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projected-06899402-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindery | Bindery | Overview | Bindery refers to a studio, workshop or factory where sheets of (usually) paper are fastened together to make books, but also where gold and other decorative elements are added to the exterior of books, where boxes or slipcases for books are made and where the restoration of books is carried out. | A large traditional hand bookbinding studio or workshop may be divided into areas for different tasks such as sewing, rounding and backing the spine, attaching the boards to the book and covering the book with cloth or leather. These processes are collectively called forwarding and would be carried out in the forwarding department. This area of the bindery would typically have equipment such as sewing frames, guillotines, board choppers for cutting boards used as covers, laying presses for holding books when being worked on and nipping presses for flattening paper, board, etc.
Recently, some compact material have been developed, allowing the processing of almost all the operations.
The process of decorating or titling a book with gold or other metals, and/or different colored pieces of leather, is called finishing and is carried out in the finishing room or department. In a hand bookbindery this area would house the dozens or hundreds of brass hand tools that are used to impress gold patterns and figures onto leather one at a time, as well as the finishing stoves needed to heat these tools. In a more modern or commercial bindery, many decorative elements or letters are stamped onto a book's cover or case at the same time by use of a hot press.
Modern, commercial, bookbinding outfits range in size from the local "copy shop" book binder, using techniques such as coil binding, comb binding and velo binding to factories producing tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volumes a day using such processes as perfect binding, saddle wire binding, and case binding. The term, bindery, especially in copy and print shops, has expanded to include other forms of paper finishing, such as paper drilling, lamination, and foamcore mounting. | [
"Brasstools1.jpg"
] | [
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"Publishing",
"Bookbinding",
"Book arts",
"Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage"
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projected-06899402-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindery | Bindery | See also | Bindery refers to a studio, workshop or factory where sheets of (usually) paper are fastened together to make books, but also where gold and other decorative elements are added to the exterior of books, where boxes or slipcases for books are made and where the restoration of books is carried out. | Bookbinding | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Publishing",
"Bookbinding",
"Book arts",
"Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage"
] |
projected-06899402-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindery | Bindery | References | Bindery refers to a studio, workshop or factory where sheets of (usually) paper are fastened together to make books, but also where gold and other decorative elements are added to the exterior of books, where boxes or slipcases for books are made and where the restoration of books is carried out. | Category:Publishing
Category:Bookbinding
Category:Book arts
Category:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Publishing",
"Bookbinding",
"Book arts",
"Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage"
] |
projected-06899404-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20de%20Janeiro%20arboreal%20rat | Rio de Janeiro arboreal rat | Introduction | The Rio de Janeiro arboreal rat (Phaenomys ferrugineus) is a rodent species from South America. It is found in Brazil. It is the only species in the genus Phaenomys. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Thomasomyini",
"Mammals described in 1894",
"Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas"
] | |
projected-06899404-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20de%20Janeiro%20arboreal%20rat | Rio de Janeiro arboreal rat | References | The Rio de Janeiro arboreal rat (Phaenomys ferrugineus) is a rodent species from South America. It is found in Brazil. It is the only species in the genus Phaenomys. | Category:Thomasomyini
Category:Mammals described in 1894
Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Thomasomyini",
"Mammals described in 1894",
"Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas"
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projected-06899405-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Crossbowmen | Master of Crossbowmen | Introduction | The Master of Crossbowmen () or more precisely, Master of Arbalesters or Master of Archers was the title of a commander of the Infantry of the French army (the "host") in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The position was an honorific title, not a military rank, created by Louis IX. The position existed until the reign of François I, when its duties were transferred to the Grand Master of Artillery.
The Master of the Crossbowmen commanded all archers (longbow, arbalest, crossbow, etc.), engineers and workers on siege engines, sappers ("sapeurs") and miners for mining fortifications during siege warfare. He was under the command of the Constable of France and the Marshals. Under his command was the Master of Artillery, who would come to more prominence in the reign of Louis XI, with the increased use of artillery.
The office is often considered one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Court titles in the Ancien Régime",
"Military history of the Ancien Régime"
] | |
projected-06899405-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Crossbowmen | Master of Crossbowmen | References | The Master of Crossbowmen () or more precisely, Master of Arbalesters or Master of Archers was the title of a commander of the Infantry of the French army (the "host") in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The position was an honorific title, not a military rank, created by Louis IX. The position existed until the reign of François I, when its duties were transferred to the Grand Master of Artillery.
The Master of the Crossbowmen commanded all archers (longbow, arbalest, crossbow, etc.), engineers and workers on siege engines, sappers ("sapeurs") and miners for mining fortifications during siege warfare. He was under the command of the Constable of France and the Marshals. Under his command was the Master of Artillery, who would come to more prominence in the reign of Louis XI, with the increased use of artillery.
The office is often considered one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France. | This article is based in part on the article Maître des Arbalétriers from the French Wikipedia, retrieved on September 6, 2006.
Nicolle, David. French Armies of the Hundred Years War. London: Osprey Publishing, 2000.
Nicolle, David. French Medieval Armies 1000-1300. London: Osprey Publishing, 1991.
Nicolle, David. Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom. London: Brockhampton Press, 1999. | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Court titles in the Ancien Régime",
"Military history of the Ancien Régime"
] |
projected-06899405-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Crossbowmen | Master of Crossbowmen | See also | The Master of Crossbowmen () or more precisely, Master of Arbalesters or Master of Archers was the title of a commander of the Infantry of the French army (the "host") in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The position was an honorific title, not a military rank, created by Louis IX. The position existed until the reign of François I, when its duties were transferred to the Grand Master of Artillery.
The Master of the Crossbowmen commanded all archers (longbow, arbalest, crossbow, etc.), engineers and workers on siege engines, sappers ("sapeurs") and miners for mining fortifications during siege warfare. He was under the command of the Constable of France and the Marshals. Under his command was the Master of Artillery, who would come to more prominence in the reign of Louis XI, with the increased use of artillery.
The office is often considered one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France. | Great Officers of the Crown of France
Maison du Roi
Medieval warfare
Category:Court titles in the Ancien Régime
Category:Military history of the Ancien Régime | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Court titles in the Ancien Régime",
"Military history of the Ancien Régime"
] |
projected-20462111-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20FIS%20Nordic%20Combined%20World%20Cup | 2008–09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup | Introduction | The 2008/09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 26th world cup season, a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS. It began in Kuusamo on 29 November 2008. Anssi Koivuranta from Finland became overall winner. Hannu Manninen retired before the season began. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"FIS Nordic Combined World Cup",
"2008 in Nordic combined",
"2009 in Nordic combined"
] | |
projected-20462111-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20FIS%20Nordic%20Combined%20World%20Cup | 2008–09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup | Changes | The 2008/09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 26th world cup season, a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS. It began in Kuusamo on 29 November 2008. Anssi Koivuranta from Finland became overall winner. Hannu Manninen retired before the season began. | This World Cup is the first season with a new system. Instead of a sprint (1x jump and 7,5 km cross country skiing race) and Gundersen (2x jumps and 1x 15 km cross country skiing race), there is now a combined competition with a single jump and a single 10 km cross country skiing race. The Masstart is unchanged. The Relay is now 5 km Cross country and one jump for every jumper in the team. | [] | [
"Changes"
] | [
"FIS Nordic Combined World Cup",
"2008 in Nordic combined",
"2009 in Nordic combined"
] |
projected-20462111-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20FIS%20Nordic%20Combined%20World%20Cup | 2008–09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup | Overall | The 2008/09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 26th world cup season, a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS. It began in Kuusamo on 29 November 2008. Anssi Koivuranta from Finland became overall winner. Hannu Manninen retired before the season began. | Standings after 23 events. | [] | [
"Standings",
"Overall"
] | [
"FIS Nordic Combined World Cup",
"2008 in Nordic combined",
"2009 in Nordic combined"
] |
projected-20462111-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20FIS%20Nordic%20Combined%20World%20Cup | 2008–09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup | Nations Cup | The 2008/09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 26th world cup season, a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS. It began in Kuusamo on 29 November 2008. Anssi Koivuranta from Finland became overall winner. Hannu Manninen retired before the season began. | Standings after 24 event. | [] | [
"Standings",
"Nations Cup"
] | [
"FIS Nordic Combined World Cup",
"2008 in Nordic combined",
"2009 in Nordic combined"
] |
projected-20462111-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20FIS%20Nordic%20Combined%20World%20Cup | 2008–09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup | References | The 2008/09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 26th world cup season, a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS. It began in Kuusamo on 29 November 2008. Anssi Koivuranta from Finland became overall winner. Hannu Manninen retired before the season began. | FIS-Ski Results
FIS-Ski Cup Standings
FIS Nordic Combined World Cup Results - International Herald Tribune
ESPN - FIS Nordic Combined World Cup Results - Skiing
ESPN - FIS Nordic Combined World Cup Results - Skiing | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"FIS Nordic Combined World Cup",
"2008 in Nordic combined",
"2009 in Nordic combined"
] |
projected-20462114-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitiveness%20Council | Competitiveness Council | Introduction | The Competitiveness Council may refer to
the Competitiveness Council (COMPET), a configuration of the Council of the European Union.
the Council on Competitiveness, an American non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C.
the National Competitiveness Council (NCC), an independent policy advisory body in Ireland.
the National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN), is a private-public non-profit organisation in Nigeria.
the North American Competitiveness Council (NACC), an official tri-national working group of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-20462114-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitiveness%20Council | Competitiveness Council | See also | The Competitiveness Council may refer to
the Competitiveness Council (COMPET), a configuration of the Council of the European Union.
the Council on Competitiveness, an American non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C.
the National Competitiveness Council (NCC), an independent policy advisory body in Ireland.
the National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN), is a private-public non-profit organisation in Nigeria.
the North American Competitiveness Council (NACC), an official tri-national working group of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP). | Competitiveness Policy Council, a former U.S. federal advisory committee to advise the President and the Congress on policies to promote competitiveness (began operation in 1991, and ceased operation in 1997). | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-23570938-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Introduction | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] | |
projected-23570938-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Schools | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | The British School in the Netherlands is currently arranged across 5 sites, based in and around The Hague and Voorschoten. The three junior schools accommodate children from 3 to 11, while the Senior Schools are for children from 11 to 18. | [] | [
"Schools"
] | [
"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Junior School Diamanthorst | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | Junior School Diamanthorst accommodates around 400 children aged 3 to 11. It is situated in the Mariahoeve area of The Hague. The current head is Christopher Wathern. | [] | [
"Schools",
"Junior School Diamanthorst"
] | [
"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Junior School Leidschenveen | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | Junior School Leidschenveen is a campus in the Leidschenveen area of The Hague, providing 470 places for children aged 3 to 11 years. It was opened in 2010 by Princess Maxima. The campus includes facilities for out of school care, a day care centre for 0- to 3-year-olds and a sports and community centre. The current head is Karren van Zoest. | [] | [
"Schools",
"Junior School Leidschenveen"
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"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Junior School Vlaskamp | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | Junior School Vlaskamp provides accommodation for approximately 500 children aged 3 to 11. This award-winning building was opened in 1997. The current head is Claire Waller. | [] | [
"Schools",
"Junior School Vlaskamp"
] | [
"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Senior School Voorschoten | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | Situated in Voorschoten, just outside The Hague, the BSN Senior School has capacity for up to 1,100 students from all over the world. The Senior School has sports fields, hockey pitches and tennis courts. The classrooms include specialist areas such as design and technology; ICT; food technology; art and music; and the three sciences. Students are able to study French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Chinese and other languages as part of the native speaker programme. There is a library and resources area, a school hall with stage and professional theatrical lighting; a cafeteria and sports hall. The current head is Patrick Heuff. | [] | [
"Schools",
"Senior School Voorschoten"
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"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Senior School Leidschenveen | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | The British school in the Netherlands have opened a new senior school on the same location as the Junior school in Leidschenveen, operating similarly to their other secondary school. The current head is James Oxlade. | [] | [
"Schools",
"Senior School Leidschenveen"
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"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | School organisation | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | The BSN is a non-profit organisation entirely dependent on fee income and receives no subsidy from either the Dutch or British governments. The school is managed by a board of management, chaired by the principal and composed of senior managers within the school’s teaching and support staff. This board is answerable to the board of governors, which is responsible for strategic supervision and, in turn, reports to the School Association. | [] | [
"School organisation"
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"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
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"Educational institutions established in 1931",
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"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | History | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | The school was founded in The Hague in 1931 by a New Zealander, Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School. There were four teachers and about 20 pupils and they were accommodated in a school on the van Diepenburchstraat. The school closed in 1940 with the invasion of the Netherlands and was re-opened in 1948 by Nancy Macdona, a previous member of staff. Two rooms were rented in the Jan van Nassaustraat: 12 pupils and 4 teachers formed the foundations of the present British School.
By 1952 numbers had reached 60 and new premises were found on the Adriaan Goekooplaan. Expansion continued and Miss Macdona recruited a co-principal, Phyllis Donaldson, to take responsibility for the growing number of older children. In 1953 there was another move to Doornstraat, and then in 1954 the School was merged with the American and French Schools as part of the International School project. This turned out to be a catastrophe and the school soon withdrew from it. That meant that with about 80 children and half a dozen teachers they had no premises. The chaplain of the Anglo-American Church allowed them to move into his church hall on the Riouwstraat, where they remained until 1959. In that year, at last, the school bought its own property, ‘Duinroos’ on the Tapijtweg.
With expansion continuing, a Senior Division was opened in 1966 in Parkweg and, four years later, a Middle Division in van Stolklaan. By 1972 the School had grown to over 500 pupils. The Senior Division broadened the programme of studies on offer and began to enjoy significant success at Advanced Level with the result that more and more pupils stayed on into the Sixth Form after O-levels, instead of returning to boarding school in the UK. The school was renamed The British School in the Netherlands in 1976.
Two years later, the Senior School moved to Voorschoten, into purpose-built premises opened by the Duke of Gloucester. The Junior School remained at Tapijtweg and the Infant School had to move to rented classrooms in a Dutch school in Leidschendam. By now, the school had taken over the management of a small ‘dépendance’ in the northern town of Assen where a number of English-speaking Shell families lived.
Although the school was called the British School, it had an international pupil population with children from some 50 different countries. In 1985 the provision for Teaching English as a Second Language was extended to the Senior School, and the BSN was now able to accept children of twelve and thirteen years of age who were unable to speak English on arrival and successfully take them through GCSE and A-level examinations. This further increased numbers, and by the late 1980s there were over 1200 pupils within the whole School. In 1990, a large piece of farmland with an 18th-century farmhouse, adjacent to the Senior School, was purchased. This made possible the addition of two sports fields, a cricket pitch, tennis courts, a dance/drama studio and a home for the Principal. Prinses Margriet opened a new Science, Technology and Music Building in 1992.
In September 1997 a new, award-winning Junior School building opened its doors to 700 children aged 3 to 11 years of age. The completion of this building allowed the BSN to combine the Nursery, Infant and Junior Schools on one site in The Hague. The new school was officially opened by Prins Willem Alexander in November 1997.
The notion of bringing these three schools together permanently on one site was not to last, however. The popularity of the new Junior School, along with the buoyant Dutch economy, led to a significant increase in pupil numbers in The Hague and two major new developments were embarked upon: firstly, in July 1999, a three-storey school building just a couple of minutes’ walk from the Junior School, was purchased and, after extensive refurbishment, became a new Foundation School, which opened in September 1999. The second development was in 2003 when the opportunity arose to take over an unused Dutch school on the Diamanthorst nearby, making it possible to have two separate Junior Schools.
Meanwhile, the Senior School in Voorschoten was having its own problems with space, and some very difficult decisions needed to be confronted. The new Science, Technology and Music block was only seven years old, but in order to put the Senior School in a position where it could truly keep up with the projected growth of the future, Trevor Rowell, the Principal, and the school board took the decision that an entirely new Senior School needed to be built. And so in June 2001 work started on this project. The new buildings were opened by Queen Beatrix in October 2003.
Following the opening of the new Senior School the BSN continued to keep its eyes open for future expansion, and managed to acquire a large plot of land in the new Leidschenveen area of The Hague where it opened a new campus in January 2010, together with Day Care for the 0–3s and After School Care.
In the more recent past, a new iPad 1-to-1 program was introduced with mixed opinions across the board. Also, the school continues to support a 'student council' and an environmental committee which has built a large garden to win the 'Green flag' award. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | Notable alumni | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | Konrad Bartelski, former British ski racer, attended the BSN between 1960 and 1972.
Anna Bentley, Olympic fencer and 3 times national champion, left the BSN in 1999.
Jonathan Brittain, playwright and director, attended the BSN from 2000 to 2005.
Victoria Hollins, BBC London journalist, attended the BSN between 1989 and 1991.
Joseph O' Neill, novelist and non-fiction writer, attended the BSN from 1970 to 1981.
Robert Senior, CEO of Saatchi and Saatchi, attended the BSN from 1977 to 1981.
Anna Walker, English television presenter, attended the BSN from 1979 to 1981.
Briony Monroe, actress, attended the BSN from 2001 to 2008 | [] | [
"Notable alumni"
] | [
"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570938-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20School%20in%20the%20Netherlands | British School in the Netherlands | References | The British School in the Netherlands (BSN) is an IB-classified group of independent schools situated in The Hague area. There are five campuses that together form one school: BSN Senior School Voorschoten, BSN Junior School Leidschenveen, BSN Junior School Vlaskamp, BSN Junior School Diamanthorst and opened up in September 2018: Senior School Leidschenveen. Over 2300 students from over 80 nationalities are enrolled.
The school is open to students from 3 to 18 years of age, and also offers day care for 0-3s and after school care on its Junior School Leidschenveen campus through Zein International Childcare.
The schools all follow the English curriculum, which means that students take GCSEs in Years 10 and 11 (age 15 and 16), entering the Sixth Form in Years 12 and 13 (age 17 and 18) where students may choose to take examinations in either British A-Levels or the IB Diploma Programme.
The School was founded in The Hague in 1931 by Gwen Brunton-Jones, and was called The English School - it has continued to grow and has become Europe's largest international school with students from over 80 nationalities represented. | Joseph Brannan 1966 to 1970 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Schools in The Hague",
"International schools in the Netherlands",
"International Baccalaureate schools in the Netherlands",
"1931 establishments in the Netherlands",
"Educational institutions established in 1931",
"British international schools in Europe",
"Voorschoten"
] |
projected-23570943-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Lake%20%28Colchester%29 | Nelson Lake (Colchester) | Introduction | Nelson Lake Colchester is a lake of Colchester County, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23570943-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Lake%20%28Colchester%29 | Nelson Lake (Colchester) | See also | Nelson Lake Colchester is a lake of Colchester County, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570943-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Lake%20%28Colchester%29 | Nelson Lake (Colchester) | References | Nelson Lake Colchester is a lake of Colchester County, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | National Resources Canada
Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-20462157-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Introduction | St Breock () is a village and a civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] | |
projected-20462157-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Geography | St Breock () is a village and a civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | St Breock village is 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Wadebridge immediately to the south of the Royal Cornwall Showground. The village lies on the eastern slope of the wooded Nansent valley. The civil parish of St Breock is in Bodmin Registration District and the population in the 2001 census was 703, increasing to 725 at the 2011 census. The parish extends approx five miles (8 kilometres) south of Wadebridge. To the north, the parish is bounded by the River Camel, to the west by St Issey parish, to the northeast by Egloshayle parish and to the southeast by Lanivet parish. Together with Egloshayle it was one of the two parishes within which the town of Wadebridge developed. | [] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] |
projected-20462157-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Prehistory | St Breock () is a village and a civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | Around two miles south of the village stands the St Breock Downs Monolith, a 16 ft (5 m) high prehistoric standing stone. It is the largest and heaviest prehistoric standing stone in Cornwall. Around one mile northwest of the monolith is a prehistoric dolmen known as Pawton Quoit. | [
"St Breock Down Monolith - Standing Stone - geograph.org.uk - 109844.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"Prehistory"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] |
projected-20462157-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | 20th Century | St Breock () is a village and a civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | During World War 2 there was a report of both bombs and incendiaries being dropped near St Breock in August 1940. | [] | [
"History",
"20th Century"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] |
projected-20462157-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Manor of Pawton | St Breock () is a village and a civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | The Manor of Pawton, already established in Saxon times, was very large, extending to six whole parishes and parts of four others. It was granted to the Bishops of Sherborne by King Egbert of Wessex and held by their successors until it was alienated under Henry VIII. In 1086 there were 44 hides of land, land for 60 ploughs, 40 villagers and 40 smallholders; pasture 12 sq leagues, woodland 2 sq leagues. Charles G. Henderson wrote in 1925 that slight remains of the bishop's palace and deer park were still to be seen. On the down above Pawton is a very large barrow with massive dolmen. At Nanscowe Farm a pillar stone of the 5th or 6th century with inscription meaning 'To the son of Ulcagnus; and to Severus' (in Latin). | [] | [
"Manor of Pawton"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] |
projected-20462157-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Parish Church | St Breock () is a village and a civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | The parish church is dedicated to St Briocus and dates back to the 13th century although it was extensively rebuilt in 1677. (The aisle, south transept and porches are additions of the 15th and 16th centuries.) The church has a battlemented tower with a ring of five bells. It is situated beside the stream in the valley bottom and in 1965 suffered damage in a major flood. The nave is longer than usual in a parish church: this may be connected to the fact that the Bishops of Exeter owned the manor of Pawton before the Reformation and had a palace there. In 1790 the rector here was John Molesworth and his wife Catherine Molesworth was an amateur artist. The church was restored for £1,400, and reopened on 26 July 1881 by Edward Benson, the Bishop of Truro.
The church contains some fine monuments to members of the Tredeneck family and one of 1598 to William and Jane Viell. The heirs of the Viell family in the 17th century were the Prideaux family of Prideaux Place, which still owned the manor of St Breock in 1968. There is a brass probably also to a Tredeneck, ca. 1520. The church organ was the work of 'Father' Willis. Seth Ward, afterwards a bishop, was briefly the incumbent here. | [] | [
"Parish Church"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] |
projected-23570947-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29 | Springfield Lake (Annapolis) | Introduction | Springfield Lake is a lake of Annapolis County, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23570947-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29 | Springfield Lake (Annapolis) | See also | Springfield Lake is a lake of Annapolis County, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570947-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29 | Springfield Lake (Annapolis) | References | Springfield Lake is a lake of Annapolis County, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | National Resources Canada
Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570952-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage%20Gardens | Savage Gardens | Introduction | Savage Gardens is a minor street in the City of London, connecting Crutched Friars in the north to Trinity Square in the south, crossing Pepys Street. It was part-pedestrianised in 2011, with the carriageway remaining between Pepys Street and Trinity Square.
The house of Sir Thomas Savage was here in the 17th century, after whom the street is named.
The nearest London Underground station is Tower Hill. A mainline terminus is also close by at Fenchurch Street, as is a Docklands Light Railway station at Tower Gateway. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Streets in the City of London"
] | |
projected-23570952-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage%20Gardens | Savage Gardens | References | Savage Gardens is a minor street in the City of London, connecting Crutched Friars in the north to Trinity Square in the south, crossing Pepys Street. It was part-pedestrianised in 2011, with the carriageway remaining between Pepys Street and Trinity Square.
The house of Sir Thomas Savage was here in the 17th century, after whom the street is named.
The nearest London Underground station is Tower Hill. A mainline terminus is also close by at Fenchurch Street, as is a Docklands Light Railway station at Tower Gateway. | Category:Streets in the City of London | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Streets in the City of London"
] |
projected-23570953-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%20Lake | Stevens Lake | Introduction | Stevens Lake may refer to:
A lake in Colchester County, Nova Scotia
Stevens Lakes (Idaho), a chain of lakes
A lake in Florida, one of the sources of Black Creek | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23570955-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Jackson%20%28diver%29 | Trevor Jackson (diver) | Introduction | Captain Trevor Jackson (born 26 November 1965) is an Australian technical diver, shipwreck researcher, author and inventor. In 2002 he staged what became known as the "Centaur Dive", which subsequently led to the gazetted position of the sunken Hospital Ship AHS Centaur being questioned. Jackson is the inventor of the 'Sea Tiger' lost diver location system, and an author on the subject of wreck diving. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1965 births",
"Living people",
"Australian explorers",
"Australian non-fiction writers",
"Australian underwater divers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)"
] | |
projected-23570955-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Jackson%20%28diver%29 | Trevor Jackson (diver) | Centaur dive | Captain Trevor Jackson (born 26 November 1965) is an Australian technical diver, shipwreck researcher, author and inventor. In 2002 he staged what became known as the "Centaur Dive", which subsequently led to the gazetted position of the sunken Hospital Ship AHS Centaur being questioned. Jackson is the inventor of the 'Sea Tiger' lost diver location system, and an author on the subject of wreck diving. | Jackson had doubted the accuracy of the Australian Government's original findings for some time before he and New Zealand diver, Dr Simon Mitchell, supported by a team of 15 back-up divers, staged a world record scuba dive to investigate the site. The dive took place near Brisbane on 14 May 2002, after nearly a year of planning. At a depth of , the dive was the deepest scuba dive to a wreck undertaken at the time, a world record which held for several years. A camera was taken to the bottom by Jackson but pressure related equipment difficulties meant that no usable footage was retrieved. Despite the lack of conclusive proof, the pair remained adamant for several years that the wreck they had seen on the dive was too small to be the Centaur. Jackson was quoted on the 60 minutes current affairs program: "this wasn't a wreck of the dimensions that the Centaur was which, you know, was 100m long. It was a much smaller thing".
They suspected that the wreck was a small freighter called the Kyogle, sunk in 1951 by the Royal Australian Air Force. Eventually their insistence prompted investigations by the media and the Royal Australian Navy. It was subsequently shown that the Centaur was not where it had been assumed. In 2009 the Queensland Government approved funding for a renewed search for the lost hospital ship. The true resting place of the Centaur was discovered in December of that year. | [
"Centaur (AWM 043235).jpg"
] | [
"Centaur dive"
] | [
"1965 births",
"Living people",
"Australian explorers",
"Australian non-fiction writers",
"Australian underwater divers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-23570955-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Jackson%20%28diver%29 | Trevor Jackson (diver) | Shipwreck discoveries | Captain Trevor Jackson (born 26 November 1965) is an Australian technical diver, shipwreck researcher, author and inventor. In 2002 he staged what became known as the "Centaur Dive", which subsequently led to the gazetted position of the sunken Hospital Ship AHS Centaur being questioned. Jackson is the inventor of the 'Sea Tiger' lost diver location system, and an author on the subject of wreck diving. | Between 1998 and 2004 Jackson was directly responsible for the initial discovery of at least 19 shipwrecks in the Coral Sea. These ships included the Dutch dredger Kaptajn Nielsen, the USNS Dolphin, the SS Dover, and the SV Missie. The latter contained a vast collection of 19th century glassware and is now a declared historic shipwreck. Most of these wrecks lay in depths well beyond the normal limits for recreational scuba diving. In 2005 he won the OZTek Technical Diver of the Year award for his services to wreck exploration. Jackson's research into the exact position and depths of shipwrecks is currently being utilized by the Australian Hydrographic Office for new editions of admiralty charts for Queensland. The Australian Hydrographic Office also removed the protected zone from around the 'old' Centaur position.
In January 2009 Jackson was involved in the Australian National Maritime Museum's discovery and initial survey dives of the 19th century historical Australian shipwreck, HMCS Mermaid [1829], and the Queensland Museum's discovery of the SV Waverley [1889] near Thirsty Sound, Qld, in March later that year. | [] | [
"Shipwreck discoveries"
] | [
"1965 births",
"Living people",
"Australian explorers",
"Australian non-fiction writers",
"Australian underwater divers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-23570955-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Jackson%20%28diver%29 | Trevor Jackson (diver) | Author | Captain Trevor Jackson (born 26 November 1965) is an Australian technical diver, shipwreck researcher, author and inventor. In 2002 he staged what became known as the "Centaur Dive", which subsequently led to the gazetted position of the sunken Hospital Ship AHS Centaur being questioned. Jackson is the inventor of the 'Sea Tiger' lost diver location system, and an author on the subject of wreck diving. | Captain Jackson is the author of two books on the subject of wreck diving: Wreck Diving in Southern Queensland and Diveabout: Wrecks in Northern Queensland. He is an active writer for several dive publications and websites. | [] | [
"Author"
] | [
"1965 births",
"Living people",
"Australian explorers",
"Australian non-fiction writers",
"Australian underwater divers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-23570955-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Jackson%20%28diver%29 | Trevor Jackson (diver) | Lost diver buoys | Captain Trevor Jackson (born 26 November 1965) is an Australian technical diver, shipwreck researcher, author and inventor. In 2002 he staged what became known as the "Centaur Dive", which subsequently led to the gazetted position of the sunken Hospital Ship AHS Centaur being questioned. Jackson is the inventor of the 'Sea Tiger' lost diver location system, and an author on the subject of wreck diving. | During 2009, Jackson patented a system of using specially designed buoys to locate divers lost on the surface. The system has been adopted by dive operators in the US, New Zealand and Australia.
The system draws upon the 'deliberate error theory', utilized by US Navy pilots during World War II to relocate their aircraft carriers. More significantly, it involved the development of buoys tested and weighted to exactly replicate the drift characteristics of non-swimming divers on the surface of the ocean, and the use of timed and measured vessel manoeuvres. | [] | [
"Lost diver buoys"
] | [
"1965 births",
"Living people",
"Australian explorers",
"Australian non-fiction writers",
"Australian underwater divers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-23570955-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Jackson%20%28diver%29 | Trevor Jackson (diver) | Other media | Captain Trevor Jackson (born 26 November 1965) is an Australian technical diver, shipwreck researcher, author and inventor. In 2002 he staged what became known as the "Centaur Dive", which subsequently led to the gazetted position of the sunken Hospital Ship AHS Centaur being questioned. Jackson is the inventor of the 'Sea Tiger' lost diver location system, and an author on the subject of wreck diving. | Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian explorers
Category:Australian non-fiction writers
Category:Australian underwater divers
Category:Place of birth missing (living people) | [] | [
"External links",
"Other media"
] | [
"1965 births",
"Living people",
"Australian explorers",
"Australian non-fiction writers",
"Australian underwater divers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-23570958-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Lake%20%28Upper%20Hammonds%20Plains%29 | Anderson Lake (Upper Hammonds Plains) | Introduction | Anderson Lake is a lake of Halifax Regional Municipality, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23570958-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Lake%20%28Upper%20Hammonds%20Plains%29 | Anderson Lake (Upper Hammonds Plains) | See also | Anderson Lake is a lake of Halifax Regional Municipality, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570958-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Lake%20%28Upper%20Hammonds%20Plains%29 | Anderson Lake (Upper Hammonds Plains) | References | Anderson Lake is a lake of Halifax Regional Municipality, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | National Resources Canada
Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570960-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Robson%20%28footballer%29 | Gary Robson (footballer) | Introduction | Gary Robson (born 6 July 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in Chester-le-Street, County Durham, he played in the Football League between 1982 and 1996 for West Bromwich Albion and Bradford City, making nearly 300 league appearances.
Robson later played non-league football for Gateshead alongside brother Justin Robson. He went on to become Caretaker Manager of Gateshead, leaving the club after relegation. His other brother is former England captain Bryan Robson. Gary Robson (as of 2011) is Assistant Manager at Durham Alliance's Whitehill F.C. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1965 births",
"Living people",
"Sportspeople from Chester-le-Street",
"Footballers from County Durham",
"English footballers",
"West Bromwich Albion F.C. players",
"Bradford City A.F.C. players",
"Gateshead F.C. players",
"Gateshead F.C. managers",
"English Football League players",
"Associatio... | |
projected-23570962-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%20Lake%20%28New%20Chester%29 | Ash Lake (New Chester) | Introduction | Ash Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23570962-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%20Lake%20%28New%20Chester%29 | Ash Lake (New Chester) | See also | Ash Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570962-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%20Lake%20%28New%20Chester%29 | Ash Lake (New Chester) | References | Ash Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | National Resources Canada
Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570966-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy%20Lake | Boggy Lake | Introduction | Boggy Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. It also extends into Halifax County. This natural area is characterized by well-defined drumlins with mature to immature old-growth sugar maple, yellow birch, and beech forests, that sit in a matrix of well-drained coniferous hummocky terrain. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23570966-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy%20Lake | Boggy Lake | See also | Boggy Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. It also extends into Halifax County. This natural area is characterized by well-defined drumlins with mature to immature old-growth sugar maple, yellow birch, and beech forests, that sit in a matrix of well-drained coniferous hummocky terrain. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570966-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy%20Lake | Boggy Lake | References | Boggy Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. It also extends into Halifax County. This natural area is characterized by well-defined drumlins with mature to immature old-growth sugar maple, yellow birch, and beech forests, that sit in a matrix of well-drained coniferous hummocky terrain. | National Resources Canada
Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570990-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Lake%20%28Guysborough%29 | Jordan Lake (Guysborough) | Introduction | Jordan Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23570990-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Lake%20%28Guysborough%29 | Jordan Lake (Guysborough) | See also | Jordan Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570990-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Lake%20%28Guysborough%29 | Jordan Lake (Guysborough) | References | Jordan Lake is a lake of Guysborough District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. | National Resources Canada
Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23570997-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz%20Bajer | Tomasz Bajer | Introduction | Tomasz Bajer (born 1971) is a Polish visual artist interested in contemporary phenomenons as well as conceptions centred on free culture, social and political issues.
In 1997, he was given a diploma and a reward for his artistic work at the Academy of Fine Arts in Wrocław (Poland). The artist has been a two-time grant holder of the Ministry of Culture and an artist-in-residence in Carrara, Essen, Strassbourg, Munich and Newcastle (UK); nominated for the Europaeisches Kolleg der Bildenden Kuenste in Berlin. His artistic activities involve conceptual art, action art, language art, installation, objects, sculpture, multimedia and painting.
In his works, the artist explores the issues of image, perception of reality and its iconic representation in media. He points out to contradictory messages in politics (culture jamming), economy and human rights. By using the same means and iconographic elements or by copying precisely the items, he creates an art work, which meaning is exactly the opposite of the original one. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Polish artists",
"1971 births",
"Living people"
] | |
projected-20462183-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Erhardt | Joel Erhardt | Introduction | Joel Benedict Erhardt (February 21, 1838 – September 8, 1909) was an American politician, civil servant, lawyer and businessman. He served as the police commissioner for the New York Police Department, U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of New York, the Collector of the Port of New York and was the Republican candidate who ran against Hugh J. Grant for the Mayor of New York in 1888. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1838 births",
"1909 deaths",
"People from Pottstown, Pennsylvania",
"New York (state) Republicans",
"New York (state) lawyers",
"New York City Police Commissioners",
"United States Marshals",
"People from Manhattan",
"Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery",
"University of Vermont alumni",
"Collectors ... | |
projected-20462183-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Erhardt | Joel Erhardt | Early life | Joel Benedict Erhardt (February 21, 1838 – September 8, 1909) was an American politician, civil servant, lawyer and businessman. He served as the police commissioner for the New York Police Department, U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of New York, the Collector of the Port of New York and was the Republican candidate who ran against Hugh J. Grant for the Mayor of New York in 1888. | Joel Benedict Erhardt was born in Pottstown, Pennsylvania and moved with his parents, John Erhardt and Louisa Benedict, to New York City at the age of three. He came from a poor background, it being necessary for him to work in order to pay for the costs of public schooling, and was employed as messenger and clerk. Erhardt continued to work his way through college, becoming a schoolteacher in Upper Jay, New York, attending the University of Vermont. He continued his studies up until the start of the American Civil War whereupon he volunteered to enlist in the Union Army.
He initially joined the Ninth Militia Regiment, but reportedly anxious for active duty, he left the unit for the Second and then Seventy-First Regiments until finally leaving for the front lines with the Seventh Regiment. He had to borrow the money to pay for his uniform. After his enlistment period was up, he returned to his home state to raise the First Vermont Cavalry serving with them until 1863. He had reached the rank of Captain by that time and, that summer, he was appointed a provost marshal and assigned to New York City where he would oversee enforcing conscription in the Tenth District. Although criticized for the low number of recruits compared to the other provost marshals in the city, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton defended Erhardt's efforts stating "The men he enlists may be few but they go to the front and fight, every one of them. They are not bounty jumpers". In the days before the New York Draft Riots, he was confronted by several men with iron bars while trying to collect names in a new tenement building at Broadway and Liberty Street. Erhardt held the men off for three hours while waiting for reinforcements, armed only with his pistol, but was eventually forced to retreat without the names. | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"1838 births",
"1909 deaths",
"People from Pottstown, Pennsylvania",
"New York (state) Republicans",
"New York (state) lawyers",
"New York City Police Commissioners",
"United States Marshals",
"People from Manhattan",
"Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery",
"University of Vermont alumni",
"Collectors ... |
projected-20462183-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Erhardt | Joel Erhardt | Mid-life | Joel Benedict Erhardt (February 21, 1838 – September 8, 1909) was an American politician, civil servant, lawyer and businessman. He served as the police commissioner for the New York Police Department, U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of New York, the Collector of the Port of New York and was the Republican candidate who ran against Hugh J. Grant for the Mayor of New York in 1888. | After the war, Erhardt became a lawyer and remained in New York serving as Assistant U.S. District Attorney in Brooklyn. In 1876, Erhardt was named as police commissioner of the New York Police Department by Governor Samuel J. Tilden after the dismissal of George Washington Matsell and Abram Disbecker by Mayor William H. Wickham. Erhardt was a strong advocate of introducing a style of military discipline within the department. He also criticized the substitution of one police commissioner as a replacement for the old four-man committee, commenting that "it was an absurdity to have a removable Commissioner at the head of an irremovable force"; however, it was widely speculated that for political reasons Mayor Edward Cooper insisted that charges be brought against the previous police commissioners. Nothing came of the trial, however.
In 1883, Erhardt was appointed U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of New York by President Chester A. Arthur. He also became receiver of the New York City and Northern Railroad and, by 1888, the annual receipts of the road had risen from $24,000 to $400,000 when he returned control of the line to its owners. He was made its president of the company following its reorganization. That same year, he was nominated by the Republican Party to run for the Mayor of New York. Elihu Root, then U.S. District Attorney and a personal friend of Erhardt while a U.S. Marshal, publicly endorsed his candidacy stating:
His name is the synonym for the faithful discharge of duty. In his business regulations he has won the respect and admiration of all who know him. As a public officer, when fortunes were within his grasp, not a thought of seizing them entered his mind. He is a man vigorously positive, determined, honest, generous and able. Not a stain has been cast on his name. Not a man can say a word against him to impeach his qualifications for the Mayoralty of New York.
One of seven candidates, it was suggested at the time that Erhardt had merely been placed on the ticket as a political sacrifice for the Republicans. In spite of this, he made a strong showing in the race but was defeated by the Tammany Hall candidate Hugh J. Grant. Partly due to his popularity in the election, Erhardt was made Collector of the Port of New York shortly afterwards. His appointment was only reluctantly made by Thomas C. Platt, then a leader of the Republican Party in New York, and because of Erhardt's resistance against the city's political machine he and his followers did everything within their power to interfere with and otherwise undermine Erhardt. He finally resigned in 1891 announcing that "the Collector has been reduced to a position where he is no longer an independent officer with authority commensurate with his responsibility". This was the last position he would ever hold. | [] | [
"Mid-life"
] | [
"1838 births",
"1909 deaths",
"People from Pottstown, Pennsylvania",
"New York (state) Republicans",
"New York (state) lawyers",
"New York City Police Commissioners",
"United States Marshals",
"People from Manhattan",
"Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery",
"University of Vermont alumni",
"Collectors ... |
projected-20462183-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Erhardt | Joel Erhardt | Later life | Joel Benedict Erhardt (February 21, 1838 – September 8, 1909) was an American politician, civil servant, lawyer and businessman. He served as the police commissioner for the New York Police Department, U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of New York, the Collector of the Port of New York and was the Republican candidate who ran against Hugh J. Grant for the Mayor of New York in 1888. | He was a successful businessman in his later years, serving as the president and director of the Public Accountants' Corporation, trustee of the Bowery Savings Bank, director of Echo Lake Ice Company and interested in several other major corporations. Erhardt was also the director for the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals until 1906 when he resigned due to a dispute with the management of the society. He was a member of the Union League Club, Loyal Legion, New England Society, Saint Nicholas Society, Sphinx and Downtown Clubs.
In September 1909, Erhardt was staying at the Union League Club while his wife, Nora Belle Jewett, was visiting their daughter at York Harbor, Maine for part of the summer. He had told his private secretary that he had not been feeling well, believing he may have developed rheumatism, and his friends at the club noticed that he had been in ill health during the last month but appeared well while staying at the club. On the morning of September 7, at about 1:00 a.m., the club watchman was passing Erhardt's room and saw him sitting at the side of his bed. Erhardt told them to get a doctor at once. His family physician, Dr. John Solley, was called from his home on West Fifty-Eighth Street but Erhardt died at 1.20 a.m. At the time of his death, he was the president of the Lawyers' Surety Company and a director in a number of corporations. | [] | [
"Later life"
] | [
"1838 births",
"1909 deaths",
"People from Pottstown, Pennsylvania",
"New York (state) Republicans",
"New York (state) lawyers",
"New York City Police Commissioners",
"United States Marshals",
"People from Manhattan",
"Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery",
"University of Vermont alumni",
"Collectors ... |
projected-20462183-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Erhardt | Joel Erhardt | Further reading | Joel Benedict Erhardt (February 21, 1838 – September 8, 1909) was an American politician, civil servant, lawyer and businessman. He served as the police commissioner for the New York Police Department, U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of New York, the Collector of the Port of New York and was the Republican candidate who ran against Hugh J. Grant for the Mayor of New York in 1888. | Astor, Gerald. The New York Cops: An Informal History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.
Cook, Adrian. The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974.
Costello, Augustine E. Our Police Protectors: History of the New York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. New York: A.E. Costello, 1885. | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"1838 births",
"1909 deaths",
"People from Pottstown, Pennsylvania",
"New York (state) Republicans",
"New York (state) lawyers",
"New York City Police Commissioners",
"United States Marshals",
"People from Manhattan",
"Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery",
"University of Vermont alumni",
"Collectors ... |
projected-20462185-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman%20Larner | Hyman Larner | Introduction | Hyman Larner (November 4, 1913 – October 12, 2002) was an American gangster associated with Sam Giancana and the Chicago Outfit. Known in the newspapers as "the Ivy League Mobster", he was the head of the Chicago Outfit's slot machine racket.
Larner, who was Jewish, kept a low profile but was very powerful with the Chicago underworld. After Eddie Vogel retired from the gambling machine business, Larner became the power behind the scenes.
When he testified before the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management in 1959, he invoked his Fifth Amendment rights fifty-four times.
Larner expanded the Outfit's gambling and smuggling operations to Panama and Iran, moving the organization's Miami operation's headquarters to Panama where money laundering was more easily facilitated by local banks. These operations were conducted as a partnership between the Mafia and the CIA. By 1966, this partnership had developed into arms smuggling to the Middle East for the Israeli Mossad, all via Panama.
Larner had friends among world leaders and key players in the Central Intelligence Agency and the U.S. military, and he was also well connected with Las Vegas bosses like the Teamsters' Allen Dorfman and media mogul Hank Greenspun. One of Larner's closest friends was Meyer Lansky, and the two shared in their passionate Zionism and defense for the Jews' divine right to the land of Israel. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Jewish American gangsters",
"Chicago Outfit bosses",
"American Zionists",
"1913 births",
"2002 deaths",
"20th-century American Jews",
"21st-century American Jews"
] | |
projected-20462185-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman%20Larner | Hyman Larner | References | Hyman Larner (November 4, 1913 – October 12, 2002) was an American gangster associated with Sam Giancana and the Chicago Outfit. Known in the newspapers as "the Ivy League Mobster", he was the head of the Chicago Outfit's slot machine racket.
Larner, who was Jewish, kept a low profile but was very powerful with the Chicago underworld. After Eddie Vogel retired from the gambling machine business, Larner became the power behind the scenes.
When he testified before the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management in 1959, he invoked his Fifth Amendment rights fifty-four times.
Larner expanded the Outfit's gambling and smuggling operations to Panama and Iran, moving the organization's Miami operation's headquarters to Panama where money laundering was more easily facilitated by local banks. These operations were conducted as a partnership between the Mafia and the CIA. By 1966, this partnership had developed into arms smuggling to the Middle East for the Israeli Mossad, all via Panama.
Larner had friends among world leaders and key players in the Central Intelligence Agency and the U.S. military, and he was also well connected with Las Vegas bosses like the Teamsters' Allen Dorfman and media mogul Hank Greenspun. One of Larner's closest friends was Meyer Lansky, and the two shared in their passionate Zionism and defense for the Jews' divine right to the land of Israel. | Category:Jewish American gangsters
Category:Chicago Outfit bosses
Category:American Zionists
Category:1913 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:20th-century American Jews
Category:21st-century American Jews | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Jewish American gangsters",
"Chicago Outfit bosses",
"American Zionists",
"1913 births",
"2002 deaths",
"20th-century American Jews",
"21st-century American Jews"
] |
projected-20462201-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myostatin-related%20muscle%20hypertrophy | Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy | Introduction | Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is a rare genetic condition characterized by reduced body fat and increased skeletal muscle size. Affected individuals have up to twice the usual amount of muscle mass in their bodies, but increases in muscle strength are not usually congruent. Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is not known to cause medical problems, and affected individuals are intellectually normal. The prevalence of this condition is unknown.
Mutations in the MSTN gene cause myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy. The MSTN gene provides instructions for making a protein called myostatin, which is active in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) both before and after birth. This protein normally restrains muscle growth, ensuring that muscles do not grow too large. Mutations that reduce the production of functional myostatin lead to an overgrowth of muscle tissue. Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy has a pattern of inheritance known as incomplete autosomal dominance. People with a mutation in both copies of the gene in each cell (homozygotes) have significantly increased muscle mass. People with a mutation in one copy of the MSTN gene in each cell (heterozygotes) also have increased muscle bulk but to a lesser degree.
The effect of this growth factor was first described in cattle as “bovine muscular hypertrophy” by the British farmer H. Culley in 1807. Cattle that have a myostatin gene deletion look unusually and excessively muscular. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Muscular disorders",
"Genetic diseases and disorders",
"Rare diseases",
"Syndromes affecting muscles"
] | |
projected-20462201-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myostatin-related%20muscle%20hypertrophy | Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy | Human-induced myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy | Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is a rare genetic condition characterized by reduced body fat and increased skeletal muscle size. Affected individuals have up to twice the usual amount of muscle mass in their bodies, but increases in muscle strength are not usually congruent. Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is not known to cause medical problems, and affected individuals are intellectually normal. The prevalence of this condition is unknown.
Mutations in the MSTN gene cause myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy. The MSTN gene provides instructions for making a protein called myostatin, which is active in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) both before and after birth. This protein normally restrains muscle growth, ensuring that muscles do not grow too large. Mutations that reduce the production of functional myostatin lead to an overgrowth of muscle tissue. Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy has a pattern of inheritance known as incomplete autosomal dominance. People with a mutation in both copies of the gene in each cell (homozygotes) have significantly increased muscle mass. People with a mutation in one copy of the MSTN gene in each cell (heterozygotes) also have increased muscle bulk but to a lesser degree.
The effect of this growth factor was first described in cattle as “bovine muscular hypertrophy” by the British farmer H. Culley in 1807. Cattle that have a myostatin gene deletion look unusually and excessively muscular. | Researchers at Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health in China have edited the genome of beagles to create double the amount of muscle. Of the two beagles that were genetically modified, only one had increased muscle mass. The ultimate aim of this project is to be able to better treat a genetic neuromuscular disease (Parkinson's disease).
Besides beagles, genetic modification has also been done in pigs and fish. | [] | [
"Human-induced myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy"
] | [
"Muscular disorders",
"Genetic diseases and disorders",
"Rare diseases",
"Syndromes affecting muscles"
] |
projected-20462201-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myostatin-related%20muscle%20hypertrophy | Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy | See also | Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is a rare genetic condition characterized by reduced body fat and increased skeletal muscle size. Affected individuals have up to twice the usual amount of muscle mass in their bodies, but increases in muscle strength are not usually congruent. Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is not known to cause medical problems, and affected individuals are intellectually normal. The prevalence of this condition is unknown.
Mutations in the MSTN gene cause myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy. The MSTN gene provides instructions for making a protein called myostatin, which is active in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) both before and after birth. This protein normally restrains muscle growth, ensuring that muscles do not grow too large. Mutations that reduce the production of functional myostatin lead to an overgrowth of muscle tissue. Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy has a pattern of inheritance known as incomplete autosomal dominance. People with a mutation in both copies of the gene in each cell (homozygotes) have significantly increased muscle mass. People with a mutation in one copy of the MSTN gene in each cell (heterozygotes) also have increased muscle bulk but to a lesser degree.
The effect of this growth factor was first described in cattle as “bovine muscular hypertrophy” by the British farmer H. Culley in 1807. Cattle that have a myostatin gene deletion look unusually and excessively muscular. | Gene doping
Muscle hypertrophy
Myostatin
Hysterical strength
activin A | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Muscular disorders",
"Genetic diseases and disorders",
"Rare diseases",
"Syndromes affecting muscles"
] |
projected-20462206-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd%20Wurrong | Djargurd Wurrong | Introduction | The Djargurd Wurrong (also spelt Djargurd Wurrung) are Aboriginal Australian people of the Western district of the State of Victoria, and traditionally occupied the territory between Mount Emu Creek and Lake Corangamite. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)",
"History of Victoria (Australia)"
] | |
projected-20462206-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd%20Wurrong | Djargurd Wurrong | Language | The Djargurd Wurrong (also spelt Djargurd Wurrung) are Aboriginal Australian people of the Western district of the State of Victoria, and traditionally occupied the territory between Mount Emu Creek and Lake Corangamite. | The Djargurd Wurrung people spoke the Djargurd Wurrung dialect of the Dhauwurd Wurrung language. | [] | [
"Language"
] | [
"Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)",
"History of Victoria (Australia)"
] |
projected-20462206-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd%20Wurrong | Djargurd Wurrong | Country | The Djargurd Wurrong (also spelt Djargurd Wurrung) are Aboriginal Australian people of the Western district of the State of Victoria, and traditionally occupied the territory between Mount Emu Creek and Lake Corangamite. | The classification of the Groups on this territory has been subject to controversy. Norman Tindale, referring to the same area, and clans, called them the Kirrae, whose lands he stated comprised in his estimate around of territory from Warrnambool and the Hopkins River down to the coast at Princetown with the northerly reaches at Lake Bolac and Darlington, and extending easterly beyond Camperdown. The historian Ian Clark states that Tindale "failed to acknowledge the existence" of the Djargurd wurrung, while locating them in the same area. The Djagurd wurrung territory was bordered by the Wada wurrung in the north, the Dhauwurd wurrung to the west, the Girai wurrung to their south, and the Gulidjan in the east. | [] | [
"Country"
] | [
"Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)",
"History of Victoria (Australia)"
] |
projected-20462206-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd%20Wurrong | Djargurd Wurrong | History | The Djargurd Wurrong (also spelt Djargurd Wurrung) are Aboriginal Australian people of the Western district of the State of Victoria, and traditionally occupied the territory between Mount Emu Creek and Lake Corangamite. | The traditional lands of the Djargurd Wurrung and Gulidjan, including the Western District Lakes, now a Ramsar site, have been used by the indigenous peoples for thousands of years. There are many archaeological sites registered that include fish traps, surface scatters, middens and burial sites.
At the time of European settlement in the 1830s and 1840s the Djargurd suffered from massacres by European settlers in the Australian frontier wars, and also from attacks by the neighbouring Wada wurrung tribe. Dispossession from their land led to starvation and their theft of sheep resulted in murderous reprisals. In 1839 one clan, the Tarnbeere gundidj, was massacred by Frederick Taylor and others in a site that came to be known as Murdering Gully.
When the Aboriginal reserve was established in 1865 at Framlingham, near Warrnambool, many of the surviving members of the Djargurd wurrung were forcibly relocated. However, a number of elders refused to abandon their traditional country and stayed eking out a meagre living on the edge of towns like Camperdown. They were assisted by people such as James Dawson, a Scotsman, who acted as guardian and supported them with his own money.
In 1883 Wombeetch Puuyuun (also known as Camperdown George) died at the age of 43 and was buried in a bog outside the bounds of Camperdown Cemetery. On Dawson's return from a trip to Scotland he was shocked at where his friend had been buried and personally reburied Wombeetch in Camperdown Cemetery. He appealed for money to raise a monument, but with little public support, primarily funded the monument himself. The obelisk was erected as a memorial to Wombeetch Puuyuun and the Aboriginal people of the district, and has been described as still inspiring today. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)",
"History of Victoria (Australia)"
] |
projected-20462206-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd%20Wurrong | Djargurd Wurrong | Clan system | The Djargurd Wurrong (also spelt Djargurd Wurrung) are Aboriginal Australian people of the Western district of the State of Victoria, and traditionally occupied the territory between Mount Emu Creek and Lake Corangamite. | The Djargurd wurrung people had 12 clans under a matrilineal system with a descent system based on the Gabadj (black cockatoo) and Grugidj (white cockatoo) moieties. The clans intermarried with Gulidjan, Girai wurring, Djab wurrung and Wada wurrung peoples.
The twelve clans are as follows:- | [] | [
"Clan system"
] | [
"Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)",
"History of Victoria (Australia)"
] |
projected-20462206-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd%20Wurrong | Djargurd Wurrong | Sources | The Djargurd Wurrong (also spelt Djargurd Wurrung) are Aboriginal Australian people of the Western district of the State of Victoria, and traditionally occupied the territory between Mount Emu Creek and Lake Corangamite. | Category:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)
Category:History of Victoria (Australia) | [] | [
"Sources"
] | [
"Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)",
"History of Victoria (Australia)"
] |
projected-20462211-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Hotel%20%28Lynchburg%2C%20Virginia%29 | Western Hotel (Lynchburg, Virginia) | Introduction | The Western Hotel, or Joseph Nichols' Tavern, is a historic building located at Lynchburg, Virginia. It is the last of the city's many ante-bellum taverns and ordinaries, and is an important example of early Federal-style commercial architecture. It stands at what was for many years the western entrance to the city. It is known to have been operated as a tavern as early as 1815 by Joseph Nichols.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is located in the Fifth Street Historic District. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia",
"Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia",
"Federal architecture in Virginia",
"Buildings and structures in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"Individually listed contributi... | |
projected-20462225-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammi%20Church | Lammi Church | Introduction | Lammi Church is a medieval stone church located in Lammi, Hämeenlinna, Southern Finland. It was built during the 1510s. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Medieval stone churches in Finland",
"Hämeenlinna",
"Buildings and structures in Kanta-Häme"
] | |
projected-20462227-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Blackburne | Hugh Blackburne | Introduction | Hugh Charles Blackburne was the Bishop of Thetford from 1977 until 1981.
Blackburne was born into an ecclesiastical family on 4 June 1912 and educated at Marlborough and Clare College, Cambridge before beginning his ordained ministry as a curate in Almondbury. He was then a chaplain in the Forces and then held incumbencies at Milton, Hampshire, Harrow, the Hillsborough parishes and Ranworth before being ordained to the episcopate. He died on 15 October 1995. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1912 births",
"1995 deaths",
"People educated at Marlborough College",
"Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge",
"Bishops of Thetford",
"20th-century Church of England bishops",
"Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers"
] | |
projected-20462227-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Blackburne | Hugh Blackburne | References | Hugh Charles Blackburne was the Bishop of Thetford from 1977 until 1981.
Blackburne was born into an ecclesiastical family on 4 June 1912 and educated at Marlborough and Clare College, Cambridge before beginning his ordained ministry as a curate in Almondbury. He was then a chaplain in the Forces and then held incumbencies at Milton, Hampshire, Harrow, the Hillsborough parishes and Ranworth before being ordained to the episcopate. He died on 15 October 1995. | Category:1912 births
Category:1995 deaths
Category:People educated at Marlborough College
Category:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Category:Bishops of Thetford
Category:20th-century Church of England bishops
Category:Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1912 births",
"1995 deaths",
"People educated at Marlborough College",
"Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge",
"Bishops of Thetford",
"20th-century Church of England bishops",
"Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers"
] |
projected-20462229-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Memorial%20Public%20Library%20District | Cook Memorial Public Library District | Introduction | The Cook Memorial Public Library District (CMPLD) serves communities in Lake County, Illinois: Libertyville, Green Oaks, Vernon Hills, Indian Creek, Mettawa, and parts of Mundelein. There are two full-service library facilities: Cook Park Library, 413 N. Milwaukee Ave. in Libertyville, and Aspen Drive Library, 701 Aspen Drive in Vernon Hills. CMPLD is a member of the Reaching Across Illinois Library System (RAILS).
The former Cook Memorial Library building, in Cook Park at 413 N. Milwaukee Ave., Libertyville, Illinois, is a classical revival building constructed in 1879 as the home of area businessman Ansel Brainerd Cook; it is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Libertyville, Illinois",
"Library districts in Illinois",
"Libraries in Lake County, Illinois",
"Vernon Hills, Illinois"
] | |
projected-20462229-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Memorial%20Public%20Library%20District | Cook Memorial Public Library District | History | The Cook Memorial Public Library District (CMPLD) serves communities in Lake County, Illinois: Libertyville, Green Oaks, Vernon Hills, Indian Creek, Mettawa, and parts of Mundelein. There are two full-service library facilities: Cook Park Library, 413 N. Milwaukee Ave. in Libertyville, and Aspen Drive Library, 701 Aspen Drive in Vernon Hills. CMPLD is a member of the Reaching Across Illinois Library System (RAILS).
The former Cook Memorial Library building, in Cook Park at 413 N. Milwaukee Ave., Libertyville, Illinois, is a classical revival building constructed in 1879 as the home of area businessman Ansel Brainerd Cook; it is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. | Local library service began in 1909 when the Alpha Club (now the Libertyville Woman’s Club) began a subscription library in Decker and Bond, a local drugstore. The small collection soon outgrew the few shelves in the drugstore and in 1914 found a new home in the Libertyville Village Hall. In 1921, the home and property of Ansel B. Cook were left to the village of Libertyville for library and park purposes; Cook Memorial Library opened to the public in November of that year. The first head librarian, Blanche Mitchell, lived with her husband in one of the upstairs rooms of Cook House.
In 1924, the Libertyville Township Library Board was organized to operate Cook Memorial Library, and library service continued to be offered to the community from the Cook House. As the library’s collection expanded to meet the demands of a growing population, the Children’s Department was moved offsite.
In 1968, a new brick building was constructed behind the Cook House, bringing the collection back together in one facility. The township library board was dissolved in 1973 with the formation of the Cook Memorial Public Library District. Shortly thereafter, parts of northern Vernon Township were annexed into the library district. In 1974, an automated circulation system was installed. In 1984, the basement was expanded by to house the Children’s Department, office space, and a public meeting room. Public internet stations were installed in 1995.
As the population served by CMPLD continued to grow, library space became crowded: By 1996, the library district’s population was more than 47,000 and its annual circulation was more than one million items. Three unsuccessful referendums left the southern part of the library district underserved. In 2002, then serving a population of more than 58,000, CMPLD entered into an agreement with Vernon Hills to rent space in the lower level of its Village Hall on Evergreen Drive. The Evergreen Interim Library, , opened on January 13, 2003.
To alleviate a continued lack of adequate space, in 2007 the CMPLD board adopted an expansion proposal calling for the addition of to the district's facilities. The $14-million project called for the construction of a library on Aspen Drive in Vernon Hills and adding about to Cook Park Library, along with renovating existing space at the site.
While the Cook Park site was being remodeled, a temporary library location was established in order to continue services and programming. The new Aspen Drive Library opened on July 10, 2010. The remodeled Cook Park Library reopened on January 8, 2011.
As of 2015, the Cook Memorial Public Library District was serving 60,000 people in Libertyville, Vernon Hills, Green Oaks, and Mundelein. The library district continues to operate two full-service libraries, a digital/eLibrary collection, as well as a Bookmobile, and Outreach. | [] | [
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"Libertyville, Illinois",
"Library districts in Illinois",
"Libraries in Lake County, Illinois",
"Vernon Hills, Illinois"
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projected-20462229-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Memorial%20Public%20Library%20District | Cook Memorial Public Library District | Library Directors | The Cook Memorial Public Library District (CMPLD) serves communities in Lake County, Illinois: Libertyville, Green Oaks, Vernon Hills, Indian Creek, Mettawa, and parts of Mundelein. There are two full-service library facilities: Cook Park Library, 413 N. Milwaukee Ave. in Libertyville, and Aspen Drive Library, 701 Aspen Drive in Vernon Hills. CMPLD is a member of the Reaching Across Illinois Library System (RAILS).
The former Cook Memorial Library building, in Cook Park at 413 N. Milwaukee Ave., Libertyville, Illinois, is a classical revival building constructed in 1879 as the home of area businessman Ansel Brainerd Cook; it is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. | Verna E. Jarrett, June 1921 to December 1922
Blanche A. Mitchell, January 1923 to October 1951
Catherine Littler, November 1951 to March 1966
William Sannwald, 1966 to 1968
Frederick Byergo, September 1968 to April 2007
Dan Armstrong, April 2007 to February 2010
Mary Ellen Stembal (Acting Director), February 2010 to September 2010
Stephen A. Kershner, September 2010 to June 2015
David Archer, June 2015 to present | [] | [
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"Libraries in Lake County, Illinois",
"Vernon Hills, Illinois"
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projected-20462229-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Memorial%20Public%20Library%20District | Cook Memorial Public Library District | Services | The Cook Memorial Public Library District (CMPLD) serves communities in Lake County, Illinois: Libertyville, Green Oaks, Vernon Hills, Indian Creek, Mettawa, and parts of Mundelein. There are two full-service library facilities: Cook Park Library, 413 N. Milwaukee Ave. in Libertyville, and Aspen Drive Library, 701 Aspen Drive in Vernon Hills. CMPLD is a member of the Reaching Across Illinois Library System (RAILS).
The former Cook Memorial Library building, in Cook Park at 413 N. Milwaukee Ave., Libertyville, Illinois, is a classical revival building constructed in 1879 as the home of area businessman Ansel Brainerd Cook; it is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. | CMPLD offers a variety of free programming to patrons, including genealogy research support, morning and evening book discussions, English-language instruction, children's story times, reading clubs for children and adults, tween/teen get-togethers, computer classes, device assistance, and an extensive digital library including eBooks, audiobooks, films/videos, and music.
In 2014, Digital Studios were added to both libraries, offering patrons a variety of electronic equipment and space to scan, edit, and restore photos, slides, and negatives; convert VHS tapes to DVDs or digital files; design a website or app; record a demo; start a podcast; and more.
Via its website, www.cooklib.org, CMPLD provides patrons with 24/7 remote access to a range of reference databases (some in Spanish) that contain reliable, accurate, and detailed information on topics such as medicine, law, current events, investments, and genealogy.
CMPLD offers free lectures covering a variety of topics, from local history to American pop culture icons such as Star Trek and the Lone Ranger. The Library also hosts a visiting authors program that has included internationally bestselling writers such as Jodi Picoult, Chris Bohjalian, and Jeff Shaara, as well as debut authors and emerging talents such as Sara Levine, Rebecca Makkai, and CakeSpy blogger Jessie Oleson Moore.
A Bookmobile offering a variety of library materials makes regular stops in neighborhoods as well as at senior centers and daycare centers throughout the District. | [] | [
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"Libertyville, Illinois",
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"Libraries in Lake County, Illinois",
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projected-20462229-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Memorial%20Public%20Library%20District | Cook Memorial Public Library District | References | The Cook Memorial Public Library District (CMPLD) serves communities in Lake County, Illinois: Libertyville, Green Oaks, Vernon Hills, Indian Creek, Mettawa, and parts of Mundelein. There are two full-service library facilities: Cook Park Library, 413 N. Milwaukee Ave. in Libertyville, and Aspen Drive Library, 701 Aspen Drive in Vernon Hills. CMPLD is a member of the Reaching Across Illinois Library System (RAILS).
The former Cook Memorial Library building, in Cook Park at 413 N. Milwaukee Ave., Libertyville, Illinois, is a classical revival building constructed in 1879 as the home of area businessman Ansel Brainerd Cook; it is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. | http://www.railslibraries.info/
http://www.cooklib.org/ | [] | [
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"Libertyville, Illinois",
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"Libraries in Lake County, Illinois",
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projected-20462230-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%20Payne | Rosemary Payne | Introduction | Christine Rosemary Payne (née Charters; born 19 May 1933) is a British female discus thrower. She represented Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and won the gold medal for Scotland at the 1970 Commonwealth Games. She was born in Kelso, Scottish Borders, Scotland She now competes under the name Rosemary Chrimes.
She had previously competed at the international level back to the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games.
She married hammer thrower and three-time Olympian Howard Payne (1931–1992), and has affiliated with the Lozells Harriers during her career.
At the age of 39 she competed in the 1972 Olympics. She ranked tenth in the qualification round with a distance of 55.56 m, in the final she finished 12th with a throw of 56.50 meters. Her personal best of 58.02 m dates from the same year 1972.
At age 41, she took a silver medal in the 1974 Commonwealth Games. Also in 1974, she served as the British Junior Team Manager, supervising youngsters including Steve Cram, Fatima Whitbread, Colin Jackson and Steve Backley.
She competed in the 1975 World Masters Athletics Championships, showing her athletic versatility by winning gold in not only the Discus and shot put throwing events, but also in the 100 metres and high jump.
After 1978, she took a break from competing, to return ten years later at the European Veterans Championships, adding the triple jump to her repertoire. Her British W55 record of 9.12 m still stands. In all she has amassed 19 British age group records, including a complete sweep of Discus records from age 35 to 80, excepting the W50 division that fell during the years she was not competing. As of the start of 2014, she holds five world records. | [] | [
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"British masters athletes",
"Commonwealth Games medallists ... | |
projected-20462230-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%20Payne | Rosemary Payne | References | Christine Rosemary Payne (née Charters; born 19 May 1933) is a British female discus thrower. She represented Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and won the gold medal for Scotland at the 1970 Commonwealth Games. She was born in Kelso, Scottish Borders, Scotland She now competes under the name Rosemary Chrimes.
She had previously competed at the international level back to the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games.
She married hammer thrower and three-time Olympian Howard Payne (1931–1992), and has affiliated with the Lozells Harriers during her career.
At the age of 39 she competed in the 1972 Olympics. She ranked tenth in the qualification round with a distance of 55.56 m, in the final she finished 12th with a throw of 56.50 meters. Her personal best of 58.02 m dates from the same year 1972.
At age 41, she took a silver medal in the 1974 Commonwealth Games. Also in 1974, she served as the British Junior Team Manager, supervising youngsters including Steve Cram, Fatima Whitbread, Colin Jackson and Steve Backley.
She competed in the 1975 World Masters Athletics Championships, showing her athletic versatility by winning gold in not only the Discus and shot put throwing events, but also in the 100 metres and high jump.
After 1978, she took a break from competing, to return ten years later at the European Veterans Championships, adding the triple jump to her repertoire. Her British W55 record of 9.12 m still stands. In all she has amassed 19 British age group records, including a complete sweep of Discus records from age 35 to 80, excepting the W50 division that fell during the years she was not competing. As of the start of 2014, she holds five world records. | sports-reference
Category:1933 births
Category:Living people
Category:Scottish female discus throwers
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Great Britain
Category:British female discus throwers
Category:World record holders in masters athletics
Category:British masters athletes
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Scotland | [] | [
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projected-06899422-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Introduction | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | [] | [
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"Mammals of Paraguay",
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"Taxa named by Philip Hershkovitz"
] | |
projected-06899422-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Discovery and recognition | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | Pseudoryzomys simplex has had a complex taxonomic history. It was first described in 1888 by Danish zoologist Herluf Winge, who reviewed the materials Peter Wilhem Lund had collected in the caves of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Winge described the species as Hesperomys simplex, and placed it in the same genus (Hesperomys) as the species now called Lundomys molitor and two species now placed in Calomys. Like most other species Winge proposed, H. simplex was mostly ignored in the systematic literature, but from 1952 it was used briefly, in the combination "Oecomys simplex", for an Oecomys species from central Brazil. In his 1960 review of Oecomys, Field Museum mammalogist Philip Hershkovitz denied any affinities between simplex and Oecomys, noting that various features of the H. simplex skull illustrated by Winge instead suggested affinities to the phyllotine or sigmodont groups.
In 1921, renowned British mammalogist Oldfield Thomas described Oryzomys wavrini as a new species of Oryzomys from Paraguay. In the next decades, it was viewed as an aberrant species of Oryzomys (then used in a much broader sense than now), but it was moved to a separate genus, named Pseudoryzomys, by Hershkovitz in 1959, who noted that although it is similar to Oryzomys palustris in appearance, other features suggest it is more closely related to Phyllotis. Thus, he viewed the animal as a member of the phyllotine group of rodents, which includes Calomys and Phyllotis, not of the oryzomyine group, which includes Oryzomys, and his opinion was mostly accepted in the next few decades. Scientific knowledge of the rare Pseudoryzomys wavrini—only three specimens were known when Hershkovitz described the genus Pseudoryzomys in 1959—increased in the following years, and in 1975 the Bolivian population was named as a separate subspecies, Pseudoryzomys wavrini reigi, because Bolivian animals are slightly larger and darker than those from Paraguay.
In 1980, Argentinean zoologist Elio Massoia suggested that Winge's Hesperomys simplex and the living Pseudoryzomys wavrini are in fact the same species. In a 1991 study, American zoologists Voss and Myers confirmed this suggestion after re-examining Winge's material, finding no appreciable differences among specimens of H. simplex and P. wavrini. Since then, the species has been known as Pseudoryzomys simplex (Winge, 1888), because simplex is the oldest specific name for the animal; Oryzomys wavrini Thomas, 1921, and Pseudoryzomys wavrini reigi Pine and Wetzel, 1975, are junior synonyms. Voss and Myers also re-evaluated the relationships of Pseudoryzomys; they considered it closer to oryzomyines than to phyllotines, but declined to formally place it in Oryzomyini in the absence of explicit phylogenetic justification for such a placement. | [] | [
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projected-06899422-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Oryzomyine relationships | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | When Voss and Carleton formally characterized Oryzomyini two years later, they did place Pseudoryzomys in the group, even though it lacks complete mesoloph(id)s. The mesoloph is an accessory crest on the upper molars and the mesolophid is the corresponding structure on the lower molars. Only a few other animals now considered oryzomyines lack complete mesoloph(id)s, but they are absent in various non-oryzomyines, some of which had previously been regarded as close relatives of the oryzomyines that lack them. Oryzomyines with and without complete mesoloph(id)s share various other characters, however, including presence of mammae on the chest, absence of a gall bladder, and some characters of the skull, suggesting that they form one natural, monophyletic group. Oryzomyini is now one of several tribes recognized within the subfamily Sigmodontinae, which encompasses hundreds of species found across South America and into southern North America. Sigmodontinae itself is the largest subfamily of the family Cricetidae, other members of which include voles, lemmings, hamsters, and deermice, all mainly from Eurasia and North America.
Several phylogenetic studies published during the 1990s and 2000s supported a close relationship between Pseudoryzomys and two other oryzomyines with reduced or absent mesoloph(id)s, Lundomys and Holochilus. The extinct genera Noronhomys and Carletonomys, described in 1999 and 2008 respectively, were also recognized as members of the group. In 2006, a broad morphological and molecular phylogenetic study of Oryzomyini provided further support for the relationship between Holochilus, Lundomys, and Pseudoryzomys. Within this group, morphological data supported a closer relationship between Holochilus and Lundomys to the exclusion of Pseudoryzomys, but DNA sequence data favored a clustering between Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys to the exclusion of Lundomys; among all oryzomyines, this was the only case where relationships which received strong support from morphological and DNA sequence data conflicted. Together, the three genera form part of a large group of oryzomyines ("clade D"), which contains tens of other species. Several of those display some adaptations to life in the water, being partially aquatic, as do Pseudoryzomys and its relatives. Morphological data indicate that the genus Oryzomys is the closest relative of the group that includes Pseudoryzomys, but DNA sequence data from the nuclear IRBP gene did not support this relationship; convergent adaptations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle may explain the morphological support for a relation between Oryzomys and the other three genera. | [] | [
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projected-06899422-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Description | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | Pseudoryzomys simplex is a nondescript, medium-sized rat with long, soft fur. The upperparts are gray–brown and the underparts are buff; the color changes gradually over the body. The small ears are covered with short hairs. The tail is as long as or slightly longer than the head and body, and is dark above and light below. Despite the presence of short hairs, the scales on the tail are clearly visible. The hairs on the feet are pale. The hindfeet are long and narrow and have five toes, the first and fifth of which are short. Webbing is present between the second, third, and fourth toes, but the membranes are not as large as in Lundomys or Holochilus. The tufts of hair on the toes and several of the pads are reduced, other common characteristics of semiaquatic oryzomyines. The head-body length is , tail length , hindfeet length , ear length and body mass .
The female has four pairs of teats, including one on the chest and three on the belly, and the gall bladder is absent, both important characters of Oryzomyini. As is characteristic of Sigmodontinae, Pseudoryzomys has a complex penis, with the baculum (penis bone) displaying large protuberances at the sides. In the cartilaginous part of the baculum, the central digit is smaller than those at the sides. | [
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projected-06899422-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Skull | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | The skull, which is short at the front, shows some typical oryzomyine characters. The palate is long, extending past the molars and the maxillary bones. The alisphenoid strut, which in some sigmodontines separates two foramina (openings) in the skull, is absent. The squamosal bone lacks a suspensory process contacting the tegmen tympani, the roof the tympanic cavity. The front part is short.
The nasal bones end bluntly close to the hindmost extent of the premaxillary bones. The narrow interorbital region, located between the eyes, converges towards the front and is flanked by low beads. The interparietal bone, located in the roof of the skull on the braincase, is nearly as wide as the frontals, but does not reach the squamosals.
The incisive foramina, which perforate the palate between the incisors and the molars, are long and narrow, extending between the first molars. The back margins of the zygomatic plates, the flattened front portions of the zygomatic arches (cheekbones), are located before the first molars. Like its close relatives Lundomys and Holochilus, Pseudoryzomys has spinous processes on its zygomatic plates. These genera also share relatively simple posterolateral palatal pits, perforations of the palate near the third molar. Unlike Holochilus and Lundomys, however, Pseudoryzomys has a flat palate, lacking a ridge on the middle that extends along the length of the palate. The parapterygoid fossae, which are located behind the third molars, are excavated beyond the level of the palate, but not as deeply as in Holochilus and Lundomys. The mastoid skull bone contains a conspicuous opening, as in most oryzomyines.
The mandible (lower jaw) is short and deep. The mental foramen, an opening at the front of the mandible, just before the first molar, opens to the side. The capsular process of the lower incisor, a raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the incisor, is well developed. The two masseteric ridges, to which some of the chewing muscles are attached, are entirely separate, joining only at their front edges, which are located below the first molar. | [] | [
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] |
projected-06899422-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Molars | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | As in all oryzomyines except Holochilus and its close relatives, the molars are brachyodont, low-crowned, and bunodont, with the cusps extending higher than the central parts of the molars. They are characterized by strong cusps and absence or reduction of accessory crests. The cusps of the upper molars are opposite, but in the lower molars the labial (outer) cusps are slightly further to the front than the lingual (inner) ones. On the upper first molar, one accessory ridge, the anteroloph, is lacking, but another, the mesoloph, is present. Unlike in most other oryzomyines, however, which have mesolophs reaching the labial margin of the molar, the mesolophs of Pseudoryzomys are short and protrude only slightly from the middle of the molar. The corresponding structure in the lower molars, the mesolophid, is completely absent. The hindmost valley between cusps on the lower first molar, the posteroflexid, is severely reduced, foreshadowing its loss in Lundomys and Holochilus. A number of molar traits support Pseudoryzomyss relationship with Holochilus and Lundomys, forming steps in the transition from the complex, low-crowned generalized oryzomyine molar pattern to the simpler, high-crowned pattern of Holochilus.
As in all oryzomyines, the upper molars all have one root on the inner (lingual) side and two on the outer (labial) side; in addition, the first upper molar in Pseudoryzomys and some other species has another labial root. The first lower molar has large roots at the front and back of the tooth and two smaller ones in between, at the labial and lingual side. The second and third lowers molars have two roots at the front, one labial and one lingual, and another at the back. | [
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projected-06899422-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Postcranial skeleton | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | Pseudoryzomys has 19 or 20 thoracic (chest) and lumbar vertebrae, 13 of which bear ribs, as is characteristic of oryzomyines. The first ribs contact both the seventh cervical (neck) vertebra and the first thoracic vertebra, an important character of the Sigmodontinae. Unlike in most sigmodontines, including Holochilus and Lundomys, the fourth lumbar vertebra lacks the processes known as anapophyses. There are three or four sacral and about 29 caudal (tail) vertebrae. Between the second and third caudal vertebrae, separate bones called hemal arches are present. These display a spinous process at the back, as in both Holochilus and Lundomys. On the humerus, the upper arm bone, the entepicondylar foramen is absent, as in all members of the Sigmodontinae; in some other cricetids, it perforates the far (distal) end of the humerus. | [] | [
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"Mammals of Argentina",
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projected-06899422-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Karyotype | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | The karyotype generally includes 56 chromosomes with a total of 54 major arms (2n = 56, FN = 54) in specimens from both Bolivia and Brazil; a poorly prepared Paraguayan specimen seems to have a similar karyotype. In this karyotype, all autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) are acrocentric (with one arm so short as to be almost invisible). However, in two specimens from the Brazilian states of Tocantins and São Paulo, one pair of autosomes contains both an acrocentric and a metacentric chromosome (with two equally long arms), yielding an FN of 55. One arm of the metacentric chromosome consists entirely of heterochromatin. Apparently, a whole heterochromatic arm was added to this chromosome; cases of similar variation are known from the rodents Peromyscus, Clyomys, and Thaptomys. Both sex chromosomes are acrocentric, and X is larger than Y. In addition to heterochromatin near the centromere, the Y chromosome contains two large blocks of heterochromatin on its long arm. The karyotype is closely similar to that of Holochilus brasiliensis. | [] | [
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"Oryzomyini",
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"Mammals of Argentina",
"Mammals of Bolivia",
"Mammals of Brazil",
"Mammals of Paraguay",
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projected-06899422-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Distribution, ecology, and variation | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | Pseudoryzomys simplex is known from northeastern Argentina, probably south to about 30°S, northward through western Paraguay to eastern Bolivia and from there eastward through Brazil in the states of Mato Grosso, Goiás, Tocantins, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia, and far in the northeast, Alagoas and Pernambuco. Paraguayan animals are somewhat smaller than those from Bolivia and Brazil and those from Bolivia have darker fur than Paraguayan specimens, but these differences are not considered significant enough to recognize subspecies. Certain bats show a similar pattern of variation: they are smaller and paler in the Chaco region, which includes much of Paraguay. Two specimens from Paraguay, collected apart, differed by 1.4% in the sequence of the cytochrome b gene, but nothing is known about genetic variation in other parts of the range. The species has long been rare in collections; in 1991, Voss and Myers could use less than 50 specimens for their study of the species, including Lund's fragmentary material from Lagoa Santa.
A fragmentary lower jaw of "Pseudoryzomys aff. P. simplex" (i.e., an unnamed species close to Pseudoryzomys simplex) is known from a cave deposit in Cueva Tixi, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, outside the current distribution of the species. It is dated from the first millennium CE. The jaw's morphology agrees with that of P. simplex, but the toothrow is relatively long (5.78 mm; 4.61 to 5.60 mm in three specimens of P. simplex) and the first molar is relatively narrow (1.28 mm; 1.30 to 1.40 mm in five P. simplex).
P. simplex inhabits open, usually humid tropical and subtropical lowlands. In Argentina, it is mainly a species of the eastern Chaco and in Brazil it is found in the Cerrado and Caatinga. Most specimens for which habitat data are known were caught on the ground in humid grassland, some in seasonally flooded areas; an Argentinean specimen was captured in dense swamp vegetation. It is terrestrial and semiaquatic, living on the ground but also spending time in the water.
Nothing is known about behavior or diet. P. simplex has frequently been found in pellets of the barn owl (Tyto alba) and also in those of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). It is a preferred prey of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). | [
"Tyto alba close up.jpg"
] | [
"Distribution, ecology, and variation"
] | [
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"Monotypic rodent genera",
"Mammals of Argentina",
"Mammals of Bolivia",
"Mammals of Brazil",
"Mammals of Paraguay",
"Mammals described in 1888",
"Taxa named by Philip Hershkovitz"
] |
projected-06899422-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Conservation status | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | The species is not known to be threatened and its conservation status is classified as least concern by the IUCN. It is a widely distributed species without substantial threats to its continued existence, but degradation of its habitat may endanger some populations. It was assessed as "potentially vulnerable" in Argentina. | [] | [
"Conservation status"
] | [
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"Monotypic rodent genera",
"Mammals of Argentina",
"Mammals of Bolivia",
"Mammals of Brazil",
"Mammals of Paraguay",
"Mammals described in 1888",
"Taxa named by Philip Hershkovitz"
] |
projected-06899422-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoryzomys | Pseudoryzomys | Literature cited | Pseudoryzomys simplex, also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south-central South America. It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about , with gray–brown fur, long and narrow hindfeet, and a tail that is about as long as the head and body. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern, although almost nothing is known about its diet or reproduction.
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys, its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys, which are semiaquatic, spending much of their time in the water. The three genera share several characters, including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle, such as the presence of membranes between the digits (interdigital webbing), and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns, both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys. Together, they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe, a very diverse group including over one hundred species, mainly in South America. This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, which include many more species, mainly from Eurasia and the Americas. Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1888 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil (as Hesperomys simplex); and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay (as Oryzomys wavrini). This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species. | Belentani, S.C. da S., Motta-Junior, J.C. and Talamoni, S.A. 2005. Notes on the food habits and prey selection of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) (Mammalia, Canidae) in southeastern Brazil. Biocièncias 13(1):95–98.
Bonvicino, C.R., Lemos, B. and Weksler, M. 2005. Small mammals of Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (Cerrado of Central Brazil): Ecologic, karyologic, and taxonomic considerations. Brazilian Journal of Biology 65(3):395–406.
Bonvicino, C.R., Oliveira, J.A. and D'Andrea, P.S. 2008. . Rio de Janeiro: Centro Pan-Americano de Febre Aftosa – OPAS/OMS, 120 pp. (in Portuguese).
Carleton, M.D. and Olson, S.L. 1999. Amerigo Vespucci and the rat of Fernando de Noronha: a new genus and species of Rodentia (Muridae, Sigmodontinae) from a volcanic island off Brazil's continental shelf. American Museum Novitates 3256:1–59.
Chebez, J.C., Pereira, J., Massoia, E., Di Giacomo, A.G. and Fortabat, S.H. 2005. Mamíferos de la Reserva El Bagual. Temas de Naturaleza y Conservación 4:467–499 (in Spanish).
D'Elia, G., Mora, I., Myers, P. and Owen, R.D. 2008. New and noteworthy records of Rodentia (Erethizontidae, Sciuridae, and Cricetidae) from Paraguay (subscription required for full paper). Zootaxa 1784:39–57.
Díaz, G. and Ojeda, R. 2000. Libro Rojo de los mamíferos amenazados de la Argentina. Mendoza: Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos, 106 pp. (in Spanish).
Hershkovitz, P.M. 1959. Two new genera of South American rodents (Cricetinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 72:5–10.
Hershkovitz, P.M. 1960. Mammals of northern Colombia, preliminary report no. 8: Arboreal rice rats, a systematic revision of the subgenus Oecomys, genus Oryzomys. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 110:513–568.
Hershkovitz, P. 1962. Evolution of Neotropical cricetine rodents (Muridae) with special reference to the phyllotine group. Fieldiana Zoology 46:1–524.
Moreira, C.N., Di-Nizo, C.B., Silva, M.J.d.J., Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. and Ventura, K. 2013. A remarkable autosomal heteromorphism in Pseudoryzomys simplex 2n = 56; FN = 54-55 (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) (subscription required). Genetics and Molecular Biology 36(2):201–206.
Pardiñas, U.F.J. 1995. Novedosos cricetidos (Mammalia, Rodentia) en el Holoceno de la Región Pampeana, Argentina. Ameghiniana 32(2):197–203 (in Spanish).
Pardiñas, U.F.J. 2008. A new genus of oryzomyine rodent (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from the Pleistocene of Argentina (subscription required). Journal of Mammalogy 89(5):1270–1278.
Pardiñas, U.F.J., Cirignoli, S. and Galliari, C.A. 2004. Distribution of Pseudoryzomys simplex (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Argentina. Mastozoología Neotropical 11(1):105–108.
Voss, R.S. and Carleton, M.D. 1993. A new genus for Hesperomys molitor Winge and Holochilus magnus Hershkovitz (Mammalia, Muridae) with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3085:1–39.
Voss, R.S. and Myers, P. 1991. Pseudoryzomys simplex (Rodentia: Muridae) and the significance of Lund's collections from the caves of Lagoa Santa, Brazil. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 206:414–432.
Weksler, M. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 296:1–149.
Wetzel, R.M. and Lovett, J.W. 1974. A collection of animals from the Chaco of Paraguay. University of Connecticut Occasional Papers 2(13):203–216.
Winge, H. 1888. Jordfundne og nulevende Gnavere (Rodentia) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brasilien. E Museo Lundii 1(3):1–200.
Category:Oryzomyini
Category:Monotypic rodent genera
Category:Mammals of Argentina
Category:Mammals of Bolivia
Category:Mammals of Brazil
Category:Mammals of Paraguay
Category:Mammals described in 1888
Category:Taxa named by Philip Hershkovitz | [] | [
"Literature cited"
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"Mammals of Bolivia",
"Mammals of Brazil",
"Mammals of Paraguay",
"Mammals described in 1888",
"Taxa named by Philip Hershkovitz"
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projected-06899423-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverre%20Kolterud | Sverre Kolterud | Introduction | Sverre Cristiansen Kolterud (March 15, 1908, Nordre Land – November 7, 1996) was a Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed in the 1930s.
He was born in Dokka and died in Oslo.
Kolterud won two silver medals in the individual event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (1931, 1934).
At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York he finished 4th in the individual event. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1908 births",
"1996 deaths",
"People from Nordre Land",
"Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers",
"Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Norway",
"Nordic combined skiers at the 1932 Winter Olympics",
"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in Nordic combined",
"Sportspeople from Innlandet"
] |