It is based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and distributed under an open-source license (CeCILL-C). Its original authors were Sylvain Conchon and Evelyne Contejean, at LRI, but it is now developed and maintained at OCamlPro. | Formal verification
Z3 Theorem Prover | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"OCaml software",
"Formal methods tools",
"Software testing tools",
"Linux software"
] |
projected-44497828-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201946%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | June 1946 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Introduction | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 2 June 1946, with a second round on 30 June. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1946 elections in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Gabon",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Election and referendum articles with incomplete results",
"Legislative elections in France",
"1946 elections in France"
] | |
projected-44497828-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201946%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | June 1946 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Electoral system | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 2 June 1946, with a second round on 30 June. | The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college. | [] | [
"Electoral system"
] | [
"1946 elections in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Gabon",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Election and referendum articles with incomplete results",
"Legislative elections in France",
"1946 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497828-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201946%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | June 1946 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | References | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 2 June 1946, with a second round on 30 June. | Gabon
1946 06
1946 06
Category:1946 in Gabon
Category:1946 in Moyen-Congo
1946
1946
Gabon | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1946 elections in Africa",
"Elections in Gabon",
"Elections in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Gabon",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Election and referendum articles with incomplete results",
"Legislative elections in France",
"1946 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497862-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Introduction | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 68.1%. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1945 referendums",
"October 1945 events in Africa",
"Referendums in Gabon",
"1945 in Gabon",
"Referendums in the Republic of the Congo",
"1945 in Moyen-congo",
"Referendums in France",
"Constitutional referendums in France",
"1945 elections in France"
] | |
projected-44497862-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | References | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 68.1%. | Category:1945 referendums
Category:October 1945 events in Africa
1945
Category:1945 in Gabon
1945
Category:1945 in Moyen-congo
1945
Category:Constitutional referendums in France
Category:1945 elections in France | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1945 referendums",
"October 1945 events in Africa",
"Referendums in Gabon",
"1945 in Gabon",
"Referendums in the Republic of the Congo",
"1945 in Moyen-congo",
"Referendums in France",
"Constitutional referendums in France",
"1945 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497865-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Simmons | Benjamin Simmons | Introduction | Benjamin Simmons may refer to:
Ben Simmons (born 1996), Australian basketball player
Benjamin Stanley Simmons or B. Stanley Simmons (1871–1931), American architect.
Benjamin Taylor Simmons (1871–1933), American general | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-44497865-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Simmons | Benjamin Simmons | See also | Benjamin Simmons may refer to:
Ben Simmons (born 1996), Australian basketball player
Benjamin Stanley Simmons or B. Stanley Simmons (1871–1931), American architect.
Benjamin Taylor Simmons (1871–1933), American general | Benjamin Simons, British theoretical physicist
Ben Simons (disambiguation) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-44497876-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiyuan | Zhiyuan | Introduction | Zhiyuan may refer to:
Chinese cruiser Zhiyuan (致遠), an imperial Chinese cruiser which sank during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894) | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-44497876-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiyuan | Zhiyuan | Historical eras | Zhiyuan may refer to:
Chinese cruiser Zhiyuan (致遠), an imperial Chinese cruiser which sank during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894) | Zhiyuan (至元, 1264–1294), era under Kublai Khan, Mongol emperor
Zhiyuan (至元, 1335–1340), era under Toghon Temür, Mongol emperor | [] | [
"Historical eras"
] | [] |
projected-44497879-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | May 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Introduction | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 5 May 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The proposed new constitution was rejected by 64% of voters in the territory, and 53% of voters overall. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1946 referendums",
"May 1946 events in Africa",
"Referendums in Gabon",
"1946 in Gabon",
"Referendums in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Referendums in France",
"1946 elections in France",
"Constitutional referendums in France"
] | |
projected-44497879-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | May 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | References | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 5 May 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The proposed new constitution was rejected by 64% of voters in the territory, and 53% of voters overall. | Category:1946 referendums
Category:May 1946 events in Africa
1946
Category:1946 in Gabon
1946
Category:1946 in Moyen-Congo
1946
Category:1946 elections in France
Category:Constitutional referendums in France | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1946 referendums",
"May 1946 events in Africa",
"Referendums in Gabon",
"1946 in Gabon",
"Referendums in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Referendums in France",
"1946 elections in France",
"Constitutional referendums in France"
] |
projected-26722200-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%20Wijdefjorden%20National%20Park | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park | Introduction | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park () is located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. The national park was established on 9 September 2005 and covers , of which is on land and is sea. The marine environment changes vastly from the mouth of the fjord, through a still, cold, water basin, becoming deeper before reaching the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen at the inner-most sections of the fjord.
On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. There are some areas dominated by exposure of mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a vegetation which is unique and not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several exclusive species in the national park, including , Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans, although a trapping station has been built at Austfjordnes. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"National parks of Svalbard",
"Protected areas established in 2005",
"2005 establishments in Norway",
"Spitsbergen"
] | |
projected-26722200-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%20Wijdefjorden%20National%20Park | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park | Geography | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park () is located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. The national park was established on 9 September 2005 and covers , of which is on land and is sea. The marine environment changes vastly from the mouth of the fjord, through a still, cold, water basin, becoming deeper before reaching the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen at the inner-most sections of the fjord.
On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. There are some areas dominated by exposure of mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a vegetation which is unique and not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several exclusive species in the national park, including , Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans, although a trapping station has been built at Austfjordnes. | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park covers , of which is on land and is sea, making it the smallest national park in Svalbard. It is located in the steep fjord landscape on both sides of the inner ("Indre") parts of Wijdefjorden ("The Wide Fjord") on Spitsbergen. At length, Wijdefjorden is the longest fjord on Svalbard. It is located on the northern coast of Spitsbergen, between Andrée Land to the west, Dickson Land to the south and Ny-Friesland to the east. The inner parts of Wijdefjorden split into two, with the eastern, long part known as Austfjorden ("The East Fjord"), and the shorter as Vestfjorden ("The West Fjord"). At the end of Austfjorden is the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen.
The inner parts of the fjord receive some of the lowest precipitation of the archipelago. Combined with the exposed basic earth, this results in Europe's only High Arctic steppe. The only other area with this landscape is the north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The rock bed on each side of the fjord is different. On the west side there are Devonian deposits, while there is bedrock on the east side, resulting in different vegetation on each side. The fjord has a unique shape; it has a wide mouth (thus the name), but at Elvetangen there is a shallow section which is deep. This reduces the circulation in the inner parts of the fjord, which have a cold-water basin deep.
Average July temperatures range from , and in January temperatures are normally between . The Arctic climate results in permafrost, which can be up to deep. The North Atlantic Current moderates Svalbard's temperatures, particularly during winter, giving it up to higher winter temperature than similar latitudes in continental Russia and Canada, keeping the surrounding waters open and navigable most of the year. The shelter of the mountains gives the inland fjord areas less temperature difference than the coast. | [
"Indre Wijdefjorden National Park map.svg"
] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"National parks of Svalbard",
"Protected areas established in 2005",
"2005 establishments in Norway",
"Spitsbergen"
] |
projected-26722200-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%20Wijdefjorden%20National%20Park | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park | History | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park () is located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. The national park was established on 9 September 2005 and covers , of which is on land and is sea. The marine environment changes vastly from the mouth of the fjord, through a still, cold, water basin, becoming deeper before reaching the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen at the inner-most sections of the fjord.
On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. There are some areas dominated by exposure of mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a vegetation which is unique and not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several exclusive species in the national park, including , Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans, although a trapping station has been built at Austfjordnes. | The area around Wijdefjorden was first used by Russian, and later Norwegian, trappers. The cabin at Krosspynten was erected in 1910, and two years later the cabin at Purpurdalen was built. Trappers considered the area to have few polar bears but much fox; they could also supplement the catch with common eider. In 1928, a season of trapping gave about 50 Arctic foxes. In 1932, the area's special vegetation was protected, which was assimilated into the national park when it was created. Since the 1980s, trapping has again been taken up, and the Governor of Svalbard has one cabin at Austfjordnes that can be rented for a season of trapping. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans.
During the considerations prior to the establishment of the national park, there was a conflict with the mining industry. Svalbard Minerals had found baryte within the national park borders, and Arktikugol holds two mining claim areas just south of the national park. The national park was established on 9 September 2005. It completed a several-year-long plan to increase the amount of protected areas of Svalbard from 55% to 65%, which had two years earlier resulted in Nordenskiöld Land National Park, Sassen – Bünsow Land National Park and Nordre Isfjorden National Park. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"National parks of Svalbard",
"Protected areas established in 2005",
"2005 establishments in Norway",
"Spitsbergen"
] |
projected-26722200-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%20Wijdefjorden%20National%20Park | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park | Management | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park () is located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. The national park was established on 9 September 2005 and covers , of which is on land and is sea. The marine environment changes vastly from the mouth of the fjord, through a still, cold, water basin, becoming deeper before reaching the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen at the inner-most sections of the fjord.
On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. There are some areas dominated by exposure of mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a vegetation which is unique and not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several exclusive species in the national park, including , Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans, although a trapping station has been built at Austfjordnes. | The establishment of the national park and the protection is based on the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act, which takes its mandate from the requirements in the Svalbard Treaty to protect the environment of the archipelago. The overall responsibility for protection lies with the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, which has delegated management to the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management and the Governor of Svalbard. The latter performs all day-to-day practical management, including registration and inspection. In aspects related to cultural heritage, the Governor reports to the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage, and in issues relating to pollution, to the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority. While it has no authority, the Norwegian Polar Institute performs monitoring, mapping and research.
Traditionally, the mining industry in Svalbard has had more rights to operations within protected areas than in mainland Norway, where all such activities would be completely banned. Indre Wijdefjorden has the most strict regulations, with a total ban on construction of buildings and facilities, laying of cables and roads, earthwork, drainage, drilling, blasting, and excavation of petroleum, gas and minerals. It is the authorities' goal that Svalbard is to be one of the best-managed wilderness areas in the world. Svalbard, and thus the national park, is on Norway's tentative list for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. | [] | [
"Management"
] | [
"National parks of Svalbard",
"Protected areas established in 2005",
"2005 establishments in Norway",
"Spitsbergen"
] |
projected-26722200-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%20Wijdefjorden%20National%20Park | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park | Nature | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park () is located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. The national park was established on 9 September 2005 and covers , of which is on land and is sea. The marine environment changes vastly from the mouth of the fjord, through a still, cold, water basin, becoming deeper before reaching the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen at the inner-most sections of the fjord.
On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. There are some areas dominated by exposure of mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a vegetation which is unique and not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several exclusive species in the national park, including , Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans, although a trapping station has been built at Austfjordnes. | The vegetation on both sides of the fjord is High Arctic steppe, which is characterized by grasses. It is caused by extremely low precipitation, basic earth with salt deposits in the surface, and large areas of exposed mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a unique vegetation, which has not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several unique species in the national park, including , which is featured in the national park's logo and for which Svalbard is the only known location in Europe, Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. There is breeding ground for pink-footed goose within the park, although Svalbard ptarmigan can also be found. Animals that can be found in the park include polar bear, Svalbard reindeer and Arctic fox.
Both fauna and flora are affected by the cold temperatures and the extreme light conditions. Activity is at a stand-still during the polar night, which lasts for many months. During the summer, months of midnight sun help accelerate the natural processes. The nature in the area is especially susceptible to global warming. Models show that the winter temperatures will increase more than the summer temperatures, resulting in more precipitation. Because the vegetation requires little rain and much wind, this may result in major changes. | [] | [
"Nature"
] | [
"National parks of Svalbard",
"Protected areas established in 2005",
"2005 establishments in Norway",
"Spitsbergen"
] |
projected-26722200-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%20Wijdefjorden%20National%20Park | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park | Recreation | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park () is located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. The national park was established on 9 September 2005 and covers , of which is on land and is sea. The marine environment changes vastly from the mouth of the fjord, through a still, cold, water basin, becoming deeper before reaching the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen at the inner-most sections of the fjord.
On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. There are some areas dominated by exposure of mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a vegetation which is unique and not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several exclusive species in the national park, including , Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans, although a trapping station has been built at Austfjordnes. | Entrance to national park is available by boat in Wijdefjorden from the north, or over land from Billefjorden and Dicksonfjorden from the south. During winter, the area is accessible from Longyearbyen, either by snowmobile or by ski. There are several older trapper cabins in the park, and some of these are lent to residents of Longyearbyen. Except for Einsteinvatnet, a lake with Arctic char, there are few destinations within the park, although the park can be used as a basis for other destinations. This includes trips to Perriertoppen, Svalbard's second-highest peak, and the glacier Åsgårdsfonna. Because of the shape of the park, there is little good hiking within the park, except for walking along the beaches on either side of the fjord. It is possible to see the entire national park from Mittag-Lefflerbreen, which can be hiked to from Pyramiden.
The freedom to roam is strong in Norwegian culture and law, and also applies to Svalbard. However, there more restrictions on the archipelago. The freedom includes the right to tent, but this must be done at least from any cultural monuments. As far as possible, tenting must occur on vegetation-free land. Tenting for more than one week at a site requires a permit from the Governor. Beaches have large amounts of driftwood from Siberia, which can be used for campfires with the same location restrictions as tenting.
As in all Norwegian national parks, motorized land transport is banned. However, on Svalbard this does not include snowmobiles. On the other hand, cycling is banned. The Governor can, however, enforce temporary bans on snowmobiles or even all travel within the national park. Use of helicopters and aircraft for sight-seeing are also prohibited. Polar bears are protected, but anyone outside of settlements is required to carry a rifle to kill polar bears in self-defense, as a last resort, should they attack. Most flora and fauna are protected; the right to gather established with the freedom to roam does not apply in national parks, although there are some exceptions. Hunting is permitted after explicit permit from the Governor, and locals have more access to hunting rights than tourists. Fishing is not permitted, although dispensations can be given.
All tourists traveling to Svalbard must pay a tourist tax of 150 Norwegian krone, which is entirely used for conservation. The tax is included in all ship and air tickets to the archipelago, which residents can get refunded. Everyone roaming outside of the settlements must report to the Governor. This includes the requirement to sign a special insurance policy to cover any search and rescue costs the Governor would incur, should it be necessary. | [] | [
"Recreation"
] | [
"National parks of Svalbard",
"Protected areas established in 2005",
"2005 establishments in Norway",
"Spitsbergen"
] |
projected-26722200-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%20Wijdefjorden%20National%20Park | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park | Bibliography | Indre Wijdefjorden National Park () is located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. The national park was established on 9 September 2005 and covers , of which is on land and is sea. The marine environment changes vastly from the mouth of the fjord, through a still, cold, water basin, becoming deeper before reaching the glacier Mittag-Lefflerbreen at the inner-most sections of the fjord.
On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. There are some areas dominated by exposure of mineral earth. The area around the fjord has a vegetation which is unique and not preserved in other areas of Svalbard. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. There are several exclusive species in the national park, including , Puccinellia svalbardensis, Gentianella tenella and Kobresia simpliciuscula. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans, although a trapping station has been built at Austfjordnes. | Category:National parks of Svalbard
Category:Protected areas established in 2005
Category:2005 establishments in Norway
Category:Spitsbergen | [] | [
"References",
"Bibliography"
] | [
"National parks of Svalbard",
"Protected areas established in 2005",
"2005 establishments in Norway",
"Spitsbergen"
] |
projected-44497886-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Simon%20Church | San Simon Church | Introduction | The Our Lady of the Pillar Parish Church, also known as the San Simon Church, is a 19th-century Baroque church located at Barangay San Juan, San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines. The parish church, under the protection of its patron saints, the Virgin of the Pillar and Saint Peter, is under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Roman Catholic churches in Pampanga",
"Baroque architecture in the Philippines",
"Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines"
] | |
projected-44497886-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Simon%20Church | San Simon Church | History and Architecture | The Our Lady of the Pillar Parish Church, also known as the San Simon Church, is a 19th-century Baroque church located at Barangay San Juan, San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines. The parish church, under the protection of its patron saints, the Virgin of the Pillar and Saint Peter, is under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando. | The convent of San Simon was established by the Augustinians on April 20, 1771 and was placed under the patronage of Apostle Simon Peter. The town was formerly named after its secondary patron, Our Lady of the Pillar, and was purportedly named after its founder Mariano del Pilar de los Reyes. It was later renamed San Simon by Governor-general Simon de Anda y Salazar who named the town from his namesake upon the recommendation of his close allies, the Augustinian Friars. Governor General Anda moved the capital of the colony to Pampanga a few years before the founding of the town due to the 1762 British Invasion. Not much historical records are available regarding the construction of the current church other than that a stone edifice was constructed by Father Benito Ubierna in 1870. A certain Father Bernabe built the convent in 1889. Both structures were razed by fire by Filipino revolutionaries on May 5, 1898. Much of the stone walls of the church are intact while the façade and bell tower has been remodeled. The façade sports a triangular pediment, three triple-arched windows on its second level and a concrete porte-cochere. To its left stands the rectangular belfry topped with a pagoda-like canopy. | [] | [
"History and Architecture"
] | [
"Roman Catholic churches in Pampanga",
"Baroque architecture in the Philippines",
"Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines"
] |
projected-44497886-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Simon%20Church | San Simon Church | References | The Our Lady of the Pillar Parish Church, also known as the San Simon Church, is a 19th-century Baroque church located at Barangay San Juan, San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines. The parish church, under the protection of its patron saints, the Virgin of the Pillar and Saint Peter, is under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando. | Category:Roman Catholic churches in Pampanga
Category:Baroque architecture in the Philippines
Category:Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Roman Catholic churches in Pampanga",
"Baroque architecture in the Philippines",
"Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines"
] |
projected-44497898-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | October 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Introduction | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 13 October 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Although the proposed new constitution was rejected by 72% of voters in the territory, it was approved by 53% of voters overall. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1946 referendums",
"October 1946 events in Africa",
"Referendums in Gabon",
"1946 in Gabon",
"Referendums in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Referendums in France",
"Constitutional referendums in France",
"1946 elections in France"
] | |
projected-44497898-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | October 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | See also | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 13 October 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Although the proposed new constitution was rejected by 72% of voters in the territory, it was approved by 53% of voters overall. | French Fourth Republic
Provisional Government of the French Republic | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1946 referendums",
"October 1946 events in Africa",
"Referendums in Gabon",
"1946 in Gabon",
"Referendums in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Referendums in France",
"Constitutional referendums in France",
"1946 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497898-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | October 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | References | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 13 October 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Although the proposed new constitution was rejected by 72% of voters in the territory, it was approved by 53% of voters overall. | Category:1946 referendums
Category:October 1946 events in Africa
1946
Category:1946 in Gabon
1946
Category:1946 in Moyen-Congo
1946
Category:Constitutional referendums in France
Category:1946 elections in France | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1946 referendums",
"October 1946 events in Africa",
"Referendums in Gabon",
"1946 in Gabon",
"Referendums in the Republic of the Congo",
"1946 in Moyen-Congo",
"Referendums in France",
"Constitutional referendums in France",
"1946 elections in France"
] |
projected-44497904-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Stabler | John G. Stabler | Introduction | John G. Stabler was an associate justice and later chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court. He graduated from Wofford in 1905 and then taught Latin in Bamberg County, South Carolina. He graduated in 1908 from the law school at the University of South Carolina and practiced law in St. Matthews, South Carolina. From 1920 to 1926, he served in the South Carolina Senate until being elected to the South Carolina Supreme Court in 1926, taking his position in January 1926. On March 15, 1935, he was elevated to chief justice and served until his death in 1940. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court",
"Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court",
"1940 deaths",
"1871 births"
] | |
projected-44497904-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Stabler | John G. Stabler | References | John G. Stabler was an associate justice and later chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court. He graduated from Wofford in 1905 and then taught Latin in Bamberg County, South Carolina. He graduated in 1908 from the law school at the University of South Carolina and practiced law in St. Matthews, South Carolina. From 1920 to 1926, he served in the South Carolina Senate until being elected to the South Carolina Supreme Court in 1926, taking his position in January 1926. On March 15, 1935, he was elevated to chief justice and served until his death in 1940. | Category:Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
Category:Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
Category:1940 deaths
Category:1871 births | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court",
"Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court",
"1940 deaths",
"1871 births"
] |
projected-44497919-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum%20zhukovskyi | Triticum zhukovskyi | Introduction | Triticum zhukovskyi, or Zhukovsky's wheat, is a hexaploid wheat, very closely resembling the Triticum timopheevii, a tetraploid variety of wheat. T. zhukovskyi was first observed in Western Georgia in close proximity to Triticum timopheevii and Triticum monococcum and is believed to be an amphiploid arising from the cross of T. timopheevii and T. monococcum. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Wheat"
] | |
projected-44497919-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum%20zhukovskyi | Triticum zhukovskyi | References | Triticum zhukovskyi, or Zhukovsky's wheat, is a hexaploid wheat, very closely resembling the Triticum timopheevii, a tetraploid variety of wheat. T. zhukovskyi was first observed in Western Georgia in close proximity to Triticum timopheevii and Triticum monococcum and is believed to be an amphiploid arising from the cross of T. timopheevii and T. monococcum. | Category:Wheat | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Wheat"
] |
projected-44497928-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu%20Constantinescu | Ovidiu Constantinescu | Introduction | Ovidiu Constantinescu (1933 – January 23, 2012) was a Romanian mycologist known for his work on the taxonomy of the Peronosporales. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1933 births",
"2012 deaths",
"People from Constanța",
"Mycologists",
"University of Bucharest alumni",
"University of Bucharest faculty",
"Romanian emigrants to Sweden",
"Uppsala University faculty"
] | |
projected-44497928-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu%20Constantinescu | Ovidiu Constantinescu | Biography | Ovidiu Constantinescu (1933 – January 23, 2012) was a Romanian mycologist known for his work on the taxonomy of the Peronosporales. | Constantinescu was born in Constanța in 1933. He first graduated military school before ultimately enrolling at the Biological Institute at the University of Bucharest in 1949. Traian Săvulescu, founder of the institute, and his wife Alice advised Constantinescu while he was a student. Constantinescu graduated in 1970 from the institute. Following his thesis defense, he remained at the Institute as an assistant as well as the curator of the Mycological Herbarium there. In 1974, Constantinescu published a book, Metode și tehnici în micologie, which was his first book on methods in mycology. Although it was never translated from Romanian, for its time it was widely recognized as one of the best mycological methods books. After working for one year in 1982 at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in Baarn, Netherlands, he moved to Sweden in 1984. He was hired at the Institute for Systematic Botany at the University of Uppsala. Because of his vast knowledge and expertise about members of the order Peronosporales, he began the university's culture collection, known as Mykoteket. Constantinescu dedicated the next 20 years building up the collection for the university. He remained in Sweden at Uppsala University for the rest of his life working on members of the family Peronosporaceae, describing six new genera to add to the family after none had been added for over 30 years. He compiled and published an annotated list of over 500 species in the genus Peronospora in 1991. He is also known for describing new species of and working on downy mildew pathogens. | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"1933 births",
"2012 deaths",
"People from Constanța",
"Mycologists",
"University of Bucharest alumni",
"University of Bucharest faculty",
"Romanian emigrants to Sweden",
"Uppsala University faculty"
] |
projected-44497928-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu%20Constantinescu | Ovidiu Constantinescu | Eponymous species | Ovidiu Constantinescu (1933 – January 23, 2012) was a Romanian mycologist known for his work on the taxonomy of the Peronosporales. | Plasmopara constantinescui, Voglmayr & Thines, 2007
Deightoniella constantinescui, Melnik & Shabunin, 2011 | [] | [
"Eponymous species"
] | [
"1933 births",
"2012 deaths",
"People from Constanța",
"Mycologists",
"University of Bucharest alumni",
"University of Bucharest faculty",
"Romanian emigrants to Sweden",
"Uppsala University faculty"
] |
projected-44497928-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu%20Constantinescu | Ovidiu Constantinescu | Selected publications | Ovidiu Constantinescu (1933 – January 23, 2012) was a Romanian mycologist known for his work on the taxonomy of the Peronosporales. | Bontea V, Constantinescu O. 1967. Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum "Tr. Săvulescu". Schedae fasc. 36–37 (No. 1751–1850), 36 pp.
Bontea V, Constantinescu O. 1968. Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum "Tr. Săvulescu". Schedae fasc. I–XIX (No. 1–950), București. Pp. i–iv + 1–481.
Bontea V, Constantinescu O. 1968. Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum "Tr. Săvulescu". Schedae fasc. XX–XXXV (No. 951– 1750), and indexes for fasc. 1–35, București. Pp. i–ii, 481–957.
Constantinescu O. 1974. Metode si tehnici in micologie. Bucuresti: Ceres. 215 pp.
Constantinescu O. & Negrean, G. 1975. "Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum". Schedae fasc. 46–50 (No. 2251–2500), 95 pp.
Constantinescu O. 1985. Notes on Pseudoperonospora. Mycotaxon 24: 301–311.
Constantinescu O. 1991. An annotated list of Peronospora names. Thunbergia 15: 1–110.
Constantinescu O. 2004. The nomenclature of Plasmopara (Chromista, Peronosporales) parasitic on Geraniaceae. Taxon 53: 523–525.
Lane CR, Beales PA, O'Neill TM, McPherson GM, Finlay AR, David J, Constantinescu O & Henricot B. 2005. First report of Impatiens downy mildew (Plasmopara obducens) in the UK. Pl. Pathol. 54: 243.
Constantinescu O, Thines M. 2010. Plasmopara halstedii is absent from Australia and New Zealand. Polish Bot. J. 55: 293–298. | [] | [
"Selected publications"
] | [
"1933 births",
"2012 deaths",
"People from Constanța",
"Mycologists",
"University of Bucharest alumni",
"University of Bucharest faculty",
"Romanian emigrants to Sweden",
"Uppsala University faculty"
] |
projected-44497928-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu%20Constantinescu | Ovidiu Constantinescu | References | Ovidiu Constantinescu (1933 – January 23, 2012) was a Romanian mycologist known for his work on the taxonomy of the Peronosporales. | Category:1933 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:People from Constanța
Category:Mycologists
Category:University of Bucharest alumni
Category:University of Bucharest faculty
Category:Romanian emigrants to Sweden
Category:Uppsala University faculty | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1933 births",
"2012 deaths",
"People from Constanța",
"Mycologists",
"University of Bucharest alumni",
"University of Bucharest faculty",
"Romanian emigrants to Sweden",
"Uppsala University faculty"
] |
projected-26722202-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20and%20the%20Secrets%20of%20the%20Tree | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree | Introduction | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree, published in French as Les Yeux d'Elisha, or The Eyes of Elisha, is a children's novel by Timothée de Fombelle published in 2007. It is a sequel to the award-winning Toby Alone and continues the story of Toby and his efforts to save his parents, his friends and his home from devastation. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"French children's novels",
"2007 novels",
"2007 children's books",
"Children's fantasy novels"
] | |
projected-26722202-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20and%20the%20Secrets%20of%20the%20Tree | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree | Plot | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree, published in French as Les Yeux d'Elisha, or The Eyes of Elisha, is a children's novel by Timothée de Fombelle published in 2007. It is a sequel to the award-winning Toby Alone and continues the story of Toby and his efforts to save his parents, his friends and his home from devastation. | Elisha Lee, being held captive by Leo Blue, once a friend of Toby Lolness who had become a ruthless dictator and wishes to marry her, tried to escape from her egg in the Nest but was captured. Meanwhile, Toby Lolness, thanks to the guidance of two Grass people Jalam and Moon Boy, managed to return to the tree, but the two Grass people were caught along with other Grass People, while Toby managed to continue his journey in the tree. Meanwhile, Mano Asseldor was still hiding at Seldor Farm, which has been converted into a place to detain captured Grass People. The family, still living at the farm, tried all their efforts to prevent Mano from being caught.
At the Crater, Toby's parents, held captive by Joe Mitch, set up a night school for the Tree Council while they also tried to dig a tunnel out of the Crater. Sim Lolness, Toby's father, was often hauled out to be shown in front of a new convoy of Grass people, to check if any of the Grass People recognised him, to gather proof that the professor had ever sold the secret of his invention to the Grass People, as claimed by Joe Mitch. Sim Lolness, however, spotted Moon Boy wearing the emblem of the Lolness family, and tried to ask him where he got that from but got no response. Nevertheless, it raised hopes that his son was still alive.
Meanwhile, Toby meets up with another one of his old friends, Nils Amen, who is the leader of a band of woodcutters and is also helping to hide some fugitives in a secret forest in the tree. Nils pretends to side with Leo Blue, in order to give Elisha the message that Toby has returned. Meanwhile, the Asseldor family managed to escape along with Mano Asseldor while Mo distracts the soldiers by playing the cello (playing music has been outlawed by Joe Mitch by this time). The Asseldors managed to take refuge in Nils' hidden house. Meanwhile, while trying to find out how the Moon Boy got the emblem, Sim tried to arrange a meeting with him, but met with a soldier Tiger, who managed to took the emblem away from Moon Boy.
Nils' visits to the Nest, however, has aroused suspicions by his father, Norz and his friend, Solken, that he is on Leo's side, and both decided to kill him. At the same time, Leo found out about Nils' betrayal and vowed to kill him to next time he comes to the Nest. Elisha, in hopes of escaping, agrees to marry Leo, after receiving a secret message from someone (later revealed to be from Leo). On March 15, the day of the marriage, Elisha managed to escape with the help of a soldier. Elisha then ran towards Seldor Farm, where she managed to get Mo out of the farm after tricking some soldiers there, and went on towards to find her mother, Ilsha, back at the Lee household.
Meanwhile, Nils, not knowing the recent events, went to visit Elisha and found her gone. Leo and his men tried to capture him, but Nils managed to escape after noticing Leo's behaviour, but was then captured by the other woodcutters who believed he had gone over to Leo's side. | [] | [
"Plot"
] | [
"French children's novels",
"2007 novels",
"2007 children's books",
"Children's fantasy novels"
] |
projected-26722202-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20and%20the%20Secrets%20of%20the%20Tree | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree | Characters | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree, published in French as Les Yeux d'Elisha, or The Eyes of Elisha, is a children's novel by Timothée de Fombelle published in 2007. It is a sequel to the award-winning Toby Alone and continues the story of Toby and his efforts to save his parents, his friends and his home from devastation. | Toby - Son of Sim and Maya Lolness, Toby is a fugitive on the Tree with both Leo Blue and Joe Mitch after him. He attempts to rescue his love, Elisha Lee, from the Nest at the top of the tree, where she is going to be married to Leo Blue. He has just returned from a journey from the Prairie visiting the Grass people. He carries their mark: Designs drawn on the soles of his feet with caterpillar ink.
Leo Blue - Leo Blue is the son of the famed butterfly explorer, El Blue. His mother died when he was quite young and he was once best friends with Toby. However, his belief that the Grass People killed his father feeds his hatred toward the Lolness family and he eventually lands them all in jail. It is later found out that he is half sisters with his to-be bride Elisha Lee. He takes on the persona of the Shadow to gain closeness to Elisha.
Elisha Lee - Born of Isha Lee, the princess of the Grass people, and El Blue, Elisha is half-Grass person and half-Tree person. She carries the Grass people mark (foot decorations). She is said to be pretty and has a rebellious and stubborn streak. She is in love with Toby but is captured by Leo Blue to be married to him. She is held captive in the egg in the top nest of the Tree. She is Leo's half sister. | [] | [
"Characters"
] | [
"French children's novels",
"2007 novels",
"2007 children's books",
"Children's fantasy novels"
] |
projected-26722202-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20and%20the%20Secrets%20of%20the%20Tree | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree | Reception | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree, published in French as Les Yeux d'Elisha, or The Eyes of Elisha, is a children's novel by Timothée de Fombelle published in 2007. It is a sequel to the award-winning Toby Alone and continues the story of Toby and his efforts to save his parents, his friends and his home from devastation. | Critical reception has been positive. Reviewers for the School Library Journal both praised the work, with one stating that "This interesting piece of eco-fantasy provides a satisfying conclusion for those who enjoyed the first book." The Horn Book Guide had a similar opinion as they felt that the book would be best appreciated by readers who had finished the first novel.
Kirkus Reviews was more mixed in their opinion, writing "Once all these people and threads intersect, the sheer quantity of coincidence and contrivance to tie them off neatly strains credulity to the breaking point. Nonetheless, the knit never quite ravels, displaying a brilliance and depth nothing short of dazzling. A mess, but a spectacular one."
Peter Berkrot, accomplished voice over actor and audiobook narrator, calls this Toby book one of his favourite titles while Booktrust included it in the Booktrust 2010 Best Book Guide. | [] | [
"Reception"
] | [
"French children's novels",
"2007 novels",
"2007 children's books",
"Children's fantasy novels"
] |
projected-26722202-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20and%20the%20Secrets%20of%20the%20Tree | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree | References | Toby and the Secrets of the Tree, published in French as Les Yeux d'Elisha, or The Eyes of Elisha, is a children's novel by Timothée de Fombelle published in 2007. It is a sequel to the award-winning Toby Alone and continues the story of Toby and his efforts to save his parents, his friends and his home from devastation. | Category:French children's novels
Category:2007 novels
Category:2007 children's books
Category:Children's fantasy novels | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"French children's novels",
"2007 novels",
"2007 children's books",
"Children's fantasy novels"
] |
projected-23574374-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Introduction | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"People in health professions from Turin",
"1939 births",
"Living people",
"University of Turin faculty",
"University of Cagliari faculty",
"Italian psychologists",
"Jurists from Turin",
"20th-century Italian lawyers",
"21st-century Italian lawyers"
] | |
projected-23574374-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Personal life | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | Guglielmo Gulotta was born in Milan on 11 July 1939. His family can be traced back to Sicily and Naples, and his pride in his roots is warmly expressed by his high spirit and vibrant character, which broadens his personality.
Gulotta lives between Milan and Turin, and travels around all Italy. | [] | [
"Personal life"
] | [
"People in health professions from Turin",
"1939 births",
"Living people",
"University of Turin faculty",
"University of Cagliari faculty",
"Italian psychologists",
"Jurists from Turin",
"20th-century Italian lawyers",
"21st-century Italian lawyers"
] |
projected-23574374-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Academic life | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | After his Upper Honour Degree in Law cum laude at the University of Milan in 1964, Gulotta continued his practice in law, and in 1966 he passed the exam to be on the Board of Lawyers of the Milan Tribunal.
His curiosity for human behaviour and interpersonal relationships continued to grow and in 1968 he was awarded a scholarship, which lasted until 1970, to follow a research programme at the Institute of Criminal Law in the University of Milan. Since the beginning of his life as a researcher he has believed that the science of psychology could shed some light on the complexity of mental dimensions and human relationships of the different actors in the court.
He started to study psychology avidly and in 1969 obtained his specialisation in Psychology at the University of Turin, where he subsequently returned as a Full Professor in 1995.
He always remembers a film that he went to watch at the cinema, when it was first released in 1962, which apparently changed his life and his way of thinking for ever: Freud: The Secret Passion, also known as Freud. The film was a drama based on the life of the Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.
Gulotta started then to see the possible and amazing use of psychology within the legal and criminal law scenarios. His career as a criminal barrister and as an academic started to take off.
He believes that the law and psychology are two overlapping disciplines; they both study human behaviour. The first to control it; the second to explain it.
In 1974 he became a collaborator, in a four-year research contract, with Prof. Pietro Nuvolone at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan. In 1978 he worked at the Institute of Psychology alongside professor Marcello Cesa-Bianchi, director of the Juridical Psychology Section at the Department of Medicine (University of Milan). From 1982 to 1984 he was the President of AGAM (Association of Young Lawyers in Milan).
In 1982 he obtained a researcher post at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan, where is stayed until 1986, the year in which his interest and specialisation in psychology took him to Sardinia. At the University of Cagliari he was appointed as a full Professor in Social Psychology.
He enjoyed his academic life in Cagliari and his interest in joining law and psychology even closer developed greatly. In 1995 he was granted a post as a Full Professor in Juridical Psychology, at the University of Turin.
The cathedra of Juridical Psychology granted to him was the first in Italy. His high commitment and work in the field was starting to pay off, not only within his practice as a barrister, but also as an academic. In 2000 he directed a group of research about serial homicides and murder without a probable cause.
He retired as university professor in 2009.
Among his many students should be mentioned professor Cristina Cabras, doctor Roberta Bruzzone, doctor Alessandra Bramante, doctor Angelo Zappalà and doctor Fabrizio Russo. | [] | [
"Academic life"
] | [
"People in health professions from Turin",
"1939 births",
"Living people",
"University of Turin faculty",
"University of Cagliari faculty",
"Italian psychologists",
"Jurists from Turin",
"20th-century Italian lawyers",
"21st-century Italian lawyers"
] |
projected-23574374-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Scientific and professional life | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | The most crucial insight within his scientific legacy is that human behaviour can be assessed and judged, as it happens every day in the Court, only by contextualising human actions and choices within the psychosocial reality of the defendant, the witnesses, the public prosecutor, the jury, and the Judge, and by recognising the psychological influences upon them.
This was a remarkable insight by a person who was first trained in law and who first practiced in a field in which psychology was seen as something akin to astrology, and remote from the certainty and clear cut attitude required in Court.
In one of his edited books Treatise of Juridical Psychology [Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria], 1987, inspired by the novels and plays of Luigi Pirandello and in line with the work of Erving Goffman, he described the Court as a theatre. He identified the different figures operating there, both on the stage and in the backstage, with actors reciting their own roles within their specific status.
In this forensic theatre, the drama of life is unfolded daily, and every day the case presented to the Judge exists only by virtue of how the evidence was gathered and collated; how the public accuser perceives and understands the dynamics of personal and social responsibilities involved; how the lawyer or the barrister introduces and argues the defense; how the defendant furnishes information about their behaviour and their possible involvement, or not, in the case; how the alleged victim reports the experience; how the witnesses contribute to the understanding of the case; how the experts provide clarity.
Many of these dimensions imply that what we deal with in the Court is not actually anymore the factual historical reality of events, but has something to do with the [procedural reality], which is how events are reconstructed via a process affected by personal memory, perception, and understanding of what was and is going on.
Inspired by the work of scientists such as Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and of the Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, Gulotta believes that reality is a social construction, and that human beings are directly responsible for this natural fabrication of life and interpersonal relationships. Gulotta has also devoted some attention to victimology, paying a specific tribute to family violence.
Guglielmo Gulotta calls his interdisciplinary approach the psychology of everyday life in which he thinks it is essential to include forensic psychology as well. 'How' and 'why' people respect the law, as well as 'how' and 'why' people break the law, can depend on the extent to which individuals are supported by or alienated from their own individual and social conditions, and also on the opportunities that society gives them to develop (or not) who they are and can be. His prolific publication track record is an example of how he can move easily from one subject to another. For those interested in the list of his publications, the website of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation lists them in detail: see link publications | [] | [
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projected-23574374-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Protocols and guidelines | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | Guglielmo Gulotta is actively involved in applying theory to practice and in the course of his long professional career he has been the creator and the promoter of many published protocols and documents.
The Noto Charter [Carta di Noto], created and developed with Luisella DeCataldo and other professionals in 1996, was then revised on July 7 2002, on June 12 2011 and again on October 14 2017, in its fourth edition. It is a document which contains guidelines for the examination of a minor in cases of sexual abuse.
The Venice Protocol [Protocollo di Venezia] was crafted and produced on September 21–23 2007, with a group of professionals from different scientific disciplines such as law, psychology, criminology, child neuropsychology, and psychiatry. The document intends to be a guideline and a methodological tool to assist professionals in those cases in which a forensic diagnosis of an alleged sexual collective abuse of a minor is required.
Both documents have been shaped: with faithful reference to the jurisprudence and legislative developments in law; with wide recognition of the specialised international literature; with humble respect of the evidence-based findings offered by the progress of scientific research in this area.
The Forensic Psychology Guidelines have been published as a book entitled Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati (Innocence and guilt in the dock) in 2018, with the famous Italian Publisher Giuffrè. This work is the highest expression of the combination of forensic activity and psychology in its various expressions, such as cognitive, social, neuroscience, communication and interpersonal relationships. It is a commentary on the Guidelines drawn up by a group of scholars, academics and professionals in the legal and psychosocial sciences who have drafted them with the intention of limiting the numerous judicial errors - both in the sense of the acquittal of a guilty person and the conviction of an innocent person - that afflict the criminal justice system and, as a consequence, our society. The book provides a description of the entire criminal process, from the investigation to the trial, and all criminal matters are examined to counter the errors, to reduce preconceptions and biases that can pollute the forensic action, with the aim of achieving an informed and critical cognitive vigilance.
Guglielmo Gulotta is, along other colleagues, the developer of the Patavino Memorandum, which is concerned with the application of neuroscience to legal capacities. This memorandum is a compendium about the most recent neuroscientific techniques used in the forensic field in Italy; it is, therefore an indispensable tool for professionals: forensic experts, technical consultants, magistrates, judges, and lawyers.
The commission of a crime is a human phenomenon which is profoundly complex and affected by many factors and variables, not always controllable. It must be understood and defined according to the interactionist language. The concepts of "mind", "consciousness" and "awareness" are parts of a much larger context of the interaction between cognitive functioning, individual psychological and psychophysiological responses, social, environmental and cultural influences. It is in the light of this perspective that the Memorandum speaks of individual responsibility as a derivative of the so-called "social brain", whose structure and function are represented by human interaction. The Patavino Memorandum was inspired by the Brain Waves Module 4: Neuroscience and the law (2011), and suggests that, in the current state of the art, neuroscience is not able to be the keystone of judicial diagnoses on its own. Neuroscience constitutes rather a contribution which, however authoritative and fascinating, is likely to continuously require interaction with and contribution from other sciences, in particular, empirical-social sciences. | [] | [
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projected-23574374-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Family violence | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | International studies have underlined a preoccupying rise in family dysfunction, abuse and violence, and yet these domestic troubles remain, in most cases, secrets or, at best, unknown to the extent that the shifting manifestation of deviance stays underestimated.
At the Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants, in 1985, Gulotta, in his personal communication entitled "Victims within the family" offered the following discerning words on family victimology:
"The fact that the family has the delicate function of first adapting the individual to society and also serv[ing] as a refuge from the stresses of social life outside its confines, means that victimization within the family represents a phenomenon of special gravity, calling for particular intervention […] (Gulotta, 1985, p. 13)”.
Family victimology has been the stepping stone for his work on child abuse.
No doubt children have been often and for lengthy periods, silent victims of maltreatment, neglect, physical, psychological and sexual violence.
The family setting is at times the most privileged environment for this type of crime to take place. It makes it easier to get access to children, to groom them and viciously entangle him/her in a promiscuous relationship. Family settings, once they permit the abuse dynamic to take place, can easily sustain it because of the claim to family privacy that allows the clearance of all external interferences.
Family is supposed to provide a child with a climate of protection, love and care.
Who can then be allowed to unveil the truth behind this paradisiacal scenario?
Real experiences and scientific evidence are extensively gathering data to reveal, unfortunately, that family members, and not least parents, can, at times, be responsible for such heinous acts.
In all this drama, which clusters together political, scientific, and professional forces, there exists another form of silent victimology, the one that focuses on false positives, that is the cases in which children of any age, and even adults, become convinced or are made to believe that they have experienced some form of sexual abuse either at present or in their past.
The reality of false positives was born within the realm of public hysteria in which the urgency to protect children has been made so extreme that everything, every gesture or word that an adult performs, is considered abuse unless otherwise proved. In all this paraphernalia, Gulotta is convinced that the result of all this is that more victims are made and more suffering emerges.
Gulotta considers that for a child to believe and to grow up with the credence that he/she has been abused by either their mother or father, or by one of their relatives, or by their school teacher or neighbour, when in fact it has not actually occurred, can perhaps be as emotionally damaging and traumatic as a real endured abuse. | [] | [
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projected-23574374-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Cross examinations studies | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | In 2018 Guglielmo Gulotta published the new edition of his book (edited in 2012) on the cross-examination, what he calls a "scientific art". This volume identifies two hundred rules for cross-examination. The origin of these rules derives from the Code of Criminal Procedure, from the professional experience of Guglielmo Gulotta and other professionals in court, from an extensive Italian and Anglo-American literature on the subject of cross-examination, and from practices and customs that make up what could be defined as "procedural etiquette". On the one hand, Guglielmo Gulotta defines this activity as a scientific art because it involves a certain talent composed of critical sense, flexibility, and creativity. On the other hand, this definition suggests that the compass of implied behaviours is of a scientific nature. There is a dual reference to the science of law and to psycho-social sciences that study human conduct, and in particular psychology and psycho-socio-linguistics. The volume is organized by charts associated with the 200 rules, and that helps to explain, justify, encourage and criticize behaviours that are suggested or discouraged within the forensic setting and in the court. | [] | [
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projected-23574374-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Other areas of scientific interest | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | Guglielmo Gulotta has been using "everyday life" as a laboratory to explore empirically many of the concepts of social psychology and of the psychology of communication. His versatile mind has allowed Guglielmo Gulotta to develop in Italy the psychology of tourism. Because of his achievement he is now the President of ARIPT - Associazione Ricerche Interdisciplinari Psicologia del Turismo – (The Association of the Interdisciplinary Research of the Psychology of Tourism).
How to communicate is particularly important in the academic and legal career of any professional. Gugliemo Gulotta has made his interest for communication a topic of his research attention. This scientific interest has led to different scientific publications. One of the most important ones is Sapersi esprimere, published with another colleague, and by the publisher Giuffrè in 2009. This works is related to the know-how of how to express oneself, combined with the analysis of two dimensions of communication and human behaviour: lying and falsehood, and sincerity and honesty. An assumption addressed in the book is that if communication between humans could be carried out telepathically, there might be less interference, than what happens with expressing ourselves in words and gestures, and with all our behaviour. Guglielmo Gulotta and Luisella De Cataldo (the co-author) have taken on the task of addressing the complex topic of communication using the results of the most up-to-date psychological research available. The conclusions are encouraging: communication competence, both in the private and professional context, can be learned and improved.
Psychotherapy and hypnosis are two other areas of interests for Guglielmo Gulotta, which highlights his versatile professional and vibrant personality, which conveys curiosity, creativity and an interest to integrate ideas and areas of knowledge. | [] | [
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"21st-century Italian lawyers"
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projected-23574374-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Recent achievements | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | Justice, and this is the great value, which has inspired the professional and scientific work of Gulotta, can be achieved only when a scientific-evidence methodology is appropriately used to explore, address and resolve the complexity of sex abuse allegations.
Within his long track record of studies done in forensic psychology, with the aim of addressing the matter of false negative allegations of child abuse, two important documents should be remembered and be associated with his name: the above mentioned Noto Charter and Venice Protocol.
One of Gulotta's books, Juridical psychology and psychological law is a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of how these two main domains (law and psychology) are intertwined in the real world. The book collects some of the work Gulotta has shared with his collaborators. It moves from a similar point of view Gulotta's Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology, recently published in a new edition with multimedia content.
He has been involved in hundreds of conferences and symposiums, in numerous radio and TV programmes and his competence has been widely appreciated.
A recent achievement of Gulotta is the creation of a Foundation under his name, Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation (see link). The aims are the promotion, realisation, and dissemination of studies, scientific research, and professional training in forensic and social psychology, and strategic communication. The scope is to help experienced professionals to update and enrich their competence, or to develop in new generation of professionals, those skills – the social and forensic psychology know how – which have become so indispensable and fundamental within the social and forensic fields where they are called upon to perform.
The rationale of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation is to make a contribution to the development of professionals who show fairness in the words they proffer, justice in their decisions, honesty in their actions, and sensitivity in their handling of cases.
The gratitude of all his students and colleagues goes out to him not just for what he has been able to teach, but for making them appreciate that what is also important in science is to have the courage to make one's own choice, and to address it with a sense of personal and professional responsibility.
A recent book (Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria) which was published in 2018 with two other colleagues (Eugenio Calvi and Elena Leardini) is a new edition of the commentary on the Code of Ethics for Psychologists, in which each article of the Code of Ethics is analysed with ordinary decisions and case law, and contextualised with how they are applied to the professional practice of psychologists. | [] | [
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projected-23574374-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Major works | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | Gulotta G. (1976). Commedie e drammi nel matrimonio [Comedy and drama in marriage]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1984). Famiglia e violenza [Family and violence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1985). Victims within the family. Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants.
Gulotta G. (1987). Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria [Treatise of Juridical Psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1995). La psicologia della vita quotidiana [The psychology of everyday life]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1997). L'intelligenza sociale [Social Intelligence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2002) (Ed.). Elementi di psicologia giuridica e di diritto psicologico [Juridical psychology and psychological law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2008) (Ed.). La vita quotidiana come laboratorio di psicologia sociale [The daily life as a laboratory of social psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Bianchi A., Gulotta G., & Sartori G. (2009), Manuale di neuroscienze forensi [Manual of Forensic Neuroscience], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. e Cutica I. (2009), Guida alla perizia in tema di abuso sessuale e alla sua critica [A guide for the evaluation of sexual abuse and its critic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., & Tuosto E.M. (2017), Il volto nell'investigazione e nel processo. Nuova fisiognomica forense [New Forensic physiognomic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Le 200 regole della cross-examination. Un’arte scientifica [The 200 rules of cross-examination]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati [Innocence and guilt in the dock]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., Calvi E., & Leardini E. (2018). Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria [The new Code of Ethics for psychologists. Commented article by article with ordinary decisions and case law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2020). Compendio di psicologia giuridico-forense, criminale e investigativa [Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology. Update in 2020 with multimedia references]. Milan: Giuffrè. | [] | [
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] |
projected-23574374-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | References | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology. | Brown J. & E. Campbell (in press) (Eds.). Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
De Cataldo L. (1997). Abuso sessuale di minore e processo penale: ruoli e responsabilità. Padua: Cedam.
De Cataldo L. (1988). Psicologia della testimonianza e prova testimoniale. Milan: Giuffrè.
De Leo G. (1995). Oggetto, competenze e funzioni della psicologia giuridica. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 17–30). Milano: Led.
Quadrio A. & De Leo G. (1995) (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica. Milan: Led.
Di Blasio P. (1995). Interazioni tra psicologia e giustizia nelle problematiche del maltrattamento ai minori. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 425–441). Milano: Led.
Fornari U. (2004, 3rd ed.). Trattato di psichiatria forense. Turin: UTET.
Mazzoni G. (2003). Si può credere a un testimone?. Bologna: Il Mulino Contemporanea.
Ost J., Foster S., Costall A., & Bull R. (2005). False reports of childhood events in appropriate interviews. Memory, 13, 700–710.
Partlett D.F. & Nurcombe B. (1998). Recovered memories of child sexual abuse and liability: Society, science, and the law in a comparative setting. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4(4), 1253–1306.
Poole D.A. & Lindsay S.D. (2002). Reducing child witnesses' false reports of misinformation from parents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 81, 117–140.
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projected-26722204-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly%20%28opera%29 | Polly (opera) | Introduction | Polly is a ballad opera with text by John Gay and music by Johann Christoph Pepusch. It is a sequel to Gay's The Beggar's Opera. Due to censorship, the opera was not performed in Gay's lifetime. It had its world premiere on 19 June 1777 at the Haymarket Theatre in London. A revised and edited version of the score by Clifford Bax and Frederic Austin premiered on 30 December 1922 at the Kingsway Theatre in London. | [] | [
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projected-26722204-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly%20%28opera%29 | Polly (opera) | Background | Polly is a ballad opera with text by John Gay and music by Johann Christoph Pepusch. It is a sequel to Gay's The Beggar's Opera. Due to censorship, the opera was not performed in Gay's lifetime. It had its world premiere on 19 June 1777 at the Haymarket Theatre in London. A revised and edited version of the score by Clifford Bax and Frederic Austin premiered on 30 December 1922 at the Kingsway Theatre in London. | The opera relates the adventures of Polly Peachum in the West Indies. Macheath is transported to the West Indies, and becomes a pirate, disguised as a black man and under the pseudonym of 'Morano'. He is in the company of Jenny Diver, the prostitute from the first play who had betrayed him—so Macheath is living bigamously. Polly goes to the West Indies looking for Macheath. Mrs Trapes (also from 'The Beggar's Opera') has set up in white-slaving and shanghais Polly to sell her to the wealthy planter Mr Ducat. Polly is taken into service in the Ducat household. On hearing Polly's story, Mrs Ducat advises her to disguise herself as a young man, to ward off unwelcome male attention. After skirmishes between the Indians (in alliance with the colonials) and the pirates, the pirates are routed and identities are revealed. The play ends with Macheath being executed on the orders of the Indian King Pohetohee, and Polly marrying his son Cawwawkee, after her period of mourning.
Like its predecessor, Polly was censored during its time. The production was forbidden by the Lord Chamberlain (the Duke of Grafton), probably through Walpole's influence. However, the censorship did not affect Gay much – on the contrary it proved as excellent advertisement. The play was published by subscription in 1729, and Gay earned several thousand pounds.
In fact, the Duchess of Queensberry was dismissed from court for enlisting subscribers in the palace. The Duke of Queensberry gave Gay a home, and Gay received affectionate patronage until his death on 4 December 1732.
The play was not produced on stage during Gay's lifetime, as Walpole found the satire in Polly much more blatant and strong than the first play. It was banned from rehearsal by the Lord Chamberlain for being a filthy and libellous work. However, since Polly followed close on the heels of its predecessor, it was probably not so much the subject matter, rather the fact that it was a play by Gay that caused it to be banned. Its stage premiere took place on 19 June 1777 at the Haymarket Theatre, London.
However, the ban was effective only in name, as the play was not only printed and sold in April 1729, but in June of the same year, Gay and his publisher had injunctions brought against 17 printers and booksellers for piracy of the work. | [] | [
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projected-26722204-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly%20%28opera%29 | Polly (opera) | References | Polly is a ballad opera with text by John Gay and music by Johann Christoph Pepusch. It is a sequel to Gay's The Beggar's Opera. Due to censorship, the opera was not performed in Gay's lifetime. It had its world premiere on 19 June 1777 at the Haymarket Theatre in London. A revised and edited version of the score by Clifford Bax and Frederic Austin premiered on 30 December 1922 at the Kingsway Theatre in London. | Category:Operas
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projected-17330261-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | Introduction | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | [] | [
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projected-17330261-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | Anthropologists on remittances | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | Anthropological work on remittances appears to be divided into two streams: one based on overseas diasporas of migrants (primarily in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia) and the other from urban areas to rural (primarily in Africa). While both are interested in the relationships among migrants and remittance recipients, the transnational work tends to approach financial remittances as a key source of support for rural households in the sending countries while the other focuses on monetary remittances as gifts, and on the intentionality of gift giving in maintaining relationships. All share a focus on the exchange within relationships, within the context of a household, family, kinship, community or other social network.
Within the transnationalism framework, Jeffrey Cohen and Dennis Conway have detailed a debate in which remittances are treated as either sources of development (for example by funding water infrastructure projects in sending communities) or dependency (by perpetuating a cycle migration and remittances to maintain households and communities). They draw on their experiences with transnational migrants in Oaxaca, Mexico to show that this is a false divide. Their focus on the noneconomic, gender, and informal economy relationships that accompany migration, highlights the shared emphasis on relationships and social context which marks anthropological treatment of remittances as distinct and which ties transnational work with that of those explicitly focusing on gift remitting.
Although in apparent disagreement with Cohen and Conway on the development/dependency debate, Leigh Binford strengthens the call for studying remittances as an international process, documenting the impact of remittances on both sides of the exchange, an approach to which anthropologists are well trained. One space for such a transnational treatment of “gifting remittances” is in the analysis of barrels filled with new and recycled gifts sent home, typically to the Caribbean or Asia. | [] | [
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projected-17330261-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | Gift Remitting, Remitting the Gift | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | While remittances could also be theorized as gifts are not considered as remmitance in the above-mentioned transnational work, the terms gift remitting and remitting the gift make explicit the focus on gifts and the accompanying social ties. Discussion of “gift remittances” goes back at least to Aderanti Adepoju's work in Nigeria on the socio-economic links between urban migrants and their rural sending communities in which money is remitted alongside gifts not readily available in the home country. In this work the focus on socio-cultural context and networks is strong. That the economic cost may be high for the migrant head of household is highlighted as visiting and bringing the requisite gifts can be very expensive, a disincentive to visiting the non-migrating family and community members.
Margo Russell writes that defining remitted moneys as gifts rather than payments enhances freedom and flexibility for the giver. This works in Swaziland because moneys are not sent to a household but to “a range of individuals in urban and rural areas to whom, because of specific relationships, various workers feel a particular obligation.” Here ties are not just of affect; they are of mutual obligation reinforced through the passage of gifts. Gifting remittances fits within and strengthens a larger pattern of reciprocity and obligation in Swaziland.
Following on the work of these earlier anthropologists working in Africa, Lisa Cliggett uses the phrases "gift remitting" and "remitting the gift" to describe urban to rural gifting among Zambian families, highlighting that these remittances are more irregular, are of lesser amounts, and tend to be material as opposed to monetary. In Zambia, urban migration and remittance strategies serve to uphold ties, thereby reducing insecurity and allowing for return migration, particularly in old age. Unlike the interests of policy makers and scholars interested in remittances for development, Cliggett emphasizes that: "Zambia migrants do not remit large sums of cash or goods, and that the fundamental concern for migrants in Zambia is investing in people and relationships through remitting, rather than investing in development, improved living conditions or other capital in rural sending communities."
Trager provides support from a similar phenomenon in Nigeria, where she has observed intentional use of even minimal remittances and services to maintain home-town ties with family, kin, and the community as a whole. The regular giving of remittances and other services such as joining hometown associations and helping in community fund-raising maintained ties. Conway and Cohen also describe cases in which remittance to the community and communal reciprocal relationships were equally important to kin. Along the lines of Mark Granovetter’s strength of weak ties, they describe non-kin relationships as even more important as household ties and obligations as the social aid networks are very flexible and reinforcing.
Charles Piot’s Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa places the analysis of domestic gift remitting explicitly within a framework of global change, showing how remittances from wage workers and gifts from successful cash croppers are transforming landscape and relations of exchange, personhood, and social solidarity. His work reinforces that gifting exists alongside and within the capitalist world economy and represents an attempt to update Marcel Mauss’s theory of the gift for the 21st Century, a project more fully undertaken by Maurice Godelier. | [] | [
"Gift Remitting, Remitting the Gift"
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projected-17330261-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | The Gift | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | In her forward to The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, Mary Douglas summarizes Marcel Mauss’s argument succinctly: “no free gift” as gifts entail maintenance of mutual ties. In terms of potlatch in North America, this meant that each gift is “part of a system of reciprocity in which the honor of giver and recipient are engaged” and failing to return means losing the competition for honor.” A Maussian approach to giving and reciprocity provides useful insight into the analysis of “gifting remittances” precisely because of the focus on constructing and maintaining ties through the giving and receiving of such funds, goods, and services. | [] | [
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projected-17330261-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | From the Spirit of the Gift to the Social Life of Things | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | Since Mauss discussed the ability of gifts to drive giving, receiving, and reciprocating gifting as animating objects through a piece of the giver going with the property, the spirit of the gift has been a subject of scholarship. Mauss termed this spirit “hua” a Māori word describing “the spirit of things” and discusses its mana, referring to a certain power or authority of the giver or the gift itself. Because of the “thing itself possesses a soul” for the Māori, and for Mauss's theory of the gift “to make a gift of something to someone is to make a present of some part of oneself” and “to accept something from somebody is to accept some part of his spiritual essence, of his soul.” More simply put, receiving a gift carries with it an obligation to receive and to reciprocate, and the gift itself drives this system of exchange. It is based on this that the anthropology of gifting is located on the contextual and historically contingent relationship between giver and receiver turned reciprocator.
Trager's work in Nigeria supports the sense of obligation tied to gift giving, or, conversely, the need for continued use of gifting remittances and services to maintain relationships with kin and community: “Even those with little interest in community affairs or in ever living in the home town themselves, feel obliged to maintain ties in these ways.”
In Enigma of the Gift Maurice Godelier summarizes and critiques Marcel Mauss’s work in “The Gift.”, updating it to more explicitly treat interwoven domains of market exchange, gift exchange, and withholding objects from the realm of exchange. Mauss, however, had observed the persistence of gift giving in his contemporary society of early 20th century France in Chapter 4 of The Gift, wherein he raised an important criticism of the concept of utility and its attendant theories of value, which were coming to dominate economic theory of day, even so far as to inform the French policies that created the social welfare system (Fournier 2006, Gane 1992). Noting that Mauss did well to highlight the three obligations of gift exchange (gift, receipt, reciprocation) his focus was strongest on the question of reciprocity and he failed to pay sufficient attention to receiving or giving. Godelier suggests that Mauss's depiction of the spirit of the gift as the ultimate explanation for its reciprocation - not just as a symbol or bonds of knowledge of social relations – resulted from Mauss's inability to adequately resolve his own questions, thereby leaving objects with agency, free of the people who created it. ("It will basically look as if things themselves had persons in tow". Godelier says this positioning of spirit and agency in the gift basically leaves all objects and all of nature as human and human centered, set in motion purely by human will.)
All of the articles grouped here under the loose rubric of “gifting remittances” share this fundamental focus on locating exchange within socio-cultural relationships and using the insight that gifting/remitting grants broader insight into the broader economy and culture, approximating Mauss's treatment of the study of the gift as a window onto a study of the sum total of social life. Yet none goes so far as to speak directly of the mana or hua of gifts or remittances even though the ability of gifts to spur reciprocation is part of the analysis and of the calculations of those doing the remitting. With his stance that the divide between gifts and commodity exchange is overstated, Arjun Appadurai’s treatment of gifts and commodities as, like people, having “social lives” is closer to their work. However, with this definition of the commodity as "anything intended for exchange" (1986: 9), he thereby makes gift giving into a social act that is nearly indistinguishable from commodity exchange and ultimately emphasizes the economic value of giving, rather than the social, moral or spiritual values that people mark as important. By blurring the distinction between commodities and gifts, a distinction that ordinary people routinely make in their everyday lives as they give emphasis to the value they place on specific social relationships, Appadurai undermines the possibility of understanding the movement of goods and money, between life as a commodity embedded in a market to life as a gift embedded in intimate relationships of giving, receiving, and reciprocating. For Appadurai the definitions of both commodities and gifts are not only socially constructed but provisional. From his position Appadurai can only describe, but he cannot explain, how social acts of giving gifts seem to multiply with the advance of the market. | [] | [
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projected-17330261-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | Motivations and gifting | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | Drawing on Marshall Sahlins, Pierre Bourdieu reminds us that gifting morphs with social distance: as social distance increases, self-interest and calculation increases and the importance of generosity and equity declines... the logic of warfare enters even as people look for ways to mediate the distance by “striv[ing] to substitute a personal relationship for an impersonal, anonymous one”. Yet, while the capacity to calculate is universal the spirit of calculation (the presumed rationality of the economic actor) is culturally and historically contingent: the "economic habitus" of an actor is learned. Understanding that gifts move in and out of overlapping economic systems and that the manner in which they move may be impacted by social and physical space, is useful in analyzing the transnational and market-based relations in which remittances are generated, transferred, and spent.
Similarly, the motivations of actors over time are contingent and may, at one point, be altruistic and at other self-interested. Tumama describes motivations for remitting among New Zealand migrants which range from future investments to maintaining kinship ties which pushed some to go without food while striving to remit. A motivation of self-interest may become necessary as “it is likely that the pressures of providing for a family in New Zealand may override the gift giving traditions for some younger Pacific people” who are unable to meet the financial stress of general and traditional gift giving. Focusing on El Salvador, Ester Hernandez and Susan Bibler Coutin, take the discussion of motives – or portrayal of them – to the national level. They show that by treating remittances as “altruistic gifts or unrequited transfers,” central banks can make them appear as cost free money transfers. In turn, those who do not save a significant portion of received remittances are portrayed as selfish, i.e. as self-interested instead of altruistic actors. | [] | [
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projected-17330261-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | Gifting and Social Analysis | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | In her overview of anthropological theory from the perspective of the gift, Karen Sykes presents analysis of the gift as a relationship between people in which the relationship is made substantial by the tangible exchange as encompassing not just ceremony (as with Malinowski) but all of social life (as with Mauss). For Sykes, focusing on the gift is a way to avoid the pitfall of focusing on the individual and having to conjecture individual motivations or on motivations and being locked into an abstract analysis of the contents of the human mind. Sykes argues that focusing on the relationship, or the exchange, keeps the analysis squarely within anthropological analysis of social relations. She concludes by arguing for focus on the gift as the focus of economic anthropology because, "when understood as a total social fact, gift giving concentrates many aspects of human relationships, but does not underwrite all of them as the economic." In her summary of gifting, Lisa Cliggett concurs: "gift giving is a good way to see all the various aspects of human nature in action at one time because gifts can be simultaneously understood as rational exchange, as a way to build political and social relations, and as expressions of moral ideas and cultural meanings" These insights, show that Mauss's assertion that gift exchange is about building social relationships remains a central part of gift theory to this day. Articulated as such (ex. Cliggett's work in Zambia) or not (Cohen's and Conway's work in Oaxaca), it is an insight that is also central to work within the general rubric of gifting remittances.
The Holy Ghost the TRuth Remittance | [] | [
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projected-17330261-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | Bibliography | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities." | Adepoju, A. (1974). "Migration and Socio-Economic Links between Urban Migrants and Their Home Communities in Nigeria." Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 44(4): 383–396.
Appadurai, A. (1986). Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. A. Appadurai. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2000). "Making the economic habitus: Algerian workers revisted." Ethnography 1(1): 17–41.
Cliggett, L. (2003). "Gift Remitting and Alliance Building in Zambian Modernity: Old Answers to Modern Problems." American Anthropologist 105(3): 543–552.
Cliggett, L. (2005). "Remitting the gift: Zambian mobility and anthropological insights for migration studies." Population, Space and Place 11(1): 35–48.
Cohen, J., R. Jones, et al. (2005). "Why Remittances Shouldn't Be Blamed for Rural Underdevelopment in Mexico: A Collective Response to Leigh Binford." Critique of Anthropology 25(1): 87–96.
Cohen, J. H. (2001). "Transnational Migration in Rural Oaxaca, Mexico: Dependency, Development, and the Household." American Anthropologist 103(4): 954–967.
Conway, D. and J. H. Cohen (1998). "Consequences of Migration and Remittances for Mexican Transnational Communities." Economic Geography 74(1): 26–44.
Conway, D. and J. H. Cohen (2003). "Local Dynamics in Multi-local, Transnational Spaces of Rural Mexico: Oaxacan Experiences." International Journal of Population Geography 9: 141–161.
Godelier, M. (1999). The Enigma of the Gift. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–1380.
Helms, M. W. (1998). Tangible Durability. M. W. Helms: 164–173.
Hernandez, E. and S. Bibler Coutin (2006). "Remitting subjects: migrants, money and states." Economy and Society 35(2): 185–208.
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Wilk, R. R. C., Lisa C. (2007). Economies and Cultures: Foundations of Economic Anthropology. Boulder, University of Colorado.
Category:Remittances
Category:International factor movements
Category:Human migration | [] | [
"Bibliography"
] | [
"Remittances",
"International factor movements",
"Human migration"
] |
projected-23574380-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-Soci | Step-Soci | Introduction | Step-Soci is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Budăi and Step-Soci. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Communes of Orhei District"
] | |
projected-23574380-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-Soci | Step-Soci | References | Step-Soci is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Budăi and Step-Soci. | Category:Communes of Orhei District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Communes of Orhei District"
] |
projected-26722209-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Osborne | Sally Osborne | Introduction | Sally Osborne (born 19 September 1952) is a British film and television actress. She has appeared in a number of television series including The Cedar Tree, Cribb, King's Royal, The Duchess of Duke Street, A Tale of Two Cities and Raffles. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1952 births",
"British film actresses",
"British television actresses",
"Living people"
] | |
projected-26722209-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Osborne | Sally Osborne | Filmography | Sally Osborne (born 19 September 1952) is a British film and television actress. She has appeared in a number of television series including The Cedar Tree, Cribb, King's Royal, The Duchess of Duke Street, A Tale of Two Cities and Raffles. | Film
Mutiny on the Buses (1972)
Sweeney! (1977)
Haunted Honeymoon (1986) | [] | [
"Filmography"
] | [
"1952 births",
"British film actresses",
"British television actresses",
"Living people"
] |
projected-26722212-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heung%20Shing | Heung Shing | Introduction | Heung Shing () is a fictional city appearing in examinations (such as Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination, Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination and Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination) of Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. That city often portrays Hong Kong. However, it is unclear that whether there are any relations between portrayals between each year's exam paper. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"School examinations in Hong Kong",
"Fictional populated places"
] | |
projected-26722212-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heung%20Shing | Heung Shing | History | Heung Shing () is a fictional city appearing in examinations (such as Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination, Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination and Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination) of Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. That city often portrays Hong Kong. However, it is unclear that whether there are any relations between portrayals between each year's exam paper. | Historians found that human activity in Heung Shing dates back over five millennia, as some Neolithic tombs were found in Pak Shue Tan (白樹灘) in 2001. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"School examinations in Hong Kong",
"Fictional populated places"
] |
projected-26722212-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heung%20Shing | Heung Shing | Geography | Heung Shing () is a fictional city appearing in examinations (such as Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination, Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination and Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination) of Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. That city often portrays Hong Kong. However, it is unclear that whether there are any relations between portrayals between each year's exam paper. | Heung Shing is near to the Nam Kong (南江), Shen Shing (新城) and Sha Chau (沙洲). Nam Kong has organized a book fair in 2005, which made number of people entering the Heung Shing Book Fair decrease for 40,000. | [] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"School examinations in Hong Kong",
"Fictional populated places"
] |
projected-26722212-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heung%20Shing | Heung Shing | See also | Heung Shing () is a fictional city appearing in examinations (such as Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination, Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination and Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination) of Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. That city often portrays Hong Kong. However, it is unclear that whether there are any relations between portrayals between each year's exam paper. | Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority
Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination
Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"School examinations in Hong Kong",
"Fictional populated places"
] |