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projected-56564828-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Background | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | The "Pashtunistan" movement has been a sensitive issue since Pakistan's independence in 1947. A large Pashtun population exists in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. According to some scholars, Pakistani authorities have promoted Islamization as an opposing force. The PTM has however refrained from comment on Pashtun unity.
Pashtun territory has been a war zone since the 1980s, since the Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States and the following conflict between western and Islamist forces. The PTM therefore campaigns against war, blaming both Islamists and the Pakistani military for the destruction. | [] | [
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"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-56564828-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Early history | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | The movement was founded as Mahsud Tahafuz Movement in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan as an initiative for removing landmines from Waziristan and other parts of the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas, affected by the war in North-West Pakistan.
The movement rose to prominence in January 2018 when it began a justice movement for Naqeebullah Mehsud, who was extrajudicially killed in a fake encounter staged by the police officer Rao Anwar in Karachi. When the movement gained popularity among the Pashtuns in February 2018, the word "Mahsud" in its name, which referred to the Mahsud tribe from Waziristan, was changed into "Pashtun" to refer to all Pashtuns.
The movement, which has inspired global Pashtun solidarity, has been dominated by youth, and thrives on social media while lacking significant coverage in mainstream media. According to Saleem Shah, it has challenged military power where typical Pashtun nationalist parties have not dared. However, the PTM lacks organizational structure and a political manifesto, as of 2018.
In November 2018, PTM launched a justice movement for Tahir Dawar, a police officer and Pashto poet who was abducted from the capital Islamabad and tortured to death, with his corpse found 18 days after disappearance in the Dur Baba District of Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. PTM, as well as Tahir's family, demanded that Tahir's murder must be investigated through an international commission rather than a Pakistani one because the case involved two countries. PTM again gained international press coverage in February 2019 when the Balochistan Police allegedly extrajudicially murdered one of the leaders of PTM, Arman Loni, in Loralai. Protests followed which led to the detention of more than 20 PTM activists, including Gulalai Ismail and Abdullah Nangyal. In May 2020, after the assassination of PTM leader Arif Wazir, another wave of widespread protests was held during which several PTM activists, including Gilaman and Nadeem Askar, were arrested by Pakistani authorities. The Pashteen hat (also known as the Mazari hat) has become the most iconic symbol of PTM, as Manzoor Pashteen regularly wears it at public rallies and events. | [] | [
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projected-56564828-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Kharqamar incident | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | On 26 May 2019, there was a clash between the Pakistan Army and PTM activists who were holding a protest gathering near the Kharqamar check post in North Waziristan. To stop the demonstration, the security forces killed at least 13 PTM supporters and injured over 25 others. The military said PTM members attacked security forces before any shooting began and injured several soldiers, but the army showed no evidence to contradict the witness accounts and videos, that largely pointed to the contrary. Several PTM activists, including two members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, Ali Wazir and Mohsin Dawar, were arrested by the security forces after the incident and curfew was imposed in the area. A day after this incident, the opposition parties walked out of the National Assembly of Pakistan in protest, and asked Asad Qaiser, who was the Speaker of the National Assembly and a leader of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), to produce Wazir and Dawar before the parliament so that they could explain their viewpoint about the incident at the parliament sessions, but the speaker refused.
After almost four months in jail, Wazir and Dawar were released on bail on 21 September 2019. On 14 October 2020, the government withdrew the Kharqamar case against PTM, and Wazir and Dawar were acquitted of the charges against them. | [] | [
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projected-56564828-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Objectives | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | The main demands of PTM presented during the Pashtun Long March's gatherings in 2018 included, among others: | [] | [
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projected-56564828-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | State Terrorism | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement has highly demanded that landmines must be removed from the Pashtun tribal areas. The PTM leaders have criticized Pakistan's military establishment for terrorizing lands of Pashtun people several times. They adopted a famous Balochi slogan "ye jo dehshatgardi hai, iske peeche wardi hai" (Those in uniform are behind terrorism). PTM also demanded several times that Rao Anwar and other police officers involved must be punished for the alleged murder of Naqeebullah Mehsud. PTM also demands a truth and reconciliation commission must be established for all the people who are killed extrajudicially like Naqeebullah Mehsud in alleged fake encounters by the law enforcement agencies of Pakistan The missing persons who are imprisoned at unknown places must be tried in a court of law, and forced disappearances must be stopped. | [] | [
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"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-56564828-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Torture of Pashtuns | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | PTM demands that torture and collective punishment against entire villages and tribes in the Pashtun tribal areas, especially after a violent incident, must be stopped The humiliation of locals at army checkpoints in the Pashtun areas must be ended. | [] | [
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"Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan",
"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-56564828-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Islamabad sit-in | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | On 26 January 2018, the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement organized a protest march starting from Dera Ismail Khan. Pashteen started the march along with 20 friends, but many people joined it along the way, as it passed through Lakki Marwat, Bannu, Domel, Karak, Kohat, and Darra Adam Khel, reaching Peshawar on 28 January. Then after passing through Charsadda, Mardan, Swabi, and Tarnol, the march reached Islamabad, where a sit-in called "All Pashtun National Jirga" was organized from 1 February outside the National Press Club. The jirga condemned the murder of the Pashtun labourer and aspiring model, Naqeebullah Mehsud, who was shot dead by police force in Karachi during an alleged encounter, and the alleged state oppression against the Pashtuns. It asked the government to set up a judicial inquiry for Naqeebullah Mehsud, as well as for all the other Pashtuns murdered extrajudicially in police encounters. The jirga demanded to stop racial profiling of the Pashtuns in Pakistan, and to bring the Pashtun missing persons before the court of law, so that those who are innocent but held could be freed. The jirga also demanded Pakistan Army to guarantee that they will not abduct or open fire on innocents in the tribal areas, or use violence or collective punishment against entire villages and tribes, and that they will not impose the frequent curfews on the movement of locals even after minor incidents. Another demand was to remove all landminess planted in the tribal areas, which have resulted in many civilian casualties. The protesters said that since 2009, more than 35 people including children had been killed due to landmines in South Waziristan alone.
The sit-in in Islamabad ended on 10 February, but the organizers of the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement announced that they would reconvene the protest if their demands were not fulfilled by the government. Advisor to Prime Minister on political affairs, Engr. Amir Muqam appeared in front of the protesters with the hand-written agreement from the Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi that included three clauses, agreeing to apprehend Rao Anwar, speed-up the clearing of Mines in South Waziristan, an intermediate college establishment in name of Naqeebullah Mehsud, and promised to addressed "genuine gravencies" raised by Jirga members. Muqam also told the protestors, "the way you held the peaceful protest is really commendable and others should learn a lesson to record their protests this way. I’ll stand by you in trying times and you can come to discuss with me all of your legitimate issues anytime."
On 13 May 2018, family members of missing Pakistanis participated in a protest rally by Pashtun Tahafuz Movement in Karachi, Pakistan by holding photos of their relatives. | [
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projected-56564828-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Public gatherings | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | PTM has held public demonstrations at various places, including Bajaur, Bannu, Chaman, Charsadda, Dera Ismail Khan, Islamabad, Kabul, Karachi, Khyber, Killa Saifullah, Lahore, Loralai, North Waziristan, Peshawar, Quetta, South Waziristan, Swabi, Swat, Battagram, Tank, Zhob, as well as in several Western countries including Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. | [] | [
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"Pashtun politics",
"Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan",
"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-56564828-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Media blackouts | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | The powershows and rallys of the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement are not shown by mainstream media channels as they are not allowed by the Establishment, leaving social media as the primary channel for communicating with the rest of Pakistan and strengthening the narrative that the PTM is being ignored by the system. In February 2019, Khyber TV, a Pakistani Pashto-language channel, chose not to air an interview with Manzoor Pashteen because of pressure from the military.
On 23 March 2018, the PTM meeting was scheduled to be held in Peshawar University, but Deputy Commissioner Peshawar Islam Zeb, issued an order under section 144 CrPC, imposing ban on political meetings in University and stated any violation against the order shall be preceded against u/s 188 PPC and order will be exercised "for 30 days unless modified or withdrawn." Later the meeting was held in Baghi-e-Naran, Hayatabad with 200 person attending the gathering.
The movement's anthem is "Da Sanga Azadi Da?", which means "What kind of freedom is this?". Many Pashtun's have discovered their voice with this anthem and it encloses the various grievances they have from being caught between the militants and the military.
On 26 April 2019, Mohsin Dawar tweeted that he and his fellow National Assembly member Ali Wazir were barred from holding a press conference at National Press Club (NPC) despite having prior bookings. Many prominent politicians including Pakistan Peoples Party's Chairman Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, Farhatullah Babar and Bushra Gohar condemned NPC for their move. The next day, NPC issued statement claiming that the lawmakers had not made any prior bookings. The Pakistan Army spokesman Major General Asif Ghafoor told the journalist Hamid Mir not to invite PTM members on media in response to a question by the journalist as to whether the media houses should invite PTM leaders on TV channels. On 29 April 2019, Asif Ghafoor said PTM would no longer be tolerated. "Their time is up," he said of PTM at the press conference. | [] | [
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"Pashtun politics",
"Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan",
"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-56564828-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | Criticism of the Pakistan Army | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | PTM openly criticizes the Pakistan Army and accuses the Pakistani state of violating the basic human rights of the Pashtuns, but the Pakistan Army has claimed that PTM is backed by foreign powers and their gatherings are "engineered". PTM claims that as a result, news organizations in Pakistan have been pressured to ignore PTM, and university professors have been forced to identify the students attending PTM's protest gatherings. Some Pakistani politicians and journalists also view PTM as working on a foreign or Pashtun nationalist agenda. However, PTM's leadership has claimed that they are protesting through peaceful means within the Constitution of Pakistan.
Gulalai Ismail, a leading PTM member, received death threats by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) for speaking enforced disappearancess allegedly carried out by the Pakistani military. Due to the allegations of treason against Gulalai Ismail by the Pakistan police, she went into hiding and eventually took refuge in the United States.
PTM leader Ali Wazir is also known for his vocal criticism of Pakistan's military establishment. He blames the Pakistan Armed Forces for human rights violations during its large-scale military operations, including Operation Rah-e-Nijat in South Waziristan in 2009, during which time he was forced to stay in Dera Ismail Khan due to the insecurity in Waziristan. On 16 December 2020, Wazir was arrested on allegations of treason by the Sindh Police in Peshawar, where he was present to commemorate the 2014 Peshawar school massacre. Qamar Javed Bajwa, the Pakistan Army Chief, stated on 1 July 2021 that Wazir would have to apologize for criticizing the Pakistan Army and then he could be released, but Wazir refused to apologize. On 14 March 2022, the Pashtun National Jirga in Bannu demanded that Wazir be immediately released along with all other political prisoners. | [] | [
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"2018 protests",
"Activism in Pakistan",
"Ethnic organisations based in Pakistan",
"Human rights organisations based in Pakistan",
"Pashtun nationalism",
"Pashtun rights",
"Pashtun politics",
"Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan",
"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-56564828-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | See also | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | Waziristan
Killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud
Manzoor Pashteen
Ali Wazir
Mohsin Dawar
Forced disappearances in Pakistan
Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
Targeted killings in Pakistan
People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Pashtun Tahafuz Movement",
"2018 in Pakistan",
"2018 protests",
"Activism in Pakistan",
"Ethnic organisations based in Pakistan",
"Human rights organisations based in Pakistan",
"Pashtun nationalism",
"Pashtun rights",
"Pashtun politics",
"Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan",
"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-56564828-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%20Tahafuz%20Movement | Pashtun Tahafuz Movement | References | The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM; Paṣhtūn Zhghōrənē Ghōrźang; ) is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014 by eight students in Dera Ismail Khan. On 1 February 2018, the name of the movement was changed from "Mahsud Tahafuz Movement" ('Mahsud Protection Movement') to "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement."
During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018, several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas. The movement is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South Waziristan. Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud, Abdullah Nangyal, Fazal Khan, Gulalai Ismail, Sanna Ejaz, Wranga Loni, and the late Arman Loni, Arif Wazir, Usman Kakar, and Noor Islam Dawar. PTM claims to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic lines, as well as following a foreign agenda. The movement has seen strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan. | Category:2018 in Pakistan
Category:2018 protests
Category:Activism in Pakistan
Category:Ethnic organisations based in Pakistan
Category:Human rights organisations based in Pakistan
Category:Pashtun nationalism
Category:Pashtun rights
Category:Pashtun politics
Category:Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan
Category:Politics of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Category:Politics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Category:Protests in Pakistan
Category:Social movements in Afghanistan
Category:Social movements in Pakistan
Category:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Category:Censorship in Pakistan
Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan
Category:2014 establishments in Pakistan | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Pashtun Tahafuz Movement",
"2018 in Pakistan",
"2018 protests",
"Activism in Pakistan",
"Ethnic organisations based in Pakistan",
"Human rights organisations based in Pakistan",
"Pashtun nationalism",
"Pashtun rights",
"Pashtun politics",
"Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan",
"Politics of the Fe... |
projected-26720672-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante%20Carniel | Dante Carniel | Introduction | Dante Carniel (1890–1958) was an Italian fencer. He competed in the team foil competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1890 births",
"1958 deaths",
"Italian male fencers",
"Olympic fencers of Italy",
"Fencers at the 1924 Summer Olympics"
] | |
projected-56564874-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deon%20Jones | Deon Jones | Introduction | Deon Jones (born January 4, 1993) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Fukushima Firebonds in Japan.
As a senior at Monmouth, Jones averaged 10.4 points and 6.3 rebounds per game. | [
"Deon Jones.jpg"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1993 births",
"Living people",
"American expatriate basketball people in Japan",
"American men's basketball players",
"Basketball players from Pennsylvania",
"Earth Friends Tokyo Z players",
"Fukushima Firebonds players",
"Monmouth Hawks men's basketball players",
"Towson Tigers men's basketball pl... | |
projected-26720700-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya%20Svechnikova | Anastasiya Svechnikova | Introduction | Anastasiya Svechnikova (born 20 September 1992) is an Uzbekistani javelin thrower. Her personal best throw is 61.17 metres, achieved in April 2012 in Tashkent. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1992 births",
"Living people",
"Sportspeople from Tashkent",
"Uzbekistani female javelin throwers",
"Olympic athletes of Uzbekistan",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games... | |
projected-26720700-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya%20Svechnikova | Anastasiya Svechnikova | Biography | Anastasiya Svechnikova (born 20 September 1992) is an Uzbekistani javelin thrower. Her personal best throw is 61.17 metres, achieved in April 2012 in Tashkent. | She competed at the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final. At 15 years and 334 days she was the youngest track and field athlete competing at the 2008 Olympics.
Born in Tashkent, she finished twelfth at the 2007 World Youth Championships, ninth at the 2008 World Junior Championships and won the gold medal at the 2009 World Youth Championships. She won the gold medal at the 2010 Asian Junior Athletics Championships, beating Sui Liping to the title.
At the 2012 Olympic Games in London (Great Britain) she threw a 51.27 m javelin and took only eighteenth place in the qualification and left the tournament.
In 2017, she completed her sports career. | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"1992 births",
"Living people",
"Sportspeople from Tashkent",
"Uzbekistani female javelin throwers",
"Olympic athletes of Uzbekistan",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games... |
projected-56564929-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhinav%20Tandel | Abhinav Tandel | Introduction | Abhinav Tandel (born 23 September 1998) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Gujarat in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 12 February 2018. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1998 births",
"Living people",
"Indian cricketers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)",
"Gujarat cricketers"
] | |
projected-23573352-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | Introduction | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Economic liberalism",
"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
"Economic ideologies",
"Free market",
"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
"Political ideologies"
] | |
projected-23573352-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | Origin and Early History | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | Developed during the Age of Enlightenment, particularly by Adam Smith, economic liberalism was born as the theory of economics of liberalism, which advocates minimal interference by government in the economy. Arguments in favor of economic liberalism were advanced by Smith and others during the age of enlightenment, opposing feudalism and mercantilism. It was first analyzed by Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), which advocated minimal interference of government in a market economy, although it did not necessarily oppose the state's provision of basic public goods. In Smith's view, if everyone is left to his own economic devices instead of being controlled by the state, the result would be a harmonious and more equal society of ever-increasing prosperity. This underpinned the move towards a capitalist economic system in the late 18th century and the subsequent demise of the mercantilist system. Private property and individual contracts form the basis of economic liberalism.
The early theory of economic liberalism was based on the assumption that the economic actions of individuals are largely based on self-interest (invisible hand) and that allowing them to act without any restrictions will produce the best results for everyone (spontaneous order), provided that at least minimum standards of public information and justice exist, so that no one is allowed to coerce, steal, or commit fraud, and there should be freedom of speech and press. This ideology was well reflected in English law; Lord Ackner, denying the existence of a duty of good faith in English contract law, emphasised the "adversarial position of the parties when involved in negotiations". | [
"AdamSmith.jpg"
] | [
"Origin and Early History"
] | [
"Economic liberalism",
"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
"Economic ideologies",
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"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
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projected-23573352-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | Initial Opposition | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | Initially, the economic liberals had to contend with arguments from the supporters of feudal privileges for the wealthy, traditions of the aristocracy and the rights of monarchs to run national economies in their own personal interests. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, this opposition was largely defeated in the primary capital markets of Western countries. | [] | [
"Origin and Early History",
"Initial Opposition"
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"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
"Economic ideologies",
"Free market",
"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
"Political ideologies"
] |
projected-23573352-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | Contrast between British and American views | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | Historian Kathleen G. Donohue argues that classical liberalism in the United States during the 19th century had distinctive characteristics as opposed to Britain: "[A]t the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of laissez-faire. To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, laissez-faire did not mean no government intervention at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers. What they condemned was intervention in behalf of consumers." | [] | [
"Contrast with other economic philosophies",
"Contrast between British and American views"
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"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
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"Free market",
"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
"Political ideologies"
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projected-23573352-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | Limits of influence and influence on other perspectives | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | In its initial formation, economic liberalism was focused on promoting the idea of private ownership and trade; however, due to a growing awareness of concerns regarding policy, the rise of economic liberalism paved the way for a new form of liberalism, known as social liberalism. This promoted an accommodation for government intervention in order to help the poor. As subsequent authors picked up and promoted widespread appeal of a subset of Smith's economic theories to support their own work — of free trade, the division of labour, and the principle of individual initiative — this contributed to obscuring other aspects of the rich body of political liberalism to be found in Smith's work. For example, his work promoted the ideal that the everyday man could hold ownership of his own property and trade, which Smith felt would slowly allow for individuals to take control of their places within society. | [] | [
"Contrast with other economic philosophies",
"Limits of influence and influence on other perspectives"
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"Economic liberalism",
"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
"Economic ideologies",
"Free market",
"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
"Political ideologies"
] |
projected-23573352-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | Economic liberalism and fiscal liberalism (conservatism) | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | Economic liberalism is a much broader concept than fiscal liberalism, which is called fiscal conservatism or economic libertarianism in the United States. The ideology that highlighted the financial aspect of economic liberalism is called fiscal liberalism, which is defined as support for free trade. | [] | [
"Contrast with other economic philosophies",
"Economic liberalism and fiscal liberalism (conservatism)"
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"Economic liberalism",
"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
"Economic ideologies",
"Free market",
"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
"Political ideologies"
] |
projected-23573352-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | Position on state interventionism | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | Economic liberalism opposes government intervention in the economy when it leads to inefficient outcomes. They are supportive of a strong state that protects the right to property and enforces contracts. They may also support government interventions to resolve market failures. Ordoliberalism and various schools of social liberalism based on classical liberalism include a broader role for the state but do not seek to replace private enterprise and the free market with public enterprise and economic planning. A social market economy is a largely free-market economy based on a free price system and private property that is supportive of government activity to promote competition in markets and social welfare programs to address social inequalities that result from market outcomes. | [] | [
"Contrast with other economic philosophies",
"Position on state interventionism"
] | [
"Economic liberalism",
"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
"Economic ideologies",
"Free market",
"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
"Political ideologies"
] |
projected-23573352-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20liberalism | Economic liberalism | See also | Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.
Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.
Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. | Conservatism in the United States
Constitutional economics
Doux commerce
Economic freedom
Economic liberalization
Economic progressivism
Georgism
Laissez-faire
Libertarianism in the United States | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Economic liberalism",
"Classical liberalism",
"Conservative liberalism",
"Economic globalization",
"Economic ideologies",
"Free market",
"Ideologies of capitalism",
"Liberalism",
"Political ideologies"
] |
projected-23573358-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8H11NO2 | C8H11NO2 | Introduction | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C8H11NO2}}
The molecular formula C8H11NO2 may refer to:
Butyl cyanoacrylate
4-Deoxypyridoxine
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter
Isobutyl cyanoacrylate
Norfenefrine
Octopamine
Octopamine (drug)
Vanillylamine | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-56564983-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeet%20Desai | Sanjeet Desai | Introduction | Sanjeet Desai (born 12 December 1997) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Chhattisgarh in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 12 February 2018. He made his first-class debut for Chhattisgarh in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 1 November 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 5 November 2021, for Chhattisgarh in the 2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1997 births",
"Living people",
"Indian cricketers",
"Chhattisgarh cricketers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)"
] | |
projected-26720708-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio%20Chiavacci | Giorgio Chiavacci | Introduction | Giorgio Chiavacci (3 July 1899 – 4 March 1969) was an Italian fencer. He won a gold medal in the team foil competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1899 births",
"1969 deaths",
"Italian male fencers",
"Olympic fencers of Italy",
"Fencers at the 1924 Summer Olympics",
"Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics",
"Olympic gold medalists for Italy",
"Olympic medalists in fencing",
"People from Cecina, Tuscany",
"Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics"... | |
projected-23573373-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGrath%20%28disambiguation%29 | McGrath (disambiguation) | Introduction | McGrath is a surname of Irish origin.
McGrath may also refer to: | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23573373-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGrath%20%28disambiguation%29 | McGrath (disambiguation) | Places | McGrath is a surname of Irish origin.
McGrath may also refer to: | United States:
McGrath, Alaska, a village
McGrath, Minnesota, a town
McGrath State Beach, Oxnard, California
Antarctica:
Mount McGrath
McGrath Nunatak | [] | [
"Places"
] | [] |
projected-23573373-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGrath%20%28disambiguation%29 | McGrath (disambiguation) | Other uses | McGrath is a surname of Irish origin.
McGrath may also refer to: | McGrath Foundation, an Australian breast cancer support and education charity
McGrath Cup, a Gaelic Football competition in Munster, Ireland
McGrath's Fish House, restaurant chain in the American Pacific Northwest | [] | [
"Other uses"
] | [] |
projected-23573373-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGrath%20%28disambiguation%29 | McGrath (disambiguation) | See also | McGrath is a surname of Irish origin.
McGrath may also refer to: | Clan McGrath
Magrath (disambiguation)
McGraw (disambiguation) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-56564997-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuling%20National%20Forest%20Recreation%20Area | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area | Introduction | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area () is located in Heping District, Taichung, Taiwan. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Geography of Taichung",
"National forest recreation areas in Taiwan",
"Tourist attractions in Taichung"
] | |
projected-56564997-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuling%20National%20Forest%20Recreation%20Area | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area | Geology | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area () is located in Heping District, Taichung, Taiwan. | The forest recreation area spans over an area at the elevation of 1,800-3,884 meters above sea level with annual mean temperature of 16°C. It features the Taoshan Waterfall at the end of the Taoshan Trail. | [] | [
"Geology"
] | [
"Geography of Taichung",
"National forest recreation areas in Taiwan",
"Tourist attractions in Taichung"
] |
projected-56564997-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuling%20National%20Forest%20Recreation%20Area | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area | Transportation | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area () is located in Heping District, Taichung, Taiwan. | The recreation area is accessible by bus from Taichung Station of Taiwan Railways. | [] | [
"Transportation"
] | [
"Geography of Taichung",
"National forest recreation areas in Taiwan",
"Tourist attractions in Taichung"
] |
projected-56564997-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuling%20National%20Forest%20Recreation%20Area | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area | See also | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area () is located in Heping District, Taichung, Taiwan. | Geography of Taiwan
Wuling Farm | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Geography of Taichung",
"National forest recreation areas in Taiwan",
"Tourist attractions in Taichung"
] |
projected-56564997-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuling%20National%20Forest%20Recreation%20Area | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area | References | Wuling National Forest Recreation Area () is located in Heping District, Taichung, Taiwan. | Category:Geography of Taichung
Category:National forest recreation areas in Taiwan
Category:Tourist attractions in Taichung | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Geography of Taichung",
"National forest recreation areas in Taiwan",
"Tourist attractions in Taichung"
] |
projected-23573389-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20immersa | Stelis immersa | Introduction | Stelis immersa is a species of orchid found from Mexico to northern Venezuela. It is pollinated by the females of a fly species in the genus Megaselia. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Stelis",
"Orchids of Mexico",
"Orchids of Venezuela"
] | |
projected-56565007-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puneet%20Kumar | Puneet Kumar | Introduction | Puneet Kumar (born 22 June 1998) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 12 February 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 12 January 2021, for Jammu and Kashmir in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1998 births",
"Living people",
"Indian cricketers",
"Place of birth missing (living people)",
"Jammu and Kashmir cricketers"
] | |
projected-06900422-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Introduction | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1765 births",
"1835 deaths",
"French privateers",
"French planters",
"Mauritian slave owners",
"Mauritian people of French descent"
] | |
projected-06900422-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Origins | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius). | Hodoul was born on 11 April 1765 La Ciotat, Provence. His father, Raymond, was a charcutiere; his mother was Geneviève Cauvin. He left for France's colonies in the Indian Ocean at the age of 24, and arrived at Mauritius in 1789, on board Scipion. Other sources state that he arrived there on 12 April 1790, the day after his 25th birthday.
He rapidly became a sea captain. By 1791 he was master of Deux Sœurs. Two years later, he was master of the brig Succès. During this period he transported slaves from Africa to the Indian Ocean colonies of Île de France and Île Bourbon (Réunion). | [] | [
"Origins"
] | [
"1765 births",
"1835 deaths",
"French privateers",
"French planters",
"Mauritian slave owners",
"Mauritian people of French descent"
] |
projected-06900422-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Privateer | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius). | In 1793 the French Revolutionary Wars broke out, and with them a battle in the Indian Ocean between Britain and France. In 1794 the British captured him and his brig Olivette when the British entered Mahé, Seychelles, capturing the colony. The now British colony retained Olivette for its government's purposes.
In June 1794 he married the 16-year old Mairie Corantine Olivette Jorre de St Jorre, daughter of a wealthy local merchant, shortly after he had started his privateering adventures.
In 1796 Hodoul went to sea again as an enseigne de vaisseau aboard the privateer Entreprise. Then he sailed aboard Général Pichegru, a recently captured British schooner previously named Hay, that Captain François Legars of Enterprise had given Jacques François Perroud. Hodoul sailed with Perroud to India. On 17 February 1797 Hodoul arrived at Port Louis with the British vessel Castor, of 150 tons (bm), which Perroud and Général Pichegru had captured in January at Visakhapatnam. She had a cargo of wheat and rice.
In May Hodoul received his first privateer command, Apollon, of ten guns and six obusiers. He sailed on 7 March with 71 men from Port-Louis for the Malabar Coast. There he captured the ship Eliza, of three masts and 350 tons (bm), herself a former French vessel. Six days later he rescued seven slaves aboard a British vessel whose crew had abandoned it after a storm. A few days later, on 17 May, near Masulipatnam, he captured Aydresev, a ship of about 500 tons, sailing under the Maharatta flag. She arrived at Port-Louis on 23 June. The captain of the prize crew, Harel, reported that on 3 May Hodoul had captured a British vessel bound for Tranquebar, then a Danish colony.
On 20 May Hodoul was at Koringa, where he captured Macré (or Macoroy, or Macroy). Her crew escaped in a chaloupe, with Hodoul in pursuit. They landed on a beach and fled inland, abandoning a chest full of pearls.
Maraq, a prize to Apollon, arrived at Port-Louis on 14 July. The captain of the prize crew was Etienne Dupeyré.
On 15 September Hodoul captured Bader Bux as she sailed from Moka towards Surat. She turned out to be his most valuable prize as she was carrying 3732 gold ecus, some piastres, 296 gold sequins, and a quantity of pearls. On 30 October, while sailing back to Mauritius, Hodoul captured Laurel, Fuggo, master. Hodoul's crew was so reduced because of the need to deploy prize crews that he put Laurels crew in irons. On 9 November he captured two vessels of the British East India Company's Bengal Pilot Service: Trayalle (), and . The schooner Harrington arrived at Port Louis on 21 December. The captain of the prize crew was Nicholas Montalent.
Hodoul and Apollon returned to Port Louis on 7 January 1798. He had with him 57 prisoners and 50-60,000 piastres from the Rey, which he had captured off Bengal and then abandoned. On 18 January Loret (probably Laurel), of 400 tons, which Apollon had also captured off Bengal, too arrived at Port-Louis.
The total value of the prizes from Hodoul's cruise on Apollon was 703,479,803 francs.
Hodoul sold his half-share in Apollon to the corsair Le Vaillant. Le Vaillant left Mauritius on 22 August 1798 and captured a valuable Portuguese vessel. However, on 10 November (French records), or 24 October (British records), captured Apollon off Mombasa and carried her crew to the Comoro Islands.
In June 1799 Marie Corantine Olivette gave birth to a son, Raymond. On 28 November the privateer Général Malartic, Jean-Marie Dutertre, master, captured the British vessel Surprise near Madras. He took Surprizes crew to the Seychelles from where Hodoul, in Success, took them to Mauritius; they arrived on 28 January 1800.
Hodoul next purchased Uni, a large vessel armed with eighteen 4-pounder and four 9-pounder guns. She had come from Nantes in 1798 and already had two cruises to her credit, both under the command of François-Thomas Le Même. Hodoul sailed on 15 May 1800 with a crew of 220 men. He reached the Seychelles on the 28th. Off Ste. Anne he captured the British privateer Henriette (or Harriot, from Cape Town), of eight guns under the command of Captain White. On 11 July Hodoul captured Helen, which was carrying 80,000 piastres. Then on 4 August he captured Friendship. However, on 5 August captured Uni and Hodoul after a chase during which Hodoul had almost all of Unis guns thrown overboard in an attempt to lighten her to gain speed. Captain Edward O. Osborne, of Arrogant, reported that Uni had left Mauritius with 250 men, and that she had 216 on board when captured, the rest being away on prizes.
When the British first sighted Uni she had been in company with another ship, and a brig. Osborne set out after the ship, which turned out to be Friendship, and which he recaptured early that night. The brig escaped; she was the Bee, from Madras sailing to Masulipatnam. Hodoul had captured both Friendship and Bee that morning.
The British took their prizes to Madras, where they arrived on 17 August. From there the British transferred Hodoul to Fort William (Calcutta). Hodoul remained a prisoner until the Treaty of Amiens (1802), ended hostilities.
After his release Hodoul settled on Mahe Island of the Seychelles. Here he became a wealthy businessman and plantation owner in the Seychelles, where he introduced cacao cultivation. He was particularly successful in the sugar and rum industries, and in cotton and coffee growing. He did not fully leave the sea as he built and owned several small ships that traded between the Seychelles and Mauritius. He also built the Petit Port and Le Grand Chantier at Mahé.
Hodoul was a man of even-handedness, especially to his daughters and sons in law, and very kind to his slaves. In July 1837 Hodoul's widow received a compensation of at least £7,171 for the liberation of at least 216 slaves who formed part of his estate.
At his wife's behest, Hodoul employed the exiled Jacobin architect Antoine Jean-Baptise Le Franc to build Château Mammelles, which is now the oldest building in the Seychelles. The British Authorities later used Hodoul's second large house, Ma Constance, to house the exiled Sultan of Perak. | [] | [
"Privateer"
] | [
"1765 births",
"1835 deaths",
"French privateers",
"French planters",
"Mauritian slave owners",
"Mauritian people of French descent"
] |
projected-06900422-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Fate | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius). | Hodoul died at Mahé on 10 January 1835. His tomb bears the inscription "Il fut juste". | [] | [
"Fate"
] | [
"1765 births",
"1835 deaths",
"French privateers",
"French planters",
"Mauritian slave owners",
"Mauritian people of French descent"
] |
projected-06900422-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Legacy | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius). | Today in the harbor of Victoria, there is a small islet named Hodoul Island in his honor. Legend has it that Hodoul's treasure is buried on Silhouette Island, northwest of Mahé. | [] | [
"Legacy"
] | [
"1765 births",
"1835 deaths",
"French privateers",
"French planters",
"Mauritian slave owners",
"Mauritian people of French descent"
] |
projected-06900422-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Notes, citations, and references | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius). | Notes
Citations
References
Epinay, Adrien d'. (1890) Renseignements pour servir à l'histoire de l'Île de France jusqu'à l'année 1810: inclusivement; précédés de notes sur la découverte de l'île, sur l'occupation hollandaise, etc. (Imprimerie Dupuy).
Malleson, George Bruce (1878) Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas: Including an Account of the Capture of the Isles of France and Bourbon, and Sketches of the Most Eminent Foreign Adventurers in India Up to the Period of that Capture : with an Appendix Containing an Account of the Expedition from India to Egypt in 1801. (W.H. Allen).
Thomson, P.A.B. (1997) "Jean François Hodoul, corsair of the Indian Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror, Vol.83, No. 3, pp. 310–317. | [] | [
"Notes, citations, and references"
] | [
"1765 births",
"1835 deaths",
"French privateers",
"French planters",
"Mauritian slave owners",
"Mauritian people of French descent"
] |
projected-06900422-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Sources | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius). | Silhouette Island (Seychelles)
Category:1765 births
Category:1835 deaths
Category:French privateers
Category:French planters
Category:Mauritian slave owners
Category:Mauritian people of French descent | [] | [
"Sources"
] | [
"1765 births",
"1835 deaths",
"French privateers",
"French planters",
"Mauritian slave owners",
"Mauritian people of French descent"
] |
projected-23573392-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer%20of%20the%20Year%20in%20Russia%20%28Futbol%29 | Footballer of the Year in Russia (Futbol) | Introduction | Footballer of the Year in Russia was an annual award given by Futbol weekly to the Russian Premier League player of the season. The title was awarded according to the results of a poll conducted by the newspaper. Players of each Premier League club are polled. The award started in 1964 as Soviet Footballer of the Year until changing its name for the 1992 season. The last title awarded in 2021. Brazilian Daniel Carvalho became the first foreign player to win the award in 2005. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Footballers in Russia",
"Association football player of the year awards by nationality",
"Awards established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in Russia",
"Russian football trophies and awards",
"Annual events in Russia",
"Association football player non-biographical articles"
] | |
projected-23573392-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer%20of%20the%20Year%20in%20Russia%20%28Futbol%29 | Footballer of the Year in Russia (Futbol) | See also | Footballer of the Year in Russia was an annual award given by Futbol weekly to the Russian Premier League player of the season. The title was awarded according to the results of a poll conducted by the newspaper. Players of each Premier League club are polled. The award started in 1964 as Soviet Footballer of the Year until changing its name for the 1992 season. The last title awarded in 2021. Brazilian Daniel Carvalho became the first foreign player to win the award in 2005. | Soviet Footballer of the Year
Footballer of the Year in Russia (Sport-Express), Sport-Express daily newspaper version | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Footballers in Russia",
"Association football player of the year awards by nationality",
"Awards established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in Russia",
"Russian football trophies and awards",
"Annual events in Russia",
"Association football player non-biographical articles"
] |
projected-23573406-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator%20Superior%20of%20Wallis%20and%20Futuna | Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna | Introduction | The Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna is the representative of the President of France in Wallis and Futuna. The current Administrator Superior is Hervé Jonathan, since 11 January 2021.
The post was created in 1961, after Wallis and Futuna become a French overseas territory. In 2003, the status was changed to that of an overseas collectivity.
For French representatives in Wallis and Futuna from 1887 until 1961, see: Resident of Wallis and Futuna. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Politics of Wallis and Futuna",
"Administrator Superiors of Wallis and Futuna"
] | |
projected-23573406-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator%20Superior%20of%20Wallis%20and%20Futuna | Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna | See also | The Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna is the representative of the President of France in Wallis and Futuna. The current Administrator Superior is Hervé Jonathan, since 11 January 2021.
The post was created in 1961, after Wallis and Futuna become a French overseas territory. In 2003, the status was changed to that of an overseas collectivity.
For French representatives in Wallis and Futuna from 1887 until 1961, see: Resident of Wallis and Futuna. | Wallis and Futuna
List of kings of Uvea
List of kings of Alo
List of kings of Sigave | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Politics of Wallis and Futuna",
"Administrator Superiors of Wallis and Futuna"
] |
projected-23573412-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal%20of%20Certain%20Laws%20Act%201772 | Repeal of Certain Laws Act 1772 | Introduction | The Repeal of Certain Laws Act 1772 (12 Geo. III, c. 71) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. It repealed statutes against forestallers and engrossers, including the Forestallers Act 1551. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1772"
] | |
projected-23573412-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal%20of%20Certain%20Laws%20Act%201772 | Repeal of Certain Laws Act 1772 | Notes | The Repeal of Certain Laws Act 1772 (12 Geo. III, c. 71) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. It repealed statutes against forestallers and engrossers, including the Forestallers Act 1551. | Category:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1772 | [] | [
"Notes"
] | [
"Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1772"
] |
projected-06900423-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Millman | Joan Millman | Introduction | Joan L. Millman (born April 20, 1940) represented District 52 in the New York State Assembly, which consists of the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Cobble Hill, Boerum Hill, Carroll Gardens, Vinegar Hill, Gowanus, DUMBO, Park Slope, Brooklyn Heights and Prospect Heights.
Chosen in a special election held in 1997, Millman served as the Chairwoman of the Assembly Commission on Government Administration and the Assembly Task Force on Women's Issues, as well as sitting on the Assembly committees on Aging, Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, Corporations, among several other standing committee assignments.
Prior to her election to the Assembly, from 1985 to 1996, Millman served as an educational consultant in several capacities, including as a consultant to former NY City Council President Carol Bellamy and Senator Martin Connor, as well as facilitator for Comprehensive School Development and Planning. She was also a member of the Citywide Advisory Committee on Middle School Initiatives from 1995 to 1996.
Millman holds a B.A. from Brooklyn College, as well as an M.A. in Library Science from the Pratt Institute.
In early 2014, the Assembly member announced that she would retire from the New York State Assembly and not run for reelection
in the same year.
On September 10, 2014, Jo Anne Simon won a 3 way Democratic Primary to succeed Assemblymember Millman. Jo Ann Simon won 5,482 (52.9%) out of 10,371 votes in this September 2014 election. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1940 births",
"Members of the New York State Assembly",
"New York (state) Democrats",
"Living people",
"Women state legislators in New York (state)",
"21st-century American politicians",
"21st-century American women politicians",
"Brooklyn College alumni",
"20th-century American politicians",
"20... | |
projected-56565008-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolundunga%2C%20South%20Australia | Woolundunga, South Australia | Introduction |
Woolundunga is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the western side of the Flinders Ranges about north of the state capital of Adelaide and about south-east of the city of Port Augusta.
Boundaries for the part of Woolundunga within the City of Port Augusta in the west were proclaimed on 17 February 1994 while the part within the District Council of Mount Remarkable in the east was added on 13 March 1997.
The locality's name is of Aboriginal origin and is considered by the South Australian historian, Geoffrey Manning, to be derived from the name of “springs near Mount Brown” claimed to belong to a group of Aboriginal people with “the same name.” The name was used in 1851 for a pastoral enterprise called the ‘Woolundunga Run’ which was established by J. Pat(t)erson on pastoral lease no. 32 and which was located in part of the locality as shown by the presence of two homestead ruins both bearing the name within the current boundaries.
Woolundunga is bounded in part by roads including the Horrocks Pass Road (B56) which passes through the pass of the same name on its southern side and the Augusta Highway which forms its western boundary.
Land use within the locality is concerned with ‘primary industry’ activities dominated by pastoralism and other classes of agriculture with land in the locality's east being zoned to preserve “the natural and rural character and scenic features.”
Woolundunga is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Stuart and the local government areas of the City of Port Augusta and the District Council of Mount Remarkable. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Towns in South Australia",
"Far North (South Australia)"
] | |
projected-56565008-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolundunga%2C%20South%20Australia | Woolundunga, South Australia | References |
Woolundunga is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the western side of the Flinders Ranges about north of the state capital of Adelaide and about south-east of the city of Port Augusta.
Boundaries for the part of Woolundunga within the City of Port Augusta in the west were proclaimed on 17 February 1994 while the part within the District Council of Mount Remarkable in the east was added on 13 March 1997.
The locality's name is of Aboriginal origin and is considered by the South Australian historian, Geoffrey Manning, to be derived from the name of “springs near Mount Brown” claimed to belong to a group of Aboriginal people with “the same name.” The name was used in 1851 for a pastoral enterprise called the ‘Woolundunga Run’ which was established by J. Pat(t)erson on pastoral lease no. 32 and which was located in part of the locality as shown by the presence of two homestead ruins both bearing the name within the current boundaries.
Woolundunga is bounded in part by roads including the Horrocks Pass Road (B56) which passes through the pass of the same name on its southern side and the Augusta Highway which forms its western boundary.
Land use within the locality is concerned with ‘primary industry’ activities dominated by pastoralism and other classes of agriculture with land in the locality's east being zoned to preserve “the natural and rural character and scenic features.”
Woolundunga is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Stuart and the local government areas of the City of Port Augusta and the District Council of Mount Remarkable. | Category:Towns in South Australia
Category:Far North (South Australia) | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Towns in South Australia",
"Far North (South Australia)"
] |
projected-56565009-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise%20Harper%20Angel | Denise Harper Angel | Introduction | Denise Harper Angel (born November 24, 1953) is an American politician who has served in the Kentucky Senate from the 35th district since 2005. Prior to being elected, she worked in various positions of public service, including roles on other campaigns. She was also a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1992. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1953 births",
"Living people",
"Kentucky state senators",
"Kentucky Democrats",
"21st-century American politicians"
] | |
projected-56565009-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise%20Harper%20Angel | Denise Harper Angel | References | Denise Harper Angel (born November 24, 1953) is an American politician who has served in the Kentucky Senate from the 35th district since 2005. Prior to being elected, she worked in various positions of public service, including roles on other campaigns. She was also a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1992. | Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kentucky state senators
Category:Kentucky Democrats
Category:21st-century American politicians | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1953 births",
"Living people",
"Kentucky state senators",
"Kentucky Democrats",
"21st-century American politicians"
] |
projected-17328698-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | Introduction | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] | |
projected-17328698-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | World War II | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | The group was constituted as 454th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 14 May 1943 and activated on 1 June at Davis–Monthan Field, near Tucson, Arizona. Training began immediately on Consolidated B-24 Liberators and the ground cadre was sent on 3 July to Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics at Orlando AAB, Florida. On 15 July, planes were sent from Davis–Monthan to join them at Pinecastle AAF, Florida for practical field training.
From their bases in Florida, the ground echelon was transferred on 28 July 1943 to McCook AAF, Nebraska and, on 1 August, the air echelon joined them. This was the first operational unit to use the newly constructed McCook airfield. On 28 September the Group was reassigned to Charleston AAB, South Carolina
On 2 December 1943 the aircrews and some key ground personnel were sent to Mitchel Field, New York in preparation for deployment overseas. These personnel were subsequently transferred to Morrison Field, Florida and flew the southern route to North Africa. After additional training in Tunisia, the air echelon joined the ground echelon, which had previously departed from Camp Patrick Henry by Liberty Ship, at San Giovanni Airfield, west of Cerignola, Italy, and was assigned to Fifteenth Air Force. Although the group flew some interdiction and support missions, it engaged primarily in long range strikes against oil refineries. aircraft and munitions factories and industrial areas, harbors, and airfields.
Flying from Italy, the group flew 243 missions on over 150 primary targets in Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Greece, and Poland. During this time, 13,389.19 tons of bombs were dropped during 7,091 sorties on enemy marshalling yards, oil refineries, bridges, installations, airdromes, rail lines, etc.
The 454th participated in the drive to Rome, the invasion of Southern France, and the defeat of Axis forces in northern Italy. The 454th was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for similar action on the high priority Messerschmitt Aircraft Factory at Bad Vöslau, Austria on 12 April 1944. It earned a second DUC for "outstanding performance of duty in armed conflict with the enemy" as a result of their mission against the Hermann Goering Steel Works in Linz, Austria on 25 July 1944.
After the German Capitulation in May 1945, the 454th redeployed to the United States on 8 July. Many personnel were demobilized upon arrival at the port of debarkation; a small cadre of key personnel was formed, and the group was then established at Sioux Falls Army Air Field South Dakota in July, and the unit was redesignated the 454th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy in July, and was equipped with B-29 Superfortresses, and programmed for deployment to the Pacific Theater.
The Japanese Capitulation in August made the group redundant to Air Force requirements and the unit was inactivated on 17 October 1945. | [
"454bg-b24-42-78489.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"World War II"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] |
projected-17328698-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | Korean War | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | The group was allotted to the Air Force Reserve in April 1947, stationed at McChord Field, Washington, and equipped with B-29s removed from storage in the southwest. The group moved in July 1949 to Spokane AFB, Washington, where it served as a corollary unit for the 98th Bombardment Group, retaining only a single squadron.
As a result of the Korean War, the 454th was activated on 1 May 1951. Upon activation, the group's personnel and equipment were reassigned as replacements to the 98th Bombardment Wing, which deployed to Far East Air Forces at Yokota AB, Japan. The group was inactivated as a paper unit on 16 June.
For related subsequent history, see 454th Bombardment Wing.
Continental Air Command established the 454th Troop Carrier Wing at Portland International Airport, Oregon in June 1952 to replace the 922d Reserve Training Wing, which had taken over reserve activities at Portland following the mobilization of the 403d Troop Carrier Wing. Under the wing base organization (Hobson Plan), the group was redesignated the 454th Troop Carrier Group and assigned to the wing as its operational element. It was equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commandos. Its activation as a reserve transport unit was short, as it was inactivated and its mission, personnel and equipment transferred to the 403d Troop Carrier Wing when the 403d was released from active duty in January 1953.
In 1985, the United States Air Force returned the group to its original bombardment designation. | [] | [
"History",
"Korean War"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] |
projected-17328698-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | Lineage | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | 454th Bombardment Group
Constituted as 454th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 14 May 1943
Activated on 1 June 1943
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 5 August 1945
Inactivated on 17 October 1945.
Allotted to the reserve and activated on 27 April 1947
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Medium on 27 June 1949
Inactivated on 16 June 1951
Redesignated 454th Troop Carrier Group, Medium on 26 May 1952
Activated on 13 June 1952
Inactivated on 1 January 1953
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Heavy on 31 July 1985 (remained inactive) | [] | [
"Lineage"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] |
projected-17328698-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | Assignments | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | Fourth Air Force 1 June – 31 July 1943
Second Air Force 31 July – October 1943
Third Air Force October–December 1943
304th Bombardment Wing, 25 January 1944 – c. 19 July 1945
20th Bombardment Wing 1 August – 17 October 1945
305th Bombardment Wing (later 305th Air Division), 27 April 1947 – 27 June 1949
Fifteenth Air Force (attached to 91st Bombardment Wing), – 16 June 1951
454th Troop Carrier Wing, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953 | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Assignments"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] |
projected-17328698-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | Components | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | 81st Fighter Squadron: 12 July 1947 – 20 June 1949
736th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 27 April 1947 – 16 June 1951, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
737th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
738th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 16 August 1947 – 27 June 1949, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
739th Bombardment Squadron: 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949 | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Components"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] |
projected-17328698-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | Stations | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | Alamogordo AAF, New Mexico 1 June 1943
Davis–Monthan Field, Arizona 1 July 1943
McCook AAF, Nebraska c. 31 July 1943
Charleston AAB, South Carolina 3 October – December 1943
San Giovanni Airfield, Italy January 1944 – July 1945
Sioux Falls AAF, South Dakota 1 August 1945
Pyote AAF, Texas 17 August – 17 October 1945
McChord Field, Washington, 27 April 1947 – 27 June 1949
Spokane AFB, Washington, 27 June 1949 – 16 June 1951
Portland International Airport, Oregon 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953 | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Stations"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] |
projected-17328698-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | Aircraft flown | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive. | Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1945
Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1952–1953 | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Aircraft flown"
] | [
"Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force",
"Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces"
] |
projected-26720712-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%3A%20Ultimate%20Alien%20episodes | List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes | Introduction | Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of Ben 10: Alien Force on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010. The series finale aired on March 31, 2012. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lists of American children's animated television series episodes",
"Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes",
"2010s television-related lists",
"Lists of Ben 10 episodes"
] | |
projected-26720712-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%3A%20Ultimate%20Alien%20episodes | List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes | Season 1 (2010) | Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of Ben 10: Alien Force on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010. The series finale aired on March 31, 2012. | 30 Aliens - Swampfire, Jetray, Chromastone, Humungousaur, Spidermonkey, Echo Echo, Brainstorm, Alien X, Big Chill, Goop, Ultimate Humungousaur, Ultimate Spidermonkey, Ultimate Echo Echo, Ultimate Big Chill, Ultimate Swampfire, Ultimate Cannonbolt, Cannonbolt, Rath, Lodestar, Upchuck, Water Hazard, NRG, Armodrillo, Terraspin, Ampfibian, Four Arms (16 years old), Diamondhead (16 years old), Nanomech, Way Big, Ripjaws. By 10 Year Old Ben - Heatblast, Stinkfly, Four Arms, Wildmutt. By Kevin - Ultimate Kevin.
Gwendolyn Catherine Tennyson, now sixteen years old, has perfected her knowledge of her innate magical/anodite abilities in just one year.
Bivalian, Pand'r, Andreas, Galapagus and Ra'ad each have power over the first five of the main elements of Nature- Water, Fire, Earth, Air and Aether/Quintessence- giving Ben Tennyson the exact same elemental skills as Water Hazard, NRG, Armadrillo, Terraspin and Ampfibian.
The origins of top-level magicians Hex and his niece Charmcaster are explained; their home world is Legerdomain from which all things and beings magical, supernatural, occultism and mysticism is derived. | [] | [
"Episodes",
"Season 1 (2010)"
] | [
"Lists of American children's animated television series episodes",
"Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes",
"2010s television-related lists",
"Lists of Ben 10 episodes"
] |
projected-26720712-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%3A%20Ultimate%20Alien%20episodes | List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes | Season 2 (2011) | Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of Ben 10: Alien Force on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010. The series finale aired on March 31, 2012. | 35 Aliens - Swampfire, Jetray, Chromastone, Humungousaur, SpiderMonkey, Echo-Echo, Brainstorm, Alien X, Big Chill, Goop, Ultimate Humungousaur, Ultimate SpiderMonkey, Ultimate Echo-Echo, Ultimate Big Chill, Ultimate Swampfire, Ultimate Cannonbolt, Cannonbolt, Fasttrack, Rath, Lodestar, Murk Upchuck, Water Hazard, NRG, Armodrillo, Terraspin, Amphibian, Four-Arms(16 Years old), Diamond Head (16 Years old), Nanomech, Way Big, Ripjaws(16 Years old), Wildmutt (16 Years old), Ultimate Wildmutt, ChamAlien, Heatblast (16 Years old).By Ben 10,000 - Arctiguana, Spitter, Clockwork, Ultimate Ben.
It is revealed that the events of the live Race Against Time movie took place in an alternate reality that is entirely separate from the original show.
We see how Maxwell Tennyson, as a seventeen-year-old teen, first met his estranged anodite wife Verdona nearly half a century ago; however never their marriage and time with their sons Franklin and Carl. | [] | [
"Episodes",
"Season 2 (2011)"
] | [
"Lists of American children's animated television series episodes",
"Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes",
"2010s television-related lists",
"Lists of Ben 10 episodes"
] |
projected-26720712-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%3A%20Ultimate%20Alien%20episodes | List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes | Season 3 (2011–12) | Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of Ben 10: Alien Force on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010. The series finale aired on March 31, 2012. | 39 Aliens - Swampfire, Jetray, Chromastone, Humungousaur, SpiderMonkey, Echo-Echo, Brainstorm, Alien X, Big Chill, Goop, Ultimate Humungousaur, Ultimate SpiderMonkey, Clockwork, Ultimate Echo-Echo, Ultimate Big Chill, Ultimate Swampfire, Ultimate Cannonbolt, Ultimate Way Big, Cannonbolt, Fasttrack, Rath, Lodestar, Murk Upchuck, Jury Rigg, Water Hazard, NRG, Armodrillo, Terraspin, Amphibian, Eatle, Four-Arms(16 Years old), Diamond Head (16 Years old), Nanomech, Way Big, Ripjaws(16 Years old), Wildmutt (16 Years old), Ultimate Wildmutt, ChamAlien, Heatblast (16 Years old).
Kevin Ethan Levin is absent in "Catch a Falling Star".
Gwen Tennyson, being one-quarter anodite who is almost fully in tune with her increasingly powerful magical and psychic/extrasensory abilities, is considered to be the strongest being in the known universe, according to "the Dagon" himself.
Dagon makes a debut in the series and the true motive of all forever knights is revealed. | [] | [
"Episodes",
"Season 3 (2011–12)"
] | [
"Lists of American children's animated television series episodes",
"Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes",
"2010s television-related lists",
"Lists of Ben 10 episodes"
] |
projected-26720712-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%3A%20Ultimate%20Alien%20episodes | List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes | Crossover Special (2011) | Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of Ben 10: Alien Force on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010. The series finale aired on March 31, 2012. | Following Dwayne McDuffie's death. | [] | [
"Crossover Special (2011)"
] | [
"Lists of American children's animated television series episodes",
"Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes",
"2010s television-related lists",
"Lists of Ben 10 episodes"
] |
projected-26720712-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%3A%20Ultimate%20Alien%20episodes | List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes | See also | Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of Ben 10: Alien Force on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010. The series finale aired on March 31, 2012. | List of Ben 10 episodes
List of Ben 10: Alien Force episodes
List of Ben 10: Omniverse episodes
List of Ben 10 (2016 TV series) episodes | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lists of American children's animated television series episodes",
"Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes",
"2010s television-related lists",
"Lists of Ben 10 episodes"
] |
projected-26720712-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ben%2010%3A%20Ultimate%20Alien%20episodes | List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes | References | Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of Ben 10: Alien Force on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010. The series finale aired on March 31, 2012. | Category:Lists of American children's animated television series episodes
Category:Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes
Category:2010s television-related lists
Ultimate | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lists of American children's animated television series episodes",
"Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes",
"2010s television-related lists",
"Lists of Ben 10 episodes"
] |
projected-06900427-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Greater%20Love%20%28Only%20Fools%20and%20Horses%29 | No Greater Love (Only Fools and Horses) | Introduction | "No Greater Love" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, Only Fools and Horses. It was the fourth episode of series 2, and was first screened on 11 November 1982. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1982 British television episodes",
"Only Fools and Horses (series 2) episodes"
] | |
projected-06900427-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Greater%20Love%20%28Only%20Fools%20and%20Horses%29 | No Greater Love (Only Fools and Horses) | Synopsis | "No Greater Love" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, Only Fools and Horses. It was the fourth episode of series 2, and was first screened on 11 November 1982. | The Trotters arrive at a London street with camel hair overcoats, and plan to receive payments from Mrs Singh. But when Rodney opens the door to her house, he meets another woman named Irene Mackay, who tells him that Mrs Singh moved away three weeks earlier.
Rodney enters Irene's flat and is instantly smitten with her. Irene tells Rodney that she is aged 40, and married with a teenage son Marcus. She also mentions her husband Tommy Mackay, who is "away working, but will be out in six months". He is actually imprisoned in Parkhurst for committing assault, GBH, and attempted murder.
One week later at Nelson Mandela House, Rodney tells Del Boy and Grandad about Irene, and how she moved away from her husband due to domestic violence. Rodney wants to meet Tommy in person when he is released from prison. This makes Del concerned for his younger brother's safety.
A few days later, at the Nag's Head, Rodney tells Del that he and Irene had broken up earlier in the day. Del consoles Rodney and tells him there are plenty of other women to talk to. But then, Irene's son Marcus enters and tells Rodney that Del told Irene over a drink to break up with Rodney. Rodney, feeling betrayed by Del, leaves.
Later that night, Del is dragged into a dark alley by a thug and confronted by Tommy Mackay, mistakenly believing Del to be Rodney (Del goes along with the mistaken identity to protect Rodney, since he would stand no chance against the intimidating Tommy). Tommy prepares to give him a beating for dating Irene. They let Del take his coat off, but he accidentally throws it into a puddle. Furious that his new coat has been ruined, Del lunges at Tommy, and despite sustaining a few moderate injuries, Del manages to win the fight and limps back to the Nag's Head.
Back at the Nag's Head, Del shows Rodney his injuries, but lies and claims he sustained them falling down the stairs at Monkey Harris' home (despite Harris living in a bungalow). Del also mentions to Rodney that he met Tommy Mackay and made him see the error of his ways, which means that Rodney and Irene can date with no threat from Tommy. But Rodney says that he had an earlier talk with Irene and they agreed that their relationship was never going to work anyway. Plus, Rodney has met another girl, Zoe, from the roller-disco. Zoe arrives, she and Rodney leave, and Del is left alone in the pub, annoyed but happy that he has protected his brother. | [] | [
"Synopsis"
] | [
"1982 British television episodes",
"Only Fools and Horses (series 2) episodes"
] |
projected-06900427-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Greater%20Love%20%28Only%20Fools%20and%20Horses%29 | No Greater Love (Only Fools and Horses) | Episode concept | "No Greater Love" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, Only Fools and Horses. It was the fourth episode of series 2, and was first screened on 11 November 1982. | The idea for the script was to demonstrate the brotherly love that Del and Rodney have for each other, even willing to take a beating for his brother. The concept of Del getting beaten up in order to protect Rodney would occur again in "Little Problems" when Del, unbeknownst to Rodney, chooses to take a beating from the Driscoll Brothers after making a promise to him, having forgotten that the money he would use for his wedding gift was also the money which he owed to them. | [] | [
"Episode concept"
] | [
"1982 British television episodes",
"Only Fools and Horses (series 2) episodes"
] |
projected-06900430-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchyn | Tuchyn | Introduction | Tuchyn (, , , ) is an urban-type settlement in the Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Rivne Raion (district) in the historic region of Volhynia, approximately 18 km east from the oblast capital, Rivne. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Urban-type settlements in Rivne Raion",
"Shtetls",
"Holocaust locations in Ukraine"
] | |
projected-06900430-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchyn | Tuchyn | History | Tuchyn (, , , ) is an urban-type settlement in the Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Rivne Raion (district) in the historic region of Volhynia, approximately 18 km east from the oblast capital, Rivne. | The Polish noble family Siemaszko is rooted in Tuchyn. In 1650 the town was owned by the Daniłłowicz family, then later by the Lubomirski's, and finally by the Walewski's from the 18th century to the outbreak of World War II. The Stanisław Lubomirski foundation erected two wooden churches, cerkwie, in the town in 1711 (Paraskewy) and 1730 (Przemienienia Pańskiego). The Walewski's built a classicist Church in 1796.
A Roman Catholic Parish was founded in Tuczyn in 1590, it included many villages of the surrounding region. In 1938 the Catholic parish numbered 2,660 individuals, almost all of them Poles.
There was a significant German population in the Tuczyn region. They began to arrive in large numbers in the 1860s. The vast majority were German Lutherans, initially served from distant Zhitomir Lutheran Parish. The Lutheran Parish of Tuczyn was established there in 1888. At its peak, prior to World War I, the parish served over 25,000 Germans in more than 80 villages in a region much larger than that covered by the Catholic parish - yet no church building was constructed until 1929. The number of Germans dropped dramatically right before World War I, when many migrated to North America. Only some 6000 or so remained during the inter-war years.
Prior to World War II Tuchyn was a major town in the district and had a large population of Jewish (about 3000), Polish and Ukrainian ethnicity, plus the remnants of the once numerous German population. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Urban-type settlements in Rivne Raion",
"Shtetls",
"Holocaust locations in Ukraine"
] |
projected-06900430-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchyn | Tuchyn | Second World War | Tuchyn (, , , ) is an urban-type settlement in the Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Rivne Raion (district) in the historic region of Volhynia, approximately 18 km east from the oblast capital, Rivne. | After hearing of the annihilation of the Jewish ghetto in Rivne, the Jewish leaders decided that they would resist the Nazis. On the evening of Wednesday, September 23, 1942, a blockade was mounted against the ghetto of Tuczyn. The leaders of the uprising declared a full alert; the fighting groups took up positions. On the dawn of September 24, German forces and Ukrainian auxiliaries advanced toward the ghetto fences. When the resistance forces gave the signal, the buildings of the ghetto and the German warehouses at its edge were set ablaze. The fighting groups opened fire, broke through the ghetto fence, and urged the population to escape. Under cover of smoke and gunfire, some 2,000 people--about two-thirds of the ghetto population, including women, children, and the elderly--fled into the forest. The flames continued to burn for the rest of that day and part of the next; the gunfire continued as well. Several Germans and Ukrainian auxiliary police were killed. One-third of the ghetto population fell, including almost all the fighters. The uprising ended on Saturday, September 26 when the lead resisters turned themselves into the Germans, unable to withstand the conditions in the nearby forests. The escapees fared very badly. Half of them were captured and murdered within three days. About 300 women, clutching infants, unable to withstand the conditions of the forest, returned to Tuczyn and were shot. Many of the remainder died; others were turned in or murdered by peasants in the vicinity. Some young people joined the partisans and were killed in combat. Of the 3,000 Jews of Tuczyn, only 20 were still alive on January 16, 1944, when the town was liberated. | [] | [
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"Second World War"
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projected-06900430-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchyn | Tuchyn | Notable people | Tuchyn (, , , ) is an urban-type settlement in the Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Rivne Raion (district) in the historic region of Volhynia, approximately 18 km east from the oblast capital, Rivne. | (b. 9 July 1924 in Tuchyn, d. 23 August 2000 in Fürstenfeldbruck), Bishop of Hamburg (1983-1992) | [] | [
"Notable people"
] | [
"Urban-type settlements in Rivne Raion",
"Shtetls",
"Holocaust locations in Ukraine"
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projected-06900443-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Story%20Untold | A Story Untold | Introduction | "A Story Untold" is a song, originally written as a doo-wop song by Leroy Griffin, but adapted to the pop music genre in 1955.
The original recording was by Griffin's group, The Nutmegs. The recording peaked at #2 on the R&B chart.
The most popular recording was by The Crew-Cuts. This recording was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 70634. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on June 25, 1955, and spent a total of 7 weeks there. It peaked at #16 on the Best Seller chart. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1955 singles",
"Mercury Records singles",
"The Crew-Cuts songs",
"Year of song missing"
] | |
projected-06900443-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Story%20Untold | A Story Untold | References | "A Story Untold" is a song, originally written as a doo-wop song by Leroy Griffin, but adapted to the pop music genre in 1955.
The original recording was by Griffin's group, The Nutmegs. The recording peaked at #2 on the R&B chart.
The most popular recording was by The Crew-Cuts. This recording was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 70634. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on June 25, 1955, and spent a total of 7 weeks there. It peaked at #16 on the Best Seller chart. | Category:1955 singles
Category:Mercury Records singles
Category:The Crew-Cuts songs
Category:Year of song missing | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1955 singles",
"Mercury Records singles",
"The Crew-Cuts songs",
"Year of song missing"
] |
projected-23573414-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beatles%20in%20Mono | The Beatles in Mono | Introduction | The Beatles in Mono is a boxed set compilation comprising the remastered monaural recordings by the Beatles. The set was released on compact disc on 9 September 2009, the same day the remastered stereo recordings and companion The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings) were also released, along with The Beatles: Rock Band video game. The remastering project for both mono and stereo versions was led by EMI senior studio engineers Allan Rouse and Guy Massey. The release date of 09/09/09 is related to the significance to John Lennon of the number nine.
The boxed set was released on 180-gram heavyweight vinyl on 8 September 2014, mastered directly from the original analogue tapes and not the digital masters used for the CD release. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Albums produced by George Martin",
"The Beatles compilation albums",
"2009 compilation albums",
"Capitol Records compilation albums",
"Apple Records compilation albums",
"Albums arranged by George Martin",
"Albums arranged by Paul McCartney",
"Albums conducted by George Martin",
"Albums conducted b... | |
projected-23573414-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beatles%20in%20Mono | The Beatles in Mono | Intention | The Beatles in Mono is a boxed set compilation comprising the remastered monaural recordings by the Beatles. The set was released on compact disc on 9 September 2009, the same day the remastered stereo recordings and companion The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings) were also released, along with The Beatles: Rock Band video game. The remastering project for both mono and stereo versions was led by EMI senior studio engineers Allan Rouse and Guy Massey. The release date of 09/09/09 is related to the significance to John Lennon of the number nine.
The boxed set was released on 180-gram heavyweight vinyl on 8 September 2014, mastered directly from the original analogue tapes and not the digital masters used for the CD release. | The Beatles in Mono was released to reflect the fact that most of the Beatles' catalogue was originally mixed and released in the monophonic format. Stereo recordings were a fairly new concept for pop music in the 1960s and did not become standard until late in that decade. This explains why the Beatles' initial album releases were mixed for mono. By the late sixties, however, stereo recording for pop music was becoming more popular and, thus, the new standard. Therefore, the last few Beatles albums—Yellow Submarine, Abbey Road and Let It Be—were mixed and released only in stereo. Many feel that the mono mixes reflect the true intention of the band. For example, in the case of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, all the mono mixes were done together with the Beatles themselves, throughout the recording of the album, whereas the stereo mixes were done in only six days by Abbey Road personnel George Martin, Geoff Emerick and Richard Lush after the album had been finished, with none of the Beatles attending. George Harrison commented:
John Lennon did not like the stereo mix of his song "Revolution" on the 1967-1970 compilation album. Lennon stated during a 1974 interview: | [] | [
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"2009 compilation albums",
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"Albums arranged by George Martin",
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"Albums conducted by George Martin",
"Albums conducted b... |
projected-23573414-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beatles%20in%20Mono | The Beatles in Mono | Limited edition | The Beatles in Mono is a boxed set compilation comprising the remastered monaural recordings by the Beatles. The set was released on compact disc on 9 September 2009, the same day the remastered stereo recordings and companion The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings) were also released, along with The Beatles: Rock Band video game. The remastering project for both mono and stereo versions was led by EMI senior studio engineers Allan Rouse and Guy Massey. The release date of 09/09/09 is related to the significance to John Lennon of the number nine.
The boxed set was released on 180-gram heavyweight vinyl on 8 September 2014, mastered directly from the original analogue tapes and not the digital masters used for the CD release. | Amazon.com advertised the set as a limited edition item in the United States. Less than a month prior to the set's release it was announced that the site had sold out of units. Less than two weeks before 9 September, many other online retailers announced the selling out of units from their inventories, including the Canadian Amazon.ca site.
EMI announced on 3 September that more mono boxed sets were to be pressed due to high demand from online pre-orders. It is still to remain a "limited edition", but since it has already been certified platinum by the RIAA it was not limited to 10,000 copies as originally stated. As of July 2018, the CD set is still readily available; however, the vinyl box set is out of print. Individual mono albums on vinyl still available are Rubber Soul, Revolver, The Beatles and Mono Masters, a 3-LP set of singles.
Five years after the initial CD release, mono editions of each of the albums are available individually in the vinyl format, though the mono editions for CD are still available only in the box set. All of the American albums can be had on CD individually in mono paired with the original stereo mixes; this is the only other way to acquire the mono mixes on CD. | [] | [
"Limited edition"
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"Apple Records compilation albums",
"Albums arranged by George Martin",
"Albums arranged by Paul McCartney",
"Albums conducted by George Martin",
"Albums conducted b... |
projected-23573414-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beatles%20in%20Mono | The Beatles in Mono | Disc listing | The Beatles in Mono is a boxed set compilation comprising the remastered monaural recordings by the Beatles. The set was released on compact disc on 9 September 2009, the same day the remastered stereo recordings and companion The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings) were also released, along with The Beatles: Rock Band video game. The remastering project for both mono and stereo versions was led by EMI senior studio engineers Allan Rouse and Guy Massey. The release date of 09/09/09 is related to the significance to John Lennon of the number nine.
The boxed set was released on 180-gram heavyweight vinyl on 8 September 2014, mastered directly from the original analogue tapes and not the digital masters used for the CD release. | The thirteen-disc (fourteen on LP) collection contains the remastered mono versions of every Beatles album released in true mono. The original 1965 stereo mixes of Help! and Rubber Soul are included on the CD version as bonuses on their respective albums. (In 1986 both albums had been remixed by George Martin for their CD release in 1987.) The box contains a new two-disc compilation album titled Mono Masters, which compiles all the mono mixes of singles, B-sides and EP tracks that did not originally appear on any of the UK albums or Magical Mystery Tour.
Please Please Me (1963)
With the Beatles (1963)
A Hard Day's Night (1964)
Beatles for Sale (1964)
Help! (1965)
Rubber Soul (1965)
Revolver (1966)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)
Magical Mystery Tour (1967)
The Beatles (1968)
Mono Masters (1962–1970)
The albums Yellow Submarine, Abbey Road and Let It Be are not included in this set, as no true mono mixes of these albums were issued. The same holds true for the songs "The Ballad of John and Yoko", "Old Brown Shoe" and the single mix of "Let It Be", which were also omitted. A mono version of the Yellow Submarine album was released in the UK, but it was simply a fold-down (two stereo channels combined into one channel) from the stereo mix, not a unique and separate mono mix. Abbey Road and Let It Be were issued in the UK in mono on reel-to-reel tape and on LP in Brazil and other countries but, again, only as fold-downs from the respective stereo versions.
The previously unavailable true mono mixes of the four new Beatles songs released on the Yellow Submarine album ("Only a Northern Song", "All Together Now", "Hey Bulldog" and "It's All Too Much"), originally intended for a separate, but ultimately scrapped mono EP which would have also included a mono mix of "Across the Universe", are included on the Mono Masters compilation. Also omitted from this set, but included in the stereo box set, is a DVD containing the mini-documentaries included with the stereo remasters of the different albums.
The "White Album" was originally released in mono and stereo in the UK and several other countries, but in the United States, it was released only in stereo. However, the mono mixes of "Don't Pass Me By" and "Helter Skelter" had been previously issued in the US in 1980 on the Capitol Records Rarities compilation album.
All CDs replicate their original album labels as first released, from the various Parlophone Records label variations, to the Capitol Records label (for Magical Mystery Tour) and the UK Apple Records side A and B labels for discs 1 and 2 respectively for The Beatles. For Mono Masters, disc 1 uses a mid-1960s Parlophone label design and disc 2 uses the unsliced Apple label design. All vinyl labels use the Apple label design.
The CD set also includes a 44-page booklet which includes an essay on the important role that the mono mixes played in the Beatles' recording career, notes on every track featured in Mono Masters, and a track-by-track listing of the recordings. The vinyl set includes a 108-page book which also includes many rare photographs of the Beatles in Abbey Road Studio, fascinating EMI archive documents and evocative articles sourced from 1960s publications. | [] | [
"Disc listing"
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"Apple Records compilation albums",
"Albums arranged by George Martin",
"Albums arranged by Paul McCartney",
"Albums conducted by George Martin",
"Albums conducted b... |
projected-23573414-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beatles%20in%20Mono | The Beatles in Mono | Chart performance | The Beatles in Mono is a boxed set compilation comprising the remastered monaural recordings by the Beatles. The set was released on compact disc on 9 September 2009, the same day the remastered stereo recordings and companion The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings) were also released, along with The Beatles: Rock Band video game. The remastering project for both mono and stereo versions was led by EMI senior studio engineers Allan Rouse and Guy Massey. The release date of 09/09/09 is related to the significance to John Lennon of the number nine.
The boxed set was released on 180-gram heavyweight vinyl on 8 September 2014, mastered directly from the original analogue tapes and not the digital masters used for the CD release. | The set debuted at number 40 on Billboard's Top 200 chart and the magazine reported that 12,000 copies were sold in its first week of release. In Japan, it debuted at number 10, selling over 20,000 copies in its first week on the Oricon album charts. The set was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2010. | [] | [
"Chart performance"
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"2009 compilation albums",
"Capitol Records compilation albums",
"Apple Records compilation albums",
"Albums arranged by George Martin",
"Albums arranged by Paul McCartney",
"Albums conducted by George Martin",
"Albums conducted b... |
projected-23573417-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Adolph%20Gad | Peter Adolph Gad | Introduction | Peter Adolph Rostgaard Bruun Gad (25 November 1846 – 26 February 1907) was a Danish ophthalmologist who founded the first eye infirmary of São Paulo city, Brazil, at the "Santa Casa de Sao Paulo" hospital, in 1885. This eye infirmary became the first ophthalmology school of São Paulo. Doctor Gad also worked in Rio de Janeiro and Copenhagen. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1846 births",
"1907 deaths",
"Danish ophthalmologists"
] | |
projected-23573417-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Adolph%20Gad | Peter Adolph Gad | References | Peter Adolph Rostgaard Bruun Gad (25 November 1846 – 26 February 1907) was a Danish ophthalmologist who founded the first eye infirmary of São Paulo city, Brazil, at the "Santa Casa de Sao Paulo" hospital, in 1885. This eye infirmary became the first ophthalmology school of São Paulo. Doctor Gad also worked in Rio de Janeiro and Copenhagen. | Category:1846 births
Category:1907 deaths
Category:Danish ophthalmologists | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1846 births",
"1907 deaths",
"Danish ophthalmologists"
] |
projected-26720715-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20L.%20Fitzgerald | James L. Fitzgerald | Introduction | James L. Fitzgerald is an Indologist at Brown University. He studied at the University of Chicago, receiving his B.A. in 1971, his M.A. in Sanskrit in 1974 and his Ph.D. in Sanskrit and South Asian Civilizations in 1980. At Chicago he studied primarily with J. A. B. van Buitenen. From 1978 Fitzgerald joined the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee. In 2007 he was appointed Purandara Das Distinguished Professor of Sanskrit in the Department of Classics, Brown University.
Fitzgerald's main research interest has been India's great Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, see Mahabharata. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"American Indologists",
"Living people",
"Year of birth missing (living people)",
"University of Chicago alumni",
"Brown University faculty"
] | |
projected-26720715-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20L.%20Fitzgerald | James L. Fitzgerald | Books | James L. Fitzgerald is an Indologist at Brown University. He studied at the University of Chicago, receiving his B.A. in 1971, his M.A. in Sanskrit in 1974 and his Ph.D. in Sanskrit and South Asian Civilizations in 1980. At Chicago he studied primarily with J. A. B. van Buitenen. From 1978 Fitzgerald joined the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee. In 2007 he was appointed Purandara Das Distinguished Professor of Sanskrit in the Department of Classics, Brown University.
Fitzgerald's main research interest has been India's great Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, see Mahabharata. | The Mahabharata: Book 11: The Book of the Women, Book 12: The
Book of Peace, Part One. Translated, edited, and annotated by James L.
Fitzgerald. 848 p., 1 halftone, 1 map, 4 charts, 7 tables. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2004. | [] | [
"Publications",
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projected-26720715-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20L.%20Fitzgerald | James L. Fitzgerald | In progress | James L. Fitzgerald is an Indologist at Brown University. He studied at the University of Chicago, receiving his B.A. in 1971, his M.A. in Sanskrit in 1974 and his Ph.D. in Sanskrit and South Asian Civilizations in 1980. At Chicago he studied primarily with J. A. B. van Buitenen. From 1978 Fitzgerald joined the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee. In 2007 he was appointed Purandara Das Distinguished Professor of Sanskrit in the Department of Classics, Brown University.
Fitzgerald's main research interest has been India's great Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, see Mahabharata. | The Mahabharata: Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part Two. Translated,
edited, and annotated by James L. Fitzgerald. Chicago: University of
Chicago. | [] | [
"Publications",
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] | [
"American Indologists",
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projected-26720715-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20L.%20Fitzgerald | James L. Fitzgerald | Other projects | James L. Fitzgerald is an Indologist at Brown University. He studied at the University of Chicago, receiving his B.A. in 1971, his M.A. in Sanskrit in 1974 and his Ph.D. in Sanskrit and South Asian Civilizations in 1980. At Chicago he studied primarily with J. A. B. van Buitenen. From 1978 Fitzgerald joined the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee. In 2007 he was appointed Purandara Das Distinguished Professor of Sanskrit in the Department of Classics, Brown University.
Fitzgerald's main research interest has been India's great Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, see Mahabharata. | 1981
Edited the posthumous publication of J. A. B. van Buitenen’s The
Bhagavad Gītā in the Mahābhārata (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1981). | [] | [
"Other projects"
] | [
"American Indologists",
"Living people",
"Year of birth missing (living people)",
"University of Chicago alumni",
"Brown University faculty"
] |
projected-26720715-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20L.%20Fitzgerald | James L. Fitzgerald | Articles | James L. Fitzgerald is an Indologist at Brown University. He studied at the University of Chicago, receiving his B.A. in 1971, his M.A. in Sanskrit in 1974 and his Ph.D. in Sanskrit and South Asian Civilizations in 1980. At Chicago he studied primarily with J. A. B. van Buitenen. From 1978 Fitzgerald joined the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee. In 2007 he was appointed Purandara Das Distinguished Professor of Sanskrit in the Department of Classics, Brown University.
Fitzgerald's main research interest has been India's great Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, see Mahabharata. | In press, 2009
“The Sāṃkhya-Yoga “Manifesto” at MBh 12.289-290,” in proceedings
of the 13th World Sanskrit Conference, John Brockington, ed. (Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass): 185-212.
In press, 2009
“A Preliminary Study of the 681 Triṣṭubh Passages of the
Mahābhārata,” in proceedings of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference,
Robert Goldman and Muneo Tokunaga, editors (Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, in press): 95-117.
In press, 2009
“No Contest between Memory and Invention: The Invention of the
Pāṇḍava Heroes of the Mahābhārata,” in the proceedings volume of the
conference “Epic and History: Ancient and Medieval,” Brown
University, December, 2006.
2007
“Bhīṣma beyond Freud: The Fall of the Sky, Bhīṣma in the
Mahābhārata, 1,” in Epic Constructions: Gender, Myth, and Society in
the Mahābhārata, edited by Brian Black and Simon Brodbeck (London:
Routledge, 2007): 189-207.
2006
“Negotiating the Shape of ‘Scripture’: New Perspectives on the
Development and Growth of the Epic Between the Empires,” in Between
the Empires, edited by Patrick Olivelle (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2006): 257-87.
2006
“Toward a Database of the Non-Anuṣṭubh Verses of the Mahābhārata,”
in Epics, Khilas, and Purāṇas: Continuities and Ruptures, Petteri
Koskikallio, ed., Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International
Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Purāṇas (Zagreb: Croatian
Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2006): 137-148.
2004
“Dharma and Its Translation in the Mahābhārata,” Journal of Indian
Philosophy 32.5 (Dec. 2004): 671-685.
2003
“The Many Voices of the Mahābhārata:” A Review Article of
Rethinking the Mahābhārata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the
Dharma King by Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press,
2001), Journal of The American Oriental Society 123.4 (2003): 803-18.
2004
“Mahābhārata,” in The Hindu World, Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby,
eds. (New York and London: Routledge, 2004): 52-74.
2002
“Nun Befuddles King, Shows karmayoga Does Not Work: Sulabhā’s
Refutation of King Janaka at MBh 12.308,” Journal of Indian
Philosophy 30.6 (December, 2002): 641-77.
2002
“The Rāma Jāmadagnya Thread of the Mahābhārata: A New Survey of
Rāma Jāmadagnya in the Pune Text,” in Mary Brockington, ed., Stages
and Transitions: Temporal and Historical Frameworks in Epic and
Purāṇic Literature, Proceedings of the Second Dubrovnik International
Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Purāṇas, August, 1999 (Zagreb,
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2002): 89-132.
2002
“Making Yudhiṣṭhira the King: The Dialectics and the Politics of
Violence in the Mahābhārata,” Rocznik Orientalistyczny LIV (2001):
63-92.
2000
“pīta and śaikya/saikya: Two Terms of Iron and Steel Technology in the
Mahābhārata,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 120.1
(January–March 2000): 44-61.
1998
“Some Storks and Eagles Eat Carrion; Herons and Ospreys Do Not:
Kaṅkas and Kuraras (and Baḍas) in the Mahābhārata,” Journal of the
American Oriental Society, 118.2 (April–June 1998): 257-61.
1993
Articles on dharma, śānti, and Vyāsa in the Harper Dictionary of
Religion (New York: Harper and Row, 1993).
1988
“Review article of Peter Brook's Production of the Mahābhārata,”
Soundings, LX, No. 3-4 (Winter, 1988): 539-51.
1985
“India’s Fifth Veda: The Mahābhārata’s Presentation of Itself,” Journal
of South Asian Literature, XX.1 (1985): 125-40. Reprinted in Essays on
the Mahābhārata, edited by Arvind Sharma (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991):
150-71.
1983
“The Great Epic of India as Religious Rhetoric: A Fresh Look at the
Mahābhārata,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, LI.4
(December, 1983): 611-630.
1978
Annotated translation of Ṛgveda I.113, in Appendix I of The Meaning of
Aphrodite, Paul Friedrich (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978). | [] | [
"Articles"
] | [
"American Indologists",
"Living people",
"Year of birth missing (living people)",
"University of Chicago alumni",
"Brown University faculty"
] |
projected-06900447-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra%20bullhead%20shark | Zebra bullhead shark | Introduction | The zebra bullhead shark (Heterodontus zebra) is a bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae found in the central Indo-Pacific between latitudes 40°N and 20°S, from Japan and Korea to Australia. It is typically found at relatively shallow depths down to , but off Western Australia, it occurs between . It can reach a length of . The reproduction of this bullhead shark is oviparous. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Heterodontidae",
"Fish described in 1831",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | |
projected-06900447-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra%20bullhead%20shark | Zebra bullhead shark | References | The zebra bullhead shark (Heterodontus zebra) is a bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae found in the central Indo-Pacific between latitudes 40°N and 20°S, from Japan and Korea to Australia. It is typically found at relatively shallow depths down to , but off Western Australia, it occurs between . It can reach a length of . The reproduction of this bullhead shark is oviparous. | Category:Heterodontidae
Category:Fish described in 1831
Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Heterodontidae",
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] |
projected-56565025-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie%20Clements | Kirstie Clements | Introduction | Kirstie Clements (born 23 March 1962) is an Australian author, editor, journalist and speaker. Clements served as editor-in-chief of Vogue Australia for thirteen years from 1999 to 2012. She has previously acted as director and chief creative officer for luxury lingerie brand Porte-á-Vie and features editor for Harpers Bazaar Australia. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Vogue (magazine) people",
"Women magazine editors",
"Fashion editors",
"20th-century Australian journalists",
"Living people",
"1962 births",
"Australian magazine editors",
"Australian women journalists",
"Writers from Sydney",
"20th-century Australian women"
] | |
projected-56565025-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie%20Clements | Kirstie Clements | Early life | Kirstie Clements (born 23 March 1962) is an Australian author, editor, journalist and speaker. Clements served as editor-in-chief of Vogue Australia for thirteen years from 1999 to 2012. She has previously acted as director and chief creative officer for luxury lingerie brand Porte-á-Vie and features editor for Harpers Bazaar Australia. | Clements was born on 23 March 1962 in Sydney, Australia. She grew up in the Sutherland Shire, a local government area in the southern region of Sydney, New South Wales. Clements has one older brother, Anthony. Their father died of a brain tumor when Clements was five years old.
In her youth, Clements attended Sylvania High School. She described her desire to leave her hometown at an early age, stating "Not to dismiss it, but at that point I was much more interested in the band scene. I was interested in punk, in literature, in magazines, in popular culture, and the Shire wasn’t where I was going to get that from."
At the age of sixteen, Clements moved to the Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst with her mother Gloria. Describing herself as poor, Clements would often shop at disposal stores and op-shops in order to discover clothing and fashion. | [] | [
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projected-56565025-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie%20Clements | Kirstie Clements | First job with Vogue Australia | Kirstie Clements (born 23 March 1962) is an Australian author, editor, journalist and speaker. Clements served as editor-in-chief of Vogue Australia for thirteen years from 1999 to 2012. She has previously acted as director and chief creative officer for luxury lingerie brand Porte-á-Vie and features editor for Harpers Bazaar Australia. | At the age of 23, Clements was working in a bookstore when she saw a job being advertised in the newspaper for receptionist at Vogue Australia. Clements immediately applied for the position and was granted an interview. The last of twenty different girls to be interviewed, Clements met with a woman described as "probably in her late 60s. Glamorous; white blonde hair, blue eyes, great legs, she was gorgeous. It was about six o'clock at night and she was drinking out of a tea cup, and I’m sure it was gin… I loved her immediately and she hired me." Clements began working behind the reception desk the very next day.
Clements quickly moved on from the reception desk, taking on various jobs within the Vogue Australia offices. Describing her quick promotion, Clements stated, "I just put my hand up for everything. My key to success is to make yourself useful, just put you hand up for everything… and you’ll find what you shine at. Essentially I found I wasn’t very good at taking orders, but I was really good at giving them"
Clements departed Vogue Australia in the early 1990s to move to Paris and work as the foreign correspondent for Vogue Australia, and the newly launched Vogue Singapore. She joined the fashion show circuit, travelling constantly, and interviewing the world's top designers, beauty experts and business leaders. | [] | [
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projected-56565025-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie%20Clements | Kirstie Clements | Harper's Bazaar | Kirstie Clements (born 23 March 1962) is an Australian author, editor, journalist and speaker. Clements served as editor-in-chief of Vogue Australia for thirteen years from 1999 to 2012. She has previously acted as director and chief creative officer for luxury lingerie brand Porte-á-Vie and features editor for Harpers Bazaar Australia. | Clements returned to Australia in 1997 where she briefly worked as Beauty Editor for Vogue Australia before joining glossy magazine rival Harper’s Bazaar. Clements was brought on as associate editor for the magazine and worked there for just over two years from 1997 to 1999. | [] | [
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projected-56565025-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie%20Clements | Kirstie Clements | Return to Vogue Australia | Kirstie Clements (born 23 March 1962) is an Australian author, editor, journalist and speaker. Clements served as editor-in-chief of Vogue Australia for thirteen years from 1999 to 2012. She has previously acted as director and chief creative officer for luxury lingerie brand Porte-á-Vie and features editor for Harpers Bazaar Australia. | Clements returned to Vogue Australia in 1999 to be hired as the magazine's editor-in-chief. Clements succeeded Juliet Ashworth, who was former editor-in-chief from 1998 to 1999. Clements described her return to Vogue Australia as a challenge to rebuild its image following a demise in the 1990s. She stated, "Vogue was pretty broken at that point… When I went back it took three years to build it back to what I felt was a standard that it should have been." Under Clements 'Vogue Australia' was voted Magazine of the Year 2012, had the highest readership figures in its history and had the greater market share of luxury advertising. Subscriptions also rose to a 51% ratio, and was the most visited fashion website in Australia at the time. Vogue.com.au was launched under Clements in 2000.
Early on in her career as editor-in-chief, while working on a November issue, Clements was faced with an almost empty roster of booked advertisements with mere weeks to go. With a goal of 120 pages of ads, the magazine had booked just one advertisement due to a staff error. This forced Clements to undertake a restaffing of the entire office. Commenting on her preferences for staff hires, she stated, "I liked to have a local staff, and an Australian staff. I didn't like to use freelancers that much if I could help it."
When interviewing applicants for potential positions at Vogue Australia, Clements remarked how surprised she was by the number of young girls who expressed an obsession with a fashion label instead of an original style or desire to make things. She elaborated by stating that she was "always highly dubious because I wanted them to have a passion for art, for books, for culture, for literature, for dance, for theatre, for costume design... anything but, as a matter of fact, fashion… I didn’t want people who were obsessed with labels, and I still stand by that."
Discussing her approach to management at Vogue Australia, Clements stated, "I learnt how to be diplomatic. I think most of my job was diplomacy. Diplomacy between staff members, diplomacy between management, diplomacy to clients, to creatives." She commented that working with creatives was more rewarding than collaborating with any other worker due to their passion and vision. "They don’t care about the bonus, they don’t really care about the wage, but they care about the product, and if you can actually equip them with the materials, and the idea, and the vision, then they really can just run on praise." | [] | [
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