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text_id stringlengths 22 22	page_url stringlengths 31 389	page_title stringlengths 1 250	section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k	context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k	context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k	media list	hierachy list	category list
projected-71477937-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Sparrow%20from%20the%20East	A Sparrow from the East	Themes	A Sparrow from the East (Arabic: Usfur min Sharq) is a novel written by famous Egyptian author Tawfiq al-Hakim in 1938. It narrates the life of Muhasin, an Arab, in Paris, France and his encounter with the Western modernity. It can be argued that, the persona of Muhsin is similar to those of Tawfiq when he was in Paris in 1925 for doing his PhD.	The word 'Usfur' means sparrow, which can be interpreted as a traveler between the East (Egypt) to the West (France). As argued by Al-Ajrami and Al-Muhiesen, "The setting of the novel takes place before the Second World War to portrait the status of France at that time when poverty and unemployability spread wide in France so it presents a true reflection of the French society at that time. We cannot limit the scope of the novel on a failed love relationship between the narrator and the heroine of the novel as the main theme of it revolves around the eastern boy’s perplexity in Paris and the conflict between the eastern and western cultures, imagination and reality, heart and mind, spirituality and materialism. By the end of the novel, Al-Hakim criticizes the consequences of industrialism in the west, slavery, and turning humans into machines".	[]	[ "Themes" ]	[ "1938 books", "Egyptian novels" ]
projected-71477937-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Sparrow%20from%20the%20East	A Sparrow from the East	Review	A Sparrow from the East (Arabic: Usfur min Sharq) is a novel written by famous Egyptian author Tawfiq al-Hakim in 1938. It narrates the life of Muhasin, an Arab, in Paris, France and his encounter with the Western modernity. It can be argued that, the persona of Muhsin is similar to those of Tawfiq when he was in Paris in 1925 for doing his PhD.	According to Hassan, "In this novel, al-Hakim exposes the conflict, collision and division between East and West, as a culture and as a civilization. It depicts the cultural interaction between them, as it depicts the influence of the ancient civilization of the East on Europe and the modern civilization of the West on the East... In sum, Tawfiq al-Hakim represents among the dialogues between these two characters in his novel A Sparrow from the East the cultural distance between the East and the West and proves that whatever the good deeds, found in western culture are taken from the East, but in fact, the East has lost most of its identity in the modern era after the West‟s occupation in it. The reality is that the cultural colonialism occurred alongside imperial colonialism".	[]	[ "Review" ]	[ "1938 books", "Egyptian novels" ]
projected-71477937-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Sparrow%20from%20the%20East	A Sparrow from the East	References	A Sparrow from the East (Arabic: Usfur min Sharq) is a novel written by famous Egyptian author Tawfiq al-Hakim in 1938. It narrates the life of Muhasin, an Arab, in Paris, France and his encounter with the Western modernity. It can be argued that, the persona of Muhsin is similar to those of Tawfiq when he was in Paris in 1925 for doing his PhD.	Category:1938 books Category:Egyptian novels	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "1938 books", "Egyptian novels" ]
projected-26724540-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20dusaveli	Conus dusaveli	Introduction		Conus dusaveli, common name Du Savel's cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1872" ]
projected-26724540-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20dusaveli	Conus dusaveli	Description	Conus dusaveli, common name Du Savel's cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	The size of the shell varies between 50 mm and 93 mm. The thin shell is striated throughout. Its color is yellowish or violaceous white. It is clouded.with chestnut, with distant revolving series of chestnut spots and short lines, most conspicuous on two irregular lighter bands.	[]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1872" ]
projected-26724540-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20dusaveli	Conus dusaveli	Distribution	Conus dusaveli, common name Du Savel's cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	This marine species occurs off the Ryukyus, Japan and the Philippines.	[]	[ "Distribution" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1872" ]
projected-26724540-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20dusaveli	Conus dusaveli	References	Conus dusaveli, common name Du Savel's cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	Adams, H. 1872. Descriptions of fourteen new species of land and marine shells. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1872:12–15, pl. 3. Shikama T. (1977). Descriptions of new and noteworthy Gastropoda from western Pacific and Indian Oceans. Science Reports of the Yokohama National University, section II (Geology). 24: 1-23, 5 pls. Filmer R.M. (2001). A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 – 1998. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp. Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp. Tucker J.K. (2009). Recent cone species database. September 4, 2009 Edition Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1872" ]
projected-06902204-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeper%20into%20Movies	Deeper into Movies	Introduction		Deeper Into Movies is a collection of 1969 to 1972 movie reviews by American film critic Pauline Kael, published by Little, Brown and Company in 1973. It was the fourth collection of her columns; these were originally published in The New Yorker. It won the U.S. National Book Award in category Arts and Letters.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1973 non-fiction books", "Books of film criticism", "Books about film", "National Book Award-winning works", "Little, Brown and Company books", "Books by Pauline Kael", "American non-fiction books" ]
projected-06902204-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeper%20into%20Movies	Deeper into Movies	Summary	Deeper Into Movies is a collection of 1969 to 1972 movie reviews by American film critic Pauline Kael, published by Little, Brown and Company in 1973. It was the fourth collection of her columns; these were originally published in The New Yorker. It won the U.S. National Book Award in category Arts and Letters.	Containing reviews of individual films from the aforementioned time period, the collection also includes a long essay entitled "Numbing the Audience".	[]	[ "Summary" ]	[ "1973 non-fiction books", "Books of film criticism", "Books about film", "National Book Award-winning works", "Little, Brown and Company books", "Books by Pauline Kael", "American non-fiction books" ]
projected-06902204-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeper%20into%20Movies	Deeper into Movies	Directors	Deeper Into Movies is a collection of 1969 to 1972 movie reviews by American film critic Pauline Kael, published by Little, Brown and Company in 1973. It was the fourth collection of her columns; these were originally published in The New Yorker. It won the U.S. National Book Award in category Arts and Letters.	In the anthology, Kael praises the merits of then up-and-coming directors Robert Altman and Francis Ford Coppola, in her reviews of MASH, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, and The Godfather. She pans Stanley Kubrick and his A Clockwork Orange for its brutality and moral convolutions.	[]	[ "Directors" ]	[ "1973 non-fiction books", "Books of film criticism", "Books about film", "National Book Award-winning works", "Little, Brown and Company books", "Books by Pauline Kael", "American non-fiction books" ]
projected-06902204-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeper%20into%20Movies	Deeper into Movies	Print Status	Deeper Into Movies is a collection of 1969 to 1972 movie reviews by American film critic Pauline Kael, published by Little, Brown and Company in 1973. It was the fourth collection of her columns; these were originally published in The New Yorker. It won the U.S. National Book Award in category Arts and Letters.	The book is now out-of-print in the United States, but is still published in the United Kingdom by Marion Boyars Publishers, an independent publishing company.	[]	[ "Print Status" ]	[ "1973 non-fiction books", "Books of film criticism", "Books about film", "National Book Award-winning works", "Little, Brown and Company books", "Books by Pauline Kael", "American non-fiction books" ]
projected-06902204-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeper%20into%20Movies	Deeper into Movies	Films reviewed	Deeper Into Movies is a collection of 1969 to 1972 movie reviews by American film critic Pauline Kael, published by Little, Brown and Company in 1973. It was the fourth collection of her columns; these were originally published in The New Yorker. It won the U.S. National Book Award in category Arts and Letters.	Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice Oh! What a Lovely War The Bed Sitting Room A Walk with Love and Death de Sade High School The Royal Hunt of the Sun The Madwoman of Chaillot Paint Your Wagon Lions Love The Sterile Cuckoo The Secret of Santa Vittoria Duet for Cannibals Coming Apart Goodbye, Mr. Chips Adalen 31 Hail, Hero! In the Year of the Pig Downhill Racer The Arrangement La Femme Infidèle All the Loving Couples Popcorn The Comic Z Alfred the Great They Shoot Horses, Don't They? John and Mary Gaily, Gaily The Reivers Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here Topaz Hello, Dolly! On Her Majesty's Secret Service Marooned The Damned Hamlet A Boy Named Charlie Brown MAS*H Anne of the Thousand Days Patton Hospital The Milky Way The Molly Maguires The Kremlin Letter The Honeymoon Killers A Married Couple End of the Road Zabriskie Point The Looking Glass War Loving The Only Game in Town Start the Revolution Without Me The Magic Christian Tropic of Cancer Fellini Satyricon The Adventurers Airport The Boys in the Band Women in Love Trash The Baby Maker The Great White Hope Monte Walsh First Love Ice I Never Sang for My Father Goin' Down the Road This Man Must Die Little Fauss and Big Halsy C.C. and Company Burn! The Twelve Chairs Cromwell WUSA The Owl and the Pussycat Where's Poppa? The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes Song of Norway Ryan's Daughter Perfect Friday The Pizza Triangle Bombay Talkie Scrooge Groupies I Walk the Line The Confession The Act of the Heart Gimme Shelter Little Big Man Love Story Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion Husbands Alex in Wonderland Brewster McCloud There Was a Crooked Man... The Music Lovers Bed and Board Promise at Dawn The Last Valley Puzzle of a Downfall Child Little Murders The Hour of the Furnaces Doctors' Wives The Sporting Club The Garden of Delights Claire's Knee Wanda A New Leaf The Conformist The Andromeda Strain McCabe & Mrs. Miller Klute Carnal Knowledge The Anderson Tapes Sunday Bloody Sunday The Last Picture Show The Last Movie Skin Game The Trojan Women Murmur of the Heart The Début T.R. Baskin The French Connection Long Ago, Tomorrow Is There Sex After Death? Fiddler on the Roof El Topo Billy Jack Born to Win Going Home King Lear Man in the Wilderness Bedknobs and Broomsticks''	[]	[ "Films reviewed" ]	[ "1973 non-fiction books", "Books of film criticism", "Books about film", "National Book Award-winning works", "Little, Brown and Company books", "Books by Pauline Kael", "American non-fiction books" ]
projected-71477954-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202022%20Commonwealth%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%205000%20metres	Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 5000 metres	Introduction		The men's 5000 metres at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place in the Alexander Stadium on 6 August 2022.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games", "5000 metres at the Commonwealth Games" ]
projected-71477954-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202022%20Commonwealth%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%205000%20metres	Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 5000 metres	Records	The men's 5000 metres at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place in the Alexander Stadium on 6 August 2022.	Prior to this competition, the existing World and Games records were as follows:	[]	[ "Records" ]	[ "Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games", "5000 metres at the Commonwealth Games" ]
projected-71477954-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202022%20Commonwealth%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%205000%20metres	Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 5000 metres	Schedule	The men's 5000 metres at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place in the Alexander Stadium on 6 August 2022.	The schedule was as follows: All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)	[]	[ "Schedule" ]	[ "Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games", "5000 metres at the Commonwealth Games" ]
projected-71477954-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202022%20Commonwealth%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%205000%20metres	Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 5000 metres	Final	The men's 5000 metres at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place in the Alexander Stadium on 6 August 2022.	The medals were determined in the final.	[]	[ "Results", "Final" ]	[ "Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games", "5000 metres at the Commonwealth Games" ]
projected-71477954-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202022%20Commonwealth%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%205000%20metres	Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 5000 metres	References	The men's 5000 metres at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place in the Alexander Stadium on 6 August 2022.	Men's 5000 metres 2022	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games", "5000 metres at the Commonwealth Games" ]
projected-08555516-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Stevens%20%28critic%29	Bertram Stevens (critic)	Introduction		Bertram William Mathyson Francis Stevens (8 October 1872 – 14 February 1922) was Australian journal editor (Single Tax; Native Companion; Art in Australia; Lone Hand); literary and art critic; and anthologist (An Anthology of Australian Verse [which contained five poems by Henry Lawson]; The Golden Treasury of Australian Verse). Stevens was born at Inverell, New South Wales, the eldest child of William Mathison Stevens and his wife Marian, née Cafe, from Queanbeyan. By 1882 Stevens moved with his family to Newtown, Sydney where he was educated at public schools. Stevens was an avid reader and developed a wide knowledge and culture. In 1895 he began a fifteen-year period as a solicitor's clerk and it was intended that he should study law. During this time Stevens worked as a freelance journalist, coming into contact with a number of literary figures, he edited My Sundowner and other Poems (1904) by John Farrell with a memoir. Stevens prepared An Anthology of Australian Verse (1906), in which he was hampered by copyright restrictions, but he had a much freer hand in The Golden Treasury of Australian Verse (1909), the first anthology of Australasian verse of any importance. In the same year he had the difficult task of succeeding Alfred Stephens as editor of the 'Red Page' of The Bulletin. David Scott Mitchell gave him access to his library of Australiana. At the end of 1911 Stevens became editor of the Lone Hand and conducted this journal for seven years. In 1916 Stevens was one of the founders and joint-editor (with Sydney Ure Smith) of Art in Australia until his death. He also did literary criticism for The Sydney Mail and other journals, published editions of Australian poets, prepared other anthologies, and edited books on leading Australian artists. Much of his literary work is listed in Serle's Bibliography of Australasian Poetry and Verse and Miller's Australian Literature. Stevens campaigned for the land policies of Henry George, temporarily winning Henry Lawson to the cause. He was a founding member of the Dawn and Dusk Club in 1899 and of the Casuals Club in 1906. Stevens was deeply involved with attempts at rehabilitating Henry Lawson at Yanco, New South Wales and Edwin Brady's property at Mallacoota, Victoria. Stevens died suddenly of cerebral haemorrhage and chronic nephritis at Sydney, on 14 February 1922. He left a widow, two sons and a daughter. Henry Lawson wrote a warm confessional tribute in The Bulletin. At the time of his death he was vice-president of the New South Wales Institute of Journalists. He had been preparing A History of Australian Literature for some years before his death, but this was never published. Many of his papers are at the Mitchell library, Sydney.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1872 births", "1922 deaths", "People from New South Wales", "Australian literary critics", "Australian editors", "Georgists" ]
projected-08555516-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Stevens%20%28critic%29	Bertram Stevens (critic)	Poetry anthologies	Bertram William Mathyson Francis Stevens (8 October 1872 – 14 February 1922) was Australian journal editor (Single Tax; Native Companion; Art in Australia; Lone Hand); literary and art critic; and anthologist (An Anthology of Australian Verse [which contained five poems by Henry Lawson]; The Golden Treasury of Australian Verse). Stevens was born at Inverell, New South Wales, the eldest child of William Mathison Stevens and his wife Marian, née Cafe, from Queanbeyan. By 1882 Stevens moved with his family to Newtown, Sydney where he was educated at public schools. Stevens was an avid reader and developed a wide knowledge and culture. In 1895 he began a fifteen-year period as a solicitor's clerk and it was intended that he should study law. During this time Stevens worked as a freelance journalist, coming into contact with a number of literary figures, he edited My Sundowner and other Poems (1904) by John Farrell with a memoir. Stevens prepared An Anthology of Australian Verse (1906), in which he was hampered by copyright restrictions, but he had a much freer hand in The Golden Treasury of Australian Verse (1909), the first anthology of Australasian verse of any importance. In the same year he had the difficult task of succeeding Alfred Stephens as editor of the 'Red Page' of The Bulletin. David Scott Mitchell gave him access to his library of Australiana. At the end of 1911 Stevens became editor of the Lone Hand and conducted this journal for seven years. In 1916 Stevens was one of the founders and joint-editor (with Sydney Ure Smith) of Art in Australia until his death. He also did literary criticism for The Sydney Mail and other journals, published editions of Australian poets, prepared other anthologies, and edited books on leading Australian artists. Much of his literary work is listed in Serle's Bibliography of Australasian Poetry and Verse and Miller's Australian Literature. Stevens campaigned for the land policies of Henry George, temporarily winning Henry Lawson to the cause. He was a founding member of the Dawn and Dusk Club in 1899 and of the Casuals Club in 1906. Stevens was deeply involved with attempts at rehabilitating Henry Lawson at Yanco, New South Wales and Edwin Brady's property at Mallacoota, Victoria. Stevens died suddenly of cerebral haemorrhage and chronic nephritis at Sydney, on 14 February 1922. He left a widow, two sons and a daughter. Henry Lawson wrote a warm confessional tribute in The Bulletin. At the time of his death he was vice-president of the New South Wales Institute of Journalists. He had been preparing A History of Australian Literature for some years before his death, but this was never published. Many of his papers are at the Mitchell library, Sydney.	An Anthology of Australian Verse (1907) The Australian Birthday Book : Passages Selected from Australia and New Zealand Poetry (1908) The Golden Treasury of Australian Verse (1909) Selections from the Australian Poets (1913) The Children's Treasury of Australian Verse (1913) A Book of Australian Verse for Boys and Girls (1915) The Australian Soldiers' Gift Book (1916) The Bulletin Book of Humorous Verses and Recitations (1920)	[]	[ "Bibliography", "Poetry anthologies" ]	[ "1872 births", "1922 deaths", "People from New South Wales", "Australian literary critics", "Australian editors", "Georgists" ]
projected-08555516-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Stevens%20%28critic%29	Bertram Stevens (critic)	Selected work	Bertram William Mathyson Francis Stevens (8 October 1872 – 14 February 1922) was Australian journal editor (Single Tax; Native Companion; Art in Australia; Lone Hand); literary and art critic; and anthologist (An Anthology of Australian Verse [which contained five poems by Henry Lawson]; The Golden Treasury of Australian Verse). Stevens was born at Inverell, New South Wales, the eldest child of William Mathison Stevens and his wife Marian, née Cafe, from Queanbeyan. By 1882 Stevens moved with his family to Newtown, Sydney where he was educated at public schools. Stevens was an avid reader and developed a wide knowledge and culture. In 1895 he began a fifteen-year period as a solicitor's clerk and it was intended that he should study law. During this time Stevens worked as a freelance journalist, coming into contact with a number of literary figures, he edited My Sundowner and other Poems (1904) by John Farrell with a memoir. Stevens prepared An Anthology of Australian Verse (1906), in which he was hampered by copyright restrictions, but he had a much freer hand in The Golden Treasury of Australian Verse (1909), the first anthology of Australasian verse of any importance. In the same year he had the difficult task of succeeding Alfred Stephens as editor of the 'Red Page' of The Bulletin. David Scott Mitchell gave him access to his library of Australiana. At the end of 1911 Stevens became editor of the Lone Hand and conducted this journal for seven years. In 1916 Stevens was one of the founders and joint-editor (with Sydney Ure Smith) of Art in Australia until his death. He also did literary criticism for The Sydney Mail and other journals, published editions of Australian poets, prepared other anthologies, and edited books on leading Australian artists. Much of his literary work is listed in Serle's Bibliography of Australasian Poetry and Verse and Miller's Australian Literature. Stevens campaigned for the land policies of Henry George, temporarily winning Henry Lawson to the cause. He was a founding member of the Dawn and Dusk Club in 1899 and of the Casuals Club in 1906. Stevens was deeply involved with attempts at rehabilitating Henry Lawson at Yanco, New South Wales and Edwin Brady's property at Mallacoota, Victoria. Stevens died suddenly of cerebral haemorrhage and chronic nephritis at Sydney, on 14 February 1922. He left a widow, two sons and a daughter. Henry Lawson wrote a warm confessional tribute in The Bulletin. At the time of his death he was vice-president of the New South Wales Institute of Journalists. He had been preparing A History of Australian Literature for some years before his death, but this was never published. Many of his papers are at the Mitchell library, Sydney.	My Sundowner and Other Poems by John Farrell (1904) Wine and Roses by Victor J. Daley (1911) Oswald Watt, Lieut.-Colonel A.F.C., O.B.E., Legion of Honour, Croix de Guerre : a tribute to his memory by a few of his friends edited with Ernest Watt and Ure Smith (1921)	[]	[ "Bibliography", "Selected work" ]	[ "1872 births", "1922 deaths", "People from New South Wales", "Australian literary critics", "Australian editors", "Georgists" ]
projected-71477961-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Walter%20Scott	Statue of Walter Scott	Introduction		Statue of Walter Scott may refer to: Statue of Sir Walter Scott, Perth Statue of Walter Scott (New York City) Scott Monument, Edinburgh	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-71477961-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Walter%20Scott	Statue of Walter Scott	See also	Statue of Walter Scott may refer to: Statue of Sir Walter Scott, Perth Statue of Walter Scott (New York City) Scott Monument, Edinburgh	Scott Statue (disambiguation)	[]	[ "See also" ]	[]
projected-06902221-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Boyars%20Publishers	Marion Boyars Publishers	Introduction		Marion Boyars Publishers is an independent publishing company located in Great Britain, publishing books that focus on the humanities and social sciences. The company was formed in 1975. When Marion Boyars died in 1999, her daughter Catheryn Kilgarriff took over and is currently the managing director of the company.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom" ]
projected-06902221-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Boyars%20Publishers	Marion Boyars Publishers	Prospect Books	Marion Boyars Publishers is an independent publishing company located in Great Britain, publishing books that focus on the humanities and social sciences. The company was formed in 1975. When Marion Boyars died in 1999, her daughter Catheryn Kilgarriff took over and is currently the managing director of the company.	Prospect Books is a publisher of books and periodicals on cooking, food history and anthropology, and sometimes horticulture, notably Petits Propos Culinaires. It was founded in 1979 by Alan Davidson and his wife Jane Davidson. Prospect Books was owned by Tom Jaine from 1993 until 2014, when it was acquired by Marion Boyars Publishers.	[]	[ "Imprints", "Prospect Books" ]	[ "Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom" ]
projected-56570916-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20J.%20Williams%20%28judge%29	C. J. Williams (judge)	Introduction		Charles Joseph Williams (born 1963) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. He was formerly a United States Magistrate Judge of the same court.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1963 births", "Living people", "20th-century American lawyers", "21st-century American lawyers", "21st-century American judges", "Assistant United States Attorneys", "Iowa lawyers", "Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa", "Missouri lawyers", "People from Ce...
projected-56570916-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20J.%20Williams%20%28judge%29	C. J. Williams (judge)	Biography	Charles Joseph Williams (born 1963) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. He was formerly a United States Magistrate Judge of the same court.	Williams received a Bachelor of Arts from the Tippie College of Business at the University of Iowa with high distinction in 1985. He then received a Juris Doctor, with high distinction, from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1988. During law school, Williams worked at Seyfarth Shaw in Chicago and served as an associate editor of the Iowa Law Review.	[]	[ "Biography" ]	[ "1963 births", "Living people", "20th-century American lawyers", "21st-century American lawyers", "21st-century American judges", "Assistant United States Attorneys", "Iowa lawyers", "Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa", "Missouri lawyers", "People from Ce...
projected-56570916-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20J.%20Williams%20%28judge%29	C. J. Williams (judge)	Legal career	Charles Joseph Williams (born 1963) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. He was formerly a United States Magistrate Judge of the same court.	Following law school, Williams served as a law clerk to Judge Donald Eugene O'Brien of the United States District Courts for the Northern and Southern Districts of Iowa. He then worked from 1990 to 1992 as a trial attorney in the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division and was detailed as a Special Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. From 1992 to 1997, Williams was a trial attorney specializing in complex civil litigation and criminal defense at Lathrop & Gage in Kansas City. During that period, from 1995 to 1997, Willams studied at the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law and received a Master of Laws with a specialization in criminal law. From 1997 to 2016, Williams rejoined the Department of Justice and served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa. In 2008, he was promoted to Senior Litigation Counsel and became a specialist in white-collar crime.	[]	[ "Legal career" ]	[ "1963 births", "Living people", "20th-century American lawyers", "21st-century American lawyers", "21st-century American judges", "Assistant United States Attorneys", "Iowa lawyers", "Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa", "Missouri lawyers", "People from Ce...
projected-56570916-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20J.%20Williams%20%28judge%29	C. J. Williams (judge)	Academic writing	Charles Joseph Williams (born 1963) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. He was formerly a United States Magistrate Judge of the same court.	Williams has written two books with West and many law review articles on trial practice, evidence, and criminal law. He published Advanced Evidence: Applying the Federal Rules of Evidence in Pretrial and Litigation in 2018 and Federal Criminal Practice with Sean Barry in 2016. His law review articles have been published in the Iowa Law Review, the South Carolina Law Review, the Oklahoma Law Review, the Nebraska Law Review, the Connecticut Law Review, the UMKC Law Review, the Mississippi Law Journal, the Drake Law Review, the American Criminal Law Review, the American Journal of Trial Advocacy, The Federal Lawyer, and the Criminal Law Bulletin. Williams has also taught at the University of Iowa College of Law, the University of South Dakota School of Law, the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law, and North Iowa Area Community College. He currently teaches Advanced Evidence and Federal Criminal Practice at Iowa Law.	[]	[ "Academic writing" ]	[ "1963 births", "Living people", "20th-century American lawyers", "21st-century American lawyers", "21st-century American judges", "Assistant United States Attorneys", "Iowa lawyers", "Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa", "Missouri lawyers", "People from Ce...
projected-56570916-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20J.%20Williams%20%28judge%29	C. J. Williams (judge)	Magistrate judge tenure	Charles Joseph Williams (born 1963) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. He was formerly a United States Magistrate Judge of the same court.	Williams served as a United States Magistrate Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa from 2016 to 2018.	[]	[ "Federal judicial service", "Magistrate judge tenure" ]	[ "1963 births", "Living people", "20th-century American lawyers", "21st-century American lawyers", "21st-century American judges", "Assistant United States Attorneys", "Iowa lawyers", "Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa", "Missouri lawyers", "People from Ce...
projected-56570916-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20J.%20Williams%20%28judge%29	C. J. Williams (judge)	District court service	Charles Joseph Williams (born 1963) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. He was formerly a United States Magistrate Judge of the same court.	On February 12, 2018, President Trump announced his intent to nominate Williams to an undetermined seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. His nomination was recommended by Chuck Grassley and Joni Ernst after screening by a judicial merit selection committee. On February 15, 2018, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Trump nominated Williams to the seat vacated by Judge Linda R. Reade, who assumed senior status on October 1, 2017. On March 21, 2018, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On April 19, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 19–2 vote. On September 6, 2018, his nomination was confirmed by a 79–12 vote. He received his judicial commission on September 10, 2018.	[]	[ "Federal judicial service", "District court service" ]	[ "1963 births", "Living people", "20th-century American lawyers", "21st-century American lawyers", "21st-century American judges", "Assistant United States Attorneys", "Iowa lawyers", "Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa", "Missouri lawyers", "People from Ce...
projected-56570925-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20E.%20McKinney	Ross E. McKinney	Introduction		Ross E. McKinney is an American scientist and professor of environmental engineering. He is best known for his contributions to the biological engineering of wastewater treatment. McKinney was a member of faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when he moved to the University of Kansas to begin the program in environmental engineering. Before he retired in 1993, McKinney held the first NT Veatch Distinguished Professorship of Civil Engineering. McKinney was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 for contributions to the development of biological wastewater treatment processes and to the advancement of the environmental engineering profession.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Environmental engineers", "Living people", "University of Kansas faculty", "Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering", "Year of birth missing (living people)" ]
projected-56570925-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20E.%20McKinney	Ross E. McKinney	References	Ross E. McKinney is an American scientist and professor of environmental engineering. He is best known for his contributions to the biological engineering of wastewater treatment. McKinney was a member of faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when he moved to the University of Kansas to begin the program in environmental engineering. Before he retired in 1993, McKinney held the first NT Veatch Distinguished Professorship of Civil Engineering. McKinney was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 for contributions to the development of biological wastewater treatment processes and to the advancement of the environmental engineering profession.	Category:Environmental engineers Category:Living people Category:University of Kansas faculty Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Environmental engineers", "Living people", "University of Kansas faculty", "Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering", "Year of birth missing (living people)" ]
projected-56570929-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erechthias%20indicans	Erechthias indicans	Introduction		Erechthias indicans is a species of moth in the family Tineidae.It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. This species is endemic to New Zealand. The holotype specimen of this species was collected by George Vernon Hudson in Karori, Wellington.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Moths described in 1923", "Erechthiinae", "Moths of New Zealand", "Endemic fauna of New Zealand", "Taxa named by Edward Meyrick", "Endemic moths of New Zealand" ]
projected-23576478-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga%20Weser-Ems	Landesliga Weser-Ems	Introduction		The Landesliga Weser-Ems, called the Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems from 1979 to 1994 and 2006 to 2010, is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the second highest league in the German state of Lower Saxony (German:Niedersachsen). It covers the region of the now defunct Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems. It is one of four leagues at this level in Lower Saxony, the other three being the Landesliga Lüneburg, the Landesliga Hannover and the Landesliga Braunschweig. The term Landesliga can be translated as State league.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Landesliga", "Football competitions in Lower Saxony", "1979 establishments in West Germany", "Sports leagues established in 1979" ]
projected-23576478-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga%20Weser-Ems	Landesliga Weser-Ems	Overview	The Landesliga Weser-Ems, called the Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems from 1979 to 1994 and 2006 to 2010, is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the second highest league in the German state of Lower Saxony (German:Niedersachsen). It covers the region of the now defunct Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems. It is one of four leagues at this level in Lower Saxony, the other three being the Landesliga Lüneburg, the Landesliga Hannover and the Landesliga Braunschweig. The term Landesliga can be translated as State league.	The league's history goes back to 1979, when four new Bezirksoberligas (Braunschweig, Hannover, Lüneburg and Weser-Ems) were formed in the state of Lower Saxony. The Bezirksoberligas (6th tier) were set below the Verbandsliga Niedersachsen (4th tier) and the two Landesligas (5th tier) in the German football league system. In 1994, the two old Landesligas were dissolved, while the four Bezirksoberligas were renamed into Landesliga Braunschweig, Landesliga Hannover, Landesliga Lüneburg, and Landesliga Weser-Ems respectively. Due to the introduction of the new Regionalliga (IV) the new Landesligas still remained at the 6th tier of German football, however. In 2006, the Landesliga was renamed into Bezirksoberliga again. The new Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems was made up of sixteen clubs, three from the tier-five Verbandsliga Niedersachsen-West, nine from the Landesliga and two each from the two Bezirksligas. The league was formed in a reorganisation of the league system in Lower Saxony, whereby the four regional Landsligas were replaced by the Bezirksoberligas. Below these, the number of Bezirksligas was increased. In Weser-Ems, the two Bezirksligas were expanded to five, while the other three regions operate with four Bezirksligas at this level. The Bezirksoberliga, like the Landesliga before, was set in the league system below the Verbandsliga and above the now five Bezirksligas, which were numbered from one to five. The winner of the Bezirksoberliga was directly promoted to the Verbandsliga, while the bottom placed teams, in a varying number, were relegated to the Bezirksliga. The Bezirksoberligas of Weser-Ems and Hanover form the tier below the Verbandsliga West, while those of Lüneburg and Braunschweig form the tier below the eastern division of the Verbandsliga. In the leagues first season, 2006–07, the runners-up of the league, SV Holthausen-Biene, had to play-off with the runners-up of the Bezirksoberliga Hannover, TSV Stelingen, a game they lost 1-0 and thereby failed to gain promotion. In the following two seasons, only the league champions were eligible for promotion. At the end of the 2007-08 season, with the introduction of the 3. Liga, the Verbandsliga was renamed Oberliga Niedersachsen-West. For the Bezirksoberliga, this had no direct consequences, but the league was increased to eighteen clubs. After the 2009-10 season, the two Oberligas () in Lower Saxony were merged to one single division. The four Bezirksoberliga champions that season were not be automatically promoted, instead they had to compete with the four teams placed ninth and tenth in the Oberliga for four more spots in this league. On 17 May 2010, the Lower Saxony football association decided to rename the four Bezirksoberligas to Landesligas from 1 July 2010. This change in name came alongside the merger of the two Oberliga divisions above it into the Oberliga Niedersachsen.	[ "Lower saxony weser-ems.png" ]	[ "Overview" ]	[ "Landesliga", "Football competitions in Lower Saxony", "1979 establishments in West Germany", "Sports leagues established in 1979" ]
projected-23576478-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga%20Weser-Ems	Landesliga Weser-Ems	Landesliga Weser-Ems 2010–present	The Landesliga Weser-Ems, called the Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems from 1979 to 1994 and 2006 to 2010, is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the second highest league in the German state of Lower Saxony (German:Niedersachsen). It covers the region of the now defunct Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems. It is one of four leagues at this level in Lower Saxony, the other three being the Landesliga Lüneburg, the Landesliga Hannover and the Landesliga Braunschweig. The term Landesliga can be translated as State league.	Promoted teams in bold.	[]	[ "Champions", "Landesliga Weser-Ems 2010–present" ]	[ "Landesliga", "Football competitions in Lower Saxony", "1979 establishments in West Germany", "Sports leagues established in 1979" ]
projected-23576478-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga%20Weser-Ems	Landesliga Weser-Ems	Sources	The Landesliga Weser-Ems, called the Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems from 1979 to 1994 and 2006 to 2010, is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the second highest league in the German state of Lower Saxony (German:Niedersachsen). It covers the region of the now defunct Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems. It is one of four leagues at this level in Lower Saxony, the other three being the Landesliga Lüneburg, the Landesliga Hannover and the Landesliga Braunschweig. The term Landesliga can be translated as State league.	Deutschlands Fußball in Zahlen, An annual publication with tables and results from the Bundesliga to Verbandsliga/Landesliga. DSFS. Kicker Almanach, The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937. Kicker Sports Magazine. Die Deutsche Liga-Chronik 1945-2005 History of German football from 1945 to 2005 in tables. DSFS. 2006.	[]	[ "References", "Sources" ]	[ "Landesliga", "Football competitions in Lower Saxony", "1979 establishments in West Germany", "Sports leagues established in 1979" ]
projected-26724541-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20ebraeus	Conus ebraeus	Introduction		Conus ebraeus, common name the black-and-white cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1758", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus" ]
projected-26724541-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20ebraeus	Conus ebraeus	Description	Conus ebraeus, common name the black-and-white cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.	The height of the shell varies from 25 mm to 62 mm. The width of the shell of type specimen is 19 mm. The height of the shell of type specimen is 28 mm. Conus ebraeus has an easily recognisable small, squat shell, with a rounded, short spire. The shell is white, with a pattern of blackish squares, sometimes rose-tinted, with three or four revolving bands composed of irregular longitudinal dark chocolate or nearly black markings; these markings also ornament the slightly coronated spire. The aperture is white with clouded bands corresponding with the exterior markings. The surface is more or less striate throughout, but striae are more prominent towards the dark stained base. This species is extremely similar to Conus judaeus. The two are best distinguished by close examination of the radular teeth.	[ "Conus ebraeus (9267265892).jpg" ]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1758", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus" ]
projected-26724541-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20ebraeus	Conus ebraeus	Distribution	Conus ebraeus, common name the black-and-white cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.	Conus ebraeus is one of the most widely distributed members of its genus and occurs in shallow water, tropical regions throughout the Indo-West and eastern Pacific, from the Red Sea to the shores of the Americas. The type locality is India. Localities include: Aldabra Chagos Guam Hawaii Houtman Abrolhos Kenya Madagascar Mascarene Basin Mozambique Okinawa Papua New Guinea Red Sea Tanzania Taiwan West Coast of South Africa	[]	[ "Distribution" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1758", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus" ]
projected-26724541-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20ebraeus	Conus ebraeus	Habitat	Conus ebraeus, common name the black-and-white cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.	Conus ebraeus lives near rocky shores, lower eulittoral, often under boulders.	[]	[ "Habitat" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1758", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus" ]
projected-26724541-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20ebraeus	Conus ebraeus	Feeding habits	Conus ebraeus, common name the black-and-white cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.	Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. While the focal prey of Conus ebraeus are eunicid polychaetes (i.e., members of the genus Palola) at most locations in the Indo-West Pacific (e.g., the Maldives, eastern Indian Ocean, Great Barrier Reef, Okinawa and Guam), at Hawaii and the Seychelles this species predominantly preys on nereid polychaetes. These results suggest that Conus ebraeus exhibits geographic variation in dietary specialization. Prey of Conus ebraeus include Perinereis helleri (family Nereididae), Palola sp., Eunice cariboea and Lysidice collaris (all three from family Eunicidae).	[]	[ "Feeding habits" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1758", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus" ]
projected-26724541-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20ebraeus	Conus ebraeus	References	Conus ebraeus, common name the black-and-white cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.	Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference and CC-BY-SA-3.0 text from the reference and public domain text from the reference.	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1758", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus" ]
projected-71477968-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeon%20Su-ji	Jeon Su-ji	Introduction		Jeon Su-ji (born 10 November 1983) is a South Korean actress. She is known for her roles in dramas such as Designated Survivor: 60 Days, Signal, Sin Don and Green Mothers' Club. She also appeared in movies Marathon, Closer to heaven, Radio Dayz, Emergency Declaration and The Terror Live.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1983 births", "Living people", "21st-century South Korean actresses", "South Korean television actresses", "South Korean film actresses" ]
projected-23576497-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz	Roger Reitz	Introduction		Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013. Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine. He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Kansas state senators", "Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas", "Living people", "1932 births", "Kansas Republicans", "Members of the Kansas House of Representatives", "21st-century American politicians", "Kansas State University alumni", "University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni" ]
projected-23576497-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz	Roger Reitz	2012	Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013. Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine. He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.	In the 2012 Republican primary, Reitz was defeated in a three-way race in the Republican primary on August 7, 2012. Bob Reader, whose primary campaign was largely funded by Americans for Prosperity-Kansas, gained the party's nomination, winning 3,318 votes, to Reitz's 2,251 votes and Joe Knopp's 2,134 votes. Reader was subsequently defeated in the November 2012 general election by former Kansas State Representative Tom Hawk, who was endorsed by Reitz. Hawk was unopposed in the Democratic primary, winning 1,559 votes.	[]	[ "Elections", "2012" ]	[ "Kansas state senators", "Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas", "Living people", "1932 births", "Kansas Republicans", "Members of the Kansas House of Representatives", "21st-century American politicians", "Kansas State University alumni", "University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni" ]
projected-23576497-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz	Roger Reitz	2008	Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013. Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine. He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.	On November 4, 2008 Reitz was re-elected to the 22nd District, defeating Democrat Rusty Wilson by 24 votes.	[]	[ "Elections", "2008" ]	[ "Kansas state senators", "Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas", "Living people", "1932 births", "Kansas Republicans", "Members of the Kansas House of Representatives", "21st-century American politicians", "Kansas State University alumni", "University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni" ]
projected-23576497-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz	Roger Reitz	2004	Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013. Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine. He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.	Bob Reader challenged Reitz in the Republican primary, but was defeated.	[]	[ "Elections", "2004" ]	[ "Kansas state senators", "Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas", "Living people", "1932 births", "Kansas Republicans", "Members of the Kansas House of Representatives", "21st-century American politicians", "Kansas State University alumni", "University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni" ]
projected-23576497-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz	Roger Reitz	Committee assignments	Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013. Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine. He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.	Reitz served on these legislative committees: Local Government (chair) Federal and State Affairs (vice-chair) Joint Committee on Children's Issues Commerce Joint Committee on Energy and Environmental Policy Ethics and Elections Joint Committee on Health Policy Oversight Utilities	[]	[ "Committee assignments" ]	[ "Kansas state senators", "Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas", "Living people", "1932 births", "Kansas Republicans", "Members of the Kansas House of Representatives", "21st-century American politicians", "Kansas State University alumni", "University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni" ]
projected-23576497-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz	Roger Reitz	Major donors	Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013. Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine. He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.	Some of the top contributors to Reitz's 2008 campaign, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics: Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Senator Reitz (self-finance), Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, Kansas Contractors Association, AT&T Political parties were his largest donor group.	[]	[ "Major donors" ]	[ "Kansas state senators", "Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas", "Living people", "1932 births", "Kansas Republicans", "Members of the Kansas House of Representatives", "21st-century American politicians", "Kansas State University alumni", "University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni" ]
projected-26724543-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20echinophilus	Conus echinophilus	Introduction		display_parents = 3 }}Conus echinophilus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Recognized in Lautoconus and not as Africonus in: Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. Description The size of the shell varies between 8 mm and 24 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Senegal, Africa. References Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods''. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp. Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Conus", "Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean", "Molluscs of Africa", "Endemic fauna of Senegal", "Gastropods described in 1975" ]
projected-26724545-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20eldredi	Conus eldredi	Introduction		Conus eldredi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are known to sting humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1955" ]
projected-26724545-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20eldredi	Conus eldredi	Description	Conus eldredi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are known to sting humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	The size of the shell varies between 45 mm and 65 mm.	[]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1955" ]
projected-26724545-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20eldredi	Conus eldredi	Distribution	Conus eldredi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are known to sting humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	The species is found in various spots of the southern Pacific Ocean, such as near Indonesia and French Polynesia.	[]	[ "Distribution" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1955" ]
projected-26724545-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20eldredi	Conus eldredi	References	Conus eldredi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are known to sting humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2013) Illustrated catalog of the living cone shells. 517 pp. Wellington, Florida: MdM Publishing. Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1955" ]
projected-71477982-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana%20525	Santana 525	Introduction		The Santana 525 is an American sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a one design and International Offshore Rule Quarter Ton class racer-cruiser and first built in 1977.	[ "Santana 525 sail badge.jpg" ]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Keelboats", "1970s sailboat type designs", "Sailing yachts", "Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner", "Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp" ]
projected-71477982-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana%20525	Santana 525	Production	The Santana 525 is an American sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a one design and International Offshore Rule Quarter Ton class racer-cruiser and first built in 1977.	The design was built by W. D. Schock Corp in the United States, between 1977 and 1982, with 261 boats completed, but it is now out of production.	[]	[ "Production" ]	[ "Keelboats", "1970s sailboat type designs", "Sailing yachts", "Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner", "Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp" ]
projected-71477982-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana%20525	Santana 525	Design	The Santana 525 is an American sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a one design and International Offshore Rule Quarter Ton class racer-cruiser and first built in 1977.	The Santana 525 is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of ballast. The boat has a draft of with the standard keel and is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and maneuvering. The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and a two straight settee berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on both sides of the companionway ladder. The head is located in the bow cabin, centered under the "V"-berth. For sailing the design may be equipped with on of a number of jibs and genoas. For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of . The design has a typical PHRF racing average handicap of 186 and a hull speed of .	[]	[ "Design" ]	[ "Keelboats", "1970s sailboat type designs", "Sailing yachts", "Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner", "Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp" ]
projected-71477982-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana%20525	Santana 525	Operational history	The Santana 525 is an American sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a one design and International Offshore Rule Quarter Ton class racer-cruiser and first built in 1977.	The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the Santana 525 One Design Class Association. The largest fleet of Santana 525s is in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.	[]	[ "Operational history" ]	[ "Keelboats", "1970s sailboat type designs", "Sailing yachts", "Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner", "Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp" ]
projected-71477982-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana%20525	Santana 525	See also	The Santana 525 is an American sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a one design and International Offshore Rule Quarter Ton class racer-cruiser and first built in 1977.	List of sailing boat types	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Keelboats", "1970s sailboat type designs", "Sailing yachts", "Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner", "Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp" ]
projected-26724549-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20elegans	Conasprella elegans	Introduction		Conasprella elegans is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1895" ]
projected-26724549-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20elegans	Conasprella elegans	Subspecies	Conasprella elegans is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	Conasprella elegans elegans (G. B. Sowerby III, 1895) (synonym: Conus elegans elegans G. B. Sowerby III, 1895) Conasprella elegans ramalhoi (Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1986) (synonym: Conus elegans ramalhoi Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1986)	[]	[ "Subspecies" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1895" ]
projected-26724549-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20elegans	Conasprella elegans	Description	Conasprella elegans is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	The size of the shell varies between 18 mm and 40 mm.	[]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1895" ]
projected-26724549-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20elegans	Conasprella elegans	Distribution	Conasprella elegans is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	This marine species occurs from Somalia to Pakistan; and off Western Australia.	[]	[ "Distribution" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1895" ]
projected-26724549-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20elegans	Conasprella elegans	References	Conasprella elegans is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	Sowerby, G. B., III. 1895. Descriptions of nine new species of shells. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 1(5):214–217, pl. 13. Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1895" ]
projected-71477991-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanus%20insulanicus	Varanus insulanicus	Introduction		The Groote Eylandt monitor (Varanus insulanicus) is a medium-sized species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is native to Northern Australia. It belongs to the subgenus Odatria.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Varanus", "Reptiles described in 1958", "Reptiles of the Northern Territory", "Monitor lizards of Australia", "Taxa named by Robert Mertens" ]
projected-71477991-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanus%20insulanicus	Varanus insulanicus	References	The Groote Eylandt monitor (Varanus insulanicus) is a medium-sized species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is native to Northern Australia. It belongs to the subgenus Odatria.	Category:Varanus Category:Reptiles described in 1958 Category:Reptiles of the Northern Territory Category:Monitor lizards of Australia Category:Taxa named by Robert Mertens	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Varanus", "Reptiles described in 1958", "Reptiles of the Northern Territory", "Monitor lizards of Australia", "Taxa named by Robert Mertens" ]
projected-71477998-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miljan%20Radovi%C4%87%20%28politician%29	Miljan Radović (politician)	Introduction		Miljan Radović (; 25 September 1933 – 15 June 2015) was a Yugoslav communist politician who served as President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Montenegro (SKCG) from 1986 to 1989. Radović resigned, along with numerous other SKCG officials, in the wake of the 1988–1989 anti-bureaucratic revolution.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1933 births", "2015 deaths", "League of Communists of Montenegro politicians", "Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia members", "Montenegrin communists" ]
projected-71477998-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miljan%20Radovi%C4%87%20%28politician%29	Miljan Radović (politician)	See also	Miljan Radović (; 25 September 1933 – 15 June 2015) was a Yugoslav communist politician who served as President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Montenegro (SKCG) from 1986 to 1989. Radović resigned, along with numerous other SKCG officials, in the wake of the 1988–1989 anti-bureaucratic revolution.	League of Communists of Montenegro President of the League of Communists of Montenegro	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "1933 births", "2015 deaths", "League of Communists of Montenegro politicians", "Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia members", "Montenegrin communists" ]
projected-71477998-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miljan%20Radovi%C4%87%20%28politician%29	Miljan Radović (politician)	References	Miljan Radović (; 25 September 1933 – 15 June 2015) was a Yugoslav communist politician who served as President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Montenegro (SKCG) from 1986 to 1989. Radović resigned, along with numerous other SKCG officials, in the wake of the 1988–1989 anti-bureaucratic revolution.	Category:1933 births Category:2015 deaths Category:League of Communists of Montenegro politicians Category:Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia members Category:Montenegrin communists	[]	[ "See also", "References" ]	[ "1933 births", "2015 deaths", "League of Communists of Montenegro politicians", "Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia members", "Montenegrin communists" ]
projected-26724550-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20emaciatus	Conus emaciatus	Introduction		Conus emaciatus, common name the false virgin cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1849" ]
projected-26724550-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20emaciatus	Conus emaciatus	Description	Conus emaciatus, common name the false virgin cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	The size of the shell varies between 30 mm and 69 mm. The narrow shell shows a depressed conical spire, ridged-striate throughout. Its color is light yellow and violet-stained at the base.	[]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1849" ]
projected-26724550-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20emaciatus	Conus emaciatus	Distribution	Conus emaciatus, common name the false virgin cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	This marine species occurs in the Red Sea and in the tropical Indo-West Pacific and off the Philippines and Australia (Queensland).	[]	[ "Distribution" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1849" ]
projected-26724550-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20emaciatus	Conus emaciatus	References	Conus emaciatus, common name the false virgin cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	Reeve, L.A. 1849. Monograph of the genus Conus. pls 4–9 in Reeve, L.A. (ed). Conchologia Iconica. London : L. Reeve & Co. Vol. 1. Cernohorsky, W.O. 1978. Tropical Pacific Marine Shells. Sydney : Pacific Publications 352 pp., 68 pls. Wilson, B. 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp. Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp. Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp. Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Conus", "Gastropods described in 1849" ]
projected-71477999-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%20Cristo%20Basquetebol	Jesus Cristo Basquetebol	Introduction		Jesus Cristo Basquetebol, also known as Jesus Christ Basketball, is an Angolan basketball team based in Luanda. The team was founded in 2021 and entered the top flight Angolan Basketball League in the 2021 season. The team's name was chosen because the team mainly consists of Catholic players. In their debut season, Jesus Cristo finished in the 9th and last place.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Basketball teams in Angola", "Basketball teams established in 2021", "Sport in Luanda", "2021 establishments in Africa" ]
projected-71477999-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%20Cristo%20Basquetebol	Jesus Cristo Basquetebol	References	Jesus Cristo Basquetebol, also known as Jesus Christ Basketball, is an Angolan basketball team based in Luanda. The team was founded in 2021 and entered the top flight Angolan Basketball League in the 2021 season. The team's name was chosen because the team mainly consists of Catholic players. In their debut season, Jesus Cristo finished in the 9th and last place.	Category:Basketball teams in Angola Category:Basketball teams established in 2021 Category:Sport in Luanda Category:2021 establishments in Africa	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Basketball teams in Angola", "Basketball teams established in 2021", "Sport in Luanda", "2021 establishments in Africa" ]
projected-26724556-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20emarginata	Conasprella emarginata	Introduction		Conasprella emarginata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1844" ]
projected-26724556-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20emarginata	Conasprella emarginata	Description	Conasprella emarginata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	The size of the shell varies between 34 mm and 70 mm.	[]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1844" ]
projected-26724556-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20emarginata	Conasprella emarginata	Distribution	Conasprella emarginata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	Bahía Magdalena, Baja California Sur, through most of Golfo de California, Mexico. South to Peru. It has also been reported from Islas Galapagos.	[]	[ "Distribution" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1844" ]
projected-26724556-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20emarginata	Conasprella emarginata	References	Conasprella emarginata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.	Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2013) Illustrated catalog of the living cone shells. 517 pp. Wellington, Florida: MdM Publishing. Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23.	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Conasprella", "Gastropods described in 1844" ]
projected-17333539-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan	Political positions of Ronald Reagan	Introduction		Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed. In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Ronald Reagan", "Political positions of state governors of the United States", "Political positions of presidents of the United States", "New Right (United States)" ]
projected-17333539-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan	Political positions of Ronald Reagan	Leadership	Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed. In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.	"Ronald Reagan was convivial, upbeat, courteous, respectful, self-confident, and humble. But he was also opaque, remote, distant, and inscrutable," says historian Melvyn P. Leffler According to James P. Pfiffner, University Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, Reagan was a larger-than-life character, a formidable politician, and an important president. His complexity produced a "presidency of paradoxes," in which dramatic successes mingled with unfortunate failures. His strengths included broad vision and clear direction. Voters appreciated his optimism, geniality, and gracious nature, which made his ideals seem all that more attractive. He believed that all national problems were simple problems and had faith in simple solutions. That strengthened his resolve but also led to failures when there were deep complications. Paradoxically, his victories depended on his willingness to make pragmatic compromises without forsaking his ideals. Reagan himself made the major policy decisions and often overruled his top advisers in cases such as the Reykjavík Summit in 1986, and his 1987 speech calling for tearing down the Berlin wall. He was concerned with very broad issues, as well as anecdotal evidence to support his beliefs. He paid very little attention to details and elaborate briefings. When senior officials did not work out, such as Secretary of State Alexander Haig, they were fired. Reagan went through a series of six national security advisers before settling on people he trusted. Indeed, one of them, John Poindexter, was trusted too much. Poindexter and his aide Oliver North engaged in a secret deal with Iran called the Iran–Contra affair that seriously damaged Reagan's reputation. Reagan had rarely travelled abroad and relied on an inner circle of advisers who were not foreign policy experts, including his wife, James Baker, Edwin Meese and Michael Deaver. Haig had the credentials to be Secretary of State, but he was arrogant and unable to get along with the other top aides. He was replaced by George P. Shultz, who proved much more collaborative and has been generally admired by historians. Other key players included William J. Casey, director of the CIA, William P. Clark, national security advisor, and Jeane Kirkpatrick, Ambassador to the United Nations. Casper W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, successfully rebuilt and expanded the military but did not coordinate well with the foreign policy leadership.	[ "Ronald Reagan with cowboy hat 12-0071M edit.jpg" ]	[ "Leadership" ]	[ "Ronald Reagan", "Political positions of state governors of the United States", "Political positions of presidents of the United States", "New Right (United States)" ]
projected-17333539-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan	Political positions of Ronald Reagan	Cold War	Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed. In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.	Reagan served as President during the last part of the Cold War, an era of escalating ideological disagreements and preparations for war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Reagan in 1982 denounced the enemy as an "evil empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history" and he later predicted that communism would collapse. He reversed the policy of détente and massively built up the United States military. He proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a defense project that planned to use ground and space-based missile defense systems to protect the United States from attack. Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible. Reagan was convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with.	[]	[ "Foreign policy", "Cold War" ]	[ "Ronald Reagan", "Political positions of state governors of the United States", "Political positions of presidents of the United States", "New Right (United States)" ]
projected-17333539-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan	Political positions of Ronald Reagan	Policy toward USSR	Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed. In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.	Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from the détente observed by his predecessors Nixon, Ford, and Carter. Under the assumption that the Soviet Union was financially unable to match the United States in a renewed arms race, he accelerated increases in defense spending begun during the Carter Administration and strove to make the Cold War economically and rhetorically hot. Reagan had three motivations. First he agreed with the neoconservatives who argued that the Soviets had pulled ahead in military power and the U.S. had to race to catch up. Stansfield Turner, CIA director under Carter, warned in 1981 that, "in the last several years all of the best studies have shown that the balance of strategic nuclear capabilities has been tipping in favor of the Soviet Union." Second, Reagan believed the decrepit Soviet economy could not handle a high-tech weapons race based on computers; it was imperative to block them from gaining western technology. Third, was the moral certainty that Communism was evil and doomed to failure. Reagan was the first major world leader to declare that Communism would soon collapse. On March 3, 1983, he was blunt to a religious group: the Soviet Union is "the focus of evil in the modern world" and could not last: "I believe that communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose — last pages even now are being written." His most detailed analysis came on June 8, 1982, to the British Parliament, stunning the Soviets and allies alike. Most experts assumed that the Soviet Union would be around for generations to come, and it was essential to recognize that and work with them. But Reagan ridiculed the USSR as an "evil empire" and argued that it was suffering a deep economic crisis, which he intended to make worse by cutting off western technology. He stated the Soviet Union "runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens." A year later in 1983 Reagan stunned the world with a totally new idea: the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), labeled "star wars" by the media, after the current movie. Reagan, following the ideas of Edward Teller (who invented the H-Bomb in 1950) called for a defensive missile umbrella over the U.S. that would intercept and destroy in space any hostile missiles. It was an unexpected, new idea, and supporters cheered, as SDI seemed to promise protection from nuclear destruction. To opponents, SDI meant a new arms race and the end of the Mutual Assured Destruction ("MAD") strategy that they believed had so far prevented nuclear war. The Soviets were stunned—they lacked basic computers and were unable to say whether it would work or not. Critics said it would cost a trillion dollars; yes said supporters, and the Soviets will go bankrupt if they try to match it. The SDI was in fact funded but was never operational.	[]	[ "Foreign policy", "Policy toward USSR" ]	[ "Ronald Reagan", "Political positions of state governors of the United States", "Political positions of presidents of the United States", "New Right (United States)" ]
projected-17333539-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan	Political positions of Ronald Reagan	Defense spending	Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed. In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.	The Reagan administration made dramatic increases in defense spending one of their three main priorities on taking office. The transition to the new professional all-professional force was finalized, and the draft forgotten. A dramatic expansion of salary bases and benefits for both enlisted and officers made career service much more attractive. Under the aggressive leadership of Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, the development of the B-1 bomber was reinstated, and there was funding for a new B-2 bomber, as well as cruise missiles, the MX missile, and a 600 ship Navy. The new weaponry was designed with Soviet targets in mind. In terms of real dollars after taxation, defense spending jump 34 percent between 1981 in 1985. Reagan's two terms, defense spending totaled about 2 trillion dollars, but even so it was a lower percentage of the federal budget or have the GDP, then before 1976.<ref>James T. Patterson, Restless Giant pp 200-203.</ref> There were arms sales to build up allies as well. The most notable came in 1981, a $8.5 billion sale to Saudi Arabia involving aircraft, tanks, and Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS). Israel protested, since the AWACS would undermine its strategic attack capabilities. To mollify Israel and its powerful lobby in Washington, the United States promised to supply it with an additional F-15 squadron, a $600 million loan, and permission to export Israeli-made Kfir fighting aircraft to Latin American armies.Arnon Gutfeld, "The 1981 AWACS Deal: AIPAC and Israel Challenge Reagan" (The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2018) online In its first term administration looked at arms control measures with deep suspicion. However, after the massive buildup, and the second term it looked at them with favor and achieve major arms reductions with Mikhail Gorbachev. Nuclear weapons According to several scholars and Reagan biographers, including, John Lewis Gaddis, Richard Reeves, Lou Cannon and Reagan himself in his autobiography, Reagan earnestly desired the abolition of all nuclear weapons. He proposed to Mikhail Gorbachev that if a missile shield could be built, all nuclear weapons be eliminated and the missile shield technology shared, the world would be much better off. Paul Lettow has argued that Reagan's opposition to nuclear weapons started at the dawn of the nuclear age and in December 1945 he was only prevented from leading an anti-nuclear rally in Hollywood by pressure from the Warner Brothers studio. Reagan believed the mutually assured destruction policy formulated in the 1950s to be morally wrong. In his autobiography, Reagan wrote: The Pentagon said at least 150 million American lives would be lost in a nuclear war with the Soviet Union—even if we 'won.' For Americans who survived such a war, I couldn't imagine what life would be like. The planet would be so poisoned the 'survivors' would have no place to live. Even if a nuclear war did not mean the extinction of mankind, it would certainly mean the end of civilization as we knew it. No one could 'win' a nuclear war. Yet as long as nuclear weapons were in existence, there would always be risks they would be used, and once the first nuclear weapon was unleashed, who knew where it would end? My dream, then, became a world free of nuclear weapons. ... For the eight years I was president I never let my dream of a nuclear-free world fade from my mind. Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987 (and ratified in 1988), which was the first in Cold War history to mandate the destruction of an entire class of nuclear weapons. Iran-Iraq Originally neutral in the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 to 1988, the Reagan administration began supporting Iraq because an Iranian victory would not serve the interests of the United States. In 1983, Reagan issued a National Security Decision Directive memo which called for heightened regional military cooperation to defend oil facilities, measures to improve U.S. military capabilities in the Persian Gulf, directed the secretaries of state and defense and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to take appropriate measures to respond to tensions in the area. Economic policy Economic plans, taxes and deficit Reagan believed in policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a laissez-faire philosophy, seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts.Appleby, Joyce (2003), pp. 923–24 Reagan pointed to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success. The policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment, which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages. Reagan did not believe in raising income taxes. During his presidential tenure, the top federal income tax rates were lowered from 70% to 28%. However, it has also been acknowledged that Reagan did raise taxes on eleven occasions during his presidency in an effort to both preserve his defense agenda and combat the growing national debt and budget deficit. In order to cover the growing federal budget deficits and the decreased revenue that resulted from the cuts, the U.S. borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $1.1 trillion to $2.7 trillion. Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency. Free Trade Reagan was a supporter of free trade. When running for President in 1979, Reagan proposed a "North American accord", in which goods could move freely throughout the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Largely dismissed then, Reagan was serious in his proposal and once in office he signed an agreement with Canada to that effect. His "North American accord" later became the official North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed by President George H. W. Bush and ratified by President Bill Clinton. Reagan understood free trade as including the use of tariffs to protect American jobs and industry against foreign competition. He imposed a temporary 100% tariff on Japanese electronics as well as other tariffs on a variety of industrial products, which resulted in some free market advocates criticizing his policies as protectionist in practice. Healthcare Reagan was opposed to socialized healthcare, universal health care, or publicly funded health care. In 1961, while still a member of the Democratic Party, Reagan voiced his opposition to single-payer healthcare in an 11-minute recording. The idea was beginning to be advocated by the Democratic Party. In it, Reagan stated: One of the traditional methods of imposing statism or socialism on a people has been by way of medicine. It is very easy to describe a medical program as a humanitarian project ... Under the Truman administration, it was proposed that we have a compulsory health insurance program for all people in the United States, and of course, the American people unhesitatingly rejected this ... In the last decade, 127 million of our citizens, in just ten years, have come under the protection of some owned medical or hospital insurance. The advocates of [socialized healthcare], when you try to oppose it, challenge you on an emotional basis ... What can we do about this? Well you and I can do a great deal. We can write to our [ Congressmen, to our Senators. We can say right now that we want no further encroachment on these individual liberties and freedoms. And at the moment, the key issue is we do not want socialized medicine ... If you don't, this program I promise you will pass just as surely as the sun will come up tomorrow. And behind it will come other federal programs that will invade every area of freedom as well have known it in this country, until one day, as Norman Thomas said, we will awake to find that we have socialism. If you don't do this and if I don't do it, one of these days you and I are going to spend our sunset years telling our children, and our children's children, what it once was like in America when men were free. Social Security Reagan was in favor of making Social Security benefits voluntary. According to Reagan biographer Lou Cannon: "I have no doubt that he shared the view that Social Security was a Ponzi scheme. He was intrigued with the idea of a voluntary plan that would have allowed workers to make their own investments. This idea would have undermined the system by depriving Social Security of the contributions of millions of the nation's highest-paid workers". Although Reagan was for a limited government and against the idea of a welfare state, Reagan continued to fully fund Social Security and Medicare because the elderly were dependent on those programs. Mounting concerns that rising Social Security benefits were causing a long-term deficit and were growing too fast resulted in a bipartisan compromise in 1983. Brokered by conservative Alan Greenspan and liberal Congressman Claude Pepper, the agreement lowered benefits over the next 75 years and brought the system into balance. Key provisions included a gradual increase over 25 years in the retirement age from 65 to 67, to take account of longer life expectancy. (People could retire younger, but at a reduced rate of benefits.) Millions of people were added to the system, especially employees of state governments and of nonprofit organizations.Paul Charles Light, Artful Work: The Politics of Social Security Reform (1985) New Deal Reagan wrote that he was never trying to undo the New Deal as he admired President Franklin D. Roosevelt and voted for him all four times. Social policy Environment Reagan dismissed acid rain and proposals to halt it as burdensome to industry. In the early 1980s, pollution had become an issue in Canada, and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau objected to the pollution originating in U.S. factory smokestacks in the midwest. The Environmental Protection Agency implored Reagan to make a major budget commitment to reduce acid rain, but Reagan rejected the proposal and deemed it as wasteful government spending. He questioned scientific evidence on the causes of acid rain. Abortion Reagan was opposed to abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, and threats to the life of the mother. He was quoted as saying: "If there is a question as to whether there is life or death, the doubt should be resolved in favor of life". In 1982, he stated: "Simple morality dictates that unless and until someone can prove the unborn human is not alive, we must give it the benefit of the doubt and assume it is (alive). And, thus, it should be entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness". As Governor of California, Reagan signed into law the Therapeutic Abortion Act in May 1967 in an effort to reduce the number of "back room abortions" performed in California. It was one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country and allowed for pregnancy terminations if the mother was in physical or mental distress as a result, or if the pregnancy was a product of rape or incest. As a result, approximately one million abortions would be performed and Reagan blamed this on doctors, arguing that they had deliberately misinterpreted the law. Just when the law was signed, Reagan stated that had he been more experienced as Governor, he would not have signed it. Reagan then declared himself to be opposed to abortion rights. During his presidency Reagan never introduced legislation to Congress regarding abortion. However, in a way, he played a role in protecting legalized abortion after he left office. His first judicial appointee for the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O’Connor, led the effort to uphold Roe v. Wade in a 1992 case over restrictive abortion laws in Pennsylvania. Crime and capital punishment Reagan was a supporter of capital punishment. As California's Governor, Reagan was beseeched to grant executive clemency to Aaron Mitchell, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of a Sacramento police officer, but he refused. Mitchell was executed the following morning. It was the only execution during his eight years as Governor—he had previously granted executive clemency to one man on death row who had a history of brain damage. He also stayed the execution of convicted murderer Robert Lee Massie in 1967 because he wanted Massie to attend the trial of his alleged accomplice. Massie would be executed over three decades later for a separate murder in 2001. He approved the construction of three new prisons as President in 1982 as recommended by Attorney General William French Smith. Drugs Reagan firmly sought opposition to illegal drugs. He and his wife sought to reduce the use of illegal drugs through the Just Say No Drug Awareness campaign, an organization Nancy Reagan founded as first lady. In a 1986 address to the nation by Ronald and Nancy Reagan, the President said: "[W]hile drug and alcohol abuse cuts across all generations, it's especially damaging to the young people on whom our future depends ... Drugs are menacing our society. They're threatening our values and undercutting our institutions. They're killing our children." Reagan also reacted to illegal drugs outside of Just Say No as the Federal Bureau Investigation added five hundred drug enforcement agents, began record drug crackdowns nationwide and established thirteen regional anti-drug task forces under Reagan. In the address with the first lady, President Reagan reported on the progress of his administration, saying:Thirty-seven Federal agencies are working together in a vigorous national effort, and by next year our spending for drug law enforcement will have more than tripled from its 1981 levels. We have increased seizures of illegal drugs. Shortages of marijuana are now being reported. Last year alone over 10,000 drug criminals were convicted and nearly $250 million of their assets were seized by the DEA, the Drug Enforcement Administration. And in the most important area, individual use, we see progress. In 4 years the number of high school seniors using marijuana on a daily basis has dropped from 1 in 14 to 1 in 20. The U.S. military has cut the use of illegal drugs among its personnel by 67 percent since 1980. These are a measure of our commitment and emerging signs that we can defeat this enemy. Civil rights Women While running for President, Reagan pledged that if given the chance, he would appoint a woman to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1981, he appointed Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice of the Supreme Court. As President, Reagan opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) because he thought that women were already protected by the 14th Amendment, although he had supported the amendment and offered to help women's groups achieve its ratification while serving as Governor of California. Reagan pulled his support for the ERA shortly before announcing his 1976 candidacy for President. The 1976 Republican National Convention renewed the party's support for the amendment, but in 1980 the party qualified its 40-year support for ERA. Despite opposing the ERA, Reagan did not actively work against the amendment, which his daughter Maureen (who advised her father on various issues including women's rights) and most prominent Republicans supported. Reagan established a "Fifty States Project" and councils and commissions on women designed to find existing statutes at the federal and state levels and eradicate them, the latter through a liaison with the various state governors. Elizabeth Dole, a Republican feminist and former Federal Trade Commissioner and advisor to Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (who would go on to become Reagan's Transportation Secretary) headed up his women's rights project. Black people Reagan did not consider himself a racist and dismissed any attacks aimed at him relating to racism as attacks on his personal character and integrity. Biographer Lou Cannon also believes that Reagan wasn't racist, or racially prejudiced. According to him, Reagan had been taught by his parents that racial intolerance was abhorrent and people who knew him were sure that Reagan absorbed his parents' lesson. Reagan volunteered to take Eureka College's two black football players into his home after they were refused admission at a hotel on one of the team's trips. One of them was William Franklin Burghardt, who Reagan befriended and corresponded regularly until Burghardt's death in 1981. Recalling the incident, Burghardt had stated that "I just don't think he [Reagan] was conscious of race at all". Reagan was opposed to racial segregation. Reagan did not support many civil rights bills throughout the years on a federal level. He opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds that specific provisions of the law infringed upon the individual's right to private property and to do business with whomever they chose, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on constitutional grounds, but some have speculated that his position involved "an element of political calculation". In 1965 however, Reagan stated that he favors the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and that "it must be enforced at gunpoint, if necessary". In 1980, Reagan said the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was "humiliating to the South", but in 1982 he signed a bill extending it for 25 years after a grass-roots lobbying and legislative campaign forced him to abandon his plan to ease that law's restrictions. In 1988, he vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, but his veto was overridden by Congress. This was especially notable as it was the first Civil Rights bill to be both vetoed and to be overridden since President Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 followed by Congress overriding the veto and making it law. Reagan had argued that the legislation infringed on states' rights and the rights of churches and small business owners. Reagan's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, as well as his Justice Department, prosecuted fewer civil rights cases per year than they had under his predecessor. In 1967, Reagan signed the Mulford Act into law which banned the carrying of loaded weapons in public in the state of California. While California was an open carry state, when the Black Panther Party began lawfully open carrying and monitoring law enforcement for police brutality, bipartisan calls for increased gun control came from the California State Legislature. The law was controversial, as it was clearly retaliatory against the Black Panthers, but Reagan defended the law, saying that he saw "no reason why on the street today a citizen should be carrying loaded weapons". Critics have claimed that Reagan gave his 1980 presidential campaign speech about states' rights in Philadelphia, Mississippi in a calculated attempt to appeal to racist southern voters. This location is near the place where three civil rights workers were killed in 1964. However, others have pointed out that Reagan had given it at the Neshoba County Fair some distance away from where the murders took place. They also said that the vast majority of his speech had nothing to do with "states' rights" and that the fair was a popular campaigning spot. Presidential candidates John Glenn and Michael Dukakis both campaigned there as well years later. While campaigning in Georgia, Reagan mentioned Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an example of someone who used the line-item veto, which Reagan supported. However, Reagan was offended that some accused him of racism. Reagan initially opposed Fair Housing legislation in California (specifically the Rumford Fair Housing Act), however in 1988 he signed a law expanding the Fair Housing Act of 1968. While signing the expanding of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, he said, among other things, that "[the bill was a] step closer to realizing Martin Luther King's dream", "[the bill was the] most important civil rights legislation in 20 years", and "[the passage of the Civil Rights of 1968 bill] was a major achievement, one that many members of Congress, including a young Congressman named George Bush, had to show enormous courage to vote for". Congressman John Lewis stated that Reagan "dramatized in a very open fashion that he is supportive of efforts to end discrimination in housing" and that Reagan's statements were blatantly meant for political gain as it was an election year. Reagan had previously stated in 1966 that, "If an individual wants to discriminate against Negroes or others in selling or renting his house, he has a right to do so [...] even though such prejudice is morally wrong." Nevertheless, Reagan supported the statute which prohibits racial discrimination on public accommodations and facilities, promised that he would use the "power and prestige" of the governor's office to ensure civil rights for everyone and sought to put an end to "the cancer of racial discrimination". Reagan engaged in a policy of Constructive engagement with South Africa in spite of apartheid due to the nation being a valuable anti-communist ally. He opposed pressure from Congress and his own party for tougher sanctions until his veto was overridden. Reagan opposed the Martin Luther King holiday at first, despite noting that King should be honored for freeing the United States from "the burden of racism", however he accepted and signed it after an overwhelming veto-proof majority (338 to 90 in the House of Representatives and 78 to 22 in the Senate) voted in favor of it. In July 2019, newly unearthed tapes were released of a 1971 phone call between Reagan, then Governor of California, and President Richard Nixon. Angered by African delegates at the United Nations siding against the U.S. in the vote to expel Taiwan from the UN and recognize the People's Republic of China, Reagan stated, "To see those, those monkeys from those African countries - damn them, they're still uncomfortable wearing shoes!" Reagan's son-in-law, Dennis C. Revell, responded that Reagan’s remarks reflected the attitudes of his era, and that some African nations had only recently gained independence from European countries when Reagan spoke with Nixon. Revell also noted that Reagan enjoyed a great relationship with his oldest daughter’s adopted girl from Uganda and also with several African politicians, such as Samora Machel and Yoweri Museveni. Education School prayer Reagan was a supporter of prayer in U.S. schools. On February 25, 1984 in his weekly radio address, he said: "Sometimes I can't help but feel the first amendment is being turned on its head. Because ask yourselves: Can it really be true that the first amendment can permit Nazis and Ku Klux Klansmen to march on public property, advocate the extermination of people of the Jewish faith and the subjugation of blacks, while the same amendment forbids our children from saying a prayer in school?". However, Reagan did not pursue a constitutional amendment requiring school prayer in public schools. Reagan was particularly opposed to the establishment of the Department of Education, which had occurred under his predecessor, President Jimmy Carter. This view stemmed from his less-government intervention views. He had pledged to abolish the department, but did not pursue that goal as President. Energy and oil As President, Reagan removed controls on oil prices, resulting in lower prices and an oil glut. He did not reduce U.S. dependency on oil by imposing an oil-importing fee because of his opposition to taxation. He trusted the free marketplace. Lower global oil prices had the effect of reducing the income that the Soviet Union could earn from its oil exports. Footnotes References and further reading Bell, Coral. The Reagan Paradox: U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1980s (1989) short overview by Australian scholar excerpt Brands, H.W. Reagan: The Life (2015), scholarly biography; 810pp Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27#3 (1997). pp. 451+ ; scholarly biography, 953pp Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989 (2009), strongly pro-Reagan Johns, Andrew L., ed. A Companion to Ronald Reagan (Wiley-Blackwell, 2015). xiv, 682 pp.; topical essays by scholars emphasizing historiography; contents free at many libraries Kyvig, David. ed. Reagan and the World (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy. , autobiography; primary source Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. Ronald Reagan and the World'' (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders online edition Category:Ronald Reagan Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald	[ "President Ronald Reagan addresses the nation from the Oval Office on tax reduction legislation.jpg" ]	[ "Foreign policy", "Defense spending" ]	[ "Ronald Reagan", "Political positions of state governors of the United States", "Political positions of presidents of the United States", "New Right (United States)" ]
projected-71478016-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9vin%20Keben	Kévin Keben	Introduction		Kévin Keben Biakolo (born 26 January 2004) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Toulouse.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "2004 births", "Living people", "People from Bertoua", "Cameroonian footballers", "Association football forwards", "Ligue 1 players", "Championnat National 3 players", "Toulouse FC players", "Cameroonian expatriate footballers", "Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in France", "Expatriate footba...
projected-71478016-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9vin%20Keben	Kévin Keben	Career	Kévin Keben Biakolo (born 26 January 2004) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Toulouse.	Born in Bertoua, Cameroon, Keben moved to France at the age of 2 and at 5 started playing football at Toulouse Montaudran. At the age of 10, he joined the youth academy of Toulouse and started working his way up their youth sides. He was promoted to their reserves in 2021, and represented the senior side in a Coupe de France match over Aubagne. On 1 February 2022, he signed his first professional contract with Toulouse. On 7 August 2022, he made his professional debut with Toulouse in a 1–1 Ligue 1 tie with OGC Nice, coming on as a substitute in the 79th minute.	[]	[ "Career" ]	[ "2004 births", "Living people", "People from Bertoua", "Cameroonian footballers", "Association football forwards", "Ligue 1 players", "Championnat National 3 players", "Toulouse FC players", "Cameroonian expatriate footballers", "Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in France", "Expatriate footba...
projected-71478048-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Maxwell	Donald Maxwell	Introduction		Donald Maxwell may refer to: Donald Maxwell (illustrator) Donald Maxwell (baritone)	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-71478053-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera%20szechuensis	Indigofera szechuensis	Introduction		Indigofera szechuensis (syn. Indigofera potaninii) is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to Tibet and central China. It is typically found growing on slopes, along trails, and on streambanks at above sea level. It is a non-climbing shrub reaching . It is the namesake of a species complex that also includes Indigofera calcicola, I.delavayi, I.franchetii, I.hancockii, I.lenticellata, I.pendula, and I.rigioclada. Most of what is cultivated in the United Kingdom as Indigofera potaninii is actually Indigofera howellii.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Indigofera", "Endemic flora of China", "Flora of Tibet", "Flora of North-Central China", "Flora of South-Central China", "Plants described in 1913" ]
projected-71478053-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera%20szechuensis	Indigofera szechuensis	References	Indigofera szechuensis (syn. Indigofera potaninii) is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to Tibet and central China. It is typically found growing on slopes, along trails, and on streambanks at above sea level. It is a non-climbing shrub reaching . It is the namesake of a species complex that also includes Indigofera calcicola, I.delavayi, I.franchetii, I.hancockii, I.lenticellata, I.pendula, and I.rigioclada. Most of what is cultivated in the United Kingdom as Indigofera potaninii is actually Indigofera howellii.	szechuensis Category:Endemic flora of China Category:Flora of Tibet Category:Flora of North-Central China Category:Flora of South-Central China Category:Plants described in 1913	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Indigofera", "Endemic flora of China", "Flora of Tibet", "Flora of North-Central China", "Flora of South-Central China", "Plants described in 1913" ]
projected-71478059-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20Head%20%28British%20Columbia%29	Diamond Head (British Columbia)	Introduction		Diamond Head is a subsidiary peak of Mount Garibaldi in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located west of Mamquam Lake on the south side of Mount Garibaldi in Garibaldi Provincial Park. It was possibly named by Canadian volcanologist William Henry Mathews for its resemblance to Diamond Head in Hawaii. The peak consists of tuff breccia ranging in size from dust to enormous blocks.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Garibaldi Ranges", "New Westminster Land District", "Two-thousanders of British Columbia" ]
projected-44501358-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Satellite%20Corporation	American Satellite Corporation	Introduction		American Satellite Company (ASC) was one of many Fairchild Industries subsidiary companies and was established in partnership with Continental Telephone in 1972. Emanuel Fthenakis was the President and Chief Executive Officer upon the founding of the corporation. He was replaced in 1976 by Harry Dornbrand, who was President of Fairchild Space and Electronics division at the time. Under their leadership, ASC pioneered advancements in satellite broadcasting both domestically and abroad.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1972 establishments in the United States", "Fairchild Corporation", "Private spaceflight companies" ]
projected-44501358-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Satellite%20Corporation	American Satellite Corporation	Overview	American Satellite Company (ASC) was one of many Fairchild Industries subsidiary companies and was established in partnership with Continental Telephone in 1972. Emanuel Fthenakis was the President and Chief Executive Officer upon the founding of the corporation. He was replaced in 1976 by Harry Dornbrand, who was President of Fairchild Space and Electronics division at the time. Under their leadership, ASC pioneered advancements in satellite broadcasting both domestically and abroad.	In June 1973 ASC became the first company to transmit United States domestic television via satellite. The first broadcast was of an address by then Speaker of the House Carl Albert delivered in Washington D.C. and sent to the National Cable Television Association convention in Anaheim, California. On the same day, they became the first company to broadcast a major sports event via satellite: the fight between Jimmy Ellis and Ernie Shavers in Madison Square Garden. ASC was headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, and had 4 Earth stations located in SFES - San Francisco, CA (Benicia), LAES - Los Angeles, CA (Nuevo), DAES - Dallas, TX, NYES - New York, NY. In 1976 ASC began commercially delivering The Wall Street Journal via satellite. In 1982 ASC began commercially delivering the fledgling USA Today via satellite. ASC contributed to Department of Defense communications systems and built the first digital satellite route from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland via a land base in California. The corporation also invented a shipboard antenna that could connect military vessels to satellite communications despite the pitch and yaw motion of the ship. By 1978 ASC "established the first wideband digital data transmission service via domestic satellite for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program". In 1984, the corporation control became the largest U.S. transceiver satellite communications network. The Transmission Operations department was responsible for operations and maintenance. The Network Operations Control Center was located at Vernon, NJ, and was later relocated to Ellenwood, DeKalb County outside of Atlanta, GA. At the end of 1987, the Southeast Region consisted of the following sites: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD, DOD Ft Meade MD Fairchild Industries Gaithersberg VA, DOD Ft Belvoir VA, DOD Virginia Beach VA, DOD Damneck VA NASA Etam WV Allstate Insurance Charlotte NC, USA Today Greensboro NC, DOD Ft Bragg NC DOD Shaw AFB SC, Metropolitan Life Insurance Greenville SC DOD Savannah GA, USA Today Gainesville GA DOD McDill AFB FL, New York Times Lakeland FL, NASA Merritt Island FL, FAA Miami FL, DOD Hurlburt Field FL, DOD Eglin AFB FL, DOD NAS Pensacola FL NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville AL, SCI Huntsville AL, Lockheed Martin Huntsville AL Social Security Birmingham AL US Pencil and Pen Shelbyville TN, Dept of Energy Oak Ridge TN, Olin Mills Inc Chattanooga TN Federal Express Memphis TN DOD Ft Campbell KY NASA Slidell LA DOD Hattiesburg MS Abbott Labs, Puerto Rico. American Satellite initially leased satellite service on the Western Union WESTAR satellites. American Satellite contracted with RCA Astro to build the ASC-1 satellite which was launched via NASA space shuttle Discovery mission STS-51-I on August 27, 1985. The satellite has 18 C-band and 6 Ku-band transponders. On C-band, the satellite had 12 each 36 Mhz transponders that used Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPAs) and 6 each 72 Mhz transponders that used Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs). The SSPAs had 8.5 watts of Radio Frequency (RF) power and the TWTAs had 16.2 watts of RF power. On Ku-band the satellite had 6 each 72 Mhz transponders. The satellite had a Horizonal polarity beacon at 4100 Mhz, a Vertical polarity beacon at 3700 Mhz. The Satellite was parked at 81 degrees west. ASC-2 was launch via a Delta-7925 rocket from Cape Canaveral on April 3, 1991 and was parked at 101 degrees west. ASC-3 was not used and sold to PanAmSat.	[]	[ "Overview" ]	[ "1972 establishments in the United States", "Fairchild Corporation", "Private spaceflight companies" ]
projected-44501358-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Satellite%20Corporation	American Satellite Corporation	References	American Satellite Company (ASC) was one of many Fairchild Industries subsidiary companies and was established in partnership with Continental Telephone in 1972. Emanuel Fthenakis was the President and Chief Executive Officer upon the founding of the corporation. He was replaced in 1976 by Harry Dornbrand, who was President of Fairchild Space and Electronics division at the time. Under their leadership, ASC pioneered advancements in satellite broadcasting both domestically and abroad.	Category:1972 establishments in the United States Category:Fairchild Corporation Category:Private spaceflight companies	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "1972 establishments in the United States", "Fairchild Corporation", "Private spaceflight companies" ]
projected-71478068-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Holt	Susan Holt	Introduction		Susan Holt is a Canadian politician, who has been the leader of the New Brunswick Liberal Association since August 6, 2022. Holt worked as chief growth officer for Fredericton software companies Plato Testing and PQA, and has served as president of the New Brunswick Business Council. She ran as the Liberal candidate in Fredericton South in the 2018 New Brunswick general election, losing to New Brunswick Green Party leader David Coon. As Holt is not currently a sitting member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Liberal MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) Denis Landry has offered to resign his seat so that Holt can run in a by-election, although Holt has not yet indicated whether she will accept his offer.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "21st-century Canadian politicians", "21st-century Canadian women politicians", "New Brunswick Liberal Association leaders", "Politicians from Fredericton", "Women in New Brunswick politics", "Female Canadian political party leaders", "Living people", "Year of birth missing (living people)" ]
projected-71478068-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Holt	Susan Holt	References	Susan Holt is a Canadian politician, who has been the leader of the New Brunswick Liberal Association since August 6, 2022. Holt worked as chief growth officer for Fredericton software companies Plato Testing and PQA, and has served as president of the New Brunswick Business Council. She ran as the Liberal candidate in Fredericton South in the 2018 New Brunswick general election, losing to New Brunswick Green Party leader David Coon. As Holt is not currently a sitting member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Liberal MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) Denis Landry has offered to resign his seat so that Holt can run in a by-election, although Holt has not yet indicated whether she will accept his offer.	Category:21st-century Canadian politicians Category:21st-century Canadian women politicians Category:New Brunswick Liberal Association leaders Category:Politicians from Fredericton Category:Women in New Brunswick politics Category:Female Canadian political party leaders Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "21st-century Canadian politicians", "21st-century Canadian women politicians", "New Brunswick Liberal Association leaders", "Politicians from Fredericton", "Women in New Brunswick politics", "Female Canadian political party leaders", "Living people", "Year of birth missing (living people)" ]
projected-20469513-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20films%20shot%20in%20Oregon	List of films shot in Oregon	Introduction		Throughout film history, the U.S. state of Oregon has been a popular shooting location for filmmakers due to its wide range of landscapes, as well as its proximity to California, specifically Hollywood. The first documented commercial film made in Oregon was a short silent film titled The Fisherman's Bride, shot in Astoria by the Selig Polyscope Company, and released in 1909. Another documentary short, Fast Mail, Northern Pacific Railroad, was shot in Portland in 1897. Since then, numerous major motion pictures have been shot in the state, including F.W. Murnau's City Girl (1930), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Animal House (1978), Stand by Me (1986), Free Willy (1993), and Wild (2014). Portland—Oregon's largest city—has been a major shooting location for filmmakers, and has been featured prominently in the films of Gus Van Sant, namely Mala Noche (1985), Drugstore Cowboy (1989), My Own Private Idaho (1991), and Elephant (2003). This list of films shot is organized first by region, and then chronologically by year. Some films may appear more than once if they were shot in more than one region.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Films shot in Oregon", "Lists of films shot in the United States", "Oregon culture", "Oregon-related lists" ]
projected-20469513-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20films%20shot%20in%20Oregon	List of films shot in Oregon	Other	Throughout film history, the U.S. state of Oregon has been a popular shooting location for filmmakers due to its wide range of landscapes, as well as its proximity to California, specifically Hollywood. The first documented commercial film made in Oregon was a short silent film titled The Fisherman's Bride, shot in Astoria by the Selig Polyscope Company, and released in 1909. Another documentary short, Fast Mail, Northern Pacific Railroad, was shot in Portland in 1897. Since then, numerous major motion pictures have been shot in the state, including F.W. Murnau's City Girl (1930), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Animal House (1978), Stand by Me (1986), Free Willy (1993), and Wild (2014). Portland—Oregon's largest city—has been a major shooting location for filmmakers, and has been featured prominently in the films of Gus Van Sant, namely Mala Noche (1985), Drugstore Cowboy (1989), My Own Private Idaho (1991), and Elephant (2003). This list of films shot is organized first by region, and then chronologically by year. Some films may appear more than once if they were shot in more than one region.	According to a list provided by the Oregon Film Council, the following films were shot in Oregon; however, specific locations and cities were not documented.	[ "The Covered Wagon poster.jpg" ]	[ "Other" ]	[ "Films shot in Oregon", "Lists of films shot in the United States", "Oregon culture", "Oregon-related lists" ]
projected-71478078-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongyue%20Emperor	Dongyue Emperor	Introduction		or the Emperor of the Eastern Peak/God of Taishan/The Great Emperor of the Sacred Mountain of the East is a Daoist deity of the sacred mountain Mount Tai. Since ancient times, Mount Tai has been a place where the spirits of the dead gather, so the god of Mount Tai was thought to be the supreme deity of the underworld and govern the lifespan and status of humans in this world. Taizanfukun is said to have had a ``roku meibo'' (roku meibo), in which people's fortunes were recorded in detail. It is generally said that he is the grandson of the Jade Emperor . During the Han dynasty Emperors performed the Feng Shan ceremony on Mount Tai	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Deities in Chinese folk religion", "Deities in Taoism", "Chinese gods" ]
projected-71478078-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongyue%20Emperor	Dongyue Emperor	See also	or the Emperor of the Eastern Peak/God of Taishan/The Great Emperor of the Sacred Mountain of the East is a Daoist deity of the sacred mountain Mount Tai. Since ancient times, Mount Tai has been a place where the spirits of the dead gather, so the god of Mount Tai was thought to be the supreme deity of the underworld and govern the lifespan and status of humans in this world. Taizanfukun is said to have had a ``roku meibo'' (roku meibo), in which people's fortunes were recorded in detail. It is generally said that he is the grandson of the Jade Emperor . During the Han dynasty Emperors performed the Feng Shan ceremony on Mount Tai	Mount Tai Feng Shan	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Deities in Chinese folk religion", "Deities in Taoism", "Chinese gods" ]