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projected-17328259-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Other productions | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Following the original staging by The Royal Ballet, the Ashton/Henze production was later restaged in New York in 1960, and then again at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan on 21 April 2000, a performance conducted by Patrick Fournillier.
Other choreographers have used Henze's music, including Youri Vámos for the ballet of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (1987) and Torsten Händler in Chemnitz and the Semperoper Ballett in Dresden, Germany has staged it regularly from 1989 as part of its repertoire using modern design. It was performed at the Volkstheater in Rostock in March 2009. | [] | [
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projected-17328259-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Recordings | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Undine was first recorded commercially in 1996: it was nominated for the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance.
Henze: Undine – London Sinfonietta
Conductor: Oliver Knussen
Piano: Peter Donohoe
Recording date: 1996
Label: Deutsche Grammophon – 453467 (CD) | [] | [
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projected-17328259-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Reviews | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Sunday NY Times review, 7 December 1958
NY Times review by John Martin, 22 September 1960
NY Times obituary of Brian Shaw, 23 April 1992
NY Times review by Anna Kisselgoff, 15 July 2004
NY Times review by Roslyn Sulcas, 5 December 2008 | [] | [
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projected-17328259-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | See also | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Ondine, ou La naïade – a ballet based on the same novella and produced in 1843 by Cesare Pugni and Jules Perrot
Undine (Hoffmann) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by E.T.A. Hoffmann, produced in 1814
Undine (Lortzing) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by Albert Lortzing, produced in 1845
Undine – the novel by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, on which the story of Ondine is based
Undina (Tchaikovsky) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, produced in 1869 | [] | [
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projected-17328259-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | Bibliography | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988. | Henze, Hans Werner (1959). Undine. Tagebuch eines Balletts. R. Piper & Co. Verlag, Munich | [] | [
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projected-17328262-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Moher | Frank Moher | Introduction | Frank Moher (born 1955) is a Canadian playwright, director, and journalist.
He was born in Edmonton, Alberta and lived in New York City and Calgary, Alberta. His plays include Odd Jobs (1985) which has been produced internationally and was a finalist for the Governor General's Award, The Third Ascent which toured Canada and won the Edmonton Sterling Award for Outstanding New Play, Supreme Dream (with Rhonda Trodd, 1995) which also toured Canada, and Big Baby (2004). His plays are published by the Playwrights Guild of Canada, Playwrights Canada Press, and online by ProPlay.
Moher has been the Artistic Producer of Western Edge Theatre in Nanaimo, British Columbia since 2002, and is editor and media critic for the online magazine backofthebook.ca. | [] | [
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projected-26719040-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemund | Annemund | Introduction | Saint Annemund, also known as Annemundus, Aunemundus, Ennemond and Chamond, was an archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lyon. Annemund was a councillor of Clovis II and a friend of Wilfrid of York. The year of his death is variously given as either 657 or 658. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. | [] | [
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projected-26719040-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemund | Annemund | Biography | Saint Annemund, also known as Annemundus, Aunemundus, Ennemond and Chamond, was an archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lyon. Annemund was a councillor of Clovis II and a friend of Wilfrid of York. The year of his death is variously given as either 657 or 658. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. | Ennemond Dauphin (Dalfinus) succeeded Viventius as bishop of Lyon between 652 and 654 during the reign of Clovis II.
His father, Sigon, was a prefect in Lyon, while his brother, Dalfin, was Count of Lyons. Late hagiographic texts say his was a Gallo-Roman family, although his name is of German origin, more common in the Burgundian late 5th century. These same texts record that Dauphin's brother was prefect of Gaul. The accounts of his contemporaries Eddius Stephanus (in) and the Venerable Bede however, make no mention of his brother.
Annemund was a councillor of Clovis II and a friend of Wilfrid. Tradition attributes to him the evangelization of the Saint-Chamond area (Castellum Sancti Admundi), whose church still contains one of his relics.
He was the victim of a plot by the mayor of the palace, Ebroin. According to Bede (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum v.19), this occurred at the order of Queen Balthild. Having been unable to attend a gathering of Frankish officials at Orleans, he was slandered as a traitor to the king. Summoned to court, he was beheaded on September 29, 658 near Chalon-sur-Saône by parties affiliated with Ebroin. His body was brought back to Lyon and is in the Saint-Nizier Church. Genesius succeeded him as Bishop. | [] | [
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projected-26719040-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemund | Annemund | Legacy | Saint Annemund, also known as Annemundus, Aunemundus, Ennemond and Chamond, was an archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lyon. Annemund was a councillor of Clovis II and a friend of Wilfrid of York. The year of his death is variously given as either 657 or 658. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. | Ennemond is also revered in Bellegarde-en-Forez and Champdieu. He gave his name to the town of Saint-Ennemond in Allier and Saint-Chamond in the Loire area. One of his relics is preserved in the Church of Saint-Ennemond, Saint-Étienne.
He is enrolled in the Roman martyrology and his feast day is celebrated on 28 September.
It is said that it was Ennemond who first conceived the idea of calling the faithful to church by ringing church bells. Similarly, when his body was returned to Lyon, all churches would have started ringing their bells.
A statue in the Saint-Ennemond church Saint-Étienne is in episcopal robes, holding a codex of the Bible. | [
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projected-26719040-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemund | Annemund | References | Saint Annemund, also known as Annemundus, Aunemundus, Ennemond and Chamond, was an archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lyon. Annemund was a councillor of Clovis II and a friend of Wilfrid of York. The year of his death is variously given as either 657 or 658. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. | Category:658 deaths
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projected-06900318-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Introduction | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | [] | [
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projected-06900318-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | The definition of thermal insulation | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Thermal insulation usually refers to the use of appropriate insulation materials and design adaptations for buildings to slow the transfer of heat through the enclosure to reduce heat loss and gain. The transfer of heat is caused by the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. Heat may be transferred either by conduction, convection, or radiation. The rate of transmission is closely related to the propagating medium. Heat is lost or gained by transmission through the ceilings, walls, floors, windows, and doors. This heat reduction and acquisition are usually unwelcome. It not only increases the load on the HVAC system resulting in more energy wastes but also reduces the thermal comfort of people in the building. Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor in achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow sense, insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such as: cellulose, glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, wood fiber, plant fiber (cannabis, flax, cotton, cork, etc.), recycled cotton denim, plant straw, animal fiber (sheep's wool), cement, and earth or soil, reflective insulation (also known as radiant barrier) but it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of heat transfer - conduction, radiation, and convection materials.
Most of the materials in the above list only retain a large amount of air or other gases between the molecules of the material. The gas conducts heat much less than the solids. These materials can form gas cavities, which can be used to insulate heat with low heat transfer efficiency. This situation also occurs in the fur of animals and birds feathers, animal hair can employ the low thermal conductivity of small pockets of gas, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing heat loss.
The effectiveness of reflective insulation (radiant barrier) is commonly evaluated by the reflectivity (emittance) of the surface with airspace facing to the heat source.
The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value, of which there are two - metric (SI) (in units of K⋅W−1⋅m2) and US customary (in units of °F·ft2·h/BTU), the former being 0.176 times the latter, or the reciprocal quantity the thermal conductivity or U value W.K−1⋅m−2.
For example, in the US the insulation standard for attics, is recommended to be at least R-38 US units, (equivalent to R-6.7 or a U value of 0.15 in SI units) . The equivalent standard in the UK are technically comparable, the approved document L would normally require an average U value over the roof area of 0.11 to 0.18 depending on the age of the property and the type of roof construction. Newer buildings have to meet a higher standard than those built under previous versions of the regulations.
It is important to realise a single R-value or U-value does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors for each building. Construction quality issues can include inadequate vapor barriers and problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the properties and density of the insulation material itself are critical. Most countries have some regime of either inspections or certification of approved installers to make sure that good standards are maintained. | [] | [
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projected-06900318-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | The history of thermal insulation | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | The history of thermal insulation is not so long compared with other materials, but human beings have been aware of the importance of insulation for a long time. In the prehistoric time, human beings began their activity of making shelters against wild animals and heavy weather, human beings started their exploration of thermal insulation. Prehistoric peoples built their dwellings by using the materials of animal skins, fur, and plant materials like reed, flax, and straw, these materials were first used as clothing materials, because their dwellings were temporary, they were more likely to use the materials they used in clothing, which were easy to obtain and process. The materials of animal furs and plant products can hold a large amount of air between molecules which can create an air cavity to reduce the heat exchange.
Later, human beings' long life span and development of agriculture determined that they needed a fixed place of residence, earth-sheltered houses, stone houses, and cave dwellings began to emerge. The high density of these materials can cause a time lag effect in thermal transfer, which can make the inside temperature change slowly. This effect keep inside of the buildings warm in winter and cool in summer, also because of the materials like earth or stone is easy to get, this design is really popular in many places like Russia, Iceland, Greenland.
Organic materials were the first available to build a shelter for people to protect themselves from bad weather conditions and to help keep them warm. But organic materials like animal and plant fiber cannot exist for a long time, so these natural materials cannot satisfy people's long-term need for thermal insulation. So, people began to search for substitutes which are more durable. In the 19th century, people were no longer satisfied with using natural materials for thermal insulation, they processed the organic materials and produced the first insulated panels. At the same time, more and more artificial materials start to emerge, and a large range of artificial thermal insulation materials were developed, e.g. rock wool, fiberglass, foam glass, and hollow bricks. | [] | [
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projected-06900318-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | The significance of thermal insulation | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Thermal insulation can play a significant role in buildings, great demands of thermal comfort result in a large amount of energy consumed for full-heating for all rooms. Around 40% of energy consumption can be attributed to the building, mainly consumed by heating or cooling. Sufficient thermal insulation is the fundamental task that ensures a healthy indoor environment and against structure damages. It is also a key factor in dealing with high energy consumption, it can reduce the heat flow through the building envelope. Good thermal insulation can also bring the following benefits to the building:
1. Preventing building damage caused by the formation of moisture on the inside of the building envelope. Thermal insulation makes sure that the temperatures of room surface don't fall below a critical level, which avoids condensation and the formation of mould. According to the Building Damage reports, 12.7% and 14% of building damages were caused by mould problems. If there is no sufficient thermal insulation in the building, high relative humidity inside the building will lead to condensation and finally result in mould problems.
2. Producing a comfortable thermal environment for people living in the building. Good thermal insulation allows sufficiently high temperatures inside the building during the winter, and it also achieves the same level of thermal comfort by offering relatively low air temperature in the summer.
3. Reducing unwanted heating or cooling energy input. Thermal insulation reduces the heat exchange through the building envelope, which allows the heating and cooling machines to achieve the same indoor air temperature with less energy input. | [] | [
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projected-06900318-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Planning and examples | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | How much insulation a house should have depends on building design, climate, energy costs, budget, and personal preference. Regional climates make for different requirements. Building codes often set minimum standards for fire safety and energy efficiency, which can be voluntarily exceeded within the context of sustainable architecture for green certifications such as LEED.
The insulation strategy of a building needs to be based on a careful consideration of the mode of energy transfer and the direction and intensity in which it moves. This may alter throughout the day and from season to season. It is important to choose an appropriate design, the correct combination of materials, and building techniques to suit the particular situation. | [] | [
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projected-06900318-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | United States | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | The thermal insulation requirements in the USA follow the ASHRAE 90.1 which is the U.S. energy standard for all commercial and some residential buildings. ASHRAE 90.1 standard considers multiple perspectives such as prescriptive, building envelope types and energy cost budget. And the standard has some mandatory thermal insulation requirements. All thermal insulation requirements in ASHRAE 90.1 are divided by the climate zone, it means that the amount of insulation needed for a building is determined by which climate zone the building locates. The thermal insulation requirements are shown as R-value and continuous insulation R-value as the second index. The requirements for different types of walls (wood framed walls, steel framed walls, and mass walls) are shown in the table.
To determine whether you should add insulation, you first need to find out how much insulation you already have in your home and where. A qualified home energy auditor will include an insulation check as a routine part of a whole-house energy audit. However, you can sometimes perform a self-assessment in certain areas of the home, such as attics. Here, a visual inspection, along with use of a ruler, can give you a sense of whether you may benefit from additional insulation.
An initial estimate of insulation needs in the United States can be determined by the US Department of Energy's ZIP code insulation calculator. | [] | [
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projected-06900318-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Russia | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | In Russia, the availability of abundant and cheap gas has led to poorly insulated, overheated, and inefficient consumption of energy. The Russian Center for Energy Efficiency found that Russian buildings are either over- or under-heated, and often consume up to 50 percent more heat and hot water than needed. 53 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Russia are produced through heating and generating electricity for buildings. However, greenhouse gas emissions from the former Soviet Bloc are still below their 1990 levels.
Energy codes in Russia start to establish in 1955, norms and rules first mentioned the performance of the building envelope and heat losses, and they formed norms to regulate the energy characteristics of the building envelope. And the most recent version of Russia energy code (SP 50.13330.2012) was published in 2003. The energy codes of Russia were established by experts of government institutes or nongovernmental organization like ABOK. The energy code of Russia have been revised several times since 1955, the 1995 versions reduced energy depletion per square meter for heating by 20%, and the 2000 version reduced by 40%. The code also has a mandatory requirement on thermal insulation of buildings accompany with some voluntary provisions, mainly focused on heat loss from the building shell. | [] | [
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projected-06900318-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Australia | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | The thermal insulation requirements of Australia follow the climate of the building location, the table below is the minimum insulation requirements based on climate, which is determined by the Building Code of Australia (BCA). The building in Australia applies insulation in roofs, ceilings, external walls, and various components of the building (such as Veranda roofs in the hot climate, Bulkhead, Floors). Bulkheads (wall section between ceilings which are in different heights) should have the same insulated level as the ceilings since they suffer the same temperature levels. And the external walls of Australia's building should be insulated to decrease all kinds of heat transfer. Besides the walls and ceilings, the Australia energy code also requires insulation for floors (not all floors). Raised timber floors must have around 400mm soil clearance below the lowest timbers to provide sufficient space for insulation, and concrete slab such as suspended slabs and slab-on-ground should be insulated in the same way. | [] | [
"Planning and examples",
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projected-06900318-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | China | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | China has various climatic characters, which are divided by geographical areas. As a result, there are five climate zones in China to identify the building design include thermal insulation. (The very cold zone, cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone and cold winter zone). | [] | [
"Planning and examples",
"China"
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"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Germany | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Germany established its requirements of building energy efficiency in 1977, and the first energy code-the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) which based on the building performance was introduced in 2002. And the 2009 version of the Energy Saving Ordinance increased the minimum R-values of the thermal insulation of the building shell and introduced requirements for air-tightness tests. The Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) 2013 clarified the requirement of thermal insulation of the ceiling. And it mentioned that if the ceiling was not fulfilled, thermal insulation will be needed in accessible ceilings over upper floor's heated rooms. [U-Value must be under 0.24 Watts/(m2•K)] | [] | [
"Planning and examples",
"Germany"
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"Sustainable building",
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"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Netherlands | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | The building decree (Bouwbesluit) of the Netherlands makes a clear distinction between home renovation or newly built houses. New builds count as completely new homes, but also new additions and extensions are considered to be new builds. Furthermore, renovations whereby at least 25% of the surface of the integral building is changed or enlarged is also considered to be a new build. Therefore, during thorough renovations, there's a chance that the new construction must meet the new building requirement for insulation of the Netherlands. If the renovation is of a smaller nature, the renovation directive applies. Examples of renovation are post-insulation of a cavity wall and post-insulation of a sloping roof against the roof boarding or under the tiles. Note that every renovation must meet the minimum Rc value of 1.3 W / mK. If the current insulation has a higher insulation value (the legally obtained level), then this value counts as a lower limit. | [] | [
"Planning and examples",
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projected-06900318-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | New Zealand | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Insulation requirements for new houses and small buildings in New Zealand are set out in the Building Code and standard NZS 4128:2009.
Zones 1 and 2 include most of the North Island, including Waiheke Island and Great Barrier Island. Zone 3 includes the Taupo District, Ruapehu District, and the Rangitikei District north of 39°50' latitude south (i.e. north of and including Mangaweka) in the North Island, the South Island, Stewart Island, and the Chatham Islands. | [] | [
"Planning and examples",
"New Zealand"
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projected-06900318-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | United Kingdom | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Insulation requirements are specified in the Building regulations and in England and Wales the technical content is published as Approved Documents
Document L defines thermal requirements, and while setting minimum standards can allow for the U values for elements such as roofs and walls to be traded off against other factors such as the type of heating system in a whole building energy use assessment.
Scotland and Northern Ireland have similar systems but the detail technical standards are not identical.
The standards have been revised several times in recent years, requiring more efficient use of energy as the UK moves towards a low-carbon economy. | [] | [
"Planning and examples",
"United Kingdom"
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projected-06900318-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Strategies in cold climate | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | In cold conditions, the main aim is to reduce heat flow out of the building. The components of the building envelope—windows, doors, roofs, floors/foundations, walls, and air infiltration barriers—are all important sources of heat loss; in an otherwise well insulated home, windows will then become an important source of heat transfer. The resistance to conducted heat loss for standard single glazing corresponds to an R-value of about 0.17 m2⋅K⋅W−1 or more than twice that for typical double glazing (compared to 2–4 m2⋅K⋅W−1 for glass wool batts). Losses can be reduced by good weatherisation, bulk insulation, and minimising the amount of non-insulative (particularly non-solar facing) glazing. Indoor thermal radiation can also be a disadvantage with spectrally selective (low-e, low-emissivity) glazing. Some insulated glazing systems can double to triple R values. | [
"Housing insulation by Matthew Bisanz.JPG"
] | [
"Technologies and strategies in different climates",
"Cold climates",
"Strategies in cold climate"
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"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Technologies in cold climate. | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | The vacuum panels and aerogel wall surface insulation are two technologies that can enhance the energy performance and thermal insulating effectiveness of the residential buildings and commercial buildings in cold climate regions such as New England and Boston. In the past time, the price of thermal insulation materials that displayed high insulated performance was very expensive. With the development of material industry and the booming of science technologies, more and more insulation materials and insulated technologies have emerged during the 20th century, which gives us various options for building insulation. Especially in the cold climate areas, a large amount of thermal insulation is needed to deal with the heat losses caused by cold weather (infiltration, ventilation, and radiation). There are two technologies that are worth discussing: | [] | [
"Technologies and strategies in different climates",
"Cold climates",
"Technologies in cold climate."
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Exterior insulation system (EIFS) based on Vacuum insulation panels (VIP). | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | VIPs are noted for their ultra-high thermal resistance, their ability of thermal resistance is four to eight times more than conventional foam insulation materials which lead to a thinner thickness of thermal insulation to the building shell compared with traditional materials. The VIPs are usually composed of core panels and metallic enclosures. The common materials that used to produce Core panels are fumed and precipitated silica, open-cell polyurethane (PU), and different types of fiberglass. And the core panel is covered by the metallic enclosure to create a vacuum environment, the metallic enclosure can make sure that the core panel is kept in the vacuum environment. Although this material has a high thermal performance, it still maintains a high price in the last twenty years. | [] | [
"Technologies and strategies in different climates",
"Cold climates",
"Technologies in cold climate.",
"Exterior insulation system (EIFS) based on Vacuum insulation panels (VIP)."
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Aerogel exterior and interior wall surface insulation. | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Aerogel was first discovered by Samuel Stephens Kistle in 1931. It is a kind of gel that the liquid part is replaced by gas, it actually is composed of 99% of air. This material has a relatively high R-value of around R-10 per inch which is considerably higher compared with conventional plastic foam insulation materials. But the difficulties in processing and low productivity limit the development of Aerogels, the cost price of this material still remains at a high level. Only two companies in the United States offer the commercial Aerogel product. | [] | [
"Technologies and strategies in different climates",
"Cold climates",
"Technologies in cold climate.",
"Aerogel exterior and interior wall surface insulation."
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Strategies in hot climate | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | In hot conditions, the greatest source of heat energy is solar radiation. This can enter buildings directly through windows or it can heat the building shell to a higher temperature than the ambient, increasing the heat transfer through the building envelope. The Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC) (a measure of solar heat transmittance) of standard single glazing can be around 78-85%. Solar gain can be reduced by adequate shading from the sun, light coloured roofing, spectrally selective (heat-reflective) paints and coatings and, various types of insulation for the rest of the envelope. Specially coated glazing can reduce SHGC to around 10%. Radiant barriers are highly
effective for attic spaces in hot climates. In this application, they are much more effective in hot climates than cold climates. For downward heat flow, convection is weak and radiation dominates heat transfer across an air space. Radiant barriers must face an adequate air-gap to be effective.
If refrigerative air-conditioning is employed in a hot, humid climate, then it is particularly important to seal the building envelope. Dehumidification of humid air infiltration can waste significant energy. On the other hand, some building designs are based on effective cross-ventilation instead of refrigerative air-conditioning to provide convective cooling from prevailing breezes. | [] | [
"Hot climates",
"Strategies in hot climate"
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"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Technologies in hot climate | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | In hot dry climate regions like Egypt and Africa, thermal comfort in the summer is the main question, nearly half of energy consumption in urban area is depleted by air conditioning systems to satisfy peoples' demand for thermal comfort, many developing countries in hot dry climate region suffer a shortage of electricity in the summer due to the increasing use of cooling machines. A new technology called Cool Roof has been introduced to ameliorate this situation. In the past, architects used thermal mass materials to improve thermal comfort, the heavy thermal insulation could cause the time-lag effect which might slow down the speed of heat transfer during the daytime and keep the indoor temperature in a certain range (Hot and dry climate regions usually have a large temperature difference between the day and night).
The cool roof is low-cost technology based on solar reflectance and thermal emittance, which uses reflective materials and light colors to reflect the solar radiation. The solar reflectance and the thermal emittance are two key factors that determine the thermal performance of the roof, and they can also improve the effectiveness of the thermal insulation since around 30% solar radiation is reflected back to the sky. The shape of the roof is also under consideration, the curved roof can receive less solar energy compared with conventional shapes. Meanwhile, the drawback of this technology is obvious that the high reflectivity will cause visual discomfort. On the other hand, the high reflectivity and thermal emittance of the roof will increase the heating load of the building. | [] | [
"Hot climates",
"Technologies in hot climate"
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"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Orientation - passive solar design | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Optimal placement of building elements (e.g. windows, doors, heaters) can play a significant role in insulation by considering the impact of solar radiation on the building and the prevailing breezes. Reflective laminates can help reduce passive solar heat in pole barns, garages, and metal buildings. | [] | [
"Orientation - passive solar design"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Construction | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | See insulated glass and quadruple glazing for discussion of windows. | [] | [
"Construction"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Building envelope | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | The thermal envelope defines the conditioned or living space in a house. The attic or basement may or may not be included in this area. Reducing airflow from inside to outside can help to reduce convective heat transfer significantly.
Ensuring low convective heat transfer also requires attention to building construction (weatherization) and the correct installation of insulative materials.
The less natural airflow into a building, the more mechanical ventilation will be required to support human comfort. High humidity can be a significant issue associated with lack of airflow, causing condensation, rotting construction materials, and encouraging microbial growth such as mould and bacteria. Moisture can also drastically reduce the effectiveness of insulation by creating a thermal bridge (see below). Air exchange systems can be actively or passively incorporated to address these problems. | [] | [
"Construction",
"Building envelope"
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"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Thermal bridge | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Thermal bridges are points in the building envelope that allow heat conduction to occur. Since heat flows through the path of least resistance, thermal bridges can contribute to poor energy performance. A thermal bridge is created when materials create a continuous path across a temperature difference, in which the heat flow is not interrupted by thermal insulation. Common building materials that are poor insulators include glass and metal.
A building design may have limited capacity for insulation in some areas of the structure. A common construction design is based on stud walls, in which thermal bridges are common in wood or steel studs and joists, which are typically fastened with metal. Notable areas that most commonly lack sufficient insulation are the corners of buildings, and areas where insulation has been removed or displaced to make room for system infrastructure, such as electrical boxes (outlets and light switches), plumbing, fire alarm equipment, etc.
Thermal bridges can also be created by uncoordinated construction, for example by closing off parts of external walls before they are fully insulated.
The existence of inaccessible voids within the wall cavity which are devoid of insulation can be a source of thermal bridging.
Some forms of insulation transfer heat more readily when wet, and can therefore also form a thermal bridge in this state.
The heat conduction can be minimized by any of the following: reducing the cross sectional area of the bridges, increasing the bridge length, or decreasing the number of thermal bridges.
One method of reducing thermal bridge effects is the installation of an insulation board (e.g. foam board EPS XPS, wood fibre board, etc.) over the exterior outside wall. Another method is using insulated lumber framing for a thermal break inside the wall. | [] | [
"Construction",
"Thermal bridge"
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"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
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projected-06900318-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Installation | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Insulating buildings during construction is much easier than retrofitting, as generally the insulation is hidden, and parts of the building need to be deconstructed to reach them.
Depending on the country there are different regulations as to which type of insulation is the best alternative for buildings, considering energy efficiency and environmental factors. Geographical location also affects the type of insulation needed as colder climates will need a bigger investment than warmer ones on installation costs. | [] | [
"Construction",
"Installation"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Materials | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | There are essentially two types of building insulation - bulk insulation and reflective insulation. Most buildings use a combination of both types to make up a total building insulation system. The type of insulation used is matched to create maximum resistance to each of the three forms of building heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation. | [] | [
"Materials"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | The classification of thermal insulation materials | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | According to three ways of heat exchange，most thermal insulation we used in our building can be divided into two categories: Conductive and convective insulators and radiant heat barriers. And there are more detailed classifications to distinguish between different materials. Many thermal insulation materials work by creating tiny air cavity between molecules, this air cavity can largely reduce the heat exchange through the materials. But there are two exceptions which don't use air cavity as their functional element to prevent heat transfer. One is reflective thermal insulation, which creates a great airspace by forming a radiation barrier by attaching metal foil on one side or both sides, this thermal insulation mainly reduces the radiation heat transfer. Although the polished metal foil attached on the materials can only prevent the radiation heat transfer, its effect to stop heat transfer can be dramatic. Another thermal insulation that doesn't apply air cavity is vacuum insulation, the vacuum-insulated panels can stop all kinds of convection and conduction and it can also largely mitigate the radiation heat transfer. But the effectiveness of vacuum insulation is also limited by the edge of the material, since the edge of the vacuum panel can form a thermal bridge which leads to a reduction of the effectiveness of the vacuum insulation. The effectiveness of the vacuum insulation is also related to the area of the vacuum panels. | [] | [
"Materials",
"The classification of thermal insulation materials"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Conductive and convective insulators | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Bulk insulators block conductive heat transfer and convective flow either into or out of a building. Air is a very poor conductor of heat and therefore makes a good insulator. Insulation to resist conductive heat transfer uses air spaces between fibers, inside foam or plastic bubbles and in building cavities like the attic. This is beneficial in an actively cooled or heated building, but can be a liability in a passively cooled building; adequate provisions for cooling by ventilation or radiation are needed. | [] | [
"Materials",
"Conductive and convective insulators"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Fibrous insulation materials | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Fibrous materials are made by tiny diameter fibers which evenly distribute the airspace. The commonly used materials are silica, glass, rock wool, and slag wool. Glass fiber and mineral wool are two insulation materials that are most widely used in this type. | [] | [
"Materials",
"Conductive and convective insulators",
"Fibrous insulation materials"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Cellular insulation materials | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Cellular insulation is composed of small cells which are separated from each other. The commonly cellular materials are glass and foamed plastic like polystyrene, polyolefin, and polyurethane. | [] | [
"Materials",
"Conductive and convective insulators",
"Cellular insulation materials"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Radiant heat barriers | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Radiant barriers work in conjunction with an air space to reduce radiant heat transfer across the air space. Radiant or reflective insulation reflects heat instead of either absorbing it or letting it pass through. Radiant barriers are often seen used in reducing downward heat flow, because upward heat flow tends to be dominated by convection. This means that for attics, ceilings, and roofs, they are most effective in hot climates.
They also have a role in reducing heat losses in cool climates. However, much greater insulation can be achieved through the addition of bulk insulators (see above).
Some radiant barriers are spectrally selective and will preferentially reduce the flow of infra-red radiation in comparison to other wavelengths. For instance, low-emissivity (low-e) windows will transmit light and short-wave infra-red energy into a building but reflect the long-wave infra-red radiation generated by interior furnishings. Similarly, special heat-reflective paints are able to reflect more heat than visible light, or vice versa.
Thermal emissivity values probably best reflect the effectiveness of radiant barriers. Some manufacturers quote an 'equivalent' R-value for these products but these figures can be difficult to interpret, or even misleading, since R-value testing measures total heat loss in a laboratory setting and does not control the type of heat loss responsible for the net result (radiation, conduction, convection).
A film of dirt or moisture can alter the emissivity and hence the performance of radiant barriers. | [] | [
"Radiant heat barriers"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Eco-friendly insulation | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Eco-friendly insulation is a term used for insulating products with limited environmental impact. The commonly accepted approach to determine whether or not an insulation products, but in fact any product or service is eco-friendly is by doing a life-cycle assessment (LCA). A number of studies compared the environmental impact of insulation materials in their application. The comparison shows that most important is the insulation value of the product meeting the technical requirements for the application. Only in a second order step, a differentiation between materials becomes relevant. The report commissioned by the Belgian government to VITO is a good example of such a study. A valuable way to graphically represent such results is by a spider diagram. | [] | [
"Eco-friendly insulation"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-06900318-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | See also | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. | Thermal insulation
R-value (insulation) - includes a list of insulations with R-values
External wall insulation
Thermal mass
Materials
Building insulation materials
Window insulation film
Wool insulation
Mineral wool
Packing (firestopping)
Greensulate
Insulated glazing
Quadruple glazing
Design
Cool roof
Green roof
Passive house
Zero heating building
Zero energy building
Solar architecture
Superinsulation
Low-energy building
Passive solar design
Passive solar building design
Construction
Building construction
Building Envelope
Building performance
Deep energy retrofit
Weatherization
Other
Condensation
Draught excluder
HVAC
Ventilation | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Sustainable building",
"Insulators",
"Thermal protection",
"Energy conservation",
"Heat transfer",
"Building materials"
] |
projected-26719065-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosinathi%20Joyi | Nkosinathi Joyi | Introduction | Nkosinathi Joyi (born 1 January 1983 in Mdantsane, South Africa), is a South African professional boxer with a southpaw stance who goes by the nickname of "Mabere". Joyi is the former IBF Minimumweight world champion, he was ranked by BoxRec and The Ring Magazine as the number one boxer in the Minimumweight division. He is also the two-time and current IBO Minimumweight champion. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1983 births",
"Living people",
"South African male boxers",
"People from Mdantsane",
"Mini-flyweight boxers",
"World mini-flyweight boxing champions",
"International Boxing Federation champions",
"International Boxing Organization champions",
"Sportspeople from the Eastern Cape"
] | |
projected-26719065-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosinathi%20Joyi | Nkosinathi Joyi | Professional career | Nkosinathi Joyi (born 1 January 1983 in Mdantsane, South Africa), is a South African professional boxer with a southpaw stance who goes by the nickname of "Mabere". Joyi is the former IBF Minimumweight world champion, he was ranked by BoxRec and The Ring Magazine as the number one boxer in the Minimumweight division. He is also the two-time and current IBO Minimumweight champion. | Joyi, who has fought his entire career in South Africa, made his professional debut on 28 April 2002 in Queenstown. He beat Dalisizwe Komani over the six round distance to make a winning start to his career. Joyi won his first minor championship on 24 April 2004, beating Mzikayse Foslare to win the South African minimumweight title. | [] | [
"Professional career"
] | [
"1983 births",
"Living people",
"South African male boxers",
"People from Mdantsane",
"Mini-flyweight boxers",
"World mini-flyweight boxing champions",
"International Boxing Federation champions",
"International Boxing Organization champions",
"Sportspeople from the Eastern Cape"
] |
projected-26719065-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosinathi%20Joyi | Nkosinathi Joyi | Minimumweight world title | Nkosinathi Joyi (born 1 January 1983 in Mdantsane, South Africa), is a South African professional boxer with a southpaw stance who goes by the nickname of "Mabere". Joyi is the former IBF Minimumweight world champion, he was ranked by BoxRec and The Ring Magazine as the number one boxer in the Minimumweight division. He is also the two-time and current IBO Minimumweight champion. | The first major fight of his career came on 26 June 2009 in East London, where he fought the Filipino boxer Florante Condes in an IBF Minimumweight title eliminator. Joyi won the fight by a wide unanimous decision with scores of: 120–107 (twice) and 119–108. In his next fight, on 26 March 2010 and also in East London, Joyi challenged for the IBF title against the Mexican Raúl García. Joyi once again gained a unanimous points decision and claimed García's title, the scores were 119–109 (twice) and 118–110. On 29 January 2011, Joyi faced former WBC Minimumweight champion, Katsunari Takayama. Joyi appeared to be in full control of the bout until the third round, when an accidental clash of heads opened a deep cut along Takayama's hairline. Since four rounds had not been completed, the bout was ruled a no-contest. Joyi then defeated Takayama via a unanimous decision in a direct rematch on 30 March 2012 in East London. He had reportedly injured his left hand in the second round of that fight. Joyi's promoter Branco Milenkovic has planned to stage a unification match. However, two of the other three champions of the four major sanctioning bodies were Japanese. Although Japan's reigning world champions have been allowed to fight in a unification match with any champion of the four major sanctioning bodies since 28 February 2011, the WBC's Kazuto Ioka and the WBA's Akira Yaegashi were due to fight in their title unification bout. So, they were unavailable until at least June 2012.
In Joyi's first fight outside of South Africa, he suffered an upset knockout loss at the hands of local fighter Mario Rodriguez (14–6–4) in Sinaloa, Mexico on 1 September 2012. | [] | [
"Professional career",
"Minimumweight world title"
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"1983 births",
"Living people",
"South African male boxers",
"People from Mdantsane",
"Mini-flyweight boxers",
"World mini-flyweight boxing champions",
"International Boxing Federation champions",
"International Boxing Organization champions",
"Sportspeople from the Eastern Cape"
] |
projected-26719065-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosinathi%20Joyi | Nkosinathi Joyi | See also | Nkosinathi Joyi (born 1 January 1983 in Mdantsane, South Africa), is a South African professional boxer with a southpaw stance who goes by the nickname of "Mabere". Joyi is the former IBF Minimumweight world champion, he was ranked by BoxRec and The Ring Magazine as the number one boxer in the Minimumweight division. He is also the two-time and current IBO Minimumweight champion. | List of world mini-flyweight boxing champions | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1983 births",
"Living people",
"South African male boxers",
"People from Mdantsane",
"Mini-flyweight boxers",
"World mini-flyweight boxing champions",
"International Boxing Federation champions",
"International Boxing Organization champions",
"Sportspeople from the Eastern Cape"
] |
projected-26719121-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace%20of%20Precious%20Pearls | Necklace of Precious Pearls | Introduction | The Necklace of Precious Pearls () is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Dzogchen texts",
"Nyingma tantras"
] | |
projected-26719121-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace%20of%20Precious%20Pearls | Necklace of Precious Pearls | Translations | The Necklace of Precious Pearls () is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha. | The tantra has been translated into English by Christopher Wilkinson in a self-published edition entitled "The Pearl Necklace Tantra: Upadesha Instructions of the Great Perfection" | [] | [
"Translations"
] | [
"Dzogchen texts",
"Nyingma tantras"
] |
projected-26719121-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace%20of%20Precious%20Pearls | Necklace of Precious Pearls | Primary resources | The Necklace of Precious Pearls () is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha. | mu tig rin po che phreng ba'i rgyud @ Wikisource in Wylie
མུ་ཏིག་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ཕྲེང་བའི་རྒྱུད @ Wikisource in Uchen (Tibetan Script), Unicode | [] | [
"Primary resources"
] | [
"Dzogchen texts",
"Nyingma tantras"
] |
projected-26719121-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace%20of%20Precious%20Pearls | Necklace of Precious Pearls | Notes | The Necklace of Precious Pearls () is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha. | Category:Dzogchen texts
Category:Nyingma tantras | [] | [
"Notes"
] | [
"Dzogchen texts",
"Nyingma tantras"
] |
projected-20465016-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Introduction | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bridges completed in 1875",
"Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania",
"Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania",
"Demolished bridges in the United States",
"Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lycoming County, ... | |
projected-20465016-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Early inhabitants and name | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | Plunketts Creek is in the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin, the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Susquehannocks. Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois, and by 1675 they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes. The West Branch Susquehanna River valley was subsequently under the nominal control of the Iroquois, who invited displaced tribes, including the Lenape (Delaware) and Shawnee to live in the lands vacated by the Susquehannocks. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) led to the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin. On November 5, 1768, the British acquired the New Purchase from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, including what is now Plunketts Creek. The first settlement along the creek by European colonists took place between 1770 and 1776.
Plunketts Creek is named for Colonel William Plunkett, a physician, who was the first president judge of Northumberland County after it was formed in 1772. During conflicts with Native Americans, he treated wounded settlers and fought the natives. Plunkett led a Pennsylvania expedition in the Pennamite-Yankee War to forcibly remove settlers from Connecticut, who had claimed and settled on lands in the Wyoming Valley also claimed by Pennsylvania. For his services, Plunkett was granted six tracts of land that totaled on November 14, 1776, although the land was not actually surveyed until September 1783. Plunkett's land included the creek's mouth, so Plunketts Creek was given his name. He died in 1791, aged about 100, and was buried in Northumberland without a grave marker or monument (except for the creek that bears his name).
Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County in 1795. When Plunketts Creek Township was formed in Lycoming County in 1838, the original name proposed was "Plunkett Township", but Plunkett's lack of active support for the American Revolution some years earlier had led some to believe his loyalty lay with the British Empire. The lingering suspicion of his loyalist sympathies led to the proposed name being rejected. Naming the township for the creek rather than its namesake was seen as an acceptable compromise. | [] | [
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"Early inhabitants and name"
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"Bridges completed in 1875",
"Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania",
"Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania",
"Demolished bridges in the United States",
"Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lycoming County, ... |
projected-20465016-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Villages and road | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | In 1832, John Barbour built a sawmill on Loyalsock Creek near the mouth of Plunketts Creek. This developed into the village of Barbours Mills, today known as Barbours. In the 19th century, Barbours had several blacksmiths, a temperance hotel, post office, many sawmills, a school, store and wagon maker. In 1840, a road was built north from Barbours along Plunketts Creek, crossing it several times. This is the earliest possible date for construction of the bridge, but the surviving county road docket on the construction mentions neither bridges nor fords for crossing the creek.
The bridge is at the mouth of Coal Mine Hollow, and the road it was on was used by the lumber and coal industries that were active in Plunketts Creek Township during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Creeks in the township supplied water power to 14 mills in 1861, and by 1876 there were 19 sawmills, a shingle mill, a woolen factory, and a tannery. By the latter half of the 19th century, these industries supported the inhabitants of two villages in Plunketts Creek Township.
In 1868 the village of Proctorville was founded as a company town for Thomas E. Proctor's tannery, which was completed in 1873. Proctor, as it is now known, is north of Barbours along Plunketts Creek, and the main road to it crossed the bridge. The bark from eastern hemlock trees was used in the tanning process, and the village originally sat in the midst of vast forests of hemlock. The tannery employed "several hundred" workers at wages between 50 cents and $1.75 a day. These employees lived in 120 company houses, which each cost $2 a month to rent. In 1892, Proctor had a barber shop, two blacksmiths, cigar stand, Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall, leather shop, news stand, a post office (established in 1885), a two-room school, two stores, and a wagon shop.
The road between Barbours and Proctor crosses Plunketts Creek four times and the four bridges are numbered in order, starting from the southernmost in Barbours near the mouth and going upstream. While evidence such as maps indicates that the third bridge was constructed close to 1840, the first definitive proof of its existence is a survey to relocate the road between the second and third bridges in 1875. The first bridge over Plunketts Creek was replaced with a covered bridge in 1880, and the second bridge was replaced in 1886. That same year, the road between the second and third bridges was moved again, returning to its original position on the west side of the creek.
Finished sole leather was hauled over the bridge by horse-drawn wagon south about to Little Bear Creek, where it was exchanged for "green" hides and other supplies brought north from Montoursville. These were then hauled north across the bridge into Proctor. The hides, which were tanned to make leather, came from the United States, and as far away as Mexico, Argentina, and China. Hemlock bark, used in the tanning process, was hauled to the tannery from up to away in both summer and winter, using wagons and sleds. The lumber boom on Plunketts Creek ended when the virgin timber ran out. By 1898, the old growth hemlock was exhausted and the Proctor tannery, then owned by the Elk Tanning Company, was closed and dismantled. | [
"1916 Plunketts Creek Map.png"
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"Bridges completed in 1875",
"Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania",
"Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania",
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"National Register of Historic Places in Lycoming County, ... |
projected-20465016-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | 20th century | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | Small-scale lumbering continued in the watershed in the 20th century, but the last logs were floated under the bridge down Plunketts Creek to Loyalsock Creek in 1905. In 1918, a flood on the creek damaged the road for on both sides of the bridge, and caused "settling and cracking of the bridge itself". The bridge had needed repairs and reconstruction. In 1931, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania passed legislation that gave the state responsibility for the costs of road and bridge maintenance for many highways belonging to local municipalities. This took effect in 1932, relieving Plunketts Creek Township and Lycoming County of the responsibility.
Without timber and the tannery, the populations of Proctor and Barbours declined, as did traffic on the road and bridges between them. The Barbours post office closed in the 1930s and the Proctor post office closed on July 1, 1953. Both villages also lost their schools and almost all of their businesses. Proctor celebrated its centennial in 1968, and a 1970 newspaper article on its 39th annual "Proctor Homecoming" reunion called it a "near-deserted old tannery town". In the 1980s, the last store in Barbours closed, and the former hotel (which had become a hunting club) was torn down to make way for a new bridge across Loyalsock Creek.
Plunketts Creek has been a place for lumber and tourism since its villages were founded, and as industry declined, nature recovered. Second growth forests have since covered most of the clear-cut land. Pennsylvania's state legislature authorized the acquisition of abandoned and clear-cut land for Pennsylvania State Game Lands in 1919, and the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) acquired property along Plunketts Creek for State Game Lands Number 134 between 1937 and 1945. The main entrance to State Game Lands 134 is just north of the bridge site, on the east side of the creek.
The PGC established the Northcentral State Game Farm in 1945 on part of State Game Lands 134 to raise wild turkey. The farm was converted to ringneck pheasant production in 1981, and, as of 2007, it was one of four Pennsylvania state game farms that produced about 200,000 pheasants each year for release on land open to public hunting. The Northcentral State Game Farm is chiefly in the Plunketts Creek valley, just south of Proctor and north of the bridge. The opening weekend of the trout season brings more people into the village of Barbours at the mouth of Plunketts Creek than any other time of the year.
On June 22, 1988, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), as part of the Multiple Property Submission (MPS) of Highway Bridges Owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation, TR. The MPS included 135 bridges owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), 58 of which were of the stone arch type. While the individual NRHP form for the bridge cites a 1932 inspection report (the year that the state took over its maintenance), the MPS form mistakenly gives the bridge's date of construction as 1932. | [
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projected-20465016-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Flood and destruction | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | In January 1996, there was major flooding throughout Pennsylvania. The 1995–1996 early winter was unusually cold, and considerable ice buildup formed in local streams. A major blizzard on January 6–8 produced up to of snow, which was followed on January 19–21 by more than of rain with temperatures as high as and winds up to . The rain and snowmelt caused flooding throughout Pennsylvania and ice jams made this worse on many streams. Elsewhere in Lycoming County, flooding on Lycoming Creek in and near Williamsport killed six people and caused millions of dollars in damage.
On Plunketts Creek, ice jams led to record flooding, which caused irreparable major damage to the mid-19th century stone arch bridge. Downstream in Barbours, the waters were deep in what was then called the village's "worst flood in history". Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was one of two destroyed in Lycoming County, and on January 31 a photograph of the damaged bridge was featured on the front page of the Williamsport Sun-Gazette with the caption "This old stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek must be replaced." In neighboring Sullivan County, the Sonestown Covered Bridge, also on the NRHP, was so damaged by the flood that it remained closed for repairs until late December 1996. Throughout Pennsylvania, these floods led to 20 deaths and 69 municipal- or state-owned bridges being either "destroyed or closed until inspections could verify their safety".
When it became clear that the bridge could not be repaired, PennDOT awarded an emergency contract for a temporary bridge before the end of January, citing "emergency vehicles that can no longer travel directly from Barbours" to Proctor and beyond. The temporary bridge cost $87,000 and was wide. The photographs for the bridge's inclusion in the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) were taken in January, and the HAER "documentation package was prepared as mitigation for the emergency demolition" of the bridge, which was collapsed in March. The permanent replacement bridge was completed in 1996, and the old bridge was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | [
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projected-20465016-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Description and construction | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge, oriented roughly east–west over Plunketts Creek. Its overall length was and its single semi-circular arch spanned . The bridge deck width was , and its roadway was wide, which could accommodate only a single lane of traffic. Just before the flood that led to the bridge's destruction, about 450 vehicles crossed the bridge daily. The outside corners of the wing walls were apart, which combined with the overall length of led to a total area of being listed on the NRHP.
The bridge rested on abutments which had been jacketed with concrete after its original construction. The arch was supported by voussoirs made of "irregular rubble stone", without a keystone. There was also no stone giving the date or other construction information. The approaches were flanked by wing walls constructed of riprap stones, and the spandrel walls were topped by parapets made of "rough, crenellated stones". The bridge's road deck rested directly on the top of its arch. This led to a "narrow wall at the arch crown" and a "protruding rock parapet" atop this spandrel wall on either side. Most stone arch bridges have solid parapets without decoration; this bridge's parapet crenellation was an ornamental feature. The parapet construction and appearance made the bridge unique among the 58 Pennsylvania stone arch bridges with which it was nominated for the NRHP.
Pennsylvania has a long history of stone arch bridges, including the oldest such bridge in use in the United States, the 1697 Frankford Avenue Bridge over Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia. Such bridges typically used local stone, with three types of finishing possible. Rubble or third-class masonry construction used stones just as they came from the quarry; squared-stone or second-class masonry used stones that had been roughly dressed and squared; and ashlar or first-class masonry used stones which had been finely dressed and carefully squared. Rubble masonry was the quickest and cheapest for construction, and had the largest tolerances. Many of the oldest stone bridges in Pennsylvania were built using rubble masonry techniques.
Stone bridge construction started with the excavation of foundations for the abutments. Then a temporary structure known as a center or centering would be built of wood or iron. This structure supported the stone arch during construction. Once the stone arch was built, the spandrel walls and wing walls could be added. Then the road bed was built, with fill (loose stones or dirt) added to support it as needed. Wall and arch stones were generally set in place dry to ensure a good fit, then set in mortar. Once the bridge was complete and the mortar had properly hardened, the center was gradually lowered and then removed. In March 1996, after standing for between 156 and 121 years, the arch of Bridge No. 3 finally collapsed. | [
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projected-20465016-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Note | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | a. The January 1996 flood which destroyed Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was surpassed by flooding associated with remnants of Tropical Storm Lee in September 2011. In the nearby village of Shunk in Fox Township, Sullivan County, Lee dumped of rainfall. Plunketts Creek has no stream gauge, but just downstream of its mouth the gauge on the Loyalsock Creek bridge at Barbours was a record on September 7, 2011 (for comparison, the January 20–21, 1996 flood crest was ). The 2011 flooding destroyed a small stone bridge on Wallis Run Road in Proctor over a tributary of Plunketts Creek. | [] | [
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"Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania",
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projected-20465016-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | See also | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania | [] | [
"See also"
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"Bridges completed in 1875",
"Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania",
"Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania",
"Demolished bridges in the United States",
"Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lycoming County, ... |
projected-20465016-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | References | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002. | Category:Bridges completed in 1875
Category:Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Category:Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:Demolished bridges in the United States
Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Category:Stone arch bridges in the United States | [] | [
"References"
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"Bridges completed in 1875",
"Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania",
"Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania",
"Demolished bridges in the United States",
"Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania",
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projected-26719128-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Sabec | Christopher Sabec | Introduction | Christopher Sabec is an entertainment attorney, manager, and entrepreneur who has worked with Dave Matthews Band, Hanson, the Jerry Garcia Estate and Tea Leaf Green. Sabec is also the co-founder and CEO of Rightscorp, Inc., the copyright monetization company. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Living people",
"Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
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projected-26719128-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Sabec | Christopher Sabec | Music management | Christopher Sabec is an entertainment attorney, manager, and entrepreneur who has worked with Dave Matthews Band, Hanson, the Jerry Garcia Estate and Tea Leaf Green. Sabec is also the co-founder and CEO of Rightscorp, Inc., the copyright monetization company. | After graduating from University of Georgia School of Law in Athens, Georgia in 1992, Sabec moved to Richmond, VA and was introduced to Dave Matthews. Later, as music attorney for Dave Mathews, Sabec assisted in negotiating Matthews' first recording contract with RCA Records and in setting up his music publishing company, Colden Grey. In 2009, Pollstar stated that Dave Matthews Band had grossed more than half a billion dollars.
In 1994, Sabec met Zac, Isaac and Taylor Hanson at the South by Southwest music conference barbecue in Austin, Texas. Sabec signed the three boys aged 8, 11 and 13 to a management contract and got them signed to Mercury Records. Their first album, Middle of Nowhere, was a Top 10 album, and the single, "MMMBop" was No. 1 for three weeks in the U.S. and also at the top of the charts in three European countries. Total worldwide sales of Middle of Nowhere have been 10 million copies.
In November 2002, Sabec was hired as chief executive of the Jerry Garcia Estate. In the 2000s, consumers went on to buy more than a million J. Garcia-brand neckties each year, and Cherry Garcia was often the top-selling brand of Ben & Jerry's ice cream. Under Sabec's management the first live release in to retail was After Midnight, a multitrack recording from Kean College, 1980. He went on to put out between three and four new releases a year from the vault of more than 500 concerts. | [] | [
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"Music management"
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"Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
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projected-26719128-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Sabec | Christopher Sabec | Speaking | Christopher Sabec is an entertainment attorney, manager, and entrepreneur who has worked with Dave Matthews Band, Hanson, the Jerry Garcia Estate and Tea Leaf Green. Sabec is also the co-founder and CEO of Rightscorp, Inc., the copyright monetization company. | Sabec was a panelist at South by Southwest Music Conference in March, 2000 and has taught music industry continuing education courses at the San Francisco Music Tech Summit.
Christopher Sabec was one of the first managers of major label artists to promote the downloading of MP3s as a promotional and marketing tool. In 1998, Christopher, was interviewed by then CEO of MP3.com, Michael Robertson, where he talked about how MP3s were going to change the music industry. | [] | [
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projected-26719128-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Sabec | Christopher Sabec | Rightscorp | Christopher Sabec is an entertainment attorney, manager, and entrepreneur who has worked with Dave Matthews Band, Hanson, the Jerry Garcia Estate and Tea Leaf Green. Sabec is also the co-founder and CEO of Rightscorp, Inc., the copyright monetization company. | Sabec was the co-founder and CEO of Rightscorp, Inc. The company acts on behalf of entertainment studios, artists, or copyright holders, sending notices to copyright infringers to offer the downloader several options for financial restitution. The notice sent provides a settlement option through Rightscorp for $20 per infringement. If the user chooses not to pay and has repeatedly violated copyright infringements, the ISP may suspend or terminate the subscriber account until a settlement is reached.
Rightscorp, Inc. went public in October 2013, trading on the OTCQB under the ticker RIHT. | [] | [
"Career",
"Rightscorp"
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"Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area",
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projected-26719128-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Sabec | Christopher Sabec | Class Action Lawsuit | Christopher Sabec is an entertainment attorney, manager, and entrepreneur who has worked with Dave Matthews Band, Hanson, the Jerry Garcia Estate and Tea Leaf Green. Sabec is also the co-founder and CEO of Rightscorp, Inc., the copyright monetization company. | On November 21, 2014, Morgan Pietz of The Pietz Law Firm, together with Drew Pomerance of Roxborough, Pomerance, Nye & Adreani filed a Class action Lawsuit against Christopher Sabec, Robert Steele, and Craig Harmon, and Rightscorp, Inc. as well as various John Does.
The complaint sought class certification against Rightscorp, Inc. for violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, California's Rosenthal Act, and Abuse of process for willfully misuse of subpoena power by issuing special DMCA subpoenas, under 17 U.S.C. § 512(h).
Pietz's original plaintiff withdrew from the case and after locating replacements, half the claims were dropped. The court struck down one of two of the claims and Pietz's client was ordered to pay legal fees. | [] | [
"Career",
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projected-26719128-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Sabec | Christopher Sabec | References | Christopher Sabec is an entertainment attorney, manager, and entrepreneur who has worked with Dave Matthews Band, Hanson, the Jerry Garcia Estate and Tea Leaf Green. Sabec is also the co-founder and CEO of Rightscorp, Inc., the copyright monetization company. | Category:Living people
Category:Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | [] | [
"References"
] | [
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"Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area",
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projected-26719132-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Fletcher%20%28American%20author%29 | Susan Fletcher (American author) | Introduction | Susan Fletcher (born May 28, 1951) is an American writer of fiction, primarily speculative fiction for children or young adults. She was born in Pasadena, California and has worked from Wilsonville, Oregon.
Her first book was Dragon's Milk, a fantasy novel from Jean Karl Books at Atheneum in 1989. Three more Dragon Chronicles have followed, the latest in 2010. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"20th-century American novelists",
"21st-century American novelists",
"American children's writers",
"American fantasy writers",
"American women novelists",
"1951 births",
"Living people",
"Writers from Pasadena, California",
"American women children's writers",
"Women science fiction and fantasy ... | |
projected-26719132-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Fletcher%20%28American%20author%29 | Susan Fletcher (American author) | Works | Susan Fletcher (born May 28, 1951) is an American writer of fiction, primarily speculative fiction for children or young adults. She was born in Pasadena, California and has worked from Wilsonville, Oregon.
Her first book was Dragon's Milk, a fantasy novel from Jean Karl Books at Atheneum in 1989. Three more Dragon Chronicles have followed, the latest in 2010. | Dragon Chronicles (Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 1989–2010)
Dragon's Milk (1989)
Flight of the Dragon Kyn (1993)
Sign of the Dove (1996)
Ancient, Strange, and Lovely (2010)
The Stuttgart Nanny Mafia (Atheneum, 1991)
Shadow Spinner (1998), illus. Dave Kramer, "re-telling of Shahrazad and the Tales of the Arabian Nights"
Walk Across the Sea (2001)
Alphabet of Dreams (2006)
Dadblamed, Union Army Cow (Candlewick, 2007), picture book illustrated by Kimberly Bulcken Root
Falcon in the Glass (2013)
Shadow Spinner, Alphabet of Dreams, and Dragon's Milk have been published in German-language editions since 2002. | [] | [
"Works"
] | [
"20th-century American novelists",
"21st-century American novelists",
"American children's writers",
"American fantasy writers",
"American women novelists",
"1951 births",
"Living people",
"Writers from Pasadena, California",
"American women children's writers",
"Women science fiction and fantasy ... |
projected-26719169-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Fletcher | Susan Fletcher | Introduction | Susan Fletcher may refer to:
Susan Fletcher (American author) (born 1951)
Susan Fletcher (British author) (born 1979)
Sue Fletcher, Australian molecular biologist | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26719211-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbamma | Subbamma | Introduction | Subbamma is an Indian name of feminine nature.
B. V. Subbamma was an indigenous scholar, Indian theologian.
Santha Kumari, birth name Vellaala Subbamma, is an Indian musical artist and film actress.
Subbamma is a local deity of Punganuru, Andhra Pradesh | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26719404-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Naval%20and%20Engineering%20Limited | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited | Introduction | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), formerly known as Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company headquartered in Mumbai. The shipyard is located in Pipavav, Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. R-Naval is the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships. Piavav is the largest shipyard in India.
Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited is under Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process as per the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code w.e.f. January 15, 2020. Its affairs, business and assets are being managed by Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Resolution Professional, appointed by NCLT Ahmadabad bench by order dated May 5, 2020. | [] | [
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"Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai",
"Shipyards of India",
"Indian companies established in 1997",
"1997 establishments in Maharashtra",
"Reliance Group",
"Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India",
"Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange... | |
projected-26719404-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Naval%20and%20Engineering%20Limited | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited | History | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), formerly known as Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company headquartered in Mumbai. The shipyard is located in Pipavav, Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. R-Naval is the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships. Piavav is the largest shipyard in India.
Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited is under Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process as per the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code w.e.f. January 15, 2020. Its affairs, business and assets are being managed by Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Resolution Professional, appointed by NCLT Ahmadabad bench by order dated May 5, 2020. | Pipavav Shipyard was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of SKIL Infrastructure in 1997 at Pipavav, Gujarat. In 2005, with funding from major Indian financial institutions, the company was spun off and registered as Pipavav Shipyard Limited. Pipavav Shipyard Limited raised additional financing from a number of private equity investors in 2007. The company went public in 2009 with listings on the BSE and the NSE.
Pipavav Shipyard is the first corporate shipyard to be granted clearance to build warships and other vessels for the Indian Navy, though the initial licence limits this to up to 5 ships per year.
On March 26, 2015, the Company successfully implemented debt restructuring by raising additional debt of INR 5,500 crore resulting in total debt line in excess of INR 12,000 crore (about US$2 billion). The Company has a market capitalisation ranging between US$700 – 900 million and total enterprise value of USD 2.7 to 2.9 billion.
17.66 per cent of Pipavav was acquired by Reliance Infrastructure Limited on 5 March 2015 in a US$130 mln deal. Subsequently, Reliance Infrastructure launched an open offer to acquire additional shares to control 25.1 per cent of the Company. The open offer has been completed and Reliance Infrastructure now holds 36.5% equity in Pipavav and Anil Ambani has been appointed as the Chairman. The company was renamed to Reliance Defence and Engineering on 3 March 2016 and again renamed to Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited on 6 September 2017. | [] | [
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"Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai",
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projected-26719404-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Naval%20and%20Engineering%20Limited | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited | Facilities | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), formerly known as Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company headquartered in Mumbai. The shipyard is located in Pipavav, Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. R-Naval is the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships. Piavav is the largest shipyard in India.
Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited is under Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process as per the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code w.e.f. January 15, 2020. Its affairs, business and assets are being managed by Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Resolution Professional, appointed by NCLT Ahmadabad bench by order dated May 5, 2020. | Pipavav Shipyard is spread over . It has access to over 720 meters of exclusive waterfront. This is the largest shipyard in India.
Its dry dock is 640m length and 65m breadth, It can accommodate ships up to 400,000 tonnes DWT. Two cranes with a span of 140 meters & height of 85 meters together capable of handling up to 1200 Ton block and two Level Luffing cranes are erected to service this dry dock. To facilitate afloat fit-out and commissioning of ships, including afloat repairs, a 300–meter long quay, with the capacity for berthing on both sides, adequate draft and serviced by a Level Luffing crane. The entrance of the dry dock also has a 100-meter extension track for the Goliath cranes for unloading heavy machinery and equipment weighing up to 1200 Tons directly from ships and heavy lift barges.
Approximately 4.5 kilometres away from the dry-dock, and located on 95 hectares of land in a Special Economic Zone approved by the Government of India, a block-making facility has been set up for fabrication of hull blocks. By having located the workshops and fabrication facilities in a SEZ away from the dockyard site, it is able to reserve the maximum area of water frontage available at the shipyard site for ship assembly, offshore fabrication and ship repair activities whilst carrying out its fabrication and other similar activities through a SEZ unit. The blocks manufactured at this site are pre-outfitted to the maximum extent. This is done in the ideal working conditions offered by covered fabrication shops. When ready, the blocks are moved to the dock-side for pre-erection of mega/giga-blocks followed by lowering them on the dock floor for final assembly and vessel launching. | [] | [
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"Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai",
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"Indian companies established in 1997",
"1997 establishments in Maharashtra",
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projected-26719404-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Naval%20and%20Engineering%20Limited | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited | Products | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), formerly known as Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company headquartered in Mumbai. The shipyard is located in Pipavav, Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. R-Naval is the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships. Piavav is the largest shipyard in India.
Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited is under Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process as per the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code w.e.f. January 15, 2020. Its affairs, business and assets are being managed by Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Resolution Professional, appointed by NCLT Ahmadabad bench by order dated May 5, 2020. | Shipbuilding: Bulk Carrier, Platform supply vessel, Barges, Naval ships
Offshore & Engineering: Jackup rigs
Heavy Engineering: Pressure vessels
Machinery: Gantry cranes
Repairs & Conversions: merchant vessels, Naval ships, Oil Platforms, conversion of Mobile Offshore Drilling Units into Mobile Offshore Production Platforms, conversion of Mobile Offshore Production Units into Mobile Offshore Drilling Units | [] | [
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"Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange... |
projected-26719404-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Naval%20and%20Engineering%20Limited | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited | Achievements and orders | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), formerly known as Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company headquartered in Mumbai. The shipyard is located in Pipavav, Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. R-Naval is the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships. Piavav is the largest shipyard in India.
Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited is under Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process as per the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code w.e.f. January 15, 2020. Its affairs, business and assets are being managed by Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Resolution Professional, appointed by NCLT Ahmadabad bench by order dated May 5, 2020. | From 2011, till January 2015 Pipavav Shipyard delivered 6 new build Panamax Ship of length 225 metres, 5 new build Offshore supply vessels of length 59 metres and 2 new build Barges. This shipyard has repaired and delivered 6 Jackup rigs of Gross Tonnage in between the range of 6000 to 12000 Tonnes, 1 Pipe Laying and Heavy lifting Accommodation Barge, 1 Offshore supply vessel and 1 Coast Guard Ship.
In June 2010, PSL was awarded a contract to build five offshore patrol vessels for the Indian Navy.
In July 2015, Pipavav shipyard was chosen for a 'Make in India' naval frigate order. The order value exceeds more than USD 3 bn. This order is being termed as the private sector's biggest-ever warship-building project.
On 13 February 2017, Reliance Defence and Engineering Limited (RDEL) has signed the Master Ship Repair Agreement (MSRA) with the US Navy to maintain the vessels of its Seventh Fleet operating in the region, with the company estimating revenues of about Rs 15,000 crore ($2 billion) over next 3 –5 years. The Seventh Fleet’s area of responsibility includes the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean and at any given time there are roughly 140 ships and submarines, 5070 aircraft and approximately 20,000 sailors under its command. Currently, these vessels visit Singapore or Japan for such works. | [] | [
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projected-26719404-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Naval%20and%20Engineering%20Limited | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited | Joint Venture | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), formerly known as Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company headquartered in Mumbai. The shipyard is located in Pipavav, Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. R-Naval is the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships. Piavav is the largest shipyard in India.
Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited is under Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process as per the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code w.e.f. January 15, 2020. Its affairs, business and assets are being managed by Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Resolution Professional, appointed by NCLT Ahmadabad bench by order dated May 5, 2020. | On 12 September 2011, it was announced that Pipavav Shipyard entered a joint venture with Mazagon Dock Limited to collaborately build warships and submarines using Pipavav's facilities. The deal will free up the congested order book of Mazagon shipyard and will give Pipavav a much needed boost in defence shipbuilding.
In February, 2014, Pipavav announced a joint venture with Atlas Elektronik to build Heavy Weight Torpedoes. | [] | [
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projected-26719404-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Naval%20and%20Engineering%20Limited | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited | See also | Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited (R-Naval), formerly known as Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company headquartered in Mumbai. The shipyard is located in Pipavav, Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. R-Naval is the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships. Piavav is the largest shipyard in India.
Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited is under Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process as per the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code w.e.f. January 15, 2020. Its affairs, business and assets are being managed by Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Resolution Professional, appointed by NCLT Ahmadabad bench by order dated May 5, 2020. | List of shipbuilders and shipyards
Shipbuilding | [] | [
"See also"
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"Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai",
"Shipyards of India",
"Indian companies established in 1997",
"1997 establishments in Maharashtra",
"Reliance Group",
"Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India",
"Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange... |
projected-26719431-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhera | Modhera | Introduction | Modhera is a village in Mehsana district of Gujarat, India. The town is well known for the Sun Temple of Chaulukya era. The town is located on the bank of Pushpavati river. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mehsana district"
] | |
projected-26719431-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhera | Modhera | History | Modhera is a village in Mehsana district of Gujarat, India. The town is well known for the Sun Temple of Chaulukya era. The town is located on the bank of Pushpavati river. | The town was known as Dharmaranya during Puranic age. It is believed that Rama had performed yagna here to cleanse the sin of killing Brahmin Ravana. He had built Modherak which was later known as Modhera.
The Sun Temple was built during the reign of Bhima I of Chaulukya dynasty in 1026-1027 (Vikram Samvat 1083). Gyaneshwari stepwell located in village belongs to 16-17th century. It has a shrine at the first pavilion of the stepwell instead of usual at the end. Modheshwari Mata Temple is located in the village. | [
"Sun Temple, Modhera - Sabha Mandap 01.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
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projected-26719431-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhera | Modhera | Electricity | Modhera is a village in Mehsana district of Gujarat, India. The town is well known for the Sun Temple of Chaulukya era. The town is located on the bank of Pushpavati river. | Modhera became the first "solar village" of India. The village meets its complete electricity requirements by a 6 MW solar plant with a 15 MWh battery energy storage system on land located from the village. A total of 1300 out of the 1600 houses in the village installed rooftop solar systems. The project cost with half financed by the Government of Gujarat and the other half by the Government of India. | [] | [
"Economy",
"Electricity"
] | [
"Villages in Mehsana district"
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projected-26719431-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhera | Modhera | See also | Modhera is a village in Mehsana district of Gujarat, India. The town is well known for the Sun Temple of Chaulukya era. The town is located on the bank of Pushpavati river. | Modh | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Villages in Mehsana district"
] |
projected-26719431-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhera | Modhera | References | Modhera is a village in Mehsana district of Gujarat, India. The town is well known for the Sun Temple of Chaulukya era. The town is located on the bank of Pushpavati river. | Category:Villages in Mehsana district | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mehsana district"
] |
projected-06900324-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Introduction | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | [] | [
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] | [
"House of Baux",
"Bouches-du-Rhône",
"Occitan nobility"
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projected-06900324-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Lords of Baux | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | The earliest definite ancestor was Pons (, 'Pons the younger'). The name may indicate a trader from Greece, while his soubriquet, the younger, distinguished him from his father Pons the elder. Pons the younger was mentioned in three legal acts:
1st in the act of donation of 14 May 971 donating Montmajour to Boson & his wife Folcoare,
2nd in 975 in the act of donation of land to St Etienne d'Arles, now called St. Trophime (Arch. du chap. d'Arles, liv. autent. f. 22)
3rd with his wife Profecte in an act of donation in 981
The family descent then is:
Pons the Younger (born , ), father of
Hugh I (born after 1059), father of
or "Guilhem Uc" (after 10301105), father of
Raymond I (before 10951150), father of
Hugh II (reigned 11501167; retired to Sardinia where he died in 1179)
Betrand I (1167–1181), brother of Hugh II
Hugh III (1181–1240), lord of Baux, viscount of Marseille, eldest son of Bertrand I
Barral of Baux (Barral I, 1240–1268), father of
Bertrand III (1268–1305), father of
Raymond II (1305–1322), father of
Hugh IV (1322–1351), father of
Robert (1351–1353)
Raymond III (1353–1372), brother of Robert, father of
John I (1372–1375)
Alice I (1372–1426), sister of John
This branch of the House of Baux was declared extinct in 1426. The domains were inherited by Counts of Provence. | [
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"Lords of Baux"
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projected-06900324-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Lords of Berre, Meyragues, Puyricard and Marignane | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | , second oldest son of , lord of Berre, Meyragues and Puyricard, and Marignane (1181–1201)
...
From this branch originated the family branches of the , Lords of Meyrargues and Puyricard, who became extinct in 1349, and lords of Marignane, acquired by House of Valois-Anjou, as well as the Dukes of Andria. | [] | [
"Lords of Berre, Meyragues, Puyricard and Marignane"
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"House of Baux",
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"Occitan nobility"
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projected-06900324-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Princes of Orange | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | (1171–1181)
Raymond II of Baux, (1218–1282)
William I, youngest son of (1181–1218)
William II, co-Prince (with brothers),1218-1239
Bertrand II, (1281–1314)
Raymond III (1314–1340)
Raymond V (1340–1393)
Mary of Baux-Orange (1393–1417), daughter, married John III of Châlon-Arlay
In 1417, the House of Ivrea or House of Châlon-Arlay succeeded as princes of Orange.
A brother of William I started the branch of the Lords of Courbezon (House of Baux-Courbezon), which became extinct in 1393. Another brother started the line of Lords of Suze, Solerieux and Barri (House of Baux-Suze-Solerieux-Barri), which became extinct and reverted afterwards to the counts of Orange. | [
"Arms of the House of Baux-Orange.svg"
] | [
"Princes of Orange"
] | [
"House of Baux",
"Bouches-du-Rhône",
"Occitan nobility"
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projected-06900324-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Ancestors of the Lords of Baux | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | → Bertrand des Baux
x Thiburge II d'Orange | [
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projected-06900324-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Simplified Family Tree of the Lords of Baux | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | The family tree of the lords of Baux: | [
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projected-06900324-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | See also | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | Les Baux de Provence
Les Baux de Provence AOC
Baussenque Wars (1144–1162)
Il signore di Baux
:fr:Alix des Baux | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"House of Baux",
"Bouches-du-Rhône",
"Occitan nobility"
] |
projected-06900324-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Sources for the Vicomtes de Marseille | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | Édouard Baratier, Ernest Hildesheimer et Georges Duby, Atlas historique...
and the table of Henry de Gérin-Ricard, Actes concernant les vicomtes de Marseille et leurs descendants... | [] | [
"Bibliography",
"Sources for the Vicomtes de Marseille"
] | [
"House of Baux",
"Bouches-du-Rhône",
"Occitan nobility"
] |
projected-06900324-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | Genealogy works | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery. | Georges de Manteyer, La Provence du premier au douzième siècle, études d'histoire et de géographie... (1908),
Juigné de Lassigny, Généalogie des vicomtes de Marseille...,
Fernand Cortez, Les grands officiers royaux de Provence au moyen-âge listes chronologiques...,
Papon, de Louis Moréri, du marquis de Forbin, Monographie de la terre et du château de Saint-Marcel, près Marseille: du Xe au XIXe siècle... ("Monograph of the land and the castle of Saint-Marcel, near Marseille, from the tenth to the nineteenth century ..."), Marseille, 1888
J. Berge, Origines rectifiées des maisons féodales Comtes de Provence, Princes d'Orange ..., France-Riviera, 1952
Poly, Jean-Pierre, La Provence et la société féodale (879-1166), Paris: Bordas, 1976,
Jacques Saillot, Le Sang de Charlemagne...
Sources: Simplified family tree section
Genealogy works
Gioacchino del Balzo di Presenzano, http://www.delbalzo.net/genealogia2.htm GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux extensive bibliographyG.Noblemaire, Histoire de la Maison des Baux, Parigi: 1912 and 1975
J.Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou, London/New York: 1998
E.Leonard,Les Angevins de Naples, Paris: 1954
Almanach of Gotha, 1888-1943
F. Mazel,La Noblesse et l’Eglise en ProvenceFin X – debut XIV siecle, L’Exemple des familles d’Agoult-Simiane, des Baux et de Marseilles, CTHS – Paris: 2002
H.Aliquot et R.Merceron,Armorial d’Avignon et Du Comtat Venaissin'', Avignon:1987
Cambridge Medieval History, Volumes I – IX, Cambridge: 1911
Cambridge Medieval History, Vol II, III, IV, Revised Edition 1996 -2003
Cambridge Modern History, Volumes I-XII, Cambridge: 1962-63 | [] | [
"Bibliography",
"Sources: Ancestors of the Lords of Baux section",
"Genealogy works"
] | [
"House of Baux",
"Bouches-du-Rhône",
"Occitan nobility"
] |
projected-06900330-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howqua | Howqua | Introduction | Wu Bingjian (; 17694 September 1843), trading as "Houqua" and better known in the West as "Howqua", was a hong merchant in the Thirteen Factories, head of the E-wo hong and leader of the Canton Cohong. He was once the richest man in the world. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1769 births",
"1843 deaths",
"History of Hong Kong",
"History of foreign trade in China",
"Businesspeople from Fujian",
"People from Quanzhou",
"Hokkien people",
"Billionaires from Guangdong",
"18th-century Chinese businesspeople",
"19th-century Chinese businesspeople"
] | |
projected-06900330-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howqua | Howqua | Biography | Wu Bingjian (; 17694 September 1843), trading as "Houqua" and better known in the West as "Howqua", was a hong merchant in the Thirteen Factories, head of the E-wo hong and leader of the Canton Cohong. He was once the richest man in the world. | A Hokkien by his paternal ancestry with ancestry from Quanzhou, Wu was known to the West as Howqua, as was his father, Wu Guorong, the founder of the family business or hong. The name "Howqua" is a romanization, in his native Hokkien language, of the business name under which he traded, "浩官" (). He became rich on the trade between China and the British Empire in the middle of the 19th century during the First Opium War. Perhaps the wealthiest man in China during the nineteenth century, Howqua was the senior of the hong merchants in Canton, one of the few authorized to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners. In an 1822 fire which burned down many of the cohongs, the silver that melted allegedly formed a little stream almost two miles in length. Of the three million dollars that the Qing government was required to pay the British as stipulated in the Treaty of Nanking, Howqua single-handedly contributed one million. He died the same year in Canton.
The founders of then world-renowned firms including James Matheson, William Jardine, Samuel Russell and Abiel Abbot Low all had a close relationship with Howqua. Portraits of the pigtailed Howqua in his robes still hang in Salem and Newport mansions built by American merchants grateful for his assistance. | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"1769 births",
"1843 deaths",
"History of Hong Kong",
"History of foreign trade in China",
"Businesspeople from Fujian",
"People from Quanzhou",
"Hokkien people",
"Billionaires from Guangdong",
"18th-century Chinese businesspeople",
"19th-century Chinese businesspeople"
] |
projected-06900330-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howqua | Howqua | Legacy | Wu Bingjian (; 17694 September 1843), trading as "Houqua" and better known in the West as "Howqua", was a hong merchant in the Thirteen Factories, head of the E-wo hong and leader of the Canton Cohong. He was once the richest man in the world. | Following the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, which spelled the end of the Thirteen Factories, Jardine Matheson & Co continued to use "Ewo" as their Chinese name.
A settlement on the east bank of Lake Eildon, from Mansfield, in Victoria, Australia, is named after him, possibly by Chinese miners who passed through the area during the Victorian gold rush. | [] | [
"Legacy"
] | [
"1769 births",
"1843 deaths",
"History of Hong Kong",
"History of foreign trade in China",
"Businesspeople from Fujian",
"People from Quanzhou",
"Hokkien people",
"Billionaires from Guangdong",
"18th-century Chinese businesspeople",
"19th-century Chinese businesspeople"
] |
projected-06900330-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howqua | Howqua | See also | Wu Bingjian (; 17694 September 1843), trading as "Houqua" and better known in the West as "Howqua", was a hong merchant in the Thirteen Factories, head of the E-wo hong and leader of the Canton Cohong. He was once the richest man in the world. | Houqua, 1844 clipper ship | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1769 births",
"1843 deaths",
"History of Hong Kong",
"History of foreign trade in China",
"Businesspeople from Fujian",
"People from Quanzhou",
"Hokkien people",
"Billionaires from Guangdong",
"18th-century Chinese businesspeople",
"19th-century Chinese businesspeople"
] |
projected-26719478-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo%20Yalovy | Mykhailo Yalovy | Introduction | Mykhailo Yalovy () (5 June 1895 – 3 November 1937), also known under the his pen name pseudonym Yulian Shpol, was a Ukrainian communist poet-futurist, prose writer, playwright. He is considered to be one of the leading figures of the Executed Renaissance. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1895 births",
"1937 deaths",
"People from Kharkiv Oblast",
"People from Poltava Governorate",
"Ukrainian communists",
"Ukrainian poets",
"Futurist writers",
"Great Purge victims from Ukraine",
"Soviet rehabilitations"
] | |
projected-26719478-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo%20Yalovy | Mykhailo Yalovy | Early years and the Revolution | Mykhailo Yalovy () (5 June 1895 – 3 November 1937), also known under the his pen name pseudonym Yulian Shpol, was a Ukrainian communist poet-futurist, prose writer, playwright. He is considered to be one of the leading figures of the Executed Renaissance. | Yalovy was born in 1895 in the village of Dar-Nadezhda, Kostiantynhrad uyezd, in the Poltava Governorate (today Kharkiv Oblast), into the family of a volost scribe. He had two brothers Kostiantyn and Hryhoriy. His general education he obtained in Myrhorod gymnasium in 1916. After that he enrolled in the Medical Department of the Kiev University of Saint Vladimir. There he completely is dove into a revolutionary activity becoming a member of one of the most influential of that political lifetime party of socialist-revolutionaries (essery or SR).
Since the beginning of the February Revolution he returned to Kostiantynhrad (today Krasnohrad) where he headed a revolutionary committee. Later he was elected to the Executive Committee of the Kostiantynhrad Council of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. After the left wing of essery split in 1918 as a separate party of Borotbists he became their one of the most distinct members. He took active participation in issuing of newspapers Borotba (Struggle) and Selianska bidnota (Poor peasantry) for the last of which he became a director. About at the same time he also works as a chief editor in the newspaper Peasant and Worker, the instructional-agitation locomotive of the Head of Central Executive Committee of Ukraine Hryhoriy Petrovsky.
He provides active underground work in Odessa and Kherson region. There he was organizing a fight against the German occupational forces and Hetman-followers. In 1919 as part of the Borotbist delegation he visited Halychyna. | [] | [
"Brief biography",
"Early years and the Revolution"
] | [
"1895 births",
"1937 deaths",
"People from Kharkiv Oblast",
"People from Poltava Governorate",
"Ukrainian communists",
"Ukrainian poets",
"Futurist writers",
"Great Purge victims from Ukraine",
"Soviet rehabilitations"
] |
projected-26719478-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo%20Yalovy | Mykhailo Yalovy | Creative work and activism | Mykhailo Yalovy () (5 June 1895 – 3 November 1937), also known under the his pen name pseudonym Yulian Shpol, was a Ukrainian communist poet-futurist, prose writer, playwright. He is considered to be one of the leading figures of the Executed Renaissance. | In 1920 Yalovy enrolled into the CPU(b). For sometime he was located in Moscow as a representative of the Ukrainian government. In 1921 together with Mykahilo Symenko and Vasyl Aleshko created the Strike group of poet-futurists in Kharkiv. Together with Oleksa Slisarenko and Mykola Bazhan Yalovy became a member of Hart in 1925, later the same year with several members of Hart he creates VAPLITE becoming its president.
In 1926 Yalovy published an article Saint-Petersburg's kholuystvo (kholuystvo is a derogatory Russian word for ignorance) in the defense of the national Ukrainian culture that was triggered by another article of the Leningrad magazine Zhyzn isskustva (#14), Self-determination or chauvinism?. On 20 November 1926 he was dismissed, together with Mykola Khvyliovy, from the editorial collegiate o
f Chervony Shliakh by the order of the Politburo of Central Committee Communist Party of Ukraine (bilshovyks). Later him, Dosvitny, and Khvyliovy left VAPLITE in order to save the organization, but at the end it was forces to dissolve on its own. | [] | [
"Brief biography",
"Creative work and activism"
] | [
"1895 births",
"1937 deaths",
"People from Kharkiv Oblast",
"People from Poltava Governorate",
"Ukrainian communists",
"Ukrainian poets",
"Futurist writers",
"Great Purge victims from Ukraine",
"Soviet rehabilitations"
] |
projected-26719478-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo%20Yalovy | Mykhailo Yalovy | Arrest and imprisonment | Mykhailo Yalovy () (5 June 1895 – 3 November 1937), also known under the his pen name pseudonym Yulian Shpol, was a Ukrainian communist poet-futurist, prose writer, playwright. He is considered to be one of the leading figures of the Executed Renaissance. | Mykhailo Yalovy was arrested on the night of 12–13 May 1933 during the search of his apartment by the agents of GPU Ukrainian SSR.
On 31 May 1933 he was excluded from the CPU(b) on the grounds that he had infiltrated its ranks with the aim of creating a counter-revolutionary fascist organization that had the goal of overthrowing the Soviet government. Yalovy was accused of spying for the Polish consulate, of Shumskizm, and of preparing to assassinate the first secretary of CPU(b) Pavel Postyshev (Kharkiv-city and oblast). He refused to acknowledge himself guilty of these crimes.
Yalovy was sentenced to 10 years in correctional-labor camps (ITL, part of GULAG). | [] | [
"Brief biography",
"Arrest and imprisonment"
] | [
"1895 births",
"1937 deaths",
"People from Kharkiv Oblast",
"People from Poltava Governorate",
"Ukrainian communists",
"Ukrainian poets",
"Futurist writers",
"Great Purge victims from Ukraine",
"Soviet rehabilitations"
] |
projected-26719478-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo%20Yalovy | Mykhailo Yalovy | Execution, burial and rehabilitation | Mykhailo Yalovy () (5 June 1895 – 3 November 1937), also known under the his pen name pseudonym Yulian Shpol, was a Ukrainian communist poet-futurist, prose writer, playwright. He is considered to be one of the leading figures of the Executed Renaissance. | A few years later, during the Great Purges, Yavlovy was summarily sentenced on 9 October 1937 at a session of the extrajudicial, special NKVD troika of the Leningrad Oblast to be shot at one of the killing field-burial grounds in Karelia. The execution, a bullet to the back of the head in front of a ready dug trench, took place a few weeks later on 3 November 1937 in Svirlag OGPU (Lodeynoye Pole).
New data indicate that Yavlovy's final resting place may be among the thousands shot and buried at Sandarmokh near Medvezhyegorsk.
After Stalin's death, Yavlovy and the many thousands of other victims condemned to die by the extrajudicial troikas were rehabilitated. On 19 June 1957, the conviction was annulled by the Military tribunal of Leningrad Military District (LVO) because there were no charges to answer. | [] | [
"Brief biography",
"Execution, burial and rehabilitation"
] | [
"1895 births",
"1937 deaths",
"People from Kharkiv Oblast",
"People from Poltava Governorate",
"Ukrainian communists",
"Ukrainian poets",
"Futurist writers",
"Great Purge victims from Ukraine",
"Soviet rehabilitations"
] |
projected-26719478-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo%20Yalovy | Mykhailo Yalovy | See also | Mykhailo Yalovy () (5 June 1895 – 3 November 1937), also known under the his pen name pseudonym Yulian Shpol, was a Ukrainian communist poet-futurist, prose writer, playwright. He is considered to be one of the leading figures of the Executed Renaissance. | Chervony Shliakh | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1895 births",
"1937 deaths",
"People from Kharkiv Oblast",
"People from Poltava Governorate",
"Ukrainian communists",
"Ukrainian poets",
"Futurist writers",
"Great Purge victims from Ukraine",
"Soviet rehabilitations"
] |