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train · 28.5M rows

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text_id stringlengths 22 22	page_url stringlengths 31 389	page_title stringlengths 1 250	section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k	context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k	context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k	media list	hierachy list	category list
projected-00307351-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Baqir%20al-Hakim	Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim	See also	Sayyid Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim (1939 – 29 August 2003; ), also known as Shaheed al-Mehraab, was a senior Iraqi Shia Islamic Scholar and the leader of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). Al-Hakim spent more than 20 years in exile in Iran and returned to Iraq on 12 May 2003. Al-Hakim wa...	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "1939 births", "2003 deaths", "Badr Brigade members", "Iraqi ayatollahs", "Iraqi Shia clerics", "Iraqi Shia Muslims", "Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq politicians", "Al-Hakim family", "Terrorism deaths in Iraq", "Assassinated Iraqi politicians", "Deaths by car bomb in Iraq", "Iraqi revolutiona...
projected-00307352-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated%20Edison%20Co.%20v.%20Public%20Service%20Commission	Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission	Introduction		Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission, 447 U.S. 530 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court decision addressing the free speech rights of public utility corporations under the First Amendment. In a majority opinion written by Justice Lewis Powell, the Court invalidated an order by the New York Public S...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "United States Free Speech Clause case law", "1980 in United States case law", "New York Public Service Commission", "United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court", "Consolidated Edison", "United States Supreme Court cases" ]
projected-00307352-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated%20Edison%20Co.%20v.%20Public%20Service%20Commission	Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission	See also	Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission, 447 U.S. 530 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court decision addressing the free speech rights of public utility corporations under the First Amendment. In a majority opinion written by Justice Lewis Powell, the Court invalidated an order by the New York Public S...	List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 447	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "United States Free Speech Clause case law", "1980 in United States case law", "New York Public Service Commission", "United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court", "Consolidated Edison", "United States Supreme Court cases" ]
projected-00307360-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Introduction		Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	[ "Hinduism Expansion in Asia.svg", "Om Tamilism .png" ]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Ancient era	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Indian scholars wrote about the Dwipantara or Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. "Yawadvipa" is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita. It was hence referred to by the Sanskrit na...	[]	[ "Ancient era" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Modern era	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Today, vibrant and diverse Hindu communities spread across Southeast Asia remain especially in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Medan (Indonesia) and the Philippines mainly due to the presence of Indians, such as Tamil people, who migrated from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia in past centuries. One notably Sout...	[ "Bali-Ubud 0704a.jpg", "A day of devotion – Thaipusam in Singapore (4316108409).jpg" ]	[ "Modern era" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Cambodia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Cambodia was first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of the Kingdom of Funan. Hinduism was one of the Khmer Empire's official religions. Angkor Wat, the largest temple complex in the world (now Buddhist) was once a Hindu temple. The main religion adhered to in Khmer kingdom was Hinduism, followed by Buddhism ...	[ "A statue inside the Angkor Wat in Cambodia; January 2020.jpg", "Angkor Vat (6783535194).jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Cambodia" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Indonesia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Today in Indonesia, Hinduism is practised by 1.7% of the total population. Hindus constitute 83.29% of the population of Bali and 5.75% of the population of Central Kalimantan, as of the 2010 census. However, between the 4th century to 15th century, Hinduism and Buddhism was adhered by the majority of the population, a...	[ "Candi Prambanan; candi Hindu terindah di Asia Tenggara.jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Indonesia" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Laos	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Hinduism makes up less than 0.1% of the population of Laos. Approximately 7,000 People of Laos are Hindus . Ancient Laos used to be a part of Hindu Khmer Empire. The Wat Phou is one of the last influences of that period. The Laotian adaptation of the Ramayana is called Phra Lak Phra Lam.	[]	[ "Countries", "Laos" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Malaysia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Hinduism is the fourth largest religion in Malaysia. About 1.78 million Malaysian residents (6.3% of the total population) are Hindus, according to 2010 Census of Malaysia. Most Malaysian Hindus are settled in western parts of Peninsular Malaysia. Indian Hindus and Buddhists began arriving in Malaysia during the ancie...	[ "Taipusam Batu Caves, 2012 - panoramio (6).jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Malaysia" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Myanmar	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Hinduism in Burma is practised by about 840,000 people, though a reliable census data is not vailable Most Hindus in Myanmar are Burmese Indians. In modern Myanmar, most Hindus are found in the urban centres of Yangon and Mandalay. Ancient Hindu temples are present in other parts of Burma, such as the 11th century Nath...	[ "Hindu temple procession cart, Yangon.jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Myanmar" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Philippines	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Before the arrival of Islam in Sulu in 1450 and Christianity with Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed from Spain in 1521, the chiefs of many communities across the islands were called Rajas, and the script was derived from Brahmi. The concept of karma is readily understood across various Philippine peoples as part of the tr...	[ "Extract from Inskripsyon sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna.jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Philippines" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Singapore	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	The introduction of Hinduism to Singapore dates back to the early 10th century, during the Chola period. Immigrants from Southern India, mostly Tamils, arrived as labourers for the British East India Company, bringing with them their religion and culture. Their arrival saw the building of Dravidian temples throughout t...	[ "Little India- Serangoon Road Singapore Diwali 2009.jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Singapore" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Thailand	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	A number of Hindus remain in Thailand, mostly in cities. In the past, the nation came under the influence of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots. Despite the fact that today Thailand is a Buddhist majority nation, many elements of Thai culture and symbolism demonstrates Hindu influences and heritage. For exa...	[ "Thailand-3749 - Four Faces Buddha (Brahma) (6042345760).jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Thailand" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Vietnam	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	The first recorded religion of the Champa was a form of Shaiva Hinduism, brought by sea from India. Hinduism was an important religion among the Cham people (along with Buddhism, Islam, and indigenous beliefs) until the sixteenth century. Numerous temples dedicated to Shiva were constructed in the central part of what ...	[ "Danses Cham.jpg" ]	[ "Countries", "Vietnam" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	See also	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	Indian religions in Southeast Asia Buddhism in Southeast Asia Jainism in Southeast Asia Indianised kingdom Balinese Hinduism Spread of Indian influence Greater India Indian diaspora Buddhism in Southeast Asia History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia Indianization of Southeast Asia Trading routes Indus–...	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307360-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism%20in%20Southeast%20Asia	Hinduism in Southeast Asia	Further reading	Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from India, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are ma...	R. C. Majumdar, India and South-East Asia, I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979, . R. C. Majumdar, Champa, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East, Vol.I, Lahore, 1927. R. C. Majumdar, Suvarnadvipa, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East, Vol.II, Calcutta, R. C. Majumdar, Kambuja Desa or an Ancie...	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Hinduism in Southeast Asia", "Hinduism in Asia", "Religion in Southeast Asia" ]
projected-00307365-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Introduction		Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Classifications	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	In the history of India, the six orthodox schools had emerged before the start of the Common Era, and some schools emerged possibly even before the Buddha. Some scholars have questioned whether the orthodox and heterodox schools classification is sufficient or accurate, given the diversity and evolution of views within...	[]	[ "Classifications" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Āstika	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	There are six (orthodox) schools of thought. Each is called a darśana, and each darśana accepts the Vedas as authority. Each also accepts the premise that Atman (eternal Self) exists. The schools of philosophy are: Sankhya – A strongly dualist theoretical exposition of consciousness and matter. Agnostic with respe...	[]	[ "Classifications", "Āstika" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Nāstika	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Schools that do not accept the authority of the Vedas are nāstika philosophies, of which four (heterodox) schools are prominent: Cārvāka, a materialism school that accepted the existence of free will. Ājīvika, a materialism school that denied the existence of free will. Buddhism, a philosophy that denies existence ...	[]	[ "Classifications", "Nāstika" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Other schools	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Besides the major orthodox and non-orthodox schools, there have existed syncretic sub-schools that have combined ideas and introduced new ones of their own. The medieval scholar Madhavacharya, identified by some as Vidyaranya, in his book 'Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha', includes the following, along with Buddhism and Jainism...	[]	[ "Classifications", "Other schools" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Epistemology	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Epistemology is called pramāṇa. It has been a key, much debated field of study in Hinduism since ancient times. is a Hindu theory of knowledge and discusses the valid means by which human beings can gain accurate knowledge. The focus of is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one does not, and to...	[]	[ "Overview", "Epistemology" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Sāmkhya	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems in Hinduism, with origins in the 1st millennium BCE. It is a rationalist school of Indian philosophy, and had a strong influence on other schools of Indian philosophies. Sāmkhya is an enumerationist philosophy whose epistemology accepted three of six pramāṇas ...	[]	[ "Sāmkhya" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Yoga	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	In Indian philosophy, Yoga is, among other things, the name of one of the six philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system aligns closely with the dualist premises of the Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of pe...	[]	[ "Yoga" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Vaiśeṣika	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school. It is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulates that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to (atoms), and that one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), qu...	[]	[ "Vaiśeṣika" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Nyāya	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	The Nyāya school is a realist āstika philosophy. The school's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were its systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on epistemology. The foundational text of the Nyāya school is the Nyāya Sūtras of the first millennium BCE. The text is...	[]	[ "Nyāya" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Mīmāṃsā	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	The Mīmāṃsā school emphasized hermeneutics and exegesis. It is a form of philosophical realism. Key texts of the Mīmāṃsā school are the Purva Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini. The classical Mīmāṃsā school is sometimes referred to as or in reference to the first part of the Vedas. The Mīmāṃsā school has several sub-schools ...	[]	[ "Mīmāṃsā" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Vedānta	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and best-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of kn...	[]	[ "Vedānta" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Advaita	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Advaita literally means "not two, sole, unity". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of...	[]	[ "Vedānta", "Advaita" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Viśiṣṭādvaita	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Ramanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahma...	[]	[ "Vedānta", "Viśiṣṭādvaita" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Dvaita	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Dvaita refers to a theistic sub-school in Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy. Also called and , the Dvaita sub-school was founded by the 13th-century scholar Madhvacharya. The Dvaita Vedanta school believes that God (Vishnu, Paramatman) and the individual Selfs (Atman) (jīvātman) exist as independent realities, and...	[]	[ "Vedānta", "Dvaita" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Dvaitādvaita (Bhedabheda)	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, Self, and matter. Self and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exis...	[]	[ "Vedānta", "Dvaitādvaita (Bhedabheda)" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Śuddhādvaita	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Śuddhādvaita is the "purely non-dual" philosophy propounded by Vallabha Acharya (1479–1531). The founding philosopher was also the guru of the Vallabhā sampradāya ("tradition of Vallabh") or Puṣṭimārga, a Vaishnava tradition focused on the worship of Krishna. Vallabhacharya enunciates that Brahman has created the world...	[]	[ "Vedānta", "Śuddhādvaita" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Acintya Bheda Abheda	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534), stated that the Self or energy of God is both distinct and non-distinct from God, whom he identified as Krishna, Govinda, and that this, although unthinkable, may be experienced through a process of loving devotion (bhakti). He followed the Dvaita concept of Madhvacharya. This philosop...	[]	[ "Vedānta", "Acintya Bheda Abheda" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Cārvāka	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	The Cārvāka school is one of the nāstika or "heterodox" philosophies . It rejects supernaturalism, emphasizes materialism and philosophical skepticism, holding empiricism, perception and conditional inference as the proper source of knowledge Cārvāka is an atheistic school of thought. It holds that there is neither aft...	[]	[ "Cārvāka" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Shaivism	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (), dualist (), and non-dualist-with-dualist () perspec...	[]	[ "Shaivism" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Pāśupata Shaivism	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Pāśupata Shaivism (, 'of Paśupati') is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (...	[]	[ "Shaivism", "Pāśupata Shaivism" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Shaiva Siddhanta	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Considered normative Tantric Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta provides the normative rites, cosmology and theological categories of Tantric Shaivism. Being a dualistic philosophy, the goal of Shaiva Siddhanta is to become an ontologically distinct Shiva (through Shiva's grace). This tradition later merged with the Tamil Saiv...	[]	[ "Shaivism", "Shaiva Siddhanta" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Kashmir Shaivism	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Kashmir Shaivism arose during the eighth or ninth century CE in Kashmir and made significant strides, both philosophical and theological, until the end of the twelfth century CE. It is categorised by various scholars as monistic idealism (absolute idealism, theistic monism, realistic idealism, transcendental physicalis...	[]	[ "Shaivism", "Kashmir Shaivism" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-025	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	See also	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Āstika and nāstika Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhist philosophy Hindu idealism Hindu denominations Pramana Indian philosophy Kashmir Shaivism Metaphilosophy Dharma Asrama Vedas Origin of language	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Bibliography	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy.	[]	[ "Bibliography" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307365-029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20philosophy	Hindu philosophy	Further reading	Hindu philosophy encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which include six systems (shad-darśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskri...	Vol. 5. Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. . Rambachan, Anantanand. "The Advaita Worldview: God, World and Humanity." 2006. Zilberman, David B., The Birth of Meaning in Hindu Thought. D...	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Hindu philosophy", "Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307366-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	Introduction		Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	Overview	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	Although the Vaisheshika system developed independently from the Nyaya school of Hinduism, the two became similar and are often studied together. In its classical form, however, the Vaishesika school differed from the Nyaya in one crucial respect: where Nyaya accepted four sources of valid knowledge, the Vaishesika acc...	[]	[ "Overview" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	Epistemology	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	Hinduism identifies six Pramāṇas as epistemically reliable means to accurate knowledge and to truths: Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāna (inference), Upamāna (comparison and analogy), Arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), Anupalabdhi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and Śabda (word, testimony ...	[]	[ "Epistemology" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	Syllogism	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	The syllogism of the school was similar to that of the Nyāya school of Hinduism, but the names given by to the 5 members of syllogism are different.	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Syllogism" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	Literature	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	The earliest systematic exposition of the Vaisheshika is found in the of (or ). This treatise is divided into ten books. The two commentaries on the , and are no more extant. ’s (c. 4th century) is the next important work of this school. Though commonly known as of , this treatise is basically an independent work...	[]	[ "Literature" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	The Categories or Padārtha	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	According to the Vaisheshika school, all things that exist, that can be cognized and named are s (literal meaning: the meaning of a word), the objects of experience. All objects of experience can be classified into six categories, dravya (substance), (quality), karma (activity), (generality), (particularity) and (...	[]	[ "The Categories or Padārtha" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	The atomic theory	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	According to the school, the are the smallest mahat (perceivable) particles and defined as s (triads). These are made of three parts, each of which are defined as (dyad). The s are conceived as made of two parts, each of which are defined as (atom). The s (atoms) are indivisible and eternal, they can neither be cr...	[]	[ "The atomic theory" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	See also	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	Darshanas Hindu philosophy Hinduism Nyaya (philosophy) Padārtha Tarka-Sangraha Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Atomism	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	References	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	. . .	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307366-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika	Vaisheshika	Further reading	Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika () is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical proc...	Bimal Matilal (1977), A History of Indian Literature - Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, , Gopi Kaviraj (1961), Gleanings from the history and bibliography of the Nyaya-Vaisesika literature, Indian Studies: Past & Present, Volume 2, Number 4, Kak, Subhash: Matter and Mind: The Vaiśeṣika Sūtra of Kaṇāda	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika", "Atomism", "Epistemology", "Hindu philosophy", "Logic", "Metaphysics" ]
projected-00307371-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Introduction		Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Etymology	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Sāṃkhya (सांख्य) or sāṅkhya, also transliterated as samkhya and sankhya, respectively, is a Sanskrit word that, depending on the context, means 'to reckon, count, enumerate, calculate, deliberate, reason, reasoning by numeric enumeration, relating to number, rational'. In the context of ancient Indian philosophies, Sam...	[]	[ "Etymology" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Puruṣa and Prakṛti	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Samkhya makes a distinction between two "irreducible, innate and independent realities," purusha, the witness-consciousness, and prakṛti, "matter," the activities of mind and perception. According to Dan Lusthaus, Puruṣa is considered as the conscious principle, a passive enjoyer (bhokta) and the prakṛti is the enjoye...	[]	[ "Philosophy", "Puruṣa and Prakṛti" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Puruṣa - witness-consciousness	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible, unknowable through other agencies, above any experience by mind or senses and beyond any words or explanations. It remains pure, "nonattributive consciousness". Puruṣa is neither produced nor does it produce. No appellations can qual...	[ "Purusha-Pakriti.jpg" ]	[ "Philosophy", "Puruṣa and Prakṛti", "Puruṣa - witness-consciousness" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Prakṛti - cognitive processes	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Prakṛti is the first cause of the world of our experiences. Since it is the first principle (tattva) of the universe, it is called the pradhāna (chief principle), but, as it is the unconscious and unintelligent principle, it is also called the jaḍa (unintelligent). It is composed of three essential characteristics (tri...	[ "Evolution in Samkhya.jpg" ]	[ "Philosophy", "Puruṣa and Prakṛti", "Prakṛti - cognitive processes" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Liberation or mokṣa	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Samkhya school considers moksha as a natural quest of every jiva. The Samkhyakarika states, Samkhya regards ignorance (avidyā) as the root cause of suffering and bondage (Samsara). Samkhya states that the way out of this suffering is through knowledge (viveka). Mokṣa (liberation), states Samkhya school, results from...	[]	[ "Liberation or mokṣa" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Epistemology	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Samkhya considered Pratyakṣa or Dṛṣṭam (direct sense perception), Anumāna (inference), and Śabda or Āptavacana (verbal testimony of the sages or shāstras) to be the only valid means of knowledge or pramana. Unlike some other schools, Samkhya did not consider the following three pramanas to be epistemically proper: Upa...	[ "3 Pramana Epistemology Samkhya Yoga Hindu schools.svg" ]	[ "Epistemology" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Causality	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The Samkhya system is based on Sat-kārya-vāda or the theory of causation. According to Satkāryavāda, the effect is pre-existent in the cause. There is only an apparent or illusory change in the makeup of the cause and not a material one, when it becomes effect. Since, effects cannot come from nothing, the original caus...	[]	[ "Causality" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Historical development	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Larson (1979) discerns four basic periods in the development of Samkhya: 8/9th c. BCE - 5th c. BCE: "ancient speculations," including speculative Vedic hymns and the oldest prose Upanishads 4th.c. BCE-1st c. CE: proto-Samkhya speculations, as found in the middle Upanishads, the Buddhacarita, the Bhagavad Gita, and th...	[]	[ "Historical development" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Vedic speculations and Upanishadic enumerations	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The early, speculative phase took place in the first half of the first millennium BCE, when ascetic spirituality and monastic (sramana and yati) traditions came into vogue in India, and ancient scholars combined "enumerated set[s] of principles" with "a methodology of reasoning that results in spiritual knowledge (vidy...	[]	[ "Historical development", "Vedic speculations and Upanishadic enumerations" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Rig Vedic speculations	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The earliest mention of dualism is in the Rigveda, a text that was compiled in the second millennium BCE., in various chapters. At a mythical level, dualism is found in the Indra–Vritra myth of chapter 1.32 of the Rigveda. Enumeration, the etymological root of the word samkhya, is found in numerous chapters of the Rig...	[]	[ "Historical development", "Vedic speculations and Upanishadic enumerations", "Rig Vedic speculations" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Upanishads	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The oldest of the major Upanishads (c. 900–600 BCE) contain speculations along the lines of classical Samkhya philosophy. The concept of ahamkara was traced back by Van Buitenen to chapters 1.2 and 1.4 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and chapter 7.25 of the Chāndogya Upaniṣad, where it is a "cosmic entity," and not a p...	[]	[ "Historical development", "Vedic speculations and Upanishadic enumerations", "Upanishads" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Ascetic origins	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	While some earlier scholars have argued for Upanishadic origins of the Samkhya-tradition, and the Upanisads contain dualistic speculations which may have influenced proto-samkhya, other scholars have noted the dissimilarities of Shamkhya with the Vedic tradition. As early as 1898, Richard Garbe, a Christian missionary,...	[]	[ "Proto-Samkhya", "Ascetic origins" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Textual references	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The Mokshadharma chapter of Shanti Parva (Book of Peace) in the Mahabharata epic, composed between 400 BCE to 400 CE, explains Samkhya ideas along with other extant philosophies, and then lists numerous scholars in recognition of their philosophical contributions to various Indian traditions, and therein at least three...	[]	[ "Proto-Samkhya", "Textual references" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Traditional credited founders	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Sage Kapila is traditionally credited as a founder of the Samkhya school. It is unclear in which century of the 1st millennium BCE Kapila lived. Kapila appears in Rigveda, but context suggests that the word means 'reddish-brown color'. Both Kapila as a 'seer' and the term Samkhya appear in hymns of section 5.2 in Shvet...	[]	[ "Proto-Samkhya", "Traditional credited founders" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Buddhist and Jainist influences	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Buddhism and Jainism had developed in eastern India by the 5th century BCE. It is probable that these schools of thought and the earliest schools of Samkhya influenced each other. According to Burely, there is no evidence that a systematic samkhya-philosophy existed prior to the founding of Buddhism and Jainism, someti...	[]	[ "Proto-Samkhya", "Buddhist and Jainist influences" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Pre-karika Samkhya	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	According to Ruzsa, about 2,000 years ago "Sāṅkhya became the representative philosophy of Hindu thought in Hindu circles", influencing all strands of the Hindu tradition and Hindu texts. Between 1938 and 1967, two previously unknown manuscript editions of Yuktidipika (ca. 600–700 CE) were discovered and published. Yu...	[]	[ "Pre-karika Samkhya" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Classical Samkhya - Samkhyakarika	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The earliest surviving authoritative text on classical Samkhya philosophy is the Samkhya Karika (c. 200 CE or 350–450 CE) of Īśvarakṛṣṇa. There were probably other texts in early centuries CE, however none of them are available today. Iśvarakṛṣṇa in his Kārikā describes a succession of the disciples from Kapila, throug...	[]	[ "Classical Samkhya - Samkhyakarika" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Samkhya revival	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The 13th century text Sarvadarsanasangraha contains 16 chapters, each devoted to a separate school of Indian philosophy. The 13th chapter in this book contains a description of the Samkhya philosophy. The Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra (c. 14th century CE) renewed interest in Samkhya in the medieval era. It is considered the ...	[]	[ "Samkhya revival" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Views on God	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Although the Samkhya school considers the Vedas a reliable source of knowledge, samkhya accepts the notion of higher selves or perfected beings but rejects the notion of God, according to Paul Deussen and other scholars, although other scholars believe that Samkhya is as much theistic as the Yoga school. According to R...	[]	[ "Views on God" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Arguments against Ishvara's existence	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	According to Sinha, the following arguments were given by Samkhya philosophers against the idea of an eternal, self-caused, creator God: If the existence of karma is assumed, the proposition of God as a moral governor of the universe is unnecessary. For, if God enforces the consequences of actions then he can do so wi...	[]	[ "Views on God", "Arguments against Ishvara's existence" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Vaisheshika and Nyaya	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The Vaisheshika atomism, Nyaya epistemology may all have roots in the early Samkhya school of thought; but these schools likely developed in parallel with an evolving Samkhya tradition, as sibling intellectual movements.	[]	[ "Influence on other schools", "Vaisheshika and Nyaya" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-025	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Yoga	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The Yoga school derives its ontology and epistemology from Samkhya and adds to it the concept of Isvara. However, scholarly opinion on the actual relationship between Yoga and Samkhya is divided. While Jakob Wilhelm Hauer and Georg Feuerstein believe that Yoga was a tradition common to many Indian schools and its assoc...	[ "Siddhasana.svg" ]	[ "Influence on other schools", "Yoga" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Tantra	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The dualistic metaphysics of various Tantric traditions illustrates the strong influence of Samkhya on Tantra. Shaiva Siddhanta was identical to Samkhya in its philosophical approach, barring the addition of a transcendent theistic reality. Knut A. Jacobsen, Professor of Religious Studies, notes the influence of Samkhy...	[]	[ "Influence on other schools", "Tantra" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	Advaita Vedanta	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	The Advaita Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara called Samkhya as the 'principal opponent' (pradhana-malla) of the Vedanta. He criticized the Samkhya view that the cause of the universe is the unintelligent Prakruti (Pradhan). According to Shankara, the Intelligent Brahman only can be such a cause. He considered Samkhya p...	[]	[ "Influence on other schools", "Advaita Vedanta" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307371-028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya	Samkhya	See also	Samkhya or Sankya (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ) is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality and human experience as composed of two independent principles, puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit); and prakṛti, (nature, including the human mind and emotions). Puruṣa is the witness-consciousness. It is absolu...	Advaita Vedanta of Adi Shankara, a non-dualist strand within Hinduism Darshanas Khyativada Ratha Kalpana Subtle body	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Samkhya", "Āstika", "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy" ]
projected-00307372-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Introduction		Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Terminology	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Mīmāṃsā, also romanized Mimansa or Mimamsa, means "reflection, consideration, profound thought, investigation, examination, discussion" in Sanskrit. It also refers to the "examination of the Vedic text" and to a school of Hindu philosophy that is also known as ("prior" inquiry, also ), in contrast to ("posterior" in...	[]	[ "Terminology" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Darśana (philosophy) – central concerns	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Mīmānsā is one of the six classical Hindu darśanas. It is among the earliest schools of Hindu philosophies. It has attracted relatively less scholarly study, although its theories and particularly its questions on exegesis and theology have been highly influential on all classical Indian philosophies. Its analysis of l...	[]	[ "Darśana (philosophy) – central concerns" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Epistemology	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	In the field of epistemology, later Mīmāṃsākas made some notable contributions. Unlike the Nyaya or the Vaisheshika systems, the sub-school of Mīmāṃsā recognizes five means of valid knowledge (Skt. pramāṇa). The sub-school of Mīmāṃsā recognizes one additional sixth, namely anuapalabdhi, just like Advaita Vedanta scho...	[]	[ "Epistemology" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Pratyaksa	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Main article : Pratyaksha Pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष means perception. It is of two types in Mīmānsā and other schools of Hinduism: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of...	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Pratyaksa" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Anumana	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Main article : Anumana Anumāṇa (अनुमान) means inference. It is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of Anumana. In all except one Hindu philosophies, this is a valid and useful means to kn...	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Anumana" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Upamana	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Main article : Upamāṇa Upamāṇa means comparison and analogy. Some Hindu schools consider it as a proper means of knowledge. Upamana, states Lochtefeld, may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been...	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Upamana" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Arthāpatti	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Arthāpatti (अर्थापत्ति) means postulation, derivation from circumstances. In contemporary logic, this pramāṇa is similar to circumstantial implication. As example, if a person left in a boat on a river earlier, and the time is now past the expected time of arrival, then the circumstances support the truth postulate tha...	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Arthāpatti" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Anupalabdhi	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Main article : Anupalabdhi, See also: Abhava Anupalabdi (अनुपलब्धि), accepted only by Kumarila Bhatta sub-school of Mīmāṃsā, means non-perception, negative/cognitive proof. Anupalabdhi pramana suggests that knowing a negative, such as "there is no jug in this room" is a form of valid knowledge. If something can be obs...	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Anupalabdhi" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Sabda	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Śabda (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts. Hiriyanna explains Sabda-pramana as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and ene...	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Sabda" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Relation to Vedanta school	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	An interesting feature of the Mīmāṃsā school of philosophy is its unique epistemological theory of the intrinsic validity of all cognition as such. It is held that all knowledge is ipso facto true (Skt. svataḥ prāmāṇyavāda). Thus, what is to be proven is not the truth of a cognition, but its falsity. The Mīmāṃsākas adv...	[]	[ "Epistemology", "Relation to Vedanta school" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Metaphysics and beliefs	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	The core tenets of are ritualism (orthopraxy) and anti-asceticism. The central aim of the school is elucidation of the nature of dharma, understood as a set ritual obligations and prerogatives to be performed properly.	[]	[ "Metaphysics and beliefs" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Atheism	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Mīmāṃsā theorists decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God was insufficient. They argue that there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a God to validate the rituals. Mīmāṃsā argues that the Gods named in the Vedas have n...	[]	[ "Metaphysics and beliefs", "Atheism" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Dharma	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Dharma as understood by Pūrva Mīmāṃsā can be loosely translated into English as "virtue", "morality" or "duty". The Pūrva Mīmāṃsā school traces the source of the knowledge of dharma neither to sense-experience nor inference, but to verbal cognition (i.e. knowledge of words and meanings) according to Vedas. In this resp...	[]	[ "Metaphysics and beliefs", "Dharma" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Relation to Vedānta	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Emphasis of Yajnic Karmakāṇḍas in Pūrva Mīmāṃsā is erroneously interpreted by some to be an opposition to Jñānakāṇḍa of Vedānta and Upaniṣads. Pūrva Mīmāṃsā does not discuss topics related to Jñānakāṇḍa, such as salvation (mokṣa), but it never speaks against mokṣa. Vedānta quotes Jaimini's belief in Brahman as well as ...	[]	[ "Metaphysics and beliefs", "Relation to Vedānta" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	History	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	The school's origins lie in the scholarly traditions of the final centuries BCE, when the priestly ritualism of Vedic sacrifice was being marginalized by Buddhism and Yoga. To counteract this challenge, several groups emerged dedicated to demonstrating the validity of the Vedic texts by rigid formulation of rules for t...	[]	[ "History" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Mīmāṃsā texts	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	The foundational text for the Mīmāṃsā school is the Purva Mīmāṃsā Sutras of Jaimini (ca. 5th to 4th century BCE). A major commentary was composed by Śābara in ca. the 5th or 6th century CE. The school reaches its height with and (fl. ca. 700 CE). Both Kumarila Bhatta and Prabhākara (along with , whose work is no more...	[]	[ "Mīmāṃsā texts" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	See also	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Cārvāka Vaisheshika Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vedanta Śālikanātha Mimamsa - IISER Pune	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307372-020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81	Mīmāṃsā	Further reading	Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ri...	Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy. Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Campbell.	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Hindu philosophical concepts", "Hermeneutics", "Ritual", "Movements in ancient Indian philosophy", "Āstika" ]
projected-00307373-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorestown	Moorestown	Introduction		Moorestown may refer to: Technology: Moorestown computing platform by Intel United States geography: Moorestown, Indiana Moorestown, Michigan Moorestown, New Jersey Moorestown-Lenola, New Jersey United States education: Moorestown Friends School, private Quaker school located at East Main Street and Chester Av...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-00307373-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorestown	Moorestown	See also	Moorestown may refer to: Technology: Moorestown computing platform by Intel United States geography: Moorestown, Indiana Moorestown, Michigan Moorestown, New Jersey Moorestown-Lenola, New Jersey United States education: Moorestown Friends School, private Quaker school located at East Main Street and Chester Av...	Moorstown Castle	[]	[ "See also" ]	[]