Search is not available for this dataset
text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-56567047-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20River%20%28Ontario%29 | South River (Ontario) | Hydroelectricity | The South is a river in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District, Ontario, beginning in the Western Uplands of Algonquin Provincial Park and emptying into Lake Nipissing. The river takes its name from an arm of Lake Nipissing into which it flows, South Bay. | There are numerous control and electricity producing dams located on the South, making use of the rapids and waterfalls much the same way the early sawmills did. Ownership of the dams is a mix of private companies and government corporations. | [] | [
"Hydroelectricity"
] | [
"Rivers of Parry Sound District"
] |
projected-56567047-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20River%20%28Ontario%29 | South River (Ontario) | Tourism | The South is a river in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District, Ontario, beginning in the Western Uplands of Algonquin Provincial Park and emptying into Lake Nipissing. The river takes its name from an arm of Lake Nipissing into which it flows, South Bay. | The South has always been a popular canoe route, with arguably the most famous person to paddle its waters and take inspiration from it, being the early 20th century artist Tom Thomson. In the Village of South River on the shores of the waterway is located the Tom Thomson Park, the site in which Thomson would pull his canoe from the river and board the train bound for his studio and clients in Southern Ontario.
The Municipality of Powassan organizes a canoe race every summer along the portion of the river within its boundaries.
There are numerous wilderness outfitters and tourist camps interspersed with private cottages and homes dotting the shores of the South. | [] | [
"Tourism"
] | [
"Rivers of Parry Sound District"
] |
projected-56567047-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20River%20%28Ontario%29 | South River (Ontario) | See also | The South is a river in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District, Ontario, beginning in the Western Uplands of Algonquin Provincial Park and emptying into Lake Nipissing. The river takes its name from an arm of Lake Nipissing into which it flows, South Bay. | List of rivers of Ontario | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Rivers of Parry Sound District"
] |
projected-56567047-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20River%20%28Ontario%29 | South River (Ontario) | References | The South is a river in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District, Ontario, beginning in the Western Uplands of Algonquin Provincial Park and emptying into Lake Nipissing. The river takes its name from an arm of Lake Nipissing into which it flows, South Bay. | Category:Rivers of Parry Sound District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Rivers of Parry Sound District"
] |
projected-44497180-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA%20Foundation%20Frontiers%20of%20Knowledge%20Award | BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award | Introduction | The BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards () are an international award programme recognizing significant contributions in the areas of scientific research and cultural creation. The categories that make up the Frontiers of Knowledge Awards respond to the knowledge map of the present age. As well as the fundamental knowledge that is at their core, they address developments in information and communication technologies, and interactions between biology and medicine, ecology and conservation biology, climate change, economics, humanities and social sciences, and, finally, contemporary musical creation and performance. Specific categories are reserved for developing knowledge fields of critical relevance to confront central challenges of the 21st century, as in the case of the two environmental awards.
The awards were established in 2008, with the first set of winners receiving their prizes in 2009. The BBVA Foundation – belonging to financial group BBVA – is partnered in the scheme by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the country's premier public research organization. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Awards established in 2008"
] | |
projected-44497180-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA%20Foundation%20Frontiers%20of%20Knowledge%20Award | BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award | Categories | The BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards () are an international award programme recognizing significant contributions in the areas of scientific research and cultural creation. The categories that make up the Frontiers of Knowledge Awards respond to the knowledge map of the present age. As well as the fundamental knowledge that is at their core, they address developments in information and communication technologies, and interactions between biology and medicine, ecology and conservation biology, climate change, economics, humanities and social sciences, and, finally, contemporary musical creation and performance. Specific categories are reserved for developing knowledge fields of critical relevance to confront central challenges of the 21st century, as in the case of the two environmental awards.
The awards were established in 2008, with the first set of winners receiving their prizes in 2009. The BBVA Foundation – belonging to financial group BBVA – is partnered in the scheme by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the country's premier public research organization. | There are eight award categories: basic science, biology and biomedicine, climate change, ecology and conservation biology, information and communications technologies, economics, finance and management, music and opera, humanities and social sciences (a new category in the 11th edition). Previously, in the first 10 editions, there was a category in development cooperation. | [] | [
"Categories"
] | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Awards established in 2008"
] |
projected-44497180-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA%20Foundation%20Frontiers%20of%20Knowledge%20Award | BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award | Juries | The BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards () are an international award programme recognizing significant contributions in the areas of scientific research and cultural creation. The categories that make up the Frontiers of Knowledge Awards respond to the knowledge map of the present age. As well as the fundamental knowledge that is at their core, they address developments in information and communication technologies, and interactions between biology and medicine, ecology and conservation biology, climate change, economics, humanities and social sciences, and, finally, contemporary musical creation and performance. Specific categories are reserved for developing knowledge fields of critical relevance to confront central challenges of the 21st century, as in the case of the two environmental awards.
The awards were established in 2008, with the first set of winners receiving their prizes in 2009. The BBVA Foundation – belonging to financial group BBVA – is partnered in the scheme by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the country's premier public research organization. | Eight juries, one for each category, analyze the nominations put forward by international academic and research institutions.
To reach their decision, the juries meet during January and February in the Marqués de Salamanca Palace, Madrid headquarters of the BBVA Foundation.
The day after the jury's decision, the name of the winners(s) and the achievements that earned them the award are revealed at an announcement event in the same location.
Ceremony
The awards are presented in June each year at a ceremony held, from the 11th edition, in the Euskalduna Palace at Bilbao, in the Basque Country. | [] | [
"Categories",
"Juries"
] | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Awards established in 2008"
] |
projected-44497180-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA%20Foundation%20Frontiers%20of%20Knowledge%20Award | BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award | BBVA Foundation | The BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards () are an international award programme recognizing significant contributions in the areas of scientific research and cultural creation. The categories that make up the Frontiers of Knowledge Awards respond to the knowledge map of the present age. As well as the fundamental knowledge that is at their core, they address developments in information and communication technologies, and interactions between biology and medicine, ecology and conservation biology, climate change, economics, humanities and social sciences, and, finally, contemporary musical creation and performance. Specific categories are reserved for developing knowledge fields of critical relevance to confront central challenges of the 21st century, as in the case of the two environmental awards.
The awards were established in 2008, with the first set of winners receiving their prizes in 2009. The BBVA Foundation – belonging to financial group BBVA – is partnered in the scheme by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the country's premier public research organization. | The BBVA Foundation engages in the promotion of research, advanced training and the transmission of knowledge to society, focusing on the emerging issues of the 21st century in five areas: Environment, Biomedicine and Health, Economy and Society, Basic Sciences and Technology, and Arts and Humanities. The BBVA Foundation designs, develops and finances research projects in these areas; facilitates advanced specialist training through grants, courses, seminars and workshops; organizes award schemes for researchers and professionals whose work has contributed significantly to the advancement of knowledge; and communicates and disseminates such new knowledge through publications, databases, lecture series, debates, exhibitions and audiovisual and electronic media. | [] | [
"BBVA Foundation"
] | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Awards established in 2008"
] |
projected-44497180-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA%20Foundation%20Frontiers%20of%20Knowledge%20Award | BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award | Prizes | The BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards () are an international award programme recognizing significant contributions in the areas of scientific research and cultural creation. The categories that make up the Frontiers of Knowledge Awards respond to the knowledge map of the present age. As well as the fundamental knowledge that is at their core, they address developments in information and communication technologies, and interactions between biology and medicine, ecology and conservation biology, climate change, economics, humanities and social sciences, and, finally, contemporary musical creation and performance. Specific categories are reserved for developing knowledge fields of critical relevance to confront central challenges of the 21st century, as in the case of the two environmental awards.
The awards were established in 2008, with the first set of winners receiving their prizes in 2009. The BBVA Foundation – belonging to financial group BBVA – is partnered in the scheme by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the country's premier public research organization. | Each BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge laureate receives a commemorative artwork, a diploma and a cash prize of 400,000 euros per category. Awards may not be granted posthumously, and when an award is shared, its monetary amount is divided equally among the recipients.
The commemorative artwork is created by Madrid sculptor Blanca Muñoz, B.A. in Fine Arts from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Holder of scholarships at Calcografia Nazionale (1989), awarded by the Italian Government, at the Spanish Royal Academy in Rome (1990), and in Mexico City (1992), awarded by the Mexican Department of Foreign Affairs, her numerous distinctions include the 1999 National Print Prize. | [] | [
"Prizes"
] | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Awards established in 2008"
] |
projected-56567053-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keroplatus%20militaris | Keroplatus militaris | Introduction | Keroplatus militaris is a species of predatory fungus gnats in the family Keroplatidae. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Keroplatidae"
] | |
projected-44497191-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevitt | Trevitt | Introduction | Trevitt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gavin Trevitt
Simon Trevitt (born 1967), English footballer
William Trevitt (1809–1881), American doctor, politician, diplomat, and newspaper publisher
William Trevitt (dancer), British dancer and choreographer
Harry Smith Trevitt (1878–1979), organist and composer
Ryan Trevitt (born 2003), English footballer | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-56567058-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keroplatus | Keroplatus | Introduction | Keroplatus is a genus of predatory fungus gnats in the family Keroplatidae. Several species are bioluminescent. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Keroplatidae",
"Sciaroidea genera",
"Bioluminescent insects",
"Taxa named by Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc"
] | |
projected-56567058-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keroplatus | Keroplatus | Selected Species | Keroplatus is a genus of predatory fungus gnats in the family Keroplatidae. Several species are bioluminescent. | Some species within this genus include:
K. apicalis Adams, 1903
K. biformis Okada, 1938
K. carbonarius Bosc, 1803
K. clausus Coquillett, 1901
K. militaris Johannsen, 1910
K. nipponicus Okada, 1938
K. reaumurii Dufour, 1839
K. samiri Khalaf, 1971
K. terminalis Coquillett, 1905
K. testaceus (Dalman, 1818)
K. tipuloides (Bosc, 1792) | [] | [
"Selected Species"
] | [
"Keroplatidae",
"Sciaroidea genera",
"Bioluminescent insects",
"Taxa named by Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc"
] |
projected-56567069-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachytes%20intermedius | Tachytes intermedius | Introduction | Tachytes intermedius is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is found in Central America and North America. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Crabronidae",
"Insects described in 1906"
] | |
projected-56567069-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachytes%20intermedius | Tachytes intermedius | Further reading | Tachytes intermedius is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is found in Central America and North America. | Category:Crabronidae
Category:Insects described in 1906 | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Crabronidae",
"Insects described in 1906"
] |
projected-56567079-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leia%20bivittata | Leia bivittata | Introduction | Leia bivittata is a species of fungus gnats in the family Mycetophilidae. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Mycetophilidae"
] | |
projected-44497209-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation%20%28Jaco%20Pastorius%20album%29 | Invitation (Jaco Pastorius album) | Introduction | Invitation is the third album by Jaco Pastorius, released in December 1983. This is a live album recorded at various venues during a tour of Japan in September 1982, featuring his "Word of Mouth" big band. While his debut album showcased his eclectic and impressive skills on the electric bass, both Invitation and his previous album, Word of Mouth focused more on his ability to arrange for a larger band.
This album features mostly numbers written by other artists. The exceptions are new arrangements of "Continuum", from his debut album, and "Liberty City", from Word of Mouth, as well as "Reza", an original number bookending his version of John Coltrane's "Giant Steps".
The band's all-star cast included Randy Brecker, Bob Mintzer, Toots Thielemans, Peter Erskine, Othello Molineaux, and Don Alias. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Jaco Pastorius albums",
"1983 live albums",
"Warner Records live albums"
] | |
projected-44497209-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation%20%28Jaco%20Pastorius%20album%29 | Invitation (Jaco Pastorius album) | Track listing | Invitation is the third album by Jaco Pastorius, released in December 1983. This is a live album recorded at various venues during a tour of Japan in September 1982, featuring his "Word of Mouth" big band. While his debut album showcased his eclectic and impressive skills on the electric bass, both Invitation and his previous album, Word of Mouth focused more on his ability to arrange for a larger band.
This album features mostly numbers written by other artists. The exceptions are new arrangements of "Continuum", from his debut album, and "Liberty City", from Word of Mouth, as well as "Reza", an original number bookending his version of John Coltrane's "Giant Steps".
The band's all-star cast included Randy Brecker, Bob Mintzer, Toots Thielemans, Peter Erskine, Othello Molineaux, and Don Alias. | "Invitation" (Bronisław Kaper) – 6:57
"Amerika" (Traditional) – 1:09
"Soul Intro/The Chicken" (Jaco Pastorius/Pee Wee Ellis) – 6:49
"Continuum" (Jaco Pastorius) – 4:28
"Liberty City" (Jaco Pastorius) – 4:35
"Sophisticated Lady" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Mitchell Parish) – 5:17
"Reza/Giant Steps/Reza (Reprise)" (Jaco Pastorius/John Coltrane) – 10:23
"Fannie Mae" (Buster Brown, Clarence Lewis, Morgan Robinson) – 2:38
"Eleven" (Miles Davis, Gil Evans) – 0:49 | [] | [
"Track listing"
] | [
"Jaco Pastorius albums",
"1983 live albums",
"Warner Records live albums"
] |
projected-44497209-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation%20%28Jaco%20Pastorius%20album%29 | Invitation (Jaco Pastorius album) | Personnel | Invitation is the third album by Jaco Pastorius, released in December 1983. This is a live album recorded at various venues during a tour of Japan in September 1982, featuring his "Word of Mouth" big band. While his debut album showcased his eclectic and impressive skills on the electric bass, both Invitation and his previous album, Word of Mouth focused more on his ability to arrange for a larger band.
This album features mostly numbers written by other artists. The exceptions are new arrangements of "Continuum", from his debut album, and "Liberty City", from Word of Mouth, as well as "Reza", an original number bookending his version of John Coltrane's "Giant Steps".
The band's all-star cast included Randy Brecker, Bob Mintzer, Toots Thielemans, Peter Erskine, Othello Molineaux, and Don Alias. | Jaco Pastorius — electric bass
Don Alias – percussion
Randy Brecker – trumpet
Peter Erskine – drums
Bob Mintzer – tenor and soprano saxophone
Othello Molineaux – steel drum
Jean "Toots" Thielemans – harmonica (listed as a "special guest")
Also featuring:
Elmer Brown, Forrest Buchtel, Ron Tooley – trumpet
Jon Faddis – trumpet (solo on "Reza")
Wayne Andre – trombone
Dave Bargeron – trombone, tuba
Peter Graves – bass trombone, co–conductor
Bill Reichenbach – bass trombone
Mario Cruz – tenor and soprano saxophone, clarinet, alto flute
Randy Emerick – baritone saxophone, clarinet
Alex Foster – tenor, alto and soprano saxophone, clarinet, piccolo
Paul McCandless – tenor saxophone, oboe, English horn
Peter Gordon, Brad Warnaar – French horn | [] | [
"Personnel"
] | [
"Jaco Pastorius albums",
"1983 live albums",
"Warner Records live albums"
] |
projected-44497209-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation%20%28Jaco%20Pastorius%20album%29 | Invitation (Jaco Pastorius album) | See also | Invitation is the third album by Jaco Pastorius, released in December 1983. This is a live album recorded at various venues during a tour of Japan in September 1982, featuring his "Word of Mouth" big band. While his debut album showcased his eclectic and impressive skills on the electric bass, both Invitation and his previous album, Word of Mouth focused more on his ability to arrange for a larger band.
This album features mostly numbers written by other artists. The exceptions are new arrangements of "Continuum", from his debut album, and "Liberty City", from Word of Mouth, as well as "Reza", an original number bookending his version of John Coltrane's "Giant Steps".
The band's all-star cast included Randy Brecker, Bob Mintzer, Toots Thielemans, Peter Erskine, Othello Molineaux, and Don Alias. | Jaco Pastorius discography | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Jaco Pastorius albums",
"1983 live albums",
"Warner Records live albums"
] |
projected-56567086-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis%20dispar | Dialysis dispar | Introduction | Dialysis dispar is a species of fly in the family Xylophagidae. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Xylophagidae",
"Insects described in 1879"
] | |
projected-44497214-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Ford | Ellen Ford | Introduction | Ellen Ford may refer to:
Ellen Ford, one of the first women in WAVES
Ellen Ford, fictional character in Self Help (The Walking Dead) | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-44497214-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Ford | Ellen Ford | See also | Ellen Ford may refer to:
Ellen Ford, one of the first women in WAVES
Ellen Ford, fictional character in Self Help (The Walking Dead) | Helen Ford, actress | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-56567088-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebia%20perita | Lebia perita | Introduction | Lebia perita is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lebia",
"Beetles described in 1920"
] | |
projected-56567088-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebia%20perita | Lebia perita | Further reading | Lebia perita is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America. | Category:Lebia
Category:Beetles described in 1920 | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Lebia",
"Beetles described in 1920"
] |
projected-44497219-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal%20bottleneck | Nocturnal bottleneck | Introduction | The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary story, starting with their origin 225 million years ago, and only ending with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. While some mammal groups have later evolved to fill diurnal niches, the approximately 160 million years spent as nocturnal animals has left a lasting legacy on basal anatomy and physiology, and most mammals are still nocturnal. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Behavioral ecology",
"Biology theories",
"Chronobiology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Night",
"Prehistoric mammals",
"Sleep"
] | |
projected-44497219-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal%20bottleneck | Nocturnal bottleneck | Evolution of mammals | The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary story, starting with their origin 225 million years ago, and only ending with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. While some mammal groups have later evolved to fill diurnal niches, the approximately 160 million years spent as nocturnal animals has left a lasting legacy on basal anatomy and physiology, and most mammals are still nocturnal. | Mammals evolved from cynodonts, a group of superficially dog-like synapsids in the wake of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. The emerging archosaurian groups that flourished after the extinction, including crocodiles and dinosaurs and their ancestors, drove the remaining larger cynodonts into extinction, leaving only the smaller forms. The surviving cynodonts could only succeed in niches with minimal competition from the diurnal dinosaurs, evolving into the typical small-bodied insectivorous dwellers of the nocturnal undergrowth. While the early mammals continued to develop into several probably quite common groups of animals during the Mesozoic, they all remained relatively small and nocturnal.
Only with the massive extinction at the end of the Cretaceous did the dinosaurs leave the stage open for the establishment of a new fauna of mammals. Despite this, mammals continued to be small-bodied for millions of years. While all the largest animals alive today are mammals, the majority of mammals are still small nocturnal animals. | [
"Brasilitherium riograndensis.jpg"
] | [
"Evolution of mammals"
] | [
"Behavioral ecology",
"Biology theories",
"Chronobiology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Night",
"Prehistoric mammals",
"Sleep"
] |
projected-44497219-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal%20bottleneck | Nocturnal bottleneck | Mammalian nocturnal adaptions | The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary story, starting with their origin 225 million years ago, and only ending with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. While some mammal groups have later evolved to fill diurnal niches, the approximately 160 million years spent as nocturnal animals has left a lasting legacy on basal anatomy and physiology, and most mammals are still nocturnal. | Several different features of mammalian physiology appear to be adaptations to a nocturnal lifestyle, mainly related to the sensory organs. These include: | [
"Short-tailed shrew, face, front, md, upper marlboro 2014-06-04-13.15.37 ZS PMax (14362614495).jpg"
] | [
"Mammalian nocturnal adaptions"
] | [
"Behavioral ecology",
"Biology theories",
"Chronobiology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Night",
"Prehistoric mammals",
"Sleep"
] |
projected-44497219-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal%20bottleneck | Nocturnal bottleneck | Senses | The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary story, starting with their origin 225 million years ago, and only ending with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. While some mammal groups have later evolved to fill diurnal niches, the approximately 160 million years spent as nocturnal animals has left a lasting legacy on basal anatomy and physiology, and most mammals are still nocturnal. | Acute sense of hearing, including coiling cochleae, external pinnae and auditory ossicles.
Very good sense of smell, well developed nasal turbinates. Most have a large olfactory bulb.
Well-developed sense of touch, particularly the whiskers.
With the exception of higher primates, very large cornea, giving a less acute visual image compared to birds and reptiles.
Limited colour vision. | [] | [
"Mammalian nocturnal adaptions",
"Senses"
] | [
"Behavioral ecology",
"Biology theories",
"Chronobiology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Night",
"Prehistoric mammals",
"Sleep"
] |
projected-44497219-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal%20bottleneck | Nocturnal bottleneck | Physiology | The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary story, starting with their origin 225 million years ago, and only ending with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. While some mammal groups have later evolved to fill diurnal niches, the approximately 160 million years spent as nocturnal animals has left a lasting legacy on basal anatomy and physiology, and most mammals are still nocturnal. | Endothermia that enables early mammals to become independent of solar radiation andenvironmental.
Unique type of brown adipose tissue, allowing mammals to generate heat quickly.
Mitochondria with five to seven times higher respiration rates compared to reptiles of similar sizes.
Fur to assist in thermo-regulation in a cold (night) environment.
Lack of an ocular shielding mechanism against (diurnal) ultraviolet light.
The photolyase DNA mechanism, which relies on visible light, does not work in the placental mammals, despite being present and functional in bacteria, fungi, and most other animals. | [] | [
"Mammalian nocturnal adaptions",
"Physiology"
] | [
"Behavioral ecology",
"Biology theories",
"Chronobiology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Night",
"Prehistoric mammals",
"Sleep"
] |
projected-44497219-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal%20bottleneck | Nocturnal bottleneck | Behaviour | The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary story, starting with their origin 225 million years ago, and only ending with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. While some mammal groups have later evolved to fill diurnal niches, the approximately 160 million years spent as nocturnal animals has left a lasting legacy on basal anatomy and physiology, and most mammals are still nocturnal. | Circadian rhythm and behaviour patterns in all basal groups are nocturnal, at least in placentals.
Burrowing lifestyle allowing sheltering from climate and diurnal predators appears to be a basal mammalian trait. | [] | [
"Mammalian nocturnal adaptions",
"Behaviour"
] | [
"Behavioral ecology",
"Biology theories",
"Chronobiology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Night",
"Prehistoric mammals",
"Sleep"
] |
projected-44497219-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal%20bottleneck | Nocturnal bottleneck | References | The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary story, starting with their origin 225 million years ago, and only ending with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. While some mammal groups have later evolved to fill diurnal niches, the approximately 160 million years spent as nocturnal animals has left a lasting legacy on basal anatomy and physiology, and most mammals are still nocturnal. | Category:Behavioral ecology
Category:Biology theories
Category:Chronobiology
Category:Circadian rhythm
Category:Evolutionary biology
Category:Night
Category:Prehistoric mammals
Category:Sleep | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Behavioral ecology",
"Biology theories",
"Chronobiology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Night",
"Prehistoric mammals",
"Sleep"
] |
projected-44497223-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platano%20Macho | Platano Macho | Introduction | Plátano Macho was a hip-hop, rap and funk band in Uruguay. The band formed in the mid 1990s and was produced by Gabriel Casacuberta (Clecter) and Andres Perez Miranda (Androoval). The band consisted of SPD Gonzalez, Choniuk, LSPiano aka. 'Supervielle', A/PM aka Androoval and Clecter.
Their 1998 album 'The Perro Convention' with the Argentinean label PolyGram included the single, "Pendeja", which was included in the regular programming of radio Rock & Pop, MTV latino channel and also on MTV Lingo compilation, where they included bands like Cyprus Hill, Molotov and Control Machete.
Among its members were LSPiano and Clecter, current participants of the collective Bajofondo Tango Club and Androoval, current music producer Androoval Trio, Family Doctors and DubAlkolikz. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Uruguayan musical groups"
] | |
projected-44497223-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platano%20Macho | Platano Macho | The Perro Convention (1998) | Plátano Macho was a hip-hop, rap and funk band in Uruguay. The band formed in the mid 1990s and was produced by Gabriel Casacuberta (Clecter) and Andres Perez Miranda (Androoval). The band consisted of SPD Gonzalez, Choniuk, LSPiano aka. 'Supervielle', A/PM aka Androoval and Clecter.
Their 1998 album 'The Perro Convention' with the Argentinean label PolyGram included the single, "Pendeja", which was included in the regular programming of radio Rock & Pop, MTV latino channel and also on MTV Lingo compilation, where they included bands like Cyprus Hill, Molotov and Control Machete.
Among its members were LSPiano and Clecter, current participants of the collective Bajofondo Tango Club and Androoval, current music producer Androoval Trio, Family Doctors and DubAlkolikz. | Track list:
Pinorton
That Is A Way
Inspector Clouseau Theme (I - Life In Hell)
Maestro Ninja
Pendeja
No Tiren
Roberto
T-Musculo
Monarca
La Granja
XQ'Tan Pesado
Pull Me On
Dr Pa Dig
Chimp Onassid
Inspector Clousseau Theme (II - Life In Heaven)
Poligarcha
Phreacs '69
Come Now
Funky Cousins | [] | [
"Discography",
"The Perro Convention (1998)"
] | [
"Uruguayan musical groups"
] |
projected-44497223-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platano%20Macho | Platano Macho | References | Plátano Macho was a hip-hop, rap and funk band in Uruguay. The band formed in the mid 1990s and was produced by Gabriel Casacuberta (Clecter) and Andres Perez Miranda (Androoval). The band consisted of SPD Gonzalez, Choniuk, LSPiano aka. 'Supervielle', A/PM aka Androoval and Clecter.
Their 1998 album 'The Perro Convention' with the Argentinean label PolyGram included the single, "Pendeja", which was included in the regular programming of radio Rock & Pop, MTV latino channel and also on MTV Lingo compilation, where they included bands like Cyprus Hill, Molotov and Control Machete.
Among its members were LSPiano and Clecter, current participants of the collective Bajofondo Tango Club and Androoval, current music producer Androoval Trio, Family Doctors and DubAlkolikz. | Category:Uruguayan musical groups | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Uruguayan musical groups"
] |
projected-23574353-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Introduction | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] | |
projected-23574353-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Historical background | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | The first "interracial" marriage in what is today the United States was that of the woman today commonly known as Pocahontas, who married tobacco planter John Rolfe in 1614.
The first ever law prohibiting interracial marriage was passed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1691.
The Quaker Zephaniah Kingsley married (outside the U.S.) a black enslaved woman that he bought in Cuba. He also had three black common-law enslaved wives; he manumitted all four. In 1828 he published a Treatise, reprinted three times, on the benefits of intermarriage, which according to Kingsley produced healthier and more beautiful children, and better citizens. In Spanish Florida, where Kingsley lived, he was tolerated until Florida became a U.S. territory, for which reason he eventually moved with his family to Haiti (today the Dominican Republic).
The prospect of black men marrying white women terrified many Americans before the Civil War. It was magnified into the greatest threat to society, the result of freeing blacks: According to them, White American women would be raped, defiled, sullied, by these savage jungle beasts. Extramarital "interracial" unions were not rare, most commonly white male and black female (see Sally Hemings, Lydia Hamilton Smith, and Children of the plantation), and although restricted to the lower classes common-law unions of black male with white female are not unknown.
However, the first legal black-white marriage in the United States was that of African-American professor William G. Allen and a white student, Mary King, in 1853. When their plans to marry were announced, Allen narrowly escaped being lynched. Their marriage was secret, and they left the country immediately for England, never to return.
While opposed to slavery, in a speech in Charleston, Illinois in 1858, Abraham Lincoln stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race". By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states. While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor Sammy Davis Jr. faced a backlash for his relationship with a white woman, actress Kim Novak. In 1958, Davis briefly married a black woman, actress and dancer Loray White, to protect himself from mob violence.
In Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem (1948), Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal ranked the social areas where restrictions were imposed on the freedom of Black Americans by Southern White Americans through racial segregation, from the least to the most important: basic public facility access, social equality, jobs, courts and police, politics and marriage. This ranking scheme illustrates the manner in which the barriers against desegregation fell: Of less importance was the segregation in basic public facilities, which was abolished with the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
However, the most tenacious form of legal segregation, the banning of interracial marriage, was not fully lifted until the last anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in a unanimous ruling Loving v. Virginia. The court's landmark decision, which was made on June 12, 1967, has been commemorated and celebrated every year on the Loving Day (June 12) in the United States. | [
"Warren Supreme Court.jpg"
] | [
"Historical background"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Cultural aspects | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | The differing ages of individuals, culminating in the generation divides, have traditionally played a large role in how mixed ethnic couples are perceived in American society. Interracial marriages have typically been highlighted through two points of view in the United States: Egalitarianism and cultural conservatism. Egalitarianism's view of interracial marriage is acceptance of the phenomenon, while traditionalists view interracial marriage as taboo and as socially unacceptable. Egalitarian viewpoints typically are held by younger generations, however older generations have an inherent influence on the views of the younger. Gurung & Duong (1999) compiled a study relating to mixed-ethnic relationships ("MER"s) and same-ethnic relationships ("SER"s), concluding that individuals part of "MER"s generally do not view themselves differently from same-ethnic couples. Research led by Barnett, Burma, and Monahan in 1963 and 1971 showed people who marry outside of their race are usually older and are more likely to live in an urban setting.
Social enterprise research conducted on behalf of the Columbia Business School (2005–2007) showed that regional differences within the United States in how interracial relationships are perceived have persisted: Daters of both sexes from south of the Mason–Dixon line were found to have much stronger same-race preferences than northern daters did. The study also observed a clear gender divide in racial preference with regards to marriage: Women of all the races which were studied revealed a strong preference for men of their own race for marriage, with the caveat that East Asian women only discriminated against Black and Hispanic men, and not against White men. A woman's race was found to have no effect on the men's choices. | [] | [
"Academic researches",
"Cultural aspects"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Socio-economic aspects | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | Several studies have found that a factor which significantly affects an individual's choices with regards to marriage is socio-economic status ("SES")—the measure of a person's income, education, social class, profession, etc. For example, a study by the Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University confirmed that women show a tendency to marry up in socio-economic status; this reduces the probability of marriage of low SES men.
Research at the universities of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and Texas A&M addressing the topic of socio-economic status, among other factors, showed that none of the socio-economic status variables appeared to be positively related to outmarriage within the Asian American community, and found lower-socioeconomically stable Asians sometimes utilized outmarriage to whites as a means to advance social status. | [] | [
"Academic researches",
"Socio-economic aspects"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Marital stability | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | A 2008 study by Jenifer Bratter and Rosalind King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce. Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s. A 2009 study by Yuanting Zhang and Jennifer Van Hook also found that interracial couples were at increased risk of divorce.
One consistent finding of this research is that gender is significantly related to divorce risk. Interracial marriages involving a White woman have a higher risk of divorce, as compared with interracial marriages involving Asian or Black women.
According to authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Tenzin Dorjee, the increased risk of divorce observed in couples with a White wife may be related to decreased support from family members and friends. They note that White women were viewed as "unqualified" by their non-White in-laws to raise and nurture mixed race children, due to their lack of experience in "navigating American culture as a minority". A 2018 study by Jennifer Bratter and Ellen Whitehead found that white women with mixed race children were less likely to receive family support than were non-white women with mixed race children.
In one study, White women married to Black men were more likely to report incidents of racial discrimination in public, such as inferior restaurant service or police profiling, compared to other interracial pairings. Such prejudicial factors may place these marriages at an increased risk of divorce.
A study published in 2008 reported a lower risk of divorce for inter-ethnic marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. However, another study, published in 2011, found that these intermarriages were at an increased risk of divorce. Gender was found to be related to the probability of divorce, with marriages involving White women and Hispanic men having the highest risk of divorce. | [] | [
"Academic researches",
"Marital stability"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Census Bureau statistics | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | The number of interracial marriages has steadily continued to increase since the 1967 Supreme Court ruling in Loving v. Virginia, but also continues to represent an absolute minority among the total number of wed couples. According to the United States Census Bureau, the number of interracially married couples has increased from 310,000 in 1970 to 651,000 in 1980, to 964,000 in 1990, to 1,464,000 in 2000 and to 2,340,000 in 2008; accounting for 0.7%, 1.3%, 1.8%, 2.6% and 3.9% of the total number of married couples in those years, respectively.
These statistics do not take into account the mixing of ancestries within the same "race"; e.g. a marriage involving Indian and Japanese ancestries would not be classified as interracial due to the Census regarding both as the same category. Likewise, since Hispanic is not a race but an ethnicity, Hispanic marriages with non-Hispanics are not registered as interracial if both partners are of the same race (i.e. a Black Hispanic marrying a non-Hispanic Black partner).
Based on these figures:
White Americans were statistically the least likely to wed interracially, though in absolute terms they were involved in interracial marriages more than any other racial group due to their demographic majority. 2.1% of married White women and 2.3% of married White men had a non-White spouse. 1.0% of all married White men were married to an Asian American woman, and 1.0% of married White women were married to a man classified as "other".
4.6% of married Black American women and 10.8% of married Black American men had a non-Black spouse. 8.5% of married Black men and 3.9% of married Black women had a White spouse. 0.2% of married Black women were married to Asian American men, representing the least prevalent marital combination.
There is a notable disparity in the rates of exogamy by Asian American males and females. Of all Asian American/White marriages, only 29% involved an Asian American male and a White female. However Indian American males married more non-Indians than females, although Indian Americans displayed the highest rates of endogamy, with very low levels of outmarriage overall. Of all Asian American/Black marriages only 19% involved an Asian American male and a Black female. 17.5% of married Asian American women and 8.2% of married Asian American men had a non-Asian American spouse.
The most common interracial marriage in the United States is an Asian American female married to a White American male, this is followed by a White American female married to a Black American male.
In 2006, 88% of foreign-born White Hispanic males were married to White Hispanic females. In terms of out-marriage, Hispanic males who identified as White had non-Hispanic wives more often than other Hispanic men. | [] | [
"Census Bureau statistics"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | 2008 Pew Research Center Report | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | The table (U.S. Census Bureau's 2008 American Community Survey) shows that among whites who out-married in 2008, there were different patterns by gender in the race of their spouses. More than a quarter of white men (26.9%) married an Asian woman, and about 6.9% married a black woman. In contrast, 20.1% of white women married a black man, while just 9.4% married an Asian man.
A slightly higher proportion of white women than white men married a Hispanic person (51% versus 46%), and a similar share of each
gender married someone in the other group.
The study found that in 2008:
A record 14.6% of all new marriages in the United States in 2008 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.0% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, 9% of whites, 16% of blacks, 26% of Hispanics and 31% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (41%) as compared to White-Asian (15%), White-Black (11%), and Other Combinations (33%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 41.3% of native-born Hispanic men out-married compared to 11.3% of foreign-born Hispanic men; 37.4% of native-born Hispanic women out-married compared to 12.2% of foreign-born Hispanic women; 41.7% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11.7% of foreign-born Asian men; 50.8% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 36.8% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 22% of all black male newlyweds in 2008 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 40% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2008, compared with just 20% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. more than doubled between 1980 (6.7%) and 2008 (14.6%). However, different groups experienced different trends. Rates more than doubled among whites and nearly tripled among blacks. But for both Hispanics and Asians, rates were nearly identical in 2008 and 1980.
These seemingly contradictory trends were driven by the heavy, ongoing Hispanic and Asian immigration wave of the past four decades. For whites and blacks, these immigrants (and, increasingly, their U.S.-born children who are now of marrying age) have enlarged the pool of potential spouses for out-marriage. But for Hispanics and Asians, the ongoing immigration wave has also enlarged the pool of potential partners for in-group marriage.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2008, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 13% in both the South and Northeast and 11% in the Midwest.
Most Americans say they approve of racial or ethnic intermarriage – not just in the abstract, but in their own families. More than six-in-ten say it would be fine with them if a family member told them they were going to marry someone from any of three major race/ethnic groups other than their own.
More than a third of adults (35%) say they have a family member who is married to someone of a different race. Blacks say this at higher rates than do whites; younger adults at higher rates than older adults; and Westerners at higher rates than people living in other regions of the country. | [] | [
"Census Bureau statistics",
"2008 Pew Research Center Report"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | 2010 Pew Research Center Report | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | The study (U.S. Census Bureau's 2010 American Community Survey) found that in 2010:
A record 15.1% of all new marriages in the United States were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.4% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds, 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (43.3%) as compared to White-Asian (14.4%), White-Black (11.9%), and Other Combinations (30.4%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 36.2% of native-born Hispanics (both men and women) out-married compared to 14.2% of foreign-born Hispanics; 32% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11% of foreign-born Asian men; 43% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 34% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 24% of all black male newlyweds in 2010 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 36% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2010, compared with just 17% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. have nearly tripled since 1980 (6.7%) increasing to 14.6% in 2008 and 15.1% in 2010.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2010, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 14% in the South, 13% in the Northeast and 11% in the Midwest. | [] | [
"Census Bureau statistics",
"2010 Pew Research Center Report"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Asian and White | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | Marriages between European Americans and Asian Americans are increasingly common for both genders in the United States.
Asian Americans of both genders who are U.S.-raised are much more likely to be married to Whites than their non-U.S.-raised counterparts. A 1998 Washington Post article states 36% of young Asian Pacific American men born in the United States married White women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took White husbands during the year of publication.
The 1960 census showed Asian-White was the most common marriages. White women most common intermarriage pairings with Asian American was with Filipino males (12,000), followed by Indian males (11,200), followed by Japanese males (3,500) and Chinese males (3,500). For White males, the most common was with Japanese females (21,700), Indian females (17,500), followed by Filipina females (4,500) and Chinese females (2,900).
Anti-miscegenation laws discouraging marriages between Whites and non-Whites were affecting Asian immigrants and their spouses from the late 17th to early 20th century. By 1910, 28 states prohibited certain forms of interracial marriage. Eight states including Arizona, California, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas, and Utah extended their prohibitions to include people of Asian descent. The laws of Arizona, California, Mississippi, Texas, and Utah referred to "Mongolians". Asians in California were barred by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying White Americans (a group including Hispanic Americans). Nevada and Oregon referred to "Chinese," while Montana listed both "Chinese" and "Japanese" persons. For example, a Eurasian daughter born to an Indian father and Irish mother in Maryland in 1680 was classified as a "mulato" and sold into slavery, and the Bengali revolutionary Tarak Nath Das's white American wife, Mary K. Das, was stripped of her American citizenship for her marriage to an "alien ineligible for citizenship."
In 1918, there was controversy in Arizona when an Indian farmer married the sixteen-year-old daughter of one of his White tenants. California law did not explicitly bar Filipinos and whites from marrying, a fact brought to wide public attention by the 1933 California Supreme Court case Roldan v. Los Angeles County; however, the legislature quickly moved to amend the laws to prohibit such marriages as well in the aftermath of the case. Virginia in addition implicitly forbade marriage between white and Asians in the 1924 Racial Integrity Act, which banned marriages between whites and people who had "a trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian" except for people with 1/16 or less Native American ancestry.
Research conducted in the late 1970s in Los Angeles County, California, showed Japanese were, on average, more likely to marry outside of their race compared to Chinese and Koreans in the county. In 1979, 41.2% of Chinese marriages had a spouse of a different race. Koreans had a 27.6% rate of interracial marriages, and Japanese had a rate of 60.6%. The research also showed that, among Asians living in the United States, the percentage of women who married outside their race was higher than the percentage of men. Specifically, Korean-American women are involved in a higher percent of interracial marriages than Chinese or Japanese women. The research considered marriages to other Asians outside a person's ethnicity to be interracial marriages, for example, a Korean marrying a Japanese person. | [
"Wedding cake1.jpg"
] | [
"Interracial marriage by pairing",
"Asian and White"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Black and White | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | In the United States, there has been a historical disparity between Black female and Black male exogamy ratios: according to the United States Census Bureau, there were 354,000 White female/Black male and 196,000 Black female/White male marriages in March 2009, representing a ratio of 181:100. This traditional disparity has seen a rapid decline over the last two decades, contrasted with its peak in 1981 when the ratio was still 371:100. In 2007, 4.6% of all married Blacks in the United States were wed to a White partner, and 0.4% of all Whites were married to a Black partner.The role of gender in interracial divorce dynamics, found in social studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King, was highlighted when examining marital instability among Black/White unions. White wife/Black husband marriages show twice the divorce rate of White wife/White husband couples by the 10th year of marriage, whereas Black wife/White husband marriages are 44% less likely to end in divorce than White wife/White husband couples over the same period.
According to Census Bureau data, in 1985 black men participated in 143,000 interracial marriages (approximately 3% of all married black men in the U.S.).
Historically, mixed-race offspring of black and white people such as mulattos and quadroons were often denominated to whichever race was the minority, an example of the "one-drop rule", as a way to maintain the racial hierarchy. When slavery was legal, most mixed children came from an African American mother and white father. Relations between an African American man and white woman were deeply frowned upon, often due to the frequent portrayal of the men as sexual dangers. (By the 1970s, intermarriages flipped to be more common between a white woman and African American man). Once slavery was abolished, intermarriage was more common among higher educated and more affluent African Americans. There became a balance between racial prestige and socioeconomic prestige in intermarriages. Intermarriage between African Americans and whites was seen as the ultimate objective of integrationism. They believed these intermarriages were the solution to racism and discrimination.
The 1960 and 1970 censuses showed that interracial marriage between black people and white people was least likely to occur in the South and most likely to occur in the West, specifically the West coast. In the 1960 census, 0.8% of black women and 0.6% of black men in the South were married to a white person. Ten years later, 0.5% of black women and 0.5% of black men in the South were married to a white person. By contrast, in the western U.S., 1.6% of black women and 2.1% of black men had white spouses in the 1960 census; the comparable figures in the 1970 census were 1.6% of black women and 4.9% of black men. In the 1980 census, the percentage of black men in the western U.S. in interracial marriages had increased to 16.5%. However, in 2020, births between blacks and whites were much more common in the South than other regions with approximately half occurring there and were least common in the West due to the low black percentage. | [
"Robert De Niro Grace Hightower VF 2012 Shankbone 2.JPG"
] | [
"Interracial marriage by pairing",
"Black and White"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Native American and Asian | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | Filipino Americans have frequently married Native American and Alaskan Native people. In the 17th century, when Filipinos were under Spanish rule, the Spanish colonists ensured a Filipino trade between the Philippines and the Americas. When the Mexicans revolted against the Spanish, the Filipinos first escaped into Mexico, then traveled to Louisiana, where the exclusively male Filipinos married Native American women. In the 1920s, Filipino American communities of workers also grew in Alaska, and Filipino American men married Alaskan Native women. On the west coast, Filipino Americans married Native American women in Bainbridge Island, Washington. | [] | [
"Interracial marriage by pairing",
"Native American and Asian"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Asian and Black | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | With African Americans and Asian Americans, the ratios are even further imbalanced, with roughly five times more Asian female/African male marriages than Asian male/African female marriages. However, C.N. Le estimated that among Asian Americans of the 1.5 generation and of the five largest Asian American ethnic groups this ratio narrows to approximately two to one. Even though the disparity between African American and Asian American interracial marriages by gender is high according to the 2000 US Census, the total numbers of Asian American/African American interracial marriages are low, numbering only 0.22% percent for Asian American male marriages and 1.30% percent of Asian female marriages, partially contributed by the recent flux of Asian immigrants.
Historically, Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many Chinese Americans immigrated to the Southern states, particularly Arkansas, to work on plantations. The tenth year of US Census of Louisiana alone had counted 57% of interracial marriages between these Chinese Americans to be with African Americans and 43% to be with European American women. After the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese American men had fewer potential ethnically Chinese wives, so they increasingly married African American women on the West Coast. In Jamaica and other Caribbean nations as well many Chinese males over past generations took up African wives, gradually assimilating or absorbing many Chinese descendants into the African Caribbean community or the overall mixed-race community. | [] | [
"Interracial marriage by pairing",
"Asian and Black"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Native American and White | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | The interracial disparity between genders among Native Americans is low. Women are slightly more likely to “marry out” than men in this group: 61% of American Indian female newlyweds married outside their race, compared with 54% of American Indian male newlyweds.
Historically in Latin America, and to a lesser degree in the United States, Native Americans have married out at a high rate. Many countries in Latin America have large Mestizo populations; in many cases, mestizos are the largest ethnic group in their respective countries. | [] | [
"Interracial marriage by pairing",
"Native American and White"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Native American and Black | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | In the United States, interracial unions between Native Americans and African Americans have also existed throughout the 16th through early 20th century resulting in some African Americans having Native American heritage.
Throughout American history, there has been frequent mixing between Native Americans and black Africans. When Native Americans invaded the European colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1622, they killed the Europeans but took the African slaves as captives, gradually integrating them. Interracial relationships occurred between African Americans and members of other tribes along coastal states. During the transitional period of Africans becoming the primary race enslaved, Native Americans were sometimes enslaved with them. Africans and Native Americans worked together, some even intermarried and had mixed children. The relationship between Africans and Native-Americans was seen as a threat to Europeans and European-Americans, who actively tried to divide Native-Americans and Africans and put them against each other.
During the 18th Century, some Native American women turned to freed or runaway African men due to a major decline in the male population in Native American villages. At the same time, the early slave population in America was disproportionately male. Records show that some Native American women bought African men as slaves. Unknown to European sellers, the women freed and married the men into their tribe.
Some African men chose Native American women as their partners because their children would be free, as the child's status followed that of the mother. The men could marry into some of the matrilineal tribes and be accepted, as their children were still considered to belong to the mother's people. As European expansion increased in the Southeast, African and Native American marriages became more numerous. | [] | [
"Interracial marriage by pairing",
"Native American and Black"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Public opinion | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | Historically, interracial marriage in the United States was subject to great public opposition (often a taboo), especially among whites. According to opinion polls, by 1986 only one third of Americans approved of interracial marriage in general. In contrast, in 2011, the vast majority of Americans approved of marriages between different races in general, while just 20 years earlier, in 1991, less than half approved.
It was only in 1994 when more than half of Americans approved of such marriages in general. The approval/disapproval rate differs between demographic groups (for example by race, gender, age, and socioeconomic and marital status).
A 2018 YouGov/Economist poll found that 17% of Americans oppose interracial marriage; with 19% of "other" ethnic groups, 18% of blacks, 17% of whites, and 15% of Hispanics opposing.
Attitudes towards interracial marriage can vary depending upon the race of the union and the person judging them - for example, black women expressed less approval for black men-white women marriages than the reverse, and Asian men less approval of white men-Asian women marriages than the reverse, seemingly due to concerns over mate competition. | [
"Public opinion of interracial marriage in the United States.png"
] | [
"Public opinion"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Marriage squeeze | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | A term has arisen to describe the social phenomenon of the so-called "marriage squeeze" for African American females. The "marriage squeeze" refers to the perception that the most "eligible" and "desirable" African American men are marrying non-African American women at a higher rate, leaving African American women who wish to marry African American men with fewer partnering options. According to Newsweek, 43% of African American women between the ages of 30 and 34 have never been married. | [] | [
"Relevant fields",
"Marriage squeeze"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Religion and interracial marriage | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | Historically, many American religions disapproved of interracial marriage. Religious tradition and church attendance are consistent predictors for attitudes towards interracial marriages. Biblical literalists are less likely to support interracial marriage to Asians and Latinos. Whites who attend multiracial congregations or engage in devotional religious practices are more likely to support interracial marriages. Region also moderates the relationship between religion and interracial dating. Children with a religious upbringing in non-Western states, particularly the South, were less likely to have interracially dated than those without religious upbringings. Religious attitudes combined with Christian nationalism increased opposition to intermarriage more than either attribute measured independently.
According to a Baylor University study "people with no religious affiliation were not statistically more likely to be in intermarriages than evangelical or mainline Protestants or people from other religions" with one exception, Catholics. Catholics were twice as likely to be in an interracial marriage than the general population. It is speculated that the reason for this is twofold: the increasing diversity of the Catholic population (which has seen a huge influx of immigrants, Catholicism has sizable to significant number of adherents from many nationalities worldwide) and the fact that Catholics typically base their choice of parish on geography rather than on its ethnic or racial makeup which creates more opportunities for interracial mixing. Jews were also more likely to date interracially than Protestants.
Some religions actively teach against interracial marriages. For example, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints recommends against interracial marriages, but does not prohibit it. On the other hand, the Baháʼí Faith promotes interracial marriage as a prerequisite to achieving world peace.
Even into the twentieth century, marriage between subcultures of Judaism was rare. Eastern European Jews were the most analyzed subgroup due to having the largest presence in the U.S. During 1908–1912, only 2.27% of Jews in New York City were part of an intermarriage. This figure only rose to 3.6% by 1919. Despite enjoying new freedom in America after escaping the oppression of the Old World, some Jews were still hesitant about interfaith marriage. One of the greatest factors that swayed Jews away from intermarriage was a fear of assimilation and loss of identity. Although the beginnings of a melting pot culture appeared to encourage diversity, it was also seen as a threat to the Jewish culture and religion. However, there was also fear of persecution due to racial tensions and frequent discrimination.
Not all Jews were hesitant about assimilating into American culture. Some early Jewish authors such as Mary Antin were strong proponents of abandoning their Jewish heritage and encouraged interfaith marriage. It was suggested as a way to make immigration easier and reflect positively on the Jews in a time of prevailing discrimination. They believed that intermarriage was beneficial to both the Jewish community and America as a whole.
While intermarriage was relatively common among ethnic groups like the German and Italians, the practice of endogamy was still the domineering practice among the newer ethnic groups. It has been found that rates in Jewish intermarriage increase from the initial immigrant wave with each subsequent generation. | [] | [
"Relevant fields",
"Religion and interracial marriage"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Immigrants and interracial marriage | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | Racial endogamy is significantly stronger among recent immigrants. This result holds for all racial groups, with the strongest endogamy found among immigrants of African descent. Gender differences in interracial marriage change significantly when the non-white partner is an immigrant. For instance, female immigrants of Chinese descent are more likely to marry U.S.-born Caucasians than are their male counterparts. | [] | [
"Relevant fields",
"Immigrants and interracial marriage"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Interracial marriage versus cohabitation | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | In the United States, rates of interracial cohabitation are significantly higher than those of marriage. Although only 7% of married African American men have European American wives, 12.5% of cohabitating African American men have European American partners. 25% of married Asian American women have European spouses, but 45% of cohabitating Asian American women are with European American men—higher than the percentage cohabiting with Asian men (less than 43%).
Of cohabiting Asian men, slightly over 37% of Asian men have white female partners and over 10% married to white women. These numbers suggest that the prevalence of intimate interracial contact is around double that of what is represented by marriage data. | [] | [
"Relevant fields",
"Interracial marriage versus cohabitation"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-23574353-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | See also | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. | Same-sex marriage in the United States
Hispanic and Latino Americans#Intermarriage
Multiracial American
Race (United States Census) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Interracial marriage in the United States"
] |
projected-56567093-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrena%20erythrogaster | Andrena erythrogaster | Introduction | Andrena erythrogaster, the red-bellied miner bee, is a species of miner bee native to North America. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Andrena"
] | |
projected-56567093-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrena%20erythrogaster | Andrena erythrogaster | References | Andrena erythrogaster, the red-bellied miner bee, is a species of miner bee native to North America. | erythrogaster | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Andrena"
] |
projected-56567101-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelioxys%20banksi | Coelioxys banksi | Introduction | Coelioxys banksi is a species of leafcutter, mason, and resin bees in the family Megachilidae. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Coelioxys",
"Insects described in 1914"
] | |
projected-56567101-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelioxys%20banksi | Coelioxys banksi | Further reading | Coelioxys banksi is a species of leafcutter, mason, and resin bees in the family Megachilidae. | banksi
Category:Insects described in 1914 | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Coelioxys",
"Insects described in 1914"
] |
projected-44497236-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki%20University%20Library | Helsinki University Library | Introduction | The Helsinki University Library () is the largest multidisciplinary university library in Finland. It was established on 1 January 2010. The Helsinki University Library is an independent institute of the University of Helsinki and open to all information seekers.
The Helsinki University Library includes the Main Library in the Kaisa House, Kumpula, Meilahti and Viikki Campus Libraries, as well as internal library services. The library offers information and library services in the fields of science of all four campuses of the University of Helsinki. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"University of Helsinki",
"Libraries in Finland",
"2010 establishments in Finland"
] | |
projected-44497236-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki%20University%20Library | Helsinki University Library | Key information | The Helsinki University Library () is the largest multidisciplinary university library in Finland. It was established on 1 January 2010. The Helsinki University Library is an independent institute of the University of Helsinki and open to all information seekers.
The Helsinki University Library includes the Main Library in the Kaisa House, Kumpula, Meilahti and Viikki Campus Libraries, as well as internal library services. The library offers information and library services in the fields of science of all four campuses of the University of Helsinki. | About 1.9 million customers visit the Helsinki University Library annually. There are about 40,400 active borrowers per year, and of them 11,000 are new customers.
Everyone has the right to use the library, and persons over the age of 15 who live in Finland have the right to borrow books. Electronic materials are available for use to all customers in the library facilities and for the university community also online.
The library offers its customers wide collections of printed and electronic materials. There are altogether about 73.5 shelf-kilometres of printed books and journals. Printed materials are borrowed and renewed altogether 2.6 million times annually. There are about 33,000 licensed electronic journals and 356,000 electronic books available.
The Meilahti Campus Library Terkko is the WHO Documentation Center in Finland. One of the European Documentation Centres in Finland is located in the Main Library in the Kaisa House.
The Embassy of the United States to Finland maintains the American Resource Center, which operates in connection with the Helsinki University Library at the Kaisa House. | [] | [
"Key information"
] | [
"University of Helsinki",
"Libraries in Finland",
"2010 establishments in Finland"
] |
projected-44497236-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki%20University%20Library | Helsinki University Library | Sources | The Helsinki University Library () is the largest multidisciplinary university library in Finland. It was established on 1 January 2010. The Helsinki University Library is an independent institute of the University of Helsinki and open to all information seekers.
The Helsinki University Library includes the Main Library in the Kaisa House, Kumpula, Meilahti and Viikki Campus Libraries, as well as internal library services. The library offers information and library services in the fields of science of all four campuses of the University of Helsinki. | Helsinki University Library Website
Helsinki University Library Annual Report 2013 | [] | [
"Sources"
] | [
"University of Helsinki",
"Libraries in Finland",
"2010 establishments in Finland"
] |
projected-44497257-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20Audit%20Service | Internal Audit Service | Introduction | The Internal Audit Service is the title of several government bodies responsible for internal audit: | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-44497257-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20Audit%20Service | Internal Audit Service | Philippines | The Internal Audit Service is the title of several government bodies responsible for internal audit: | At the Department of the Interior and Local Government
At the Department of Health (Philippines)
At the Department of Budget and Management
At the Department of National Defense (Philippines)
At the Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines) | [] | [
"Philippines"
] | [] |
projected-44497257-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20Audit%20Service | Internal Audit Service | Elsewhere | The Internal Audit Service is the title of several government bodies responsible for internal audit: | Internal Audit Service (European Commission)
At the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)
The United States Army Audit Agency
The South African Army Inspector-General | [] | [
"Elsewhere"
] | [] |
projected-44497257-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20Audit%20Service | Internal Audit Service | See also | The Internal Audit Service is the title of several government bodies responsible for internal audit: | Audit Commission (disambiguation), any of several national governments' internal audit bodies
Auditor general
Comptroller general (disambiguation) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-44497271-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroone%20House | Caroone House | Introduction | Caroone House was an office block at 14 Farringdon Street, London EC4, which was built in 1972 on the site of the Congregational Memorial Hall which had been demolished in 1968. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1972 establishments in England",
"British Telecom buildings and structures",
"Buildings and structures demolished in 2004",
"Demolished buildings and structures in London",
"Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden",
"History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom",
"Office ... | |
projected-44497271-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroone%20House | Caroone House | History of Site | Caroone House was an office block at 14 Farringdon Street, London EC4, which was built in 1972 on the site of the Congregational Memorial Hall which had been demolished in 1968. | The Memorial Hall and Caroone House were built on the site of the old Fleet Prison. The prison was burnt down during the Great Fire of London and while the prison was being rebuilt, the prisoners were relocated to Caron House, South Lambeth, a large mansion house which had been built by Noel de Caron the Netherlands ambassador to England in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. In 1685 Caron House was demolished but the name survived and in the 19th century there was a "Carroun House" on the estate - which has been known as Vauxhall Park since 1890. As a consequence of this rich history, "Caroone House" was adopted as an appropriate name for the new building in Farringdon Street.
A Greater London Council plaque commemorating the foundation of the Labour Party at the Memorial Hall in 1900 was displayed at the main entrance to Caroone House. | [] | [
"History of Site"
] | [
"1972 establishments in England",
"British Telecom buildings and structures",
"Buildings and structures demolished in 2004",
"Demolished buildings and structures in London",
"Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden",
"History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom",
"Office ... |
projected-44497271-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroone%20House | Caroone House | BT | Caroone House was an office block at 14 Farringdon Street, London EC4, which was built in 1972 on the site of the Congregational Memorial Hall which had been demolished in 1968. | The building was used by Post Office Telecommunications - from 1981 British Telecom (BT) - as the headquarters for its Post Office International Telephones division (designated as ITp) for operating their international business and for telephone tapping. Among other things it was the HQ for managing the operation of ITps International Control Centres (ICCs) in London, Brighton and Glasgow. It was also HQ for what was, at the time, the world's largest international telecoms exchange located on the site of the old Stag Lane Aerodrome in Edgware. The Stag Lane exchange was later superseded by BTs new international switching centre (ISC) at Mondial House. | [] | [
"BT"
] | [
"1972 establishments in England",
"British Telecom buildings and structures",
"Buildings and structures demolished in 2004",
"Demolished buildings and structures in London",
"Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden",
"History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom",
"Office ... |
projected-44497271-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroone%20House | Caroone House | Closure | Caroone House was an office block at 14 Farringdon Street, London EC4, which was built in 1972 on the site of the Congregational Memorial Hall which had been demolished in 1968. | In 2001 Caroone House was purchased by The British Land Company plc for £24.5 million. The building was demolished in 2004 to be replaced by the Ludgate West development. British Land commenced construction in 2005 with completion in 2007 and today 5 Fleet Place stands on the site. The Labour Party plaque has been reinstated on the wall of the redevelopment. | [] | [
"Closure"
] | [
"1972 establishments in England",
"British Telecom buildings and structures",
"Buildings and structures demolished in 2004",
"Demolished buildings and structures in London",
"Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden",
"History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom",
"Office ... |
projected-44497271-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroone%20House | Caroone House | References | Caroone House was an office block at 14 Farringdon Street, London EC4, which was built in 1972 on the site of the Congregational Memorial Hall which had been demolished in 1968. | Category:1972 establishments in England
Category:British Telecom buildings and structures
Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2004
Category:Demolished buildings and structures in London
Category:Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
Category:History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Category:Office buildings completed in 1972
Category:Office buildings in London
Category:Telephone exchange buildings
Category:Telephone tapping | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1972 establishments in England",
"British Telecom buildings and structures",
"Buildings and structures demolished in 2004",
"Demolished buildings and structures in London",
"Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden",
"History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom",
"Office ... |
projected-06900978-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Serrano%20%28flamenco%29 | Juan Serrano (flamenco) | Introduction | Dr. Juan Serrano Rodríguez is spanish guitarist of flamenco who has played concerts and made recordings throughout the world. He has devoted much of his life to giving concerts and teaching flamenco guitar around the world.
Serrano was born in Córdoba, Spain in 1934 At the age of 9, he studied guitar with his father, Antonio el del Lunar, a professional guitarist. Serrano made his professional debut at age 13, and soon earned a reputation throughout Spain and Europe as a gifted musician. He performed and recorded with flamenco musical, dance, and theatrical companies. At this time Serrano also started his solo career. His home town of Córdoba was so proud of his accomplishments that they replaced the bell in the town clock with recordings of his guitar playing.
In 1961 Serrano accepted an invitation to come to America and perform on The Ed Sullivan Show. The success of this performance led to numerous solo flamenco guitar concerts and more TV appearances, then a recording contract with Elektra Records, who released his US debut album "Ole, la mano!" in 1962. The New York Times said Serrano had "ten dexterous fingers that often sound like twenty... a breathtaking technician who can wring rhythmic dance fury out of fandangos and zapateados. He is a lyric sentamentalist, who can make the strings cry." Serrano made the US his home, where he achieved renown as an instructor. In Feb. 1968 he was the featured cover-photo artist for Guitar Player magazine.
Along with others such as Sabicas and Mario Escudero, Serrano's virtuosity helped establish solo flamenco guitar as a viable concert instrument beyond the borders of Spain.
He developed the guitar program at California State University, Fresno and headed the guitar department until his retirement. In addition to his teaching duties, Serrano is much sought after as a performer, for master classes and as a guest lecturer on the history of Flamenco. Serrano is the only flamenco guitarist in the world with a doctorate in humane letters and a tenured faculty position at a major university.
Córdoba also awarded Serrano the "Potro de Oro". This prestigious honor is awarded once every ten years; Serrano and Paco Peña are the only guitarists ever to be so honored. Serrano received the Page One Ball from the Newspaper Guild of New York for his outstanding performances. He was also awarded the Medalla de Oro from the Spanish Academy of Fine Arts, the Catedra de Flamencologia from Jerez, Spain, and an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. The city of Fresno has bestowed on Serrano the "Fabulous Fresnan" and "Horizon" awards.
Juan Serrano currently lives in Longwood, Florida
Authored several guitar instruction books for Mel Bay Publications, including:
Flamenco Guitar: Basic Techniques (1994)
Juan Serrano, Flamenco Concert Selections (1994)
Guitar Solos (1994)
Sabor Flamenco (1995)
Systematic Studies for Flamenco Guitar: A Falsetas Anthology and videos Flamenco Guitar (1995)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Guitar Basic Techniques (1996)
Juan Serrano - King of the Flamenco Guitar (1997)
Flamenco Tradition, Part 1 (1997)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Guitar Solos (2000)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Concert Selections (2000)
Systematic Studies for Flamenco Guitar (2002)
Juan Serrano: The Flamenco Tradition (2003)
Juan Serrano Flamenco Guitar (2003)
Flamenco Guitar Wall Chart (2003)
Juan Serrano, The Art of Accompanying Flamenco Dance (2007)
Flamenco Classical Guitar Tradition, Volume 1
A Technical Guitar Method and Introduction to Music (2009)
Awarded the Medalla de Oro from the Spanish Academy of Fine Arts, the Catedra de Flamencologia from Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Spanish flamenco guitarists",
"Spanish male guitarists",
"Living people",
"1935 births",
"People from Córdoba, Spain",
"Spanish emigrants to the United States",
"California State University, Fresno faculty",
"Flamenco guitarists",
"Guitarists from California",
"20th-century American guitarists",
... | |
projected-06900978-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Serrano%20%28flamenco%29 | Juan Serrano (flamenco) | Recordings | Dr. Juan Serrano Rodríguez is spanish guitarist of flamenco who has played concerts and made recordings throughout the world. He has devoted much of his life to giving concerts and teaching flamenco guitar around the world.
Serrano was born in Córdoba, Spain in 1934 At the age of 9, he studied guitar with his father, Antonio el del Lunar, a professional guitarist. Serrano made his professional debut at age 13, and soon earned a reputation throughout Spain and Europe as a gifted musician. He performed and recorded with flamenco musical, dance, and theatrical companies. At this time Serrano also started his solo career. His home town of Córdoba was so proud of his accomplishments that they replaced the bell in the town clock with recordings of his guitar playing.
In 1961 Serrano accepted an invitation to come to America and perform on The Ed Sullivan Show. The success of this performance led to numerous solo flamenco guitar concerts and more TV appearances, then a recording contract with Elektra Records, who released his US debut album "Ole, la mano!" in 1962. The New York Times said Serrano had "ten dexterous fingers that often sound like twenty... a breathtaking technician who can wring rhythmic dance fury out of fandangos and zapateados. He is a lyric sentamentalist, who can make the strings cry." Serrano made the US his home, where he achieved renown as an instructor. In Feb. 1968 he was the featured cover-photo artist for Guitar Player magazine.
Along with others such as Sabicas and Mario Escudero, Serrano's virtuosity helped establish solo flamenco guitar as a viable concert instrument beyond the borders of Spain.
He developed the guitar program at California State University, Fresno and headed the guitar department until his retirement. In addition to his teaching duties, Serrano is much sought after as a performer, for master classes and as a guest lecturer on the history of Flamenco. Serrano is the only flamenco guitarist in the world with a doctorate in humane letters and a tenured faculty position at a major university.
Córdoba also awarded Serrano the "Potro de Oro". This prestigious honor is awarded once every ten years; Serrano and Paco Peña are the only guitarists ever to be so honored. Serrano received the Page One Ball from the Newspaper Guild of New York for his outstanding performances. He was also awarded the Medalla de Oro from the Spanish Academy of Fine Arts, the Catedra de Flamencologia from Jerez, Spain, and an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. The city of Fresno has bestowed on Serrano the "Fabulous Fresnan" and "Horizon" awards.
Juan Serrano currently lives in Longwood, Florida
Authored several guitar instruction books for Mel Bay Publications, including:
Flamenco Guitar: Basic Techniques (1994)
Juan Serrano, Flamenco Concert Selections (1994)
Guitar Solos (1994)
Sabor Flamenco (1995)
Systematic Studies for Flamenco Guitar: A Falsetas Anthology and videos Flamenco Guitar (1995)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Guitar Basic Techniques (1996)
Juan Serrano - King of the Flamenco Guitar (1997)
Flamenco Tradition, Part 1 (1997)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Guitar Solos (2000)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Concert Selections (2000)
Systematic Studies for Flamenco Guitar (2002)
Juan Serrano: The Flamenco Tradition (2003)
Juan Serrano Flamenco Guitar (2003)
Flamenco Guitar Wall Chart (2003)
Juan Serrano, The Art of Accompanying Flamenco Dance (2007)
Flamenco Classical Guitar Tradition, Volume 1
A Technical Guitar Method and Introduction to Music (2009)
Awarded the Medalla de Oro from the Spanish Academy of Fine Arts, the Catedra de Flamencologia from Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. | Ole, La Mano! (1962)
Flamenco Fenómeno (1963)
Live at The Worlds Fair (1964)
Bravo, Serrano! (1964)
Popular music of Spain and the Old World (1965)
Cante Hondo
Fiesta Flamenca (1965)
Sabor Flamenco (1991)
Two tracks from this recording ("Entre Olas" and "Gorrión") are featured in the soundtrack for the 2008 Woody Allen film Vicky Cristina Barcelona.
Masters of Flamenco, Volumes 1-5 (1994)
The Art of the Flamenco Guitar
Flamenco Festival (1994)
Grandes Guitarras (1995)
Flamenco Guitar (1995) | [] | [
"Recordings"
] | [
"Spanish flamenco guitarists",
"Spanish male guitarists",
"Living people",
"1935 births",
"People from Córdoba, Spain",
"Spanish emigrants to the United States",
"California State University, Fresno faculty",
"Flamenco guitarists",
"Guitarists from California",
"20th-century American guitarists",
... |
projected-06900978-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Serrano%20%28flamenco%29 | Juan Serrano (flamenco) | References | Dr. Juan Serrano Rodríguez is spanish guitarist of flamenco who has played concerts and made recordings throughout the world. He has devoted much of his life to giving concerts and teaching flamenco guitar around the world.
Serrano was born in Córdoba, Spain in 1934 At the age of 9, he studied guitar with his father, Antonio el del Lunar, a professional guitarist. Serrano made his professional debut at age 13, and soon earned a reputation throughout Spain and Europe as a gifted musician. He performed and recorded with flamenco musical, dance, and theatrical companies. At this time Serrano also started his solo career. His home town of Córdoba was so proud of his accomplishments that they replaced the bell in the town clock with recordings of his guitar playing.
In 1961 Serrano accepted an invitation to come to America and perform on The Ed Sullivan Show. The success of this performance led to numerous solo flamenco guitar concerts and more TV appearances, then a recording contract with Elektra Records, who released his US debut album "Ole, la mano!" in 1962. The New York Times said Serrano had "ten dexterous fingers that often sound like twenty... a breathtaking technician who can wring rhythmic dance fury out of fandangos and zapateados. He is a lyric sentamentalist, who can make the strings cry." Serrano made the US his home, where he achieved renown as an instructor. In Feb. 1968 he was the featured cover-photo artist for Guitar Player magazine.
Along with others such as Sabicas and Mario Escudero, Serrano's virtuosity helped establish solo flamenco guitar as a viable concert instrument beyond the borders of Spain.
He developed the guitar program at California State University, Fresno and headed the guitar department until his retirement. In addition to his teaching duties, Serrano is much sought after as a performer, for master classes and as a guest lecturer on the history of Flamenco. Serrano is the only flamenco guitarist in the world with a doctorate in humane letters and a tenured faculty position at a major university.
Córdoba also awarded Serrano the "Potro de Oro". This prestigious honor is awarded once every ten years; Serrano and Paco Peña are the only guitarists ever to be so honored. Serrano received the Page One Ball from the Newspaper Guild of New York for his outstanding performances. He was also awarded the Medalla de Oro from the Spanish Academy of Fine Arts, the Catedra de Flamencologia from Jerez, Spain, and an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. The city of Fresno has bestowed on Serrano the "Fabulous Fresnan" and "Horizon" awards.
Juan Serrano currently lives in Longwood, Florida
Authored several guitar instruction books for Mel Bay Publications, including:
Flamenco Guitar: Basic Techniques (1994)
Juan Serrano, Flamenco Concert Selections (1994)
Guitar Solos (1994)
Sabor Flamenco (1995)
Systematic Studies for Flamenco Guitar: A Falsetas Anthology and videos Flamenco Guitar (1995)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Guitar Basic Techniques (1996)
Juan Serrano - King of the Flamenco Guitar (1997)
Flamenco Tradition, Part 1 (1997)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Guitar Solos (2000)
Juan Serrano - Flamenco Concert Selections (2000)
Systematic Studies for Flamenco Guitar (2002)
Juan Serrano: The Flamenco Tradition (2003)
Juan Serrano Flamenco Guitar (2003)
Flamenco Guitar Wall Chart (2003)
Juan Serrano, The Art of Accompanying Flamenco Dance (2007)
Flamenco Classical Guitar Tradition, Volume 1
A Technical Guitar Method and Introduction to Music (2009)
Awarded the Medalla de Oro from the Spanish Academy of Fine Arts, the Catedra de Flamencologia from Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. | Category:Spanish flamenco guitarists
Category:Spanish male guitarists
Category:Living people
Category:1935 births
Category:People from Córdoba, Spain
Category:Spanish emigrants to the United States
Category:California State University, Fresno faculty
Category:Flamenco guitarists
Category:Guitarists from California
Category:20th-century American guitarists
Category:20th-century American male musicians
Category:American male guitarists | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Spanish flamenco guitarists",
"Spanish male guitarists",
"Living people",
"1935 births",
"People from Córdoba, Spain",
"Spanish emigrants to the United States",
"California State University, Fresno faculty",
"Flamenco guitarists",
"Guitarists from California",
"20th-century American guitarists",
... |
projected-17329949-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Introduction | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | [
"F-16 Fighting Falcon (37288724065).jpg"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] | |
projected-17329949-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Training in the United States | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | The squadron was first organized as the 393d Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California, on 15 July 1943, as one of the original squadrons of the 367th Fighter Group. Several members of its initial cadre were former Flying Tigers with prior combat experience. It was not until late August, however, that the group received its first Bell P-39 Airacobra. After building up its strength, the squadron moved in October to Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California. In December group headquarters and the squadron moved to Oakland Municipal Airport, while the other squadrons of the group were at other locations in northern California. The squadron moved temporarily to Tonopah Army Air Field, Nevada, where it performed dive bombing and gunnery training. Training accidents with the Bell P-39 Airacobra cost several pilots their lives. In January 1944, as it prepared for overseas movement, the 393d was beefed up with personnel from the 328th and 368th Fighter Groups. The squadron staged through Camp Shanks, and sailed for England aboard the . The "Drunken Duchess" docked at Greenock, Scotland on 3 April and the group was transported by train to its airfield at RAF Stoney Cross, England. | [
"Airacobra Bell P-39D (16114458896).jpg"
] | [
"History",
"World War II",
"Training in the United States"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | P-38 transition and combat operations from England | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | Having trained on single engine aircraft, the squadrons's pilots were surprised to find Lockheed P-38 Lightnings sitting on Stoney Cross's dispersal pads. Only members of the advance party had any experience flying the Lightning. These pilots had flown combat sorties with the 55th Fighter Group. The change from single engine to twin engine aircraft required considerable retraining for both pilots and ground crew. Although some pilots entered combat with as little as eight hours of flying time on the P-38, in late April the squadron was reinforced by pilots who had trained on the Lightning in the States and were more experienced on the type. However, the lack of instrument training in the P-38 took its toll on the 393d as weather, not enemy action, caused the loss of pilots and airplanes.
On 9 May, the squadron flew its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Alençon. For the remainer of the month, the unit flew fighter sweeps, bomber escort and dive bombing, missions and suffered its first combat losses.
On D-Day and the next three days the squadron flew missions maintaining air cover over shipping carrying invasion troops. These missions continued for the next three days. The 393d and other P-38 units stationed in England were selected for these missions with the expectation that the distinctive silhouette of the Lightning would prevent potential friendly fire incidents by anti-aircraft gunners mistaking them for enemy fighters. Shortly after the Normandy invasion, on 12 June, the 367th Group was selected to test the ability of the P-38 to carry a 2,000 lb bomb under each wing. The selected target was a railroad yard, and results were mixed. However, on this mission, the squadron scored its first air-to-air victory when Lts James Pinkerton and James Mason teamed up to shoot down a Messerschmitt Me 410 flying near the assigned target.
By mid June German ground forces had withdrawn to defend a perimeter around Cherbourg Harbour, a major port whose capture had become more important to the allies with the destruction of Mulberry A, one of the artificial harbors constructed near the Normandy beachhead. An attack by VII Corps on 22 June was to be preceded by low level bombing and strafing attack by IX Fighter Command. Briefed by intelligence to expect a "milk run" The 394th flew at low altitude through what turned out to be a heavily defended area. Within two to three minutes after beginning the attack the squadron lost five pilots. Seven group pilots were killed in action. Nearly all surviving aircraft received battle damage and the entire 367th Group was out of action for several days.
Ninth Air Force moved its medium bomber forces to bases closer to the Continent in July, so they would be able to strike targets near the expanding front in France. The 387th Bombardment Group was moved to Stoney Cross, forcing the 394th to vacate their station and move the short distance to RAF Ibsley. From Ibsley the group struck railroads, marshaling yards, and trains to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the front during Operation Cobra, the Allied breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July 1944. | [
"P-38-394fs-367fg.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"World War II",
"P-38 transition and combat operations from England"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Operations on the European Continent | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | Starting on 19 July, the 367th Group's forward echelon crossed the English Channel to take up stations in Normandy. Group headquarters shared Beuzeville Airfield with the 371st Fighter Group, while the 393d Squadron was at Cricqueville Airfield, advanced landing grounds made from pierced steel planking. After the breakout of ground forces in the Saint-Lô area, the squadron concentrated on close air support of General Patton's Third Army. In late August, the squadron attacked German Seventh Army convoys which, to prevent being surrounded, were withdrawing eastward from the Falaise pocket. Five convoys and 100 Tiger Tanks were destroyed on one day.
On 22 August the group attacked three Luftwaffe airfields near Laon. The 392d Fighter Squadron dive bombed and destroyed two hangars on one airfield but were jumped by twelve Focke-Wulf Fw 190s as they completed their attack. Eighteen Messerschmitt Me 109s and Fw 190s engaged the 393d as it reformed from its dive bomb run. After bombing its target, the 394th Fighter Squadron turned to reinforce the 392d. The squadrons of the 367th Group claimed fourteen enemy aircraft in total against a loss of one Lightning.
The 393d received a Distinguished Unit Citation when it returned to the Laon area three days later. That day, the 367th Group attacked Luftwaffe airfields at Clastres, Péronne and Rosières-en-Haye through an intense flak barrage. The group then engaged more than thirty Focke-Wulf 190 fighters that had just taken off. Group claims were 25 enemy aircraft destroyed, one probably destroyed and 17 damaged against the loss of 6 group aircraft. Then, despite a low fuel supply, the unit strafed a train and convoy after leaving the scene of battle. Captain Larry Blumer of the 393d destroyed five enemy aircraft becoming an ace on one mission. In the afternoon the squadron conducted a long range fighter sweep of more than 800 miles to airfields in the Dijon-Bordeaux area.
As Allied forces moved forward across France the squadron began leap-frogging to new bases. In early September they relocated at Peray Airfield, but moved again a week later to Clastres Airfield. From Clastres The 393d supported Operation Market-Garden by escorting troop carrier aircraft and attacking flak positions. For its attacks that fall, the squadron was cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgium Army.
In late October, as Ninth Air Force brought its medium bombers to bases in France, the 393d was bumped from its station for the second time by the 387th Bombardment Group, when it moved to Juvincourt Airfield, north of Reims. Juvincourt was a former Luftwaffe base with permanent facilities, in contrast to the advanced landing grounds where the squadron had been based since moving to France. The squadron attacked German strong points to aid the Allied push against the Siegfried Line throughout the fall of 1944.
The German Ardennes Offensive occurred as the holidays approached. A planned move to a field in Belgium was canceled. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 394th, after escorting C-47s on a resupply drop to encircled troops at Bastogne, conducted an armed reconnaissance of the Trier area. The group was engaged by Fw 190s and a 40-minute air battle ensued in which the group claimed eight destroyed, two probably destroyed and nine damaged. | [] | [
"History",
"World War II",
"P-38 transition and combat operations from England",
"Operations on the European Continent"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | Early in 1945 a desire to standardize the fighter-bombers in Ninth Air Force, the squadron transitioned into Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Pilots flew Lightings on combat missions while training at the same time with the Thunderbolt. The 393d was the first squadron of the 367th Group to fly a combat missions with the P-47s. Using the Thunderbolt the squadron was again cited in a Belgium Army Order of the Day, earning the Belgian Fourragere.
The 393d received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 19 March 1945. The 367th Group's target was the headquarters of Field Marshal Kesselring, the German Commander-ln-Chief, West, at Ziegenburg near Bad Nauheim, Germany. Aircraft of the leading 394th Fighter Squadron would attack at low level to achieve surprise, carrying a 1,000-pound bomb under each wing. The P-47s of the 392d Fighter Squadron would be similarly armed, but would dive bomb from a higher altitude. The bombs were equipped with time-delay fuses intended to crack the concrete roofs of the bunker. The 393d carried napalm intended to seep into the bunkers and burn what remained. The attack was scheduled for a time that intelligence reports indicated would find senior staff and commanders at lunch, the only time they would not be in the reinforced tunnels underneath the castle that housed the headquarters. The target was located in mountainous terrain well defended by antiaircraft artillery. Moreover, to avoid alerting the Germans to the pending attack, photographic reconnaissance aircraft had avoided the area, so detailed target photography was not available. The day of the attack the castle was concealed by ground haze which caused the 394th Fighter Squadron to stray off course at the last minute, preventing them from executing the attack as planned and reducing the element of surprise. Although senior German officers reached the underground bunkers and survived the attack, the group reduced the military complex to ruins, disrupting communications and the flow of intelligence at a critical time.
The squadron struck tanks, trucks, flak positions, and other objectives in support of the assault across the Rhine late in March and the final allied operations in Germany. It was commended by the commanding generals of XII Corps and the 11th Armored Division for the close air support the unit provided for their commands. On 10 April the squadron moved to Eschborn Airfield on the northwest side of Frankfurt, Germany. The 393d flew its last combat mission, a defensive patrol, one year after entering combat on 8 May. During its combat tour, the squadron was credited with 22.5 air-to-air victories over enemy aircraft. | [
"P-47D CO 367th FG 1944-45.jpg"
] | [
"Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Return to the United States and inactivation | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | All hostilities ceased the following day, exactly one year after the squadron became operational. On 4 June, the 367th Group led a flyby for General Weyland. On 1 July it was announced the 393d was to redeploy to the Pacific Theater after it was re-equipped with and trained with long range P-47Ns in preparation for Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. The squadron moved to Camp Detroit in France then to a staging area near Marseille. Here it boarded two ships, the , and the . When Japan surrendered, the Morton was diverted to Newport News, Virginia, while the Ericcson sailed for Staten Island, New York. Following leave for everyone, the few personnel that remained in the squadron after transfers and discharges reassembled at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, on 2 November and the 393d was inactivated there on 7 November 1945. | [] | [
"Return to the United States and inactivation"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Minnesota Air National Guard | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | The wartime 393d Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 179th Fighter Squadron and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Duluth Municipal Airport and was extended federal recognition on 17 September 1948. The squadron was equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 133d Fighter Group at Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis. | [
"F-51D Minnesota ANG in early 1950s.jpg"
] | [
"Minnesota Air National Guard"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Korean War activation | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | On 1 March 1951, the 179th was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. Shortly after activation it was redesignated the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and became part of Air Defense Command. On active duty it assumed an air defense mission and initially remained assigned to the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group at Duluth Municipal Airport. However, ADC experienced difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the 133d Group was inactivated and the squadron was reassigned to the 31st Air Division. The squadron was inactivated and returned to the control of the State of Minnesota on 1 December 1952. | [] | [
"Minnesota Air National Guard",
"Korean War activation"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Cold War | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | The unit was organized by 1 January 1953 and ADC became its gaining command upon call to active duty. It resumed its peacetime training mission. The squadron upgraded in 1954 to the radar equipped Lockheed F-94 Starfire all-weather interceptor, armed with .50 caliber machine guns. With this new aircraft, the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron became an all-weather interceptor unit. In 1957, the 179th again upgraded to the improved Northrop F-89C Scorpion then in 1959, the unit converted to the F-89J model of the Scorpion, which was not only equipped with data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, but which carried the nuclear armed AIR-2 Genie.
On 1 July 1960, the 179th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 148th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established along with supporting squadrons. The 179th became the new group's flying squadron. The other squadrons assigned to the group were the 148th Material Squadron, 148th Air Bse Squadron and the 148th USAF Dispensary. The same day, the squadron assumed a 24-hour air defense alert status at Duluth alongside the regular Air Force 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.
In 1967, the supersonic Convair F-102A Delta Dagger replaced the squadron's F-89J. The McDonnell F-101B Voodoo came aboard in April 1971 and remained until January 1976 when the unit was redesignated, becoming the 179th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron with McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II Mach-2 unarmed reconnaissance aircraft. Its new mission entailed all weather, high or low altitude, day or night, reconnaissance. This mission also required the unit to have the capability to deploy to a wide variety of operating locations. The 179th TRS deployed seven RF-4Cs to Erding Air Base in West Germany between 3 and 23 August 1979 as part of Exercise Coronet Bridle.
In October 1983, the mission changed again and the 179th returned to air defense becoming the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The return to alert and air defense was accompanied by the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II tactical fighter, most of the unit's aircraft being veterans of the Vietnam War. Between 1 March 1986 and 6 April 1987, three F-4Ds (65-0585, 65-0593 and 65-0648) from the 179th FIS were deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, alongside Phantoms of the 178th FIS and 194th FIS as part of Exercise Creek Klaxon, which saw the ANG units take QRA responsibilities while the 526th TFS converted to the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | [
"F-84F F-100D F-101B F-102A from ANG in flight c1970.JPEG",
"179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron McDonnell F-4D-26-MC Phantom 65-0608.jpg"
] | [
"Minnesota Air National Guard",
"Cold War"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Post-Cold War | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | On 10 March 1990, the 179th FIS received the first variants of the F-16A Fighting Falcon air defense fighter (ADF) to take over from the F-4D Phantom II. The early F-16 markings included "Duluth" on a tail stripe as well as an image of the Big Dipper. The last flight of a 179th FIS F-4D was under taken by 65-0608 on 17 April 1990. On 17 March 1992, the 179th was renamed the 179th Fighter Squadron. A few years later, in October 1995, the unit was tasked with maintaining a detachment (Detachment 1, 148th Fighter Wing), which maintained alert status at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.
To fit the needs of a shrinking air force, the squadron dropped the air superiority role and became a general purpose tactical fighter squadron. Already proficient in the air-to-air mission, the 179th had to be brought up to speed with both using guided and unguided bombs. Live bombs were dropped for the first time in March 2000 during a training exercise. Due to the role change, the squadron's base facilities also had to be renovated.
On 11 September 2001, the squadron became very busy as a result of the attack on the two World Trade Center towers in New York City. As an immediate aftermath, the 148th was again tasked with air defense, providing combat air patrols over the capital and New York City, and with deploying personnel and aircraft back to its detached alert facility at Tyndall.
Towards the end of 2003 the Bulldogs began conversion to the F-16C/D block 25. Most F-16A/Bs were retired straight to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center. During the course of the conversion, Detachment 1 at Tyndall was discontinued. With the newer Fighting Falcons, the squadron began combat deployments, sometimes operating as an expeditionary fighter squadron. As part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 179th was one of the first F-16 units to be based in Balad Air Base, Iraq. The 179th deployed more than 200 personnel between April and June 2005. The squadron was tasked with both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat operations. Another deployment to Balad was set up between September and December 2008.
On 27 April 2010, the squadron began another conversion being the first Air National Guard unit to operate the block 50 F-16C/D when five aircraft arrived from Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany when 22d and 23d Fighter Squadrons at Spangdahlem were replaced by the 480th Fighter Squadron, with the surplus aircraft going to the 179th. The majority of the block 25s were sent to retirement at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
Between April and July 2016, the 179th deployed to Osan Air Base, South Korea, as the 179th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, being replaced by the 157th Fighter Squadron. The 179th EFS deployed to Southwest Asia as part of Operation Inherent Resolve between April and August 2018, flying nearly 3,500 hours across over 600 sorties. From 1 to 12 April 2019, the 179th FS deployed to Leeuwarden Air Base in the Netherlands to participate in Exercise Frisian Flag 2019. | [
"179th Fighter Squadron - OIF - 2007 Balad AB.jpg"
] | [
"Minnesota Air National Guard",
"Post-Cold War"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Lineage | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | Constituted as the 393d Fighter Squadron on 26 May 1943
Activated on 15 July 1943
Inactivated on 7 November 1945
Redesignated 179th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946
Extended federal recognition on 17 September 1948
Federalized and placed on active duty on 1 March 1951
Redesignated 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 23 March 1951
Inactivated and returned to Minnesota state control on 1 December 1952
Activated on 1 December 1952
Redesignated 179th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 10 January 1976
Redesignated 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 15 November 1983
Redesignated 179th Fighter Squadron on 17 March 1992 | [
"179th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron - Emblem.png"
] | [
"Lineage"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Assignments | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | 367th Fighter Group, 15 July 1943 – 7 November 1945
133d Fighter Group (later 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group), 17 September 1948
31st Air Division, 6 February 1952
133d Fighter-Interceptor Group, 1 December 1952
133d Air Defense Wing, 1 April 1958
148th Fighter Group (later 148th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 148th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 148th Fighter Group), 1 July 1960
148th Operations Group, 11 October 1995 – Present | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Assignments"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Stations | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | Hamilton Field, California, 15 July 1943
Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California, 11 October 1943
Oakland Municipal Airport, California, 10 December 1943 – 8 March 1944
RAF Stoney Cross (AAF-452), England, 5 April 1944
RAF Ibsley (AAF-347), England, 6 July 1944
Beuzeville Airfield (A-6), France, 22 July 1944
Cricqueville Airfield (A-2), France, 14 August 1944
Peray Airfield (A-44), France, 4 September 1944
Clastres Airfield (A-71), France, 8 September 1944
Juvincourt Airfield (A-68), France, 28 October 1944
St-Dizier Airfield (A-64), France, 1 February 1945
Conflans Airfield (A-94), France, 14 March 1945
Eschborn Airfield (Y-74), Germany, 20 April – July 1945
Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, September-7 November 1945
Duluth Municipal Airport (later Duluth International Airport, Duluth Air National Guard Base), Minnesota, 17 September 1948 – present | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Stations"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Aircraft | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1943–1944
Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 1944–1945
Republic P-47N Thunderbolt, 1945
North American F-51D Mustang, 1948–1954
Lockheed F-94B Starfire, 1954–1957
Northrop F-89C Scorpion, 1957–1959
Northrop F-89J Scorpion, 1959–1966
Convair F-102A Delta Dagger, 1966–1971
McDonnell F-101B Voodoo, 1971–1976
McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II, 1976–1983
McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II, 1983–17 April 1990
General Dynamics F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, 10 March 1990 – 2002
General Dynamics F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 2002 – present | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Aircraft"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | Awards | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Winston P. Wilson Award (Outstanding Air National Guard All Weather Interceptor Unit): 1957
Ricks Trophy for excellence: 1967
First place in the William Tell Weapons Competition: 1970
Raytheon Trophy (formerly the Hughes Trophy) Best Fighter Unit in the United States Air Force: Four times, most recently 2009 | [] | [
"Lineage",
"Awards"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329949-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | See also | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. | F-89 Scorpion units of the United States Air Force
F-94 Starfire units of the United States Air Force
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators
List of United States Air Force fighter squadrons
List of United States Air National Guard Squadrons
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II non-U.S. operators | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War",
"Military units and formations in Minnesota",
"Military units and formations established in 1943"
] |
projected-17329952-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary%204%20U%20and%20Me | Hillary 4 U and Me | Introduction | "Hillary 4 U And Me" is a music video inspired by the Hillary Clinton 2008 Democratic primaries campaign. The song was created by former Bitfone executive Gene Wang, and performed by Bill Hopkins Rockin’ Orchestra. The video posted on YouTube on September 28, 2007 and soon after spread through Internet blogs which mostly criticized it for being too sappy-sweet and contrived, as demonstrated by the sample lyric "This lady knows how to lead/In this president’s race she will succeed!". The sappy nature of the song made it a hit internet meme, drawing over 500,000 views. The song is also described as a kitschy yet catchy tribute to Senator Clinton. The video was so reviled that some conspiracy theorists even posited that the video may have been secretly created by supporters of primary opponent Barack Obama as a fake failed response to the Yes We Can video.
Gene Wang released another video on April 18, 2008, entitled “Hillary in the House”. This next video contains the lyrics, “for all y’all in the blogosphere who didn’t want to see ‘Hillary 4 U And Me’, we’re not giving in and Hillary is gonna’ win.” | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2007 YouTube videos",
"Works about Hillary Clinton",
"Internet memes introduced in 2007"
] | |
projected-17329952-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary%204%20U%20and%20Me | Hillary 4 U and Me | Credits | "Hillary 4 U And Me" is a music video inspired by the Hillary Clinton 2008 Democratic primaries campaign. The song was created by former Bitfone executive Gene Wang, and performed by Bill Hopkins Rockin’ Orchestra. The video posted on YouTube on September 28, 2007 and soon after spread through Internet blogs which mostly criticized it for being too sappy-sweet and contrived, as demonstrated by the sample lyric "This lady knows how to lead/In this president’s race she will succeed!". The sappy nature of the song made it a hit internet meme, drawing over 500,000 views. The song is also described as a kitschy yet catchy tribute to Senator Clinton. The video was so reviled that some conspiracy theorists even posited that the video may have been secretly created by supporters of primary opponent Barack Obama as a fake failed response to the Yes We Can video.
Gene Wang released another video on April 18, 2008, entitled “Hillary in the House”. This next video contains the lyrics, “for all y’all in the blogosphere who didn’t want to see ‘Hillary 4 U And Me’, we’re not giving in and Hillary is gonna’ win.” | Music, Recording, Producer: Gene Wang
Band: Bill Hopkins Rockin’ Orchestra
Video: Michael Fasman
Mixing and Mastering: Hal Ratliff
Dedicated to Hillary Clinton supporters around the world. | [] | [
"Credits"
] | [
"2007 YouTube videos",
"Works about Hillary Clinton",
"Internet memes introduced in 2007"
] |
projected-23574359-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | Introduction | The 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Bourg St.-Maurice, France under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 11th edition. The mixed C2 team event returned for the third and final time after not being held at the previous championships. East Germany did not win any medals for the first time since 1951. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1969 in French sport",
"ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships",
"International sports competitions hosted by France",
"1969 in canoeing"
] | |
projected-23574359-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | Note | The 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Bourg St.-Maurice, France under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 11th edition. The mixed C2 team event returned for the third and final time after not being held at the previous championships. East Germany did not win any medals for the first time since 1951. | Only two teams completed the course in the women's K1 team event. | [] | [
"Note"
] | [
"1969 in French sport",
"ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships",
"International sports competitions hosted by France",
"1969 in canoeing"
] |
projected-23574368-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelivan | Pelivan | Introduction | Pelivan is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cișmea and Pelivan. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Communes of Orhei District"
] | |
projected-23574368-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelivan | Pelivan | References | Pelivan is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cișmea and Pelivan. | Category:Communes of Orhei District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Communes of Orhei District"
] |
projected-06900992-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertsite | Robertsite | Introduction | (PO4)2]2·3H2O | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Phosphate minerals",
"Manganese(III) minerals",
"Monoclinic minerals",
"Minerals in space group 15"
] | |
projected-06900992-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertsite | Robertsite | References | (PO4)2]2·3H2O | Andrade, M. B., Morrison, S. M., Di Domizio, A. J., Feinglos, M. N., & Downs, R. T. (2012). Robertsite, Ca2MnIII3O2 (PO4) 3.3 H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online, 68(10), i74-i75.doi:10.1107/S160053681203735X
Category:Phosphate minerals
Category:Manganese(III) minerals
Category:Monoclinic minerals
Category:Minerals in space group 15 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Phosphate minerals",
"Manganese(III) minerals",
"Monoclinic minerals",
"Minerals in space group 15"
] |
projected-44497322-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffer%20Mafoumbi | Christoffer Mafoumbi | Introduction | Christoffer Henri Mafoumbi (born 3 March 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Differdange in the BGL League. Born in France, Mafoumbi represents the Congo national football team. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1994 births",
"Living people",
"Sportspeople from Roubaix",
"Republic of the Congo footballers",
"Republic of the Congo international footballers",
"French footballers",
"French sportspeople of Republic of the Congo descent",
"Association football goalkeepers",
"US Pontet Grand Avignon 84 players",... | |
projected-44497322-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffer%20Mafoumbi | Christoffer Mafoumbi | Club career | Christoffer Henri Mafoumbi (born 3 March 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Differdange in the BGL League. Born in France, Mafoumbi represents the Congo national football team. | Born in Roubaix, Mafoumbi joined Lille OSC's youth setup in 2005, aged 11. In 2010, he moved to RC Lens, being later assigned to the reserves in Championnat de France amateur the following year.
Mafoumbi made his senior debut on 26 May 2012, starting in a goalless home draw against AC Amiens. On 12 April 2013, he appeared with the main squad in a goalless away draw against SM Caen for the Ligue 2 championship, but remained as an unused substitute.
On 23 July 2014, Mafoumbi joined US Le Pontet, also in CFA.
On 25 November 2015, Mafoumbi signed a contract with Bulgarian side Vereya.
On 20 July 2017, Mafoumbi signed a two-year contract with English League One side Blackpool.
He joined League Two club Morecambe on loan for the second half of the 2019–20 season on 15 January 2020.
Mafoumbi was released by Blackpool in June 2020.
After spending some time in Malta with Mosta, Mafoumbi joined Luxembourg-based side Differdange for the 2022-23 season. In October 2022, he pledged himself on a part-time basis for the newly-formed English Lower League side AFC Crewe. | [
"Mafoumbi_Blackpool.jpg"
] | [
"Club career"
] | [
"1994 births",
"Living people",
"Sportspeople from Roubaix",
"Republic of the Congo footballers",
"Republic of the Congo international footballers",
"French footballers",
"French sportspeople of Republic of the Congo descent",
"Association football goalkeepers",
"US Pontet Grand Avignon 84 players",... |