Search is not available for this dataset
text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-06900300-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland%20Corridor | Heartland Corridor | See also | The Heartland Corridor is a public-private partnership between the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) and the Federal Highway Administration and three U.S. states to improve railroad freight operations.
The $150 million plan was developed to facilitate more efficient travel on NS rail lines between the Norfolk, Virginia port region and two Midwest destinations—Chicago, Illinois and Columbus, Ohio. One of the project goals was to increase clearances in tunnels to permit the operation of double-stack intermodal trains, increasing the capacity of rail lines, shortening rail journeys and reducing tractor-trailer traffic. New shipping terminals for intermodal connections are also planned for key locations.
Construction began in 2007, and the route opened for double stack service on September 9, 2010.
The project involved raising clearances in 28 tunnels and 24 other overhead obstacles. A total of around of tunnels were modified. When completed, the new routing was expected to reduce travel times from port facilities in Virginia to Chicago to three days, improving on the previous four-day travel time and to reduce the distance traveled by .
In June 2010, NS announced that it had reached an agreement with Ohio to extend a leg of the Heartland Corridor southwesterly from Columbus to Cincinnati, which is located on the Ohio River near the border where Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana converge. The $6.1 million cost will be funded with federal economic stimulus funds and the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, plus money from NS. | National Gateway – railroad improvement project by CSX Transportation
Norfolk Southern Crescent Corridor – proposed railroad project running between Louisiana and New Jersey
Virginia Port Authority operator of three major port terminals on the harbor of Hampton Roads
Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE) | [
"NS_corridor_expansion_map.gif"
] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Norfolk Southern Railway",
"Rail freight transportation in the United States",
"Rail infrastructure in Illinois",
"Transportation planning",
"Rail infrastructure in Virginia"
] |
projected-26718482-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafish | Skafish | Introduction | Skafish is an American, Chicago-based punk band, fronted by Jim Skafish, cousin of Chicago area DJ Bobby Skafish. The band was formed in 1976 and had their first performance that November.
In 1977, Billboard magazine printed a review of the band's performance as the opening act for Sha Na Na at Chicago's Arie Crown Theater. Finding Skafish to be a "peculiar appetizer for the straight, conservative crowd" that Sha Na Na attracted, the reviewer stated that "[l]arge numbers retreated to the lobby halfway through Skafish's set, while others approached the stage, threatening with missiles, gestures and denunciations." Jim Skafish himself was described as "a 20-year-old musician from Gary, Ind., who appears to be in transition between man and woman ... dressed androgynously, hair in a pageboy," who at one point in the show "strips down to a woman's bathing suit and nervously applies lipstick to the face." While describing the band's music as "strange, inward-directed lyrics [set] to a repetitious and often dissonant accompaniment", the reviewer noted that Skafish "gave the impression that he had something to tell the audience about itself. ... Yet it remains to be seen whether Skafish has something to say and to whom." | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Punk rock groups from Illinois",
"Musical groups established in 1975",
"Musical groups from Chicago"
] | |
projected-26718482-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafish | Skafish | First album | Skafish is an American, Chicago-based punk band, fronted by Jim Skafish, cousin of Chicago area DJ Bobby Skafish. The band was formed in 1976 and had their first performance that November.
In 1977, Billboard magazine printed a review of the band's performance as the opening act for Sha Na Na at Chicago's Arie Crown Theater. Finding Skafish to be a "peculiar appetizer for the straight, conservative crowd" that Sha Na Na attracted, the reviewer stated that "[l]arge numbers retreated to the lobby halfway through Skafish's set, while others approached the stage, threatening with missiles, gestures and denunciations." Jim Skafish himself was described as "a 20-year-old musician from Gary, Ind., who appears to be in transition between man and woman ... dressed androgynously, hair in a pageboy," who at one point in the show "strips down to a woman's bathing suit and nervously applies lipstick to the face." While describing the band's music as "strange, inward-directed lyrics [set] to a repetitious and often dissonant accompaniment", the reviewer noted that Skafish "gave the impression that he had something to tell the audience about itself. ... Yet it remains to be seen whether Skafish has something to say and to whom." | The band's first album on I.R.S. Records, Skafish, was recorded during the summer of 1979 in South Chicago's PS studios, a facility more widely known for soul, funk and pop music. Personnel on the album consisted of Jim Skafish on keys and vocals, Barbie Goodrich on vocals, Ken Bronowski on guitars and vocals, Larry Mysliwiec on drums, Larry Mazalan on bass guitar and Javier Cruz on keyboards. The sessions dragged on through the summer of 1979, eventually going wildly over the shoestring budget production style that was the I.R.S. founder Miles Copeland III's trademark, so successful for projects like early The Police and Wishbone Ash albums. Release of Skafish was delayed for many months under financial constraints, and the project was eventually mixed on low budget and released by IRS just before the band left for an extended European tour with The Police, XTC, English Beat, UB40, Steel Pulse and other post punk, ska and reggae bands. Public acceptance of the album was marginal, mostly due to the sub-standard mix that heavily diminished the album's power and originality.
In 1980, Rolling Stone magazine published a review of a concert where more column space was devoted to the opening act Skafish than to the headliner, The Stranglers.
While on this tour, the band filmed their segment for the Copeland/Lorimar production of Urgh! A Music War. The segment, shot at a Roman theater in Frejus France, featured the controversial song "Sign of the Cross". The band lineup for the movie was the same as the album, with the exception of Chicago bassist Lee Gatlin taking the place of Mazalan.
After Europe, the band did a few short U.S. tours, headlining and opening for acts such as Iggy Pop, The Stranglers and others. In 1983, they recorded a second IRS album, Conversation, at Pumpkin studios owned and operated by Gary Loizzo (two-time Grammy-nominated singer for The American Breed and producer for Chicago, Styx, Survivor and REO Speedwagon. Personnel were Skafish vocals and keys, Ken Bronowski guitar, Barbie Goodrich vocals, Javier Cruz keys, Lee Gatlin on bass and Larry Mysliwiec (who was currently touring drummer for Iggy Pop) on drums. Conversation, co-produced by Copeland, Skafish and Loizzo, broke from the post punk style of Skafish toward a beat-based dance style, and was not well accepted, commercially.
Following Conversation, the band did a few West Coast tours, and called it quits in 1985. Jim Skafish continued to perform as Skafish for a few years with a string of pickup musicians, eventually going solo. | [] | [
"First album"
] | [
"Punk rock groups from Illinois",
"Musical groups established in 1975",
"Musical groups from Chicago"
] |
projected-26718482-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafish | Skafish | Later activities | Skafish is an American, Chicago-based punk band, fronted by Jim Skafish, cousin of Chicago area DJ Bobby Skafish. The band was formed in 1976 and had their first performance that November.
In 1977, Billboard magazine printed a review of the band's performance as the opening act for Sha Na Na at Chicago's Arie Crown Theater. Finding Skafish to be a "peculiar appetizer for the straight, conservative crowd" that Sha Na Na attracted, the reviewer stated that "[l]arge numbers retreated to the lobby halfway through Skafish's set, while others approached the stage, threatening with missiles, gestures and denunciations." Jim Skafish himself was described as "a 20-year-old musician from Gary, Ind., who appears to be in transition between man and woman ... dressed androgynously, hair in a pageboy," who at one point in the show "strips down to a woman's bathing suit and nervously applies lipstick to the face." While describing the band's music as "strange, inward-directed lyrics [set] to a repetitious and often dissonant accompaniment", the reviewer noted that Skafish "gave the impression that he had something to tell the audience about itself. ... Yet it remains to be seen whether Skafish has something to say and to whom." | Jim Skafish still records and performs in the Midwest. He has recently produced a jazz style Christmas album (Tidings Of Comfort And Joy, 2006), and he promotes and distributes Skafish products, such as What's This? 1976-1979 (2007), to a small but loyal cult fan base. Mysliwiec is currently a Midwest policeman, Bronowski still performs, records and is currently a professor of AV production and art at Purdue University. Barbie Goodrich died on 10 June 1995 after a long battle with cancer. Javier Cruz currently works in the IT department of Jane Addams Elementary School in Chicago, and from time to time performs with the South Chicago cover band Life (of which Jim Skafish was a member for a time during the early 1980s). Additionally, Javier Cruz records from time to time. | [] | [
"Later activities"
] | [
"Punk rock groups from Illinois",
"Musical groups established in 1975",
"Musical groups from Chicago"
] |
projected-26718482-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafish | Skafish | Albums | Skafish is an American, Chicago-based punk band, fronted by Jim Skafish, cousin of Chicago area DJ Bobby Skafish. The band was formed in 1976 and had their first performance that November.
In 1977, Billboard magazine printed a review of the band's performance as the opening act for Sha Na Na at Chicago's Arie Crown Theater. Finding Skafish to be a "peculiar appetizer for the straight, conservative crowd" that Sha Na Na attracted, the reviewer stated that "[l]arge numbers retreated to the lobby halfway through Skafish's set, while others approached the stage, threatening with missiles, gestures and denunciations." Jim Skafish himself was described as "a 20-year-old musician from Gary, Ind., who appears to be in transition between man and woman ... dressed androgynously, hair in a pageboy," who at one point in the show "strips down to a woman's bathing suit and nervously applies lipstick to the face." While describing the band's music as "strange, inward-directed lyrics [set] to a repetitious and often dissonant accompaniment", the reviewer noted that Skafish "gave the impression that he had something to tell the audience about itself. ... Yet it remains to be seen whether Skafish has something to say and to whom." | Skafish IRS SP 008, I.R.S. Records (1980)
Conversation IRS SP 70038, I.R.S. Records (1983)
"Tidings Of Comfort And Joy: A Jazz Piano Trio Christmas," La Befana Records (2006)
"What's This? 1976-1979" 829 Records (2008) 829 Records (2008)
"Bootleg 21-35" 829 Records (2012; download only) | [] | [
"Discography",
"Albums"
] | [
"Punk rock groups from Illinois",
"Musical groups established in 1975",
"Musical groups from Chicago"
] |
projected-26718482-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafish | Skafish | Singles | Skafish is an American, Chicago-based punk band, fronted by Jim Skafish, cousin of Chicago area DJ Bobby Skafish. The band was formed in 1976 and had their first performance that November.
In 1977, Billboard magazine printed a review of the band's performance as the opening act for Sha Na Na at Chicago's Arie Crown Theater. Finding Skafish to be a "peculiar appetizer for the straight, conservative crowd" that Sha Na Na attracted, the reviewer stated that "[l]arge numbers retreated to the lobby halfway through Skafish's set, while others approached the stage, threatening with missiles, gestures and denunciations." Jim Skafish himself was described as "a 20-year-old musician from Gary, Ind., who appears to be in transition between man and woman ... dressed androgynously, hair in a pageboy," who at one point in the show "strips down to a woman's bathing suit and nervously applies lipstick to the face." While describing the band's music as "strange, inward-directed lyrics [set] to a repetitious and often dissonant accompaniment", the reviewer noted that Skafish "gave the impression that he had something to tell the audience about itself. ... Yet it remains to be seen whether Skafish has something to say and to whom." | "Obsessions of You"/"Sink or Swim" IRS IR9011, I.R.S. Records (1980)
"Wild Night Tonight"/"Secret Lover & Lover In Masquerade" IRS SP 70967 (1983) | [] | [
"Discography",
"Singles"
] | [
"Punk rock groups from Illinois",
"Musical groups established in 1975",
"Musical groups from Chicago"
] |
projected-26718482-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafish | Skafish | Compilations and soundtracks | Skafish is an American, Chicago-based punk band, fronted by Jim Skafish, cousin of Chicago area DJ Bobby Skafish. The band was formed in 1976 and had their first performance that November.
In 1977, Billboard magazine printed a review of the band's performance as the opening act for Sha Na Na at Chicago's Arie Crown Theater. Finding Skafish to be a "peculiar appetizer for the straight, conservative crowd" that Sha Na Na attracted, the reviewer stated that "[l]arge numbers retreated to the lobby halfway through Skafish's set, while others approached the stage, threatening with missiles, gestures and denunciations." Jim Skafish himself was described as "a 20-year-old musician from Gary, Ind., who appears to be in transition between man and woman ... dressed androgynously, hair in a pageboy," who at one point in the show "strips down to a woman's bathing suit and nervously applies lipstick to the face." While describing the band's music as "strange, inward-directed lyrics [set] to a repetitious and often dissonant accompaniment", the reviewer noted that Skafish "gave the impression that he had something to tell the audience about itself. ... Yet it remains to be seen whether Skafish has something to say and to whom." | IRS Greatest Hits Vols 2 & 3 (SP 70800): features "Disgracing The Family Name"
Urgh! A Music War (A&M SP6019): features "Sign Of The Cross (Live)"
These People Are Nuts (IRS 82010): also features "Sign Of The Cross (Live)" | [] | [
"Discography",
"Compilations and soundtracks"
] | [
"Punk rock groups from Illinois",
"Musical groups established in 1975",
"Musical groups from Chicago"
] |
projected-26718502-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20station | Duncan station | Introduction | The Duncan station in Duncan, British Columbia was a stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which has been indefinitely suspended since 2011. It is located on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Via Rail stations in British Columbia",
"Designated Heritage Railway Stations in British Columbia",
"Railway stations in Canada opened in 1886",
"Railway stations closed in 2011",
"Duncan, British Columbia",
"1886 establishments in British Columbia",
"2011 disestablishments in British Columbia",
"Dis... | |
projected-26718502-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20station | Duncan station | History | The Duncan station in Duncan, British Columbia was a stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which has been indefinitely suspended since 2011. It is located on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline. | The station building was built in 1912 by the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway. "Duncan's Crossing Station" was established at Duncan's Crossing, named after William Chalmers Duncan, who farmed in the region. On March 4, 1912 the City of Duncan was incorporated.
The station was designated a Heritage Railway Stations in 1993. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Via Rail stations in British Columbia",
"Designated Heritage Railway Stations in British Columbia",
"Railway stations in Canada opened in 1886",
"Railway stations closed in 2011",
"Duncan, British Columbia",
"1886 establishments in British Columbia",
"2011 disestablishments in British Columbia",
"Dis... |
projected-26718502-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20station | Duncan station | Closing | The Duncan station in Duncan, British Columbia was a stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which has been indefinitely suspended since 2011. It is located on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline. | Duncan Station closed on March 19, 2011, when Via Rail suspended service indefinitely due to poor track conditions and was replaced with a bus service operated by Via Rail. On August 12, 2011, the bus service ended with station closing.
The station is now used as the site of the Cowichan Valley Museum. | [] | [
"Closing"
] | [
"Via Rail stations in British Columbia",
"Designated Heritage Railway Stations in British Columbia",
"Railway stations in Canada opened in 1886",
"Railway stations closed in 2011",
"Duncan, British Columbia",
"1886 establishments in British Columbia",
"2011 disestablishments in British Columbia",
"Dis... |
projected-26718502-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20station | Duncan station | See also | The Duncan station in Duncan, British Columbia was a stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which has been indefinitely suspended since 2011. It is located on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline. | List of designated heritage railway stations of Canada | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Via Rail stations in British Columbia",
"Designated Heritage Railway Stations in British Columbia",
"Railway stations in Canada opened in 1886",
"Railway stations closed in 2011",
"Duncan, British Columbia",
"1886 establishments in British Columbia",
"2011 disestablishments in British Columbia",
"Dis... |
projected-26718502-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20station | Duncan station | References | The Duncan station in Duncan, British Columbia was a stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which has been indefinitely suspended since 2011. It is located on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline. | Category:Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Category:Designated Heritage Railway Stations in British Columbia
Category:Railway stations in Canada opened in 1886
Category:Railway stations closed in 2011
Category:Duncan, British Columbia
Category:1886 establishments in British Columbia
Category:2011 disestablishments in British Columbia
Category:Disused railway stations in Canada | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Via Rail stations in British Columbia",
"Designated Heritage Railway Stations in British Columbia",
"Railway stations in Canada opened in 1886",
"Railway stations closed in 2011",
"Duncan, British Columbia",
"1886 establishments in British Columbia",
"2011 disestablishments in British Columbia",
"Dis... |
projected-06900303-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Introduction | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] | |
projected-06900303-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Early years as Aggressor (1989–1995) | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | The beginnings of Aggressor date back to 1989 when Villem Tarvas, Marek Piliste, Kristo Kotkas and Marko Atso started playing together as an unnamed band. At the start of 1990 they released their first demo album named Indestructible – the music on this recording was influenced by German thrash metal band Kreator. Their first big performance was on 17 April 1990, and a year later they put together a 4 track demo which resulted in the recording of their first album, Procreate the Petrifactions at the end of 1992. Later on they played several shows in Moscow and in 1994 they released their second album Of Long Duration Anguish. The band was first introduced to a wider audience in the summer of 1995 at the Rock Summer festival in Estonia, where Aggressor headlined the B-stage – the crowd gave them a warm welcome. | [] | [
"History",
"Early years as Aggressor (1989–1995)"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Change of style and renaming to No-Big-Silence (1995–1996) | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | In 1994 bass guitarist Cram (Marek Piliste) sung a cover version of Corrosia Metalla's "Russian Vodka" for the album Of Long Duration Anguish. This later resulted in the idea of changing the band's name and style.
In 1995 the band went to studio (still as Aggressor) and were suggested a name-change. In 1995 they wrote lyrics to a song titled "No-Big-Silence 99" (a street in the USA where a mass murder was committed) – so the album was titled 99 and band renamed to "No-Big-Silence". | [] | [
"History",
"Change of style and renaming to No-Big-Silence (1995–1996)"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Success (1996–present) | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | After the 1995 Rock Summer festival, No-Big-Silence has successfully performed at larger festivals as well as at smaller clubs in Estonia, the Baltic States, Russia and Scandinavia. No-Big-Silence is valued as a live-act with an impressive show, esteemed by world class bands such as Metallica, Iron Maiden, Rammstein, HIM, Motörhead, Waltari, etc., who have chosen NBS to be their supporting act.
The chairman of the concert agency Baltic Development Group, Peeter Rebane, the local promoter for Metallica, Iron Maiden and Rammstein, comments: "In our opinion, No-Big-Silence is the most professional industrial band in the Baltics. Besides, they are a great live-act."
Their second release Successful, Bitch & Beautiful was already the album of current hit-songs such as "On the Hunt" and "Vamp-o-Drama". In 2001 the album was sold in Scandinavia, Germany, Italy and other European countries through the Finnish label Cyberware Productions. The homepage of Cyberware states that this album of No-Big-Silence is a magnificent masterpiece and regards it as one of the label's strongest releases today. According to Cyberware, the bonus video "Star DeLuxe" on the western version of the album gives a good overview of the band's glamorous live-show and enthusiastic fanbase. The Scandinavian music magazine Prospective Magazine thinks that Successful, Bitch & Beautiful is a "must listen to"-album. The review in the same magazines gives No-Big-Silence 8 out of 10 points. Johan Carlsson, a reviewer for the Swedish Release Magazine distinguishes the even and uniform quality of the album. "Metal riffs melded with electronic sounds on top of rock song structures make an interesting mixture, and the vocals fit perfectly." He continues: "It is nice to see an Estonian band, but don't buy it because of that. Buy it because it is good." | [] | [
"History",
"Success (1996–present)"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Musical style | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | The music of NBS has been variously described as sounding very much like Marilyn Manson and at times even Rammstein or Nine Inch Nails.
The band's style saw small changes throughout their albums apart from their first two, Procreate the Petrifactions and Of Long Duration Anguish, which are death metal. "99", recorded in 1995, featured a more thrash metal sound, but at the time of the album's release the band had taken on an industrial sound which was reflected in the supposed following album "new race" which was never released until 2003 under the compilation title Unreleased.
Successful, Bitch & Beautiful can be considered their softest album as it contains a mix of metal, rock and electronic. Unreleased is their heaviest and most electronic album and War in Wonderland is one of the darker and most "metal" of the band's albums.
Starstealer, released in 2009, shows the band turning darker and heavier. The artwork of the album shows a darker side of the band and the music bears much darker sound and a small hint of thrash metal from the old days.
"No-Big-Silence, unlike most of the hard rock bands, that get their inspiration from mysticism, concentrates on expressing the twists and turns of human psychology in the language of pop music. It is a great achievement in itself – to sound tough and delicate at the same time."
– Marko Mägi from Eesti Ekspress weekly | [] | [
"Musical style"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | As Aggressor | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | Villem Tarvas – vocals, guitar (1989–1995)
Marek Piliste – bass (1989–1995)
Kristo Kotkas – guitar (1989–1995)
Marko Atso – drums (1989–1995) | [] | [
"Band members",
"As Aggressor"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | As No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | Marek Piliste (a.k.a. Cram) – lead vocals (1995–present)
Villem Tarvas (a.k.a. Willem) – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1995–present)
Kristo Kotkas (a.k.a. Kristo K) – guitar, keyboards and programming (1995–present)
Rainer Mere – drums (2008–present) | [] | [
"Band members",
"As No-Big-Silence"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Former members | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | Marko Atso – drums (1995–2000)
Kristo Rajasaare (a.k.a. Kristo R) – drums (2000–2008)
Raimo Jussila – bass (1994–1996) | [] | [
"Band members",
"As No-Big-Silence",
"Former members"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | As Aggressor | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | 1990: Indestructible (demo)
1993: Procreate the Petrifactions
1994: Of Long Duration Anguish
2004: Procreate the Petrifactions 2004 (re-release with 4 bonus tracks) | [] | [
"Discography",
"As Aggressor"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Singles | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | 1994: Path of the lost god | [] | [
"Discography",
"Singles"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | As No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | produced 1995 but released as late as 1997: 99
2000: Successful, Bitch & Beautiful
2003: Unreleased (late internet-only release of tracks recorded between 1996–1999)
2004: Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus (with Kosmikud)
2006: War in Wonderland
2007: Suurte Masinate Muusika (with Tiit Kikas) (live DVD of their concert at Leigo Järvemuusika in 2005)
2009: Starstealer | [] | [
"Discography",
"As No-Big-Silence"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-06900303-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | Singles | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia. | 1996: Come
1997: New Race
1999: Vamp-O-Drama
2000: On The Hunt
2001: Star Deluxe
2001: The Fail
2006: Robot Super Lover Boy
2009: Chain Me
2011: Это не любовь (This Is Not Love) (Kino cover)
2011: üks imelik masin (A strange machine) (Gunnar Graps cover)
2013: The Falling
2013: Kõnetraat (Speaker cable) (Ummamuudu cover)
2014: Supersonic Night
2016: A Question of Time (Depeche Mode cover) | [] | [
"Discography",
"Singles"
] | [
"Estonian industrial music groups",
"Techno music groups",
"Estonian musical groups",
"Musical groups established in 1989"
] |
projected-26718583-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton%20pusillus | Potamogeton pusillus | Introduction | Potamogeton pusillus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names small pondweed, lesser pondweed or least pondweed. It occurs in standing and slow-flowing freshwater habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Potamogeton",
"Flora of North America",
"Flora of Europe",
"Flora of Asia"
] | |
projected-26718583-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton%20pusillus | Potamogeton pusillus | Description | Potamogeton pusillus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names small pondweed, lesser pondweed or least pondweed. It occurs in standing and slow-flowing freshwater habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere. | Lesser pondweed is a superficially grasslike herb producing a very slender, branching, somewhat compressed stem, usually less than 70 cm but occasionally up to one metre in length. Nodal glands, if present, are generally poorly developed. The leaves are narrow and linear, translucent, mid or olive green, usually 20–50 mm long × 0.8-1.4 mm wide, but rarely up to 100 mm long and 1.9 mm wide. The midrib often lacks lacunae (transparent areas either side of the midrib) either side of it, and if present, lacunae are restricted to the lower half of the leaf. There are no floating leaves. The stipules are tubular when young, but tend to split with age.
Turions are produced, often in large quantities. In early autumn the entire plant disintegrates into a mass of turions, which act as a means of propagation and as an overwintering mechanism.
The inflorescence is a spike of 3-6 flowers arranged in interrupted whorls.
Like most fine-leaved pondweeds, Potamogeton pusillus is diploid, with 2n=26.
Lesser pondweed can be difficult to distinguish reliably from other fine-leaved pondweeds, especially P. berchtoldii. Hybrids are recorded with Potamogeton octandrus (P. × apertus Miki), P. polygonus (P. × attenuatus Hagstr.), P. obtusifolius (P. × saxonicus Hagstr.), P. trichoides (P. × grovesii Dandy & G.Taylor), P. berchtoldii (P. × mucronulatus (G.Fisch.) Papch.), P. oxyphyllus (P. × orientalis Hagstr.). | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Potamogeton",
"Flora of North America",
"Flora of Europe",
"Flora of Asia"
] |
projected-26718583-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton%20pusillus | Potamogeton pusillus | Taxonomy | Potamogeton pusillus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names small pondweed, lesser pondweed or least pondweed. It occurs in standing and slow-flowing freshwater habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere. | Lesser pondweed was one of several pondweeds first named by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum (1753). The specific epithet pusillus means 'small'.
This is one of a group of rather similar fine-leaved species that also includes P. berchtoldii, P. hillii and P. ochreatus. These are quite morphologically variable plants, often with wide geographical and ecological ranges, which has resulted in a great deal of taxonomic confusion and an unusually large number of synonyms and invalid names (see the taxon box). | [] | [
"Taxonomy"
] | [
"Potamogeton",
"Flora of North America",
"Flora of Europe",
"Flora of Asia"
] |
projected-26718583-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton%20pusillus | Potamogeton pusillus | Distribution | Potamogeton pusillus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names small pondweed, lesser pondweed or least pondweed. It occurs in standing and slow-flowing freshwater habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere. | Lesser pondweed is widely distributed globally, occurring across most of Europe (including Scandinavia) and North America. It is reported from scattered locations in Central and Southeast Asia and is widespread in China. It is also widespread in South America and Africa. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Potamogeton",
"Flora of North America",
"Flora of Europe",
"Flora of Asia"
] |
projected-26718583-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton%20pusillus | Potamogeton pusillus | Ecology and conservation | Potamogeton pusillus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names small pondweed, lesser pondweed or least pondweed. It occurs in standing and slow-flowing freshwater habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere. | Lesser pondweed grows in standing or slow-flowing water bodies such as ponds, lakes, ditches, slow-moving streams, and river backwaters. It is a lowland plant and requires calcareous water, with a marked preference for high nutrient levels, and may form extensive beds in favourable situations, growing with other nutrient-tolerant species such as Myriophyllum spicatum and Zannichellia palustris. It is tolerant of turbid water and is a good colonist, often exploiting temporary or disturbed habitats such as livestock drinking ponds, canals and ditches. In lakes it is very tolerant of eutrophication and the resulting competition from phytoplankton and periphyton, and is often one of the last submerged plants to disappear.
Globally, Potamogeton pusillus is listed as Least Concern.There is no evidence of local declines and in many areas it is probably increasing due to eutrophication of freshwater habitats. In many parts of its range it is the commonest fine-leaved pondweed. | [
"PotamogetonPusillusAgg.jpg"
] | [
"Ecology and conservation"
] | [
"Potamogeton",
"Flora of North America",
"Flora of Europe",
"Flora of Asia"
] |
projected-26718583-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton%20pusillus | Potamogeton pusillus | Cultivation | Potamogeton pusillus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names small pondweed, lesser pondweed or least pondweed. It occurs in standing and slow-flowing freshwater habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere. | Lesser pondweed should not be difficult to grow in a garden pond and its tolerance of poor water quality would be advantageous. However, it is not very ornamental. | [] | [
"Cultivation"
] | [
"Potamogeton",
"Flora of North America",
"Flora of Europe",
"Flora of Asia"
] |
projected-26718605-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU%20%28disambiguation%29 | VCU (disambiguation) | Introduction | VCU is an acronym for Virginia Commonwealth University, a large public research university with two main campuses located in downtown Richmond, Virginia.
VCU may also refer to:
Value for Cultivation and Use (seed test)
Vantage Credit Union
VCU Rams, the intercollegiate athletic program of said university
Veridian Credit Union
Vessel Capacity Unit (Fishing Vessels within European Union)
Viscous coupling unit
Voluntary Carbon Unit
Vought Cinematic Universe
VyStar Credit Union | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26718605-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU%20%28disambiguation%29 | VCU (disambiguation) | See also | VCU is an acronym for Virginia Commonwealth University, a large public research university with two main campuses located in downtown Richmond, Virginia.
VCU may also refer to:
Value for Cultivation and Use (seed test)
Vantage Credit Union
VCU Rams, the intercollegiate athletic program of said university
Veridian Credit Union
Vessel Capacity Unit (Fishing Vessels within European Union)
Viscous coupling unit
Voluntary Carbon Unit
Vought Cinematic Universe
VyStar Credit Union | VCUG
VCUKI | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-26718606-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donner%20Party%20%28disambiguation%29 | Donner Party (disambiguation) | Introduction | The Donner Party was an ill-fated group of pioneers in 1846–1847.
Donner Party or The Donner Party may also refer to:
The Donner Party (1992 film), a documentary by Ric Burns
The Donner Party (2009 film), a film by T.J. Martin
The Donner Party (band), a San Francisco-based indie rock band
The Donner Party, an album by American Murder Song
"Donner Party (All Night)", a song by Alkaline Trio from Good Mourning
"The Donner Party", a song by Rasputina from Thanks for the Ether | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26718606-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donner%20Party%20%28disambiguation%29 | Donner Party (disambiguation) | See also | The Donner Party was an ill-fated group of pioneers in 1846–1847.
Donner Party or The Donner Party may also refer to:
The Donner Party (1992 film), a documentary by Ric Burns
The Donner Party (2009 film), a film by T.J. Martin
The Donner Party (band), a San Francisco-based indie rock band
The Donner Party, an album by American Murder Song
"Donner Party (All Night)", a song by Alkaline Trio from Good Mourning
"The Donner Party", a song by Rasputina from Thanks for the Ether | Donner (disambiguation)
"Throwing a Donner Party", a song by Giant Squid from Monster in the Creek
"Throwing a Donner Party at Sea", a song by Giant Squid from The Ichthyologist | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-26718615-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaria%20rhynchophylla | Uncaria rhynchophylla | Introduction | Uncaria rhynchophylla () or the cat's claw herb is a plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine.
(+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin are found in the plant as well as the alkaloid rhynchophylline. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Uncaria",
"Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine"
] | |
projected-26718654-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Gendarmerie | British Gendarmerie | Introduction | The British Gendarmerie was a British paramilitary police field force created by Winston Churchill in April 1922 to police Mandatory Palestine.
Concerned with the high cost of British Army units acting as police forces in Palestine, Winston Churchill decided that an elite police force similar to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or South African Constabulary be created for Mandatory Palestine.
The 43 officers and 700 other ranks force were mostly recruited from the recently disbanded Royal Irish Constabulary and its Auxiliary Division who had themselves been recruited from ex-officers of the Great War. Many of its original formations had been intended to be horse mounted but these plans were dropped in an economy measure.
The unit was intended more for riot control rather than crime solving.
The force was disbanded in June 1926 with its duties taken over by the Transjordan Frontier Force. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"History of the British Empire",
"Mandatory Palestine",
"Defunct law enforcement agencies of Mandatory Palestine",
"Auxiliary military units",
"Auxiliary police units",
"1922 establishments in Mandatory Palestine"
] | |
projected-26718654-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Gendarmerie | British Gendarmerie | See also | The British Gendarmerie was a British paramilitary police field force created by Winston Churchill in April 1922 to police Mandatory Palestine.
Concerned with the high cost of British Army units acting as police forces in Palestine, Winston Churchill decided that an elite police force similar to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or South African Constabulary be created for Mandatory Palestine.
The 43 officers and 700 other ranks force were mostly recruited from the recently disbanded Royal Irish Constabulary and its Auxiliary Division who had themselves been recruited from ex-officers of the Great War. Many of its original formations had been intended to be horse mounted but these plans were dropped in an economy measure.
The unit was intended more for riot control rather than crime solving.
The force was disbanded in June 1926 with its duties taken over by the Transjordan Frontier Force. | Palestine Police Force
Arab Legion
United States Zone Constabulary (Similar body in some respects, based in the US occupation zone of Germany in the immediate post-World War II period.) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"History of the British Empire",
"Mandatory Palestine",
"Defunct law enforcement agencies of Mandatory Palestine",
"Auxiliary military units",
"Auxiliary police units",
"1922 establishments in Mandatory Palestine"
] |
projected-26718668-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya%20Institute%20For%20Space%20Applications%20and%20Geo-Informatics | Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics | Introduction | Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) is a State level agency by Government of Gujarat to facilitate to provide services and solutions in implementing map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems. BISAG's SATCOM network is a satellite communication network service to provide distant interaction statewide. Currently BISAG is working to implement geo-spatial technologies for the planning and developmental activities pertaining to agriculture, land and water resource management, wasteland/watershed development, forestry, disaster management, infrastructure and education. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"State agencies of Gujarat",
"Communications in India",
"2003 establishments in Gujarat",
"Science and technology in Gujarat",
"Government agencies established in 2003"
] | |
projected-26718668-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya%20Institute%20For%20Space%20Applications%20and%20Geo-Informatics | Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics | History | Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) is a State level agency by Government of Gujarat to facilitate to provide services and solutions in implementing map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems. BISAG's SATCOM network is a satellite communication network service to provide distant interaction statewide. Currently BISAG is working to implement geo-spatial technologies for the planning and developmental activities pertaining to agriculture, land and water resource management, wasteland/watershed development, forestry, disaster management, infrastructure and education. | In June 1997, realizing the need to have satellite based communication for training at state level the "Remote Sensing and Communication Centre" RESECO was established under Science and Technology Cell, of Education Department of Gujarat Government.
RESECO was renamed to Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics after the great Indian Mathematician of the 12th century, Bhaskaracharya in December 2003. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"State agencies of Gujarat",
"Communications in India",
"2003 establishments in Gujarat",
"Science and technology in Gujarat",
"Government agencies established in 2003"
] |
projected-26718668-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya%20Institute%20For%20Space%20Applications%20and%20Geo-Informatics | Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics | College to career program | Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) is a State level agency by Government of Gujarat to facilitate to provide services and solutions in implementing map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems. BISAG's SATCOM network is a satellite communication network service to provide distant interaction statewide. Currently BISAG is working to implement geo-spatial technologies for the planning and developmental activities pertaining to agriculture, land and water resource management, wasteland/watershed development, forestry, disaster management, infrastructure and education. | The SATCOM facility comprises an uplink earth station, control room, TV studio, and a network of receiving classrooms. These network is used to air practical training for .net and java teaching sessions conducted by Microsoft and TCS respectively. | [] | [
"College to career program"
] | [
"State agencies of Gujarat",
"Communications in India",
"2003 establishments in Gujarat",
"Science and technology in Gujarat",
"Government agencies established in 2003"
] |
projected-26718668-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya%20Institute%20For%20Space%20Applications%20and%20Geo-Informatics | Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics | Forestry | Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) is a State level agency by Government of Gujarat to facilitate to provide services and solutions in implementing map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems. BISAG's SATCOM network is a satellite communication network service to provide distant interaction statewide. Currently BISAG is working to implement geo-spatial technologies for the planning and developmental activities pertaining to agriculture, land and water resource management, wasteland/watershed development, forestry, disaster management, infrastructure and education. | RESECO implemented India's first geographic information system (GIS) based computer system for the Forests & Environment Department of Gujarat. It is currently used as Coastal Zone Information System. | [] | [
"Forestry"
] | [
"State agencies of Gujarat",
"Communications in India",
"2003 establishments in Gujarat",
"Science and technology in Gujarat",
"Government agencies established in 2003"
] |
projected-26718668-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya%20Institute%20For%20Space%20Applications%20and%20Geo-Informatics | Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics | Software and Academic Research | Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) is a State level agency by Government of Gujarat to facilitate to provide services and solutions in implementing map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems. BISAG's SATCOM network is a satellite communication network service to provide distant interaction statewide. Currently BISAG is working to implement geo-spatial technologies for the planning and developmental activities pertaining to agriculture, land and water resource management, wasteland/watershed development, forestry, disaster management, infrastructure and education. | BISAG Scientists provide GIS and Geoinformatics based software and web applications to government of Gujarat. In academic research section there are many research papers published by BISAG scientists. The major research areas are as follows.
1. Networking
2. Big Data Mining
3. GIS & Geoinformatics
4. Machine Learning & Neural Networks
5. Image Processing
6. Information Security
7. Image enhancement and retrieval
8. Image Registration and satellite image processing | [] | [
"Software and Academic Research"
] | [
"State agencies of Gujarat",
"Communications in India",
"2003 establishments in Gujarat",
"Science and technology in Gujarat",
"Government agencies established in 2003"
] |
projected-26718668-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya%20Institute%20For%20Space%20Applications%20and%20Geo-Informatics | Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics | References | Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) is a State level agency by Government of Gujarat to facilitate to provide services and solutions in implementing map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems. BISAG's SATCOM network is a satellite communication network service to provide distant interaction statewide. Currently BISAG is working to implement geo-spatial technologies for the planning and developmental activities pertaining to agriculture, land and water resource management, wasteland/watershed development, forestry, disaster management, infrastructure and education. | Category:State agencies of Gujarat
Category:Communications in India
Category:2003 establishments in Gujarat
Category:Science and technology in Gujarat
Category:Government agencies established in 2003 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"State agencies of Gujarat",
"Communications in India",
"2003 establishments in Gujarat",
"Science and technology in Gujarat",
"Government agencies established in 2003"
] |
projected-26718703-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Plummer | Marshall Plummer | Introduction | Marshall Paul Plummer (February 25, 1948 – March 25, 2010) was the first Navajo Nation Vice President, serving from 1991 to 1995. He died on March 25, 2010 having been diagnosed with end-stage lung disease. He was mentioned in an article in the Farmington Daily Times. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1948 births",
"2010 deaths",
"Vice Presidents of the Navajo Nation",
"People from Farmington, New Mexico",
"Deaths from lung disease",
"20th-century Native Americans",
"21st-century Native Americans"
] | |
projected-26718703-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Plummer | Marshall Plummer | References | Marshall Paul Plummer (February 25, 1948 – March 25, 2010) was the first Navajo Nation Vice President, serving from 1991 to 1995. He died on March 25, 2010 having been diagnosed with end-stage lung disease. He was mentioned in an article in the Farmington Daily Times. | Category:1948 births
Category:2010 deaths
Category:Vice Presidents of the Navajo Nation
Category:People from Farmington, New Mexico
Category:Deaths from lung disease
Category:20th-century Native Americans
Category:21st-century Native Americans | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1948 births",
"2010 deaths",
"Vice Presidents of the Navajo Nation",
"People from Farmington, New Mexico",
"Deaths from lung disease",
"20th-century Native Americans",
"21st-century Native Americans"
] |
projected-26718718-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20UCI%20Track%20Cycling%20World%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%201%20km%20time%20trial | 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's 1 km time trial | Introduction | The men's 1 km time trial was one of the 10 men's events at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Ballerup, Denmark.
25 Cyclists from 17 countries participated in the contest. The Final was held on 26 March. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships",
"UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's 1 km time trial"
] | |
projected-26718718-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20UCI%20Track%20Cycling%20World%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%201%20km%20time%20trial | 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's 1 km time trial | References | The men's 1 km time trial was one of the 10 men's events at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Ballerup, Denmark.
25 Cyclists from 17 countries participated in the contest. The Final was held on 26 March. | Results
Men's 1 km time trial
Category:UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's 1 km time trial | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships",
"UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's 1 km time trial"
] |
projected-06900304-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baussenque%20Wars | Baussenque Wars | Introduction | The Baussenque Wars (from French Guerres Baussenques, meaning "wars of Baux") were a series of armed conflicts (1144–1162) between the House of Barcelona, then ruling in Provence, and the House of Baux. They are held up in Provence as the idealistic resistance by one of her native families against Catalan "occupation." In reality, they were the first of many successful expansions of Catalan power and influence in the Mediterranean world. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"County of Barcelona",
"Medieval Occitania",
"Wars involving France",
"Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"Civil wars of the Middle Ages",
"Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"12th century in Europe",
"1140s conflicts",
"1150s conflicts",
"1160s co... | |
projected-06900304-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baussenque%20Wars | Baussenque Wars | Causes | The Baussenque Wars (from French Guerres Baussenques, meaning "wars of Baux") were a series of armed conflicts (1144–1162) between the House of Barcelona, then ruling in Provence, and the House of Baux. They are held up in Provence as the idealistic resistance by one of her native families against Catalan "occupation." In reality, they were the first of many successful expansions of Catalan power and influence in the Mediterranean world. | Three major factors played into the eruption of this conflict: the competition between the counts of Toulouse and those of Barcelona for influence in the region of Provence, the succession crisis of the first ruling dynasty of the county of Provence, and the ambitions of the Baux family.
Due to a lack of success in the Reconquista on their southern frontier, the Catalans turned towards the Mediterranean littoral and northwards. They coveted the region between the Cévennes and the Rhône, then under the control of Toulouse. In 1112, the count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, married the heiress of Provence, Douce, who was the daughter of Countess Gerberga of Provence, Gévaudan, Carlat, and part of Rodez. The marriage was probably taken at the urging of the church, which was then in conflict with house of Toulouse. In 1076, its count, Raymond IV, was excommunicated but he still lent his support to Aicard, the deposed archbishop of Arles (since 1080). With the count away on the First Crusade, the church took the opportunity to seize the balance of power in the region. This marriage effectively put Provence under Catalan control.
In 1125, Raymond's heir, Alfonso Jordan, signed a treaty that recognized his family's traditional claim to the title of "Margrave of Provence" and defined the march of Provence as the region north of the lower Durance and on the right of the Rhône, including the castles of Beaucaire, Vallabrègues, and Argence. The region between the Durance, the Rhône, the Alps, and the sea was that of the county and belonged to the house of Barcelona. Avignon, Pont de Sorgues, Caumont, and Le Thor remained undivided.
Internally, Provence was racked by uncertainties over the rights of succession. Douce and Ramon Berenguer signed all charters jointly until her death in 1127, after which he alone appears as count in all charters until his death in 1131. At that time, Douce's younger sister Stephanie was married to Raymond of Baux, who promptly laid claim to the inheritance of her mother, even though Provence had peacefully passed into the hands of her nephew, Berenguer Ramon I. | [] | [
"Causes"
] | [
"County of Barcelona",
"Medieval Occitania",
"Wars involving France",
"Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"Civil wars of the Middle Ages",
"Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"12th century in Europe",
"1140s conflicts",
"1150s conflicts",
"1160s co... |
projected-06900304-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baussenque%20Wars | Baussenque Wars | Opening moves | The Baussenque Wars (from French Guerres Baussenques, meaning "wars of Baux") were a series of armed conflicts (1144–1162) between the House of Barcelona, then ruling in Provence, and the House of Baux. They are held up in Provence as the idealistic resistance by one of her native families against Catalan "occupation." In reality, they were the first of many successful expansions of Catalan power and influence in the Mediterranean world. | As a result of these crises, le Midi was divided into two factions. Berenguer Ramon was supported by his elder brother, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona, and the viscounts of Carcassonne, Béziers and Nîmes. The other supporters of Stephanie and Raymond included Toulouse, the county of Foix, Arles (until 1150), and even the Republic of Genoa, who carried out an attack on Melgueil in 1144 during which Berenguer Ramon died. He was succeeded in his claim by his young son Ramon Berenguer II.
According to the historian and Arles-native Louis Mathieu Anibert, his city appointed a consulate to prepare for war (1131):
At the opening of the conflict, Raymond of Baux made an appeal to Conrad III, who was technically the King of Burgundy, though this title meant more in theory than in practice, Provence being legally a fief of the Burgundian kingdom. Raymond begged for his sovereign's recognition of the rights of Stephanie as heir to the possessions of Gerberga. By an act of 4 August 1145, Conrad validated the right of Stephanie and Raymond to their titles and granted them the power of coining money at Arles and at Trinquetaille. The latter was a great aid to their aspirations. | [] | [
"Opening moves"
] | [
"County of Barcelona",
"Medieval Occitania",
"Wars involving France",
"Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"Civil wars of the Middle Ages",
"Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"12th century in Europe",
"1140s conflicts",
"1150s conflicts",
"1160s co... |
projected-06900304-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baussenque%20Wars | Baussenque Wars | War | The Baussenque Wars (from French Guerres Baussenques, meaning "wars of Baux") were a series of armed conflicts (1144–1162) between the House of Barcelona, then ruling in Provence, and the House of Baux. They are held up in Provence as the idealistic resistance by one of her native families against Catalan "occupation." In reality, they were the first of many successful expansions of Catalan power and influence in the Mediterranean world. | The conflict itself, which had been ongoing since the succession of Berenguer Ramon, accelerated after his death. The rest of the war can be seen as three successive armed conflicts. The first began in 1144, with Berenguer Ramon's war with Genoa, and continued until an accord was signed in 1150. The second lasted a short while (1155 – 1156). The third and final war was most short-lived, lasting less than a year. It saw the house of Barcelona victorious in permanently laying to rest the claims of the House of Baux in spite of the latter having enjoyed the royal approval of Conrad and subsequently of his nephew.
Despite Conrad's proclamation, the war gained pace in 1147, generally in favour of Barcelona, for the count of Toulouse was away on the Second Crusade. In view of his impotence, with only the backing of Arles, Raymond of Baux entered into negotiations and made submission to the house of Barcelona. He left for Spain, where he died before the peace could be concluded. Stephanie's four sons — Hugh, William, Bertrand, and Gilbert — were recompensed for relinquishing their rights to the counties of Gerberga and a treaty was signed at Arles in 1150.
The truce did not last and Stephanie and her sons renewed the conflict in 1155 in alliance with the count of Toulouse. Hugh achieved a diplomatic victory with his confirmation by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, but like that of Conrad years earlier, it meant nothing to the Catalans. This second war, too, did not go well for the house of Baux. In 1156, they were forced to relinquish the castle of Castillon and other fortified places. They did retain Baux itself and its outer defences, like the castle of Trinquetaille.
In August 1161, Ramon Berenguer travelled to Turin with his uncle, the count of Barcelona, to obtain the confirmation of his countship in Provence from the emperor. There he met Richeza of Poland, the daughter of the exiled Polish high duke, Ladislaus II. He married her on 17 November and on the return journey, his uncle died. In 1162, open war erupted again. Baux was razed and its environs ravaged. Ramon Berenguer was recognised as victor by the chancelleries of the Empire, but Hugh made a last attempt to salvage victory by reminding the emperor of the two chrysobull-attended letters issued on his behalf, one of Conrad the other of Frederick himself. Barbarossa wisely kept silent about his reasons for a change of heart.
In 1166, Ramon Berenguer renewed the war with Genoa which his father had waged. He died besieging Nice in that year. | [] | [
"War"
] | [
"County of Barcelona",
"Medieval Occitania",
"Wars involving France",
"Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"Civil wars of the Middle Ages",
"Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe",
"12th century in Europe",
"1140s conflicts",
"1150s conflicts",
"1160s co... |
projected-20464992-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Introduction | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] | |
projected-20464992-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Background | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | A total of 16,146 voters registered to vote with the Commonwealth Election Commission for the 2009 election. That is a 15% increase in voters compared to the 15,118 people who registered to vote in the 2005 general election. Precinct 1 on Saipan, which includes the villages of San Antonio, San Vicente and Koblerville, had the most number of registered voters at 4,331. Voter registration ended on September 18, 2009.
A total of 109 candidates vied for the 43 elected positions in the Northern Mariana Islands in the 2009 election. The contested offices included the offices of governor & lieutenant governor, the twenty seats in the House of Representative, six (of nine) seats in the Senate as well as mayoral posts and various local offices.
At least 18,000 ballots designed to be read by counting machines were printed in Alabama for the 2009 election, according to the executive director of the Election Commission, Robert Guerrero. | [] | [
"Background"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Campaign | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | Major election issues included the Commonwealth's faltering economy and the federalization of the Northern Mariana Islands' immigration by the United States government.
Republican Hofschneider and his running mate, Palacios, challenged incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial and his running mate, Lieutenant Governor Eloy Inos, in the general election. Former legislator Juan "Pan" Guerrero ran as an independent, with sitting CNMI Rep. Joe Camacho as his running mate. Another former legislator, Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, campaigned as an independent, with former Education Commissioner David M. Borja as his running mate. The race was widely viewed as a rematch between Fitial and Hofschneider, who was narrowly defeated in 2005.
The gubernatorial candidates focused heavily on the estimated 3,000 Northern Mariana Islanders residing on the United States mainland, many of whom were eligible to vote be absentee ballot. Three of the four gubernatorial candidates - Governor Fitial, Hofschneider and Juan Pan Guerrero - attended a Labor Day festival for Northern Mariana Islanders in San Diego, California, in September 2009. Independent candidate Juan "Pan" Guerrero and his running mate, Joe Camacho, campaigned throughout the western United States in August and September. Guerrero and Camacho began campaigning in Salem and Portland, Oregon, before travelling to Seattle, Boise, Idaho, San Francisco, Las Vegas, San Diego and Honolulu. | [] | [
"Campaign"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Gubernatorial election | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | The incumbent governor Benigno R. Fitial of the Covenant Party, successfully ran for a second term; his running mate, Lt. Governor Eloy Inos, was elected to his first full term. Fitial faced three challengers in the November 7 general election: Republican nominee Heinz Hofschneider, independent Juan "Pan" Guerrero, and independent Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero.
Because of a law signed by Governor Fitial on July 24, 2009, a runoff election between the candidates who received the highest and second-highest vote totals would be required if no candidate obtained more than 50% of the overall vote. Under this 2009 law, a runoff would occur 14 days after the results of the general election are certified by the Commonwealth Election Commission. This election indeed required a runoff, as neither Fitial nor Hofschneider garnered more than 50% of the vote in the November 7 election.
On election day, Republican challenger Hofschneider received 4,900 votes and incumbent Governor Fitial received 4,892 votes, therefore advancing to the runoff election held on November 23, 2009. Of the 13,784 total votes cast in the first round on November 7, Hofschneider led Fitial by just 8 votes, the closest gubernatorial election in the history of the Northern Mariana Islands. In the November 23 runoff election, Governor Fital was reelected by a 370-vote margin. With a margin of 2.8%, this election was the closest race of the 2009 gubernatorial election cycle.
Fitial was elected to serve a five-year term in office as governor instead of the normal four-year term, due to the Senate Legislative Initiative 16-11, which was one of the four ballot initiatives ratified in the November 7 election. Under the Senate Legislative Initiative 16-11, future general (including gubernatorial) elections will be held only in even-numbered years instead of odd-numbered years, such as 2009. Therefore, the next gubernatorial election took place in 2014 rather than 2013. | [] | [
"Gubernatorial election"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Covenant Party | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | Benigno R. Fitial, incumbent Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (serving since 2006) and former Northern Mariana Islands Representatives (including tenure as Speaker of the House)
Lieutenant Governor Eloy Inos is Fitial's running mate. Inos was appointed and confirmed as Lt. Governor on May 1, 2009, following the resignation of Timothy Villagomez. | [] | [
"Gubernatorial election",
"Candidates",
"Covenant Party"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Republican Party | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | Former Northern Mariana Governor Juan N. Babauta, a Republican, declared his intention to run for governor and challenge Fitial in January 2009. His running mate was Galvin Deleon Guerrero, a member of the CNMI Board of Education.
Babauta was then defeated in the Republican primary by sitting CNMI Rep. Heinz Sablan Hofschneider, a former Speaker of the House, for the Republican Party nomination. Hofschneider's running mate is CNMI Rep. Arnold Indalecio Palacios, the current Speaker of the House.
Before the Republican primary, which was held on June 27, 2009, Hofschneider and Babauta signed a unity pledge, with each candidate pledging to support the winner of the primary. Hofschneider won the primary on June 27 with about 53% of the votes cast. Hofschneider won at six of the eight precincts. After the results were announced, the candidates convened and embraced; Babauta threw his support to Hofschneider and said that he would accept the people's decision. After Babauta had asked his supporters to vote for Hofschneider in the general election, Hofschneider called Babauta and his supporters "a crucial part of the campaign toward November." | [] | [
"Gubernatorial election",
"Candidates",
"Republican Party"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Independents | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | Juan "Pan" Guerrero, chairman of the board for the Northern Marianas Retirement Fund (serving 2006-2009); former Northern Mariana Islands Senator (serving 1986-1990) and Representative (serving 1984-1985)
Joe Camacho is Guerrero's running mate. Camacho is currently a Republican Representative and Floor Leader of the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives.
Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, former Northern Mariana Islands Senator (serving 2000-2004)
David Borja, a former Education Commissioner, is Guerrero's running mate. | [] | [
"Gubernatorial election",
"Candidates",
"Independents"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Democratic Party | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | For the first time in its history, the Democratic Party of the Northern Mariana Islands did not nominate a candidate for Governor in 2009. The only offices which were contested by the Democrats in 2009 were certain seats in the legislature and the mayorship of Saipan. | [] | [
"Gubernatorial election",
"Candidates",
"Democratic Party"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Election day | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | Polls on election day opened at 7 a.m. on November 7, 2009. Three of the four gubernatorial candidates cast their ballots in the morning at Garapan Elementary School in Garapan, Saipan. Incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial and First Lady Josie Fitial voted at 7:10 a.m., Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero arrived at the school at 7:20 a.m. and independent candidate Juan Pan Guerrero voted after 9 a.m. Republican candidate Heinz Hofschneider also voted at Garapan Elementary School at 6 p.m. later that day. An estimated 84% of registered voters participated in the election.
In the November 7 general election, Republican challenger Heinz Hofschneider received 4,900 votes and incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial received 4,892 votes, therefore both advanced to the runoff election slated for November 23, 2009. A total of 13,784 votes were cast in the first round. Hofschneider led Fitial by just eight votes, the closest gubernatorial election in the history of the Northern Mariana Islands. Independent candidates Juan Pan Guerrero and Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero came in 3rd and 4th place respectively and, therefore, did not qualify for the second runoff election.
Under a 2009 law signed by Governor Benigno Fitial, a runoff election is required within fourteen days of the if no candidate obtained 50% of the popular vote plus 1. Since neither Fitial nor Hofschneider garnered more than 50% of the vote, a runoff date was set for November 23, 2009. | [] | [
"Election day"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Runoff | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | The Commonwealth Election Commission certified the results of the general election on November 9 and set the date of the runoff election between Fitial and Hofschneider for Monday, November 23. In a November 17 memorandum, Governor Fitial declared November 23 a legal holiday in the Northern Mariana Islands to encourage voter turnout.
The candidates qualifying for the runoff on November 23, 2009, were incumbent Covenant Party Governor Benigno Fitial and Republican candidate, Rep. Heinz Hofschneider. The incumbent ticket of Fitial-Inos campaigned for re-election on a theme of "proven leadership and proven experience," while the rival Hofscneider-Palacios campaign advocated a "change in leadership" to voters.
Both the Fitial and Hofschneider campaigns reached out to supporters of the independent candidates who did not qualify for the November 23rd runoff, Juan Pan Guerrero and Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero. The support of these independent voters was considered vital both Fitial's and Hofschneider's candidacies.
Former independent candidate Juan "Pan" Guerrero declined to endorse either Fitial or Hofschneider in one-page statement released on November 13, 2009. Instead, Guerrero, who came in third in the gubernatorial election, called on CNMI voters, especially his supporters, to support the candidate who best "represents a better future for themselves, their families, and the Commonwealth." Guerrero further elaborated that, "As soon as it was clear that I would not be in the runoff election, I urged supporters to make their own choices about whom to support-Ben and Eloy or Heinz and Arnold." In his statement, Guerrero noted that he make no further public statements concerning the election before the runoff.
Guerrero running mate in the 2009 election, Joe Camacho, issued his own statement on November 12 endorsing the Covenant Party ticket of Governor Benigno Fitial and Lt. Governor Eloy Inos for re-election. Camacho's brother, Clyde Norita, who was the chairman for the Executive Committee to Elect Juan Pan and Joe Camacho, also endorsed Fitial and Inos.
Former independent candidate Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, who came in fourth place in the general election, endorsed Heinz Hofschneider and Arnold Palacios for governor and lt. governor. Deleon Guerrero cited the wishes of his supporters and support for reforms advocated by Hofschneider, as well as alleged broken promises by the Fitial administration, for his endorsement. He further cited similarities between his own campaign and Hofschneider's messages, "Hofschneider and Palacios have whole-heartedly embraced these visions. They have even taken to heart, our campaign theme of "Time For Change." Deleon Guerrero stated that Fitial had failed to deliver on a number of promises during his term in office, such as economic growth, improved healthcare and the removal of fuel surcharges.
However, Deleon Guerrero's running mate, former Education Commissioner David Borja, endorsed Governor Fitial for re-election. Fitial was also endorsed by the Deleon Guerrero-Borja campaign chairman, Rudy R. Sablan, and seven other senior members of the campaign team.
On December 8, after all ballots had been counted, Fitial was declared the victor in the runoff. He and Inos received 6,610 votes, while Hofschneider and Palacios received 6,240 votes. | [] | [
"Runoff"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Legislature | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | All 20 seats in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives were contested in the election. Six seats in the Northern Mariana Islands Senate were up for election.
Before the 2009 election, the Republican Party controlled the 20-member House of Representatives with a 12-seat majority. The Senate was controlled by the Covenant Party in a coalition with the Democrats and a lone independent. | [] | [
"Legislature"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Mayoral elections | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | All four mayoral posts were up for election across the Commonwealth.
There were nine candidates for mayor on the island of Saipan: Republican Donald Flores, who won the election, as well as Covenant candidate Marian Tudela, Democrat Angelo Villagomez, and Independent candidates Candy Taman, Joe Sanchez, Roman Benavente, Juan Demapan, Tony Camacho and Lino Tenorio. | [] | [
"Mayoral elections"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | Other elected offices | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | Voters also elected nine municipal council members. | [] | [
"Other elected offices"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20464992-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | References | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums. | Category:Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands
Category:2009 referendums | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"2009 Northern Mariana Islands elections",
"Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands",
"2009 referendums"
] |
projected-20465002-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan%20Tsankov%20Boulevard | Dragan Tsankov Boulevard | Introduction | Dragan Tsankov Boulevard () is a large boulevard in Bulgaria's capital Sofia. It is named after the Bulgarian politician Dragan Tsankov. It stretches from the intersection with Evlogi Georgiev Boulevard, north of which it is called Graf Ignatiev Street, and the junction with G. M. Dimitrov Boulevard, south of which it is called St Clement of Ohrid Boulevard. The Perlovska River flows under the boulevard at the junction with Evlogi Georgiev Boulevard.
Landmarks along the boulevard are the Bulgarian National Radio building, Faculty of Biology of the Sofia University, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Sofia Municipal Court. The Borisova Gradina TV Tower is located at the junction with Peyo Yavorov Boulevard. From there do the intersection with G. M. Dimitrov Boulevard are situated the Russian Embassy, Park Hotel Moskva, World Trade Center - Sofia, the Transport Police Department of Sofia Police. The red line of the Sofia Metro runs under the boulevard north of Joliot-Curie Metro Station and on a viaduct south of it.
Category:Streets in Sofia | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Streets in Sofia"
] | |
projected-26718734-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Introduction | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] | |
projected-26718734-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Arts and entertainment | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Zazie Beetz, actor, Deadpool 2 and Atlanta (Class of 2013)
Lake Bell, actor, Boston Legal and Childrens Hospital (attended)
Jon Bernthal, actor, The Walking Dead and The Wolf of Wall Street (attended)
Eddie Cahill, actor, Miracle and CSI: NY (attended)
Ruth Sacks Caplin, screenwriter of Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont (Class of 1941)
Kyle Carey, singer and musician (Class of 2008)
Kathleen Collins, playwright, filmmaker, director, civil rights activist, and educator, Losing Ground (Class of 1963)
Kelly Curtis, actor (Class of 1978)
Evan Dando, musician with The Lemonheads (attended)
Grace DeGennaro, visual artist (Class of 1978)
Pete Donnelly, musician, founding member of The Figgs, as well as former member of NRBQ, Soul Asylum, Mike Viola and the Candybutchers (Class of 2017)
Garrett "G. Love" Dutton, musician with G. Love & Special Sauce (attended)
Judith Flanders, author and historian (Class of 1980)
Chris Fleming, comedian and creator of the web series Gayle (Class of 2009)
Anthony Geraci, blues pianist and an original member of both Sugar Ray & the Bluetones and Ronnie Earl & the Broadcasters.
Tawny Godin, former Miss America 1976 (attended)
Holter Graham, actor and producer (Class of 1994)
Mick Grøndahl, bassist with Jeff Buckley
Justin Henry, actor, Kramer vs. Kramer and Sixteen Candles (Class of 1993)
Scott Jacoby, record producer (Class of 1993)
Ian Kahn, actor, Turn: Washington's Spies (Class of 1994)
Skylar Kergil, musician and activist (Class of 2013)
Jason Keyser, musician with death metal band Skinless (Class of 2013)
Elizabeth LeCompte, co-founder and director of The Wooster Group, and a MacArthur Fellow (Class of 1966)
Sydney Magruder Washington, ballet dancer (Class of 2014)
Evan Mast, musician with Ratatat (Class of 2001)
Molly McGrann, novelist and literary critic (Class of 1995)
Will Menaker, political satirist and host of Chapo Trap House
David Miner, television producer, 30 Rock and The Tracy Morgan Show (Class of 1991)
Michael Nozik, film producer, Crossing Delancey, The Motorcycle Diaries, and Quiz Show (Class of 1976)
Nelle Nugent, Broadway producer, Time Stands Still (Class of 1960)
Julia Nunes, singer, songwriter, YouTube celebrity (Class of 2011)
Jason Reitman, filmmaker, Juno and Up in the Air (attended)
Ariana Richards, actor and painter, Jurassic Park (Class of 2002)
Jane Roberts, author and poet (attended)
Gloria Sachs, fashion designer (Class of 1947)
Sybil Shearer, modern dance pioneer and writer (Class of 1934)
Micah Sloat, actor, Paranormal Activity (Class of 2004)
Matthew Wolff, graphic designer (Class of 2012)
Michael Zegen, actor, Rescue Me (Class of 2001) | [] | [
"Distinguished alumni",
"Arts and entertainment"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Athletics | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Matt Hyson, professional wrestler whose stage name is Spike Dudley (Class of 1992) | [] | [
"Distinguished alumni",
"Athletics"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Business | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Barbara Bloom, senior vice president of CBS Daytime
Cynthia Carroll, CEO of Anglo American, ranked 14th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes in 2010 (Class of 1978)
Ben Cohen, co-founder of Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream (attended)
Helen Corbitt, chef and cookbook author (Class of 1928)
Louise Fili, graphic designer (Class of 1973)
J. Joel Quadracci, CEO of Quad/Graphics (Class of 1991)
Benjamin Sargent, chef and Food Network television personality (Class of 2000)
Wilma Stein Tisch, board member and philanthropist (Class of 1948) | [] | [
"Distinguished alumni",
"Business"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Education and science | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Benjamin Bolger, sociology professor at the College of William & Mary (MA 2007)
Sallie W. Chisholm, oceanographer (Class of 1969)
Jens David Ohlin, dean of Cornell Law School (Class of 1996)
Hazel Stiebeling, nutritionist and early developer of "daily allowance" guidelines (Class of 1915)
Amy Townsend-Small, director of the Environmental Studies Program at the University of Cincinnati (Class of 1998) | [] | [
"Distinguished alumni",
"Education and science"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Journalism | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Arwa Damon, Middle East correspondent for CNN (Class of 1999)
Grace Mirabella, author and former editor-in-chief of Vogue (Class of 1950)
Cal Perry, correspondent for CNN based in the network's Beirut bureau (Class of 2001)
Webster Tarpley, author, historian, conspiracy theorist (MA) | [] | [
"Distinguished alumni",
"Journalism"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Politics | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Senator Joseph Bruno, New York State Senate Majority Leader (also received an honorary doctorate) (Class of 1952)
Jennie Cave, first woman mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut (Class of 1923)
Fred Guttenberg, political activist (Class of 1988)
Helene Schneider, former mayor of Santa Barbara, California (Class of 1992)
Kate Snyder, mayor of Portland, Maine (Class of 1992)
Anne Wexler, political advisor and lobbyist (Class of 1951) | [] | [
"Distinguished alumni",
"Politics"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Notable faculty | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Regis Brodie, Art professor
Sheldon Solomon, Psychology professor
Kathryn H. Starbuck, Executive Secretary and law professor | [] | [
"Notable faculty"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | Presidents of the College | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Charles Henry Keyes (1912–1925)
Henry T. Moore (1925–1957)
Val H. Wilson (1957–1965)
Joseph C. Palamountain, Jr. (1965–1987)
David H. Porter (1987–1999)
Jamienne S. Studley (1999–2003)
Philip A. Glotzbach (2003–2020)
Marc C. Conner (2020–present) | [] | [
"Presidents of the College"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718734-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Skidmore%20College%20people | List of Skidmore College people | References | Here follows a list of notable people associated with Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. It includes graduates, attendees, faculty, and presidents of the college. | Skidmore College
Category:Saratoga Springs, New York | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lists of people by university or college in New York (state)",
"Saratoga Springs, New York"
] |
projected-26718776-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Jackson%20%28botanist%29 | George Jackson (botanist) | Introduction | Rees's Cyclopædia]] noted -
"Jacksonia'', so named by Mr. Robert Brown, in memory of the late Mr. George Jackson, F.L.S., a man of the most excellent and amiable character, devoted to the science of botany." | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"English botanists",
"Fellows of the Linnean Society of London",
"1780 births",
"1811 deaths"
] | |
projected-26718776-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Jackson%20%28botanist%29 | George Jackson (botanist) | References | Rees's Cyclopædia]] noted -
"Jacksonia'', so named by Mr. Robert Brown, in memory of the late Mr. George Jackson, F.L.S., a man of the most excellent and amiable character, devoted to the science of botany." | Category:English botanists
Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Category:1780 births
Category:1811 deaths | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"English botanists",
"Fellows of the Linnean Society of London",
"1780 births",
"1811 deaths"
] |
projected-26718779-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton%20richardsonii | Potamogeton richardsonii | Introduction | Potamogeton richardsonii is a species of aquatic plant known by the common name Richardson's pondweed. It is native to much of northern North America, including all of Canada and the northern and western United States. It grows in water bodies such as ponds, lakes, ditches, and streams. This perennial herb grows a narrow, mostly unbranched stem from a mat of rhizomes in the substrate. It reaches about a meter in maximum length. The leaves are up to 13 centimeters long and about 3 wide with crinkly pointed or rounded tips. The inflorescence is a spike of flowers arising from the water surface on a peduncle. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Potamogeton"
] | |
projected-26718811-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixfold%20Expanse%20of%20Samantabhadra | Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra | Introduction | The Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra () is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Dzogchen texts",
"Nyingma tantras"
] | |
projected-26718811-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixfold%20Expanse%20of%20Samantabhadra | Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra | Primary resources | The Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra () is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha. | kun tu bzang po klong drug pa'i rgyud @ Wikisource in Wylie
ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་པོ་ཀློང་དྲུག་པའི་རྒྱུད @ Wikisource in Uchen (Tibetan Script), Unicode | [] | [
"Primary resources"
] | [
"Dzogchen texts",
"Nyingma tantras"
] |
projected-26718811-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixfold%20Expanse%20of%20Samantabhadra | Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra | Notes | The Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra () is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha. | Category:Dzogchen texts
Category:Nyingma tantras | [] | [
"Notes"
] | [
"Dzogchen texts",
"Nyingma tantras"
] |
projected-26718856-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion%20Integrated%20Rack | Combustion Integrated Rack | Introduction | The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) is an experiment facility installed in the International Space Station (ISS). It includes an optics bench, combustion chamber, fuel and oxidizer control, and five different cameras for performing combustion experiments in microgravity.
The Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF) accommodates the unique challenges of working with fluids and combustion processes in microgravity and provides services and capabilities comparable to those found in traditional Earth-based laboratories. The FCF occupies two powered racks on the ISS: the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) and the Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR). The FCF is a permanent modular, multi-user facility that accommodates microgravity science experiments on board the ISS. The FCF supports sustained, systematic research in the disciplines of fluid physics and combustion science.
The CIR is used to perform combustion experiments in microgravity. The CIR can be reconfigured easily on orbit to accommodate a variety of combustion experiments. It consists of an optics bench, a combustion chamber, a fuel and oxidizer management system, environmental management systems, and interfaces for science diagnostics and experiment specific equipment. For diagnostic purposes, five different cameras are available for use by the investigator. The CIR features a 100-litre combustion chamber surrounded by optical equipment and diagnostic packages, including a gas chromatograph. Experiments are conducted by remote control from the Glenn Research Center (GRC) Telescience Support Center (TSC).
The CIR has been designed for use with the Passive Rack Isolation System (PaRIS), which connects the rack to the ISS structure using eight spring-damper isolators and a special set of umbilicals. Modelling and analysis show that the PaRIS can attenuate much of the U.S. Laboratory's vibration and provide a much quieter environment than a simple hard-mounted rack. The CIR is the only combustion research facility on board the ISS. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] | |
projected-26718856-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion%20Integrated%20Rack | Combustion Integrated Rack | Facility Operations | The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) is an experiment facility installed in the International Space Station (ISS). It includes an optics bench, combustion chamber, fuel and oxidizer control, and five different cameras for performing combustion experiments in microgravity.
The Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF) accommodates the unique challenges of working with fluids and combustion processes in microgravity and provides services and capabilities comparable to those found in traditional Earth-based laboratories. The FCF occupies two powered racks on the ISS: the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) and the Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR). The FCF is a permanent modular, multi-user facility that accommodates microgravity science experiments on board the ISS. The FCF supports sustained, systematic research in the disciplines of fluid physics and combustion science.
The CIR is used to perform combustion experiments in microgravity. The CIR can be reconfigured easily on orbit to accommodate a variety of combustion experiments. It consists of an optics bench, a combustion chamber, a fuel and oxidizer management system, environmental management systems, and interfaces for science diagnostics and experiment specific equipment. For diagnostic purposes, five different cameras are available for use by the investigator. The CIR features a 100-litre combustion chamber surrounded by optical equipment and diagnostic packages, including a gas chromatograph. Experiments are conducted by remote control from the Glenn Research Center (GRC) Telescience Support Center (TSC).
The CIR has been designed for use with the Passive Rack Isolation System (PaRIS), which connects the rack to the ISS structure using eight spring-damper isolators and a special set of umbilicals. Modelling and analysis show that the PaRIS can attenuate much of the U.S. Laboratory's vibration and provide a much quieter environment than a simple hard-mounted rack. The CIR is the only combustion research facility on board the ISS. | The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) chamber can operate at low (0.02 atm) or high (up to 3 atm) atmospheric pressures. Tools are not required to open the chamber or change or service the eight windows on the chamber. Gases are delivered through the bottles on the front of the rack. The exhaust package features a filter that can recycle the gas used or convert it to an expellable gas. The CIR can be used to explore droplet, solid fuel, and gaseous fuel combustion. | [] | [
"Facility Operations"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] |
projected-26718856-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion%20Integrated%20Rack | Combustion Integrated Rack | See also | The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) is an experiment facility installed in the International Space Station (ISS). It includes an optics bench, combustion chamber, fuel and oxidizer control, and five different cameras for performing combustion experiments in microgravity.
The Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF) accommodates the unique challenges of working with fluids and combustion processes in microgravity and provides services and capabilities comparable to those found in traditional Earth-based laboratories. The FCF occupies two powered racks on the ISS: the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) and the Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR). The FCF is a permanent modular, multi-user facility that accommodates microgravity science experiments on board the ISS. The FCF supports sustained, systematic research in the disciplines of fluid physics and combustion science.
The CIR is used to perform combustion experiments in microgravity. The CIR can be reconfigured easily on orbit to accommodate a variety of combustion experiments. It consists of an optics bench, a combustion chamber, a fuel and oxidizer management system, environmental management systems, and interfaces for science diagnostics and experiment specific equipment. For diagnostic purposes, five different cameras are available for use by the investigator. The CIR features a 100-litre combustion chamber surrounded by optical equipment and diagnostic packages, including a gas chromatograph. Experiments are conducted by remote control from the Glenn Research Center (GRC) Telescience Support Center (TSC).
The CIR has been designed for use with the Passive Rack Isolation System (PaRIS), which connects the rack to the ISS structure using eight spring-damper isolators and a special set of umbilicals. Modelling and analysis show that the PaRIS can attenuate much of the U.S. Laboratory's vibration and provide a much quieter environment than a simple hard-mounted rack. The CIR is the only combustion research facility on board the ISS. | Scientific research on the ISS | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] |
projected-26718944-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20ATP%20World%20Tour%20Masters%201000 | 2010 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 | Introduction | The twenty-first edition of the ATP Masters Series. The champion of each Masters event is awarded a 1,000 rankings points. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2010 ATP World Tour",
"ATP Tour Masters 1000"
] | |
projected-17328259-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Introduction | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] | |
projected-17328259-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | History | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | The three-act ballet of Ondine was commissioned and produced for The Royal Ballet in 1958 by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton. The resulting ballet was a collaboration between Ashton and the German composer Hans Werner Henze, who was commissioned to write the score. It is the only full length ballet that Ashton choreographed to original music, and the score is regarded as a rarity by musicians, as it is a "20th century full-length ballet score that has the depth of a masterwork".
The ballet was originally intended as a vehicle for The Royal Ballet's then prima ballerina, Margot Fonteyn and the title role of Ondine was choreographed specially for her and led one critic to describe the ballet as "a concerto for Fonteyn". From its première in 1958 until the work was removed from the repertoire in 1966, nearly every performance of Ondine saw Fonteyn cast in the lead role, with the only occasional exceptions seeing Nadia Nerina and Svetlana Beriosova dancing the role. Maria Almeida became the first ballerina to dance the role of Ondine in a revival, with Anthony Dowell dancing the role of Palemon. Staged in 1988 and conducted by Isaiah Jackson, the revival was a success and the ballet has been regularly performed ever since. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Music | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Ashton initially approached Sir William Walton to compose the score for Ondine. They had worked together before on a ballet called The Quest for the Sadler's Wells company in 1943, and agreed to collaborate again for the 1955–56 season; they decided on Macbeth as their subject. Fonteyn, however, was firmly opposed to playing Lady Macbeth, and was not enthused by Ashton's next suggestion, Miranda in a ballet of The Tempest. By the time Ashton had lighted on Ondine as an alternative, Walton was immersed in work on a concerto. He suggested that his friend Henze be approached. Accordingly, the music was commissioned from Henze, who titled the score Undine.
Henze and Ashton met at the former's home on the island of Ischia, just across the bay from Naples, to decide their key approaches to this new ballet. They decided to ignore the northern origins of Fouqué's novella Undine and move it to the Mediterranean. Ashton and Henze chose Lila de Nobili to design the set and costumes. She was described by Henze as "an Italian bewitched by English landscape and culture", however her first intention was to make the sets in the style that might have been seen on the stage of La Scala a hundred years earlier. However, Henze and Ashton had decided not to make their ballet a mix of all the great works of the nineteenth century, but rather that it would be the product of their own contemporary sensibilities with references to other works. Eventually, the three of them decided that Ondine would have a "gothic-revival" setting.
Despite his experience in the ballet world, Henze had never before composed a subject in the romantic style which Ashton requested, however Ashton had been impressed by Henze's treatment of magical material in his opera König Hirsch. Henze attended many ballet performances at Covent Garden, frequently accompanied by Ashton who told him clearly what he liked and what he did not like in music for dance. Eventually the work was completed, but when Ashton heard a recording of the orchestrated score he realised that he would have to revise his ideas; the sustained orchestral sounds were such a contrast to the piano score and made him think very differently.
Henze later arranged the Wedding Music for wind orchestra in 1957 and a further two orchestral suites in 1958. | [] | [
"History",
"Music"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Critical reception | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | After its première in 1958 it was greeted with mixed, half-hearted reviews, although the first night reviews of Ondine were unanimous about one thing: Fonteyn's triumph in the title role. A.V.Coton spoke of "the supernormal sensitivity of feeling, interaction and mutual understanding which exists between Ashton and his heroine", and Cyril Beaumont saw the ballet as Ashton's "greatest gift" to his ballerina. Nothing else about the piece pleased everybody, though most reviewers liked Lila de Nobili's designs and praised the contribution of the supporting cast – Beaumont called Alexander Grant's Tirrenio "of Miltonic stature, magnificently danced and mimed." Edwin Denby dismissed Ondine: after praising Fonteyn he said "But the ballet is foolish, and everyone noticed". Most critics disliked the music and Mary Clarke was in the minority when she called it "rich and romantic and superbly rhythmical". Fernau Hall thought Henze showed "little understanding of the needs of classical dancing", and that Ondine would establish itself firmly in the repertoire "if it were not for Henze's music".
In 1958 the ballet was widely seen as having choreography and décor in harmony with each other but fighting with the music; now it's the choreography and the music which seem to speak the same language, while the sets look not only backward but to the north. Even when it was revived in 1988, it was hailed neither as a disaster nor as a lost masterpiece. Henze's modern music is also perceived as a reason for the few performances of this ballet before its revival in the 1990s. | [] | [
"Critical reception"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Synopsis | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Ondine bears a resemblance to The Little Mermaid. The story derives from Fouqué's novella Undine, the tale of a water-nymph who marries a mortal. Similar to other 19th century fairy tales, the plot is based on man (Palemon) encountering the supernatural (the water nymph Ondine), but the outcome is rather different from many of the 19th century classics: here, it is the man that dies, and the female character survives. Ondine makes her first entrance from a fountain, shivering in the cold air as we would in water, and dances with her shadow, which she has never seen before. She meets the hero, Palemon, and is astonished when she feels his heartbeat as she doesn't possess a heart. Palemon deserts Berta, whom he has been courting, and decides to marry Ondine. During a particularly strong storm while at sea, Ondine is lost overboard. Palemon survives the shipwreck created by the angry Ondines and, believing Ondine is lost, ends up marrying Berta. Ondine returns, however, and is heartbroken when she discovers Palemon's unfaithfulness. When she kisses him, he dies and she brings his body back into the sea with her forever.
In the published score, as with the title of the ballet, Henze also retained the original spellings of the character names. The London ballet production was given as Ondine, but the score was titled Undine, and names the lead character as Undine. Henze also uses the original name Beatrice rather than Berta. | [] | [
"Synopsis"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Principal characters | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Ondine (Undine)
The title role is undoubtedly the main focus of the ballet. She is a gentle water sprite who the audience discovers dancing in a waterfall and then with her own shadow. Her love for Palemon is deep, which is what makes his unfaithfulness so devastating and dramatic.
Palemon
The male lead is bewitched by the feminine allure of Ondine. He has never seen a creature as lovely as her and decides to marry Ondine, forsaking his betrothed, Beatrice (Berta). Similar to the Prince in Swan Lake, Palemon is destroyed by breaking the trust of his intended.
Berta (Beatrice)
She is the perfect female contrast to Ondine. Ondine belongs to the sea, whereas Berta is definitely from the land. She is manipulative, possessive and highly demanding, while Ondine is gentle and loving.
Tirrenio
He is the uncle of Ondine and also Lord of the Mediterranean Sea. He tries to warn Ondine that what she intends to do with Palemon goes against what is expected of her. When she chooses not to listen to his advice, he creates the conditions for a shipwreck where she is returned to the sea. When Ondine once again finds Palemon and realises how he has betrayed her, Tirrenio exacts a terrible revenge with his fellow Undines by causing death and destruction for all Palemon's guests. | [] | [
"Synopsis",
"Principal characters"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | The music | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Since the original 1958 production of the ballet, the score has been published as a standalone work, and has been used for other dance productions, which have also used the title Undine.
The score is constructed with the certainty of technical accomplishment and inlaid with a lyricism that emanated from his experience of Italian life and Mediterranean colour. The score combines various genres, including the Neoclassicism from his early years. This combination of the genres of early German Romanticism and the neoclassicism of Stravinsky gives the score a 'modern' sound "automatically made it anathema to the avant-garde of the 1950s". Therefore, the music was often seen as revolutionary and not suited to ballet. | [] | [
"The music"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Act 1 | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | The score has a slow opening and immediately provides a romantic sense of mystery. However, the music then launches into a quicker tempo, brass fanfares propelling the music along with a rhythmically incisive motif. An andante section for strings follows using a straightforward lilting rhythm. The simplicity of this section is a marked contrast to the next, marked vivace where the different parts of the orchestra compete with each other with an underlying consistent rhythmic drive. The following section is also manufactured of contrasts with lyrical strings followed by a solo clarinet and sparse accompaniment. High strings, harp (for the watery effect) and occasional percussion provide another contrasting orchestral sound, before the composer again re-assembles his palette of orchestral colours, using solo instruments in small groups, or alone, or high violins in long notes soaring above moving fragments of ideas below. The finale of Act 1 has an uneven rhythm with sudden accents darting about in Stravinskian fashion, the music being punctuated here and there by astringent wind chords. | [] | [
"The music",
"Act 1"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Act 2 | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | This act begins by reestablishing the aura of romantic mystery which began Act 1. This is evoked by the use of high violins and wind chords together, similar to that of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. The first movement is characterised by the constant change of tempo, while the second picks up influences from other musical styles in particular that of rhythmic impulse and swooning which characterised Ravel's work. The next movement features solid writing for a chorus of brass instruments, after which high violins are heard over a very low accompaniment. This section also features many solos for various instruments, followed by a pas de trois above a gently undulating accompaniment where lyrical melody lines are heard, with the oboe able to penetrate the whole texture in expressive fashion. The following variation is typical of 19th century ballet music and begins with the violins before spreading to the rest of the orchestra. Brass, prominent timpani and incisive pizzicato chords in the strings culminate in a sense of urgency in the music which prepares for the musical tension in the final act. | [] | [
"The music",
"Act 2"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Act 3 | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | This act begins with a striking unison theme in the strings, soon interrupted by strident brass. This theme intensifies throughout the opening movement, recitative. The next movement, adagio, features a sweeter sound in the strings with a solo violin heard floating above the rest of the orchestral texture. The con elegenza that follows is marked by the sweeping sound of violins. Brass fanfares then introduce the pas de seize and this adagio contrasts the horns with high woodwind, while the harp adds to this effect. The tempo of the pas de seize varies and quiet lyrical moments may suddenly be interrupted by incisive brass and timpani. This section finishes with a Largo solenne movement. The connection between that movement and the final divertissement, marked Scene, begins with a vigorous and brilliant entrée. A pas de six in the same tempo includes virtuoso writing for the piano, which leads the orchestra for the ensuing pas de trois, though the orchestra controls the second pas de trois while the piano has more virtuoso work with rippling cascades of notes; before the Stravinskian rhythms emerge for piano and orchestra at the beginning of the pas de dix-huit. The orchestral momentum, of high violins en masse, sprightly wind writing, brass chords punctuating the highly charged rhythmic style, and a continuation of bravura piano writing, is maintained throughout the opening of the pas de six that follows. The orchestra then introduces a valse for a general dance (pas d’ensemble) that could almost belong to one of Ravel's more advanced scores. A pas d’action then begins to prepare for the finale. The tempo slows down, while "sparse textures with solo instrumental sounds floating above quiet accompanimental figures create a different sound world". The strings gently introduce the Dance of Sorrow, which then gains in intensity with a richer string texture. During the next variation, oboe, harp, and pitched percussion provide another watery timbre before the ballet moves to the final pas de deux. The final movement starts with gently pulsing chords that have a sweet but melancholy dissonance as Palemon is kissed by Ondine and dies. | [] | [
"The music",
"Act 3"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Structure | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Act 1
No. 1 – Lento
No. 2 – I. Allegretto, II. Andante, III. Vivace
No. 3 – Moderato
No. 4 – I. Adagio, II. Adagio
No. 5 – Andante con moto
No. 6 – I. Adagio, II. Vivace
No. 7 – Vivace assai
No. 8 – Andante
No. 9 – Allegro assai
No. 10 – Vivace, I. Largo
No. 11 – Adagio, I. Tranquillo, II. Lento, III. Finale. Allegro, IV. Finale. End
Act 2
No. 1 – Moderato
No. 2 – Andantino con moto
No. 3 – tempo = 80
No. 4 – I. Andante molto, II. tempo = 44
No. 5 – Pas de trois, I. Variation
No. 6 – Vivace
No. 7 – Molto mosso
No. 8 – Finale
Act 3
No. 1 – Recitative
No. 2 – Adagio, I. Allegro moderato, con eleganza
No. 3 – Pas de Seize Entrée, I. Adagio, II. Variation, III. Variation, IV. Variation, V. Coda
No. 4 – Scène
No. 5 – Divertissement, I. Entrée, II. Pas de six , III. Pas de trois I, IV. Pas de trois II, V. Pas de dix-huit, VI. Variation , VII. Variation, VIII. Variation, IX. Pas de six, X. Coda
No. 6 – Pas d'action, I. Variation
No. 7 – Finale, I. Dance of Sorrow, II. Variation, III. Pas de deux, IV. Epilogue | [] | [
"The music",
"Structure"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Instrumentation | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Strings: Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses
Woodwinds: Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English Horn, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon
Brass: 4 Horns, 2 Cornets (A, B-flat), 3 Trumpets, 2 Trombones, Tuba
percussion: Timpani, Triangle, tamtam, 2 Cymbals, Bass Drum, 2 tom-toms, Snare Drum, Vibraphone
Other: 2 Harps, Guitar, Celesta, Piano | [] | [
"The music",
"Instrumentation"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Ashton's choreography and setting | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | The consensus on Ashton's Ondine is that it has some very good things in it – and this is true; as is the implication that it is otherwise unsuccessful, not least because the music (which greatly disappointed Ashton himself) largely fails, except in the storm of Act II and the divertissements of Act III. According to many critics, the music did not suit Ashton "who had been hoping for music as "radiant" as the Mediterranean from which its heroine was born". Yet the music does seem to fit its watery theme well: there are some beautiful passages to Ondine's Act 3 "swimming" solo where the music seems thin and transparent as watercolour, and entirely suited to this sketch of the sea. The ballet is also a mixture of both the 19th and the 20th century, for the plot is quintessentially romantic while the music and choreography are more modern. Although it bore all the marks of Ashton's familiarly gentle, classically oriented manner, it discarded the classical ballet conventions that appear in such Ashton successes as Cinderella and Sylvia. What he was trying to suggest, says Ashton, was "the ebb and flow of the sea: I aimed at an unbroken continuity of dance, which would remove the distinction between aria and recitative." As a result, Ondine offered few pyrotechnics, gained its effects instead through sinuous mass movements in which the undulation of arm and body suggested forests of sea plants stirring to unseen tides. The sense of submarine fantasy was reinforced by Stage Designer Lila de Nobili's fine scenery: a castle of mist and fruitfulness, shadowy crags and waterfalls, aqueous skies streaked pink and green.
Ondine is not a classical construction with great set pieces (except for the wedding divertissement in the third act) or grand formal pas de deux, but a continuous, flowing narrative. However, this narrative is itself not very strong and there is no real explanation of why the lovers are on a ship in Act 2, or what exactly has passed between Acts 2 and 3 to convince Palemon to return to his mortal lover, Beatrice (Berta). The work uses classical ballet vocabulary, but the form varies a great deal from the 19th century classics. Unlike them, is through-composed: there are no breaks for bows to the audience built in and (at least until the third-act divertissement) no bravura variations to self-consciously elicit the audience's response. Henze's glittering music is the dominating force, although it is a difficult score to dance to, with the pulse well hidden within its general sheen, but it is atmospheric and often exciting, bringing the close of Act I to a climax.
Although the narrative is not strong, the setting is and displays a "most convincing feel of the sea" and the "shimmer of water" which is very effective in this ballet which is filled with images of water and particularly of the sea. The first act of the ballet takes place in the courtyard of the castle of Palemon where Ondine is seen dancing in the waterfall. Other settings include a scene with Tirrenio and the ondines while another is on a ship during wild storm at sea where the sensation of motion while being on board ship is strong enough to make the audience seasick. The third act takes place in the Castle of Palemon located near the sea. The final tableau is not only exquisitely beautiful, with Ondine grieving over the body of her lover, but the surrounding ondines, their arms drifting like seaweed in the dim green light, uncannily evoke the shifting currents under the sea.
When Fonteyn danced the lead, the ballet was about her and her performance; however good today's interpreters may be, none has the mystique to reduce everyone else to the background, and so the supporting roles are now much more visible and need to be much more strongly depicted. It is generally accepted that Tirrenio was originally the most completely worked out role, inherited from Alexander Grant's lack of awe for Fonteyn; however the role has become difficult to cast as it was created to showcase Grant's unique mixture of gifts – classical virtuosity and flair for characterisation. | [
"Ondine - Margot Fonteyn.JPG"
] | [
"Ashton's choreography and setting"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |
projected-17328259-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Revivals | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Although it was much lauded at the time, Ashton's Ondine disappeared from the repertory of The Royal Ballet for twenty years or so before Sir Anthony Dowell persuaded Ashton to let him revive it in 1988. It has become more entrenched in The Royal Ballet's repertoire and thus gives the audience a chance to evaluate this work without the aura that Fonteyn brought to it. Maria Almeida was chosen to revive the lead role in 1990 and Viviana Durante has subsequently continued in the tradition of Fonteyn. The role of Palemon was revived by Anthony Dowell and has subsequently been danced by Jonathon Cope. It was revived again for the 2008/2009 season at the Royal Opera House with Tamara Rojo and Edward Watson.
Ashton's choreography has so far had only one full production outside The Royal Ballet, by the Ballet of the Teatro alla Scala, Milan on 21 April 2000. Some commentators have noted that this is perhaps a consequence of its length (around 100 minutes) which does not compare with other twentieth century ballets. The ballet has also been staged at Sadler's Wells, London and the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. | [] | [
"Revivals"
] | [
"1958 compositions",
"Compositions by Hans Werner Henze",
"Ballets by Frederick Ashton",
"Ballets created for The Royal Ballet",
"1958 ballet premieres",
"Works based on Undine (novella)"
] |