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projected-20462879-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty%20Charter%20High%20School | Liberty Charter High School | Introduction | Liberty Charter High School is located in the city of Lemon Grove, in the Greater San Diego area of San Diego County, California, United States. It is authorized by the San Diego County Board of Education.
It opened to freshman students in August 2008 and added a new class each school year. It is the first start-up charter school authorized by San Diego County Board of Education, and will eventually enroll over 450 students.
A new campus was scheduled to be constructed in Santee, California, but after the recession started, the campus construction was put on hold due to lack of financing. During the 2009–2010 school year, Liberty was on the campus of its parent school, Literacy First Charter School. Liberty consisted of freshmen and sophomore's. Currently, LCHS is in the process of developing a new high school site in East County.
The high school is part of a K-12 program that is run by the non-profit Literacy First Schools K12. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"High schools in San Diego County, California",
"Charter high schools in California",
"Lemon Grove, California",
"La Mesa, California",
"Educational institutions established in 2008",
"2008 establishments in California"
] | |
projected-06899526-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinka | Rovinka | Introduction | Rovinka (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] | |
projected-06899526-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinka | Rovinka | History | Rovinka (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1274. Until their expulsion in 1945 the village was inhabited by Germans. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-06899526-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinka | Rovinka | Geography | Rovinka (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | The municipality lies at an altitude of 132 metres and covers an area of 8.853 km². | [] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-06899526-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinka | Rovinka | Demographics | Rovinka (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 2,250 inhabitants. 1,998 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 78 Hungarians, 23 Czechs, 12 Germans, 1 Kazakh and 139 others and unspecified. | [] | [
"Demographics"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-06899526-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinka | Rovinka | External links/Sources | Rovinka (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | Official page
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Category:Villages and municipalities in Senec District | [] | [
"External links/Sources"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-20462881-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl%20and%20District%20RFC | Rhyl and District RFC | Introduction | Rhyl and District Rugby Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Rygbi y Rhyl A'r Cylch) is a rugby union club in Rhyl, North Wales. Rhyl and District RFC is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets.
The club fields Senior and Second men's teams, a women's team; as well as a full range of mini and junior squads (from under 7 to under 16), a Youth team and the "Mini Dragons" from age 5+. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Welsh rugby union teams",
"Rhyl"
] | |
projected-20462881-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl%20and%20District%20RFC | Rhyl and District RFC | References | Rhyl and District Rugby Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Rygbi y Rhyl A'r Cylch) is a rugby union club in Rhyl, North Wales. Rhyl and District RFC is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets.
The club fields Senior and Second men's teams, a women's team; as well as a full range of mini and junior squads (from under 7 to under 16), a Youth team and the "Mini Dragons" from age 5+. | Category:Welsh rugby union teams
Category:Rhyl | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Welsh rugby union teams",
"Rhyl"
] |
projected-06899527-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27d%20Do%20Anything%20%28Dead%20or%20Alive%20song%29 | I'd Do Anything (Dead or Alive song) | Introduction | "I'd Do Anything" is a song by English band Dead or Alive. It was co-produced by the band and Zeus B. Held and released in January 1984 as the third single from the band's debut studio album Sophisticated Boom Boom.
The song was the third consecutive single by Dead or Alive to miss the UK top 75, peaking at No. 79 on the UK Singles Chart. The band would gain moderate success with the release of their next single, a cover version of KC and the Sunshine Band's "That's the Way (I Like It)" which peaked at No. 22. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1984 songs",
"1984 singles",
"Dead or Alive (band) songs",
"Songs written by Pete Burns",
"Songs written by Mike Percy (musician)",
"Epic Records singles"
] | |
projected-06899531-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grif | Grif | Introduction | Grif may refer to:
Dexter Grif, a character in Red vs. Blue
Grifball a Halo gametype named after the character
Grif Italia, an Italian hang glider manufacturer
O-aminophenol oxidase, an enzyme referred to as GriF
Grif Teller (1899–1993), artist famous for his paintings for the Pennsylvania Railroad | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-06899531-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grif | Grif | See also | Grif may refer to:
Dexter Grif, a character in Red vs. Blue
Grifball a Halo gametype named after the character
Grif Italia, an Italian hang glider manufacturer
O-aminophenol oxidase, an enzyme referred to as GriF
Grif Teller (1899–1993), artist famous for his paintings for the Pennsylvania Railroad | Griff (disambiguation) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-20462886-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Hodges%20%28footballer%29 | Frank Hodges (footballer) | Introduction | Frank Charles Hodges (26 January 1891 – 5 June 1985) was an English footballer. His regular position was as a forward. He was born in Nechells, Birmingham. He played League football for Birmingham, Manchester United, Wigan Borough and Crewe Alexandra, and also made wartime guest appearances for St Mirren. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1891 births",
"1985 deaths",
"Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands",
"English footballers",
"Association football outside forwards",
"Birmingham City F.C. players",
"Manchester United F.C. players",
"Wigan Borough F.C. players",
"Crewe Alexandra F.C. players",
"Stalybridge Celtic F.C. playe... | |
projected-20462887-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel%20Alright | Feel Alright | Introduction | "Feel Alright" is a hip-hop song by Kardinal Offishall. It was the third single from his third album Fire and Glory. A music video, directed by RT!, was released for the single. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2005 songs",
"2006 singles",
"Kardinal Offishall songs",
"Songs written by Kardinal Offishall"
] | |
projected-20462887-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel%20Alright | Feel Alright | 12" single | "Feel Alright" is a hip-hop song by Kardinal Offishall. It was the third single from his third album Fire and Glory. A music video, directed by RT!, was released for the single. | A-side
"Feel Alright" (Clean)
"Feel Alright" (Main)
"Feel Alright" (Instrumental)
B-side
"E.G.G." (Clean) (featuring Vybz Kartel)
"E.G.G." (Main) (featuring Vybz Kartel)
"E.G.G." (Instrumental) | [] | [
"Track listing",
"12\" single"
] | [
"2005 songs",
"2006 singles",
"Kardinal Offishall songs",
"Songs written by Kardinal Offishall"
] |
projected-06899535-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurbanova%20Ves | Hurbanova Ves | Introduction | Hurbanova Ves ( or ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] | |
projected-06899535-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurbanova%20Ves | Hurbanova Ves | History | Hurbanova Ves ( or ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1960. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-06899535-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurbanova%20Ves | Hurbanova Ves | Geography | Hurbanova Ves ( or ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | The municipality lies at an altitude of 125 metres and covers an area of 5.413 km². It has a population of 264 people. | [] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-06899535-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurbanova%20Ves | Hurbanova Ves | Demography | Hurbanova Ves ( or ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | Population by nationality: | [] | [
"Demography"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-06899535-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurbanova%20Ves | Hurbanova Ves | External links/Sources | Hurbanova Ves ( or ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region. | Official page
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Category:Villages and municipalities in Senec District | [] | [
"External links/Sources"
] | [
"Villages and municipalities in Senec District"
] |
projected-06899545-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics | Secondary calculus and cohomological physics | Introduction | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Homological algebra",
"Partial differential equations"
] | |
projected-06899545-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics | Secondary calculus and cohomological physics | Secondary calculus | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | Secondary calculus acts on the space of solutions of a system of partial differential equations (usually non-linear equations). When the number of independent variables is zero, i.e. the equations are algebraic ones, secondary calculus reduces to classical differential calculus.
All objects in secondary calculus are cohomology classes of differential complexes growing on diffieties. The latter are, in the framework of secondary calculus, the analog of smooth manifolds. | [] | [
"Secondary calculus"
] | [
"Homological algebra",
"Partial differential equations"
] |
projected-06899545-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics | Secondary calculus and cohomological physics | Cohomological physics | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | Cohomological physics was born with Gauss's theorem, describing the electric charge contained inside a given surface in terms of the flux of the electric field through the surface itself. Flux is the integral of a differential form and, consequently, a de Rham cohomology class. It is not by chance that formulas of this kind, such as the well known Stokes formula, though being a natural part of classical differential calculus, have entered in modern mathematics from physics. | [] | [
"Cohomological physics"
] | [
"Homological algebra",
"Partial differential equations"
] |
projected-06899545-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics | Secondary calculus and cohomological physics | Classical analogues | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | All the constructions in classical differential calculus have an analog in secondary calculus. For instance, higher symmetries of a system of partial differential equations are the analog of vector fields on differentiable manifolds. The Euler operator, which associates to each variational problem the corresponding Euler–Lagrange equation, is the analog of the classical differential associating to a function on a variety its differential. The Euler operator is a secondary differential operator of first order, even if, according to its expression in local coordinates, it looks like one of infinite order. More generally, the analog of differential forms in secondary calculus are the elements of the first term of the so-called C-spectral sequence, and so on.
The simplest diffieties are infinite prolongations of partial differential equations, which are subvarieties of infinite jet spaces. The latter are infinite dimensional varieties that can not be studied by means of standard functional analysis. On the contrary, the most natural language in which to study these objects is differential calculus over commutative algebras. Therefore, the latter must be regarded as a fundamental tool of secondary calculus. On the other hand, differential calculus over commutative algebras gives the possibility to develop algebraic geometry as if it were differential geometry. | [] | [
"Classical analogues"
] | [
"Homological algebra",
"Partial differential equations"
] |
projected-06899545-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics | Secondary calculus and cohomological physics | Theoretical physics | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | Recent developments of particle physics, based on quantum field theories and its generalizations, have led to understand the deep cohomological nature of the quantities describing both classical and quantum fields. The turning point was the discovery of the famous BRST transformation. For instance, it was understood that observables in field theory are classes in horizontal de Rham cohomology which are invariant under the corresponding gauge group and so on. This current in modern theoretical physics is actually growing and it is called Cohomological Physics.
It is relevant that secondary calculus and cohomological physics, which developed for twenty years independently from each other, arrived at the same results. Their confluence took place at the international conference Secondary Calculus and Cohomological Physics (Moscow, August 24–30, 1997). | [] | [
"Theoretical physics"
] | [
"Homological algebra",
"Partial differential equations"
] |
projected-06899545-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics | Secondary calculus and cohomological physics | Prospects | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | A large number of modern mathematical theories harmoniously converges in the framework of secondary calculus, for instance: commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, homological algebra and differential topology, Lie group and Lie algebra theory, differential geometry, etc. | [] | [
"Prospects"
] | [
"Homological algebra",
"Partial differential equations"
] |
projected-06899545-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics | Secondary calculus and cohomological physics | References | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | I. S. Krasil'shchik, Calculus over Commutative Algebras: a concise user's guide, Acta Appl. Math. 49 (1997) 235—248; DIPS-01/98
I. S. Krasil'shchik, A. M. Verbovetsky, Homological Methods in Equations of Mathematical Physics, Open Ed. and Sciences, Opava (Czech Rep.), 1998; DIPS-07/98.
I. S. Krasil'shchik, A. M. Vinogradov (eds.), Symmetries and conservation laws for differential equations of mathematical physics, Translations of Math. Monographs 182, Amer. Math. Soc., 1999.
J. Nestruev, Smooth Manifolds and Observables, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 220, Springer, 2002, .
A. M. Vinogradov, The C-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws I. The linear theory, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 100 (1984) 1—40; Diffiety Inst. Library.
A. M. Vinogradov, The C-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws II. The nonlinear theory, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 100 (1984) 41—129; Diffiety Inst. Library.
A. M. Vinogradov, From symmetries of partial differential equations towards secondary (`quantized') calculus, J. Geom. Phys. 14 (1994) 146—194; Diffiety Inst. Library.
A. M. Vinogradov, Introduction to Secondary Calculus, Proc. Conf. Secondary Calculus and Cohomology Physics (M. Henneaux, I. S. Krasil'shchik, and A. M. Vinogradov, eds.), Contemporary Mathematics, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, Rhode Island, 1998; DIPS-05/98.
A. M. Vinogradov, Cohomological Analysis of Partial Differential Equations and Secondary Calculus, Translations of Math. Monographs 204, Amer. Math. Soc., 2001. | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Homological algebra",
"Partial differential equations"
] |
projected-06899568-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBCB%20%28AM%29 | WBCB (AM) | Introduction | WBCB is an AM broadcast station licensed to operate on 1490 kHz for Levittown, Pennsylvania, and serving the areas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania and other parts of suburban Philadelphia. Its programming mixes news, talk, music and local sports.
WBCB began broadcasting on December 8, 1957 by owner Drew J.T. O'Keefe, who was a Main Line attorney. He owned the station until his death in the late 1980s. The early years were marked by the emergence of soon to be big name personalities like Bill Bircher and Horace Greely McNabb. Since 1992, the station has been owned by local businessman Pasquale T. Deon Jr. and veteran Philadelphia Eagles broadcaster Merrill Reese, who was a WBCB alumnus early in his career. | [
"WBCB 1490AM logo.png"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Radio stations established in 1957",
"Radio stations in Pennsylvania",
"Full service radio stations in the United States"
] | |
projected-06899568-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBCB%20%28AM%29 | WBCB (AM) | Current personalities | WBCB is an AM broadcast station licensed to operate on 1490 kHz for Levittown, Pennsylvania, and serving the areas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania and other parts of suburban Philadelphia. Its programming mixes news, talk, music and local sports.
WBCB began broadcasting on December 8, 1957 by owner Drew J.T. O'Keefe, who was a Main Line attorney. He owned the station until his death in the late 1980s. The early years were marked by the emergence of soon to be big name personalities like Bill Bircher and Horace Greely McNabb. Since 1992, the station has been owned by local businessman Pasquale T. Deon Jr. and veteran Philadelphia Eagles broadcaster Merrill Reese, who was a WBCB alumnus early in his career. | Merrill Reese
Dan Baker
Greg Luzinski
Dennis Ostopowicz
Ted Efaw, Program Director
Chris Ermer
Jim Foxwell, Mornings
Fearon Derry
Pat Wandling, Speak Your Piece
Lou Powers
Joe LeCompte
Brooks Saint Ives
Jack Speers
Billy Werndl
Paul Jolovitz
Keith Noonan | [] | [
"Current personalities"
] | [
"Radio stations established in 1957",
"Radio stations in Pennsylvania",
"Full service radio stations in the United States"
] |
projected-06899568-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBCB%20%28AM%29 | WBCB (AM) | Alumni personalities | WBCB is an AM broadcast station licensed to operate on 1490 kHz for Levittown, Pennsylvania, and serving the areas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania and other parts of suburban Philadelphia. Its programming mixes news, talk, music and local sports.
WBCB began broadcasting on December 8, 1957 by owner Drew J.T. O'Keefe, who was a Main Line attorney. He owned the station until his death in the late 1980s. The early years were marked by the emergence of soon to be big name personalities like Bill Bircher and Horace Greely McNabb. Since 1992, the station has been owned by local businessman Pasquale T. Deon Jr. and veteran Philadelphia Eagles broadcaster Merrill Reese, who was a WBCB alumnus early in his career. | Vince Reed, News, for over 40 years.
Bruce Bailey, ca. 1971 evening shift from 7p.m.-Midnight
Jerry Angert, 1989–1991, GM, PD, Morning Host
Steve Bessler, Morning Drive, 1980s
Bill Tourot, Overnight DJ, 1982
Tom Richards, Overnight fill-in, 1982
Jim Costanzo, Overnight fill-in, 1982
Paul Baroli Jr, Program Manager, Coffee With Kahuna, for 10 years.
Dick Fennessy (Tom Sommers) 1972-1974 Afternoons/Evenings
John Brown Evenings and Afternoons 1970s
Dan Wing - News Anchor/Sports Director/DJ - 2007-2014
Bill Matter, afternoon drive fill-in, 1979
Al Stewart (Allan Hotlen) Nights
"Quick" Karl Rahmer 6p.m.-Midnight
Charles A. Hidalgo, On Air Talent, 1984 to 1994
Jim Glogowski - Jimmy G, 1970's and 1980's | [] | [
"Alumni personalities"
] | [
"Radio stations established in 1957",
"Radio stations in Pennsylvania",
"Full service radio stations in the United States"
] |
projected-06899568-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBCB%20%28AM%29 | WBCB (AM) | Speciality shows | WBCB is an AM broadcast station licensed to operate on 1490 kHz for Levittown, Pennsylvania, and serving the areas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania and other parts of suburban Philadelphia. Its programming mixes news, talk, music and local sports.
WBCB began broadcasting on December 8, 1957 by owner Drew J.T. O'Keefe, who was a Main Line attorney. He owned the station until his death in the late 1980s. The early years were marked by the emergence of soon to be big name personalities like Bill Bircher and Horace Greely McNabb. Since 1992, the station has been owned by local businessman Pasquale T. Deon Jr. and veteran Philadelphia Eagles broadcaster Merrill Reese, who was a WBCB alumnus early in his career. | Monday Night Kickoff
Pro Football Report with Merrill Reese
The Bull Session with Dan Baker and Greg "The Bull" Luzinski
Baseball Insiders with John Brazer and Ricky Bottalico
Bill Clement's Hockey World
Pro Wrestling Weekly with Fearon Derry
Chart Toppers with Fearon Derry
Racing Wrap With Skip Clayton
The Dennis Ostopowicz Polka Show
Sunshine Music Memories with Smilin' Lou Powers
Jolly and the Loon | [] | [
"Speciality shows"
] | [
"Radio stations established in 1957",
"Radio stations in Pennsylvania",
"Full service radio stations in the United States"
] |
projected-06899572-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27d%20Do%20Anything | I'd Do Anything | Introduction | I'd Do Anything may refer to:
I'd Do Anything (2004 TV series), a 2004 American reality series that aired on ESPN
I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series), a 2008 talent show-themed television series that aired on the BBC
"I'd Do Anything" (Oliver! song), from the musical Oliver!
"I'd Do Anything" (Simple Plan song)
"I'd Do Anything" (Dead or Alive song) | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-06899574-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald%20Bosio | Harald Bosio | Introduction | Harald Bosio (2 January 1906 – 2 December 1980) was an Austrian cross-country skier, ski jumper, and Nordic combined skier who competed in the 1920s and in the 1930s. He was born in Judenburg. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1906 births",
"1980 deaths",
"Austrian male cross-country skiers",
"Austrian male ski jumpers",
"Austrian male Nordic combined skiers",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria",
"Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Austria",
"Olympic ski jumpers of Austria",
"Ski jumpers at the 1928 Winter Olympics"... | |
projected-06899574-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald%20Bosio | Harald Bosio | Olympic Games | Harald Bosio (2 January 1906 – 2 December 1980) was an Austrian cross-country skier, ski jumper, and Nordic combined skier who competed in the 1920s and in the 1930s. He was born in Judenburg. | Bosio competed in the 1928 Winter Olympics, in the 1932 Winter Olympics, and in the 1936 Winter Olympics. In 1932 he finished 21st in the shorter cross-country skiing event and 29th in the Nordic combined competition. He also participated in the ski jumping event but did not finish. Four years later at the 1936 Winter Olympics he finished 28th in the 18 km cross-country skiing event. As member of the Austrian cross-country relay team he finished eighth in the 4x10 km relay competition. | [] | [
"Olympic Games"
] | [
"1906 births",
"1980 deaths",
"Austrian male cross-country skiers",
"Austrian male ski jumpers",
"Austrian male Nordic combined skiers",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria",
"Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Austria",
"Olympic ski jumpers of Austria",
"Ski jumpers at the 1928 Winter Olympics"... |
projected-06899574-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald%20Bosio | Harald Bosio | World championships | Harald Bosio (2 January 1906 – 2 December 1980) was an Austrian cross-country skier, ski jumper, and Nordic combined skier who competed in the 1920s and in the 1930s. He was born in Judenburg. | He won a bronze individual medal at the 1933 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Innsbruck. | [] | [
"World championships"
] | [
"1906 births",
"1980 deaths",
"Austrian male cross-country skiers",
"Austrian male ski jumpers",
"Austrian male Nordic combined skiers",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria",
"Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Austria",
"Olympic ski jumpers of Austria",
"Ski jumpers at the 1928 Winter Olympics"... |
projected-06899574-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald%20Bosio | Harald Bosio | References | Harald Bosio (2 January 1906 – 2 December 1980) was an Austrian cross-country skier, ski jumper, and Nordic combined skier who competed in the 1920s and in the 1930s. He was born in Judenburg. | Harald Bosio's profile at Sports Reference.com
Mention of death
Category:1906 births
Category:1980 deaths
Category:Austrian male cross-country skiers
Category:Austrian male ski jumpers
Category:Austrian male Nordic combined skiers
Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria
Category:Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Austria
Category:Olympic ski jumpers of Austria
Category:Ski jumpers at the 1928 Winter Olympics
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1932 Winter Olympics
Category:Nordic combined skiers at the 1932 Winter Olympics
Category:Ski jumpers at the 1932 Winter Olympics
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Category:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in Nordic combined
Category:People from Judenburg
Category:Sportspeople from Styria
Category:20th-century Austrian people | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1906 births",
"1980 deaths",
"Austrian male cross-country skiers",
"Austrian male ski jumpers",
"Austrian male Nordic combined skiers",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria",
"Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Austria",
"Olympic ski jumpers of Austria",
"Ski jumpers at the 1928 Winter Olympics"... |
projected-20462893-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20U-20%20%28Austria-Hungary%29 | SM U-20 (Austria-Hungary) | Introduction | SM U-20 or U-XX was the lead boat of the of submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during the First World War. The design for U-20 was based on that of the submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's Havmanden class (which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.
U-20 was just over long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. U-20 had no wartime successes and was sunk in early July 1918 by the Italian submarine F-12. The wreck of U-20 was located in 1962 and salvaged. A portion of her conning tower is on display in a military museum in Vienna. | [] | [
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projected-20462893-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20U-20%20%28Austria-Hungary%29 | SM U-20 (Austria-Hungary) | Design and construction | SM U-20 or U-XX was the lead boat of the of submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during the First World War. The design for U-20 was based on that of the submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's Havmanden class (which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.
U-20 was just over long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. U-20 had no wartime successes and was sunk in early July 1918 by the Italian submarine F-12. The wreck of U-20 was located in 1962 and salvaged. A portion of her conning tower is on display in a military museum in Vienna. | When it became apparent to the Austro-Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short war, they moved to bolster their U-boat fleet by seizing the plans for Denmark's Havmanden class submarines, which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume, who had built three units. Although the Austro-Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design, which was largely obsolete, it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards. The Austro-Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for U-20 and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915.
U-20 was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Pola Navy Yard. Due to demands by the Hungarian government, subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms, but this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design and resulted in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general.
U-20 was a coastal submarine that displaced surfaced and submerged and was designed for a complement of 18. She was long with a beam of and a draft of . For propulsion, she featured a single propeller shaft, a single diesel engine for surface running, and a single electric motor for submerged travel. She was capable of while surfaced and while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for U-20, the Havmanden class, upon which the U-20 class was based, had a range of at , surfaced, and at submerged.
U-20 was armed with two torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. She was also equipped with a deck gun and an machine gun.
U-20 was laid down on 29 September 1915, six months after she was ordered, and was launched on 18 September 1916. | [] | [
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projected-20462893-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20U-20%20%28Austria-Hungary%29 | SM U-20 (Austria-Hungary) | Service career | SM U-20 or U-XX was the lead boat of the of submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during the First World War. The design for U-20 was based on that of the submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's Havmanden class (which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.
U-20 was just over long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. U-20 had no wartime successes and was sunk in early July 1918 by the Italian submarine F-12. The wreck of U-20 was located in 1962 and salvaged. A portion of her conning tower is on display in a military museum in Vienna. | Upon completion, U-20 began diving trials. On her 15 March 1917 trial, she was accidentally rammed by in the Fasana Channel. The collision with the Austro-Hungarian light cruiser twisted U-20s periscope, extensively damaged the conning tower, and knocked off her deck gun. After seven months of reconstruction, U-20 was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 20 October.
After initially operating out of Pola, U-20 was transferred to Trieste in February 1918. Over the next three months, the U-boat patrolled in the northern Adriatic between the Tagliamento estuary and Venice. U-20 had an encounter with an enemy submarine on 7 April but was not able to successfully launch an attack.
On 3 July, Linienschiffsleutnant Ludwig Müller sailed U-20 out from Trieste for the Gulf of Venice. A day later, U-20 was spotted by the Italian submarine F-12, which was on patrol in the northern Adriatic. F-12 initially pursued U-20 underwater, and then on the surface. At a range of , F-12 torpedoed U-20 at position , sinking her with all hands. There was no wreckage on the surface, only an oil slick. Like all of her sister boats, U-20 had no wartime successes.
In mid 1962, the wreck of U-20 was discovered in the northern Adriatic. Italian salvage crews raised the boat's rear portion on 22 July and her front section on 21 November. The conning tower and a small midships section of U-20 were donated to the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum in Vienna, where they are on display, while the rest of the boat was scrapped. The remains of the crewmen were buried on the grounds of the Theresian Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt. | [
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projected-20462893-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20U-20%20%28Austria-Hungary%29 | SM U-20 (Austria-Hungary) | Bibliography | SM U-20 or U-XX was the lead boat of the of submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during the First World War. The design for U-20 was based on that of the submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's Havmanden class (which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.
U-20 was just over long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. U-20 had no wartime successes and was sunk in early July 1918 by the Italian submarine F-12. The wreck of U-20 was located in 1962 and salvaged. A portion of her conning tower is on display in a military museum in Vienna. | Category:U-20-class submarines
Category:U-boats commissioned in 1917
Category:Maritime incidents in 1918
Category:U-boats sunk in 1918
Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Adriatic Sea
Category:Ships sunk by Italian submarines
Category:U-boats sunk by Italian warships
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Category:Ships built in Pola
Category:World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary
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projected-06899604-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quest%20of%20the%20Missing%20Map | The Quest of the Missing Map | Introduction | The Quest of the Missing Map is the nineteenth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1942 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson. | [] | [
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projected-06899604-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quest%20of%20the%20Missing%20Map | The Quest of the Missing Map | Plot summary | The Quest of the Missing Map is the nineteenth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1942 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson. | Nancy investigates a small ship cottage at the Chatham estate and discovers a connection between the mysterious occurrences at the cottage and an island where a lost treasure is said to be buried. With one half of a map, Nancy sets out to find a missing twin brother who holds the other half. The mystery becomes dangerous when an assailant hears about the treasure and is determined to push Nancy off the trail. Can she endure this and other grave dangers, and recover in time to solve the mystery? | [] | [
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projected-20462894-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Cardascio | Carlo Cardascio | Introduction | Carlo Cardascio (born 6 November 1979 in Bari, Italy) is an Italian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Italian club Bisceglie in Serie D. | [] | [
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projected-06899608-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaliakalnis | Žaliakalnis | Introduction | Žaliakalnis (literally, "the green hill") is an elderate in Lithuania's second largest city, Kaunas. Žaliakalnis is located north of the old town and the city center area, between the Neris and Girstupis valleys. It is one of the largest residential areas in Kaunas, with a population of 38,480 in 2006. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Neighbourhoods of Kaunas"
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projected-06899608-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaliakalnis | Žaliakalnis | History | Žaliakalnis (literally, "the green hill") is an elderate in Lithuania's second largest city, Kaunas. Žaliakalnis is located north of the old town and the city center area, between the Neris and Girstupis valleys. It is one of the largest residential areas in Kaunas, with a population of 38,480 in 2006. | Žaliakalnis became part of Kaunas in 1919, when the city became the temporary capital of Lithuania. Kaunas expanded rapidly and the need for a comprehensive plan became evident by 1922. The Danish engineer M. Frandsen was invited to devise this plan.
In Frandsen's plan, Žaliakalnis was to be an important part of Kaunas, where all the city's administrative functions would be located. This part of the concept was not fulfilled, although the neighbourhood quickly became very popular and many modern residences were built. In 1924-1925 alone, more than 300 plots were created and sold. In accordance with the plan, its streets were planted with different species of trees, and space was left for gardens. By 1940, the area was largely built up, and only a few plots remained vacant. | [] | [
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"Neighbourhoods of Kaunas"
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projected-06899608-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaliakalnis | Žaliakalnis | Points of interest | Žaliakalnis (literally, "the green hill") is an elderate in Lithuania's second largest city, Kaunas. Žaliakalnis is located north of the old town and the city center area, between the Neris and Girstupis valleys. It is one of the largest residential areas in Kaunas, with a population of 38,480 in 2006. | Žaliakalnis is home to Ąžuolynas Park, containing a stand of centuries-old oak trees. It is the largest stand of urban oaks within Europe, covering 63 hectares. A few sections of the park have been separated into Vytautas Park and Dainų slėnis. The only Zoo in Lithuania is located across the road from Ąžuolynas. A large number of buildings of functionalism architecture, predominant in the interbellum, are still preserved in the elderate.
Žaliakalnis was home for some well known Lithuanian writers and artists such as Balys Sruoga, Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, Ieva Simonaitytė, Kazys Binkis, Kipras Petrauskas, President Valdas Adamkus grew up here.
Now Žaliakalnis is a popular upmarket residential area.
Žaliakalnis contains a number of sports facilities and educational institutions:
Kaunas University of Technology campus
Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education
Kaunas Sports Hall
S. Darius and S. Girėnas Stadium
National Football Academy | [] | [
"Points of interest"
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"Neighbourhoods of Kaunas"
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projected-06899608-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaliakalnis | Žaliakalnis | References | Žaliakalnis (literally, "the green hill") is an elderate in Lithuania's second largest city, Kaunas. Žaliakalnis is located north of the old town and the city center area, between the Neris and Girstupis valleys. It is one of the largest residential areas in Kaunas, with a population of 38,480 in 2006. | City of Kaunas - Elderate of Žaliakalnis | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Neighbourhoods of Kaunas"
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projected-20462914-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Blott | Sam Blott | Introduction | Samuel Prince Blott (19 June 1886 – 31 January 1969), sometimes known as Prince Blott, was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Manchester United and Newport County. He also played in the Southern League for Plymouth Argyle, Southend United and Bradford Park Avenue. | [] | [
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projected-20462914-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Blott | Sam Blott | Personal life | Samuel Prince Blott (19 June 1886 – 31 January 1969), sometimes known as Prince Blott, was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Manchester United and Newport County. He also played in the Southern League for Plymouth Argyle, Southend United and Bradford Park Avenue. | Blott served as a private in the Army Veterinary Corps during the First World War. | [] | [
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projected-20462914-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Blott | Sam Blott | References | Samuel Prince Blott (19 June 1886 – 31 January 1969), sometimes known as Prince Blott, was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Manchester United and Newport County. He also played in the Southern League for Plymouth Argyle, Southend United and Bradford Park Avenue. | Category:1886 births
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Category:Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
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projected-06899609-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Music%20Camp | New England Music Camp | Introduction | The New England Music Camp (NEMC) is a summer camp for music students ages 11–18, located on in Sidney, Maine, on the eastern shore of Messalonskee Lake in the Belgrade Lakes region. It was founded in 1937 on the site of the defunct Eastern Music Camp.
The camp has facilities for some 200 campers as well as faculty and staff. It follows a balanced structure of musical training (in the morning) and standard athletic activities (in the afternoon) such as sailing, kayaking, archery, tennis, softball, soccer, volleyball, badminton etc. There are numerous concerts offered free to the public during its seven-week season on site at the Bowl in the Pines or Alumni Hall (respectively, the camp's outdoor and indoor performance venues). Two pops-style concerts are presented for a small fee at the nearby Oakland Performing Arts Center in Oakland.
New England Music Camp has many alumni move on to successful careers in music. NEMC alumni have won positions in the New York Philharmonic, the St. Louis Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra and the Houston Symphony. | [] | [
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projected-06899609-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Music%20Camp | New England Music Camp | Music facilities | The New England Music Camp (NEMC) is a summer camp for music students ages 11–18, located on in Sidney, Maine, on the eastern shore of Messalonskee Lake in the Belgrade Lakes region. It was founded in 1937 on the site of the defunct Eastern Music Camp.
The camp has facilities for some 200 campers as well as faculty and staff. It follows a balanced structure of musical training (in the morning) and standard athletic activities (in the afternoon) such as sailing, kayaking, archery, tennis, softball, soccer, volleyball, badminton etc. There are numerous concerts offered free to the public during its seven-week season on site at the Bowl in the Pines or Alumni Hall (respectively, the camp's outdoor and indoor performance venues). Two pops-style concerts are presented for a small fee at the nearby Oakland Performing Arts Center in Oakland.
New England Music Camp has many alumni move on to successful careers in music. NEMC alumni have won positions in the New York Philharmonic, the St. Louis Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra and the Houston Symphony. | The Bowl in the Pines
The Bowl in the Pines, North America's second largest outdoor amphitheater, is home to concerts by all of NEMC's performing groups every Sunday and on select Saturdays at 3:00 p.m. for the entire camp season. The Symphony Band, Symphony Orchestra, Stage Band, and Jazz Ensemble rehearse on the bowl stage in the mornings. Backstage are several practice rooms, and the percussion, tuba, and bass studios. It is the prettiest place to listen to and play music in. The bowl is also used for the annual talent shows, quad cabin activities, and more.
Alumni Hall
Alumni Hall is the camp's recital hall located near the entrance to campus. Alumni hall seats over 300 people and hosts faculty recitals Wednesday nights at 8:00 and student honor recitals Friday nights at 7:30. The Concert Band, Concert Orchestra, Treble Choir, and Jazz Band rehearse in Alumni Hall in the mornings. On other nights, alumni hall is used for social functions such as the square dance, all camp movie night, and dual cabin activities.
Classrooms and Practice Areas
Several other buildings on campus such as the Booth Ensemble Building, the Summer House, and Trustees Hall serve as classrooms for music classes (music theory, orchestral literature, conducting, etc.), sectional rehearsals, and chamber music rehearsals. Numerous practice cabins serve as space for solo practice and private lessons. | [
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projected-06899609-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Music%20Camp | New England Music Camp | Recreational facilities | The New England Music Camp (NEMC) is a summer camp for music students ages 11–18, located on in Sidney, Maine, on the eastern shore of Messalonskee Lake in the Belgrade Lakes region. It was founded in 1937 on the site of the defunct Eastern Music Camp.
The camp has facilities for some 200 campers as well as faculty and staff. It follows a balanced structure of musical training (in the morning) and standard athletic activities (in the afternoon) such as sailing, kayaking, archery, tennis, softball, soccer, volleyball, badminton etc. There are numerous concerts offered free to the public during its seven-week season on site at the Bowl in the Pines or Alumni Hall (respectively, the camp's outdoor and indoor performance venues). Two pops-style concerts are presented for a small fee at the nearby Oakland Performing Arts Center in Oakland.
New England Music Camp has many alumni move on to successful careers in music. NEMC alumni have won positions in the New York Philharmonic, the St. Louis Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra and the Houston Symphony. | The Waterfront
The NEMC waterfront consists of a sailing area, a canoe area, and a swimming area. The camp owns seven sailboats and several canoes and kayaks, many of which are used daily in afternoon recreational activities. In addition to being an option for assigned recreation, the swimming area is open to all campers during afternoon free time. The waterfront is run by several counselors and the assistant head counselors, all of whom are certified lifeguards.
The Rec Fields
The Recreational Fields consist of full soccer and ultimate frisbee fields, a softball field, an archery range, two sand volleyball courts, a weightlifting station, and a basketball court. Three tennis courts are located behind the Lodge across campus, but are still used for afternoon recreation. The rec fields are also used for camper games and all camp olympics, as well as the camper vs. faculty softball game. | [
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projected-06899609-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Music%20Camp | New England Music Camp | Dining facilities | The New England Music Camp (NEMC) is a summer camp for music students ages 11–18, located on in Sidney, Maine, on the eastern shore of Messalonskee Lake in the Belgrade Lakes region. It was founded in 1937 on the site of the defunct Eastern Music Camp.
The camp has facilities for some 200 campers as well as faculty and staff. It follows a balanced structure of musical training (in the morning) and standard athletic activities (in the afternoon) such as sailing, kayaking, archery, tennis, softball, soccer, volleyball, badminton etc. There are numerous concerts offered free to the public during its seven-week season on site at the Bowl in the Pines or Alumni Hall (respectively, the camp's outdoor and indoor performance venues). Two pops-style concerts are presented for a small fee at the nearby Oakland Performing Arts Center in Oakland.
New England Music Camp has many alumni move on to successful careers in music. NEMC alumni have won positions in the New York Philharmonic, the St. Louis Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra and the Houston Symphony. | The Lodge
The Lodge is the dining hall, where all students and faculty have breakfast, lunch, and dinner and are told important announcements for the day, such as rehearsal time and other activities. During lunch, mail call takes place in the Lodge. There is a kitchen, the student eating area, a faculty eating area, and a "staff only" upstairs.
The Canteen
The Canteen sells a wide variety of drinks and snacks and is open for specific hours during the day. In addition, the Canteen also sells souvenirs such as tote bags and New England Music Camp apparel. | [] | [
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projected-06899609-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Music%20Camp | New England Music Camp | Housing | The New England Music Camp (NEMC) is a summer camp for music students ages 11–18, located on in Sidney, Maine, on the eastern shore of Messalonskee Lake in the Belgrade Lakes region. It was founded in 1937 on the site of the defunct Eastern Music Camp.
The camp has facilities for some 200 campers as well as faculty and staff. It follows a balanced structure of musical training (in the morning) and standard athletic activities (in the afternoon) such as sailing, kayaking, archery, tennis, softball, soccer, volleyball, badminton etc. There are numerous concerts offered free to the public during its seven-week season on site at the Bowl in the Pines or Alumni Hall (respectively, the camp's outdoor and indoor performance venues). Two pops-style concerts are presented for a small fee at the nearby Oakland Performing Arts Center in Oakland.
New England Music Camp has many alumni move on to successful careers in music. NEMC alumni have won positions in the New York Philharmonic, the St. Louis Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra and the Houston Symphony. | All cabins at NEMC are organized strictly by age, and most have their own ping pong tables. Two cabins each share a separate shower house located between them. Each cabin also has its own fire pit for cabin cookouts which occur every Monday night. The girls' end of camp is located on the far south side running along the southern border. The boys' end runs from the Bowl to the northern border of campus along the lakefront. | [] | [
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projected-20462936-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20Institute | Ocean Institute | Introduction | The Ocean Institute is an ocean education organization located in Dana Point, California. Founded as the Orange County Marine Institute in 1977, it offers ocean science and maritime history programs for K–12 students and their teachers. Over 100,000 students and 8,000 teachers from Orange County and the surrounding counties participate yearly in immersion-style programs in the institute's oceanfront labs and abroad.
The institute is open to the general public on weekdays, 10 a.m. – 4 p.m., and weekends, 10 a.m. – 3 p.m.; visitors can see marine animals and ocean-themed exhibits. While creating the Nickelodeon animated television show SpongeBob SquarePants, biologist and cartoonist Stephen Hillenburg drew inspiration from his time teaching at the Ocean Institute.
Moored at the institute is its 70-foot marine science research vessel, the R/V Sea Explorer, used for student programs and to take visitors on trips to see marine wildlife, including whale watching on weekends. The institute also partners with the Lazy-W Ranch, a camp located in the Cleveland National Forest where students study the ecosystem and California history. It provides outreach programs via a mobile laboratory provided by the "Ocean in Motion" van and distance learning via video conference. | [] | [
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projected-20462936-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20Institute | Ocean Institute | Other facilities | The Ocean Institute is an ocean education organization located in Dana Point, California. Founded as the Orange County Marine Institute in 1977, it offers ocean science and maritime history programs for K–12 students and their teachers. Over 100,000 students and 8,000 teachers from Orange County and the surrounding counties participate yearly in immersion-style programs in the institute's oceanfront labs and abroad.
The institute is open to the general public on weekdays, 10 a.m. – 4 p.m., and weekends, 10 a.m. – 3 p.m.; visitors can see marine animals and ocean-themed exhibits. While creating the Nickelodeon animated television show SpongeBob SquarePants, biologist and cartoonist Stephen Hillenburg drew inspiration from his time teaching at the Ocean Institute.
Moored at the institute is its 70-foot marine science research vessel, the R/V Sea Explorer, used for student programs and to take visitors on trips to see marine wildlife, including whale watching on weekends. The institute also partners with the Lazy-W Ranch, a camp located in the Cleveland National Forest where students study the ecosystem and California history. It provides outreach programs via a mobile laboratory provided by the "Ocean in Motion" van and distance learning via video conference. | Ecology Learning Center – for grades K–3, includes marine life tanks, wet-tables with video-microscopes, a digital imaging lab and an interactive children's theater.
Marine Life Refuge – Eight acres of beach and tidepools just to the north of the facility; used for walking tours.
Maritime Center – Used for teaching maritime history.
Packard At-Sea Learning Center –For grades 4–6, houses marine life including jellyfish at various stages of development.
Surfscience Learning Center, Sleeping Deck – Houses teaching exhibits such as an oceanography test tank, wave tank, shark & ray pool, and a shipboard research station. Students on overnight programs can sleep upstairs on the sleeping deck. The deck also houses a National Weather Service Coastal Observation Station.
Samueli Lecture Hall and Conference Center – The central meeting facility of the institute, used for educational presentations and special events.
Student and Teacher Services Building – The main administration building; a two-story open lobby serves as the main entry for visitors. Exhibits on the first floor.
Center for Cooperation in Research and Education – Integrates ocean research into Ocean Institute programs
Maddie James Seaside Learning Center - A learning center with a biological diversity lab that serves as a transition zone for new animals and a citizen science lab for the study of invasive species.
Laurena G. Chambers Gallery and Gift Store – Offers educational materials and ocean and maritime-themed gift items. | [] | [
"Other facilities"
] | [
"Maritime museums in California",
"Oceanographic organizations",
"Education in Orange County, California",
"Museums in Orange County, California",
"Natural history museums in California",
"Dana Point, California"
] |
projected-20462936-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20Institute | Ocean Institute | Tall Ships: Pilgrim and Spirit of Dana Point | The Ocean Institute is an ocean education organization located in Dana Point, California. Founded as the Orange County Marine Institute in 1977, it offers ocean science and maritime history programs for K–12 students and their teachers. Over 100,000 students and 8,000 teachers from Orange County and the surrounding counties participate yearly in immersion-style programs in the institute's oceanfront labs and abroad.
The institute is open to the general public on weekdays, 10 a.m. – 4 p.m., and weekends, 10 a.m. – 3 p.m.; visitors can see marine animals and ocean-themed exhibits. While creating the Nickelodeon animated television show SpongeBob SquarePants, biologist and cartoonist Stephen Hillenburg drew inspiration from his time teaching at the Ocean Institute.
Moored at the institute is its 70-foot marine science research vessel, the R/V Sea Explorer, used for student programs and to take visitors on trips to see marine wildlife, including whale watching on weekends. The institute also partners with the Lazy-W Ranch, a camp located in the Cleveland National Forest where students study the ecosystem and California history. It provides outreach programs via a mobile laboratory provided by the "Ocean in Motion" van and distance learning via video conference. | The institute maintains two tall ships, the Pilgrim, a 130-foot vessel used in overnight and dockside programs, and the Spirit of Dana Point, a 118-foot topsail schooner. The Pilgrim is a replica of the tall ship that Richard Henry Dana Jr. sailed onboard into Dana Point in the 1830s. Tall ship programs simulate the experience of a sailor in the 1830s.
The Pilgrim and Spirit of Dana Point are showcased at the institute's largest annual event, the Toshiba Tall Ships Festival, held in September. It draws seven or eight tall ships from up and down the coast, and features pirates, singing, cannon battles, and a chance to sail on a tall ship.
The replica of the Pilgrim was demolished in April 2020 after sinking. | [
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"Natural history museums in California",
"Dana Point, California"
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projected-20462936-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20Institute | Ocean Institute | Annual budget | The Ocean Institute is an ocean education organization located in Dana Point, California. Founded as the Orange County Marine Institute in 1977, it offers ocean science and maritime history programs for K–12 students and their teachers. Over 100,000 students and 8,000 teachers from Orange County and the surrounding counties participate yearly in immersion-style programs in the institute's oceanfront labs and abroad.
The institute is open to the general public on weekdays, 10 a.m. – 4 p.m., and weekends, 10 a.m. – 3 p.m.; visitors can see marine animals and ocean-themed exhibits. While creating the Nickelodeon animated television show SpongeBob SquarePants, biologist and cartoonist Stephen Hillenburg drew inspiration from his time teaching at the Ocean Institute.
Moored at the institute is its 70-foot marine science research vessel, the R/V Sea Explorer, used for student programs and to take visitors on trips to see marine wildlife, including whale watching on weekends. The institute also partners with the Lazy-W Ranch, a camp located in the Cleveland National Forest where students study the ecosystem and California history. It provides outreach programs via a mobile laboratory provided by the "Ocean in Motion" van and distance learning via video conference. | The Ocean Institute has an annual budget of $6 million, and employs 100 full and part-time staff members, as well as utilizing the services of hundreds of volunteers. Professional partners include the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the National Science Foundation and Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Supporters include the Swenson Family Foundation, the Henry Samueli Foundation, Quiksilver, and KOCE, among others. Wendy Marshall serves as the institute's president and CEO. It is funded through school visitations, state and city grants, as well as gifts from local philanthropists. The watershed education program is funded by MyOcean and the Surf Industry Manufacturers Association.
The institute's largest annual fundraiser is its Laguna Beach Million Dollar Home Raffle, which began in 2005. | [] | [
"Annual budget"
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"Maritime museums in California",
"Oceanographic organizations",
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projected-20462954-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroxyl%20indicator%20solution | Ferroxyl indicator solution | Introduction | Ferroxyl indicator is a solution containing potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) and phenolphthalein. It turns blue in the presence of Fe2+ ions, and pink in the presence of hydroxide ions. It can be used to detect metal oxidation, and is often used to detect rusting in various situations.
It can be prepared by dissolving 10g sodium chloride and 1g potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in distilled water, adding 10 cm3 phenolphthalein indicator, then making up to 500 cm3 with distilled water. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Chemical tests",
"Corrosion"
] | |
projected-20462954-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroxyl%20indicator%20solution | Ferroxyl indicator solution | References | Ferroxyl indicator is a solution containing potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) and phenolphthalein. It turns blue in the presence of Fe2+ ions, and pink in the presence of hydroxide ions. It can be used to detect metal oxidation, and is often used to detect rusting in various situations.
It can be prepared by dissolving 10g sodium chloride and 1g potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in distilled water, adding 10 cm3 phenolphthalein indicator, then making up to 500 cm3 with distilled water. | Category:Chemical tests
Category:Corrosion | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Chemical tests",
"Corrosion"
] |
projected-20462957-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Ferrier | Ron Ferrier | Introduction | Ronald Johnson Ferrier (26 April 1914 – 11 October 1991) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Manchester United in the 1930s, and later for and Oldham Athletic. He played for Plymouth Argyle as a wartime guest, and also represented Grimsby Town and Lincoln City before retiring as a player in 1947.
He also played/ and scored once as a guest player for Mossley in the 1939–40 season whilst stationed with the army at Ladysmith Barracks.
He died in October 1991 at the age of 77. He could play at centre and inside forward. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1914 births",
"1991 deaths",
"People from Cleethorpes",
"English footballers",
"Association football forwards",
"Grimsby Town F.C. players",
"Manchester United F.C. players",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C. wartime guest players",
"Lincoln City F.C. players",
"English Fo... | |
projected-23571056-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett%20language | Narragansett language | Introduction | Narragansett is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. It was closely related to the other Algonquian languages of southern New England like Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot. The earliest study of the language in English was by Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, in his book A Key Into the Language of America (1643). | [] | [
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"Eastern Algonquian languages",
"Indigenous languages of Massachusetts",
"Extinct languages of North America",
"Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands",
"Languages extinct in the 17th century"
] | |
projected-23571056-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett%20language | Narragansett language | Name | Narragansett is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. It was closely related to the other Algonquian languages of southern New England like Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot. The earliest study of the language in English was by Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, in his book A Key Into the Language of America (1643). | The word Narragansett means, literally, "(People) of the Small Point." The "point" may be located on the Salt Pond in Washington County. (Great Salt Pond Archeological District). | [] | [
"Name"
] | [
"Narragansett tribe",
"Eastern Algonquian languages",
"Indigenous languages of Massachusetts",
"Extinct languages of North America",
"Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands",
"Languages extinct in the 17th century"
] |
projected-23571056-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett%20language | Narragansett language | History | Narragansett is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. It was closely related to the other Algonquian languages of southern New England like Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot. The earliest study of the language in English was by Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, in his book A Key Into the Language of America (1643). | Traditionally the tribe spoke the Narragansett language, a member of the Algonquian language family. The language became almost entirely extinct during the centuries of European colonization in New England through cultural assimilation.
The tribe has begun language revival efforts, based on early-20th-century books and manuscripts, and new teaching programs. The Narragansett spoke a "Y-dialect", similar enough to the "N-dialects" of the Massachusett and Wampanoag to be mutually intelligible. Other Y-dialects include the Shinnecock and Pequot languages spoken historically by tribes on Long Island and in Connecticut, respectively.
In the 17th century, Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, learned the tribe's language. He documented it in his 1643 work, A Key Into the Language of America. Williams gave the tribe's name as Nanhigganeuck.
American English has absorbed a number of loan words from Narragansett and other closely related languages, such as Wampanoag and Massachusett. Such words include quahog, moose, papoose, powwow, squash, and succotash. | [
"Martha Simon, Last of the Narragansetts oil 1857 Albert Bierstadt.jpg"
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"Extinct languages of North America",
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"Languages extinct in the 17th century"
] |
projected-23571056-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett%20language | Narragansett language | Language revival efforts | Narragansett is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. It was closely related to the other Algonquian languages of southern New England like Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot. The earliest study of the language in English was by Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, in his book A Key Into the Language of America (1643). | According to Dr. Frank Waabu O'Brien, who has taught the language for the Aquidneck Indian Council, "Narragansett was understood throughout New England." He states that "Scholars refer to Massachusett and Narragansett as dialects of the same language," and has created a diagram of the relationships between the languages as described in their source documentation as well as instructional materials. A Facebook page entitled "Speaking Our Narragansett Language" has provided alphabet and vocabulary of the language. | [] | [
"Language revival efforts"
] | [
"Narragansett tribe",
"Eastern Algonquian languages",
"Indigenous languages of Massachusetts",
"Extinct languages of North America",
"Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands",
"Languages extinct in the 17th century"
] |
projected-23571056-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett%20language | Narragansett language | Orthography | Narragansett is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. It was closely related to the other Algonquian languages of southern New England like Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot. The earliest study of the language in English was by Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, in his book A Key Into the Language of America (1643). | A, Ch, E, H, I, K, M, N, P, Q, S, Sh, T, Ty, U, W, Y
a - [a]
ã - [ã]
ch - [t͡ʃ/t͡ʃ̬]
e - [ə]
h - [h]
i - [ɪ]
k - [k/k̬]
m - [m]
n - [n]
p - [p/p̬]
qu - [kʷ/k̬ʷ]
s - [s]
sh - [ʃ]
t - [t/t̬]
ty - [tʲ/t̬ʲ]
u - [u]
w - [w]
y - [j] | [] | [
"Orthography"
] | [
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"Eastern Algonquian languages",
"Indigenous languages of Massachusetts",
"Extinct languages of North America",
"Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands",
"Languages extinct in the 17th century"
] |
projected-23571056-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett%20language | Narragansett language | See also | Narragansett is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. It was closely related to the other Algonquian languages of southern New England like Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot. The earliest study of the language in English was by Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, in his book A Key Into the Language of America (1643). | Narragansett people
Eastern Algonquian languages
The Narragansett Dawn | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Narragansett tribe",
"Eastern Algonquian languages",
"Indigenous languages of Massachusetts",
"Extinct languages of North America",
"Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands",
"Languages extinct in the 17th century"
] |
projected-23571056-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett%20language | Narragansett language | References | Narragansett is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. It was closely related to the other Algonquian languages of southern New England like Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot. The earliest study of the language in English was by Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, in his book A Key Into the Language of America (1643). | Aubin, George Francis. A Historical Phonology of Narragansett. Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University. (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, 1972).
Aubin, George Francis. Roger Williams: Another View. International Journal of American Linguistics vol. 38, pp. 266–277, 1972.
Aubin, George Francis. "More on Narragansett Keesuckquand." International Journal of American Linguistics 41 (1975): 239-40.
Aubin, George Francis. (1975). A Proto-Algonquian Dictionary. Ottawa : National Museums of Canada.
Aubin, George Francis. Narragansett Color Terms. pp. 105–114 in Papers of the 7th Algonquian Conference, 1975, William Cowan, ed., Ottawa: Carleton University.
Aubin, George Francis. Quelques aspects du système consonantique du narragansett. pp. 151–155 in Actes du 8e Congrès des Algonquinistes, 1976, William Cowan, ed., Ottawa: Carleton University.
Bragdon, Kathleen J. (1996). Native People of Southern New England, 1500-1650. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Bragdon, Kathleen J. (2009) Native People of Southern New England 1650–1775. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.
Brinley, Francis. (1900). “Francis Brinley’s Briefe Narrative of the Nanhiganset Countrey. Publications of the Rhode Island Historical Society, 8(2):69‐96. Providence, RI.
Chartrand, Leon. (May 3, 2017). “Darkness Walker.”, Darkness Walker — Bear Solitaire (leonchartrand.com)
Cowan, William. "General Treat's Vocabulary of Narragansett." In Papers of the Thirteenth Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: Carleton University, 1982.
Cowan, William. "PA *a, *k and *t in Narragansett." International Journal of American Linguistics 35 (1969): 28-33.
Cowan, William. Narragansett 126 Years After. International Journal of American Linguistics 39 (1973) (1):7-13.
Gatschet, Albert S. “Narragansett Vocabulary Collected in 1879”. International Journal of American Linguistics 39(1): 14, (1973).
Goddard, Ives .“Eastern Algonquian languages.” In Bruce Trigger (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15 (Northeast), (1978),70-77.
Goddard, Ives (Volume Editor, 1996). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17(Languages). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Gray, Nicole. “Aurality in Print: Revisiting Roger Williams's A Key into the Language of America.” PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131 (2016): 64 - 83.
Hagenau, Walter P. A Morphological Study of Narragansett Indian Verbs in Roger Williams’ A Key into the Language of America. Providence, RI: Brown University (Unpublished M.A. Thesis, 1962).
Hamp, Eric P. "On Nasalization in Narragansett." International Journal of American Linguistics 36 (1970): 58-9.
Kinnicutt, Lincoln Newton (1870). Principal part of Roger Williams key to the Indian language : arranged alphabetically from Vol. 1, of the Rhode Island Historical Society.
LaFantasie, Glenn W., ed. (1988). The Correspondence of Roger Williams. 2 vols. Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University Press.
Lewis, Nathan (1897). “The Last of the Narragansetts”. Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity. Vol. XLI.
Mierle, Shelley. "Further Evidence Regarding the Intrusive Nasal in Narragansett." International Journal of American Linguistics 41 (1975): 78-80.
The Narragansett Dawn. Miscellaneous articles on the Narragansett Language.
"Lesson Two in Narragansett Tongue." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (June 1935): 14-5.
"Lesson No. Three in Narragansett Tongue." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (July 1935): 10.
"The Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 4.” The Narragansett Dawn 1 (August 1935): 88-9.
"The Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 5." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (September 1935): 122-4.
"Narragansett Lesson No. 6." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (October 1935): 138-9.
"Narragansett Tongue- Lessons 7 and 8." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (December 1935): 185-7.
"Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 9." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (January 1936): 204.
"Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 10." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (February 1936): 232.
"Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 11." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (March 1936): 259-60.
"Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 12." The Narragansett Dawn 1 (April 1936): 287.
"Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 13." The Narragansett Dawn 2 (May 1936): 5.
"Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 14." The Narragansett Dawn 2 (June 1936): 29.
"Narragansett Words." The Narragansett Dawn 2 (October 1936): 6.
Mashantucket Pequot Research Library, Pequot and Related Languages, A Bibliography
Moondancer and Strong Woman (2000). Indian Grammar Dictionary for N Dialect: A Study of A Key into the Language of America by Roger Williams, 1643. Newport, RI: Aquidneck Indian Council. .
O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2004). Bibliography for Studies of American Indians in and Around Rhode Island : 16th – 21st Centuries.
Rider, Sidney S. (1904). Map of the Colony of Rhode Island: Giving the Indian Names of Locations and the Locations of Great Events in Indian History with Present Political Divisions Indicate. In The Lands of Rhode Island as They Were Known to Caunounicus and Miatunnomu When Roger Williams Came. Providence, Rhode Island: Sidney S. Rider.
Simmons, William S. (1978). “Narragansett.” In Bruce Trigger (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15 (Northeast). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 190-197.
Strong Heart and Firefly Song of the Wind Sekatau. ”The Nahahigganisk Indians". Bicentential 1976, pp. 1–17.
Williams, Roger (1643). A Key into the Language of America:, or, an Help to the Language of the Natives in that Part of America called New-England. Together, with Briefe Observations of the Customes, Manners and Worships, etc. of the Aforesaid Natives, in Peace and Warre, in Life and Death. On all which are added Spirituall Observations, General and Particular by the Author of chiefe and Special use (upon all occasions) to all the English Inhabiting those parts; yet pleasant and profitable to the view of all men. London: Gregory Dexter. [Reprinted, Providence: Narragansett Club, 1866, J. H. Trumbull [Ed.] & Fifth Edition (reprinted Applewood Books, nd.)].
Wojciechowski, Franz L.The Search for an Elusive 1765 Narragansett Language Manuscript. International Journal of American Linguistics 65(2):228-232 (1999). | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Narragansett tribe",
"Eastern Algonquian languages",
"Indigenous languages of Massachusetts",
"Extinct languages of North America",
"Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands",
"Languages extinct in the 17th century"
] |
projected-23571057-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Lake%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29 | Jordan Lake (Nova Scotia) | Introduction | Jordan Lake, Nova Scotia is a lake that is located mostly in Shelburne District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Its northeastern portion crosses into Region of Queens Municipality. The lake lies southwest of the much larger Lake Rossignol. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia",
"Landforms of Queens County, Nova Scotia",
"Landforms of Shelburne County, Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23571057-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Lake%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29 | Jordan Lake (Nova Scotia) | See also | Jordan Lake, Nova Scotia is a lake that is located mostly in Shelburne District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Its northeastern portion crosses into Region of Queens Municipality. The lake lies southwest of the much larger Lake Rossignol. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia",
"Landforms of Queens County, Nova Scotia",
"Landforms of Shelburne County, Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23571057-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Lake%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29 | Jordan Lake (Nova Scotia) | References | Jordan Lake, Nova Scotia is a lake that is located mostly in Shelburne District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Its northeastern portion crosses into Region of Queens Municipality. The lake lies southwest of the much larger Lake Rossignol. | National Resources Canada
Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia
Category:Landforms of Queens County, Nova Scotia
Category:Landforms of Shelburne County, Nova Scotia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia",
"Landforms of Queens County, Nova Scotia",
"Landforms of Shelburne County, Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23571059-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily%20Pond | Lily Pond | Introduction | Lily Pond may refer to:
Lily Pond, a lake in Nova Scotia, Canada
Lily Pond, Georgia, an unincorporated community in the United States
Lily Pond Avenue, an artery in the New York City borough of Staten Island | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23571059-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily%20Pond | Lily Pond | See also | Lily Pond may refer to:
Lily Pond, a lake in Nova Scotia, Canada
Lily Pond, Georgia, an unincorporated community in the United States
Lily Pond Avenue, an artery in the New York City borough of Staten Island | LilyPond, music software
Lily Lake (disambiguation)
Prankers Pond, in Saugus, Massachusetts, also known as Lily Pond
Water Lilies (Monet series), of which several include "Lily Pond" in their title | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-20462962-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akama%20Shrine | Akama Shrine | Introduction | is a Shinto shrine in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is dedicated to Antoku, a Japanese emperor who died as a child in the Battle of Dan-no-ura (aka Dannoura), which occurred nearby in 1185. This battle was important in the history of Japan because it brought an end to Genpei War in which the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan, and ended the Taira bid for control of Japan.
The shrine is situated on the waterfront of the Kanmon Strait, between the centre of Shimonoseki and the tourist restaurants of Karato, Kanmon Wharf. The bright red main gate makes it a very visible sight. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Kanpei-taisha",
"Jingū",
"Shinto shrines in Yamaguchi Prefecture",
"Beppyo shrines"
] | |
projected-20462962-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akama%20Shrine | Akama Shrine | Description | is a Shinto shrine in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is dedicated to Antoku, a Japanese emperor who died as a child in the Battle of Dan-no-ura (aka Dannoura), which occurred nearby in 1185. This battle was important in the history of Japan because it brought an end to Genpei War in which the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan, and ended the Taira bid for control of Japan.
The shrine is situated on the waterfront of the Kanmon Strait, between the centre of Shimonoseki and the tourist restaurants of Karato, Kanmon Wharf. The bright red main gate makes it a very visible sight. | The colours and style of the gate are inspired by Ryūgū-jō, according to the Shimonoseki Tourist Guidebook published by the Shimonoseki City Tourism Department. This source states that Antoku's grandmother, Nii-no-Ama, who drowned with Antoku, wished for their palace to be created underwater as she jumped into the sea. Ryūgū-jō is a mythical underwater palace, belonging to the dragon god of the sea. In the Tale of Heike, Nii-no-Ama told Antoku, before jumping, that they would go to an underwater palace, without referring to Ryūgū-jō. Then, Antoku's mother (Kenreimon-In, aka Taira no Tokuko) had a dream, in which they were living in Ryūgū-jō.
Inside, in the Hoichi Hall, is a statue of Hoichi the Earless, one of the characters in a traditional ghost story which was made known in the west by Lafcadio Hearn.
The grounds also contain the Nanamori-zuka (seven mounds), which represent the Heike warriors also lost in the Battle of Dan-no-Ura. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Kanpei-taisha",
"Jingū",
"Shinto shrines in Yamaguchi Prefecture",
"Beppyo shrines"
] |
projected-20462962-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akama%20Shrine | Akama Shrine | Kanpei-sha | is a Shinto shrine in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is dedicated to Antoku, a Japanese emperor who died as a child in the Battle of Dan-no-ura (aka Dannoura), which occurred nearby in 1185. This battle was important in the history of Japan because it brought an end to Genpei War in which the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan, and ended the Taira bid for control of Japan.
The shrine is situated on the waterfront of the Kanmon Strait, between the centre of Shimonoseki and the tourist restaurants of Karato, Kanmon Wharf. The bright red main gate makes it a very visible sight. | In 1871, the identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines most closely associated with the Imperial family. The kampeisha were shrines venerated by the imperial family. This category encompasses those sanctuaries enshrining emperors, imperial family members, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family. Up through 1940, the mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or included the shrine; and it was then known as Akama-gū In 1940, Akama's status was changed , which is the highest rank; and since then, it has been known as Akama jingū. | [] | [
"Kanpei-sha"
] | [
"Kanpei-taisha",
"Jingū",
"Shinto shrines in Yamaguchi Prefecture",
"Beppyo shrines"
] |
projected-20462962-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akama%20Shrine | Akama Shrine | See also | is a Shinto shrine in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is dedicated to Antoku, a Japanese emperor who died as a child in the Battle of Dan-no-ura (aka Dannoura), which occurred nearby in 1185. This battle was important in the history of Japan because it brought an end to Genpei War in which the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan, and ended the Taira bid for control of Japan.
The shrine is situated on the waterfront of the Kanmon Strait, between the centre of Shimonoseki and the tourist restaurants of Karato, Kanmon Wharf. The bright red main gate makes it a very visible sight. | List of Jingū
Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Kanpei-taisha",
"Jingū",
"Shinto shrines in Yamaguchi Prefecture",
"Beppyo shrines"
] |
projected-20462962-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akama%20Shrine | Akama Shrine | References | is a Shinto shrine in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is dedicated to Antoku, a Japanese emperor who died as a child in the Battle of Dan-no-ura (aka Dannoura), which occurred nearby in 1185. This battle was important in the history of Japan because it brought an end to Genpei War in which the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan, and ended the Taira bid for control of Japan.
The shrine is situated on the waterfront of the Kanmon Strait, between the centre of Shimonoseki and the tourist restaurants of Karato, Kanmon Wharf. The bright red main gate makes it a very visible sight. | Japan National Tourist Organisation (note that the information that Emperor Antoku was three years old when he died is contradicted by other sources, which say that although he was a young child, he was a few years older than that. See the Wikipedia page for Antoku)
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
___. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 399449
___. (1963). The Viciissitudes of Shinto. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
Category:Kanpei-taisha
Category:Jingū
Category:Shinto shrines in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Category:Beppyo shrines | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Kanpei-taisha",
"Jingū",
"Shinto shrines in Yamaguchi Prefecture",
"Beppyo shrines"
] |
projected-23571066-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaver%20Frick | Xaver Frick | Introduction | Xaver Frick (22 February 1913 – 10 June 2009) was a Liechtensteiner Olympic track and field athlete and cross-country skier.
He was born in Balzers, Liechtenstein. He competed in track sprinting events in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and cross-country skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. Frick is the only Liechtenstein athlete to date to have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games.
Frick was a founding member of both the National Sports Association and the first Liechtenstein National Olympic Committee (NOC). He served as the Secretary of the National Olympic Committee beginning at its founding in 1935. He later headed the country's NOC as President from 1963 until 1970.
Frick served as the first president of the Liechtenstein Athletics Federation, also known as the
Liechtensteiner Turn- und Leichtathletikverband, a European Athletics Member Federation, for 35 years. Additionally, Frick served on the board of directors of several other Liechtenstein organizations including the Alpine Club, the Gymnastics Club, and the Balzers Ski Club.
He was awarded a Golden Laurel in 2003 by the government of Liechtenstein for outstanding contributions to sport.
Frick died on 10 June 2009 at the age of 96. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1913 births",
"2009 deaths",
"Liechtenstein male sprinters",
"Liechtenstein male cross-country skiers",
"Olympic athletes of Liechtenstein",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of Liechtenstein",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics"
] | |
projected-23571066-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaver%20Frick | Xaver Frick | See also | Xaver Frick (22 February 1913 – 10 June 2009) was a Liechtensteiner Olympic track and field athlete and cross-country skier.
He was born in Balzers, Liechtenstein. He competed in track sprinting events in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and cross-country skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. Frick is the only Liechtenstein athlete to date to have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games.
Frick was a founding member of both the National Sports Association and the first Liechtenstein National Olympic Committee (NOC). He served as the Secretary of the National Olympic Committee beginning at its founding in 1935. He later headed the country's NOC as President from 1963 until 1970.
Frick served as the first president of the Liechtenstein Athletics Federation, also known as the
Liechtensteiner Turn- und Leichtathletikverband, a European Athletics Member Federation, for 35 years. Additionally, Frick served on the board of directors of several other Liechtenstein organizations including the Alpine Club, the Gymnastics Club, and the Balzers Ski Club.
He was awarded a Golden Laurel in 2003 by the government of Liechtenstein for outstanding contributions to sport.
Frick died on 10 June 2009 at the age of 96. | Liechtenstein at the Olympics | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1913 births",
"2009 deaths",
"Liechtenstein male sprinters",
"Liechtenstein male cross-country skiers",
"Olympic athletes of Liechtenstein",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of Liechtenstein",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics"
] |
projected-23571066-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaver%20Frick | Xaver Frick | References | Xaver Frick (22 February 1913 – 10 June 2009) was a Liechtensteiner Olympic track and field athlete and cross-country skier.
He was born in Balzers, Liechtenstein. He competed in track sprinting events in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and cross-country skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. Frick is the only Liechtenstein athlete to date to have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games.
Frick was a founding member of both the National Sports Association and the first Liechtenstein National Olympic Committee (NOC). He served as the Secretary of the National Olympic Committee beginning at its founding in 1935. He later headed the country's NOC as President from 1963 until 1970.
Frick served as the first president of the Liechtenstein Athletics Federation, also known as the
Liechtensteiner Turn- und Leichtathletikverband, a European Athletics Member Federation, for 35 years. Additionally, Frick served on the board of directors of several other Liechtenstein organizations including the Alpine Club, the Gymnastics Club, and the Balzers Ski Club.
He was awarded a Golden Laurel in 2003 by the government of Liechtenstein for outstanding contributions to sport.
Frick died on 10 June 2009 at the age of 96. | Category:1913 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Liechtenstein male sprinters
Category:Liechtenstein male cross-country skiers
Category:Olympic athletes of Liechtenstein
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Liechtenstein
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1913 births",
"2009 deaths",
"Liechtenstein male sprinters",
"Liechtenstein male cross-country skiers",
"Olympic athletes of Liechtenstein",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of Liechtenstein",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics"
] |
projected-20462965-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20Sugar%20%281931%20film%29 | Brown Sugar (1931 film) | Introduction | Brown Sugar is a 1931 British romance film directed by Leslie S. Hiscott and starring Constance Carpenter, Francis Lister, Allan Aynesworth and Helen Haye. It was largely filmed at Twickenham Studios in west London. It was produced by Julius Hagen as a quota quickie for distribution by the American company Warner Brothers. Local gentry disapprove when Lord Sloane chooses an actress for a wife. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1931 films",
"1930s English-language films",
"Films directed by Leslie S. Hiscott",
"1930s romance films",
"Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios",
"British films based on plays",
"British black-and-white films",
"British romance films",
"Quota quickies",
"1930s British films"
] | |
projected-20462965-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20Sugar%20%281931%20film%29 | Brown Sugar (1931 film) | Cast | Brown Sugar is a 1931 British romance film directed by Leslie S. Hiscott and starring Constance Carpenter, Francis Lister, Allan Aynesworth and Helen Haye. It was largely filmed at Twickenham Studios in west London. It was produced by Julius Hagen as a quota quickie for distribution by the American company Warner Brothers. Local gentry disapprove when Lord Sloane chooses an actress for a wife. | Constance Carpenter as Lady Stella Sloane
Francis Lister as Lord Sloane
Allan Aynesworth as Lord Knightsbridge
Helen Haye as Lady Knightsbridge
Cecily Byrne as Lady Honoria Nesbitt
Eva Moore as Mrs. Cunningham
Chili Bouchier as Ninon de Veaux
Gerald Rawlinson as Archie Wentworth
Alfred Drayton as Edmondson
Wallace Geoffrey as Crawbie Carruthers | [] | [
"Cast"
] | [
"1931 films",
"1930s English-language films",
"Films directed by Leslie S. Hiscott",
"1930s romance films",
"Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios",
"British films based on plays",
"British black-and-white films",
"British romance films",
"Quota quickies",
"1930s British films"
] |
projected-20462965-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20Sugar%20%281931%20film%29 | Brown Sugar (1931 film) | Bibliography | Brown Sugar is a 1931 British romance film directed by Leslie S. Hiscott and starring Constance Carpenter, Francis Lister, Allan Aynesworth and Helen Haye. It was largely filmed at Twickenham Studios in west London. It was produced by Julius Hagen as a quota quickie for distribution by the American company Warner Brothers. Local gentry disapprove when Lord Sloane chooses an actress for a wife. | Chibnall, Steve. Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' Film. British Film Institute, 2007. | [] | [
"Bibliography"
] | [
"1931 films",
"1930s English-language films",
"Films directed by Leslie S. Hiscott",
"1930s romance films",
"Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios",
"British films based on plays",
"British black-and-white films",
"British romance films",
"Quota quickies",
"1930s British films"
] |
projected-23571070-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Rutherford | Andrew Rutherford | Introduction | Andrew Rutherford may refer to:
Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot (died 1664), mercenary and Scottish peer
Andrew Rutherford (English scholar) (1929–1998), Regius Professor of English Literature at the University of Aberdeen and Warden of Goldsmiths College, University of London
Andrew Rutherford (pastoralist) ( 1809–1894), Australian pastoralist and politician
Andrew Rutherford (politician) (1842–1918), New Zealand sheep breeder and politician
Andrew Rutherford (rector) (fl. 1840s), rector of the University of Glasgow
Andrew Rutherford (lutenist) (born 195?), American lutenist and luthier
Andrew Rutherford (swimmer) (born 1972), Hong Kong swimmer | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23571070-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Rutherford | Andrew Rutherford | See also | Andrew Rutherford may refer to:
Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot (died 1664), mercenary and Scottish peer
Andrew Rutherford (English scholar) (1929–1998), Regius Professor of English Literature at the University of Aberdeen and Warden of Goldsmiths College, University of London
Andrew Rutherford (pastoralist) ( 1809–1894), Australian pastoralist and politician
Andrew Rutherford (politician) (1842–1918), New Zealand sheep breeder and politician
Andrew Rutherford (rector) (fl. 1840s), rector of the University of Glasgow
Andrew Rutherford (lutenist) (born 195?), American lutenist and luthier
Andrew Rutherford (swimmer) (born 1972), Hong Kong swimmer | Drew Rutherford (1953–2005), footballer
Andrew Rutherfurd (disambiguation) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-23571081-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Annis | Lake Annis | Introduction | Lake Annis is a lake of Yarmouth District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is at an elevation of about 40m above sea level and is on the Annis River. The small community of Lake Annis adjacent to the lake. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] | |
projected-23571081-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Annis | Lake Annis | See also | Lake Annis is a lake of Yarmouth District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is at an elevation of about 40m above sea level and is on the Annis River. The small community of Lake Annis adjacent to the lake. | List of lakes in Nova Scotia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-23571081-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Annis | Lake Annis | References | Lake Annis is a lake of Yarmouth District, in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is at an elevation of about 40m above sea level and is on the Annis River. The small community of Lake Annis adjacent to the lake. | Annis | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lakes of Nova Scotia"
] |
projected-17326228-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20structural%20engineering | History of structural engineering | Introduction | The history of structural engineering dates back to at least 2700 BC when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first architect in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because it is a structural form which is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).
Another notable engineering feat from antiquity still in use today is the qanat water management system.
Qanat technology developed in the time of the Medes, the predecessors of the Persian Empire (modern-day Iran which has the oldest and longest Qanat (older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km) that also spread to other cultures having had contact with the Persian.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. No theory of structures existed and understanding of how structures stood up was extremely limited, and based almost entirely on empirical evidence of 'what had worked before'. Knowledge was retained by guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behaviour of structural material, but the profession of structural engineer only really took shape with the Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete (see History of concrete). The physical sciences underlying structural engineering began to be understood in the Renaissance and have been developing ever since. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"History of structural engineering",
"3rd-millennium BC introductions",
"History of construction"
] | |
projected-17326228-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20structural%20engineering | History of structural engineering | Early structural engineering | The history of structural engineering dates back to at least 2700 BC when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first architect in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because it is a structural form which is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).
Another notable engineering feat from antiquity still in use today is the qanat water management system.
Qanat technology developed in the time of the Medes, the predecessors of the Persian Empire (modern-day Iran which has the oldest and longest Qanat (older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km) that also spread to other cultures having had contact with the Persian.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. No theory of structures existed and understanding of how structures stood up was extremely limited, and based almost entirely on empirical evidence of 'what had worked before'. Knowledge was retained by guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behaviour of structural material, but the profession of structural engineer only really took shape with the Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete (see History of concrete). The physical sciences underlying structural engineering began to be understood in the Renaissance and have been developing ever since. | The recorded history of structural engineering starts with the ancient Egyptians. In the 27th century BC, Imhotep was the first structural engineer known by name and constructed the first known step pyramid in Egypt. In the 26th century BC, the Great Pyramid of Giza was constructed in Egypt. It remained the largest man-made structure for millennia and was considered an unsurpassed feat in architecture until the 19th century AD.
The understanding of the physical laws that underpin structural engineering in the Western world dates back to the 3rd century BC, when Archimedes published his work On the Equilibrium of Planes in two volumes, in which he sets out the Law of the Lever, stating:
Archimedes used the principles derived to calculate the areas and centers of gravity of various geometric figures including triangles, paraboloids, and hemispheres. Archimedes's work on this and his work on calculus and geometry, together with Euclidean geometry, underpin much of the mathematics and understanding of structures in modern structural engineering.
The ancient Romans made great bounds in structural engineering, pioneering large structures in masonry and concrete, many of which are still standing today. They include aqueducts, thermae, columns, lighthouses, defensive walls and harbours. Their methods are recorded by Vitruvius in his De Architectura written in 25 BC, a manual of civil and structural engineering with extensive sections on materials and machines used in construction. One reason for their success is their accurate surveying techniques based on the dioptra, groma and chorobates.
During the High Middle Ages (11th to 14th centuries) builders were able to balance the side thrust of vaults with that of flying buttresses and side vaults, to build tall spacious structures, some of which were built entirely of stone (with iron pins only securing the ends of stones) and have lasted for centuries.
In the 15th and 16th centuries and despite lacking beam theory and calculus, Leonardo da Vinci produced many engineering designs based on scientific observations and rigour, including a design for a bridge to span the Golden Horn. Though dismissed at the time, the design has since been judged to be both feasible and structurally valid
The foundations of modern structural engineering were laid in the 17th century by Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton with the publication of three great scientific works. In 1638 Galileo published Dialogues Relating to Two New Sciences, outlining the sciences of the strength of materials and the motion of objects (essentially defining gravity as a force giving rise to a constant acceleration). It was the first establishment of a scientific approach to structural engineering, including the first attempts to develop a theory for beams. This is also regarded as the beginning of structural analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures.
This was followed in 1676 by Robert Hooke's first statement of Hooke's Law, providing a scientific understanding of elasticity of materials and their behaviour under load.
Eleven years later, in 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, setting out his Laws of Motion, providing for the first time an understanding of the fundamental laws governing structures.
Also in the 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz both independently developed the Fundamental theorem of calculus, providing one of the most important mathematical tools in engineering.
Further advances in the mathematics needed to allow structural engineers to apply the understanding of structures gained through the work of Galileo, Hooke and Newton during the 17th century came in the 18th century when Leonhard Euler pioneered much of the mathematics and many of the methods which allow structural engineers to model and analyse structures. Specifically, he developed the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation with Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) circa 1750 - the fundamental theory underlying most structural engineering design.
Daniel Bernoulli, with Johann (Jean) Bernoulli (1667–1748), is also credited with formulating the theory of virtual work, providing a tool using equilibrium of forces and compatibility of geometry to solve structural problems. In 1717 Jean Bernoulli wrote to Pierre Varignon explaining the principle of virtual work, while in 1726 Daniel Bernoulli wrote of the "composition of forces".
In 1757 Leonhard Euler went on to derive the Euler buckling formula, greatly advancing the ability of engineers to design compression elements. | [
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"Early structural engineering"
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projected-17326228-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20structural%20engineering | History of structural engineering | Modern developments in structural engineering | The history of structural engineering dates back to at least 2700 BC when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first architect in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because it is a structural form which is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).
Another notable engineering feat from antiquity still in use today is the qanat water management system.
Qanat technology developed in the time of the Medes, the predecessors of the Persian Empire (modern-day Iran which has the oldest and longest Qanat (older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km) that also spread to other cultures having had contact with the Persian.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. No theory of structures existed and understanding of how structures stood up was extremely limited, and based almost entirely on empirical evidence of 'what had worked before'. Knowledge was retained by guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behaviour of structural material, but the profession of structural engineer only really took shape with the Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete (see History of concrete). The physical sciences underlying structural engineering began to be understood in the Renaissance and have been developing ever since. | Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, materials science and structural analysis underwent development at a tremendous pace.
Though elasticity was understood in theory well before the 19th century, it was not until 1821 that Claude-Louis Navier formulated the general theory of elasticity in a mathematically usable form. In his leçons of 1826 he explored a great range of different structural theory, and was the first to highlight that the role of a structural engineer is not to understand the final, failed state of a structure, but to prevent that failure in the first place. In 1826 he also established the elastic modulus as a property of materials independent of the second moment of area, allowing engineers for the first time to both understand structural behaviour and structural materials.
Towards the end of the 19th century, in 1873, Carlo Alberto Castigliano presented his dissertation "Intorno ai sistemi elastici", which contains his theorem for computing displacement as partial derivative of the strain energy.
In 1824, Portland cement was patented by the engineer Joseph Aspdin as "a superior cement resembling Portland Stone", British Patent no. 5022. Although different forms of cement already existed (Pozzolanic cement was used by the Romans as early as 100 B.C. and even earlier by the ancient Greek and Chinese civilizations) and were in common usage in Europe from the 1750s, the discovery made by Aspdin used commonly available, cheap materials, making concrete construction an economical possibility.
Developments in concrete continued with the construction in 1848 of a rowing boat built of ferrocement - the forerunner of modern reinforced concrete - by Joseph-Louis Lambot. He patented his system of mesh reinforcement and concrete in 1855, one year after W.B. Wilkinson also patented a similar system. This was followed in 1867 when a reinforced concrete planting tub was patented by Joseph Monier in Paris, using steel mesh reinforcement similar to that used by Lambot and Wilkinson. Monier took the idea forward, filing several patents for tubs, slabs and beams, leading eventually to the Monier system of reinforced structures, the first use of steel reinforcement bars located in areas of tension in the structure.
Steel construction was first made possible in the 1850s when Henry Bessemer developed the Bessemer process to produce steel. He gained patents for the process in 1855 and 1856 and successfully completed the conversion of cast iron into cast steel in 1858. Eventually mild steel would replace both wrought iron and cast iron as the preferred metal for construction.
During the late 19th century, great advancements were made in the use of cast iron, gradually replacing wrought iron as a material of choice. Ditherington Flax Mill in Shrewsbury, designed by Charles Bage, was the first building in the world with an interior iron frame. It was built in 1797. In 1792 William Strutt had attempted to build a fireproof mill at Belper in Derby (Belper West Mill), using cast iron columns and timber beams within the depths of brick arches that formed the floors. The exposed beam soffits were protected against fire by plaster. This mill at Belper was the world's first attempt to construct fireproof buildings, and is the first example of fire engineering. This was later improved upon with the construction of Belper North Mill, a collaboration between Strutt and Bage, which by using a full cast iron frame represented the world's first "fire proofed" building.
The Forth Bridge was built by Benjamin Baker, Sir John Fowler and William Arrol in 1889, using steel, after the original design for the bridge by Thomas Bouch was rejected following the collapse of his Tay Rail Bridge. The Forth Bridge was one of the first major uses of steel, and a landmark in bridge design. Also in 1889, the wrought-iron Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel and Maurice Koechlin, demonstrating the potential of construction using iron, despite the fact that steel construction was already being used elsewhere.
During the late 19th century, Russian structural engineer Vladimir Shukhov developed analysis methods for tensile structures, thin-shell structures, lattice shell structures and new structural geometries such as hyperboloid structures. Pipeline transport was pioneered by Vladimir Shukhov and the Branobel company in the late 19th century.
Again taking reinforced concrete design forwards, from 1892 onwards François Hennebique's firm used his patented reinforced concrete system to build thousands of structures throughout Europe. Thaddeus Hyatt in the US and Wayss & Freitag in Germany also patented systems. The firm AG für Monierbauten constructed 200 reinforced concrete bridges in Germany between 1890 and 1897 The great pioneering uses of reinforced concrete however came during the first third of the 20th century, with Robert Maillart and others furthering of the understanding of its behaviour. Maillart noticed that many concrete bridge structures were significantly cracked, and as a result left the cracked areas out of his next bridge design - correctly believing that if the concrete was cracked, it was not contributing to the strength. This resulted in the revolutionary Salginatobel Bridge design. Wilhelm Ritter formulated the truss theory for the shear design of reinforced concrete beams in 1899, and Emil Mörsch improved this in 1902. He went on to demonstrate that treating concrete in compression as a linear-elastic material was a conservative approximation of its behaviour. Concrete design and analysis has been progressing ever since, with the development of analysis methods such as yield line theory, based on plastic analysis of concrete (as opposed to linear-elastic), and many different variations on the model for stress distributions in concrete in compression
Prestressed concrete, pioneered by Eugène Freyssinet with a patent in 1928, gave a novel approach in overcoming the weakness of concrete structures in tension. Freyssinet constructed an experimental prestressed arch in 1908 and later used the technology in a limited form in the Plougastel Bridge in France in 1930. He went on to build six prestressed concrete bridges across the Marne River, firmly establishing the technology.
Structural engineering theory was again advanced in 1930 when Professor Hardy Cross developed his Moment distribution method, allowing the real stresses of many complex structures to be approximated quickly and accurately.
In the mid 20th century John Fleetwood Baker went on to develop the plasticity theory of structures, providing a powerful tool for the safe design of steel structures. The possibility of creating structures with complex geometries, beyond analysis by hand calculation methods, first arose in 1941 when Alexander Hrennikoff submitted his D.Sc thesis at MIT on the topic of discretization of plane elasticity problems using a lattice framework. This was the forerunner to the development of finite element analysis. In 1942, Richard Courant developed a mathematical basis for finite element analysis. This led in 1956 to the publication by J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin, and L. J. Topp's of a paper on the "Stiffness and Deflection of Complex Structures". This paper introduced the name "finite-element method" and is widely recognised as the first comprehensive treatment of the method as it is known today.
High-rise construction, though possible from the late 19th century onwards, was greatly advanced during the second half of the 20th century. Fazlur Khan designed structural systems that remain fundamental to many modern high rise constructions and which he employed in his structural designs for the John Hancock Center in 1969 and Sears Tower in 1973. Khan's central innovation in skyscraper design and construction was the idea of the "tube" and "bundled tube" structural systems for tall buildings. He defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation." Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Horizontal loads, for example wind, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was in the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed in Chicago. This laid the foundations for the tube structures used in most later skyscraper constructions, including the construction of the World Trade Center.
Another innovation that Fazlur Khan developed was the concept of X-bracing, which reduced the lateral load on the building by transferring the load into the exterior columns. This allowed for a reduced need for interior columns thus creating more floor space, and can be seen in the John Hancock Center. The first sky lobby was also designed by Khan for the John Hancock Center in 1969. Later buildings with sky lobbies include the World Trade Center, Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101.
In 1987 Jörg Schlaich and Kurt Schafer published the culmination of almost ten years of work on the strut and tie method for concrete analysis - a tool to design structures with discontinuities such as corners and joints, providing another powerful tool for the analysis of complex concrete geometries.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the development of powerful computers has allowed finite element analysis to become a significant tool for structural analysis and design. The development of finite element programs has led to the ability to accurately predict the stresses in complex structures, and allowed great advances in structural engineering design and architecture. In the 1960s and 70s computational analysis was used in a significant way for the first time on the design of the Sydney Opera House roof. Many modern structures could not be understood and designed without the use of computational analysis.
Developments in the understanding of materials and structural behaviour in the latter part of the 20th century have been significant, with detailed understanding being developed of topics such as fracture mechanics, earthquake engineering, composite materials, temperature effects on materials, dynamics and vibration control, fatigue, creep and others. The depth and breadth of knowledge now available in structural engineering, and the increasing range of different structures and the increasing complexity of those structures has led to increasing specialisation of structural engineers. | [
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"History of construction"
] |
projected-17326228-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20structural%20engineering | History of structural engineering | See also | The history of structural engineering dates back to at least 2700 BC when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first architect in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because it is a structural form which is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).
Another notable engineering feat from antiquity still in use today is the qanat water management system.
Qanat technology developed in the time of the Medes, the predecessors of the Persian Empire (modern-day Iran which has the oldest and longest Qanat (older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km) that also spread to other cultures having had contact with the Persian.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. No theory of structures existed and understanding of how structures stood up was extremely limited, and based almost entirely on empirical evidence of 'what had worked before'. Knowledge was retained by guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behaviour of structural material, but the profession of structural engineer only really took shape with the Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete (see History of concrete). The physical sciences underlying structural engineering began to be understood in the Renaissance and have been developing ever since. | Base isolation
History of sanitation and water supply
Qanat water management system | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"History of structural engineering",
"3rd-millennium BC introductions",
"History of construction"
] |
projected-17326234-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyot | Lyot | Introduction | Lyot may refer to:
Bernard Lyot, French astronomer
Lyot filter
Lyot stop
Lyot depolarizer
Lyot (lunar crater)
Lyot (Martian crater)
2452 Lyot, asteroid
Bernard Lyot Telescope | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23571082-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Corps%20%28Belgium%29 | I Corps (Belgium) | Introduction | The 1st Corps of the Belgian Army (), also known as 1 BE Corps, was a Belgian army corps active during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Army units and formations of Belgium",
"Corps by country",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1995",
"Military units and formations of Belgium in World War II"
] | |
projected-23571082-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Corps%20%28Belgium%29 | I Corps (Belgium) | World War II | The 1st Corps of the Belgian Army (), also known as 1 BE Corps, was a Belgian army corps active during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. | During the Belgian Campaign of 1940, it initially held defences at Liège but was forced to retreat by the German XVI Panzer Corps. The Battle of Fort Eben-Emael occurred along the Corps' defensive line. German planners had recognised the need to eliminate Fort Eben-Emael if their army was to break into the interior of Belgium. It decided to deploy airborne forces (Fallschirmjäger) to land inside the fortress perimeter using gliders. Using special explosives and flamethrowers to disable the defences, the Fallschirmjäger then entered the fortress. In the course of the battle, German infantry overcame the defenders of the I Belgian Corps' 7th Infantry Division in 24 hours. | [] | [
"World War II"
] | [
"Army units and formations of Belgium",
"Corps by country",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1995",
"Military units and formations of Belgium in World War II"
] |
projected-23571082-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Corps%20%28Belgium%29 | I Corps (Belgium) | Post-war service | The 1st Corps of the Belgian Army (), also known as 1 BE Corps, was a Belgian army corps active during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. | During the Cold War, it served initially as an army of occupation in Germany and then as part of NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG). The corps headquarters was initially established at Yser Caserne, Lüdenscheid, on 15 October 1946. Lieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Piron took command in November 1946. Corps headquarters moved to Haelen Caserne, Junkersdorf, Lindenthal, Cologne, in 1948.
During Exercise Battle Royal in September 1954, the Corps consisted of 1 (BE) Infantry Division and 16 (BE) Armoured Division with 1 Canadian Brigade and 46 Parachute Brigade (16th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)) under command.
The corps' 14th and 20th artillery battalions were supported by the 4th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment. The detachment was co-located with the Belgian battalions, in quarters across the street from the Belgian Houthulst Kaserne, on Langenwiedenweg Strasse, Werl, West Germany.
In 1960 the 1st and 16th divisions were transformed into mechanised divisions of the "Landcent" type. That year, 1st Division at Bensberg consisted of 1st Infantry Brigade (Siegen), 7th Brigade (Spich), and 18th Armoured Brigade (Euskirchen), and 16th Armoured Division consisted of 17th Armoured Brigade (Duren), 16th Infantry Brigade (Ludenscheid) and 4th Infantry Brigade (Soest).
In 1966 the Belgian Army's active force was mechanised, and the force was reduced to two active-duty two-brigade divisions (in 1985, the 16th in Germany with the 4th Mechanised Brigade at Soest, and the 17th Armoured Brigade at Siegen, and the 1st in Belgium with the 1st Mechanised Brigade at Bourg Leopold and the 7th Mechanised Brigade at Marche, in the Ardennes region.) In 1985 there were also two reserve brigades, the 10th Mechanised and 12th Motorised.
In 1995, the corps merged with the 1st Mechanised Division and Paracommando Brigade to become the "Intervention Force". The corps' HQ was relocated from Germany back into Belgium in 1996. | [
"Belgische Strijdkrachten Duitsland.png",
"Kasernenstandort Quartier Haelen Köln-Junkersdorf.JPG"
] | [
"Post-war service"
] | [
"Army units and formations of Belgium",
"Corps by country",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1995",
"Military units and formations of Belgium in World War II"
] |
projected-23571082-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Corps%20%28Belgium%29 | I Corps (Belgium) | See also | The 1st Corps of the Belgian Army (), also known as 1 BE Corps, was a Belgian army corps active during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. | Belgian Forces in Germany | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Army units and formations of Belgium",
"Corps by country",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1995",
"Military units and formations of Belgium in World War II"
] |
projected-23571082-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Corps%20%28Belgium%29 | I Corps (Belgium) | Further reading | The 1st Corps of the Belgian Army (), also known as 1 BE Corps, was a Belgian army corps active during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. | David G. Haglund and Olaf Mager (eds), Homeward bound? : allied forces in the new Germany, Westview Press, 1992, . | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Army units and formations of Belgium",
"Corps by country",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1995",
"Military units and formations of Belgium in World War II"
] |
projected-17326268-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20and%20Navy%20YMCA | Army and Navy YMCA | Introduction | The Army and Navy YMCA is a historic YMCA building at 50 Washington Square in Newport, Rhode Island. It is a five-story concrete, masonry, and brick building, designed by Louis E. Jallade and erected in 1911 by the Norcross Brothers. It occupies a small, irregularly-shaped city block at the upper end of Washington Square, Newport's historic civic center. The building was constructed in a Beaux Arts style, with limestone finish predominating on the main facades, with some terra cotta paneling. Mrs. Thomas Emery, a philanthropist from Cincinnati, Ohio, funded its construction to provide services for Navy members when Newport was a major center of the United States Navy. YMCA closed after the Navy significantly reduced its presence in Newport in 1973. The building now serves as low income (section 8) housing.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. Although it is within the boundaries of the Newport Historic District, a National Historic Landmark, it does not contribute to its significance, which has a cutoff date of 1820. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island",
"Buildings and structures completed in 1911",
"Buildings and structures in Newport, Rhode Island",
"YMCA buildings in the United States",
"Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island",
"National Register of Historic Places in... |