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The elevation of the Fukushima Daishi incident to a level 5 (out of 7) on the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEM) International Nuclear Event Scale puts it on a par with TMI and the Windscale Fire that occurred in England in 1957. There are only two incidents that have ranked higher in the IAEA scale: Chernobyl and Kyshtym, both of which occurred in the Soviet Union and both of which involved release of large volumes of radioactive particulates. As of March 18, this has not happened in Japan so the parallel ranking to TMI is probably justified.
I think there are also parallels between the TMI incident and what is currently happening at the Fukushima Daiichireactor complex in Japan. Specifically, I think it is valid to compare how officials communicate(ed) with the public about the nature of the emergency, what is being done, and most important, what the public needs to do to ensure their own safety is critical to ensuring a good outcome.
Official pronouncements, reassurances, or instructions are simply one factor among many competing for attention in the noise surrounding an emergency. If these messages are inconsistent, unclear, or do not seem to fit with the rest of what the at-risk population is experiencing, they will likely be ignored. Worse, such messages can undermine the credibility of all future communications form that source.
Ineffective communication with the affected public in the TMI incident cost state and federal authorities’ credibility in the short term and caused them to lose control of the situation. So far, this does not appear to be happening in Japan. The specific difference I am focusing on is the evacuation of the population in the area around each of the power plants.
“Of the thirty six ways to escape disaster, running away is best.” Chinese proverb
During TMI, there were on-again, off-again messages about evacuation. Ultimately Governor Thornburg of Pennsylvania issued an advisory that pregnant women and families with preschool children should leave the area. In contrast, the Japanese, despite severe damage to their transportation infrastructure have managed to evacuate around 200,000 people.
Getting away from danger is a natural human reaction. During the TMI affair, roughly a quarter of the population within 20 miles of the plant simply left on their own. Communities close to the plant were virtually empty. This occurred despite the fact (or perhaps because of it) that no evacuation order had been given. It became increasingly clear as to nearly everyone in the vicinity of TMI that no one in authority really understood the situation. Further, no action was being taken to involve the public in their own protection.
A survey done in the weeks immediately following the Three Mile Island accident looked at the credibility of government officials in the aftermath of the incident. One question asked: “Do you feel the information you were getting from state and federal officials during the TMI crisis was truthful?” Only 21% of respondents in the TMI area answered yes. However, mothers of young children in the same area found that 56% felt they had gotten truthful information. What accounts for the difference? Perhaps it lies in the fact that the only clear and concise instructions given to the public by authorities during the incident were for pregnant women and families with pre-school children to evacuate.
My cable provider carries Japanese newscasts (in English translation) so I’ve been able to watch quite a few of their briefings. From the outside, it looks to me as though Japanese officials are trying very hard to avoid obfuscation and to keep their people in the loop. I’ve been especially impressed with their willingness to use those three magic words: “I don’t know.”
The approach used by authorities in the TMI case clearly did not engender public confidence. Time will tell if the more open approach of the Japanese will be any more successful. So far, it looks like it is working.
Author: Gary Hilbert, Emergency Management Specialist
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Breast cyst aspiration
Breast cyst aspiration – Information: from your family doctor
What is a breast cyst?
A breast cyst is a fluid-filled sac, like a tiny balloon, inside the breast. Breast cysts are common in women. They can cause a little pain, but they are usually benign (not cancer).
What is breast cyst aspiration?
In breast cyst aspiration, your doctor uses a small needle to make sure that the breast lump is a cyst, and to drain fluid from the cyst.
When is breast cyst aspiration used? How is it done?
A breast lump that you can feel might hurt or make you worry about cancer. Breast cyst aspiration can help your doctor tell if the lump you feel is a cyst or a solid mass. Aspiration gives you this information right away, so you don’t have to wait for a mammogram or ultrasound exam.
Your doctor might numb your skin first. Then, using a needle and syringe, your doctor will try to drain fluid from the breast lump.
If the lump is a cyst that contains watery fluid, but not blood, and the cyst goes away after aspiration, you will not need other tests.
If the fluid is bloody, your doctor will send the fluid to a lab to see what it is. If the lump in your breast is solid or contains bloody fluid, your doctor will send you to a surgeon for a biopsy. The biopsy involves the removal of a tiny bit of the lump. The bit of tissue is examined in a lab to see what it is.
What are the benefits of breast cyst aspiration?
Your doctor may be able to diagnose your breast lump on the same day that you get the aspiration. If the lump is clearly a cyst, you will know right away, and you might not need to get other tests.
Can other problems happen because of breast cyst aspiration?
Before you have breast cyst aspiration, your doctor will talk to you about possible problems. You might have some discomfort where the needle goes in. You might have a little bruise on your breast. You might get an infection at the aspiration site.
Do I need to see my doctor again after I have breast cyst aspiration?
Yes. If the lump in your breast is a cyst and the cyst is drained successfully, your doctor will want to recheck the area in four to six weeks to make sure that the cyst has not filled up with fluid again. This follow-up visit is important. A cyst that refills with fluid can be a problem. If a cyst refills at any time, call your doctor.
COPYRIGHT 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians
COPYRIGHT 2003 Gale Group
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The gondola was a major means of transport in Venice for centuries. It was also the most common watercraft then. In those days, a gondola could be owned by four men. Three gondoliers also known as oarsmen and the fourth person who was stationed at the shore to manage the booking and administration of the Gondola. The gondolier profession is managed by a guild that issues about 400 licences. The licences are given after a training period of six months and an exam which is based on the knowledge of venetian history, landmarks, language skills and practical skills for handling the gondola in the narrow venetian canals. Gondoliers dress in a blue or red striped top, red handkerchief, a brimmed straw hat and dark pants. They can earn up to $150,000 per year.
In the United States, the gondolas are operated as tourist attractions in several cities including New Orleans, Charles river in Boston, New York Central Park and the Providence River in Rhode Island. They are also operated in parts of California. Since the year 2011, Gondola national competitions have been held featuring top American gondoliers. These competitions involve short sprints and slalom races.
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▷ The Diverse Languages and Nationalities in New York
The Diverse Languages and Nationalities in New York
Expert Telecommunication Translation Services
Two defining things about the state of New York are the magnificent state of Liberty statue and the presence of the United Nations Headquarters. More than anything, these two represent the diversity of the state. New York has become a melting pot of different cultures more than any other place in the US and probably the world. Just take a look at the languages and nationalities in the state reveal. The statue is the ever welcoming host bidding in immigrants to her shores while the presence of the UN headquarters is best suited to a place that hosts hundreds of cultures, languages, and nationalities.
The population diversity of New York
According to the 2010 census, New York is the third most populous state in the US with currently over 20 million people. Of these, the major races present are Whites, Blacks, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Hispanics and Latinos of all races contribute a sizeable segment of the population making almost 20% of the population.
Even within these major racial identities and the rest, there are so many nationalities coming from different ancestry groups. Earlier estimates in 2004 showed that just over 20% of the state’s population were born in foreign soil. New York City alone has 36% of its population being foreign-born the highest figure in the country. The top ancestry groups in New York are Italian-American, African-American, Hispanic, Irish, German, English, and Polish.
New York has the largest Puerto Rican population in the US largely concentrated in areas like Manhattan and Brooklyn. It also has the highest Dominican population in the country who are concentrated in the Bronx and again Manhattan. While many blacks in the state have roots in the US there is a considerable number with roots in the Caribbean Islands like Haiti, Trinidad, Jamaica, and Barbados.
There is also a good number with their origins from nations in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is also a number of Asian nationalities in the state with the state having over a million Asian-Americans. Prominent nationalities in the state from Asia include the Chinese, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indian, Korean, Japanese, Filipinos, and Vietnamese.
The white population in New York has origins from all over Europe with the major nationalities being Italian, Irish, German, Polish, Swedish, Dutch, French, Russian, Greeks and Portuguese to mention a few. Latin America nationalities are dominant contributing to both the Hispanic and black groups in the state.
The language diversity of NYC
From this many nationalities spring hundreds of languages and dialects. Different surveys have indicated that New York is the home to as many as 800 languages. The Queens borough contributes to a bigger portion of these many languages and it is said to have the highest concentration of ethnic languages than any other single place in the world.
Aside from the general American English, other major languages spoken in New York include; Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Italia, French Creole, French, Yiddish, Korean, Polish and Bengali. A 2012 Census Bureau's American Community Survey, indicated the numerous languages spoken by New Yorkers at home and aside from the major ones mentioned other languages that had a sizeable number of speakers includes, Hebrew, Indic languages (Urdu, Gujarati, and Hindi) and Arabic.
The smaller languages that are spoken in the state include; Hungarian Greek, Laotian, Navajo, Turkish, Armenian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Native-American languages, and many others.
This mixture of cultures and languages has influenced the New York scene making it a true definition of cosmopolitan. Home of many New York translation company. There are hundreds of festivals and days celebrating different cultures and their languages.
5 interesting facts
There are a couple of interesting facts about the diversity of New York in languages and nationalities. These include;
1. Only 51% of New Yorkers speak only English while at home with the other 49% speaking either of the numerous languages from all around the world.
2. The Dominican population in New York is the largest in the world outside the Dominican Republic.
3. The Chinese population in New York City is the highest in any city outside Asia.
4. New York has the largest population of Puerto Ricans than anywhere else outside Puerto Rico.
5. In more than 30 neighborhoods in New York, English is no longer the most widely spoken language.
The telecommunications industry is in a constant state of flux.
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3 Steps to Learn and Develop Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is in hot demand, but unfortunately in short supply. Some people are critical thinkers but most people tend to think uncritically.
3 Steps to Learn and Develop Critical Thinking
Eve Ash asks Peter Quarry to explain how critical thinking is learned and developed. Peter explains that recognizing and switching off emotions is the first step. This entails understanding how we feel and considering alternative responses. Also, it’s important not to jump to conclusions. Focus on the facts and seek more evidence before responding. Peter recommends rising above the usual ‘win/lose’ approaches to a problem. Other solutions might emerge if everyone calms down before examining a broader range of possibilities. Be willing to look beyond the ideas and information that merely confirm the view you already have.
Content Summary
Learning Objectives
What is Critical Thinking
Recognize & Switch Off Emotions
Collect & Use Information & Data
Avoid Thinking Errors
Learning Objectives
Peter Quarry discusses critical thinking and how to develop critical thinking skills:
• Be able to define critical thinking
• Develop critical thinking skills
• Recognize and switch off emotions
• Collect and use information and data to make critical decisions
• Learn to avoid thinking errors
A recent study of 4.2 million online job ads, found that the demand for critical thinking skills, has risen by 158%in the last three years.
Look, if you ask a lot of employers, they will tell you that critical thinking is one of the most important skills that they’re looking for in new employees. But they’ll also tell you that it’s one of the hardest skills to find. So it seems to be in hot demand, but kind of short supply.
What is Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking:
• Ability to remove emotion
• Observe facts
• Make logical decisions
Critical thinking is the ability to remove emotion from an issue, to observe the facts about something, and then to use logic to arrive at a decision or conclusion.
Most people naturally think uncritically, and it really wastes a lot of time and energy. So, what are some examples of good critical thinking?
Well, imagine in a marketing department, doing research, collecting evidence and facts, and then basing decisions about the marketing strategy on those facts. Imagine a student at university, in an essay or an assignment, making sure that they use facts and logically use them to arrive at conclusions. Even in a day-to-day situation, critical thinking is about not responding with emotion to what somebody says, but being able to step back, think about the situation logically, and not get offended or upset.
So how do you go about thinking critically?
Thinking Critically:
• Recognize & switch off emotions
• Collect & use information & data
• Avoid thinking errors
First of all, recognize and switch off emotions. Secondly, collect and use information and data. And third, avoid some of the typical thinking errors.
Recognize & Switch Off Emotions
So critical thinking is about removing emotions, focusing on the facts, thinking very rationally. But a lot of people still say, they want to listen to their gut.
There’s no doubt that emotions and gut reactions are important. But there is actually a lot of research that shows that emotions can get in the way of making good decisions. I mean, take anger, for example, it can lead to impulsive behavior. So it can actually get in the way of good critical thinking. Imagine that a customer has posted a really negative review, about some company’s products or services, and imagine a manager reacting angrily and then responding in a really kind of aggressive way that a whole bunch of people then read, and it really kind of gives a bad feeling about what that company’s about.
So, how could the person concerned behave differently so that they switch off their emotions?
They could take some time out and actually ask some questions to try and understand how are they responding to this situation. So, questions like, How am I feeling right now? Why am I feeling this? How is this affecting how I’m responding in this situation? And finally, Is there a better way in which I can handle this?
Switch Off Emotions – Ask Questions:
• How am I feeling right now?
• Why am I feeling this?
• How is this affecting my responses?
• Is there a better way in which I can handle this?
So using the example of the manager who posted the angry reply, what could that person have done differently?
Okay, so they need to start by realizing that they’re angry and defensive. And also understand that the reason for this reaction is because of the one negative post. And also from there kind of understand that the urge was to lash out and to be defensive and to sort of attack this customer back again. And then finally to understand that a much better way of handling that situation is to reach out to the unhappy customer, try and understand what the problem was, and try and solve that. In other words, turn it around into a much more productive and publicly positive situation.
Switch off Emotions:
• Recognize your anger and defensiveness
• Identify the trigger
• Understand your urge to lash out
• Consider a better way to respond
• Resolve & turn it around
So they can ask themselves questions, to understand their own emotions. What else can they do?
Okay so, what they could do is deliberately delay their response.
So something like, they’re feeling angry, just take five.
That’s right, basically, take some time out to let the emotion kind of drain out of the situation that then leaves you in a position where you can think logically about the best way to proceed. Another thing they can do is distance themselves from the situation. So this kind of means pulling yourself back from the situation, from the emotion of the situation, and looking at it from a different perspective. So going back to that manager, what they could do is say, “How does this situation look from the customer’s point of view? What would the customer want or suggest?”
So this is really all about not being driven by your emotions, but instead by logical thinking.
Collect & Use Information & Data
So when thinking critically, you really do have to have the data and the facts at hand.
Let me give you a scenario to try and make this a little bit more real. So, imagine an employee, in a company. There’s a work at home policy. And this particular employee has been found to abuse the policy and the manager finds out and is really mad and reacts by banning any further work at home for everybody in the team. And everybody else has been doing it terrifically, and now they’re all upset and morale has been affected.
So how could this manager have based his or her decision on a logical thinking premise?
First of all, what they should do is avoid premature conclusions and instead get some facts. So before deciding on the situation, the manager could ask him or herself.
“What do I know about this situation? So, I know that one person has abused the work-from-home policy. What don’t I know about the situation? Well, I don’t really know how many other people have abused, if any. So really, I need to find out these bits of information.” And it sounds terribly obvious, but if you found out those facts, you probably wouldn’t have reacted in the same way.
I think a lot of people jump to conclusions.
Absolutely and the whole thing about critical thinking is switching off those emotions, getting the facts, so that you base your decision on them, and chances are, it’s going tobe a much better decision, that’s going to not have a whole lot of ripple effects and create a whole lot of other problems.
Critical Thinking:
• Switching off emotions
• Getting the facts
• Make logical decisions
I guess the manager could really look at the results of the other people who are working at home.
Well, that’s right, he or she needs to do some research. Finding out, how do they feel about the work from home policy? Do they use it very often? Check whether anybody else is abusing it because if nobody else is abusing it and it’s just this one employee, that’s a very different scenario. Really what the manager has to do here is talk on a one-on-one basis with that particular employee, who is abusing the situation.
Well it’s quite therapeutic, isn’t it? Because it gets the person out of the explosion and the stupidity and making an embarrassing mistake.
This is why critical thinking is so important because it’s about switching off that emotion and thinking logically instead.
So if you’ve got a whole lot of data, on any problem, how do you apply that in a logical thinking way?
One of the things you need to do is to try and look for patterns or trends in the information. So going back to our scenario, it may be looking at how everybody in the team uses the work at home policy and realizing that 95% of people use it properly, so you base your conclusion and your strategy on that data. So looking for trends, looking for patterns in the data allow you to kind of extract if you will, the truth or the insight.
Avoid Thinking Errors
We as humans have a lot of ways of thinking, and unfortunately, some of them are a problem. We can make mistakes in the way we think that can lead us into a little bit of a mess.
Can you give me an example?
Okay so, imagine two people are negotiating about something. They’re kind of getting a bit annoyed with one another. And as a result, what’s happening is that both of them are kind of digging their heels in a little bit, “So, I want my position.”You know, “You are arguing for your position.” And as a result, we’re getting stuck into basically what’s called a win/lose situation.
So, what’s the thinking error?
The thinking error here is believing that there are only two ways to solve this issue, your way or my way. And the reality is when we think like this, this either/or thinking, we don’t find out, we don’t discover that “Hey, there’s a whole bunch of possible ways.”There might be another person’s way, there might be A, B, C, who knows? So when we get locked into this either/or thinking, it stops us creatively finding what might be a much better solution to the issue.
So in that situation, what could the two people do?
Well, I think the good thing to do there, would be to kind of separate for a while, just calm down, take five, take ten, just let the emotion settle a little bit and then come back together and try and kind of collaborate. Say to one another, “Okay, we’ve got this problem, there’s your way, there’s my way, but, hey, are there any other possibilities that we haven’t thought of?”And you’ll be amazed, taking the emotion out of it and coming together to think more collaboratively, breaking out of that either/or thinking, can often produce terrific results.
Are there any other common mistakes?
Well, there are a lot. But one that I think’s very important is called confirmation bias, and this is the tendency to only see facts and information that support the view that you already have.
Bit of tunnel vision.
It is indeed. An example of that might be, a doctor who’s seeing a patient. Now, this doctor forms a kind of tentative diagnosis of what he or she thinks is wrong with the patient. But then only asks questions, maybe only orders tests, only look for information, to support the tentative diagnosis and may miss something else entirely.
Thinking Critically: Use facts and logic to solve problems and make decisions
So Peter, do you want to just summarize the essential ingredients of critical thinking?
Sure. Look, it’s about using facts and logic rather than emotion to solve problems and make decisions. And look, the three critical skills are, recognize and switch off your emotions, analyze information and data properly, and use logic to make your decisions.
Thinking Critically:
• Recognize & switch off emotions
• Collect & use information & data
• Use logic to make decisions
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Manhood: Don’t Get Crushed by Social Stigma
• 1
New research from Duke University suggests that men may respond aggressively when they perceive threats to their manhood if their sense of masculinity depends heavily on other people’s opinions. Also, the results show that the more social pressure a man feels to be masculine, the more aggressive he may be. Apart from hurting others, such toxic and fragile masculinity also hurts the men themselves.
Being a man comes with burdens
Just as gender stereotypes can be damaging to women, the same is true for men. Each society has its own rules of appropriate behavior for men and women. In Western societies, the traditional masculine gender role is self-reliant, unemotional (except when expressing anger), confident, and strong.
Many men falsely believe that they should be strong enough to fix every problem on their own. Thinking this way is not completely harmful, but stereotypes can cause male gender role stress when they go so far that violating or not adhering to traditional masculine gender role norms may lead to emotional distress. For example, financial hardships, unemployment, and difficulty in coping with problems can all lead to poor mental health.
Men’s mental health is important, yet often overlooked
Statistics show that far more men than women in the United States die by suicide, according to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Nevertheless, according to the National Institute of Mental Health, men are less likely than women to have received formal mental health support even if they have symptoms of depression or suffer from an anxiety disorder.
Holding on to the traditional beliefs mentioned above can keep men from accessing support and treatment. They worry about showing vulnerability, even in the case of physical illness. Therefore, helping men get help requires first ending the stigma of asking for help.
Education and support are essential
No one is immune to stress. People must realize that stress or emotional disorders can lead to medical problems. Untreated mental health issues can manifest physical ailments, especially when self-treating with alcohol and other substances. For example, long-term alcohol abuse can cause cirrhosis, gastritis, and internal bleeding problems, among other things. There are effective treatments available, but first, a person must be willing to try.
Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting timely treatment. Men and women can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions but may experience different symptoms. Some symptoms include anger, irritability, aggressiveness, difficulty sleeping, sleeping too much, increased worry, feeling stressed, misuse of alcohol or drugs, sadness, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts.
If you are concerned about a friend or relative, please let them know you’re there to listen to them without judgment. Someone who is experiencing mental health issues may find it hard to reach out, so a text message or a phone call could make a big difference. It is important to reassure them that it is okay to ask for help, and that support is out there. You can also find out about local services such as personal therapy or support groups.
Everyone has tough times, so please never be ashamed of asking for help when you feel trapped or vulnerable.
1 Answer
People need to develop skills to effectively apply good solutions until Individuals know and understand the ongoing and not always certain process how to effectively understand and apply things they may need assistance to reach the ultimate goal of more independently making decisions!!
Also many very big guy’s ex specially big black men with enormous body’s agonized over having a normal size penis that may appear smaller than it actually is on a gigantic frame.
Don’t worry accept this thought as a normal fleeting self doubt.
Those that are bigger than others haven’t done anything wrong or write.
On the scale of things most fully grown men aren’t all that big.
And people should try to build each other up not put each other down.
Accept you’ll never be totally satisfied but can be basic and happy with yourself
God bless
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Is it posible to use docstring for plain variable? For example I have module called t
def f():
l = lambda x: x
and I do
>>> import t
>>> t.f.__doc__
>>> t.l.__doc__
Example is similar to PEP 258's (search for "this is g").
Use typing.Annotated to provide a docstring for variables.
I originally wrote an answer (see below) where I said this wasn't possible. That was true back in 2012 but Python has moved on. Today you can provide the equivalent of a docstring for a global variable or an attribute of a class or instance. You will need to be running at least Python 3.9 for this to work:
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Annotated
Feet = Annotated[float, "feet"]
Seconds = Annotated[float, "seconds"]
MilesPerHour = Annotated[float, "miles per hour"]
day: Seconds = 86400
legal_limit: Annotated[MilesPerHour, "UK national limit for single carriageway"] = 60
current_speed: MilesPerHour
def speed(distance: Feet, time: Seconds) -> MilesPerHour:
"""Calculate speed as distance over time"""
fps2mph = 3600 / 5280 # Feet per second to miles per hour
return distance / time * fps2mph
You can access the annotations at run time using typing.get_type_hints():
Python 3.9.1 (default, Jan 19 2021, 09:36:39)
[Clang 10.0.1 (clang-1001.0.46.4)] on darwin
>>> import calc
>>> from typing import get_type_hints
>>> hints = get_type_hints(calc, include_extras=True)
>>> hints
{'day': typing.Annotated[float, 'seconds'], 'legal_limit': typing.Annotated[float, 'miles per hour', 'UK national limit for single carriageway'], 'current_speed': typing.Annotated[float, 'miles per hour']}
Extract information about variables using the hints for the module or class where they were declared. Notice how the annotations combine when you nest them:
>>> hints['legal_limit'].__metadata__
('miles per hour', 'UK national limit for single carriageway')
>>> hints['day']
typing.Annotated[float, 'seconds']
It even works for variables that have type annotations but have not been assigned a value. If I tried to reference calc.current_speed I would get an attribute error but I can still access its metadata:
>>> hints['current_speed'].__metadata__
('miles per hour',)
The type hints for a module only include the global variables, to drill down you need to call get_type_hints() again on functions or classes:
>>> get_type_hints(calc.speed, include_extras=True)
{'distance': typing.Annotated[float, 'feet'], 'time': typing.Annotated[float, 'seconds'], 'return': typing.Annotated[float, 'miles per hour']}
I only know of one tool so far that can use typing.Annotated to store documentation about a variable and that is Pydantic. It is slightly more complicated than just storing a docstring though it actually expects an instance of pydantic.Field. Here's an example:
from typing import Annotated
import typing_extensions
from pydantic import Field
from pydantic.main import BaseModel
from datetime import date
# TypeAlias is in typing_extensions for Python 3.9:
FirstName: typing_extensions.TypeAlias = Annotated[str, Field(
description="The subject's first name", example="Linus"
class Subject(BaseModel):
# Using an annotated type defined elsewhere:
first_name: FirstName = ""
# Documenting a field inline:
last_name: Annotated[str, Field(
description="The subject's last name", example="Torvalds"
)] = ""
# Traditional method without using Annotated
# Field needs an extra argument for the default value
date_of_birth: date = Field(
description="The subject's date of birth",
Using the model class:
>>> guido = Subject(first_name='Guido', last_name='van Rossum', date_of_birth=date(1956, 1, 31))
>>> print(guido)
first_name='Guido' last_name='van Rossum' date_of_birth=datetime.date(1956, 1, 31)
Pydantic models can give you a JSON schema:
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(Subject.schema())
{'properties': {'date_of_birth': {'description': "The subject's date of birth",
'example': '1969-12-28',
'format': 'date',
'title': 'Date Of Birth',
'type': 'string'},
'first_name': {'default': '',
'description': "The subject's first name",
'example': 'Linus',
'title': 'First Name',
'type': 'string'},
'last_name': {'default': '',
'description': "The subject's last name",
'example': 'Torvalds',
'title': 'Last Name',
'type': 'string'}},
'required': ['date_of_birth'],
'title': 'Subject',
'type': 'object'}
If you use this class in a FastAPI application the OpenApi specification has example and description for all three of these taken from the relevant Field.
And here's the original answer which was true back then but hasn't stood the test of time:
No, it is not possible and it wouldn't be useful if you could.
The docstring is always an attribute of an object (module, class or function), not tied to a specific variable.
That means if you could do:
t = 42
t.__doc__ = "something" # this raises AttributeError: '__doc__' is read-only
you would be setting the documentation for the integer 42 not for the variable t. As soon as you rebind t you lose the docstring. Immutable objects such as numbers of strings sometimes have a single object shared between different users, so in this example you would probably actually have set the docstring for all occurences of 42 throughout your program.
print(42 .__doc__) # would print "something" if the above worked!
For mutable objects it wouldn't necessarily be harmful but would still be of limited use if you rebind the object.
If you want to document an attribute of a class then use the class's docstring to describe it.
• 8
@alexanderkuk: This answer is better than mine. You should accept it instead. Jan 11 '12 at 14:27
• 25
"No, and it wouldn't be useful if you could." It would be if variables weren't implemented this way.
– endolith
Nov 4 '15 at 16:44
• 13
it wouldn't be useful if you could -- Why not? If my module uses symbols, how am I supposed to document them? This way the DATA section of pydoc is half useful. Jul 30 '16 at 3:24
• 5
The real reason why it wouldn't be useful is that the docstring is a property of an object rather than a symbol in a certain context (e.g., a key in a dict, a "member" of a class or a "member" of a module). This is a somewhat flawed design of docstrings, but, of course, pointing this out doesn't help or make this answer less correct. A practical solution would be to put the documentation into the docstring of the module. Nov 7 '16 at 15:41
• 5
I find it more relatable to say that it would be useful if you could attach documentation to members, but that the design of Python docstrings does not really let you do it.
– zneak
Oct 11 '18 at 0:46
Epydoc allows for docstrings on variables:
While the language doesn't directly provides for them, Epydoc supports variable docstrings: if a variable assignment statement is immediately followed by a bare string literal, then that assignment is treated as a docstring for that variable.
class A:
x = 22
"""Docstring for class variable A.x"""
def __init__(self, a):
self.y = a
"""Docstring for instance variable A.y"""
• 7
This should be the accepted answer. Also works flawlessly in PyCharm. Nov 26 '18 at 10:50
• 5
@TheGodfather: how do you use it in PyCharm? Doesn't work for me: youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-35454 Apr 17 '19 at 13:06
• Shouldn't """Docstring for instance variable A.y end with """?
– alper
Aug 27 at 14:10
Well, even though Python does not treat strings defined immediately after a global definition as a docstring for the variable, sphinx does and it is certainly not a bad practice to include them.
debug = False
'''Set to True to turn on debugging mode. This enables opening IPython on
Here is some code that will scan a module and pull out names of global variable definitions, the value and a docstring that follows.
def GetVarDocs(fname):
'''Read the module referenced in fname (often <module>.__file__) and return a
dict with global variables, their value and the "docstring" that follows
the definition of the variable
import ast,os
fname = os.path.splitext(fname)[0]+'.py' # convert .pyc to .py
with open(fname, 'r') as f:
fstr = f.read()
d = {}
key = None
for node in ast.walk(ast.parse(fstr)):
if isinstance(node,ast.Assign):
key = node.targets[0].id
d[key] = [node.value.id,'']
elif isinstance(node,ast.Expr) and key:
d[key][1] = node.value.s.strip()
key = None
return d
Sphinx has a built-in syntax for documenting attributes (i.e. NOT the values as @duncan describes). Examples:
#: This is module attribute
x = 42
class MyClass:
#: This is a class attribute
y = 43
You can read more in the Sphinx docs: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/extensions/autodoc.html#directive-autoattribute
...or in this other question: How to document a module constant in Python?
Some python documentation scripts have notation that can be use in the module/classes docstring to document a var.
E.g. for spinx, you can use :var and :ivar. See this document (about half-way down).
No, you can only do this for modules, (lambda and "normal") functions and classes, as far as I know. Other objects, even mutable ones inherit the docstrings of their class and raise AttributeError if you try to change that:
>>> a = {}
>>> a.__doc__ = "hello"
Traceback (most recent call last):
AttributeError: 'dict' object attribute '__doc__' is read-only
(Your second example is valid Python, but the string """l""" doesn't do anything. It is generated, evaluated and discarded.)
To add to to ford's answer about Epydoc, note that PyCharm will also use a string literal as the documentation for a variable in a class:
class Fields_Obj:
"""Get/set the default value of the data field"""
• It's too bad the documentation can't be on the same line as the declaration. That would allow them to be rearranged easily (using a line sort command) and not lose their documentation. Jul 29 '16 at 15:40
• 3
@LS: You can separate them with a semicolon. DefaultValue = None; """Get/set the default value of the data field""". I don't know if Epydoc or PyCharm accept that. Epydoc also considers an assignment followed by #: to be a variable docstring. x = 22 #: docstring for x Mar 24 '17 at 15:14
• Unfortunately, in PyCharm (2019.1) this only works if an attribute is assigned a value. If you just add type annotation without value assignment, the doc string is not picked up. May 22 '20 at 11:01
A lot of answers assume you want it for offline use and points to sphinx or Epydoc.
But if you want it for runtime use the answer is that is impossible to add an attribute to another attribute. So you can't attach a doctring to variable.
When you do:
a = True
You'll be getting the docstring for the bool class. In my application I need it for plug-ins. What I do is to use an associated variable/attribute.
Something like this:
a = True
_help_a = "help for a variable"
As this looks ugly what I'm actually using are syntactic macros (take a look a macropy module). The code looks like this:
with document:
a = True
""" help for a variable """
I explain the whole idea here
Properties can have docstrings! This covers the most common use case of documenting instance variables.
class A:
def __init__(self):
self._x = 22
def x(self):
"document x"
return self._x
def x(self, value):
self._x = value
• True. But adding two methods just to have a docstring for a variable doesn't seem like a reasonable approach.
– A. Donda
Mar 2 at 7:45
• 2
I agree, but if you need a solution that actually generates doc rather than just generating sphinx documentation then this might be a good option.
– Quantum7
Mar 2 at 13:02
• Formatting fail: I meant the dunder __doc__ above, not the bold version.
– Quantum7
Mar 3 at 19:36
Your Answer
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Coronavirus: Robot Doctor Could Help With The Forthcoming Outbreak
Robotics and Artificial intelligence experts in Edinburgh are working to make what they hope will be the first healthcare robots to hold a chat with more than one person at a time.
It is a plan designed to help older people, but it could one day be used to help control virus outbreaks like the coronavirus pandemic.
“It’s not something we had actually deliberated while designing the project,” says Heriot-Watt’s professor of computer science Oliver Lemon.
“But as it turns out it’s relatively applicable to what’s going on today.
“You can visualize in the future that when you walk into a hospital waiting room, instead of meeting a human you come across a robot who’s able to help you.
“That kind of touch-free speech and hands-free interface is really going to be in more demand.”
Oliver Lemon
Oliver Lemon heading the project
The novel project, funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020, is named Socially Pertinent Robots in Gerontological Healthcare (SPRING).
Robots are presently working in some hospitals but are mostly limited to basic tasks such as patient records or shifting supplies.
You can also have a conversation with a digital helper like Siri or Alexa, but such conversations are typically short, simple and one-on-one.
SPRING will make new robots which can deal with numerous people in social circumstances.
‘Who can I assist?’
Prof Lemon says they will be able to identify that there are several people in a room and ask itself: “Is this person nervous, has this person been waiting for a lengthy time?
“Are these people actually talking to one another and I don’t need to bother them? Who can I assist?”
It will be able to handle the conversation by recognizing that the people have different roles – carer, parent, doctor, nurse.
The drive to build what are called socially assistive robots (SARs) is the first project to be publicized by the National Robotarium.
It is a partnership between Edinburgh and Heriot-Watt that plans to build a world-leading centre for AI and robotics.
Its new building is expected to open on the Heriot-Watt campus in 2021.
National Robotarium
The robotics and AI centre is expected to open next year
SPRING includes eight research institutions in Asia and Europe.
It will develop new research into computer vision, conversational AI, machine learning and human-robot interaction, together with sensorimotor robot control and human behaviour analysis.
The work builds on the achievement of Heriot-Watt’s Amazon Alexa Prize winning conversational AI system known as Alana.
A fresh spinout company called Alana AI is about to be introduced to emphasize on the next generation of conversational user interfaces.
The research shows conversational robots can be good for your health, reducing stress and loneliness and improving sociability and mood, said Prof Lemon.
“Social robot technology is of importance for elder care because robot company has the long-term potential to better attach people with each other,” he says.
“Social robots could increase both psychological well-being and the relationship between patients and hospital professionals.”
The National Robotarium’s other main research areas include power systems, manufacturing, agriculture technology, assisted living, and hazardous environments.
There is but one disadvantage, SPRING is a four-year project.
We can but hope the present pandemic has lessened long before then.
But Doctor Robot will see you finally.
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Reach out to Us
“He who tells a lie is not sensible of how great a task he undertakes; for he must be forced to invent twenty more to maintain that one” – Alexander Pope. But getting off the hook is a task harder than anticipated and the twenty extras can go unmatched; the Pinocchio effect sits on some solid scientific support!
What is Pinocchio Effect?
When a person lies, the temperature around his nose and eyes (specifically the orbital muscle in the internal corner) tends to go high; the remaining facial parts remain cool. This peculiar phenomenon is termed as the Pinocchio Effect. The stimuli set for the phenomenon does not confine to mere fibbing; episodes of anxiety attacks can also spike up the nasal temperature!
efecto pinocho
Thermography shows an increase in nasal temperature when a person lies.
(Image courtesy: University of Granada)
Elvira Salazar López and Emilio Gómez Milán, researchers from Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain, in an effort to establish novel applications of thermography (a technique to detect body temperature patterns using infrared camera) in the field of cognitive neuropsychology, conducted a study on few volunteers. The volunteers were instructed to lie at given points of the experiment and their themographic imaging helped in deriving the conclusions.
“Historic psychologist William James hypothesised in 1890 that temperature changes could determine cognitive domains. We have discovered that thermography can be used like a physiological marker of different mental states,” states Elvira Salazar López, as reported by Laboratory News.
Researchers Emilio Gómez Milán and Elvira Salazar López (Image courtesy : University of Granada)
More on Lies!
Lies vary in types; lying on facts and lying on feelings. A lie on feelings can induce the following:
1.A hike in the temperature around the nose.
2.Activation of the brain element Insula.
*Insula is a part of the brain rewarding system that gets activated with the qualias (real feelings like pain, enjoyment of music and tasting of wine).
Pinocchio Effect on a preschool boy
In another study conducted by Emilio Gómez Milán and Carmen Huertas, a preschool boy (4 year old) was monitored to authenticate the Pinocchio effect. The boy was made to play a Tippit model game with the researcher. The researcher hides a stone in one hand, clenches both hands and makes the boy guess the hand in which the stone is hidden. Prior to making the guess, the boy has to ask whether the stone is in a particular hand and the answer “yes,” should make him point to the other hand as the researcher always lies.
The boy, after 4 different trials, picked the logic and the roles were reversed where the boy hid the stone and the researcher had to guess the hand. In the reversed role, the boy was made to lie (as demonstrated by the researcher) and his thermographed image noted a change in his nasal temperature while lying.
Polygraphs vs. Thermal Imaging in Lie Detection
Polygraphs (commonly known as ‘lie detector test’) have been the superstars in the field of lie detection over the years. It uses physiological indicators like pulse, respiration and blood pressure to gauge the respondents’ answers and identifies lies accordingly. The emergence of thermal imaging technology in lie detection, however, has few pros to list, as against polygraphs.
Polygraphs require an expert to analyse the results and the time thus consumed is high. In the case of thermographs, all you need is an infrared camera that measures the temperature. The results are direct and need no further analytical skills.
Polygraphs call for the cooperation of the individual subjected to lie detection as sensors need to be connected to his body. Thermography can be done without the cooperation or knowledge of the subject and is always a great option when a breach of trust is suspected.
Other interesting and vital applications of thermography
Thermographer, Temperature Meter, Thermography
Apart from lie detection, thermography can be applied in multiple ways and fields.
Some of them are listed below:
1. Thermography can be used to detect and screen several neurological disorders including Alzheimer disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson disease.
2. It can diagnose breast cancer without the risks of radiations (like mammography).
3. In an era of alarmingly rising cases of cardiac arrests, thermography can be used to detect cardiac issues as well.
4. Suffering from toothaches periodically? Thermographs can tell you more about your dental issues.
5. Thermography can even gauge sexual arousal! A recent study on sexual excitement in men and women, using thermography, reveals that men and women get equally aroused in the presence of sexual stimuli (though women often claim to be less excited; uh-oh, caught you!).
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Wheat Protein Market | Outbreak of Covid-19 Worldwide to Leave Positive Impact on the Market
Wheat proteins refer to plant-based proteins that are derived primarily by digesting wheat with various enzymes. Basically, these proteins are a form of insoluble functional protein with specific visco-elastic properties that give the product elasticity and extensibility. They are extensively employed in a variety of end-use sectors such as animal feed, cosmetics and personal care, baking and confectionery, and others as a feasible alternative to animal-based protein. The surge in demand for plant-based diets, as well as the expanding vegan population, is impacting the growth of the global wheat protein market.
Growing Popularity of Veganism is Expected to Spur Demand for Wheat Protein
Furthermore, owing to the overwhelming popularity of veganism and vegetarianism, the demand for plant-based protein meals is rapidly increasingly worldwide. With the increasing levels of income and increased expenditure on nutritious food items, the demand for protein components in the food and beverage sector has changed dramatically in terms of nutritional quality and content. The demand for supplement items has been trending, particularly amongst the fitness and sports enthusiasts. These factors are likely to work in favour of the global wheat protein market in the forthcoming years.
Gluten intolerance, often known as Celiac disease, is an autoimmune illness that destroys the lining of the small intestine and inhibits nutrients from being absorbed from foodstuff. Gluten, a kind of wheat protein that may also be found in oats rye, and barley causes the majority of the harm. However, even if they do not have Celiac disease, some people may feel gastrointestinal pain. ATIs (Amylase-trypsin-inhibitors), are a class of wheat proteins that may cause an immunological response. As such, it adds to the growth of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). These factors play an important role in development of the global wheat protein market in the near future.
The global wheat protein market has been severely impacted by the Covid-19 epidemic. Consumer knowledge of the pandemic’s effects on meat production grew, prompting them to switch to plant-based alternatives. Meat substitute brands’ sales increased manifolds as a result of the outbreak of Covid-19. As people strive for a better lifestyle, the pandemic has had an impact on sales of dairy substitutes, plant-based food items, and vitamins.
Author: Rohit Bhisey
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He (Bangabandhu) was more of father figure than a legislator: Indira
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi saw Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman closely and made some candid remarks about him from political and personal points of view. In one of the remarks Gandhi made in her biographical book, “My Truth”, reflected that she was also overwhelmed in seeing the caring father figure of Bangabandhu, which overshadowed all other amazing characteristics of the Father of the Nation.
“He was a very sentimental, warm-hearted person, more of a father figure than a legislator,” Gandhi wrote in the book, in which she also noted some historical truths while talking about her unequivocal support to the people of this country during the War of Independence in 1971. Gandhi was aware about the deteriorating political situation in the erstwhile East Pakistan, but did not have the updated information in detail about the fast changing situation in Dhaka.
“At first, the only thing we knew was that the Pakistanis were fighting instead of accepting Mujib (Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman) as the elected Prime Minister,” she wrote. However, as days passed by and updated information started to come up, the world came to know that people of the then East Pakistan began war for independence in the name of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Referring to this history, the former Indian premier wrote in her book, “Whatever they (people of Bangladesh) did, they did in his name and for him.”
Gandhi realized that something extraordinary was going to happen in the then East Pakistan as she described in her book that the war in 71 was not an ordinary war and it was a political matter rather than a religious one.
However, she wrote, “We kept out of it as long as we possibly could” though “there was a persistent demand for action and some people felt that we should have moved our troops there.”
Gandhi recalled in the book that she was elected the leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party and the prime minister of India for the third time in succession merely a week before the black night of March 25. In September 1971, Gandhi visited Moscow followed by a three-week official tour in October to European countries “to tell people there that if they had any influence on the Pakistanis, they should try and get them to act more reasonably.”
From the very beginning of the war, Gandhi was confident about the independence of Bangladesh: “I had no doubt in my mind that the Bangladeshis would win their freedom. Not the slightest doubt.”
The political and personal role of Indira Gandhi in the War of Liberation in 1971 has been highly appreciated by the people of this country. But her role was officially recognised by the government of Sheikh Hasina when the country celebrated its 40th independence anniversary in 2012. The government conferred the Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona on Indira Gandhi posthumously for her “outstanding contribution” to the country’s independence from Pakistan. Gandhi was, in fact, the first foreigner who was given the highest state honour.
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মন্তব্য করুন
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best natural foods
Glycemic load food list
The glycemic load food list can be considered a refinement of the Glycemic Index Chart, which tells us how easily carbohydrate foods are digested and how how quickly they raise the blood sugar level.
As we saw in the Part I of this article on the glycemic load food list and glycemic index theory, the theory has some serious flaws because it looks at only a very narrow aspect of health - how quickly sugar from carbohydrate foods enters the blood.
Yet even within this narrow view, it does not give a meaningful, complete picture. An example that is commonly cited is that of watermelon. This is a fruit with a relatively high glycemic index of 72, meaning that when you eat watermelon, the sugar it contains enters your blood quite quickly.
BUT... watermelon does not have all that much sugar anyway. As its name implies, watermelon is mainly water! So even though the sugar enters your blood quickly, the total amount of sugar that enters your blood is not a lot.
No worries :)
The idea of glycemic load, with an accompanying glycemic load food list, thus provides a more meaningful picture of what goes on when you eat certain carbohydrate foods.
On the glycemic load food list, the load values are calculated by considering the glycemic index as well as the amount of carbohydrate present in a typical serving. In other words, it considers both the quality and quantity of carbohydrates present in food.
The formula for calculating glycemic load (GL) is this:
GL = GI multiplied by the amount of available carbohydrates divided by 100.
Taking again the example of watermelon, we have:
Glycemic Index = 72
amount of carbohydrates per typical 120 gram serving = 6 grams
Glycemic load = 72 x 6 / 100 = 4 (approximately)
In contrast, a Mars Bar chocolate has a slightly lower glycemic index than watermelon. Yet it has a very high glycemic load, even though the serving size is only half as much:
Glycemic Index = 68
amount of carbohydrates per typical 60 gram serving = 40 grams
Glycemic load = 68 x 40 / 100 = 27
Glycemic load food list - examples
The following glycemic load food list show how different foods compare in terms glycemic index and glycemic load. All combinations are possible. Foods with high glycemic index can have either high or low glycemic load. Likewise, foods with low glycemic index can also have high or low glycemic load.
Here, we see for example that eating potato, sweet potato or yam makes little difference, even thought there are big difference in their glycemic index values:
Food Glycemic Index Glycemic load
Potato 86 22
Sweet potato 70 20
yam 54 20
So do we need to consult the glycemic load food list? In real life situations, people in Europe or America might eat potatoes while those in the tropics might eat sweet potato or yam. They simply eat what is available and are no better or worse of than each other in terms of glycemic load.
With fruits, the values in the glycemic load list are also not surprising. Banana, being a starchy fruit, has a much greater glycemic load than, say, applies and pineapples.
Dried fruits like dates and raisins, being highly sweet as they contain concentrated sugars, have even higher values. This is so even though the typical serving size for dried fruit is just 60 grams, compared with the typical size for fresh fruit at 120 grams:
Food Glycemic Index Glycemic load
Watermelon 72 4
Pineapple 66 5
Apples 39 6
Banana 62 16
Dates 42 18
Sultanas 57 25
Raisins 64 28
Some surprising numbers, however, do occasionally show up, such as in the case of the glycemic load food list for rice.
Food Glycemic Index Glycemic load
Long grain white rice 56 14
Basmati white rice 57 22
Jasmine fragrant rice 89 37
Why should there be such big differences in the glycemic index as well as glycemic load for difference types of rice? It is not as if the types of rice are radically different. All three types above are long grain and all contain roughly the same amounts of carbohydrates. All are polished white rice.
I cannot think of any reason why they should behave so differently. And seriously, I don't think I will feel much different after eating a serving of jasmine rice, versus basmati rice versus another unnamed variety of long grain rice.
For all it is worth, I have serious doubts about the value of the glycemic index and glycemic load theories. Most articles on this subject merely repeat the same advice - eat mainly low glycemic index and low glycemic load foods, avoid or minimise foods that are high only the glycemic index and the glycemic load food list.
My advice is different - don't pay too much head to these new fangled food theories. Rely instead on traditional wisdom and eat a diet based around whole grains, vegetables, beans and fruits.
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(5 articles)
Cooking oils
(23 articles)
Diet plans (13 articles)
Fiber (3 articles)
Fish (3 articles)
Grains (17 articles)
Pasta (10 articles)
Pasta recipes
(>40 recipes)
Salt (11 articles)
(11 articles)
Soy products
(14 articles)
Vegetables (1 article)
Water (6 articles)
More sections to come
Natural Cancer Cures
Flu treatments
Stop Trans fats
Complex carbobydrates won't make you fat
What are complex carbohydrates
Glycemic index
Glycemic load
High protein low carbohydrate diets
Whole grains
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13 de outubro de 2021
Amanita Mold
Hypomyces hyalinus, also known as the Amanita mold, is a parasitic fungus that invades the genus Amanita. Likewise, these species are used to destroy certain species, as they are strong parasites that completely disfigure the hosts by attacking the basidiocarp, resulting in the death of the host's fruiting bodies, stopping its reproduction. On the other hand, Hypomyces hyalinus has been cultured on oatmeal agar and potato dextrose agar. This method allows scientists to observe why this pathogen is such a deadly parasite at a biochemical and microscopic level. Finally, as the life cycle of Amanita Mold has both asexual and sexual reproduction, this species uses some of its teleomorphic structures in parasital activity.
Publicado em 13 de outubro de 2021, 09:38 PM por med_003 med_003 | 1 observação | 0 comentários | Deixar um comentário
18 de setembro de 2021
The phylogeny and adaptions of florae
When looking at the phylogeny placement of the Eastern White Pine, we can identify that this species is most similar to the Chiapas White Pine. Additionally, one can notice that the Eastern White Pine is part of the Pinaceae lineage, as some of its ancestors are the Lodgepole Pine, Arolla Pine, and the Scots Pine. Likewise, when looking at all the observations, it is noticeable that the leaves observed are all relatively small. As these florae do not receive as much nutrition in the winter, they are prevented from growing giant trees. Compared to all other observations, the Burdocks are the only ones that have a fuzz-like outer shell. This unique adaption is most likely used to protect itself from other predators.
Publicado em 18 de setembro de 2021, 12:37 AM por med_003 med_003 | 2 observações | 0 comentários | Deixar um comentário
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Apr 282017
Today is the birthday (1926) of Nelle Harper Lee who was known to friends and family as Nelle, but more widely known as Harper Lee, author of the classic To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960. I count her among some distinguished “one hit wonders” of the literary world, such as J.D. Salinger (Catcher in the Rye) and Margaret Mitchell (Gone With the Wind). They all had odds and ends published in their lifetimes, but their most famous novels are far and away their signature works. Of all three only To Kill a Mockingbird interests me at all. I found Catcher in the Rye tedious, and could not finish Gone With the Wind. On the other hand, I found To Kill a Mockingbird mesmerizing: book and film. It’s possible that these interests of mine are a function of the time of my life when I read the books. I was a young schoolteacher in England when I read Salinger and Mitchell, but I was a graduate student in anthropology in North Carolina when I tackled Harper Lee, so I was sensitized to the book’s themes.
To Kill a Mockingbird, burst on the scene right at the time that the Civil Rights movement in the US was uncovering the blatant racism of the American South (not that other parts of the US were guiltless). Segregation, poverty, and injustice were the social norms throughout the South, but were unparalleled in Deep South states such as Alabama and Mississippi. To Kill a Mockingbird could be said to have been as instrumental in vitalizing sentiments towards Civil Rights in the U.S.in the 1960s as Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a century earlier, in the movement to abolish slavery. Mississippi did not get around to ratifying the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery, until 2013 !!! Of course, it was a completely symbolic gesture because the Amendment was passed by enough states to make it law in 1865. Rather surprisingly, of the 4 states that rejected ratification 2 were northern (New Jersey and Delaware) and 2 were Southern (Kentucky and Mississippi). Kentucky ratified in 1976 and Mississippi began the process in 1995.
The plot and characters of To Kill a Mockingbird are loosely based on Lee’s observations of her family and neighbors in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, as well as an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. Truman Capote was a childhood friend and is the basis for the boy Dill in the book. The novel deals with the irrationality of adult attitudes towards race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s, as depicted through the eyes of two children, especially 6-year-old Scout Finch. The lead character, Atticus Finch, is still frequently upheld as an absolute model of honesty and integrity in the face of social injustice, not only by lawyers, but by the general public as a whole. Many people who knew him said that Gregory Peck was perfect to play the role in the movie, because he was the living embodiment of these values in his personal life.
Various federal laws passed in the 1960s, and afterwards, ended many of the overtly racist practices of Southern (and other) states, almost like a reprise of the Civil War a century earlier. But what was ended de jure continued de facto, and still continues, in many regions of the U.S. in full force. The 2016 presidential election highlighted this fact, which many open-minded people wanted to believe was a thing of the past, and which many closed-minded people did not want to acknowledge. For this reason alone I would vote for To Kill a Mockingbird as one of the greatest 20th-century novels if not the greatest. It captures the spirit of its time perfectly, and represents ongoing realities across the U.S.
To Kill a Mockingbird was an instant success both critically and as a publication. Yet, some critics treated it with some disdain, not because of the racial themes, but because they felt it had confusing themes: the unjust trial of an African-American man, on the one hand, and the narrative thread of the strange and reclusive “Boo” Radley, on the other. I don’t see this at all. The novel is a comprehensive view of the many complexities, involving race and class, among other things, of a rural Southern town in the 20th century. It is a small ethnography, in fiction, of the stark truth.
Some critics, including modern ones, object to the language, notably the use of the word “nigger.” People in the US are still frightened to say the word, even when all they are doing is quoting someone. Of course, actually using the word against someone is deeply offensive, but reporting what someone else said (perhaps indicating their racism), ought to be allowed. Instead EVERYONE in the media reports something like, “He used the N-word . . .” as if saying the word itself (even though you are reporting the speech of others), somehow includes you in its racism. Harper Lee used the word in the mouths of racists because it was true to life. In 1966, Lee wrote a letter to the editor of the Richmond News Leader in response to the attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, area school board to ban To Kill a Mockingbird as “immoral literature” (not least because she used the word “nigger” 48 times). It is a priceless gem:
James J. Kilpatrick, the editor of the Richmond News Leader, started the Beadle Bumble fund to pay fines for victims of what he termed “despots on the bench” (named for a famous Dickens character). He built the fund using contributions from readers, and later used it to defend books as well as people. After the board in Richmond ordered schools to dispose of all copies of To Kill a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, “A more moral novel scarcely could be imagined.” In the name of the Beadle Bumble fund, he then offered free copies to children who wrote in, and by the end of the first week, he had given away 81 copies.
The book was turned into a movie in 1962 and was unfortunate to run up against Lawrence of Arabia for the Oscars that year, which won the Oscar for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Score. Peter O’Toole had been nominated for Best Actor for his performance as T. E. Lawrence, but Peck won for Mockingbird. The movie also won the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay. It is, indeed, a faithful rendering of the book in many important ways, and Harper Lee approved of its translation from book to film and consulted on the set.
The choice of black and white for the film, instead of the more popular color at the time, may have been a budgetary decision, but I think that it would have been ruined by color. It could also be said that black and white was the inherent message of the film (and book). Hands down the following clip is my favorite from the movie, and still brings tears to my eyes:
The film also marked the screen debut of Robert Duvall as Arthur “Boo” Radley, who before working on the film was a stage actor.
Just about every line of To Kill a Mockingbird is quotable. This is a very small sample of my numerous favorites, most obvious first:
I think there’s just one kind of folks. Folks.
Finding a recipe to celebrate Harper Lee is a piece of cake – literally. The book, especially in the opening chapters, is laden with references to food, but mentions of Lane cake are classic. Scout reports, “Miss Maudie baked a Lane cake so loaded with shinny it made me tight.” “Shinny” is a slang term for liquor. Also, Miss Maudie bakes a Lane cake for Mr. Avery, who was severely injured in an attempt to put out a fire in her home. “Mr. Avery will be in bed for a week—he’s right stove up. He’s too old to do things like that and I told him so. Soon as I can get my hands clean and when Stephanie Crawford’s not looking, I’ll make him a Lane cake. That Stephanie’s been after my recipe for thirty years, and if she thinks I’ll give it to her just because I’m staying with her she’s got another think coming.”
This recipe is from Emma Rylander Law, Mrs. Lane’s granddaughter, and was published in an article by Cecily Brownstone for the Associated Press on Dec. 19, 1967. I’ve edited it very slightly and added a recipe for boiled white frosting which is missing from the original.
Lane Cake
3 ¼ cups sifted cake flour
2 teaspoons double-acting baking powder
1 1/6 teaspoon salt
1 cup butter, at room temperature
2 cups sugar
2 teaspoons vanilla
8 egg whites
1 cup milk
8 egg yolks
1 cup sugar
½ cup butter, at room temperature
1 cup seedless raisins, finely chopped
1 – 3 cup bourbon or brandy
1 teaspoon vanilla
Boiled White Frosting
1 cup white sugar
⅓ cup water
1 tbsp light corn syrup
⅛ tsp salt
2 egg whites
1 tsp vanilla extract
3 tbsp confectioners’ sugar
Combine sugar, water, corn syrup, and salt in a saucepan and stir with a wooden spoon to mix completely. Boil the mixture over medium-high heat without stirring until it reaches 238 – 242˚F (114 – 117˚C), or will spin a long thread when a little is dropped from a spoon held above the pan (see HINTS tab on sugar).
It is best to use a mixer for this step. Beat the egg whites until they are stiff but still moist. Then pour the hot syrup slowly over the beaten egg whites while continuing to beat. Continue until the mixture is very fluffy, and will hold its shape. Add the vanilla and keep beating until blended. If the icing does not seem stiff enough, beat in 2 or 3 tablespoons of confectioners’ sugar, 1 tablespoon at a time until stiff enough to hold its shape. Spread immediately on your cake.
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hedgehog summary
Select Citation Style
Below is the article summary. For the full article, see hedgehog.
hedgehog, Any of 14 species of insectivores in the family Erinaceidae. They eat primarily insects and other arthropods but will also eat plant material. The nine species of spiny hedgehogs have short, barbless spines on the back, a round body, small head, pointed face, and little or no tail. Species range from 4 to 17 in. (10 to 44 cm) long. Spiny hedgehogs are native to Great Britain, northern Africa, and Asia; one species was introduced into New Zealand. The five species of gymnure, or hairy hedgehog, are Asian. They have coarse guard hairs but no spines and are extremely malodorous. The common gymnure may be 18 in. (46 cm) long and have a 12-in. (30-cm) tail. See also porcupine.
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Do You Need Formal Training to Understand Computers
Do You Need Formal Training to Understand Computers
When laptop computer first arrived, it turned out this type of complex machine that merely the PC guys can realize it. Computers were a real novel idea and written resources about them are not widely accessible. Back in those days, you needed to have formal training concerning how to make use of a computer, sometimes more specialized training regarding how to cope with computer hardware problems.
In the world of computers, mobile phones, the Internet and advanced technological gadgets, details are a breeze to research. This brings plenty of advantages. Today, we don’t have to possess formal education to learn how computers work and the way to use them. There are numerous resources on computers and computer systems positioned on the Internet. If you have the patience to accomplish a little shopping around and a few reading, you can study all you need to understand about computers!
If you encounter errors while fixing your computer, there is no reason to necessitate the IT guy immediately and pay costly repair fees. With some sleuthing, you can determine the cause of the errors and fix your computer systems yourself.
PC manufacturers give you the advice to troubleshoot your personal computer before calling for support. Computers are increasingly being designed to become more user-friendly daily. They come with detailed manuals that explicitly tell their computer owners what to accomplish in the event of problems and computer hardware errors. Professional support is usually recommended as long as the solutions outlined in the manual don’t work.
There are even guides out there that coach you on how to build your computer! Help is available on what computer components to make use of, which computing devices give you more power, the way to safely connect everything, and the ways to care for your home built computer when it is prepared and running.
We attended to the date that computers are a normal part of our lives. The idea that only computer geeks can understand computers is a thing of the past. Anyone can learn about computers and computer hardware whenever they wish to.
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Slope of the AD curve
The real balance effect
The real balance effect provides two interesting insights into the slope of the AD curve.
1. Firstly, it suggested that, because the supply of money needed to buy real output in the economy is fixed in the short run, a rise in the price level (say P to P2), means that the existing quantity of money in circulation cannot purchase as much output as at the old price level, so ‘real’ expenditure falls, from Y to Y2. Hence the AD curve slopes downwards.
2. The second implication of this is that the total amount spent in the economy by households, firms and the government, must, in the short run, remain constant, so P x Y will be constant at all price levels. Hence, the slope of the AD curve is a rectangular hyperbola.
The slope of the AD curve in a recession
However, there is a long running debate in economics about the slope of the AD curve. Many economists, including Paul Krugman, argue that the real balance effect may be small during a recession, and that the AD curve may become vertical. This relates to the situation of the ‘liquidity trap’ discussed by Keynes in the 1930s. In basic terms, in a recession interest rates will fall towards zero, and at or near zero changes in the money supply will have little if no effect on AD, and hence output.
This has a recent debate about the wisdom of pumping more money into the economy as a quick solution to the ‘credit crisis’.
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How can Hydrogen 2.0 be used?
By Joi Scientific, dmin on January 26, 2016
Home / Blog / How can Hydrogen 2.0 be used?
Hydrogen 2.0 can be used to power most anything that uses an engine or requires heat or electricity. It can be used to generate clean heat, electricity, and drinking water; store renewable solar and wind energy; make carbon-neutral synthetic fuels; and bring clean and affordable power to off-grid communities.
Some example of commercial and industrial applications for Hydrogen 2.0 include:
• Carbon-neutral synthetic fuel production
• Sustainable fuel for heavy transportation (shipping, aviation, trucking)
• Clean electricity for cities, data centers, and buildings
• Heat and hot water for industrial and commercial boilers
• Scalable, long-term renewable energy storage
• Green hydrogen for industrial manufacturing and processes
• Clean drinking water
• Clean & affordable energy for developing economies
See more here.
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NIST Calibrates Quartz Crystals for Fusion Device
Bent quartz crystal calibration
Testing a Sandia spectrometer at the NIST tungsten x-ray source. A bent quartz crystal, mounted in its metal holder, is at the far end of the brass wedge-shaped enclosure, facing the source illuminated by a green alignment laser.
Last spring, PML's x-ray calibration facilities were used in a pinch – a Z pinch, that is.
The Sandia National Laboratories' Z Pulsed Power Facility, or "Z machine," a nuclear fusion research device located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is the most powerful x-ray generator in the world. In bursts of energy each lasting a few billionths of a second, the Z machine produces the hottest matter available on Earth, matter similar to that produced inside a star.
The facility's style of fusion, which uses the "Z pinch" method (more on that below), is used for a range of studies, including the development of fusion energy applications and understanding how stars work.
Detectors inside the Z machine record what happens during each fusion event in as much detail as possible. And specialized x-ray optics called "bent quartz crystals" are a key part of diagnosing those signals.
In a collaboration among PML's Radiation Physics Division, Artep Inc., and Sandia National Laboratories, a set of 18 bent quartz crystals had their energy and sensitivity responses calibrated at NIST's campus in Gaithersburg, Md., earlier this year. The curved crystals are designed to extend the energy range of the x rays that can be measured when emitted by Sandia's Z machine.
Bent quartz crystals are literally that: thin, rectangular slabs of the mineral quartz, about the length and width of a bar of soap but only 0.2 mm thick, spring-loaded into metal holders that force them to maintain their curvature. The Maryland-based technology company Artep Inc. developed and fabricated the 18 new crystals based on the crystal preparation and bending techniques originally created at NIST.
"There is a science and art to bending crystals, and we are one of the world's leaders in that area," says PML's Lawrence Hudson, who led the organization of the team that performed the calibrations.
The crystals are sensitive to hard x rays, within the spectral range of 10 keV to 100 keV, though their sensitivity within that range depends on how they were cut.
"These newly bent quartz crystals are similar to what we have been using with the Z machine before," says Sandia Labs' Guillaume Loisel, who hand-carried the crystals to Sandia after the testing, evaluation, and calibrations at NIST. "But we are using a new set of crystal cuts, or orientations, that are sensitive to a band of x-ray frequencies that haven't been observed accurately on the Z machine to date."
The purpose of the bent quartz is to disperse x-ray light. To an incoming x ray of the correct frequency, these optics act like prisms, causing the radiation to fan out into a sort of "x-ray rainbow," Hudson explains. Those dispersed rays then pass into a detector that records the frequency and intensity of that light. By spatially separating the frequencies from each other, the crystals allow detectors to pick up more subtle differences in the spectral signatures coming out of fusion events.*
However, each crystal has its own energy response. Calibrating how these optics transmit x rays of different energies ensures that researchers can determine the original emitted spectrum from the detected spectrum.
Z machine
The Sandia Z machine. Credit: Sandia National Laboratories. Photo by Randy Montoya.
The team performed two types of calibrations on the crystals to gauge their response to energy and intensity. For the energy measurements, they exposed the crystals to continuous-spectrum x rays from a tungsten x-ray source, and used filters to create "notches" in this spectrum – that is, to lower the intensity of key bands of frequency whose energy positions are well-known.
Gauging the optics' sensitivity to x rays of different energies required a second setup, involving an x-ray source passing through a combination of filters which created a known spectral shape. PML scientist Michelle O'Brien quantified the intensity of the x rays by measuring them with the national standard for assessing radiation exposure. NIST staff then compared the radiation exposure measured with the national standard to the exposure of a detector collecting the light that passed through a crystal. In this way they could provide correction factors, or an absolute sensitivity performance curve, that can be used for each crystal no matter what energy it is exposed to in the facility.
So far, Sandia's Loisel reports that "good-quality data" were obtained with the crystals on their first use in the Z machine.
Sandia's Z machine produces fusion events using the "Z pinch" method, in which a bank of capacitors stores a huge electric charge that is released instantaneously, with about 27 million amperes of current. At the center of the facility's giant drum – about three meters (10 feet) in diameter by six meters (20 feet) tall – is a tiny pellet of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) fuel housed in a container about the size of a spool of thread. The capacitors' intense burst of energy implodes or "pinches" the container evenly, causing the deuterium atoms in the pellet to compress into each other and fuse into heavier elements, a process that releases powerful x rays.
Along with helping to address other basic research questions, this type of crystal will likely be used within the Z machine to resolve a decade-long disagreement over elemental abundances within the Sun. Observations have suggested that the Sun has smaller amounts of certain elements than had been theorized. But models require more of those elements to explain other detected solar behavior, such as the Sun's temperature.
The Z machine, with its ability to reproduce conditions inside a star on a macroscopic scale, has already played a role in testing these elemental discrepancies.** Now, using more sophisticated detectors such as the ones that depend on the new crystals, researchers hope the facility will provide more information for solar scientists on this issue, Loisel says.
-- Reported and written by Jennifer Lauren Lee
*Different atomic states can be identified by their unique spectral signatures, spikes of intensity for key wavelengths of light.
**See "A higher-than-predicted measurement of iron opacity at solar interior temperatures." Nature. Vol. 517, January 2015. doi:10.1038/nature14048
Released September 29, 2015, Updated January 19, 2018
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Immigration Lessons from Baseball
baseball & immigration
Major League Baseball starts its playoffs this week (sorry Mariner fans). Baseball is and always has been a game of and for immigrants, and if you like baseball at all, you should be grateful for that. Because, without immigrants there would probably be no professional baseball today. At least not in a form we’d recognize.
So, this: Between 1890 and 1914, 13.6 million people immigrated to the United States. If that number seems familiar just remember that immigration history has a way of repeating itself.
By 1900, the question of the day was ‘how would they ever fit in?”
The answer, at least in part, was baseball. In 1900, every decent sized company had a baseball league – not a team, a full league. Four, five, ten teams playing every night of the week and all through the weekend.
Every town, regardless of size, had a league comprised of the best company teams (or all-star squads), sports clubs, colleges, semi-pros, ringers. Every state had leagues comprised of the best players from all the other leagues. Regions had leagues made up of the best players from the best state leagues.
Here in Spokane, there was the Northwestern League, just one of the hundreds of leagues around the country. The Northwestern League, American Association, Eastern League, Texas League, Southern League, NY-Penn League, Pacific Coast League, all flourished. They had no connection whatever with the ‘majors’ they operated on their own, made money through ticket sales and ‘selling’ outstanding players to the Majors.
There were two, occasionally three, major leagues from 1890-1920. Leagues of the best of the best. But, they weren’t the major leagues of today, They were wild, largely unregulated, teams moved or folded or did both, players jumped leagues when they could, it was a free-for-all. When the majors weren’t playing – or even when there was an off day mid-season – there was always a chance that when your local team played, say, the Pawtucket Clam Eaters, or Decatur Commies, that the right fielder or pitcher might be a major league star making a few extra bucks.
If that did happen, the odds were very high that his last name was Bresnahan, or McGraw, McGinnity, Kelly, Hamilton, or McIntyre. In the 1890s the Major Leagues were dominated by Irish and Scots-Irish, second generation – and older – immigrants. The members of the Baseball Hall of Fame from that era read like a Scottish history book.
The wave of immigrants that came in in the late 1890s and early 1900s were not baseball fans. They were as immune to the charms of baseball as most of us are to cricket. They didn’t understand the game and who can blame them, it takes some getting used to.
But their children took to it in a big way. They loved baseball. As the game was everywhere, they had a chance to see it everyday, they had a chance to play it everyday. Non-stop. In cities, towns, on farms, they played because there were always games going on, always some rag-tag pickup game that needed a second baseman.
Lou Gehrig was a child of immigrants. His parents fled Germany, settled in Manhattan. He grew up on East 94th street. He played baseball virtually non-stop through his childhood. His first road game for Columbia University was the first time he ever played a baseball game outside the confines of New York City. Impossible to envision today, it was a common occurrence in the 1900s. Baseball was everything, even in otherwise packed cities.
Funny thing about baseball as, sadly, the Major Leagues didn’t really figure out until 1947: if you’re any good at all you’ll be accepted. Some people might not have been too enamored of a Jewish son of revolutionaries from the Ukraine but they’d certainly embrace his 90 mph fastball.
Baseball, then, allowed – encouraged, in fact – assimilation where it was otherwise impossible. It was the great equalizer. Which is great but only half the story.
By 1900 the Major Leagues were stagnating. There was no diversity. In the words of the baseball historian (and statistical guru) Bill James, major league “baseball in the nineteenth was in danger of becoming a game of the Irish, by the Irish, and for the Irish.” Baseball on the professional level was exclusive and unsustainable, it could have gone the way of softball.
The children of those 13.6 million immigrants saved major league baseball. By the mid-1920s baseball was as diverse as it could get while still being segregated. Players were no longer from a narrow slice of Americana, they were from … everywhere. With the success of every Gehrig, Lazzeri, Gomez, Crossetti, Heilman. Solomon, Frisch, DiMaggio, the stands filled and stayed filled with first and second generation children of immigrants.
It occurs to me, after these years of the Trump administration that the children of immigrants at the turn of the last century jumped feet first into a game of individuals and individual skills that can only be won when all those individuals work together.
That’s probably the lesson of America.
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REBOOT(2) UNIX Programmer's Manual REBOOT(2) NAME reboot - reboot system or halt processor SYNOPSIS #include reboot(howto) int howto; DESCRIPTION _R_e_b_o_o_t reboots the system, and is invoked automatically in the event of unrecoverable system failures. _H_o_w_t_o is a mask of options passed to the bootstrap program. The system call interface permits only RB_HALT or RB_AUTOBOOT to be passed to the reboot program; the other flags are used in scripts stored on the console storage media, or used in manual bootstrap procedures. When none of these options (e.g. RB_AUTOBOOT) is given, the system is rebooted from file "vmunix" in the root file system of unit 0 of a disk chosen in a processor specific way. An automatic consistency check of the disks is then normally performed. The bits of _h_o_w_t_o are: RB_HALT the processor is simply halted; no reboot takes place. RB_HALT should be used with caution. RB_ASKNAME Interpreted by the bootstrap program itself, causing it to inquire as to what file should be booted. Normally, the system is booted from the file "xx(0,0)vmunix" without asking. RB_SINGLE Normally, the reboot procedure involves an automatic disk consistency check and then multi-user operations. RB_SINGLE prevents the consistency check, rather simply booting the system with a single-user shell on the con- sole. RB_SINGLE is interpreted by the _i_n_i_t(8) program in the newly booted system. This switch is not avail- able from the system call interface. Only the super-user may _r_e_b_o_o_t a machine. RETURN VALUES If successful, this call never returns. Otherwise, a -1 is returned and an error is returned in the global variable _e_r_r_n_o. ERRORS [EPERM] The caller is not the super-user. Printed 11/26/99 May 9, 1985 1 REBOOT(2) UNIX Programmer's Manual REBOOT(2) SEE ALSO crash(8), halt(8), init(8), reboot(8) BUGS The notion of ``console medium'', among other things, is specific to the VAX. Printed 11/26/99 May 9, 1985 2
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What you need to know about this year’s winter solstice and the great conjunction
The 2020 winter solstice night will be accompanied by another cosmic event known as "the great conjunction"
By William Teets
Published December 21, 2020 7:30AM (EST)
(Reuters/Doug Murray)
(Reuters/Doug Murray)
This article was originally published on The Conversation.
Editor's note: Dr. William Teets is the director of Vanderbilt University's Dyer Observatory. In this interview, he explains what does and doesn't happen during the winter solstice on Dec. 21. Another cosmic phenomenon is also going to occur on the same day called "the great conjunction," where Saturn and Jupiter, both of which can be seen with the naked eye, will appear extremely close to one another.
What happens on the winter solstice?
The winter solstice this year happens on Dec. 21. This is when the Sun appears the lowest in the Northern Hemisphere sky and is at its farthest southern point over Earth – directly over the Tropic of Capricorn. For folks living at 23.5 degrees south latitude, not only does this day mark their summer solstice, but they also see the Sun directly over them at local noon. After that, the Sun will start to creep back north again.
The sequence of images below shows the path of the Sun through the sky at different times of the year. You can see how the Sun is highest in the Northern Hemisphere sky in June, lowest in December, and halfway in between these positions in March and September during the equinoxes.
The winter solstice is the shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere but not the day with the latest sunrise and earliest sunset. How is that possible?
The winter solstice doesn't coincide with the latest sunrise or the earliest sunset. Those actually occur about two weeks before and two weeks after the winter solstice. This is because we are changing our distance from the sun due to our elliptical, not circular, orbit, which changes the speed at which we orbit.
If you were to look at where the Sun is at exactly the same time of day over different days of the year, you would see that it's not always in the same spot. Yes, the Sun is higher in the summer and lower in the winter, but it also moves from side to side of the average noontime position, which also plays a role in when the Sun rises and sets.
One should also keep in mind that the seasons are due to the Earth's axial tilt, not our distance from the Sun. Believe it or not, we are closest to the Sun in January.
What is "the great conjunction"?
Saturn and Jupiter have appeared fairly close together in our sky throughout the year. But on Dec. 21, Saturn and Jupiter will appear so close together that some folks may have a difficult time seeing them as two objects.
If you have a pair of binoculars, you'll easily be able to spot both planets. In even a small telescope, you'd see both planets at the same time in the same field of view, which is really unheard of. That's what makes this conjunction so rare. Jupiter and Saturn appear to meet up about every 20 years. Most of the time, however, they're not nearly as close together as we're going to see them on Monday, Dec. 21.
For a comparison, there was a great conjunction back in 2000, but the two planets were separated by about two full-Moon widths. This year, the orbits will bring them to where they appear to be about one-fifth of a full-Moon diameter.
We have been encouraging folks to go out and look at these planets using just their eyes between now and Dec. 21. You'll actually be able to see how much they appear to move over the course of a single day.
The next time they will get this close together in our sky won't be for another 60 years, so this is going to be a once-in-a-lifetime event for many people. In fact, the last time they got this close together was in the year 1623, but it was really difficult, if not impossible, to see them then because they appeared much closer to the Sun and set soon after it. Go back another 400 years to 1226 and this would have been the last time that we would have had a good view of this type of conjunction.
What advice would you give to people who want to see the great conjunction?
If weather permits at Dyer Observatory, we'll be streaming a live view of the conjunction from one of the observatory's telescopes, and I'll be available to answer questions. Even if you don't have a telescope or a pair of binoculars, definitely go out and check out this very rare alignment with your own eyes. Remember that they set soon after sunset, so be ready to view right at dusk!
William Teets, Acting Director and Astronomer, Dyer Observatory, Vanderbilt University
William Teets
MORE FROM William Teets
Astronomy Jupiter Saturn The Conversation The Great Conjunction Winter Solstice
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RTK and PPK Drone Surveys
Recently, there has been much excitement in the survey community about the development of drones with RTK and PPK capability. But what is RTK and PPK? Is one better than the other and what benefits do each bring?
GNSS Surveying
Over the past few decades, we have seen the development and adoption of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) by many industries that rely on accurate positioning for their activities. We often hear people refer to GPS and this is just one of several satellite constellations, that in simple terms, continuously broadcast a data stream that allows for locating a position on the earth (there are other satellite constellations such as GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou etc.).
GNSS systems by themselves provide for a relatively low accuracy which is constantly improving but for most intents and purposes is 5-10m at best of the actual position. This may be referred to as a raw or autonomous position. In many cases, this accuracy is fine for simple navigation purposes such as marine and aviation navigation. But in some cases, users needed far greater accuracy and thus the concept of Differential GNSS (DGNSS) was developed.
The concept relies upon a GNSS receiver occupying a position with known coordinates that measures the difference between those known coordinates and the coordinates being determined from the GNSS satellites. The difference between the two is also known as a ‘correction’ and this correction can be applied to measurements made by another GNSS receiver in the vicinity to improve accuracy of the data recorded.
RTK – Real-Time Kinematic
The concept of DGNSS can be applied in one of two methods. It can be applied in real time, by transmitting the correction (by radio or mobile network) from a base receiver on a known point to a rover receiver that is measuring positions. This is called Real-Time Kinematic or RTK survey. Once a position is recorded, you have the corrected position.
RTK is mostly used in field surveying and is reliant on a good signal between the base and the rover. Sometimes it is not possible to maintain a good signal between the base and rover. Terrain, vegetation, buildings and powerlines are just some of the features that can obstruct the signal. When using the RTK method, you may need to move your base or use a signal repeater to overcome such issues. Sometimes it is not practical to be moving a base station and where this is the case, we need another method to correct the position of the rover.
PPK – Post Processing Kinematic
The alternative method for applying the corrections to the position of a rover is to do so after the survey is complete. In this method, both the base and the rover continuously log position data and corrections from the base receiver are applied to rover positions using the time stamp information from both receivers post survey. This is referred to as Post Processing Kinematic or PPK survey.
PPK survey is most suited in environments and situations where a continuous connection between the base and rover is not possible. Until the rover positions are corrected using the base station data, the positions collected are essentially raw or autonomous.
RTK and PPK for Drone Surveys
When it comes to surveying with a drone, both RTK and PPK allow users to accurately locate the position of a drone without having to rely on surveying ground targets. Ground control targets are still used but serve only to calibrate the photogrammetric processing of the results and to bring the data onto the project datum. As such, far fewer targets are required and the overall accuracy of the data is afforded by the accuracy of the drone positions and not the number of control points used. End users can have far greater confidence of in the accuracy of data at any locations, regardless of the location of ground control targets.
When it comes to RTK, it is best utilised on open sites where the drone can be operated in near proximity of the base station and the pilot/operator is able to remain within close proximity to the base in order to maintain the signal connection. On larger sites and sites where there are obstructions, the PPK method allows the base station to be set in a single location and the pilot is able to move as required without being tethered to the base station to maintain connection of the correction signal.
In terms of benefits, both RTK and PPK methods provide for a reliable means to ensure accuracy of output data. While the same level of accuracy can be achieved with methods that rely completely on ground control targets, experience will show anyone who applies this method that the ideal configuration and quantity of targets is often not possible. Using RTK/PPK methods further improves the safety of field workers as they no longer need to access high risk areas to establish targets. It has also significantly improved the speed at which a drone survey can be executed as the reduced requirement for number of ground control targets saves time.
What next?
As Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) technology improves, there is every likelihood that we will be able to achieve high accuracy solely based on satellite ephemeris data received by a rover, thus doing away with the need for a base station altogether. This would make things much simpler but by no means diminishes the continued requirement to have appropriate quality and accuracy checks in place when we deliver to our clients.
At Scout Aerial, we are committed to providing reliable, accurate and valuable insights using our wide-ranging experience and expertise. We partner with our clients to better understand their context and requirements to produce results that can be trusted and build relationships that last.
Related Articles: Aerial Surveys by drone, Strengths & Limitations of PhotogrammetryLiDAR or Photogrammetry
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Designing Queries
Queries are incredibly useful and they are essentially used for searching for and compiling data from one or more tables. Using or "running" a query is a bit like asking a detailed and very specific question of your database. When you build a query in Access, you are defining specific search conditions to find exactly the data you want.
How are queries used?
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This video includes information on: • How queries are used • Creating a simple one-table query
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How to have a healthy baby
It’s Group B Strep Awareness Month, so we wanted to take a look at five key facts about the infection, what it is and the implications for pregnancy
For starters, what is it? Group B streptococcus (GBS), also known as group B strep, is one of many different bacteria that live inside your body at any one time. Group B strep is a type of bacteria called streptococcal bacteria.
How many people have it? While not that many people know about it, the GBS infection is very common – up to 2 in 5 people have it living in their body (usually in the rectum or vagina).
What problems can it cause during pregnancy? The infection is normally harmless, to the extent that most people won't realise they have it. It's usually only a potential problem during pregnancy as pregnant women could pass it on to their baby, usually during labour, and it could make them very ill. TheNHS website says there is also a very small risk you could miscarry your baby.
How do I know if I have it during pregnancy? There are no symptoms, so it’s not something you would be aware of. And it is not routinely tested for by the NHS during pregnancy in the UK. However, it may be identified from other tests you have during pregnancy, and you can pay to have a private test. Charity Group B Strep Support (GBSS) is campaigning for tests to be offered as standard during pregnancy and has more info on private GBS tests here. Speak to your midwife if you are worried and they will advise you.
What happens if I do have it? If you’re aware you do have it, speak to your midwife or doctor. It is usually advised that you give birth in hospital as it’s likely that you will need to have antibiotics through a drip during labour and your baby will need to be monitored after.
More information on Group B Strep Awareness Month is here and you can read our midwife's advice on pregnancy and birth
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Acid Reflux Treatment/Heartburn/GERD Specialist
Westside Gastroenterology
Gastroenterologists located in Upper West Side, New York, NY
At West Side Gastroenterology, Dr. Jaffin provides skilled diagnosis and treatment of acid reflux or heartburn and GERD in patients from the Upper West Side of Manhattan and throughout New York City, reliving painful symptoms and preventing long-term damage that can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
Acid Reflux Treatment/Heartburn/GERD Q & A
What is acid reflux?
Acid reflux is another term for heartburn, a painful, burning sensation that occurs when stomach acid and sometimes partially-digested food refluxes, or moves backward, into the esophagus. Everyone experience acid reflux from time to time, but when it happens chronically, it may be a sign of a more serious condition called GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease).
What is GERD?
GERD is a chronic medical condition that occurs when the sphincter, or opening, between the esophagus and the stomach begins to malfunction. Normally, the sphincter (called the lower esophageal sphincter or LES) keeps acid and food in the stomach and prevents it from moving back into the esophagus. But if the LES becomes weak or damaged, acid reflux can occur on a regular basis, causing chronic pain and discomfort.
Is GERD serious?
Yes, the effects of GERD can be very serious if not treated properly. Over time, the continual backwash of acid can cause changes in the esophagus, and over time, the lining will become more like the lining of the intestine. This is a condition called Barrett's esophagus, and it can increase your risk for developing esophageal cancer.
Can GERD be managed with over-the-counter antacids?
While you may be able to relieve the symptoms associated with GERD, taking antacids regularly can wind up masking serious symptoms, and some antacids can also interfere with absorption of important nutrients. If you have chronic heartburn, you should make an appointment to be evaluated.
How is GERD treated?
First, an endoscopy will likely be performed to confirm the diagnosis and to evaluate any damage that may have occurred. In most cases, GERD can be managed with medication, but sometimes, surgery may be needed.
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Question: What does Chincha mean?
Chinchanoun. a south American rodent of the genus Lagotis. Etymology: [Cf. Chinchilla.]
What does Chincha mean Spanish?
chincha f (plural chinchas) bedbug.
What does Chincha in Korean means?
진짜 ( Jinjja) means Really
What is Jinjja in Korean?
To say really in Korean, you say jinjja (in Hangul:진짜 ) or jeongmal (정말), but to fully understand these words, you need to take a look at the examples and how they are used in context.
How do you spell Chincha in Korean?
2:052:42Whats JINJJA? How to say REALLY in Korean (KWOW #2) - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipFirst complete the word with the AH vowel. And thats how you write chinchou chinchou chinchouMoreFirst complete the word with the AH vowel. And thats how you write chinchou chinchou chinchou remember cinta is informal cinta Yayo is formal to make it even more formal. You say cinta Anita.
What Daebak means?
Thats awesome 1. 대박 – (Daebak) Meaning: Thats awesome! Stars in Korean dramas and variety shows use this word frequently. It describes when something is awesome or its a way of showing enthusiasm.
What is the meaning of imali?
A tamarind is a fruit which grows on a tropical evergreen tree which has pleasant-smelling flowers. You can also refer to the tree on which this fruit grows as a tamarind.
What does Boya mean in Korean?
Hangul : 뭐야(this is what you dont know this word right?) 뭐야? means what is it? See a translation. 0 likes.
What is Jeongmal?
There are two different words for really in the Korean language: 정말 (jeongmal) 진짜 (jinjja)
What does Omo mean in Korean?
What is English name of imali?
(tæmərɪnd )
What is Okhli called in English?
Noun, Feminine. a wooden mortar to pound (hammer) grains, alembic.
What is Yeoboseyo?
Secondly, Yeoboseyo is composed of two words; Yeogi (Here) and Boseyo (look). Which literally means; Look over here Technically, it was (before the invention of telephones) used to refer to the person youre not sure talking to.
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What is it about the topic you have explained
Assignment Help Other Subject
Reference no: EM132184958
Question: Explaining a Concept Paper - Must be a minimum of 1250 words with at least three (3) outside sources. Use a separate reference page to document your sources (which do not count toward the overall word count). Refer to easybib on how to cite your references per MLA guidelines. Reference page must be in MLA format, however, when citing sources in the paper itself, use footnote style referencing like (1) or (2) after the sentence with the source used.
Write an essay about your chosen concept. The purpose of this essay is to present and explain a concept, in this case a debatable issue. Your task is to explain what the debatable issue is, what it means, and its significance to our school, community, state, and/or society. Think of this task as explaining to your reader "What is X?" "What does X mean?" "What is the importance of X?"
You will not express an opinion, argue a point, persuade the reader to accept or reject an idea, or take a stance in this essay.
Essay Conventions and Structure
This essay should be written in the THIRD PERSON. "I/We and You" will not be used.
The essay is thesis-driven. The thesis in this case is based on definition, data, and example. It answers the question, "What is _________ (the topic). Let's say that you choose capital punishment as your topic. Your thesis could be a definition that answers that question. A good thesis statement might be something like, "Capital Punishment is "
Your thesis will explain to the reader what capital punishment is' the body of the paper will develop this definition using multiple definition strategies, examples, and logical presentation of facts and expert opinion from sources you find in Points of View Reference Center collections.
Essay Structure
Reader Frame and Thesis Statement/Topic Forecast: The Reader Frame introduces the topic and orients the reader to the ways you will develop the topic. The Thesis Statement is a direct, explicit assertion explaining the main message of the essay: in this case, a definition of the topic is a good choice. "Capital Punishment is ...." You may also include a forecast list of supporting ide/topics.
Body Paragraphs: You will develop the topic by providing dictionary definitions, working definitions using examples, facts, and expert opinions based on the sources you find in Points of View and other collections. You must develop your explanation of the topic/concept clearly and in detail using your source material to support your assertions. You must document your sources in the body of your text using parenthetical documentation (Author Name Page Number) and in a Works Cited page.
Conclusion: The conclusion of your essay may be summative, but the summary must also make the reader understand and consider carefully the meaning and significance of the debatable topic as a concept. What is it about the topic you have explained that is important to the reader.
Reference no: EM132184958
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Building for the future
28-August-2019 11:34
in General
by Admin
Building for the future:
5 sustainable materials that are good for the planet.
Straw Bales
Forget everything fairy tales have taught you about building materials, straw is the future of housing.
Packed inside wall framing, the substance can be used to replace concrete, wood, gypsum, fibreglass
or stone. Because straw is a by-product of farming it is considered a sustainable resource, ordinarily
farmers either burn it off or sell it for animal bedding as it (unlike hay) cannot be fed to livestock.
If you’re worried about durability, studies have been conducted by Bath University to determine the
efficacy of this building material. The test subjected a two story straw bale house with hemp
cladding to temperatures of 1000°C for two hours (4 times longer than legal fire resistant
requirements). The building did not ignite. Wind testing also saw the straw house withstand the
force of a hurricane, far more than what your average wolf is capable of huffing or puffing.
A relatively new invention, Timbercrete combines sawmill waste, cement and sand to create a
building material that is not only durable but is 2.5 lighter than concrete. Unlike traditional bricks or
pavers, Timbercrete has carbon storage properties made possible through its sawdust mixture. It
also outperforms concrete, clay and timber on fire resistance and is an excellent insulator. Probably
the coolest thing about this new-age miracle material is that it’s bulletproof, being able to withstand
a 50 calibre metal jacket round without breaking!
One of the most versatile plants on the planet, it’s no surprise that bamboo is also great for building
houses. It has a high tensile strength, grows quickly and can thrive in a variety of environments
across the world. Its growth speed is key to its sustainability; while it can take a hardwood tree
approximately 35 years to mature, bamboo can be restocked in just 5 - 7 years.
Due to its cylindrical shape, bamboo is stronger than concrete in terms of compression and it is
much lighter than traditional building materials because it is hollow. It is also naturally water
resistant and if treated correctly is fire retardant. While it may not be popular in the UK, many
houses across the world are benefiting from this abundant natural building material.
You probably don’t think of it as the sturdiest of building materials, but cork is surprisingly good for
much more than preserving your wine or holding a post-it note. In recent years, cork has become apopular sustainable material used for flooring, rigid insulation, acoustic wall coverings on countertops. Cork is filled with air pockets, which provide a cushion layer that is comfortable to walkon and it is these air pockets that trap not only hot and cold air but also sound, proving useful for insulation of all kinds.
Cork is considered a sustainable building material as it is organic in nature and harvested directly
from the bark of the Cork Oak Tree. Taking 20 years to mature, the bark is cut from the trunk to be
processed. As resilient as the material it yields, Cork Oaks are the only tree capable of having all their
bark removed without being killed. Because of this, in 9 years the tree will once again be ready for
harvest. The tree has also evolved to be anti-microbial, properties that allow cork to be resistant to
mould and mildew, making it perfect for kitchens and bathrooms.
Initially created by accident, Ferrock is another modern contender to replace concrete. The material
is made 95% recycled resources and includes steel dust (normally destined for landfill) and silica
from ground up glass. The result is a material that is stronger than concrete and (more importantly)
carbon neutral. Ferrock is also relatively flexible, making it perfect for areas that experience seismic
activity. One of the unique properties of the material is that it becomes stronger when exposed to
salt water, making it perfect for marine-based construction projects.
If you’re interested in helping you building become energy efficient and sustainible, contact Karsons here and we’ll audit your building with a guarantee that we can help lower your EPC rating and help it become a building for the future.
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Structure and properties of supercapacitor and lithium-ion battery electrodes: the role of material, electrolyte, binder and additives
Structure and Properties
of Supercapacitor
and Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes:
The Role of Material, Electrolyte,
Binder and Additives
zur Erlangung des Grades
des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften
der Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät
der Universität des Saarlandes
Nicolas Jäckel
Tag des Kolloquiums: 08.06.2018
Dekan: Prof. Dr. G. Kickelbick Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. V. Presser
Prof. Dr. E. Arzt Prof. Dr. Y. Gogotsi Vorsitz: Prof. Dr. G. Kickelbick Akad. Mitarbeiter: Dr.-Ing. F. Aubertin
i Imagination is more important than knowledge,
because knowledge is limited. Albert Einstein
2.1 Supercapacitor 4
2.1.1 Electric double-layer capacitors 4
2.1.2 Pseudocapacitors 6
2.2 Lithium-ion Batteries 8
2.3 Measurement techniques 10
2.3.1 Gas sorption analysis 11
2.3.2 X-ray diffraction 14
2.3.3 Small-angle X-ray scattering 15
2.3.4 Basic electrochemical characterization methods 18
2.3.5 In situ electrochemical dilatometry 21
2.3.6 Electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance 25
4.1 Performance Evaluation of Conductive Additives for Activated Carbon Supercapacitors
in Organic Electrolyte 34
4.2 Anomalous or Regular Capacitance? The Influence of Pore Size Dispersity on
Double-layer Formation 50
4.3 Increase in Capacitance by Subnanometer Pores in Carbon 63
4.4 Quantitative Information about Electrosorption of Ionic Liquids in Carbon Nanopores
from Electrochemical Dilatometry and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements 68
4.5 In situ Measurement of Electrosorption-induced Deformation Reveals the Importance of
Micropores in Hierarchical Carbons 78
4.6 Electrochemical in Situ Tracking of Volumetric Changes in Two-Dimensional Metal
Carbides (MXenes) in Ionic Liquids 85
4.7 In Situ Multi-length Scale Approach to Understand the Mechanics of Soft and Rigid
Binder in Composite Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes 91
I met a lot of great people during my time as PhD student in the Energy Materials group at the INM Leibniz Institute for New Materials and all the internships and visits around the world.
First, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Volker Presser for giving me the opportunity to work in his group on a German-Israeli Foundation (GIF) founded project. It was a fruitful and scientifically intense period of my life with many helpful discussions, controversies, and outstanding achievements. I had the great honor to visit 12 conferences on 4 different continents during my time as PhD student. There was no wrong daytime/nighttime and no email too long to find the best solution for any kind of problem. Second, I was delighted to work with Prof. Dr. Eduard Arzt as my scientific advisor and as head of the institute.
The friendly and helpful atmosphere at the whole institute is based on the daily actions of all the people you get in contact. I thank everyone for the wonderful time and special thanks to Dr. Mesut Aslan, Dr. Daniel Weingarth, Dr. Marco Zeiger, Dr. Ingrid Grobelsek, Dr. Slawomir Porada, Dr. Soumyadip Choudhury, Anna Schreiber, Simon Fleischmann, Benjamin Krüner, Juhan Lee, Pattarachai Srimuk, Aura Tolosa, Marius Rodner, Hwirim Shim, Jeon Jeongwook, Sethuraman Sathyamoorthi, and Mathias Widmaier. This thesis at this time would not exist without your great support and motivation.
I would like to thank the INM workshop, especially Herbert Beermann and Werner Schneider, for the support in all technical and electrical questions and the fast process of custom made cells.
Further, I want to thank Prof. Dr. Doron Aurbach and Prof. Dr. Mikhael Levi and their team at Bar-Ilan University for the great atmosphere and the enjoyable discussions, not only during my internships. Special thanks to Netanel Shpigel, Vadim Dargel, and Sergey Sigalov for helping me in the lab and with explanations about the mysteries of EQCM-D.
I had the opportunity to work with Prof. Dr. Yury Gogotsi and his team at Drexel University. It was a nice time there with instructive debates about MXene and Co. Special thanks to Dr. Katherine van Aken, Dr. Babak Anasori, Mohamed Alhabeb, and Muhammed Boota for providing material and support. During my internship at CSIR in Pretoria, I had the pleasure to work with Prof. Dr. Kenneth Ozoemena and his team. It was a short but informatory stay with the chance of meeting great people. Special thanks to Dr. Katlego Makgopa, Dr. Mkhulu Mathe, Dr. Kumar Raju, Funeka Nkosi, and Annabelle Davis. Moreover, I want to thank the CREATe network for funding and all network members.
The new insights gained with SAXS were impossible without the fantastic work of Prof. Dr. Oscar Paris, Dr. Christian Prehal, and Christian Koczwara. Thank you for the outstanding collaboration and the always nice time when I visited Leoben.
vi Our collaborators from the Philipps-Universität Marburg, namely Prof. Dr. Bernhard Roling and Steffen Emge, helped me to understand the mechanisms of ion electrosorption in nanopores. Thank you for the fruitful work together and the successful publication.
The numerous discussions on conferences and meetings throughout the whole time has broadly widened my horizons and I’m grateful for everyone who shared his/her thoughts with me.
A very special thank you to Amanda Bellafatto and Jemma Rowlandson for correcting my thesis and to Fabian Eckel and Christopher Thurn for help with the graphs.
The support of my family during every part of my life and especially during my time as PhD student was the anchor for me in all circumstances. Thank you very much for everything.
Key parts of an electrochemical energy storage device are the active material, the electrolyte, the binder, and the conductive additives. This dissertation investigates the role of such individual components on the device’s overall performance and how they interact with each other to influence the device’s ability to store energy and longevity.
Three aspects of the performance of electric double-layer capacitors are investigated: (1) The role of the conductive additives on performance and longevity, where 5 wt% admixture shows the best capability. (2) The role of the active material and the electrolyte with an increased capacitance when the pore width matches the ion size. (3) The volumetric expansion of carbon electrodes during charging is depending on the size ratio of the ions and the pore width.
Further, an asymmetry in charging mechanism is found for two-dimensional metal carbides, MXenes, in ionic liquids. The charging mechanism is based on cation (de-)intercalation. The role of binder properties on the performance of battery electrodes was investigated with intercalation-induced volumetric changes of the active material. Moreover, the multi-length scale approach using different in situ measurement techniques reveals a promising way to understand mechanisms in electrochemical energy storage devices. The combination of dilatometry with quartz-crystal microbalance, X-ray diffraction or small-angle X-ray scattering shed light on potential-induced structural changes in the systems.
Vier wichtige Bestandteile einer elektrochemischen Energiespeicherzelle sind aktives Material, Elektrolyt, Binder und Leitruß. In dieser Dissertation wird der Einfluss dieser Bestandteile untereinander und auf die elektrochemischen Eigenschaften untersucht.
Drei Themenkomplexe werden in Bezug auf elektrische Doppelschichtkondensatoren untersucht: (1) Die Rolle von leitfähigen Additiven auf Leistung und Langlebigkeit, wobei eine 5 %-ige Beimischung die beste Leistung zeigt. (2) Die Rolle des aktiven Materials und des Elektrolyten mit einer erhöhten Kapazität, wenn die Porenbreite mit der Ionengröße übereinstimmt. (3) Die volumetrische Ausdehnung von Kohlenstoffelektroden während des Ladens hängt von dem Größenverhältnis der Ionen und der Porenweite ab.
Es wurde eine Asymmetrie im Lademechanismus bei zweidimensionalen Metallkarbiden, MXenen, in ionischen Flüssigkeiten gemessen. Der Lademechanismus basiert auf Kationeninterkalation. Für ein Batteriesystem mit interkalationsbedingter Volumenänderung des aktiven Materials wurde der Einfluss vom Binder auf die Leistung untersucht. Darüber hinaus zeigt der Multi-Längenskalen-Ansatz mit verschiedenen in-situ-Messmethoden eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit um Mechanismen in elektrochemischen Energiespeichern zu verstehen. Die Kombination von Dilatometrie mit entweder Quarzkristall-Mikrowaage, Röntgenbeugung oder Kleinwinkel-Röntgenstreuung konnte ladungs-induzierte Strukturänderungen im System zeigen.
Wh watt-hour EDLC electric double-layer capacitor
mAh milliamp-hour SC supercapacitor
q charge LIB lithium-ion battery
C capacity/capacitance AC activated carbon
U potential/voltage IHP inner Helmholtz plane
i electrical current OHP outer Helmholtz plane
R resistance (RT)IL (room temperature) ionic liquid
A surface area EMIM 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium
E energy density TFSI bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
η efficiency TEA tetraethylammonium
Ch chemical potential BF4 tetrafluoroborate
surface charge ACN acetonitrile
σm cross-section area PC propylene carbonate
density CV cyclic voltammograms
kinetic viscosity GCPL galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation
n penetration depth LFP lithium iron phosphate
λ wavelength LMO lithium manganese oxide
k wave vector LTO lithium titanate
Q scattering vector HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
I intensity LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
f frequency SSA specific surface area
df shift in frequency PSD pore size distribution
W dissipation DFT density functional theory
dW change in dissipation WE working electrode
p/p0 relative pressure CE counter electrode
n number (Q)RE (quasi-) reference electrode
nm adsorption capacity of a monolayer eD electrochemical dilatometer
Ψ coverage value PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
CBET specific heat of condensation PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
L Avogadro constant NaCMC sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Eg thermodynamic stability window EQCM electrical quartz-crystal microbalance
d distance of the atomic planes EQCM-D electrical quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring
The urban society of the 21st century is used to a constant power supply in their homes and offices. In
today’s factories and manufacturing facilities, the highly intertwined production processes are only possible with a stable and interruption-free electrical grid. The economic deficit due to the interruption of an assembly line, for example in car manufacturing companies, is remarkable. To fulfill the continuous demand for energy, an extremely stable electrical grid and a controlled power system must be achieved. [1] Nowadays, the main sources to generate electrical power (secondary source) are fossil fuels such as oil, gas, or coal (primary sources; Fig. 1A). The burning of these materials is responsible for a constant generation of electrical energy. Yet, the exhaust of carbon-dioxide causes harm to the environment in the form of the global climate change and contributes to the ‘greenhouse effect’ and is the main contributor to the global warming. [2, 3] With the development of the global economy and the consequences of climate change, sustainable growth is only possible by a transition to renewable energy production with green technologies like wind power and solar energy (Fig. 1B). [4]
Figure 1. (A) Growth of global economy results in larger amount of energy consumption. (B) The share of renewables in global capacity addition reached over 50 % in 2015 (based on data from Ref. [4]). Part of the energy transition to renewable resources includes the production of electrical energy with sustainable methods including wind, water and photovoltaic power generation. These resources cannot provide constant energy production because the sun rises and sets every day and the wind pattern and intensities vary. The differences in demand and supply of power from sustainable sources necessitate energy storage if there is an excess amount of energy to fill the gaps when the demand is higher than the production. Therefore, energy storage research is at the focal point of current research activities. [5, 6]
2 In general, energy can be stored, among others, by physical, chemical, thermal or mechanical methods (Fig. 2A). [7, 8] Regarding feasibility and availability, electrochemical energy storage has advantages, such as high efficiency with high volumetric and gravimetric storage density. [9, 10] Many governments, international entities, and companies across the globe have initiated research programs to investigate new and better energy storage. [4] The use of a specific type of storage device is mostly determined by the demand for energy density and maximum volume. The required capacity for certain applications differs from a smart device like a mobile phone, which needs only several watt-hours (Wh), to a (hybrid) electrical vehicle (HEV) with up to 5000 Wh to ensure a customer-requested range (Fig. 2B). [11] However, the high energy density can lead to exothermal reactions and generate enough heat for a fire in case of misusage, fatigue, damage or faulty workmanship. [12]
Figure 2. (A) Comparison of different types of energy storage systems and their most promising use (based on data from Ref. [8]). (B) Use of energy storage systems with different required capacity (based on data from Ref. [11]).
For example, a practical implementation of supercapacitors has already been performed by the Rhein-Neckar-Verkehrsverband (RNV, Germany). The RNV created trams powered by supercapacitor arrays located on the tram roof. [13] In the motor racing cars of Formula One, the use of a kinetical energy recovery system (KERS) is allowed. Those systems usually contain a supercapacitor-based energy storage, because they can offer up to 10 kW/kg specific power and the systems must last at least five races. [14]
Electrochemical energy storage devices are part of our daily lives. Those devices qualify as a direct way to store and deliver electric energy via faradaic or non-faradaic charge mechanisms. [15] Among those, rechargeable systems like batteries are preferred. Nowadays, most investigations focus on Li-ion batteries (LIBs). [10] Commonly, LIBs are composed of a transition metal intercalation compound as the cathode and a graphitic anode. The chemical nature of the cathodic and anodic reactions, which can use the full bulk volume of the material, result in an excellent energy density of LIBs. [16] However, their performance deteriorates over time with usually only 1000 charge and discharge cycles, due to the chemical energy storage mechanisms which are nor fully reversible. [17] Supercapacitors (SCs), in contrast to LIBs, are physical energy storage devices with a large cycle life of more than 105 cycles but
lack about a factor of 10 in specific energy (Fig. 3). Usually, SCs are built with two porous carbons and use only physical adsorption of ions on the carbon surface as the energy storage mechanism.
Figure 3. Ragone plot to compare power performance and specific energy of several different energy storage systems (based on data from Ref. [15, 18, 19 , 20]).
The performance of an energy storage system is conveniently plotted in a Ragone plot to compare different storage systems. [21, 22] Usually, the energy is plotted versus the power (Fig. 3). A rechargeable battery provides a high energy density but a slow charging and discharging rate and is therefore plotted on the lower right-hand side of the plot. An electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC, or supercapacitor) has a better power output with a much lower energy density and can be found on the upper right-hand side of the Ragone plot. However, such a plot lacks in information about longevity and efficiency. Yet, in general, supercapacitors are very efficient with almost 100% efficiency in laboratory conditions. [23] This thesis aims to monitor and understand the charging processes and mechanisms of LIBs and SCs and the interactions of all components in these devices. Additionally, the influence of ion size on the
4 capacitance of SCs is investigated. Finally, the last part of this thesis focuses on a length and multi-apparatus characterization of LIBs and SCs.
2.1 Supercapacitor
The commonly used name supercapacitor, based on the patent of D. L. Boos from Standard Oil Company [24] and licensed to Nippon Electric Company [25], or ultracapacitor, named by the Pinnacle Research Institute, describes an electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). [26] The terms ‘super’ or ‘ultra’ are related to the high capacitance of EDLCs as compared to conventional capacitors (Fig. 3). By definition of B. E. Conway [27], a supercapacitor is an electrochemical device where ions of an electrolyte adsorb on the surface of an electrode. If there is no electron transfer between the ions and the electrode, the device is called an EDLC. In the case of a Faradaic reaction, which is an exchange of electrons between the liquid phase (electrolyte) and the solid phase (electrode), it is called a pseudocapacitor according to the definition of D. C. Grahame. [28] The term pseudo is used due to the rectangular shape of the cyclic voltammogram (CV), as seen for an EDLC, but with the presence of electrolyte-electrode charge transfer. The use of the term supercapacitor to describe the physical storage system in an EDLC and the mixed physical-chemical energy storage system in a pseudocapacitor can be confusing. Therefore, the introduction is split into a general description of EDLCs (Ch. 2.1.1) and a description of the possible charging mechanisms of pseudocapacitors (Ch. 2.1.2).
2.1.1 Electric double-layer capacitors
Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are physical energy storage devices where the ions reversibly adsorb on a charged surface. Energy is stored via ion electrosorption in the electric double-layer (EDL), where the charge (Q) is stored according to the capacity (C) of the electrode and the applied potential (U) (Eq. 1)
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∙ 𝑈 (1)
The electrically charged interface must provide a high surface area (A) in contact with an electrolyte to ensure a high surface charge (σ), which is balanced by the electrosorbed ions in the EDL (Eq. 2)
𝑄 = ∫ 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 (2)
The nature of the EDL was first described by Helmholtz in the 19th century. [29] His simple model failed
to account for ion distribution in the bulk, ion-ion interactions, and heat of solvation. These factors are considered by D. C. Grahame in his model from 1947 (Fig. 4). [30] The model describes two characteristic
5 layers: the Stern layer containing the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP), and the diffuse layer. The Stern layer contains only ions with the opposite charge, defined as counter-ions, electrosorbed on the electrode surface. The solvation shell hinders a direct attachment to the surface and the potential in the IHP is equal to the electrode potential. The second part of the Stern layer, which is the OHP, contains the charged ions and most of the potential is counterbalanced in this plane. The remaining charge is balanced in the diffuse layer, which contains weakly bound counter-ions and co-ions (co-ions with the same charge as the electrode).
Figure 4. Schematic drawing of the electrosorption of ions in a polar solvent on a planar, negatively charged electrode for an EDLC.
The two main active parts of the EDLC cell are the electrolyte and the electrode material. The active material is commonly activated carbon due to high abundance, low cost, and controllable porosity. [31] These carbons must have a well-developed porosity and pore size distribution, because the electrochemical performance of EDLCs is highly dependent on the electrode material and the pore structure. [23, 32, 33]
The electrolyte, which connects the two electrodes, can be aqueous, organic, or a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL, or here shortly called IL). [34] RTILs are defined as ILs which are liquid at temperatures above 60 °C and from now on all used ionic liquids in this thesis are RTILs. [35] According to the different electrochemical stability window the maximum operational cell voltage (V) and energy (E) are determined via Eq. 3 and simplified to Eq. 4
𝐸 = ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑄 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 0 (3) 𝐸 =1 2𝐶 ∙ 𝑉 2 (4)
RTILs are a special case due to the abundance of solvation with an organic or aqueous liquid. The bare ionic content results in strong ion-ion interactions. [36, 37] These molten salts (RTILs) are liquid at room
6 temperature and ambient pressure because it is the thermodynamically favorable state. [38] In contrast, aqueous electrolytes contain a dissolved salt, where each different type of ion has a distinct solvation shell, and the final size of the ion does not directly depend on the bare ion radius. [39] For example, the fully solvated Li+ ion has a diameter of 0.482 nm (bare Li+ 0.138 nm), solvated Na+ has a diameter of
0.436 nm (bare Na+ 0.204 nm), and solvated Cs+ is 0.438 nm (bare Cs+ 0.170 nm). [39] In organic
electrolytes the bare ion size and fully solvated ion size are also different [40], but the solvation energy is usually lower compared to water. [41, 42] A lower solvation energy means it is easier to strip-off solvent molecules. Consequently, matching of pore width to the bare ion size is more important than the solvated ion size. [33] The third group of electrolytes, ionic liquids, are of interest because some of them have a large electrochemical potential window, which can be advantageous since the energy is determined by the potential squared (Eq. 4). [43] However, due to the much lower ion mobility in ILs the higher energy is correlated with a lower rate capability, especially for electrodes with small pores in the range of the ion size or slightly smaller. [34]
The highest capacitance for a symmetrical EDLC is published with 180 F/g or 80 F/cm3 for an activated
carbon (approx. 2000 m2/g SSA) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
(EMIM-TFSI). [44] A direct comparison between tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEA-BF4) in
acetonitrile with EMIM-BF4 (both electrolytes containing the same anion) and AC shows a higher
capacitance for the IL, even at the same applied potential of ±1 V vs. carbon. [33] In general, an optimized performance requires careful matching of the electrode properties to the ions in the electrolyte. A more detailed discussion about the correlation between pore width and ions in the electrolyte can be found in Ch. 4.2 and 4.3.
When moving from single electrode measurements to the device level, some things must be considered because the electrochemical measurements of a single electrode and the measurement of an electrical device (full cell) are different. In a device there are two electrodes: a cathode (positively charged) with the capacitance (CC) and an anode (negatively charged) with CA, interconnected via a serial connection.
The total capacitance (Ctot) can, therefore, be calculated as Eq. 5
1 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡= 1 𝐶𝐶+ 1 𝐶𝐴 (5) When measuring in a symmetrical full cell mode, the calculated capacitance must be multiplied by a factor of 4 to get the single electrode capacitance, since two electrodes with the same mass are measured and the total capacitance is C/2 according to Eq. 5 for CC is equal to CA. This assumes a
symmetrical charge on both electrodes.
2.1.2 Pseudocapacitors
Pseudocapacitors gain capacity from electrosorption of ions on the electrode surface and surface redox reactions or ion intercalation. Therefore, the energy storage mechanism is based on mixed physical and chemical processes. Regarding the D. C. Grahame model for pseudocapacitive systems (Fig. 5) the IHP
7 also contains charged ions now. [30] This contrasts with EDLCs possible because the chemical charge, which is a specific adsorption of ions directly on the electrode surface, leads to higher surface charges. The energy storage capability exceeds the values of bare EDLCs ‘since the excess capacity which arises from the reversible electro-reduction of an ion is not a characteristic of the electrical double layer, it will be termed a “pseudo-capacity” to distinguish it from the other kinds of capacity.’ [28] Regard that the chemical energy storage via electron transfer is added to the physical EDL mechanism.
Figure 5. Schematic drawing of the reactions in the Stern layer in the case of pseudocapacitive energy storage.
According to the chemical nomenclature, ions can be oxidized or reduced on the electrode surface by the Faradaic electron transfer. A reduced ion (R-) gets close to the electrode surface (Fig. 5A) and gives
an electron (e-) to the electrode (Fig. 5B). The ion after oxidation (R0) leaves the electrode surface
(Fig. 5C) to allow another R- to adsorb on the surface to proceed the process again.
Typical pseudocapacitive materials with surface redox charge mechanism include conducting polymers [45], for example, polyaniline (PANI) [46], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) [47], polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). [48] The pseudocapacitance can also arise from ion intercalation into metal oxides, for example, manganese dioxide [49] and ruthenium dioxide. [50] Intercalation is explained in detail in Ch. 2.2 but in the special case of a nanoscopic layered metal oxide electrode the pseudocapacitive behavior of a battery material is possible. [51, 52]
Pseudocapacitance arises when the surface charge (σ) required for electrosorption is a continuous function of the potential (U) and the reduction of an oxidized species occurs on the solid phase (ions) within the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte. The Faradaic charge transfer leads to an increased total charge (Qtot) and, according to Eq. 3, to a higher total energy. The derivative (dQ/dU)
describes a capacitance with a Faradaic charge transfer contribution, which leads to the rectangular shaped CV. [53] This behavior differs from a battery where the potential does not depend on the state of charge. As described in the Nernst equation, the electrode potential is constant and independent of
8 the extent of the reaction. [54] The difficulties of quantification between EDL capacitance and intercalation pseudocapacitance are explained in Ch. 2.3.4.
Some of the most important parameters for pseudocapacitive devices are rate handling and reversibility. Yet, the physical energy storage in the electric double-layer is combined with a chemical amount of Faradaic charge transfer-based energy storage. The EDLCs with fully reversible adsorption and desorption usually have a high reversibility of almost 100 %. By contrast, the reversibility of chemical reactions is distinctly reduced (typical batteries have about 60-80 % reversibility, more details in Ch. 2.2 and Ch. 2.3.4). [55, 56]
2.2 Lithium-ion Batteries
A Li-ion battery (LIB) is a chemical energy storage device. The intercalation of ions into a bulk material based on the work of Armand et al. was the start of a highly successful technique, which is now used in almost every portable device for its energy storage system. [57] This so-called rocking chair battery was further improved by Goodenough et al. [58], Lazzari and Scrosati [59] and finally patented by Yoshino et al. [60] for the currently used LIB systems. The intercalation and removal of Li+-ions into the cathode
material, usually a transition metal oxide (i.e., lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO2, lithium iron phosphate LiFeO4,
or lithium manganese oxide LiMn2O4) occurs at a specific potential in a reversible reaction. These
materials can be clustered into the three possible structure classes: layered materials (i.e., LiCoO2, LiTiS2),
spinel structured materials (i.e., LiMn2O4), or olivine structured materials (i.e., LiFePO4, LiMnPO4). [61, 62]
For anodes hard carbon (i.e., artificial graphite or mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB)) are predominantly used. [62, 63] The advantage of LIBs is the high energy density with more than 100 Wh/kg, which is over ten times higher than EDLCs with typical less than 10 Wh/kg. [15] The drawback for LIBs is a much lower power performance (Fig. 3). [9, 15] The difference in energy and power is related to the physically stored ions on the surface of EDLCs, in contrast to chemically intercalated ions into the bulk of the electrodes for LIBs.
In general, the physical transfer of ions from the liquid phase of the electrolyte into the solid phase of the electrode material corresponds to the efficiency of charge transfer and intercalation. The reactions on the anode at the charging step (Eq. 6) and the discharging step (Eq. 7) are
Charging 𝑀𝐴+ 𝑥𝐿𝑖++ 𝑥𝑒−↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑥𝑀𝐴 (6)
Discharging 𝑥𝐿𝑖 ↔ 𝑥𝐿𝑖++ 𝑥𝑒(7)
with the anode material (MA), the lithium ions (Li+), the electrons (e-), the lithium (Li), and number of
involved species (x). The Li+ can reversibly intercalate into M
A. On the cathode, the following reactions
Charging 𝐿𝑖𝑀𝐶↔ 𝐿𝑖1−𝑥𝑀𝐶+ 𝑥𝐿𝑖++ 𝑥𝑒− (8)
Discharging 𝐿𝑖1−𝑥𝑀𝐶+ 𝑥𝐿𝑖++ 𝑥𝑒−↔ 𝐿𝑖𝑀𝐶 (9)
with the cathode material (MC), which is a lithium deficit oxide. The redox-potential (µ) of the electrode
material for Li-ion intercalation in anode materials and Li-ion deintercalation from cathode materials determines the total cell voltage. However, this potential must be within the electrochemical stability window of the used electrolyte.
Figure 6 (A) Energy diagram of a battery. µC and µA are the chemical potentials for the cathode (MC) and
anode (MA), respectively. (B) Redox potentials of several typical LIB electrode materials in relation to the
electrochemical stability window (Eg) of 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC (1:1) (red) and water (H2O, blue). (based on
data from Ref. [64])
The most commonly used electrolyte is one molar lithium fluorophosphate (1 M LiPF6) in a one-to-one
mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC). This electrolyte has a stability window of 1.0-4.8 V vs. Li+/Li (Fig. 6A). A unique property of this electrolyte is the ability to form a solid
electrolyte interface (SEI). This layer contains a complex and highly discussed decomposition product of the solvents but can let Li-ions diffuse through the layer. [65, 66] The SEI formation is possible if the chemical potential of the cathode is lower than the highest occupied molecular orbital of the electrolyte (µC < HOMO) or if the chemical potential of the anode is higher than the lowest unoccupied molecular
orbital of the electrolyte (µA > LUMO). [64] The SEI is a protection layer to prevent the total
decomposition of the electrolyte and, at the same time, it makes it possible to reach potentials for the onset of lithium intercalation, for example, into graphite (Fig. 6A). A detailed discussion of SEI is out of scope for this thesis because it is a very complex and a highly discussed topic in the LIB research community. [66-68]
For example, a cell containing Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) as cathode and Lithium titanate
(Li4Ti5O12, LTO) as an anode will have a potential of 1.8 V since the intercalation in LTO takes place at
10 Figure 7. Scheme of the current and ion fluxes, during charging and discharging, in a LIB. (based on data from Ref. [69])
The chemical reactions which occur during charging and discharging are 𝐿𝑖4𝑇𝑖5𝑂12 + 3𝐿𝑖++ 3𝑒↔ 𝐿𝑖
7𝑇𝑖5𝑂12 (10)
𝐿𝑖𝐹𝑒𝑃𝑂4 ↔ 𝐹𝑒𝑃𝑂4+ 𝐿𝑖++ 𝑒(11)
The maximum battery potential window is in general determined by the electrolyte, and the redox-potentials of the active materials must be within this potential window. In aqueous electrolytes, the thermodynamic stability window (Eg) is 1.23 V, which translates to a potential of approximately 2.4-3.7 V
vs. Li+/Li (Fig. 6B).
Several performance parameters characterize the intercalation of electrode materials and the most important are: Charge storage ability, intercalation potential, rate handling, and Coulombic efficiency. In general, the charge storage capability is measured in milliamp hours (mAh), which is equal to the ability of lithium uptake in a reversible way. Classical intercalation materials have theoretical storage capacities of several hundred mAh per gram, for example, graphite: 372 mAh/g, LFP: 170 mAh/g, LTO: 175 mAh/g (Fig. 6B). [61, 70, 71] The values for materials which form alloys or with conversion reactions are usually much higher, e.g., lithium silicon alloys: 4200 mAh/g for Si21Li5, or lithium sulfur alloys: 1672 mAh/g for
Li2S [72, 73] However, conversion reactions suffer from a variety of chemical side reactions and a large
volumetric change, which are difficult to control. This can create stress inside the bulk, which may result in crack formation and the loss of electrical contact. This will lead to a poor cycling stability. [61, 74, 75]
2.3 Measurement techniques
In the following chapter, the measurement techniques, which are of importance for this thesis, will be introduced. A general introduction to each technique is given in each experimental part of the paper, so
11 here the focus will be on a more fundamental description of the techniques and related models. Furthermore, the use of custom-made in situ cells for a deeper understanding of charging mechanisms and related properties is outlined.
2.3.1 Gas sorption analysis
The specific surface area (SSA) and pore size distribution (PSD) of porous and non-porous materials can be measured using gas sorption analysis. It is a useful and well-established tool for the characterization of hard solids, porous solids, foams, and powders. [76] An isotherm over a certain pressure range is measured according to the adsorbent (the sample) and adsorbate (the used gas) of interest. Typical conditions for highly porous materials are nitrogen (N2) sorption at 77 K (temperature of liquid nitrogen)
in the pressure range of 10-7-1 relative pressure (p/p
0), carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption at 273 K in the
relative pressure range 10-4-10-2 p/p
0, and argon (Ar) sorption at 87 K in the relative pressure range of
10-5-1 p/p
0. [77] Argon is advantageous over CO2 and N2 due to the absence of a quadrupole moment.
CO2 sorption measurements can be used to gain fast and precise information about pores in the range
of 0.4-1 nm since the measurements are at 273 K where a fast diffusion of gas molecules drastically decreases the time to reach equilibration. [76, 78 ] The calculation of the specific surface area based on the covered cross-section area (σm) of a measured amount of adsorbate can lead to inaccurate values if
molecules adsorb in different orientation according to the energetic minimum between the quadrupole moment of the adsorbate and the surface atoms of the adsorbent. Further, from a practical point of view, argon has the advantage of faster measurements because no high vacuum is needed, and the diffusion is faster due to the higher measurement temperature. This is especially relevant in comparison to nitrogen sorption measurements, which have very long equilibration times, especially at the lowest pressures. [79] A too short equilibrium time can lead to an incorrect quantification of adsorption uptakes at a certain pressure, which will ultimately lead to incorrect SSA and PSD values. [80] Further, Ar measurements can also be done at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) but this temperature is below the triple point and the specific adsorption of Ar molecules is highly depending on the surface chemistry. [76]
12 Figure 8. Classification of (A) isotherms and (B) types of hysteresis according to the IUPAC declaration (based on data from Ref. [76]). Deconvoluted data with different kernels from (C) an activated carbon as microporous material and (D) onion-like carbon as mesoporous material with little amount of micropores
The recorded isotherm can be firstly categorized into six major groups with two sub-groups, according to the volume of pores in a certain size range and the interaction between the gas and solid. The IUPAC committee lists three categories of pores: micropores (pore width <2 nm), mesopores (pore width 2-50 nm), and macropores (pore width >2-50 nm). [76] From this we can describe with the shape of an isotherm and the major pore sizes as follows (Fig. 8A): Type I isotherms result from an exclusively microporous material with either pores >1 nm in type I(a) or pores smaller than 2.5 nm in type I(b). Mesoporous materials with a major of pores smaller than 4 nm exhibit a type IV(a) isotherm. If the pores are more cylindrical and the diameter is larger than 4 nm the resulting isotherm will be type IV(b) or type V, where the latter has a weaker gas-solid interaction. Non-porous or macroporous materials can have a type II or type III isotherm. Type III has a weaker interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate, and no full monolayer evolves. Therefore, the point B describing a fully evolved monolayer adsorption, which occurs in Type II isotherms, is not visible in the isotherm. The last type of isotherm (type VI) shows a layer-by-layer adsorption on the surface and at each step in the curve, a full monolayer of adsorbate is evolved.
13 Further information about the pore size and shape can be gained by examination of the hysteresis between the adsorption and desorption branch. The appearance of a hysteresis at higher pressure ranges is related to capillary condensation in narrow pores in the micro- and mesopore range. The metastability of the adsorbed multilayer of gas atoms in cylindrical pores leads to a delayed condensation. In more complex geometries the effect of bottle-neck pores, which have a small diameter at the pore entrance (i.e., 5-6 nm for nitrogen sorption isotherms) and a much larger pore diameter in the middle of the pore, will lead to cavitation (a spontaneous growth of a gas bubble in the condensed fluid inside the larger pore volume). [76] The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) further identifies five major shapes of hysteresis, described in the following (Fig. 8B): Type H1 is typical for mesoporous materials with a narrow pore size distribution and uniform pore geometry. The narrow loop results from delayed condensation on adsorption. Type H2 have a distinct and steep desorption branch, which can result from either pore blocking in a certain range of pore necks (more likely type H2(b)) or cavitation-induced evaporation (more likely type H2(a)). Type H3 evolves for type II isotherms or if the macropores are not completely filled during adsorption. In this thesis, many samples show type H4 hysteresis which is typical for micro-mesoporous carbons, where the flat line in the relative pressure range of 0.5-0.7 is associated with the filling of micropores. The shape of hysteresis type H5 is exotic. It is associated with both open and partially blocked mesopores. It is obvious, that for H3, H4, and H5 the sharp decrease in adsorbed gas results from the breakdown of the metastable capillary effects. In all cases, the desorption branch must overlap with the adsorption branch in the pressure range below 0.4 p/p0 to ensure a correct measurement.
The primary mathematical approach utilized in calculating the specific surface area (SSA) from an isotherm is the BET-SSA, according to the theory of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller. [81] This theory describes the relation of a general number of adsorbed molecules (n) divided by the adsorption capacity of a monolayer (nm) (Langmuir isotherm [82]) as Eq. 12
𝛹 = 𝑛 𝑛𝑚 = 𝐶𝐵𝐸𝑇 (1 −𝑝𝑝 0)(1 + (𝐶 − 1) 𝑝 𝑝0) (12)
with the coverage value (Ψ) and the specific heat of condensation of the adsorbate on the adsorbent (CBET). The linear form of Eq. 12 can be written as Eq. 13
𝑝 𝑝0 𝑛(1 −𝑝𝑝 0 ) = 1 𝐶𝐵𝐸𝑇∙ 𝑛𝑚+ 𝐶𝐵𝐸𝑇− 1 𝐶𝐵𝐸𝑇∙ 𝑛𝑚∙ 𝑝 𝑝0 (13)
The linear relation between left and right side of the equation is drawn in the BET plot for p/p0 values
about 0.05-0.3. According to the BET theory, the parameter CBET is exponentially related to the monolayer
14 The BET specific surface area (ABET) can be calculated according to Eq. 14
𝐴𝐵𝐸𝑇 =𝑛𝑚∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝜎𝑚
𝑚 (14)
with the Avogadro constant (L) and the mass of the adsorbent (m).
Applicability of the BET theory fails if the material is mainly microporous since independent monolayer growth is not possible if the pores are too narrow. In such cases, the calculated BET-SSA will be higher than the actual SSA. Therefore, other data treatment must be performed and density functional theory (DFT) is one such promising method. [83] The first approach using a one-dimensional non-local DFT (1D-NLDFT) [84] with the assumption of flat, slit-like graphene walls contained some mathematical artifacts. The zero pore volume at a pore size of 1 nm is the most prominent one. [77] Further addition of parameters into the DFT kernel lead to the most popular and accurate programs, either, quenched-solid DFT (QSDFT) with a roughness parameter for the slit-like pore model, [85] or a hybrid QSDFT model where pores smaller than 2 nm are assumed to be slit-like and wider pores are assumed to be cylindrical. [86] Another way to improve the kernel was done using two-dimensional NLDFT (2D-NLDFT), which considers surface energetical heterogeneity and geometrical corrugation. [87] A direct comparison of those models is shown for an activated carbon with mostly micropores (Fig. 8C) and an onion-like carbon with mostly mesopores (Fig. 8D). All the kernels show some specific steep increases in a certain pore range or no pore volume in relation to certain pore size range. I assume the amount and loading of artifacts is lowest for the 2D-NLDFT and QSDFT slit kernels, and that these curves exhibit the most accurate PSD. [88] The latter kernels contain most of the parameters implemented in the code, so the interactions between gas-solid, liquid-solid and gas-liquid, as well as the non-ideal carbon surface, are considered. However, the influence of surface functional groups, surface defects and non-carbon content on the adsorption of N2 and CO2 is still not quantifiable. Therefore, SSA measurements must be
always considered as a method to gain information with an error bar of approximately 10 % and further characterization, for example with electron microscopy, elemental analysis, or X-ray diffraction must be done.
2.3.2 X-ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful tool to gain information about the structure of a material on the atomic level. The technique is based on the interaction between a monochromatic X-ray source and a solid sample, which was first described by Max von Laue in 1913. [89]
Diffraction of incoming light with the wavelength (λ) on any ordered structure leads to a peak in the diffractogram according to the Bragg-equation [90] (Eq. 15)
15 with the distance of the atomic planes (d) and the angle (Θ) of the incoming light (Fig. 9A). The theory is only valid for full elastic scattering of incoming light with matter since Θ and λ of incoming and outgoing waves must be the same and no energy of the incoming wave is transferred to the sample. This is a major difference of scattering effects (Ch. 2.3.3), where an interaction of waves and matter is wanted and quantified.
Figure 9. (A) Scheme of the Bragg reflection and (B) picture of the custom-built in situ test cell.
The focus of using XRD in this thesis was to introduce the in situ investigation of ion movement between the layer of two-dimensional (2D) materials (MXenes [91]) with the interlayer distance d, also known as d-spacing. In situ describes the simultaneously measured current signal and the changes in XRD signal in a custom-built test cell (Fig. 9B). Since the incoming X-rays are copper K-alpha waves with an energy of 8.04 keV, corresponding to λ=0.15405 nm, the resolution of the d-spacing is quite high. Typically, in crystallography, the three vectors a, b, and c describe an orthogonal room of a unit cell, which translates for 2D materials to the in-plane atomic distances a and b and the inter-plane atomic distance c. The distance c and the d-spacing are equivalent in this specific case. In the resulting diffractogram, the two main parameters are the peak position, which corresponds to the interlayer distance and the peak width, which gives information about the distribution of the distances. [92, 93] In the case of Ti3C2-MXenes, the
complex assembly of the in situ XRD cell with the PEEK body, glass fiber separator, platinum current collector, and polymer cover make a further processing of the diffractogram, like Rietveld refinement [94], highly error-prone.
2.3.3 Small-angle X-ray scattering
The interaction of matter with an incoming wave of light can be fully elastic, and the resulting diffractogram can be described as in the previous chapter or, in the case of inelastic interaction, it can be described with a different theory. Depending on the amount of transferred energy from the incoming wave to the solid matter, the residual energy of the scattered wave will be changed, which is documented in the scattering pattern. [95] X-ray scattering is firstly described by G. P. Thomson [96] and later on
16 explained by A. H. Compton [97] with the photoelectrical effect. This is where the incoming photon removes a bound electron of an atom into the vacuum, and fluorescence radiation occurs due to relaxation of electrons from a higher shell (higher energy level of bound electrons).
Figure 10. (A) The custom-built in situ SAXS cell in section with the beam going through the working electrode. (B) The SAXS intensity according to Q for an activated carbon (AC) electrode in an empty state (black line) and filled with an aqueous electrolyte (red line). (C) 3d real space pore structure of an activated carbon and (D) results from Monte-Carlo calculations with cations (blue) and anions (yellow), which are visualized for -0.6 V. The local electrode charge density is visualized in the zoomed views, whereas red indicates high negative surface charge density, which is generally found close to cations. In contrast, a positive electrode charge is visualized in blue (induced by cations). The white areas indicate regions with zero electric field. (B+C reproduced from Ref. [98] with permission from the PCCP Owner Societies, D reproduced from Ref. [99] with permission from Nature Publishing Group)
Like XRD (previous chapter), the scattering of incoming light with the wavelength (λ) and a wave vector (k) will be recorded according to the angle (Θ) (for small-angle X-ray scattering typically >10°) with the scattering vector (Q). The scattering vector is defined as the difference between scattered wave vector and incoming wave vector 𝑄 = 𝑘2− 𝑘1. The data for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is usually
17 plotted as intensity (I) versus Q and any ordering above a characteristic length of 1 nm (like ordered mesopores in carbon) will lead to Bragg reflections and a peak in the plot. [100] When using a synchrotron radiation source with great intensity SAXS curves can be measured within seconds, and kinetical effects or in situ measurements with activated carbon and electrolytes are possible. [98, 99, 101] Using our custom-built in situ SAXS cell (Fig. 10A) we can correlate the SAXS signal with electrochemical tests, e.g., the influence of an applied voltage on the electrosorption of ions in nanopores. [99] The SAXS curve contains a vast amount of information, and the contribution of 4 main factors can be separated according to the dashed lines in the graph (Fig. 10B). These are (1) the power-law contribution (Ipower)
at smallest Q values, which results from scattering contribution of the activated carbon (AC) particles, [102] (2) the contribution of nanopores (INP) at intermediate Q values, which is the actual contribution of
the smallest pores of AC, (3) the constant influence of the carbon structure (IC) [103], and (4) the slightly
changing influence of the electrolyte structure (Iel), which is a function of the applied voltage and based
on ion adsorption close to the surface. [98] The changes in Iel are marked with the red arrow in the graph.
Please note that both structure factors are independent of Q. The total intensity (Itot) is the sum of each
contribution factor (Eq. 16)
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡= 𝐼𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟+ 𝐼𝑁𝑃+ 𝐼𝐶+ 𝐼𝑒𝑙 (16)
The combination of the SAXS signal of a dry carbon electrode and a Gaussian random fields simulation calculated a 3d real space pore structure with a size of 15x15x15 nm3 possible (Fig. 10C). [98, 99] The
application of Monte-Carlo simulations on a system with the 3d pore structure, water as a solvent, and cations/anions, allow us to understand and quantify ion movement in nanopores at applied potentials (Fig. 10D). [99] In general, the question about the behavior of finite sized ions in nanoconfinement, meaning (sub-)nanometer pores was not fully understand. [104] Further, the influence of the hydration shell, or more general the solvation shell, around the ions on the electrosorption in small pores was poorly understood. [105-107] Calculations about the solvation energy and amount of solvation molecules around ions in bulk were done but the influence of narrow pores, sometimes smaller than the fully solvated ion, on the degree of solvation was not fully described. The quantification of ion confinement and degree of desolvation can be summarized in three major aspects: First, counter ions show a preferred movement into sites with a high degree of confinement and this can be explained solely by electrostatic interactions. Second, cations prefer to electrosorb on sites with a higher degree of confinement due to better electrical screening. Third, the degree of desolvation is a function of the average pore size, wherein the amount of desolvation decreases for an increasing pore size. Moreover, the desolvation occurs for less than one percent of the hydration shell. Though, a decrease in solvation was measurable for systems where it would not be necessary because the ions could stay fully solvated in wider pores. This can be explained by the better screening if ions enter a higher confinement, even if the fully solvated ion would be too large to enter the confined space. The energy loss by a partial
strip-18 off of hydration shell is smaller than the gained electrical screening energy. [99] The established supercapacitor sandbox can be used to predict the performance of certain porous structures in EDLCs.
2.3.4 Basic electrochemical characterization methods
The cornerstone of quantitative electrochemical measurements is a stable and reliable measurement cell with good reproducibility. Precise electrochemical measurements require an elaborate cell design, which can drastically increase the reproducibility of the measurements. Our cell design is a custom-built spring-loaded system with a constant load of 10 N. [108] Further parts are titanium pistons (diameter 1.2 cm), a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) body and brass lids to close the cell (Fig. 11). The RE can be mounted via a titanium screw in the cavity very close to the other electrodes. We often use activated carbon as a quasi-reference electrode (QRE) since it is easy to handle and confirmed as a stable quasi-reference electrode for organic electrolytes [109] and ionic liquids. [110] We further showed the stability of treated activated carbon QREs in lithium-containing electrolytes [111] and neutral aqueous electrolytes.[112] One important but often overseen part is the current collector, which must provide a good electrical connection between the titanium piston and the electrode. [113-115] In this thesis it is always a carbon-coated aluminum foil used for all non-aqueous measurements and a platinum disc for aqueous cells to ensure a good comparability between the experiments. However, we found a drastic increase in power performance when sputtering a very thin aluminum layer directly on the electrode due to the highly intertwined structure of aluminum and carbon which drastically decreases the interfacial resistance. [113] With a robust cell design, the focus can now be on the measurement. The field of electrochemistry is a subset of the field of physical chemistry. The driving force for any reaction is the minimization of the Gibbs free energy, which means participating substances must end up at the same chemical potential (µ) (Fig. 6). In a Faradaic reaction, an exchange of electrons will occur until the Gibbs free energy reaches the local minimum. An applied voltage will lead to a controlled change in chemical potential and the resulting electron transfer continues until the reaction is completed. The initial potential of an electrode
(Φsingle) in contact with an electrolyte is determined by the Nernst equation (Eq. 17) [54]
𝛷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒= 𝐸0+ 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝐹 ∙ ln ( 𝑐𝑂𝑥 𝑐𝑅𝑒𝑑 ) (17)
with the standard electrode potential (E0), gas constant (R), absolute temperature (T), number of involved
electrons (z), Faraday constant (F), and concentration of oxidized (cOx) and reduced (cRed) species,
respectively, determine the potential. This process happens at each interface of the working electrode (WE) and counter electrode (CE) which is in contact with the electrolyte until a stable potential is reached. The same process occurs at the reference electrode (RE). However, because this electrode is currentless, the potential is stable and gives a constant value over the whole measurement, which is used as a reference potential. The total equilibrium voltage between two electrodes (either between WE and RE in
19 a three-electrode measurement or between WE and CE in a full cell with two electrodes) is determined by the difference in the single potentials after an equilibration of the chemical potentials. By applying a voltage, the system gets shifted from the equilibrium state into higher or lower potentials, and some reactions will occur. For example, tis can be the intercalation of ions into graphite, the exertion of Li-ions from LFP, or another reaction like conversion, which is not in the focus of this thesis.
Figure 11. (A) Exploded drawing and (B) a picture of the cut-open custom-built electrochemical test cell. The cell is carefully assembled and placed in a climate chamber at a constant temperature (room temperature, 25±1 °C), and measurements begin after an appropriate equilibration time (approximately 1 h). A standard characterization is performed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic measurements. The reactions take place at a certain potential in a cyclic voltammogram (CV), where the potential is linearly changed with the time, one will see some distinct peaks when testing a battery since the plot is current over potential/voltage. This is in strong contrast to a CV of a capacitor, where current is in the ideal case independent of the applied voltage (dQ/dU=const.) within the stability window of the electrolyte. The independence from the voltage results from electrosorption and absence of electron transfer between electrode and electrolyte. Those easy to distinguish mechanisms are blurred when the electrode architecture gets more complex with, for example, nanometer-sized battery materials, which show rectangular-shaped CVs (Fig. 12). [116] The possible mechanisms can be pseudocapacitance with Faradaic charge transfer but rectangular-shaped CVs [51] or reversible hydrogen sorption in nanopores. [117] Further, the use of a new class of materials with two-dimensional characteristics can show pseudocapacitive intercalation. [91] Yet, also the electrolyte can have a contribution on the charging mechanism by the use of redox-active electrolytes. [118] All these factors make a direct determination based on the shape of CV impossible and further characterization is needed. The material’s behavior and interaction with the electrolyte must be investigated separately.
20 Another standard electrochemical characterization technique is the galvanostatic measurement with potential limitation (GCPL). Here, in contrast to CVs, the applied current (iGCPL) is constant and the
potential is measured over time. The advantage of this method is that it makes quantification of charge transfer at a certain load possible because the applied current is manually set. The current values are either normalized to electrode mass (meaning amperes per gram) or in time with the C-rate, where 1C means the charging or discharging duration is one hour.
Figure 12. Comparison of possible charge storage mechanisms and the resulting CVs and GCPL curves (adapted from Ref. [119]).
With the GCPL, the internal resistance of the system can be investigated by an iR-drop (UiR) at the
beginning of the voltage profile. According to Ohm’s law 𝑈𝑖𝑅= 𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑅∙ 𝑖𝐺𝐶𝑃𝐿 the electrical series resistance (RESR) can be measured. A typical plot for those measurements in the supercapacitor field is the voltage
profile over time to show the straight (dis-)charging lines. In the battery field, one commonly plots voltage versus charge, where the voltage profile indicates the Coulombic and energy efficiency. The Coulombic efficiency (ηC) is the quotient of charge from discharge (Qdis) divided by the charge invested
for charging (Qch) (𝜂𝐶 =𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠 𝑄
⁄ ), and the energy efficiency (ηE) is the same quotient but for the invested
energies (𝜂𝐸=𝐸𝑑𝑖𝑠 𝐸 𝑐ℎ
⁄ ). The specific energy is in this case calculated by Eq. 18 𝐸𝑠𝑝= 𝑖𝐺𝐶𝑃𝐿 𝑚 ∫ 𝑈(𝑄)𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡0 (18) with the mass (m) and the integral over the voltage profile U(Q) over the time from start (t0) until end
(tend). Mind that U is a function of Q. For an ideal supercapacitor the Coulombic efficiency must be one
21 to losses based on several effects, for example, the RESR. The ion redistribution and leakage current of
SCs further diminishes the total efficiency. [56] Moreover, each activated carbon will have a certain non-carbon content like adsorbed water in the pores and functional groups. Those impurities can catalyze electrolyte decomposition (see Ch. 4.1) and are therefore unwanted in non-aqueous electrolytes. [120-123] The decomposition will lead to a reduced efficiency because the chemical reactions during degradation are irreversible. The first cycle effects, which occur during the first contact between electrodes and electrolyte as well as during the first applied potential are in this thesis always insignificant due to a proper conditioning. Further, usually the third or fifth cycle after conditioning was used for published data.
In general, a system with very high efficiency will also have a promising longevity and therefore the calculation of efficiency is a fast technique to roughly extrapolate the lifespan of a SC. [56] Highly optimized and laboratory scale supercapacitors can yield values for ηC of 97-99 %. [23]
2.3.5 In situ electrochemical dilatometry
In general, a dilatometer is a device which measures strain (i.e., linear volumetric changes). The specification of an in situ electrochemical dilatometer (eD) is the combination of an electrochemical cell connected to a dilatometer. The history of eD starts in 1977 with a paper by Métrot et al. [124] where the changes in thickness were measured for a pyrographite electrode in contact with boron trifluoride in ethoxyethane. [124] The focus at the beginning was on the intercalation behavior of a certain species into graphite and the resulting dilatation. The poor resolution of the first used apparatus was improved by Biberacher et al. [125] with an estimated resolution of 25 nm. Later, this system was also used for the intercalation of Li-ions into industrially produced graphite. [126] The apparatus was further improved at the Paul Scherrer Institute in the Group of Rüdiger Kötz by Hahn et al. [127] and is now commercially available from the company EL-CELL. The system provides a non-contact setup, where the WE is connected to a moveable plunger and via a membrane to the height transducer, which applies a constant load on the WE (Fig. 13). The WE is placed between the glass T-frit and the spacer disc (Fig. 13B). This setup allows the measurement of a variety of electrode materials and electrolytes since the cell can be sealed inside a glove box. This simplifies the use of materials/electrolytes that require handling in a certain atmosphere, e.g., oxygen free for lithium or water free for organic electrolytes and ionic liquids. Those cells can now be measured in a climate chamber outside of the glove box.
22 Figure 13. (A) Picture of the in situ electrochemical dilatometry system ECD-3nano from EL-CELL. (B) Schematic drawing of the main components of the dilatometer (with permission of EL-CELL, Germany). The expansion for an intercalation type of energy storage can be several percent, for example, for Li-ions into graphite with full intercalation (ideally until LiC6 is reached) about 10 % [128], for LiFePO4 to
Li1-xFePO4 about 6.5 % (for x=0.98) in correlation to the phase change from olivine to orthorhombic
structure. [129] As an example, lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, LMO) particles were drop-casted
with 10 mass% conductive additive and 10 mass% polyvinylidenfluorid (PVdF) on a platinum disc as a current collector and placed as WE in the dilatometer. The LMO is usually used as a cathode in a LIB because of the high (de-)lithiation potentials (Fig. 6B). However, the LMO structure and phases are still a major concern according to lithium content and unit cell construction. A common accepted model describes three major phases, depending on the loading of lithium, which are first almost fully delithiated Li1-xMn2O4 (with x < 0.98) rutile structure, second LiMn2O4 with spinel structure, whereas the lithiation
occurs at 3.6 V vs. Li/Li+, and third a lithium rich Li
2Mn2O4 spinel structure which forms at potentials
below 2.5 V vs. Li/Li+. [131, 132] During the delithiation, the LiMn
2O4 spinel structure changes to
Li1-xMn2O4 rutile structure with a theoretical compaction of up to 6.5 %. [133, 134] Instead, the formation
of a lithium-rich Li2Mn2O4 phase leads to a further increase in volume by 6 % compared to LiMn2O4.
[135] Yet, this expansion is not isotropic since the c-direction expands approximately 16 % more than the a-direction, what is a Jahn-Teller distortion. [132-136] The thin electrode, which was used in the dilatometer, with 2.1 mg total mass and 51 µm thickness shows three distinctive peaks in the CV for
23 anodic and cathodic scan at a scan rate of 1 mV/s, which are typical for battery materials and correspond to Nernstian behavior (Ch. 2.2, Fig. 14A). The corresponding height change, normalized to strain by dividing the displacement with the initial thickness and set to zero at 0 V vs. Ag/Ag+, follows the peaks
of the CV, where the slope in strain is highest for the largest current. Applying a positive potential leads to the extraction of lithium and the compaction of the structure, which is in this case 0.8 % decrease in strain at +0.8 V vs. Ag/Ag+. For negative potentials, the lithium-rich phase occurs after the peak occurs
in CV at -0.5 V vs. Ag/Ag+ with an increase in strain of 0.7 %. The total volumetric change for the
composite electrode is significantly less compared to the theoretical values, but this is due to many parameters like void volume, reorganization of particles due to plastic deformation of the binder, or non-complete lithium insertion and extraction. [32, 137]
Figure 14. Cyclic voltammogram (blue) and simultaneously recorded strain signal (red) for (A) a lithium manganese oxide electrode (LIB electrode) in an aqueous lithium sulfate electrolyte, and (B) for an activated carbon electrode (EDLC electrode) in an organic electrolyte. (C) The EDLC electrode was quantitatively investigated with charge versus strain and compared to simulations.
The next example is an organic EDLC with activated carbon as electrode material (Fig. 14B). In an ill-considered approximation, no macroscopic change in volume for an electric double-layer capacitor would be expected since the energy storage is based on charge separation on the electrode-electrolyte interface. The standard electrode material is porous carbon with a high surface area and pores in the subnanometer to mesopore range. [34] However, the pressure necessary to place an ion into a subnanometer pore can reach several hundred megapascals. This causes a volumetric change of the whole electrode, even if the Young’s modulus of carbon (graphite) is in the range of gigapascal. [138, 139] One can expect that not the elastic stretching of the C-C bonds is the reason for the expansion. The simulation of the pressure values, which is based on a constant-voltage grand-canonical ensemble with hard spheres as ions, a dielectric constant, a pair of hard electrode planes, constant surface charge, and a Coulombic energy term between the ions, may contain mathematical artifacts due to those simplifications. [139, 140] However, the electrostatic energy based on Coulombic interaction in combination with thermodynamic terms, which are based on surface charge density, ion density and the pore size reveal the influence of those parameters on the pressure needed to create an electric
double-24 layer in narrow pores at an applied voltage. [140] The results of these simulations show a decrease in pressure for higher dielectric constants since the electrostatic force is better shielded in those cases and the repulsion force of ions with the same charge is decreasing and buffered by the electrolyte. Further, an increased pressure is related to the ion size and pore size, whereas the maximum increase was calculated for pore sizes in the range of the ion size. However, for all calculations the pressure was increased after applying a voltage. [139] Those simple calculations reveal the importance of ion size, pore size, and applied voltage on the macroscopic behavior of the electrode material. A macroscopic change in volume will happen when the internal pressure in the micropores increases above the stress level that the material can handle without a change in strain.
Regarding graphitic carbon there are three charge-induced volumetric changes possible: First, the intercalation, as described earlier, with an increase in the c-axis and a volumetric change of approx. 10 %. [128] Second, the change in the intralayer C-C bond length based on quantum-mechanical effects due to electron or hole injection with approx. 1.5 % change in volume. [141] Third, the reduced surface tension leads to an expansion of the electrode material with a linear correlation between surface charge and strain. [142] This effect has been measured, but the macroscopic volume changes below 0.05 % show an almost negligible effect. [143] A direct comparison between intercalation and the electrosorption-induced strain shows a large expansion (>5 %) for ion intercalation at potentials far from the point-of-zero charge (pzc) and a less pronounced expansion (<3 %) for electrosorption, but the expansion begins already at low applied potentials. [127] In EDLCs there is a two-phase interaction between the porous carbon electrode and the ions inside the electrolyte. The finite-sized ion together with possible solvent molecules is attracted into nanoconfinement to compensate the surface charge. Usually the expansion for EDLCs at negative potentials is larger compared to positive potentials, even at the same charge. [144] This non-symmetrical behavior is shown for many types of carbons and electrolytes. [32, 40, 100, 144-147] Possible explanations for this asymmetry can be based on two main factors. Firstly, the different size of ions in the double-layer, where often cations are larger than anions, what results in greater pressure for larger ions in the same pore size. [139] Secondly, the change in C-C bond length according to quantum-mechanical effects causes a contraction of up to 1.5 % for hole injection (positive charging) and up to 1.5 % expansion for electron injection (negative charging). [141] Yet, several other competing mechanisms like electrowetting, ion desolvation, and steric effects, which are functions of the state of charge and are further influenced by the amount of functional groups, make a precise prediction of carbon swelling impossible at present. [32, 40, 105, 148] As an example, activated carbon (type YP80-F) bound with 5 mass% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was measured in an organic electrolyte (one molar tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile, 1 M TEA-BF4/ACN)
(Fig. 14B). The predominately rectangular shape of the CV confirms a near ideal double-layer behavior during charging and discharging, whereas the quantum capacitance at higher/lower potentials leads to
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Good Garden How One Family Went From Hunger to Having Enough (CitizenKid)
the good garden
When María's father must leave home to find work, she is left in charge of their garden. Then a new teacher comes to María's school and introduces her to sustainable farming practices that yield good crops. As María begins to use the same methods at home, she too sees improvements, which allow her family to edge their way out of the grip of the greedy "coyotes" --- the middlemen who make profits on the backs of poor farmers. Little by little, the farms --- and the hopes --- of María and her neighbors are transformed as good gardens begin to grow.---from the publisher
32 pages 978-1525304064 Ages 8-12
Keywords: farms, farming, school, economics, family, helping others, Latinx, Latina, Latino, diversity, diverse books, 8 year old, 9 year old, 10 year old, 11 year old, 12 year old, Central America, Social Studies Curriculum
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In August 1791, the Haitian Revolution began, and more than ten years later, it ended with Haiti becoming the first colony in the region to win independence. To mark the anniversary, French and Africana Studies Professor Kaiama Glover reflects on her latest research, in this special “Break This Down” interview, on dystopian Haiti, zombies, and how pop culture perpetuates and reinforces incorrect and negative narratives about Haiti and the wider "black" world.
Glover is also author of Haiti Unbound: A Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon and is working on the forthcoming monograph "Disorderly Women: On Caribbean Community and the Ethics of Self-Regard." She is the co-editor of Transition magazine’s special issue New Narratives of Haiti; co-editor of Translating the Caribbean, a volume of critical essays on translation in the Americas; and first editor of Revisiting Marie Vieux Chauvet: Paradoxes of the Postcolonial Feminine, a volume of critical essays published in Yale French Studies.
Your article, “Flesh Like One's Own,” addresses zombies and zombie culture— but what is a “zombie” exactly?
A zombie is a mythical creature. The literal zombie myth originated in sub-Saharan Africa and migrated through the Middle Passage to the slaveholding plantation Americas. The myth took root in Haiti and became a meaningful element of Haitian culture. The Haitian zombie is a revived corpse exhumed through black magic and made to serve an evil sorcerer, kept suspended indefinitely in a state of living death. The zombie can perform basic life functions—eat, hear, speak a little bit—but has no memory of its past nor awareness of its present condition. The creature is pitied and reviled by other members of the community, condemned to eternal servitude.
According to Haitian writers, the zombie is a metaphor for the disenfranchised subject, rendered abject by colonial enslavement and by postcolonial phenomena of internal political and economic corruption, state violence, and international exploitation.
It is important to keep in mind that in neither its literal nor its metaphorical iteration is the Haitian zombie the monster we see in contemporary cinema. It belongs to no group and is not a predator. It's a lonely and long-suffering victim.
The article includes the subtitle “benign denials of legitimate complaint.” Please explain this concept.
The idea here turns around these words "benign" and "legitimate." In the article, I question the notion of the benign (that which is "non-threatening to life") when it comes to how we think about and engage with Haiti—and more broadly, with the non-white, so-called emerging, "post" colonial world—and how it is portrayed in the news media, in social awareness contexts like humanitarian telethons, or through popular entertainment (like zombie films). I argue that these discursive scenarios are anything but "non-malignant" because they rely explicitly on misrepresentations of the Other, including the denial of that other's justifiable right to complain as a political subject, as opposed to as a merely abject being in need of aid. A big part of what I try to do in this piece is to lay out the historical context within which Haiti and black Africa in particular have been set outside of global history. I look at subtle but pernicious North Atlantic denials of post-slavery responsibility for contemporary dystopian Afro-realities.
You highlight the impact French colonization had on shaping Haiti’s economic and political future. What are some of the biggest misconceptions about the island’s economic and political position?
Among critical misconceptions about the island are those that have to do with its isolation—the notion that it has operated as a sovereign state for the past two centuries and therefore, that its current economic and political position is solely a result of internal failures. I show in the essay that Haiti's history overlaps with the United States’, well after its formal independence. From the U.S.’s refusal to recognize Haitian sovereignty until 1862, to the U.S. occupation of Haiti from 1915 to 1934, to CIA support of the 30-year Duvalier dictatorships, to devastating interventions in Haitian farming in the 1980s and 1990s, to our current role in the establishment of exploitative industrializing practices—we have been contributors to Haiti's economic and political dysfunction for the last two centuries. The U.S.’s imperial power has proceeded in part through our relationship to Haiti. This is not to absolve the Haitian government and Haitian social actors from their own responsibility, but simply to call for an acknowledgment of the ways in which the U.S. in particular has played a big part in the (under)development of Haiti.
Parallels between the way the West perceives the continent of Africa and the island of Haiti are woven throughout the research to explain "First World" emotional distance or lack of empathy and identification. According to your research, why do these parallels and the need for emotional disance exist?
What I mean to suggest in noting these parallels is that there is a pattern to the ways in which nations of the "First World" absolve themselves vis-à-vis political, economic, and social "failures" in Africa and the Afro-Americas. Proximity and distance are geographic realities, yes, but can also describe a self-determined emotional gap between one group and the Other. And these positions are determined in large part by the stories we tell ourselves, by our narratives of who we are and who we aren't (also, of who we're happy not to be).
As a literature scholar, narratives are my wheelhouse. I spend my time thinking hard about what they reveal regarding their cultural context and what layers of meaning they contain. Looking at the news coverage from the 1980s "African famine" moment that are reused today to talk about disaster in Haiti, particularly since the 2010 earthquake, I'm struck by the insistent refusals of proximity that underlie our expressions of sympathy and that are the conditions of our willingness to "help."
You note that the zombie, though race-less, “taps into racial fantasies that lead us right back to Haiti and to Africa.” What is the origin of this fantasy, and how do we eliminate its connection to blackness?
I don't think there's necessarily any way to "eliminate" the association of the zombie with blackness (black magic, primitive darkness, Afro-spirituality, etc.). To do so would mean to succeed in eliminating racial fantasies more broadly, or the very idea that race is a scientific reality, when in fact race is a social fantasy of difference that facilitates our treatment of different humans differently. The most or the best first effort we can make is to recognize the insidious ways in which our "First World" discourse—even the most seemingly benign—participate in othering, and ultimately hierarchizing, cultural and political practices. Because that truly is the role of "race" as a construct to provide the foundation that allows us to divvy up global resources unequally. Its origins date to the 15th century and undergird the botched initial encounter between Europeans and Africans and the subsequent horrors of racial slavery and colonialism.
Why are Americans obsessed with zombie culture, and how do zombies make us feel safe?
It seems to me that the American obsession with zombie culture has to do, in a sense, with what is arguably a certain collective psychic guilt regarding—and/or desire to justify—our privilege in the face of the increasingly degraded material reality of people of the Global South. The figure of the zombie provides us with an undifferentiated, repugnant, and imminently expendable sub-human whose mass extermination we can ethically imagine—and desire! Insofar as this creature originates in the ultimate space of otherness that is the Afro-world, we need to be wary of its prevalence as a killable being.
For more news from Glover:
Barnard experts explain.
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when did stalin become dictator
Because of this, Stalin began a quest for greatness and respect. Though never a strong orator like Vladimir Lenin or an intellectual like Leon Trotsky, Stalin excelled in the mundane operations of the revolution, calling meetings, publishing leaflets and organizing strikes and demonstrations. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was a very poor country. Stalin is famous for his extremities used to build and sustain Communism in USSR. Updated August 22, 2019 Joseph Stalin (December 18, 1878–March 5, 1953) was an important leader in the Russian Revolution who became the head of the Communist Party and dictator of the Soviet state known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). READ MORE: How Joseph Stalin Starved Millions in the Ukrainian Famine. Stalin and the Totalitarian State Mr. Nickel Life Under Stalin The Great Purge Citizens may have feared spies and the police, however, people also became educated and were expected to be productive, especially women: Women's rights - The Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 declared all READ MORE: How Photos Became a Weapon in Stalin's Great Purge. Born into poverty, Stalin became involved in revolutionary politics, as well as criminal activities, as a young man. Terms in this set (12) Who took over the Communist party after Lenin? Write. By some estimates, he was responsible for the deaths of 20 million people during his brutal rule. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to the newly created office of general secretary of the Communist Party. Cities were renamed in his honor. The question is, why did so many people decide to trusts man, who grew Into another world known dictator? During these years, Stalin had continued to move up the party ladder, and in 1922 he became secretary general of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, a role that enabled him to appoint his allies to government jobs and grow a base of political support. In a similar manner, Stalin at first supported the creation of Israel and then later withdrew his support. Stalin was a dictator of the Soviet Union starting from 1922-1953 (Mazelev, 1999). By now, the British and Americans were suspicious of Stalin's intentions and wanted to avoid Soviet involvement in a postwar Japan. Thanks to his position of General Secretary, Stalin had ultimate control over the party. The forced collectivization also led to widespread famine across the Soviet Union that killed millions. Joseph Stalin was a Georgian born student radical who became a member and eventually became leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. As the General Secretary, he built his power base while marking out the potential rivals and those who looked down on him since he was not as educated as his fellow colleagues in Lenin's Government. Stalin was eventually denounced by his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, in 1956. Stalin grew his power as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the early 1920s after the Russian Revolution. https://www.history.com/topics/russia/joseph-stalin. Lenin founded the GULAG (an acronym for, in English, Main Administration of Collective Labor Camps), the network of prisons and forced labor camps throughout the Soviet Union. The tide turned for the Soviets with the Battle of Stalingrad from August 1942 to February 1943, during which the Red Army defeated the Germans and eventually drove them from Russia. British parliamentary elections had replaced Prime Minister Churchill with Clement Attlee as Britain's chief negotiator. By 1927, Stalin was the unquestioned ruler of the Soviet Union. As a teen, he earned a scholarship to attend a seminary in the nearby city of Tblisi and study for the priesthood in the Georgian Orthodox Church. … By 1950, when it was prudent to do so, Stalin became best buddies with China and now had a major ally in the Cold War. The son of Besarion Jughashvili, a cobbler, and Ketevan Geladze, a washerwoman, Stalin was a frail child. Nadezhda committed suicide in her early 30s. (Stalin had ignored warnings from the Americans and the British, as well as his own intelligence agents, about a potential invasion, and the Soviets were not prepared for war.). The respected Levada Center … This only deepened Stalin's suspicion of the West, as millions of Russians died. After seeing action in the Siege of Paris, he was a military engineer in Indochina, West Africa and Madagascar. You had to ask your father to beat you up every day. After the 1930s there was not much left of Ukrainian and Belorussian literature – almost all authors had been shot or sent to prison camps to die”. Then, in June 1941, Germany broke the Nazi-Soviet pact and invaded the USSR, making significant early inroads. A year later, Stalin came in contact with Messame Dassy, a secret organization that supported Georgian independence from Russia. Joseph L. Mankiewicz was an American screenwriter, director and producer known for writing hit movies such as 'All About Eve,' 'A Letter to Three Wives' and 'Cleopatra.'. Slowly, Germany started to invade Russia in 1941, but Stalin handled it well, believing that victory relies on supplies and the will of the people to fight. By 1924, he had placed many of his supporters in key positions. In his time, he was one of the most powerful U.S. journalists. He harbored a dislike in particular for a man named Trotsky, a Marxist wh… They had two children, a boy and a girl (his only daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, caused an international scandal when she defected to the United States in 1967). At the end Stalin emerged as dictator of the USSR. The poorest of the people were starving, due to a shortage of food. Stalin joined the group in 1898. PLAY. Match. Though his popularity from his successes during World War II was strong, Stalin's health began to deteriorate in the early 1950s. By October, the revolution was complete and the Bolsheviks were in control. Ivan the Terrible was the first tsar of all Russia. After escaping from exile, he was marked by the Okhranka, (the tsar's secret police) as an outlaw and continued his work in hiding, raising money through robberies, kidnappings and extortion. Stalin Becomes Dictator. Stalin ruled by terror and with a totalitarian grip in order to eliminate anyone who might oppose him. He left a legacy of death and horror, even as he turned a backward Russia into a world superpower. But in April 1917, Bolshevik leader Lenin denounced the provisional government, arguing that the people should rise up and take control by seizing land from the rich and factories from the industrialists. Stalin Becomes Dictator, From 1922 to 1927, Stalin began his ruthless climb to the head of the government. In 1925, the Russian city of Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad. When the resolution to support South Korea came to a vote in the Security Council, the Soviet Union was unable to use its veto. 6 December] 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. STUDY. Some of the members were socialists who introduced him to the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. He demanded the Allies open a second front against Germany, which they agreed to in the spring of 1944. Joseph Stalin was a Georgian born student radical who became a member and eventually became leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Millions of farmers refused to cooperate with Stalin’s orders and were shot or exiled as punishment. The period known as the Great Purge eventually extended beyond the party elite to local officials suspected of counter-revolutionary activities. Stalin came to power when Lenin died in 1924 by outmaneuvering his rivals to become the head of the Communist Party and then the dictator of the Soviet Union. To make matters worse, the purges of the 1930s had depleted the Soviet Army and government leadership to the point where both were nearly dysfunctional. Stalin was born into poverty at the tail-end of the 19 th century. He was handsome, charismatic and a favorite of Lenin. He also agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated. government which take total control over every aspect of public and private life. During his reign, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government. During the second half of the 1930s, Stalin instituted the Great Purge, a series of campaigns designed to rid the Communist Party, the military and other parts of Soviet society from those he considered a threat. After leaving school, Stalin became an underground political agitator, taking part in labor demonstrations and strikes. His development plan was centered on government control of the economy and included the forced collectivization of Soviet agriculture, in which the government took control of farms. His had filled the administration of the Party with people who were loyal to him. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin reversed the Bolshevik agrarian policy by seizing land given earlier to the peasants and organizing collective farms. Many were ...read more, During the late 1940s and early 1950s, the prospect of communist subversion at home and abroad seemed frighteningly real to many people in the United States. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. For a time, he found work as a tutor and later as a clerk at the Tiflis Observatory. Though Stalin ...read more. After Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) died, Stalin outmaneuvered his rivals for control of the party. Senator Joseph McCarthy charged that communists had infiltrated the U.S. State Department. He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. On December 18, 1879, in the Russian peasant village of Gori, Georgia, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili - later known as Joseph Stalin - was born. As the tide of war slowly turned in the Allies' favor, Roosevelt and Churchill met with Stalin to discuss postwar arrangements. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. In February 1917, the Russian Revolution began. Stalin grew up poor and an only child. By the next year, the Soviet Army was liberating countries in Eastern Europe, even before the Allies had mounted a serious challenge against Hitler at D-Day. By 1928 he had removed all of his enemies and became the sole leader of the Soviet Union. Despite initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he ult… Joseph Goebbels served as minister of propaganda for the German Third Reich under Adolf Hitler — a position from which he spread the Nazi message. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. Terms in this set (12) Who took over the Communist party after Lenin? Joseph Stalin, secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–53) and premier of the Soviet state (1941–53), who for a quarter of a century dictatorially ruled the Soviet Union and transformed it into a major world power. Stalin at first betrayed his fellow communists in China … It's estimated that Stalin killed as many as 20 million people, directly or indirectly, through famine, forced labor camps, collectivization and executions. He also launched an invasion of Finland. https://www.biography.com/dictator/joseph-stalin. Potential rivals were accused of aligning with capitalist nations, convicted of being "enemies of the people" and summarily executed. That is an easy one, though I think it might be too late. Stalin gained infamy being associated with the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery, which resulted in several deaths and 250,000 rubles stolen (approximately $3.4 million in U.S. dollars). Three years later, in November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia. By the late 1920s, he had become dictator of the Soviet Union. In 1922, as general secretary of the Communist Party, he worked behind the scenes . Many were exiled abroad to Europe and the Americas, including presumed Lenin successor Leon Trotsky. The other village children treated him cruelly, instilling in him a sense of inferiority. He was one of three recognized leaders after Lenin's death in January, 1924. When the Bolsheviks managed to capture power in 1917, Stalin was released from prison to take up the post of Secretary General of the Central Committee in 1922. JOSEPH STALIN, dictator of the Soviet Union, was intensely bullied as a child over his facial disfigurement, archive reports revealed. After Lenin died in 1924, Stalin eventually outmaneuvered his rivals and won the power struggle for control of the Communist Party. Why Did Stalin Become a Dictator? In 1918 (some sources cite 1919), Stalin married his second wife, Nadezhda “Nadya” Alliluyeva (1901-1932), the daughter of a Russian revolutionary. A perennial viral favorite every election year is a statement attributed to Joseph Stalin, leader of the U.S.S.R. from 1922 through 1953, about voting vs. who wins in elections. A dictator’s death: how Stalin, Hitler, Mao and other self-styled strongmen met their ends; Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt: the big three’s war of words; Rise of a dictator: how did Hitler gain power and become the führer of Germany? In 1902, he was arrested for coordinating a labor strike and exiled to Siberia, the first of his many arrests and exiles in the fledgling years of the Russian Revolution. After heroic efforts on the part of the Soviet Army and the Russian people, the Germans were turned back at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943. Stalin chose not to return home, but stayed in Tiflis, devoting his time to the revolutionary movement. Joseph Stalin did not mellow with age: He prosecuted a reign of terror, purges, executions, exiles to labor camps and persecution in the postwar USSR, suppressing all dissent and anything that smacked of foreign–especially Western–influence. For the most part, Stalin was another anti-Semite at … By the time Stalin regained his resolve, German armies occupied all of the Ukraine and Belarus, and its artillery surrounded Leningrad. Though not a significant post at the time, it gave Stalin control over all party member appointments, which allowed him to build his base. Self-Serving Relations with China, 1940-1953. Any resistance was met with swift and lethal response; millions of people were exiled to the labor camps of the Gulag or were executed. As war clouds gathered over Europe in 1939, Stalin made a seemingly brilliant move, signing a nonaggression pact with Germany's Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party. By March, the tsar had abdicated the throne and was placed under house arrest. Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. However, he has found a rekindled popularity among many of Russia's young people. In 1939, on the eve of World War II, Joseph Stalin and German dictator Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. Stalin was so distraught at Hitler's treachery that he hid in his office for several days. Roosevelt died that April and was replaced by President Harry S. Truman. He also developed a cruel streak for those who crossed him. After his expulsion from school, Stalin became involved in underground political movements, participating in various rallies and protests. He censored photographs in an attempt to rewrite history, removing former associates executed during his many purges. When Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin fought for the leadership of the party. Between 1945 and 1948, he established Communist regimes in many Eastern European countries, creating a vast buffer zone between Western Europe and "Mother Russia.". Created by. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Flashcards. Stalin was an exceptional individual because of what he became and what he did, the positions he occupied in a tumultuous time. Stalin used bureaucratic shuffles and denunciations to … World Studies World War II. Stalin aligned with the United States and Britain in World War II (1939-1945) but afterward engaged in an increasingly tense relationship with the West known as the Cold War (1946-1991). He soon joined Bolshevism, the precursor of Russian communism. Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union for more than two decades, instituting a reign of death and terror while modernizing Russia and helping to defeat Nazism. What started in 1917 Russia, became a global revolution, taking ...read more, The question of where Russia begins and ends—and who constitutes the Russian people—has preoccupied Russian thinkers for centuries. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The Soviet Union was founded in 1922, with Lenin as its first leader. In the years following the death of Vladimir Lenin, he rose to become dictator of the Soviet Union, using a combination of manipulation and terror to destroy his opposition. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! His government also controlled the Soviet media. What year did he become absolute, undisputed dictator? When he was in his 30s, he took the name Stalin, from the Russian for “man of steel.”. How Joseph Stalin Starved Millions in the Ukrainian Famine, How Photos Became a Weapon in Stalin's Great Purge. He worked his way up the ranks of the Communist Party and became General Secretary, ultimately installing himself as dictator in the wake of Vladimir Lenin’s death. With Soviet troops liberating countries in Eastern Europe, Stalin was again in a strong position and negotiated virtually a free hand in reorganizing their governments. Accounts differ as to the reason; official school records state he was unable to pay the tuition and withdrew. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. As the war progressed, Stalin participated in the major Allied conferences, including those in Tehran (1943) and Yalta (1945). Today, it is one of Russia's largest cities and a key industrial center. He is considered as one of the leaders who were responsible for the death of many people during their rule. Claim: Before Joseph Stalin entered the history books, he was a young, 'hip' atheist and a democratic socialist. He later became the unquestioned and de facto dictator of the Soviet Union and was shockingly ruthless when it came to killing his people. During the 1930s and ’40s he promoted certain aspects of Russian history, some Russian national and cultural heroes, and the Russian language, and he held the Russians up as the elder brother for the non-Slavs to emulate. Joseph Stalin rose to power as General Secretary of the Communist Party in Russia, becoming a Soviet dictator after the death of Vladimir Lenin. While there he began secretly reading the work of German social philosopher and “Communist Manifesto” author Karl Marx, becoming interested in the revolutionary movement against the Russian monarchy. The fledgling Soviet government went through a violent period after the revolution as various individuals vied for position and control. The KGB served a multi-faceted role outside of and within the Soviet Union, working as both an intelligence agency and a force of “secret police.” It was also tasked with some of ...read more, Joseph Hooker (1814-1879) was a career U.S. military officer who served as a major general and commander of the Union Army of the Potomac during the Civil War (1861-65). The respected Levada Center … Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin terrorised his own people, but for the first time a survey suggests that most Russians view him favourably. At first, he had people removed from power through bureaucratic shuffling and denunciations. Flashcards. When US was willing to help, they came to know that Stalin was ruling Russia like a dictator. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. What is totalitarianism? Joseph Conrad was an author who is remembered for novels like 'Heart of Darkness,' which drew on his experience as a mariner and addressed profound themes of nature and existence. Stalin, who grew increasingly paranoid in his later years, died on March 5, 1953, at age 74, after suffering a stroke. Western powers interpreted these actions as proof of Stalin's desire to place Europe under Communist control, thus formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to counter Soviet influence. Joseph Stalin. Dictators from Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin to Napoleon and Kim Jong-un led their countries with absolute control and excessive force. https://www.socialistalternative.org/lenin-original-dictator/lenin-original-dictator Joseph P. Kennedy is best known as the father of three political leaders: President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Representative Ted Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy, who served as a U.S. senator and attorney general. At age 7, he contracted smallpox, leaving his face scarred. In the village of Stavyshche, a young peasant boy watched as the wanderers dug into empty gardens with their bare hands. You should have started in childhood. 70% of Central Comittee elected at the 17th Party Congress arrested and shot 1108/1966 delegates of the Congress shot (the ones that voted for Kirov) This shows grudge, revenge in eliminating past and future opponents. He established communist governments throughout Eastern Europe, and in 1949 led the Soviets into the nuclear age by exploding an atomic bomb. Most of the people were peasants, and there was very little industry. All Rights Reserved. Joseph Stalin. Gravity. During his years in power, he served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). During the 1930s he started five year development plans and focused on improving the country’s industry.. One of the Communist leader’s greatest tasks was to collectivize farming. The dropping of two atomic bombs in August 1945 forced Japan's surrender before the Soviets could mobilize. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Increasingly, Stalin appointed his loyalists to the Politburo. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin terrorised his own people, but for the first time a survey suggests that most Russians view him favourably. Joseph Stalin, secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–53) and premier of the Soviet state (1941–53), who for a quarter of a century dictatorially ruled the Soviet Union and transformed it into a major world power. Match. Some scholars have argued that Stalin's record of killings amount to genocide and make him one of history's most ruthless mass murderers. Russia - Russia - The Stalin era (1928–53): Stalin, a Georgian, surprisingly turned to “Great Russian” nationalism to strengthen the Soviet regime. Becoming Dictator. He shrewdly moved his followers into strategic government offices. Stalin then proceeded to annex parts of Poland and Romania, as well as the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In 1899, Stalin was expelled from the seminary for missing exams, although he claimed it was for Marxist propaganda. It was during this time that he adopted the name Stalin, meaning "steel" in Russian. Ekaterina perished from typhus when her son was an infant. The situation changed at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945. Bukharin was something of a darling in the Party. madisontriolo. Stalin also set in motion rapid industrialization that initially achieved huge successes, but over time cost millions of lives and vast damage to the environment. Stalin Becomes Dictator. For many Americans, the most enduring ...read more, The KGB was the primary security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its collapse in 1991. Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. His iron will and deft political skills enabled him to play the loyal ally while never abandoning his vision of an expanded postwar Soviet empire. In 1948, Stalin ordered an economic blockade on the German city of Berlin, in hopes of gaining full control of the city. Hooker entered the Civil War in 1861 as a brigadier general and gained a reputation as a reliable combat ...read more, Since its start a century ago, Communism, a political and economic ideology that calls for a classless, government-controlled society in which everything is shared equally, has seen a series of surges—and declines. Best known as the "Elephant Man," Joseph Carey Merrick has been the subject of many medical studies, documentaries and works of fiction. How did Stalin become dictator of the USSR? Additionally, Stalin built a cult of personality around himself in the Soviet Union. Did you know? Stalin had been suspicious of the West since the inception of the Soviet Union, and once the Soviet Union had entered the war, Stalin had demanded the Allies open up a second front against Germany. Test. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dzе Jughashvili, 18 December [O.S. But like many people in higher politics, he was at the same time quite ordinary — a small man placed in extraordinary circumstances. He adopted the name Koba, after a fictional Georgian outlaw-hero, and joined the more militant wing of the Marxist Social Democratic movement, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin. Convinced of the Allies' hostility toward the Soviet Union, Stalin became obsessed with the threat of an invasion from the West. World Studies World War II. Learn more about Stalin in this article. He became chair of the Senate's subcommittee on investigations. Stalin continued to increase his influence in the party, and by the end of the 1920s he became the sole dictator of the USSR, defeating all his political opponents.
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How do Tesla Motors work?
What kind of electric motor is used in Tesla?
There are two main kinds of electric motors used in electric cars, though there are many variations on those themes. Tesla, for example, uses alternating current (AC) induction motors in the Model S but uses permanent-magnet direct current (DC) motors in its Model 3.
How many motors does a Tesla have?
Do Teslas have a motor for each wheel?
Three motors? Yes, that’s why this car wears logos from an outfit called Magna Powertrain, a Michigan-based company which removed Tesla’s dual-motor running gear from the Model S and replaced it with an in-house system that features three motors – one for the front wheels and a motor for each wheel in back.
How long do Tesla electric motors last?
A Tesla Model S can last between 200,000 – 400,000 miles before requiring a new battery module due to degradation.
Does Tesla use brushless motors?
IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: What is stepper motor phase?
What is the least expensive Tesla 2020?
Is a Ferrari faster than a Tesla?
Do Teslas need oil?
How fast is a Tesla?
The electric car accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in just 2.07 seconds, more than 0.2 second quicker than our previous record holder.
How far can a Tesla go on one charge at 70 mph?
310 miles (499 km) is the farthest we’ve been able to drive any of the vehicles we’ve tested in the InsideEVs 70-mph range tests, beating out the RWD Porsche Taycan that Kyle Conner was able to drive 293 miles (472 km) on his highway test.
How many years can you finance a Tesla?
You can purchase a Tesla by securing a loan with a Tesla financier or a third-party lender over the terms of 36 to 72 months. Please note that Tesla lending is available for approved applicants depending on state.
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Beer is a fascinating, diverse and delicious beverage, but if it’s not properly stored, it can develop some not-so-delicious off-flavours.
Here we’ll learn more about the three most common ways the flavour of beer can be ruined after it leaves the brewery and what can be done to prevent this from happening. (As a note, none of these off-flavours are health risks, but they certainly are unpleasant!)
Beer is best consumed fresh, because with time, all beers will develop signs of oxidation, or staling.
Signs of oxidation include:
• Hops fade first; both their bitterness and their bright, fresh aromas and flavours decrease.
• Next, the “malt shift” follows, introducing overly-sweet caramelly or honey-like flavours, along with a waxy flavour that sometimes described as lipstick-like.
• Finally, a wet paper, cardboard, or envelope-like aroma and flavour develops, a sign that beer is truly past its best.
The rate at which these changes occur will vary, depending on a beer’s ingredients, brewing process or style. Hop-forward styles, like American IPA, can fade in flavour more quickly. While styles with a full body and high alcohol content can age quite well if properly cellared. (More on this at the end of the article.)
Now let’s go into what actually causes oxidation:
This off-flavour results from beer being exposed to oxygen during the brewing or packaging process. There is always going to be some level of oxygen exposure, but brewers aim to limit it as much as possible.
When exposed, oxygen binds chemically to various malt components. The oxygen is then carried through the brewing process in this bound form. Over time these bonds break down, freeing atomic oxygen back into the beer where it can oxidize the fatty acids and alcohols, leading to flavour changes.
So how do we prevent the effects of oxidation?
These effects are unavoidable; with time, all beers will develop signs of staling, hence why all beers (should) have an expiration date. This is the date by which the brewer believes the beer will no longer represent the brewery-intended flavour due to the effects of oxidation.
But we can help to slow their development… by keeping beer cold.
A beer’s shelf life can easily be shortened by exposure to warm temperatures. Refrigerated storage at 3°C (38°F) is best for all beers at all times, as non-refrigerated storage accelerates beer aging.
It’s important to note that temperature changes within a reasonable range (from refrigerated storage to room temperature storage, for example) will not inherently damage beer’s flavour. But beer should never be allowed to reach temperatures in excess of 25°C (77°F), as these conditions lead to rapid flavour degradation.
(As a note: oxidation may also result from issues during draught dispense, but we will not explore them here.)
Lightstruck/ skunky
A lightstruck, or skunky, flavour is caused by beer’s exposure to light – including sunlight, fluorescent light, and most LED lights – and is most noticeable in the aroma of a beer.
(If you’re not familiar with the smell of a skunk, this aroma is also described as smelling like freshly brewed coffee, grass, or marijuana.)
What causes this lightstruck or skunky aroma?
It’s formed by a reaction between certain wavelengths of light (both blue and UV) and hop’s bittering compounds (the iso-alpha acids) and may be evident after just a couple of minutes of light exposure.
So how do we prevent it?
Cans, kegs, and bottles in closed case boxes that completely shield beer from light give maximum protection from skunking.
But bottled beers are subject to skunking:
• Brown glass blocks most of the wavelengths of light that cause skunking, and therefore offers superior protection to clear and green glass
• Green glass blocks very little of the light that causes skunking
• Clear glass offers no protection against skunking
Some brewers that use clear or green glass bottles as a marketing choice have come to accept this aroma as part of their beer’s character. Consumers are very tolerant of this flavour, but technically it’s still considered an off-flavour.
There is a way for brewers who package their beers into clear or green glass bottles to avoid the development of this off-flavour, and that is by using specially modified hop extracts that do not react with light. This is what Miller uses in its Miller Lite product, for example, so even though it’s in a clear glass bottle, you will not detect the lightstruck aroma and flavour.
Dirty draught lines
Beer lines at bars and pubs are subject to the same sanitation and infection issues as breweries.
What does beer taste like when poured through a dirty draught line?
Draught line infections can lead to buttery or sour flavours in beer:
• Pediococcus and Lactobacillus bacteria commonly infect the beer lines themselves, producing buttery flavours and a spoiled or sour milk taste.
• Acetobacter can be found in dirty beer faucets and gives beer a vinegary taste.
What causes draught line infections?
As beer runs through the line from the keg to the faucet, a thin film of protein and other compounds sticks to the inside of the tubing and can become quite difficult to remove, creating a breeding ground for spoilage bacteria, like Pediococcus and Lactobacillus.
Acetobacter growth usually begins in or on spill trays, bar tops, or used bar rags and will eventually spread to beer faucets. Serving staff submerging the faucet into a beer while pouring will increase the growth rate of these bacteria.
So how do we prevent this?
With regular line cleaning – every 2 weeks at a minimum. And it’s not just about cleaning the beer lines: the couplers, FOBs and faucets need to be cleaned regularly, too.
This will keep the beer that’s running through these systems tasting the way the brewer intended.
When oxidation is not always an off-flavour
As mentioned above, beer styles with a full body and high alcohol content can age quite well if properly cellared. So what makes them unique?
Over time, bound oxygen is freed and released back into the beer where it can oxidize the fatty acids and alcohols present. While the oxidation of fatty acids contributes those wet paper, cardboard, or envelope-like aroma and flavours, oxidation of alcohols can actually prove quite pleasant.
As alcohols are oxidized, a port- or sherry-like character becomes evident. Leathery or tobacco-like oxidation character can develop, as well. And the beer will dry out, becoming less sweet and more vinous, or wine-like.
In stronger beers, these positive oxidation flavours can often mask its less pleasant effects.
Additionally, many of these beers are bottle conditioned, which further protects the beer. The live yeast acts as a scavenger for oxygen – using it as a nutrient and preventing oxidation – keeping the beer tasting fresh for longer.
That said though, storage temperature is still important here. Strong beers age best just above cellar temperature, from 55–65°F (13–18°C).
Brought to you by Beer with Nat
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Écrit par daniel
Cet article fait partis de notre toolbox :
« Gérer les déchets dans le tourisme et l’événementiel »
Si vous avez l’intention de commencer à traiter avec vos déchets organique correctement il y a quelques faits et options, vous devriez être au courant. Nous avons répertorié ci-dessous des informations de base qui vous aideront à vous poser les bonnes questions afin de pouvoir mettre en œuvre un système de gestion des déchets organiques cohérent.
Why composting?
Selon la fondation Mac Arthurséparant des matériaux parfaitement naturels pouvant intégrer la biosphère en toute sécurité est l’une des composantes essentielles du modèle d’économie circulaire. (Voir leur fameuse infographie). Cela génère de nombreux avantages:
• Éviter l’humidité dans vos bacs ce qui :
• empêche les composants techniques (non organiques) de perdre leur potentiel de recyclage ou de réutilisation,
permet des collectes de déchets moins régulières car la taille et les mauvaises odeurs seront réduites.
• Preventing it to end up (according to where you live) in:
• sanitary landfill causing harmful greenhouse gas emission,
• incinerators bringing little calorific value,
• open dump site contaminating air, water and creating a breeding ground for harmful bacteria and insects.
• Providing opportunities to:
• generate local energy,
• fertilize fields,
• capture carbon,
• provide free mulching.
• Organic waste accounts for 30% (in OECD) to 70 % (in developing countries) of the total waste amount of households bins.
• Up to 40 % of the food produced worldwide is thrown away. If food waste was a country, it would be the 3rd biggest producer of green house gas. In France 36% of green house gas is produced by the food industry.
We wrote an article detailing specifically the food waste issue and possible solutions: click here to read it!
What can be composted?
Everything that is or has been edible can be regarded as organic waste.
A good waste management process starts with preventing food waste in the first place: read our detailed article to get tips about it. Soft byproducts like banana peels, the leaves of cauliflowers, radishes, leeks or beetroots can be easily composted although there are also options to cook and eat them to consider first!
Some organic material might impaired the treatment process:
• Bread, Limes, lemons, oranges, as well as garlic, onions and leeks should be prohibited for worm composting and might slow down the composting process if they represent half of the amount of waste.
• Animal and dairy products as well as soups, sauces, purée are OK for methanization but might be prohibited for small scale composting to prevent pest and smells.
Hard minerals
Eggshells can help to add calcium in your compost which is really good for plants. However be aware that hard minerals materials, such as eggshells, mussels or oysters, take a lot of time to decompose. Crush eggshells before to throw them away to accelerate the process.
Leaves, branches, invasive species, coming from your garden or fields, can of course be composted, but be aware that there is a risk that some undesired seeds remain in the compost if they have not been neutralized during the thermophile process. Some decoration made out of natural material like flowers might have been treated with chemichals not to decompose at a normal pace.
Paper and cardboard
Non-edible, man-made materials like cardboard, cups, newspapers, bags, can sometimes be composted if they do not contain chemical components. The main problem might comes from staples or glue (rather than inks). Be cautious, check the composition of the material looking at textures, gaudy and shiny colors or labels.
Don’t compost them! The fact that some so-called compostable “bioplastic” bags “disappear” with time might in fact just mean that they’re breaking into tiny pieces that are invisible to you. Those are still harmful for the environment and some items will only decompose in industrial composting facilities.
Not everything that is said to be biodegradable or compostable actually is. Check the label and environmental allegations!
How to compost?
1) Collect separately organic waste
Learn about how to choose and implement smartly waste containers: read this detailed article! Also, find useful resources about signage on this page. Even so it will be the first step of your waste journey, it should in fact be decided last: according to the waste treatment option(s) you’ll opt for and with whom you will be working for it collection/treatment with.
To keep in mind:
• Everything that is compostable is not necessarily composted. Customers might not be accustomed to your process and throw their compostable stuff elsewhere.
• The waste you will encounter in the gardens (leaves), in the kitchen (peels), open spaces (compostable cups) or dining room (leftovers) might be very different in volume, composition, and might involve very different people (employees, visitors, etc.). It is thus relevant to design appropriate containers, set up and signage for each place.
• Organic waste containers can bring smells, pests and generate heat or gazes.
• Organic waste is super heavy and dirty, containers have to be easy to transport (size, wheels, few stairs) and washable.
• They are some devices that can help you by dring out your organic waste in order to make them taking less space, but also to prevent smells and pests which will allow less frequent transportation. The output, a dried and shredded organic matter cannot be considered as regular compost.
In Nantes (France), « La tricyclerie » collects organic waste in dense urban areas.
2) Transport and transform
If you’re an organization/company generating a lot or organic waste, you may not be able to process the organic waste yourself. For example, if you’re a restaurant providing more than 50 meals a day, home composting would require a nearby garden with at least 6 m² available, and with curious and tolerant neighbors. Other below mentioned techniques are often too complex and capital intensive to be handled by amateurs. If you do not handle the organic waste yourself, it is highly probable that the service supplier you will be working with (either NGO, entrepreneur or municipality) will also take care of transportation.
To keep in mind:
• The service supplier might provide appropriate containers with a deposit system.
• The cost of organic waste collection and treatment can be mutualized by several neighboring structures and balanced by existing or incoming tax cuts.
• The service providers can resort to several waste treatment options that will impact what you will have to separate or not.
• Different possible transformation techniques include:
• Worm composting
• Carbonization
• Methanization
• Feeding for animal or larvae
Always keep in mind the waste hierarchy to frame how you should focus your efforts for greater impact. Here is a good one for food waste from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):
How does composting work?
If you are lucky enough to compost yourselves, here are some explanations about how it works. Composting somehow tries to follow some natural ecosystems principles.
You are not alone! Bacteria, mushrooms, insects and many others will help you process the organic waste. Your composting site can be located on plain earth and benefit from potential trees, bushes but industrial composting processes also work on concrete. All species below are more than welcome, even mice if it does not get in the way of sanitary rules or good relations with neighbors are not a threat in itself.
It will take around 3 to 6 months to transform a heap of organic waste into mature compost in industrial composting site. It can take 6 to 9 month according to quantities and climate and small scale composting. Proper maintenance, ecosystems and input will help you keep with the delays but nothing will speed up the pace of nature without damaging the quality of the output.
The composting process require a balance of moisture and air:
• A well-balanced compost NEVER STINKS!
• Composting consist in a natural process called aerobic digestion which means that the above-mentioned living beings will thrive provided that there is oxygen, without them other kinds of bacteria will develop and generate methane. Keep the air flowing by turning the organic waste upside down at least once a month, having a well dimensioned container and adding branches, leaves or shredded wood.
• For each volume of organic waste with nitrogen (kitchen scraps and leftovers, freshly moaned grass in thin layers) you should add an equivalent volume of carbon (dried leaves, newspapers or cardboard, shredded untreated wood, compostable straws…)
• An appropriate moisture level is important, a roof or lid is required to protect your compost from glazing and drying sun, or from heavy rains. Adding carbon will help you maintain a good moisture. Watering the compost might be needed at times.
Tips to make it better!
Although composting tries to imitate nature, if you want your composting site to process enough volume and/or quicket, some actions are required from you and your stakeholders.
The smaller the pieces of organic waste, the faster they will decompose. Huge chunks might need to be cut or torn in smaller bits.
Good set up
If you want to process 1 cubic meter of organic waste quarterly you will need:
• A container that will receive fresh organic waste.
• A nearby container with carbon inputs.
• A maturation container where the almost mature compost will be able to finish its maturation.
• Some tools to monitor and maintain.
• Enough space in a nearby garden.
Signage and governance
No matter how good the set up if the human factor is not taken into account. It is important to involve your stakeholder by training and mobilizing them. Tutorials can be found on the internet, a team has to be created to define who will bring the organic waste on a daily basis, who will mix it monthly and transfer it quarterly. Some open events can be organized quarterly to distribute the mature compost and raise awareness about the impacts and requisites of composting.
Good signage is crucial both next to the collecting bins as mentioned previously but also onto the composting site to explain to potential new employees, or simple bypassers the goals, good practices and benefits of composting
Going big?
If one cubic meter composter is not enough, you can add others, up to 4 new composter, one more being dedicated to maturation. For bigger quantities which, of course, implies bigger spaces, you can opt for windrow composting that you can improve with passively or forced aeration. In vessel composting allows you to speed up the maturation process by easing the mix and aeration through a manual or automated barrel rotation.
This is a screenshot from the free course about composting:
Municipal solid waste management in southern countries
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Holding Therapy
Not effective and harmful.
What is Holding Therapy?
1. Intended to treat attachment disordersjoey-yu-464442-unsplash
2. Began in 1970s
3. Alternative child mental health intervention, for foster/adoption children
4. Not empirically supported
5. Disobedience and perceived lack of gratitude or affection for their caregivers is treated
6. Problems are ascribed to an inability to attach to their new parents, because of suppressed rage due to past maltreatment and abandonment
7. Common form of attachment therapy is holding therapy, in which a child is firmly heldcraig-whitehead-431483-unsplash (or lain upon) by therapists or parents.
8. Therapists seek to produce in the child a range of responses such as rage and despair with the goal of achieving catharsis.
9. Child is reduced to an infantile state in which he or she can be “re-parented” by methods such as cradling, rocking, bottle feeding and enforced eye contact
10. Techniques have been implicated in several child deaths and other harmful effects.
11. Includes deep tissue massage, aversive tickling, punishments related to food and water intake
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Consciousness and Awareness
A spirited discussion about these two ideas triggered off a few thoughts today in training. What I realized is that there are two different meanings for the word consciousness, a western and an eastern one. The western freudian inspired idea of it kind of sounds like this:
Consciousness is defined as a state of awareness, or of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. Awareness, on the other hand, is described as the state or ability to perceive. Awareness is the ability to feel, to be conscious of events, objects, thoughts, emotions, or sensory patterns.
Whereas the eastern idea is the one that I had been using in the context of my words and it goes something more like this
Consciousness is not the mind or the senses. Consciousness utilizes the mind, heart, and senses to perceive, but can perceive levels of existence that are beyond our mind, heart and physical senses.
In some ways, awareness, shows intent, a direction, a focus, a need for a response. When you ask “Are you aware that/of….?”, you are expecting something that indicates readiness to respond to something, someone or an idea. You would never ask “Are you conscious of…?”. But you might say “I was conscious of ….”, indicating a state where you can perceive a situation, idea or circumstance but without an immediate intent to respond. Consciousness has a kind of latency to its need for your response. This is not to say you will not respond. When you want to indicate urgency to act or react, you would rather say “Beware (be aware)” than “be Conscious”.
In many ways consciousness is extending beyond your own physical and metaphysical self. It can be used in a context much larger than factually comprehensible. You could talk about “universal consciousness” as a state of connectedness that allows awareness of things that are beyond immediate perception. Without this consciousness, the corresponding awareness would not exist.
It sound like awareness might be more settled in the realm of the mind and consciousness in the realm of the heart.
Or perhaps the definition of consciousness used here is not really what can be totally agreed upon in the context of words available in the languages of the west due to the linguistic inconsistencies that are presented by diversity of culture. In that case we might be better off using a more eastern term… perhaps “sthitha prajna”.
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Q- What is Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)?
Cardiac resynchronization therapy is a procedure to implant a device in your chest to make your's heart chambers contract in a more synchronized and efficient way. It uses a device called a bi-ventricular pacemaker that delivers electric signals to both the lower chambers of the heart so that both the ventricles contract at the same time thus maximizing the amount of blood that's pumped out of your heart. Sometimes along with a biventricular pacemaker, you may also need another device called Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) which helps to fix serious heart rhythm problems.
Watch the short video to learn more on Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy:
Reference- Cardiac resynchronization therapy - Type - Mayo Clinic. (2019). Mayoclinic.org; https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-resynchronization-therapy/pyc-20385014
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OU blog
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Tasked with researching the use of eportfolios in education I can google it, or i can come here. Because I have been there already I come here first.
From JISC I have this:
Why use ePortfolios (JISC)
Engagement across time
The use of e-portfolios to store information relevant to learning helps students track their personal development across time.
A rich picture of learning
The use of e-portfolios can help students to build a rich and detailed picture of their learning. Written coursework can be stored in e-portfolios, but make full use of their digital potential. Videos, photographs and audio recordings can also help students to document a more complete image of their vocational educational experience.
Ask specific questions
Students can be prompted to reflect on their learning by being asked questions. Build this into the e-portfolio. You can ask students to detail: practical activities undertaken; the quality and accuracy of their work; their methods and formative tasks; their reflections on the learning process.
Making feedback accessible
Storing feedback in one place allows students to reflect when they are ready to do so. For one thing, digital feedback is more difficult to lose than paper feed.
Track students’ development
E-portfolios allow teachers to track their students’ learning across time. Teachers are able to see how students are improving and identify students that require more help.
Enhance department assessment
Teachers can provide evidence that their feedback was rigorous and helpful.
Demonstrating achievement
Storing evidence of work in one place enables students to demonstrate their achievements to others. In particular, students finish the course with a single document detailing their educational journey and accomplishments to show to potential employers.
Use familiar programmes
E-portfolios need to be accessible to students and teachers. Using software that students and teachers already feel comfortable with will help create a smooth transition and increase engagement.
Inclusive teaching
Dyslexic students are able to record their work in dyslexic-friendly formats.
Finding the right ePortfolio
Some Options
Below is a list of tools that can be used to collect, organize and share student work. Those that are free are marked with an asterisk (*).
Project Foundry
This tool organizes, tracks and shares learning in a project-based learning classroom. It includes standards-based grading tools and feedback tools. Teachers have the option to include a digital portfolio website for students.
Google Sites*
Create a website to share classwork and projects. Potential users must be at least 13 to sign up. Students can use the “file locker” option to upload files.
Wikispaces and PBwiki* [No longer exists]
These two wiki-creation tools allow students to create a website of their work. Due to the collaborative nature of the tools, student teams can build a workspace to showcase their work. The teacher can create student accounts without an email address. (Note: PBwiki is also known as PBworks.)
Students can create a public folder in Dropbox to share their work. This platform supports multiple file types and can be used collaboratively by sharing folders.
Students can create “notebook” within their Evernote account for each class, and that notebook can be shared publicly. Students can upload files to their notebooks, including documents, photos and audio files.
Teachers can assign, collect, grade and return assignments to students through eBackpack. Students can upload files to their digital locker to create an online portfolio for their course. Work uploaded cannot be seen outside of the closed system.
From 'Digital Arts': 15 best portfolio websites for designers and artists
Adobe Portfolio
All of these and my direct experience is with:
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The bus unit travels in an organized way the many main routes which connect the different parts of the city together. The services can be classified into different types on the basis of the purpose of use route length, type of bus, and frequency of passing.
The most common type of bus service helps mobilize people from one urban population center within the city to another in a massive way that is cost-efficient and relatively fast.
Park and Ride Bus Services: Are shuttle buses that provide transport for a park or facility that features a particularly extensive parking lot, as to make it easier for the guests to arrive at their destination.
Feeder bus: Specifically refers to a bus or shuttle bus that transport passengers to a place, facility, or station where they are meant to board another transportation vehicle that is meant to help them arrive at their actual destination, figuratively ‘feeding’ their passenger to the next vehicle.
Bus rapid transit (BRT): Are bus units that have been enabled with roads exclusively for their use so have to deal less with traffic and can deliver on the ‘rapid’ part of their name.
The scheduling of buses within big cities is a hectic endeavor. Provided times for arrivals and departures should be taken as a simple guide with wide margins for variations since traffic jams are particularly common as accidents. The best bus companies around take this into account when scheduling and also seek to enable extra units when rush hours are reached and the volume of passengers is expected to rise exponentially.
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Most human being know that food preparation food is critical step in food safety. Yet what around cooling food? Cooling gets less attention 보다 cooking, however it deserve to be every bit as important.
You are watching: An appropriate method for cooling a large quantity of food is
The FDA has specific regulations because that cooling food safely. These regulations space often called the two-stage cooling procedure since they’re typically taught come food employees as 2 stages. Knowledge the regulation are crucial for every food handlers.
Two stage cooling method
The FDA recommends that food be cooled from 135°F to 41°F (57°C to 5°C) in six hours or less. This time border helps stop dangerous bacteria growth. However the guidelines don’t end there. The FDA Food Code has actually one added rule: Food have to be cooled native 135°F to 70°F (57°C to 21°C) in two hrs or less. In this range, bacteria can dual in as small as 20 minutes. The quicker food passes with this temperature range, the better. Food workers have actually the rest of the six hrs to take food through the remaining temperature peril zone, native 70°F under to 41°F (21°C to 5°C).
This entire cooling process is often dubbed the two-stage cooling process. Part food workers find out it choose this:
Stage 1: Cool food indigenous 135°F to 70°F (57°C to 21°C) in two hours.Stage 2: Cool food from 70°F to 41°F (21°C to 5°C) in 4 hours.
Training food workers
Breaking up cooling guidelines into two stages can make them simpler to remember. ~ above the various other hand, food employees who discover the guidelines as two stages might misunderstand part things around the regulations. For instance, part food workers may mistakenly take it one hour to cool food in stage 1 and also take five hours to cool food in phase 2 (which is as well long). Other food workers might forget the they don’t have to start the clock on your cooling until food beginning the Temperature peril Zone in ~ 135°F (57°C). Finding out to properly train employees on cooling methods is integral to food manager training.
Just learning the regulations doesn’t median food workers will follow them. The best method to ensure ideal cooling is come make certain food workers understand the factors behind the rules. It every starts v the temperature hazard zone.
The temperature peril zone
Bacteria grow ideal in food in the temperature range between 135°F – 41°F (57°C – 5°C). This variety is so efficient for bacteria expansion that it’s called the temperature danger zone.
As food is cooled, the passes v the temperature hazard zone, giving bacteria time to multiply. If left out to cool, cook food can become unsafe in a matter of hours. The cooling step offers bacteria a possibility to multiply to attention levels—if bacteria growth isn’t controlled while food cools. That’s why the FDA guidelines are so effective. This guidelines ensure the food passes through the temperature hazard zone quickly so bacteria don’t have a possibility to do food unsafe.
Proper cooling methods for food
It deserve to be tricky to cool a huge batch of warm food. Strategies for cooling can help take the warmth out that the situation.
Separate food right into smaller portions. A big pot of hot food put right right into the refrigerator can become dangerous. The food in the center of the pot will certainly cool much an ext slowly 보다 the food roughly the edges. Rice is a certain danger for this scenario since it holds warm so well. Instead, separate food right into containers that are 4 customs deep or less.Cover food loose while the cools. This lets warm escape much more easily while food cools in the fridge. If food is defended from air pollution from above, it have the right to be left uncovered while the cools.Stir loosened foods. Stirring is not an option for some foods, like casseroles, but for loose foods it can be useful to even out cooling.Use an ice bath. Surround a container that food v ice water. Ideally, the water level need to sit over the optimal level of the food.
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Editor’s note: This post was initially published in September 2014 and has to be updated because that freshness, accuracy, and also comprehensiveness.
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How Often Should You Feed A Hermit Crab?
How Often Should You Feed A Hermit Crab? Hermit Crab Feeding
A dry commercial hermit crab flake or pellet can be used as the primary source of food.
Fresh fruits and vegetables such as apple, carrot, kale and banana should be offered 2-3 times per week.
How much food do you feed a hermit crab? Hermit crab food is available in pellet form, in gel form, in powder form, or like canned dog food. If you choose any of these types of food, give small crabs about 1 teaspoon per day. Generally, all forms contain many nutrients not found in every human food, like tannins, carotenoids, and cellulose, to name a few.
Can you overfeed a hermit crab? Overfeeding the hermit is not an issue, but by overfeeding the hermit crab you’ll be overfeeding your tank. Even if you feed the hermit crap outside the tank as Carolina suggests, the excrements of that meal will still land inside the tank and possibly increase the organic load.
How long can hermit crabs go without food? two weeks
How much do hermit crabs eat
How Often Should You Feed A Hermit Crab – Related Questions
How do you know if your hermit crab is eating?
Hermit crabs are able to find their food in two ways: by smelling the food and by seeing other hermit crabs eating. Your hermit crab will most likely come out of its shell, wiggle its antennae, and then head straight to the smellier food item. This demonstrates how a hermit crab smells its food just like other animals.
What is a hermit crabs favorite food?
High-quality commercial hermit crab food.
Do hermit crabs need a sponge to drink?
Hermit crabs enjoy drinking their water through a sponge rather than an open dish of water.
And, it helps prevent accidental drowning of your hermit crab.
Provides beneficial humidity which is necessary for the long-term health of your hermit crab.
Can hermit crabs eat bananas?
Foods to Feed
Why do I never see my hermit crabs?
So, why is your hermit crab always hiding
Will hermit crabs die without salt water?
Hermit crabs require both freshwater and saltwater water sources to survive. You may also choose to use bottled spring water instead of water from your tap to avoid chlorine exposure. The water dishes should be big enough for your hermit crabs to submerge themselves in, but not so deep that they can drown.
Can I leave my hermit crabs for a week?
Re: Leaving on Vacation
Do hermit crabs recognize their owner?
Hermit crabs will not recognize humans by sight.
Can hermit crabs have babies?
Hermit crab babies hatch from eggs. Mama Crab carries them around until they change color from a rusty brown to light blue, at which point they’ve finished developing. Many animals have more than one offspring at a time, but hermit crabs, have many in one effort.26 Sept 2017
Why won’t my hermit crab eat or move?
Notice lack of movement.
What color is hermit crab poop?
If you own a hermit crab, you can see small sausage-shaped feces that lie outside their shells.
They are often brown or black in color and lack any detectable smell.
What do hermit crabs need in their tank?
Can hermit crabs drink water from a bowl?
Pet hermit crabs need a bowl of fresh water AND a bowl of ocean salt (not table salt) water in their cage at all times. The easiest way is to buy 2 gallons of distilled water, label one Fresh and the other Salt (mix saltwater according to directions). Each bowl should be big enough for your largest crab to climb in to.
Is bottled water safe for hermit crabs?
Keep It Safe
Do hermit crabs like to be held?
Don’t pick them up every day
How can I make my hermit crab happy?
Gently bathe or “mist” your hermit crabs with a spray bottle filled with clean water. They’ll enjoy the water and may become more active. Hermit crabs generally like warm, moist environments with a relative humidity of 70%, so give them that tropical environment they are used to.
Can hermit crabs eat cucumber?
Vegetables and fruits
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Lung cancer: Know the things that matter
By NS Desk 02-Aug-2021
<br>There has been a rapid and exponential development in the modalities to manage lung cancer. Right from tools to augment early diagnosis, to targeted chemotherapies, to minimally invasive procedures to treat cancer, healthcare today has a plethora of intervention that can help patients with lung cancer.
But smoking remains the catalyst of higher risk of cancer and the leading contributors to lung cancer in India. So, the question is how do we tackle the burden if India's population continues to smoke death?
Quitting can completely reduce the risk multifold. But if you are already a smoker, how does one go about detecting lung cancer?
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER IS INSTRUMENTAL: Smoking is gauged with the number of packets a person smokes per day, for the number of years smoked. In India, as the number of cigarettes per packet are less, a different tool like 'smoking index' is estimated. A low dose CT scan of the lungs is approved for screening of lung cancer in the west, as it has shown to improve survival by detecting the cancer early. In India, people with high smoking index can discuss with their healthcare providers to see if they qualify for a screening CT scan. People suffering from COPD due to smoking are at higher risk and can discuss the timing and need for getting a CT scan for lung cancer screening. Surgery or in some cases Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) cures the lung cancer when detected early.
STAGING OF CANCER IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT TO DIRECT TREATMENT LINE: Once lung cancer is diagnosed, the next important step which guides the treatment appropriately is accurate staging. There are imaging techniques which can guide when and how a tissue can be acquired through biopsy for staging and molecular testing. Stages in lung cancer range from stage one to four, with multiple substages as well, to prognosticate and optimally treat the cancer. A minimally invasive procedure called Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is now widely available around the country which helps in accurate staging with minimal risk. This procedure is done by a Pulmonologist usually after a PET CT. It can also help in restaging of cancer during the entire treatment course and after.
There is molecular profiling carried out for the type of Lung cancer. That includes checking for different genetic mutations that the tumor exhibits in the tissue acquired by biopsy. They can be EGFR, ALK, PDL1, ROS and so on. These help in guiding oral targeted chemotherapy to a particular mutation. These are better tolerated drugs which have shown to improve survival in patients with advanced lung cancer. The survival when treated appropriately has improved from months to years.
TACKLING COMMON PROBLEMS IN LUNG CANCER: A common problem in advanced lung cancer is fluid accumulation in the pleural space. It is the space between lungs and the chest wall. This fluid prevents lung expansion and presents with breathlessness, a very uncomfortable symptom. There are multiple modalities to tackle this menace. Pleuroscopy -- a medical Thoracoscopy can help in diagnosis and treatment of the Pleural Effusion in the same setting. It is carried out under sedation and local anesthesia in an endoscopy suite. A procedure known as Pleurodesis where the space is obliterated by using an external agent helps prevent refilling of the fluid and improves the quality of life tremendously. Also, small indwelling pleural catheters are available which stay secured in the chest wall and help in ambulatory drainage of pleural fluid when refilling of the fluid occurs. These have replaced a lot of primitive more morbid modalities of treatment, helping the patients lead a better quality of life even with cancers in an advanced stage.
At the end, it is important to note that prevent is better than undergoing the pain and process of treatment. Quitting tobacco consumption is effective and there are different ways in which healthcare providers help people quit and lead a healthy life. But if you are smokers and experiences symptoms like a long-standing cough that gets worse, chest infections that keep coming back, coughing up blood, pain when breathing or coughing and persistent breathlessness, you must speak to your doctor.
(Preyas Vaidya is Consultant-Pulmonologist & Sleep Medicine Expert, Hiranandani Hospital, Vashi-A Fortis Network Hospital)
(Puja Gupta can be contacted at [email protected])
consult with ayurveda doctor.
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Interesting facts about cloves
Posted on Sep 17, 2021 46
Clove flowers, which have nothing to do with the spice of the same name, are widespread in many countries. They became popular centuries ago, and new varieties of them are being bred even nowadays. Not even the most experienced gardener can care for cloves, which is partly why they are so common in private gardens.
Carnation Facts
• In Portugal, this flower became a symbol of the overthrow of the military dictatorship. It was its bouquets that decorated the streets and clothing when the military regime fell.
• The carnation was one symbol of the revolution in Austria, France, and Russia.
• One variety of carnation changes color during the day. In the morning it is white, then pinkish, and in the evening it becomes dark pink. It was bred artificially.
• Cut flowers of carnation easily absorb dyes and at the same time do not fade for a long time. Therefore, a variety of their colors can be found on sale.
• In France, cloves became popular after the Crusades. The reason for its popularity was that it was believed that a decoction of this plant helped defeat an epidemic that spread among the French crusaders in Tunisia.
• The carnation was a favorite flower of the famous German poet Johann Goethe. He considered it a striking symbol of fortitude.
• In conservative medieval Spain, young girls used carnations of different colors pinned to their clothes to signal their admirers, with whom they could not speak in public.
• In some European cultures, these flowers were endowed with the ability to protect a person from trouble. That is why they were often pinned on the chests of soldiers going to battle.
• In Belgium, carnations used to be considered a flower for the common people, while in France only the nobility could use them.
• According to the rules of etiquette, bouquets of carnations can be given to both women and men.
• The carnation has always been popular in the Soviet Union. It became one symbol of victory in the Great Patriotic War.
• There are now about 350 varieties of cloves in the world. New varieties are registered even now, and the Royal Horticultural Society in London deals with this.
• According to an ancient Greek legend, carnations appeared when the goddess of hunting, Artemis, was enraged by a failure, accused a shepherd who was playing a whistle of scaring away all the game with his music, and she plucked out his eyes, which became the first carnations. So in Greece, these red flowers symbolize the blood of the innocent.
• Breeders work so actively with carnations, among other things, because their different species are very easy to interbreed with each other.
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Icd 10 Dizziness Vertigo
Icd 10 Dizziness Vertigo
Vertigo is usually the feeling of the entire world, relocating, spinning, or rocking all of a sudden when an individual is standing flawlessly still. Some clients additionally use the word vertigo to explain various signs, ranging from wooziness to nausea as well as balance troubles. The complying with treatment choices are typically made use of to deal with lightheadedness and vertigo. Icd 10 Dizziness Vertigo
If your lightheadedness or vertigo has actually been diagnosed as a result of any kind of underlying medical problem, you should consult your doctor instantly prior to starting any kind of workouts. Even if the symptoms you are experiencing are not due to a clinical problem, you ought to still see your medical professional to ensure that your signs and symptoms are not an outcome of another thing. Your doctor will likely recommend a number of exercises or various other measures to treat your vertigo.
Icd 10 Dizziness Vertigo
Dizziness as well as vertigo are created by physical variables. However, some individuals are born with a mild difference in their inner ears, which can cause them to feel dizzy. This is most commonly called sensorineural hearing loss or more commonly referred to as dizziness. Various other physical variables include inadequate muscle mass tone, including the muscular tissues of the tongue and also the face muscle mass, and/or problems of vision. Some signs and symptoms that are taken into consideration milder versions of wooziness are: the experience of running out your body, a feeling that gravity is kicking you in the tummy, faintness, throwing up, ringing in the ears, feelings like you are going to lose consciousness, feeling separated from your body or world, feeling like you are going bananas, or sensations that nothing makes good sense. Icd 10 Dizziness Vertigo
vertigo is generally treated by several of the following therapy alternatives. Depending upon your signs and also the extent of your situation, therapy might range from basic to facility and calls for the focus of a physician with experience treating wooziness. Several of these therapy choices are discussed below.
No treatment is long-term or necessary. Lightheadedness will fix itself. If you continue to have symptoms after two days or if your wooziness lasts for more than three days, you must see a doctor. The medical professional will certainly do a collection of examinations to determine the reason for your symptoms. Some root causes of lightheadedness may be short-lived issues such as rest apnea or balance troubles caused by a just recently identified disease. Some diseases such as diabetic issues, Parkinson’s condition, as well as hyperthyroidism can likewise lead to lightheadedness as well as require to be evaluated and also treated.
Vertigo is usually related to vestibular compensation. This is a condition that triggers the inner part of the brain to view head activities as outside stimulations. It can be treated with medication, workouts, or a mix of treatments. The treatment options will certainly vary according to the intensity of your dizziness. Your physician may advise that you use a vestibular support gadget, stay clear of sudden movements, or change your exercise routines.
Fortunately is that most individuals do not suffer significant lightheadedness signs when standing or sitting for 3 times longer than suggested. Extended resting can really trigger severe problems such as carpal passage disorder, weakness of the jaw muscles, and damages to the inner ear. The most effective point that you can do is to take your time when sitting, and stand up when needed. This will assist to minimize your danger of having lightheadedness signs and symptoms.
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There was a Man Called Jerome. Vol. No.5 10
There were four men originally recognized by the Western church (that is Roman Catholic Church) as its doctors or teachers par excellence: Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and Gregory the Great. They are so recognized because each of them played a singular role in shaping the theology and spirituality of the Catholic church. Jerome as the greatest stylist of Christian antiquity deserves a brief discussion about his long life which spanned a good part of the fourth century and in many ways epitomizes the history of his times.
Jerome was born of wealthy Christian parents, probably in 331, in the town of striden, in the Latin-speaking Roman province of Dalmatian a part of modern Yugoslavia. He studied grammar and Roman classics under the tutelage of the celebrated Aelius Donatus, a great scholar whose writings were used as textbooks throughout the Middle Ages.
Jerome dedicated himself wholeheartedly to the Christian life and began a close study of the Bible and theology while practicing a high degree of prayer and detachment. In a dream he saw himself dragged before the last judgment seat and accused by the judge a disciple of Cicero, not of Christ, and then flogged until his shoulders were black and blue. He was so affected by the vividness of the dream that he resolved to put aside the pagan classics for good and devote himself exclusively to the things of Christ.
Completely converted to the ascetic ideal, he took his abode in the Syrian desert not far from Antioch. In a sun scorched barren retreat, he spent several years praying, studying, barely keeping body and soul together while fending off the evil fantasies spawned by his sex-haunted imagination. He once said “although my only companions were scorpions and wild beasts, time and again I was mingling with the dances of girls.” To quell the flames of lust, he found a singular remedy: the study of Hebrew. With a convert from Judaism as his tutor, he began studying this difficult tongue. Jerome was the first Latin Christian to learn Hebrew and indeed the first Christian apart from Origen. His mastery of the tongue was far superior to Origen’s and any other Christian writer for centuries to come and it exerted a decisive influence on the shape of his future career.
Origen, as recorded in the history of the Church was the greatest mind produced by the church before Constantine. He was a biblical scholar, daring speculative theologian, and prolific polymath. Jerome’s enthusiasm for Origen at first knew no bounds and he often borrowed freely from the master’s writings. Later, when a strong anti-Origen movement surfaced in the Church, Jerome did a switch and played down his immense debt to the Alexandria genius.
In 382, Jerome left Constantinople for Rome in the company of his bishops, Paulinus, and began one of the most important and most turbulent chapter in his life. It all started smoothly enough when the reigning Pope Damascus (d. 384), of his intimate circle of advisers. Damasus was much impressed by Jerome’s erudition and command of Hebrew, and often consulted him on problems of scriptural interpretation. It was in fact at the pope’s behest that Jerome began work on a project that was to constitute his most lasting achievement: a translation of the Bible from the original languages.
Before the accomplishment of this Biblical project by Jerome, Christians had only a translation of the bible called the Old Latin which in its Old Testament part was based not on the Hebrew original but on a Greek translation known as the Septuagint. This Old Latin version was in a great state of disorder with many variations that had crept into the text. The Pope did not want a completely new translation but only wanted Jerome to sort out the various readings and establish a standard version based on comparison with the original languages. It was a work that would take him more than twenty years to complete.
Nevertheless, he decided to start afresh from the Hebrew original and produce an entirely new translation. In spite of the fact that the entire Christian world denounced his new translation, slowly, his translation caught on and gradually achieved recognition as the standard, or “vulgate”, Latin text of the Bible. There were many other instances of critique against Jerome as we shall discuss in next edition
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How do the tropics work?
If you ever visit the Neotropics, then A Neotropical Companion is a must-read. If you go to African or Asian tropics it is also worth your while although there are differences – no lions in Brazil and no leafcutter ants outside the Neotropics. After reading the just under 400 pages of text you will have an idea about the tropical ecosystem(s) that you are visiting. You will on the one side have learned a ton of stuff and on the other side have learned how little that is compared to what more is written about the tropics (thanks to a rain of references) and how little that in turn is compared to what still needs to be investigated.
Here is a disclaimer: I am not a biologist so I can not judge this book on scientific correctness. However, I think I can give you some insights into the book that may be worth your while if you are considering reading it. After I wrote most of this review, I discovered that there is a newer version from 2017. If you are considering that one, perhaps it is still worth your while to read this review, in particular because of the last paragraphs on deforestation and the possibilities of fighting that.
Our copy of the book in its current state
The book has 14 unequal-sized chapters, which I will list here because it gives a good idea of the width of the book’s scope and about the stress that the author puts on the different topics : 1 Tropical climates and ecosystems (18 pages), 2 Rainforest structure and diversity (23 pages), 3 How a rainforest functions (31 pages), 4 Evolutionary patterns in the tropics (51 pages), 5 Complexities of coevolution and ecology of fruit (38 pages), 6 The neotropical pharmacy (25 pages), 7 Living off the land in the tropics (20 pages), 8 Rivers through rainforest (29 pages), 9 Introduction to the Andes and Tepuis (10 pages), 10 Savannas and dry forests (11 pages), 11 Coastal ecosystems: mangroves, seagrass, and coral reefs (12 pages), 12 Neotropical birds (44 pages), 13 A rainforest bestiary (39 pages), 14 Deforestation and Conservation of biodiversity (43 pages).
As becomes plain from this list, and one of the first eyeopeners for me was that the tropics are really not just about tropical rainforests. Savannas, mangroves, dry forests, cloud forests, coral reefs, are included as well and differ wildly from rainforests and from each other. And indeed, here in Costa Rica, they have almost all of these in a country not much bigger than the Netherlands.
Another thing that jumps to me from this list is the stress on evolution and diversity. They are not just discussed in dedicated chapters, they pop up basically everywhere in the book. For example in the seemingly endless lists of species that Kricher en passant sums up when talking about, oh let’s say, fruits. A random pick from chapter 5: the following families of birds depend heavily on fruits: manakins, cotingas, toucans, parrots and tanagers (p. 135). A few pages later he reports having seen 17 species of birds on a single fruiting fig-tree and lists them all. I doubt I would see 17 species of birds during a day-hike in the the National Park the Hoge Veluwe in the Netherlands. An important question that is not entirely answered is why there are so many species in the tropics.
Complexity is yet another topic that is both explicitly addressed and woven into the fabric of the book. Virtually nothing is simple and clear cut. Yes, for starters some patterns or general insights exists, but then there are the numerous exceptions and additional loops and hooks added to those patterns, and to the exceptions. There is for example this whole issue of chemical warfare between plants and plant-eating bugs and mammals. There are insane amounts of insects and insect species in the Neotropics, but most of the plants are not eaten by them. Enter the chemicals. But then, some bugs do know how to deal with these. One of those are the leaf-cutter ants. As their name claims, they cut little pieces from the leaves of trees and what have you. But instead of eating them – which they can’t because of the chemicals – they bring them to their nest and feed them to a fungus. Well, first they chew them, pooh on them “defecates a fecal droplet of liquid” (p. 134, and then put a bit on fungus on top of the mass. The fungus grows and the ants eat the fungus, while keeping enough of it alive to continue producing. Duh. Doesn’t sound simple at all. But then, can the fungus eat all plant material? No way. The ant needs to be careful in fact. And on it goes, two and a half pages including ten references.
The book, like the tropics, is a bit overwhelming. There is a huge amount of facts, many illustrations of diversity and complexity and on top of that (or underneath if you want) a discussion on evolution. Kricher does not shy away from a beginners’ introduction into Darwinian evolutionary theory, but then goes deeper and deeper into the dynamics: selection pressures in the tropics, diversity gradients (diversity is not the same every in the tropics, but how come?) , adaptive radiation (diversity of species radiating out from one or a few), how does the splitting up of species actually happen, are the tropics in equilibrium (i.e. is the number of species stable?). The really good part about it: he manages to explain it all, also to the non-biologist. It is a lot to take in, but it is doable and wildly interesting. I ended up comparing evolutionary research to social science in the back of my head. In both disciplines one can never be absolutely certain about what can be taken as the independent variables. There is always this possibility that it – whatever one studies – could be more complex and more dynamic than assumed and that there are feedback loops of causes and effects that might make what one takes as the independent variables somewhat dependent on the assumed dependent variables.
The next point that I would like to make: the book is an introduction both for the educated biologist, or perhaps the students of biology, and for the lay audience. Well, you do need to know how to read a book and occasionally stop trying to absorb and follow everything in detail – because, as I mentioned, there is a lot of detail. Also, whereas Kricher takes you by the hand through evolutionary thinking, he does not do so with many other things. For example, the whole ordering of species in families, groups, things called taxa and genus, is used as if everybody knows this. I have read the book and I still need to look it up some time. Also, the text is speckled with technical terms that one would need to know or look up to fully understand what it means. Or, you can think, mwah,… In the end, I think, Kricher choose wisely in what to explain and what not.
The book honors its title in the sense that it is so dense with information and references that one would have to read it a couple of times. Or at least review the chapter about the part of the tropics that you are going to visit or otherwise has your current interest. So, it indeed is a companion. Take it with you. I have read the second edition, which apparently is an extended edition and a much bigger and heavier book then the first edition. Not the least because of the added pages with color photos. But bringing the weight is worth your while.
Is there no real downside to the book? Yes and no. Yes, this edition is from 1997, which is over twenty years ago. The academic frontier must have moved on since then. On the other hand, evolution does not go that fast, so virtually everything that existed twenty years ago, still exists today. Insights in evolutionary dynamics however may have progressed. I would be interested in that.
On the other hand, the fact that it is 20 years old also makes the last chapter on ‘Deforestation and Conservation of biodiversity’ a very interesting read. Deforestation has progressed since then and climate change – which he definitely links to deforestation – as well. Kricher is very concerned with the topics seems not too pessimistic. I wonder what he now thinks about it?
He notes that “As carbon dioxide accumulates, many climatologists predict that global heat patterns and climate will change.” (p. 355) He proceeds with a reference to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change from, and here it comes boys and girls, 1990. As far as I know, they have stopped predicting this and started observing it. We all clearly remember tehe bloody hot summers of the past ten to fifteen years right? Well, Kricher remarks that it is “sobering to realize that the six warmest years on record (up to 1988) we 1988, 1987, 1983, 1981, 1980 and 1986”. I find it sobering to know that that was 30 years ago.
Kricher is ‘cautiously optimistic’ (p. 376) about what can be done about deforestation. In the face of economic pressure and population growth, conservation goals must not and need not be threatened, according to Kricher. He then discusses extractive reserves, reclamation of degraded ecosystems, ecotourism and national parks and preserves. More indirectly, he argues for more basic research, more conservation research and ends with education. Just like it takes some level of education to appreciate art, it might take education to appreciate nature, Kricher argues. So, he proposes that scientists – mostly from North America and Europe, but also from the Neotropics – should take it upon them to teach children both inside and outside the tropics about the natural history and the value of nature.
I am curious how Kricher discusses deforestation 20 years later in the 2017 edition.
Kricher, J. ( 1997 ) A Neotropical Companion. Princeton : Princeton University Press. Book review
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The Beginners Guide To (Chapter 1)
October 15, 2021
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Different Down to earth Vacation Safety Tips
As a consequence of voyaging, ponders are generally done to a person’s psychological health. For model, it improves bliss, supports innovativeness just as melts away stress. However, for individuals voyaging alone, all these beneficial outcomes are probably going to be suffocated under the concern of being insecure. Below is a conversation about the basic safety guides for individuals who love to travel unaccompanied. It is advisable to visit this website to help you learn more.
First, consider depending on reviews. Online audits assume a huge job in assisting you with discovering extraordinary food, just as amusement at whatever point you are traveling. Additionally, they are a pivotal method to search for safe lodgings. Before you make the reserving for an inn or some other rental kind, you should think perusing various online reviews. It is fundamental to ponder failing to stay in a spot where you hear others asserting it isn’t secure. For the individuals who are going without an organization, discovering safe lodgings is vital.
Additionally, you are encouraged to ponder going with secure luggage. Traveling with safe baggage is a fundamental tip you need to take into consideration while flying. It is likewise indispensable, not to fear taking selfies. Rather at that point asking an individual you are curious about to take you an image and wind up taking your telephone, examine to utilize your telephone to take selfies to safeguard your heading out memories.
As you walk alone as a person, you need to guarantee you are dressed similar way local people to which is a safety tip. When wanting to go abroad without an organization, you may have to discover where your objective is genuinely located,. After all there are a few pieces of each city that are undependable for an independent person. Having information about the zones you are needed to forestall is something you are encouraged to do before you set out for the journey.
In case find that it is difficult to investigate the protected early, you can locate a confided in neighborhood and discover exhortation from them. If you discover dwelling that has person laborers then that would be an ideal beginning point. Concealing your money is likewise another safety tip that will guarantee your safety as a person when strolling alone. Regardless of where you are, it is fitting that you make you keep your cash in safe spots when voyaging abroad by yourself. Tampons or the lower part of the case are a portion of the regions that are viewed as safe for putting away your money. Looking for facilities where conveniences like the in-room safes could likewise be a shrewd thought. It gives you a room where you can securely just as other imperative things like the passport.
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How to make the most of the conflict in sociology
Science article A sociological approach to conflict is gaining momentum as new theories of conflict emerge.
In a new article, a team of researchers explores the intersection of conflict and economics in the sociological framework, and argues that a sociology-based understanding of conflict will provide a more nuanced and coherent understanding of social problems.
The article is based on a paper titled Conflict and the social sciences: A sociocultural perspective.
The authors are Dr David Auerbach and Professor Jonathan Vollman of the Department of Sociology at the University of Exeter.
The paper is published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution.
The team was able to address some of the key questions raised in the paper:1.
What does conflict involve?2.
What is the relationship between conflict and economic outcomes?3.
How does economic conflict affect social life?
The authors argue that conflicts in sociology can be divided into three main categories: economic, social and institutional.
The first category is based around the idea that the conflict between the market and society is not a one-sided contest between good and bad.
In this view, there are many causes of conflict, and some causes of social conflict are external, such as environmental, cultural and technological.
They also think that social conflict is rooted in social structures.
These factors are complex and dynamic.
The second category focuses on social conflict as a response to the emergence of new forms of economic power.
In economic terms, this involves competition for resources and control over people’s lives, as well as economic competition between the rich and the poor.
The third category, which has been called ‘institutional’, refers to social conflict because of the role of institutions in maintaining social stability and protecting individuals.
The team also argues that there are multiple causes of institutional conflict.
These include structural, cultural, and ideological, and the ways in which those in power are able to control the environment.
The authors propose that sociological understanding of economic conflict will enable a sociological model to provide a coherent, and more nuanced, understanding of contemporary social problems, particularly in terms of economic theory.
The researchers also argue that this understanding will offer new ways of understanding how to tackle the conflict within sociology.
Auerbach said:In the context of the current economic crisis, the emergence in recent years of new theories such as the ‘economic violence hypothesis’ (e.g. Stolz, 2002; Stolze, 2004) and the ‘conflict over inequality’ (Stolz and D’Andrea, 2012) is a key area for further research.
The study argues that the relationship among economic theory, economic violence theory and social conflict theories is a crucial one, as the social and economic theories interact.
In this case, social conflict theory is focused on the interplay between market forces and social institutions, whereas economic theory focuses on the interaction between market and social structures, and it therefore does not offer a complete answer to how social conflict operates in society.
This interaction will require an understanding of the underlying mechanisms that underpin the relationship, such the dynamics of social structure, and what is happening within the social structure itself.
The ability to analyse the dynamics that underpin economic and social violence theories will be crucial in developing a coherent understanding.
As well as studying the link between social and market forces, the team is also interested in how social conflicts relate to other aspects of social life, such family structure, gender and sexuality, inter-group relations, and inter-ethnic relations.
The researchers say that understanding the social causes of conflicts will help us to better understand social problems such as conflict over the allocation of resources and inequality, and how the effects of conflict affect the functioning of social institutions and the structure of society.
They argue that a sociologists approach to social problems is particularly valuable in these fields as the knowledge gained through sociological approaches can be used to inform social policy and social policy responses.
Dr Auer, who is also the author of several books, said: The sociological view of conflict is becoming increasingly influential in the field of economics and sociology as new models of conflict are being developed.
This is a big step forward as there are no longer academic barriers to studying the interaction of the two.
This article originally appeared on The Conversation.
Social science sociological criminological criminsolv,sociological criminso
The criminologist is a person who studies social and psychological factors that lead to criminal behavior.
The term has been used to describe the study of crimes.
Sociologists study people, institutions, and societies and are usually employed in social and behavioral sciences.
The main characteristics of sociologists are their expertise in the social sciences, and their specialization in studying crime.
They specialize in crime studies, criminal justice, and criminal justice administration.
Sociological criminals are often highly trained professionals.
Criminologists may be used as law enforcement officers, forensic investigators, or criminologists in social service agencies, schools, and community-based organizations.
They may also work in public health, health professions, health insurance, medical science, and other areas.
The Sociological Criminologist article has been added to the Web.
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31 Finally, the forages resulting from two and three harvests per season could be utilized, either solely or in combination with energy production systems, in several types of cattle operations. These forages should provide an almost complete supply of nutrients required for certain beef cattle classes such as mature cows and replacement heifers. For high-producing animals such as lactating dairy cows and feedlot beef animals, these forages can provide some of the required nutrients and the needed roughage for maintaining healthy ruminal functions, when included as a portion of animal diets.
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How to Calculate 1/1 Times 9/71
Are you looking to work out and calculate how to multiply 1/1 by 9/71? In this really simple guide, we'll teach you exactly what 1/1 times 9/71 is and walk you through the step-by-process of how to multiply two fractions together.
Let's set up 1/1 and 9/71 side by side so they are easier to see:
1 / 1 x 9 / 71
1 x 9 / 1 x 71
1 x 9 / 1 x 71 = 9 / 71
You're done! You now know exactly how to calculate 1/1 x 9/71. Hopefully you understood the process and can use the same techniques to add other fractions together. The complete answer is below (simplified to the lowest form):
Convert 1/1 times 9/71 to Decimal
9 / 71 = 0.1268
Cite, Link, or Reference This Page
• "How to Calculate 1/1 times 9/71". Accessed on October 27, 2021.
• "How to Calculate 1/1 times 9/71"., Accessed 27 October, 2021.
• How to Calculate 1/1 times 9/71. Retrieved from
Preset List of Fraction Multiplication Examples
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On June 28, 1914, an assassin supplied by terrorists shot and killed the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, igniting an already tense situation between Serbia and the Hapsburg-controlled monarchy in Vienna. By July 1914, a month later, the world was at war, and by the end of the war, Austria-Hungary would no longer exist, and Germany would be punished in the treaty that ended it.
Even though Germany had nothing to do with igniting "the powder keg of Europe."
A Bosnian terrorist kills an Austrian noble in Serbia so Germany and Russia go to war. Get it?
It's a little more complicated than who started what but Germany gets the brunt of the blame for the war because of how the fight between Austria and Serbia escalated so fast, and no attempt was made to de-escalate it. The resulting deaths of millions worldwide along with the destruction wrought on European battlefields and the use of poison gas left a bad taste in everyone's mouth (sometimes literally) throughout the duration of the war.
While Germany didn't necessarily start World War I, it didn't do much to stop it, either. In fact, many historians believe Germany actively encouraged the war, despite the systems of alliances in place that should have deterred the European powers from fighting. The Germans knew if Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia, the Russians would intervene on Serbia's behalf. Then Germany would have to come to Austria's aid.
That's what the Germans wanted.
Russians were still carrying religious icons into battle instead of modern weapons.
Even though Austria was satisfied with Sarajevo's attempt to smooth things over, Germany convinced the Hapsburg Emperor that he could not only invade and win against the Serbians, but that Germany would have an easy time against all the other European allies. Germany really, really wanted a war with Russia to acquire new territory in the east, but couldn't justify it. Going to war to back its Austrian ally was more than enough and Austria had a reason to go to war with Serbia. So Germany kept pushing its ally despite calls for peace from the rest of Europe.
Finally, Austria agreed and attacked Serbia, which caused the Russians to come to Serbia's aid, which forced Germany to back Austria and France to back Russia. Then the Germans invaded France through Belgium, requiring England to intervene in the war as well. So Austria-Hungary technically started the war, but Germany tried to finish it. For four years.
That's why Germany takes the blame for World War I.
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Acctek / HomePage / News / Industry news
Application and introduction of laser tube
Updatetime: 2021-07-13 16:08View:
As one of the core components of laser equipment, laser tube plays a very important role in laser equipment.Laser tube full name: glass sealed off CO2 laser.Because this laser is made of glass tube, it is commonly known as laser tube.
Its structure is mainly composed of hard glass, resonant cavity and electrode.
1）.Hard glass part;This part is composed of a discharge tube, a water cooling sleeve, a gas storage sleeve and a muffler made of GG17.The sealed off CO2 laser usually has a three-layer casing structure.The most inside is the discharge tube, the middle is the water net sleeve, the outermost layer is the gas storage sleeve, the muffler is used to connect the discharge tube and the air storage tube.
2）.Resonator part: this part is composed of a full mirror and an output mirror.In general, the total mirror of the resonant cavity is based on optical glass and has a gold-plated film on its surface. The reflectance of the gold-film mirror near 10.6um is more than 98%.The output reflector of the resonator is generally made of germanium (Ge), an infrared material capable of transmitting 10.6um radiation, and coated with a multi-layer dielectric film.
3）.Electrode part: CO2 laser generally adopts cold cathode, which is cylindrical in shape. The selection of cathode material has a great impact on the life of the laser. The basic requirements for cathode material are: low sputtering rate and low gas absorption rate.
The main specifications of the laser tube take the laser power as the most important basis.Common models are: 15W,25W,40W,60W,80W.
Laser tubes of different power are mainly divided into different lengths.If the 60W laser tube is 1200mm or 1250mm, the length of 80W is generally 1600mm.
Application fields:
Laser tube is mainly used in CO2 laser processing equipment.Such as laser engraving machine, laser cutting machine, laser marking machine.
Application and introduction of laser tube
1）.Life: because the laser tube as the laser engraving machine consumables, therefore, life has become the most important purchase index.The difference of life span is mainly due to the processing technology, and the design technology is the main factor.Generally, the working life of domestic laser tube is about 1500 hours (60W for example).
2）.Laser energy: different performance of the laser tube, the maximum light intensity is different.
3）.Spot quality: the performance is determined by the laser tube mode.The quality of the spot is determined by the production process.The quality of the spot directly affects the performance of the user.
4）.Stability: poor performance of the product, the stability of the prone to air leakage, non - external burst and other problems.
Working principle:
High pressure discharge excites high concentration of CO2 gas to produce a laser with a wavelength of 10.6um.
laser cutting machines
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Quick Answer: What Does It Mean When Cats Make Biscuits?
What does it mean when a cat kneads you?
Kneading to convey comfort — Happy cats appear to knead to show pleasure. Cats often knead while being petted, or when snuggling into a napping spot. Your cat may also knead on your lap to show her love and contentment, and then settle in for a pat or nap. A stressed cat may knead to create a soothing, calm mood.
Why do cats make biscuits and purr?
Cats begin kneading as tiny kittens, even before their eyes open. When cats knead, they also purr, signaling that the repetitive motion and the sensation of their paws on something soft brings them contentment.
What does it mean when your cat makes biscuits on your stomach?
Cats tend to knead on soft things like bedding or your stomach. Kittens knead when they are nursing, and it is thought it gives them the same comfort as adults. Cats show affection in many ways – like rubbing our ankles or curling up in our laps – but it’s a real sign of love and affection when they knead on you.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: Can I Make Canned Biscuits In Dutch Oven?
Why does my cat reach his paw out to me?
Cats usually reach out their paws because they want your attention for some reason. They may want to be pet, or they may need food. Sometimes, they may be requesting for a door to be opened or because they cannot reach one of their favorite toys. Usually, it is entirely benign and a sign that your cat is comfortable.
Why do cats purr and then bite you?
Cats purr for any number of reasons. It used to be thought that cats only purr when they are contented or happy. She could be extremely frightened or angry and is purring to help calm herself down. In this instance, biting is the next natural order of events since a frightened or angry cat will bite to defend herself.
Why do cats follow you to the bathroom?
Cats seem to know that when you’re in the bathroom they have a captive audience. Many cats love to curl up on their person’s lap on the toilet. They have your undivided attention for a certain amount of time: you’re not working, or cooking, or knitting, or reading a book, or watching TV. But you are petting them.
Why do cats put their butt in your face?
Believe it or not, sometimes cats stick their butts in your face to show you just how much they love you! This stems from biological instincts, according to Dr. Sievert. “When your cat receives lot of attention from you, it’s the natural way of asking for more,” she said.
You might be interested: Often asked: Can You Make Chicken And Dumplings Out Of Frozen Biscuits?
Why do cats sleep on you?
By choosing to sleep on you, your cat gets an extra level of protection and gets to bond with you at the same time. When your cat chooses to sleep on you, it’s her way of saying “I love you. I want to be near you and spend time with you when I’m at my most vulnerable.”
Why do cats stretch when they see you?
When cats stretch, they’re saying they feel comfortable and relaxed. If a cat stretches in front of you, it means you make him feel content! While cats sleep, their brain paralyzes most of their muscles to keep them from acting out their dreams.
Why do cats rub against you?
Cats love to rub up against their owners. When cats rub against objects, they are transferring their scent. It is almost as if they are claiming ownership and we are one of their belongings. Your cat head-butting or nuzzling your face deposits scent from glands in their cheek area.
What is the average lifespan of a house cat?
But if your cat is staring at you, it’s likely harmless. Cats are naturally curious creatures. When they care about you, that means they’ ll be interested in what you’re doing. They might keep their gaze fixed on you as you sit and watch television, or while you make yourself a sandwich in the kitchen.
Is it cruel to keep cats inside all the time?
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[ buhng-ker ]
/ ˈbʌŋ kər /
Save This Word!
a large bin or receptacle; a fixed chest or box: a coal bunker.
a fortification set mostly below the surface of the ground with overhead protection provided by logs and earth or by concrete and fitted with openings through which guns may be fired.
Golf. any obstacle, as a sand trap or mound of dirt, constituting a hazard.
verb (used with object)
1. to provide fuel for (a vessel).
2. to convey (bulk cargo, except grain) from a vessel to an adjacent storehouse.
Golf. to hit (a ball) into a bunker.
to equip with or as if with bunkers: to bunker an army's defenses.
Question 1 of 8
Which of the following words describes “sky blue”?
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Origin of bunker
First recorded in 1750–60; earlier bonkar (Scots ) “box, chest, serving also as a seat,” of obscure origin
How to use bunker in a sentence
British Dictionary definitions for bunker
/ (ˈbʌŋkə) /
a large storage container or tank, as for coal
Also called (esp US and Canadian): sand trap an obstacle on a golf course, usually a sand-filled hollow bordered by a ridge
an underground shelter, often of reinforced concrete and with a bank and embrasures for guns above ground
(tr) golf
1. to drive (the ball) into a bunker
2. (passive) to have one's ball trapped in a bunker
(tr) nautical
1. to fuel (a ship)
2. to transfer (cargo) from a ship to a storehouse
Word Origin for bunker
C16 (in the sense: chest, box): from Scottish bonkar, of unknown origin
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What are Smart Toys?
– What makes a toy 'smart'?
– Examples of smart toys
– The pros and cons of smart toys for kids
– The Internet of Toys - IoToys
– Final thoughts
As the world gets more connected through the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and computers feature more and better machine intelligence (artificial intelligence – AI), the world of children’s toys in modern societies gets revolutionized beyond simply touchscreen and multimedia technologies.
AI-powered and internet-connected toys represent the future of play and learning for children.
Smart toys present enormous promise, especially in the area of educational toys, but also pose potential risks to children if not designed responsibly. Smart toys can be a child's best friend or a creepy surveillance tool without responsible design and a focus on children's rights.
Let’s start by looking at what a smart toy really is.
What Makes a Toy ‘Smart’?
Similar to the question of how to define exactly what 'smart technology' is, there is no clear-cut definition of what a ‘smart toy’ is. A lot of marketing hype has resulted in misconceptions that any toy is ‘smart’ if it contains a computer chip, has some preprogrammed functions or multimedia capabilities.
Another area of confusion are educational toys that are marketed as tools to help your kids become smarter.
What best describes a smart toy is the way its on-board machine intelligence enables a play or learning experience for the user that simulates human-like intelligence. These smart toys can learn from and speak with the user, change their behavior, provide interactive actions, and customize learning lessons.
Examples of Smart Toys
Most smart toy developers aim their products at kids aged between 2-12 years old. Some toys provide a physical playtime experience for young kids, including dolls and action figures. Toys such as Robosapien or Webkinz allow children to practice social skills such as holding a conversation and taking turns.
This Smart Teddy Bear, for instance, comes with touch and app controls and is designed to teach kids various things, including potty training, managing meals, and eating healthy.
At the same time, older children receive advanced AI features such as educational apps.
In May of 2021, the World Economic Forum announced the eight winners of the inaugural Smart Toy Awards. The competition used four design and assessment guidelines to evaluate applicants and select winners of the inaugural Awards:
Data privacy and cybersecurity: How does the toy protect children and other users’ data privacy and cybersecurity?
Accessibility: How is the toy accessible for children with physical, mental, and learning disabilities, including neurodiversity, and children speaking languages other than English and from other cultures?
Use of AI and transparency: How does the toy innovatively use AI and how do the benefits of its use outweigh potential risks? How is the use of AI communicated to the child user and their parents/guardians?
Age appropriateness and healthy play: How is the toy age – and developmental stage – appropriate and how does it promote healthy play and child development?
The eight winners are Intelino, Twin Science, LEGO, Leka, PlayShifu, ROYBI, CoderMindz and LuxAI.
Discover why this award-winning robot train has captured the imagination of kids, parents, makers and educators alike!
Twin Science
Twin Science offers several educational kits like the Robotic Art Kit
Or the Coding Kit:
No longer just your stackable bricks, LEGO VIDIYO is a music video maker for kids, that combines old-school bricks with state-of-the-art AR tech to revolutionize kids screen time.
Examples are the LEGO VIDIYO Boombox Building Kit
Or the LEGO VIDIYO Punk Pirate Ship
The Leka is like a magical glowing orb that's designed to help special-needs children improve fine motor skills, visual cues and social skills. Leka is an interactive and multi-sensory smart toy, offering children with special needs the ability to play fun and educational games.
This AR toy company makes 16 products that offer unique tactile play experiences for ages 4-11 years, kids build STEAM and other foundational skills such as logical reasoning, creativity, and more.
Examples are the Plugo STEM Wiz Pack (a bundle of the most popular Plugo kits-Count, Letters, Link, and Gamepad).
ROYBI Robot introduces kids to technology, math, science, and multiple languages (English, Mandarin, Spanish-coming soon).
This board game and STEM toy teaches coding and Artificial Intelligence concepts using a fun game play. Teaches Image Recognition, Training, Inference, Data, Adaptive Learning, Autonomous and more. Also teaches Coding concepts like Loops, Functions, Conditionals and Algorithm writing and more.
LuxAI's QTrobot is an expressive social robot designed to increase the efficiency of special needs education by encouraging an active and engaged interaction between children and their parents.
The Pros and Cons of Smart Toys for Kids
Play is essential for children of all ages because it enables them to develop specific skills. It is vital for a child's physical and social development. Play entails interaction and fantasy and it helps kids to better understand the world that surrounds them.
A toy is any object a child incorporates into their play. By playing, children develop various cognitive, perceptual, motor, linguistic, and communicative skills. When playing alone, a child interacts with objects and performs various movements, such as picking or throwing them, placing them in a row, or stacking them on top of one another. Not all these movements are simple; for example, building a tower with stackable cubes can be difficult for children between ages 2 and 3 years, especially if the cubes are small and the tower is high.
As toys become more technical and sophisticated, children are exposed to technology at an early age, and it pervades every aspect of their lives. From robotic toys and social media to the classroom and home, artificial intelligence (AI) will become more common in the daily life of a child.
As more and more toys use AI, they pose a profound potential impact on children – positive or negative.
Benefits of Smart Toys
The basic purpose of toys – to entertain – remains unchanged; but smart toys can go way beyond that. They help kids
develop social skills as their behavior receives immediate feedback
develop problem-solving skills as the interaction boosts cognitive processes
think creatively and use their imagination as they toy encourages exploration
learn essential skills essential for today’s digital world. Some toys offer lessons in STEM disciplines (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) and programming and even basic concepts of AI
develop their motor skills, which is a particular issue with learning-disabled children.
Detecting developmental disorders
The personalization of interactive media, which analyses and responds to children’s individual input, offers significant educational benefits. Individualization is at the core of dramatic changes to learning technologies which use software that adapts to an individual child’s needs and progress, giving students choice in the pace, place, and mode of their learning.
Going beyond that, ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence could even support innovative application domains, such as the detection of motor impairments within the home environment. For instance, the Spanish research project EDUCERE (“Ubiquitous Detection Ecosystem to Care and Early Stimulation for Children with Developmental Disorders”) is an ecosystem for ubiquitous detection, care, and early stimulation of children with developmental disorders.
The aim is to determine if children are capable of building the tower and to analyze how they do it in order to detect minimal delays in development, which may lead to preventive monitoring of some children or, when appropriate, to the implementation of an early attention program.
Risks and concerns about smart toys
In the absence of clear guidelines, parents and educators are left to make decisions about smart toy products with incomplete information and complex implications for their children’s health and privacy. As more AI for children comes onto the market, all relevant stakeholders need to construct mechanisms to protect children while enabling ‘precision education’ and other benefits of AI.
While more and more smart toys hit the market, little to no governance exists for their design, development, and use. Smart toys pose many potential risks for children including data privacy, cybersecurity, government surveillance, and lack of transparency and accessibility.
Smart toys and robots that interact with your children might look like a good idea at first. However, these smart toys can put your family's privacy at risk.
Smart toys have several features that acquire and process information. Some features include a sensor and microphone. These toys ask private questions about your life to create friendships. They also listen to what the kids say when playing.
Point in case, in 2017 a federal agency in Germany prohibited the sale of My Friend Cayla, a smart toy manufactured by Los Angeles-based Genesis Toys, because “without the knowledge of the parents, the conversations of the child and other persons can be recorded and forwarded. The toy could also be used by a company to individually address the child or parents with advertising. Further, if the wireless link (such as Bluetooth) is not adequately protected by the manufacturer, a toy may be used unnoticed by nearby third parties to listen in on conversations.”
There are some general guidelines you should follow before buying a smart toy for your children.
Conduct research to understand the features of the toy and see if it has received recommendations from consumer watchdogs. Also inquire about the manufacturer’s reputation.
Discuss with your kids. Take time to talk to your children about the dangers of exposing information to these smart toys. Educate them about the limit they should not cross when interacting with these toys. They should also turn them off whenever they are not in use.
Monitor your kids’ activities. Initially keep an eye on how your children use their toys to prevent a privacy breach. You should also ensure they are switched off during family discussions.
If you have any concerns, contact the manufacturer to understand how your data is protected (or not).
The internet of toys – IoToys
With the emergence and growth of the Internet-of-Things (an ecosystem of web-enabled smart devices) there is an emerging sub-segment called the Internet of Toys (IoToys). Basically, this refers to sensor-equipped physical toys that interact not only one-on-one with children but are wirelessly connected to other toys and/or cloud-based platforms. This allows an entire new level of interaction. Haptic IoToys offer opportunities for programming the interface to create interactive projects and actions.
These developments promise each child a customized, distinctive, and dynamic interaction with their toys using the Internet:
IoToys could use voice and/or image recognition, connecting to the cloud to analyze, process, and respond to children’s conversations and images
App-enabled toys such as drones, toy cars and robots
Children’s tech wearables such as smart watches and fitness trackers.
Final Thoughts
Children are using smartphones and tablets at an increasingly earlier age and parents often make a deliberate decision in favor of connected multimedia devices because it keeps their kids occupied. However, this doesn’t render parental supervision unnecessary – maybe even on the contrary.
It’s the same issues with smart toys. As more and more of their kids’ friends have them, the pressure on parents will grow to buy them, too. While there undoubtedly are benefits, the privacy and hacking risks with these toys might not be as obvious as with smartphones.
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U.N. report documents how opium contributes to spread of disease, deaths
The U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on Wednesday released a report - "Addiction, Crime and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium" - documenting how "[t]he smuggling of Afghan opiates is fueling addiction and drug use along trafficking routes from Iran to Central Asia," and contributing to the spread of diseases, the Associated Press reports (Oleksyn, 10/21).
"Of the 15.4 million opiate users worldwide, 11.3 million use heroin, while the rest use opium," Reuters reports. "Nearly half the world's heroin is consumed in Europe and Russia and 42 percent of the world's opium users are in Iran. Heroin and opium cause up to 100,000 deaths a year and are helping spread HIV at an unprecedented rate, the report found" (Nichols, 10/22).
The report tracked how "'[t]he Afghan opiate trade fuels consumption and addiction in countries along drug trafficking routes before reaching the main consumer markets in Europe (estimated at 3.1 million heroin users), contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS and other blood-borne diseases,'" the AP reports. The UNODC also notes, "'Iran faces the world's most serious opiate addiction problem, while injecting drug use in Central Asia is causing an HIV epidemic'" (10/21).
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If you are truly invested in understanding the core tenets of cyber and network security, then you must first gain knowledge regarding the endpoints that you will need to secure. Every IT enterprise environment comprises of two such critical endpoints i.e. switches and routers. Together, these two form the backbone of inter-connectivity between internal systems and networks.
For a cybersecurity professional, understanding the actual functionality of these critical networking components as well as knowing about their status in the network security environment is critical before they can move on towards building strategies or following existing methodologies to secure them form attacks emanating from the outside.
Switching Basics
A network environment can comprise of many different machines or computers that need to communicate with each other in an integrated manner. This inter-system connectivity is what a network switch aids. It regulates the flow of information between any two system resources and acts as a bridge through which data packets are received and analyzed before they are sent to the receiving machine on the other end.
Switches are crucial towards fostering business productivity as they allow seamless flow of information that aids the business in terms of heightened efficiency and productivity derived from network processing.
Routing Basics
With the proliferation of worldwide broadband internet in the past few years, nearly all of us have become accustomed towards seeing routers in our homes, offices, coffee shops, and other places. We know these routers as devices that allow us to get connected to the world wide web.
In network environments, routers have the same basic functionality i.e. to act as an endpoint that provides connectivity between network resources and the web. They differ from switches in the way that they act on a much larger scale and connect networks in contrast to switches, which connect computers together.
Switches don’t have any connection to the internet but routers do, making them the first point of contact for any data packet that wants to enter a certain network.
Network Security- An Overview
By now, you might have understood that these two components are those points in the system from where data of any kind flows through machines and networks. However, their utility and functionality also make them extremely vulnerable to any attack trying to penetrate the system or its resources.
Cyber attackers often target these two components as they know that if they succeed, they can gain control of the entire network and expand their attack horizon to cause a significant amount of damage financially as well as in terms of data loss.
And while you can certainly learn the ways through which you can protect these two components, it’s a whole lot better to undergo validated certifications in order to understand the dynamics of these components and the detailed methodologies recommended to keep these components safe.
Since Cisco is the premier manufacturer of routers and switches used in most organizations, its imperative that you undergo proper Cisco training by taking a relevant course from the Cisco certification path.
Core Concerns In Router and Switch Security
Cybersecurity professionals, when trying to ensure that their networking components are safeguarded through a robust mechanism, focus on the following factors:
User Authentication
Perhaps there is nothing more vulnerable than user authentication if not backed up properly via setting a pre-defined system of securely validating a user’s identity. Routers and switches are often pre-empted by these authentications and it’s up to the security professionals to ensure that these authentications are not easy enough to decipher or pass through.
Customized Firewalls With Specified Policies
Conventionally, firewalls came in configured with a defined set of policies that were rigid with no way of imposing customized restrictions on them to further protect against evolving security issues in which the existing firewall was ill-equipped to protect against. But as of now, there are next-gen firewalls that are emerging that can be configured to suit the specific needs of a network. To completely understand how this can be done, an individual has to undertake the Cisco ICND1 certification and interconnecting cisco networking devices part 2 to fully understand how these networking components can be interlinked together with customized firewalls working smoothly between them.
Monitoring Intrusions
If an intrusion occurs in the network, the network security professionals have very little time in order to react and contain the threat before it can expand and cause any potential harm to the system. To ensure that this reaction time is short, switches and routers become critical points from where data is gathered on problematic behavior, threats or policy violations.
Furthermore, the switches and routers being points of entry can be immediately stopped from denoting any further data into the network itself or its internal components, thereby making these two components increasingly relevant towards protecting a network’s security.
Routers and switches can also be leveraged for initiating preventive protocols for threats by making them crucial data gathering tools for monitoring network traffic.
Internal Threat Detection
While the proliferation of most attacks on a network usually emanates from external data incoming towards the system, the increasing use of data transfer devices like hard disks and USBs make internally generated threats a reality that routers and switches need to protect against as well.
If configured in the right manner, the switch can stop a threat from such a device from spreading further down in the system thereby effectively walling it off and limiting the number of affected network resources to a manageable limit.
Wrapping Things Up
With the rise in the use of the cloud along with the new dynamics being introduced in modern-day IT enterprise environments, modern-day routers and switches have started to become much more than just relay points. These components are now smarter and more intelligent than ever before, incorporating advanced security capabilities like login denial, data traffic structuring etc.
On top of this, as Virtualization becomes more common, routers and switches will also transform from physical to virtual components, thereby presenting a unique set of challenges that cybersecurity and network professionals need to account for in order to provide security to hybrid and exclusive cloud environments.
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EnVision, Europe’s mission to Venus
Why is ESA launching a mission to Venus?Venus is a hellscape. Its thick carbon dioxide environment creates a runaway greenhouse impact inflicting common floor temperatures of 470 levels Celsius (878 levels Fahrenheit) — sizzling sufficient to soften lead. Venus’ inhospitable nature is additional affirmed by its poisonous clouds of sulphuric acid. But it wasn’t all the time this manner.Past missions to Venus have noticed granite-like rocks that require considerable water to kind. Scientists suppose the planet might have had liquid water on the floor for two billion years — far longer than Mars, which hosted floor water for a comparatively temporary 300 million years.Due to its related dimension and bulk composition, in some unspecified time in the future, Venus appears to have been essentially the most Earth-like planet in our photo voltaic system. And but it skilled a mysterious, dramatic local weather shift whereas Earth remained liveable. What did Venus expertise that drove it from being liveable to hellish? Is its catastrophic pure greenhouse impact a cautionary story to Earth’s destiny?These are among the urgent questions that ESA’s mission to Venus, EnVision, goals to reply. EnVision, a part of ESA’s Cosmic Vision program, will undertake a holistic examine of Venus’ floor, subsurface and environment to assist scientists decide the mechanisms by which they work together and evolve. This will assist us higher perceive the chain of occasions Venus skilled that made it so totally different from Earth.The mission may also inform us how related planets throughout the universe might evolve, how seemingly they’re to host life, and the way we must always outline liveable zones round stars.How will EnVision examine Venus?After launching on an Ariane 6 rocket in 2031, EnVision will take about 15 months to attain Venus after which it would enter in an elliptical orbit across the planet. For the 16 months that observe, the spacecraft will use Venus’ higher environment to decelerate and circularize its orbit to lower than 600 kilometers (373 miles) from the planet’s floor to carefully observe Venus for years utilizing its state-of-the-art devices.While most planetary orbiter missions can use typical spectrometers to establish the composition of an object’s floor and environment, Venus’ thick clouds make it virtually inconceivable to see its floor and decrease environment. However, there are a couple of wavelengths of sunshine Venus’s thick environment is clear to, and EnVision can have tailored spectrometers to look in precisely such little home windows of alternative.A medium-resolution infrared spectrometer will discover out what includes Venus’ floor and decrease environment whereas an ultraviolet spectrometer will examine Venus’ sulphuric acid clouds and the environment above them, the latter of which hosts mysterious darkish patches that take up half the photo voltaic vitality the planet receives.
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Motion Sickness Alert
How nauseating is that car ride? Sensors could warn motorists that their driving is making people queasy.
Sufferers of car sickness could get help from a device that plugs into a car’s cigarette lighter and alerts the driver that passengers will be ill unless his or her driving improves. “Drivers rarely feel sick, so they blame it on their passengers-who are often children-because they are more susceptible,” says inventor Jelte Bos of TNO, a Dutch organization for applied scientific research, in Soesterberg, the Netherlands. But, Bos says, “It’s largely due to driving style.” His prototype car sickness indicator contains three accelerometers to sense motion along three axes and a microchip to calculate how nauseating the car’s motions are. An LCD screen on the prototype shows the percentage of people who’d feel ill if exposed to a given driving performance, but this would be replaced on production versions by colored LEDs like the lights of traffic signals. A red light, for example, could indicate that a passenger is likely to soon become ill. Bos is showing the patented invention to auto engineers and hopes it will become standard on car dashboards. Sensitive children-and parents who clean up after them-would be grateful.
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Who Was The Goddess Athena in Greek Mythology? (7 Key Facts)
Many know Athena as the Greek goddess of war and wisdom, but there is much more to her. Did you know these seven facts about Goddess Athena?
Sep 20, 2021By Marta Fatica
greek goddess athena
Goddess Athena, daughter of Zeus, was the Greek goddess of crafts, wisdom, and warfare. Inscriptions about the goddess were found in Linear B tablets, and Athena was originally an Aegean goddess who served as a protector for the king.
From the founding of Athens to the Trojan War, Athena played an important role in many Greeks myths and stories. Here, we will learn 7 key facts and stories about the goddess.
1. Goddess Athena Had Only One Parent
amphora zeus goddess athena
Amphora showing the birth of Athena, 550-540 BC Lourve, Paris
Unlike the rest of the Olympic gods, goddess Athena did not have two parents. Far from a traditional birth, Athena sprang from Zeus’ head fully grown dressed in battle armor. Athena was most often represented in this form, a grown woman in full battle armor. Within mythology and literature, Athena is often referred to by her singular parentage.
There are many iterations of how Zeus came to be Athena’s only parent. In many versions of the story, Zeus impregnated Metis, his first wife. Their son was destined to overthrow Zeus just as he had his father and his father had before him. Afraid of his own demise, Zeus swallowed Metis in the form of a fly, hoping to prevent a son from usurping him. Zeus was then afflicted by a pounding headache, and when Hephaestus split open his skull to relieve the pain, out came Athena. In some versions of the story, where the motherless nature of Athena is more clear, Metis is not involved at all.
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Goddess Athena’s birth story was used in Aeschylus’ Eumenides as justification as to why the father was the most important parent. Orestes was on trial in Athens for the death of his mother, Clytemnestra. He claimed the killing was justified because Clytemnestra murdered Agamemnon, his father. Apollo, acting as a lawyer for Orestes, argued that Athena’s birth was proof that the father was the only parent who mattered (Eumenides, Lines 655-670). If this was not the case, how could it be that Athena was born without a mother?
2. Athena Was Often Called Pallas or Parthenos
rembrandt pallas athena
Pallas Athena, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1657, Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon
Goddess Athena was often referred to as Pallas Athena or simply Pallas. There are two prevailing myths as to why Athena took the name Pallas. According to Apollodorus, Pallas was a giant that Athena skinned in battle, later wearing his skin into battle to protect herself (Bibliotheca I.VI.II). She then took on the name of the giant to commemorate her success in battle. However, another myth states that Pallas was her childhood friend, whom she accidentally killed while playing. Filled with grief, Athena took on the name in memory of her friend, placing it before her own (Robert Graves, The Greek Myths).
Parthenos, which translates to virgin or maiden, was an epithet given to goddess Athena to acknowledge her status as a virgin deity. In Athens, the Parthenon, the largest temple in the Acropolis, was dedicated to Athena. The temple held Athena Parthenos, a 37 feet tall statue of the goddess. The original statue was sculpted by Phidias and has since been lost or destroyed.
3. Athena: Patron Deity of Athens
houasse minerva neptune athens painting
Dispute between Minerva and Neptune over the Naming of the City of Athens, Rene-Antoine Houasse, 1689, Palace of Versailles, Paris
Athena and Poseidon competed to become the patron deity of Athens, back when the city had no name. The competition would be judged by Cecrops, the half-man, half-serpent king of the city. Each god was asked to present a gift for the people of Athens. Poseidon struck the earth and created a spring to allow access to water and trade. However, the spring was filled with salty water, rendering it undrinkable. Athena gifted the city an olive tree, which could be used for wood, food, and trade. Cecrops chose Athena as the winner. She and her olive tree became symbols of the city that received Athena’s name; Athens.
Athena is also closely tied to Athens because of her adopted son, Erichthonius. In some versions, Hephaestus demanded Athena’s hand in marriage as a reward for opening Zeus’ skull to birth the goddess. In others, he attempts to rape her. Athena wiped his ejaculate onto the earth, from which was born Erichthonius (Apollodorus, Bibliotheca III.XIV.VI). The child grew to be one of the founding heroes of Athens.
4. Athena Created Spiders
houasse minerva arache painting
Minerva et Arachne, Rene-Antoine Houasse, 1706 Palace of Versailles, Paris
In Book VI of Metamorphoses, Ovid tells the story of Arachne, whom Athena turned into a spider (Lines 1-145). Athena, as the goddess of craftwork, was renowned for her weaving. Arachne, a mortal woman, boasted that she was a better weaver than the goddess herself. This act of hubris greatly angered Athena, who tried to make Arachne repent while disguised as an old woman. When Arachne refused, Athena revealed herself and challenged Arachne to a weaving contest.
Athena’s tapestry illustrated her triumph over Poseidon in their contest over Athens’ patronage. Around the border of her tapestry, Athena portrayed other contests between gods and mortals, all of whom were punished for hubris. Arachne, on the other hand, weaved the exploits and affairs of the gods in a tapestry so perfect, that Athena could find no fault with the workmanship.
Enraged by the quality and topic of Arachne’s tapestry, Athena beat the woman, causing Arachne to hang herself in shame. At that moment, however, Athena pitied her and transformed Arachne into a spider, to be forever weaving webs (Arachne in Greek literally means spider).
5. Athena Played a Major Role During the Trojan War
david goddess athena ares combat
Minerva Fighting Mars, Jacques-Louis David, 1771, Lourve, Paris
Goddess Athena was one of three vying for the title of the “Fairest Goddess” along with Hera and Aphrodite (Ovid, Heroides V). Despite promising Paris glory in war, Athena lost to Aphrodite, who had vowed to let Paris marry the most beautiful woman in the world (Ovid, Heroides XVI). Angry with Paris and the Trojans, Athena sided with the Greeks (Achaeans) during the Trojan War, ensuring that her favorite Achaean heroes would be kept safe.
During the war, Goddess Athena feuded with her brother, Ares, over his role in helping the Trojans. As gods, Ares and Athena represent different aspects of war; Ares, the blood lust and physicality of battle; Athena, the strategy and planning aspects. Although Ares was technically neutral, he often acted on behalf of the Trojans to appease his lover, Aphrodite. Athena also spared with other Olympian gods who took the Trojan side, particularly Aphrodite.
laocoon sculpture
Laocoön, circa 40-30 BC, Vatican Museums, Vatican
Athena intervened many times on behalf of the Greeks, breaking the non-intervention rule that Zeus had implemented. Athena granted Diomedes superhuman strength, causing him to slaughter Trojans and wound Aphrodite (Iliad V.335-355). In the infamous duel between Achilles and Hector, Athena tricked Hector into facing Achilles without a weapon, leading to his death (Iliad XXII.295-300). Later, Athena sent forward the serpents that killed Laocoon, after he tried to stop the Trojans from accepting the legendary Trojan horse left by the Greeks (Aeneid II.280-309). Laocoon’s death scene was immortalized in Virgil Aeneid and in sculpture.
However, Athena also punished Achaeans who acted against her and without piety during the war. Within the city of Troy, was a temple to Athena, where Cassandra sought shelter during the siege of the city. Ajax the Lesser dragged her from the temple to rape her. In return, Athena destroyed many of the Greek ships after the Greeks refused to kill him. The Trojan statue of the goddess, called a palladium, was stolen by the Greeks during the Trojan war (Virgil, Aeneid II.230-232). At the end of the Trojan War, Athena caused Ajax the Great, Odysseus’ greatest rival among the Achaeans, to go mad and kill himself. In Sophocles’ play Ajax, Athena does this in order to protect Odysseus from his enemy’s anger over not getting Achilles’ armor.
6. Athena Created Medusa
rubens medusa
The Head of Medusa, Peter Paul Rubens, 1617, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
One of the most famous ‘monsters’ in Greek mythology, Medusa was originally a priestess of the goddess Athena, renowned for her beauty. Struck by her beauty, Poseidon raped Medusa in Athena’s temple. As punishment for defiling her sacred space, Athena turned Medusa’s hair into snakes and cursed her to turn any man who looked at her head into stone (Ovid, Metamorphoses IV). Some later feminist interpretations of the story portray Athena’s actions as helping Medusa ensure that no man would attack her again.
7. Goddess Athena Served as Protector of Heroes in Greek Mythology
canova perseus medusa
Perseus Triumphant, Antonio Canova, 1801, Vatican Museums, Vatican
Goddess Athena played a crucial role in numerous Greek myths as a guide and advisor of demi-gods and mortal heroes. Athena helped Jason in the construction of the Argo and Perseus in his quest to kill Medusa (Apollodorus, Bibliotheca I.IX.XVI). In Pindar’s Olympian Odes, Bellerophon was able to tame Pegasus through Athena’s help (Olympian Ode XIII.70-80). Many depictions of Hercules’ labors include Athena as a guide and helper of the hero.
Perseus, another hero favored by goddess Athena, slew Medusa and decapitated her (Hesiod, Theogony Lines 280-285). For this task, he used a mirror given to him by the goddess. This allowed him to fight the monster without looking at her face. As a thank you, Perseus gave the goddess Medusa’s head. Athena then used the head on her shield to scare her opponents. The goddess is often portrayed in art with the head of Medusa either on her armor or her shield.
varvakeion athena sculpture
Athena of Varvakeio, 200 BC, National Archaeological Museum, Athens
Diomedes throughout the Iliad is seen as highly favored by the goddess Athena. In Book V (V.120-135), Athena reveals herself to the hero without a disguise, something that she did not even do for her favorite Odysseus in The Odyssey. As mentioned previously, the hero was given super strength by the goddess in order to slaughter his opponents.
Athena is perhaps most famous for her relationship with Odysseus. Odysseus was the Greek king of Ithaca, who served as a primary strategist for the Achaeans during the Trojan war. The goddess was said to be impressed by Odysseus’s wit and strategic thought. In The Odyssey, Athena plays a major role in guiding Odysseus back home (I.44-55), ensuring that he is reunited with his wife and son.
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By Marta FaticaMarta has a B.A. in Political Science and Classical Civilizations from UC Berkeley and an MSc in Comparative Politics from LSE. Originally from California, she spent her summers as a child wandering through Roman ruins and now resides in England. In addition to her native English and Italian, Marta spent over ten years studying Latin. Her areas of interest are Greco-Roman mythology, Latin poems, as well as contemporary European politics. When she isn’t at home reading or baking, Marta can be found spending hours in museums and trying new restaurants.
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Diversity And Inclusion: The Millennial Influence
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Politics and Activism
Diversity And Inclusion: The Millennial Influence
United we stand, divided we fall.
Diversity And Inclusion: The Millennial Influence
Diversity and inclusion are hot topics in business today. For millennials, it’s more than just checking boxes or buzzwords. Diversity means bringing together unique perspectives, ideas, opinions and identities.
It’s recognizing and respecting the differences that make us individuals, whether they are based on the dimensions of race, gender, ideologies, religious beliefs, sex, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, occupation, language, mental and physical ability, ethnicity, marital status, education, age or geographic location, just to name a few. Inclusion encompasses bringing together diverse forces in a way that is beneficial. Inclusion fosters an environment of involvement, respect and connection. In order for an organization to be successful, they need both diversity and inclusion.
Overall, millennials see both diversity and inclusion through a completely different lens. Millennials see diversity as a blending of different backgrounds, experiences and perspectives, which is also known as cognitive diversity. They view cognitive diversity as a necessary element for innovation. For millennials, inclusion fosters a culture of open participation from a diverse workforce that leads to a positive impact on business.
Leadership is transparent, engaging and communicative. The Boomers and Gen-Xer’s have historically viewed diversity as a representation of fairness and protection, regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation. Their viewpoint places individuals of the mentioned demographics into one workplace. It sends the message that it’s the right thing to do to achieve compliance and equality.
Why is this important? The forecast looks such that in the next decade, millennials will comprise of nearly 75 percent of the workforce. They are also known to move between positions more often compared to past generations. The clash and disconnect between millennials and the other generations is already leading to business hardships. Managers and upper-level executives have to understand that millennials think differently, prefer different channels of communication and tend to express themselves freely. Downplaying millennials can have a negative impact on employee engagement and empowerment. Differences of opinion allow teams to excel, but millennials aren’t as confident that their leaders share the same point of view. In terms of engagement, millennials thrive in a culture built on support. This includes promoting a collaborative environment where employees can see their value to the organization and are recognized for their efforts. An inclusive culture will have a positive effect on innovation.
Remember, what brings diversity into your company isn’t the same as what it will take to support that talent. The next company I work for, I will be celebrated, not tolerated. The terms diversity and inclusion are transforming business practices across the globe. If you want to build a truly inclusive culture, you should be willing to overcome the obstacles that surround diversity and inclusion that limit their reach. If you don’t know where to start, ask your millennials. Each of them has a voice. Empower, engage and support them because they are waiting to be heard. You just have to willing to listen.
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The Last Hours of Ancient Sunlight: Older and Younger Cultures
An excerpt from the book.
The Power of Our Point of View: Older and Younger Cultures
- William James (1842-1910)
Because of human actions—and inaction—our planet appears to be on a collision course with disaster
We long ago passed a human population number that could be sustained without intensive use of gasoline and oil, so we’re burning up a 300-million-year-old fossilized-plant resource (which, if things don’t change, is expected to run dry in the lifetimes of our children) in order to feed the six billion humans currently riding spaceship Earth.
Many more may starve, even more than are starving today. And virtually nothing is being done by governments to offset this very real possibility.
But what can we do? We can recycle, eat vegetarian foods, drive gas-efficient cars, and feel like we’re doing something useful. But it remains a fact that a panhandling Bowery wino in New York City has access to greater wealth in a month than most citizens of the world’s population will ever see in one year. And even that “poverty-level” rate of resource consumption is something the planet cannot sustain without our burning up carbon fuel sources which will be exhausted within a generation or two. Most people probably believe there is nothing they can do to help lessen the burden.
But they are mistaken: there are indeed powerful, meaningful things we can do.
Perhaps it’s too late (by at least four decades, according to many experts) to avoid all of the damage we’re headed toward: the death of billions of humans and further extensive destruction of much of the planet’s environment through war, natural resource exploitation, and industrial pollution. Earth is now afire with war; famines are erupting as you read these words, and overpopulation has soared to the point where in many of the bigger cities of the Third World I have seen street children hunted with high-powered rifles by “hunting clubs” of middle- and upper-class young men and off-duty police.
Some speculate that we are witnessing the last days of the American/European Empire, much as the Romans watched their empire crumble 1600 years ago. But the truth also is, we can now plant the seeds of a positive and hopeful world where future generations, our children and theirs, will live—the beginning of the next civilization, the post-oil era.
We hold their future in our hands.
There’s power in how we think about things
When you walk or drive down a city street, what you are seeing all around you are manifestations of thoughts.
Every building began as an idea in somebody’s mind. Somebody acquired the land. Somebody designed the house. Somebody had the idea to organize people together to build the house, either to make money or to live in it. The trees you see were planted for shade in the yard, on the sidewalk, along the street. The pavement that we accept as a “natural” part of our landscape was conceptualized, designed, engineered, installed, and is maintained via thought.
Thoughts create our physical reality, and they also create our larger reality. During ancient times, when there was an electrical storm, people perceived the thunder and lightning as the voice of a powerful deity. If somebody got hit by lightning, that proved to others that the person had committed some crime or displeased the deity.
When the thunder rumbled loudly nearby, people knelt to the ground and cried out their prayers. They knew, when they saw the awesome streaks of light across the sky, that they were seeing the finger of their god writing messages or expressing an opinion.
Today thunder and lightning are seen and heard as the discharge of electrical energy between ions in the air and the oppositely-charged ground. If somebody is struck by lightning it is either due to their own stupidity (standing on the golf course with a club in the air) or just bad luck. If the storm is severe, we take cover out of fear of a dangerous natural phenomenon, rather than a wrathful god.
The same event creates a completely different feeling, thought, and behavior in the people who observe it today. The point is, the experience of reality is different, and what makes it different is thought.
A few years ago, I was invited to give a speech at a conference sponsored by Hebrew University in Jerusalem. After the presentation, Louise and I went for a walk through the Old City, down through the Arab quarter where most of the tourist shops are. It was a Friday, the Moslem Sabbath, but not being Islamic, we doubted this would affect our sightseeing and shopping. It being a very hot May day, Louise was wearing a comfortable pair of walking shorts. As we moved through the streets, one shopkeeper came out of his store and started shouting at Louise, calling her a “western pig,” a “whore” and a “blasphemer.” “Don’t you know it’s a holy day, you bitch?” he screamed. “You have no right to show your legs!”I mention this culture clash because the shopkeeper’s reality was that a woman was flagrantly breaking the law.
Louise’s reality held that it was a hot day in a tourist center and she was dressed comfortably in conservative shorts, according to Western standards, and being harassed for it.
My reality told me that a man was displaying bad manners and disrespect for my culture and religion, for women, in general, and for another human being, in particular, by shouting instead of quietly coming up to us and presenting his case. We were all correct.
And so now all of humanity is presented with a dizzying set of conflicting realities. What we choose to do about them will determine our future as a species. Consider these various ideas different people might have about life:
“We need electricity to be comfortable and maintain our way of life,” or,“ Producing electricity is pumping billions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, leading to global warming and extremely destructive weather patterns.” “Being able to drive where and when we want to at a cheap cost is freedom,” or, “Americans’ driving habits are feeding the destruction of the planet.” “All of nature is here to serve the needs of humankind,” or, “Humans are no more or less important to the planet than any other life-form. ”These ideas are grounded in the stories—the myths of our culture, our paradigms, our beliefs—that form the core of what we tell ourselves is “reality.” Stories, in this context, are anything we add to our original experience that alters what we think is going on, or changes how we think about things. Since so much of what we call reality is subjective, there are few “right” or “wrong” stories; instead there are “useful” and “not useful” stories, depending on what culture you belong to, and depending on your status in your culture. Depending on your relationship to the natural world and your vision of the future.
Increasingly, the stories we’ve been telling ourselves for centuries are now moving from the “useful” to the “not useful” category.
An example of such a story is the Biblical order to have as many children as possible. In the days of Noah and Abraham, the tribe with the largest number of young men to create an army was usually the tribe that survived. “Be fruitful and multiply” was a formula for cultural survival, even though in nearly all cases it then led to “and when you run out of resources and living space, kill off your neighbor and take theirs.”[1]We’ve rationalized this over the years by saying that this conquering and dominating lifestyle has brought us so many “good things”: television, visiting the moon, modern appliances, the eradication of many diseases. I remember in high school a recruiter for the Army came in and gave a pitch for the armed forces to our 10th grade class. “Most of the really important advances in our civilization, from the development of rockets to the discovery of antibiotics, were caused by the necessities of war,” he said, providing another feel-good rationalization for the periodic mass-murder of humans. War is good: it leads to progress and lifestyle upgrades.
Back when the planet only had a billion people on it, a person could probably build a case for the value of huge families, growing populations, and the conquest of nearby (or distant) lands. It may be of questionable morality, but it could be defended by the norms of a culture which had survival and growth as its primary goal.
Now, however, such stories imperil the very culture from which they’re derived. The good news is, if we redefine our cultural norms, re-tell the stories which make up the reality we follow, then humanity’s behaviors will change to conform to the new stories.
The ancient Greeks changed the world and established the foundations of western civilization with the idea of integrating democracy and slave ownership. In fact, every time a culture has evolved, since or before then and for better or worse, it’s been because of an idea, an insight, a new understanding of how things are, and of what is possible. Ideas preceded every revolution, every war, every transformation, and every invention.
[1] The Catholic Church recently issued a proud news release from The Vatican, noting that there are now over one billion Catholics worldwide.
Thom's Blog Is On the Move
Hello All
From The Thom Hartmann Reader:
From The Thom Hartmann Reader:
Richard Trumka, President, AFL-CIO
From Screwed:
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Science Teacher Leaders Making a Difference
By Kim Marshall, TIE columnist
The article: “Defining Teacher Leadership: A Framework” by Rebecca Cheung, Elisa Stone, Judith Warren Little, and Thomas Reinhardt in Phi Delta Kappan, November 2018 (Vol. 100, #2, p. 38-44),; the authors can be reached at,,, and
In this Kappan article, Rebecca Cheung, Elisa Stone, and Judith Warren Little (University of California/Berkeley) and consultant Thomas Reinhardt say teacher leaders’ work has run the gamut: coaching colleagues, offering professional development, getting materials, sharing lesson ideas and resources, convening meetings, communicating messages for administrators, chairing the school safety committee, even serving as emergency substitutes. The more educationally ambitious the teacher leaders’ role, the greater the likelihood of pushback.
“In a profession long marked by an egalitarian ethos,” say Cheung, Stone, Little, and Reinhardt, “in which colleagues think of themselves as belonging to the same level in the organizational hierarchy, giving a special role to some teachers can easily lead to tension among peers. Why was this person chosen as the teacher leader, they might ask, and what kind of formal authority do teacher leaders have?” But district leaders want to tap into effective teachers’ “deep reservoirs of knowledge and expertise.” How can they put teacher leaders to work in ways that don’t stir up resentment among colleagues?
The researchers worked with a district to develop and implement a teacher leader model aimed at supporting the implementation of Next Generation Science Standards. The science lead teachers served four major functions:
• Collaborating:
- Mentoring and coaching teachers to improve their practices;
- Facilitating science-focused professional development sessions;
- Initiating and facilitating peer collaboration;
- Participating in science PD for the lead teachers’ own benefit;
- Developing productive meeting formats and processes;
- Improving the skills of mentoring, supporting, and coaching a variety of teachers;
- Contributing to the science teacher leader community.
• Providing resources:
- Sharing readings, lessons, and ideas;
- Creating and adapting lessons and units;
- Suggesting science events, field trips, speakers, free and donated materials;
- Supporting regular access to district-provided materials and supplies;
- Keeping abreast of and accessing science-related news, resources, and technology.
• Modeling:
- Being open to being observed by colleagues and jointly critiquing lessons;
- Analyzing and discussing the effectiveness of different teaching practices;
- Making effective science instruction visible;
- Committing to a deep understanding of Next Generation Science Standards;
- Reflecting on and being open to improving their own teaching practices;
- Balancing and integrating non-science commitments to maximize science instruction.
• Advocating:
- Identifying and developing common pedagogies across subject areas;
- Advocating for science in schoolwide decision-making;
- Building alliances to further science instruction;
- Keeping abreast of science-related policies, expectations, and decisions;
- Regularly communicating and reminding administrators and teachers about science expectations and opportunities;
- Identifying opportunities to integrate science into the core instructional plan;
- Ensuring representation for science instruction in school governance;
- Analyzing the political climate and context of the school to support science instruction.
A two-year study of 40 of the science lead teachers affirmed the value of these four roles and confirmed the success of teachers’ work on the quality of science instruction in the district.
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What is the difference between calibration and validation ?
Answer : Calibration is a process that ensures that accuracy…
Calibration Validation
Calibration is a process that ensures that accuracy
is maintained in the measurements produced
by your equipment.
Validation is a documented process that provides assurance
that a product, service or system consistently provides results within the acceptable criteria.
Calibration performance of any equipment is compared
against a reference standard.
There are no reference standards used in validation.
Calibration assures accuracy of measurements. Validation provides proof of consistency across all the processes, batches of products or methods being used.
You must periodically calibrate your instruments.
Identify if there is a ‘drift’ in the measurements and eliminate
it through calibration.
There are no such requirements for validation. It should be performed when you make any change in the existing system or when the revalidation period has reached.
It should be performed as per calibration SOP. It should be performed as per the validation protocol.
Calibration and Validation of Models
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Bioethics Blogs
Ethics of Advances in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
For several decades, scientists have reasoned that stem cells—and human embryonic stem cells (hESC) especially—have the potential to improve human health. In particular, research indicates that the properties unique to hESC (e.g., plasticity, potency) can benefit our understanding of, and approaches to, regenerative medicine and embryology. For instance, understanding how these cells might (i) mitigate or treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, cancer, and diabetes, and (ii) produce vital insights into human development, is a priority within the scientific research enterprise, but one whose methodologies and ethics should be thoroughly monitored and reviewed in accordance with advances in medicine.
The post Ethics of Advances in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research appeared first on Ampersand.
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Importance of UV Disinfection Cabinets
by Dennis Benson on September 09, 2020
Ultraviolet Disinfection technology is the most effective and widely used method to remove bacteria, germs, microbes, and viruses. This technique is efficient enough to kill germs by utilizing the device named UV disinfection cabinet which is simple and easy to use. Many organizations or companies can use this germ-free or sterile device to keep their workplaces and employees safe from these bacteria and microorganisms. This device is proved to be very helpful in destroying these harmful microorganisms, especially the novel coronavirus. The primary objective of this device is to provide 100% steadfast and germ-free results. Ultraviolet Disinfection Cabinet is specifically manufactured to kill bacteria or microbes without any heat compulsion or biochemical substances. In this article, we will break down the importance of UV disinfection cabinet to be used in companies, its working principles, and how this device is helpful to fight against human-killing microorganisms or bacteria.
UV disinfection cabinet is an effective and technical solution to inactive germs and microbes. The Ultraviolet spectrum inside the device is a real antiseptic for these human-killing germs. Usually, the UV fluorescence in the disinfection cabinet is used for chromatographic analysis. The long and shortwave UV lights along with the combination of white light are extremely helpful for detecting chromatogram. The physical process is involved to inactive these microbes or viruses. In this process, the microorganisms are unable to replicate themselves when exposed to germicidal wavelengths of UV Light. Many companies can use this technical approach to inactive these pathogenic organisms to secure their workplaces and the employees. UV disinfection cabinet can be used without any requirement of heat or chemical substances. Hence, chemical residue cannot be left.
Importance of UV Disinfection Cabinets
Ultraviolet disinfection cabinet can also be used in many companies, organizations, and industries to prevent their offices, workers, resources, and clients from being infected from infectious diseases.
• UV Disinfection Cabinets in Hospitals
In hospitals, ultraviolet disinfection cabinets are used in many ways to protect their hospitality industry.
• Telephone and Television Devices
It is extremely important to use UV disinfection cabinets in hospitals to protect the lives of the patients as well as the staff members. Generally, in hospitals, telephones and television remotes are highly infectious and germ-laden. A huge amount of bacteria or germs take place on these devices. UV disinfection cabinets are extremely helpful to wipe out these microorganisms. It also allows us to secure our mobile phone devices, television remotes, and other appliances of the companies that people touch. As soon as the UV light touches the gadgets, microorganisms will be deactivated immediately.
• UVC Robots
In hospitals, special UVC-emitting automated machines are used to clean the floor. The foremost responsibility of the health department is to protect the lives of the patients and to keep them safe from infectious diseases and germs. Thus Ultraviolet Disinfection technology plays a vital role to safeguard the health of the patients as well as the hospital’s staff.
• UV Disinfection Cabinets in Food Industries
UV disinfection cabinet is also useful in food industries by giving the toxic dose of Ultraviolet radiation. As a result, the cells of the microorganisms are incapable to uphold their metabolism. Hence, the cell wall becomes thin. In this way, these germs can be killed.
UV light is also beneficial to prevent fresh vegetable items and fruits and also reduced the chances of spoiling when exposed to it. UV disinfection cabinet technique can also be used in the kitchen to protect our daily use appliances such as spoons and knives, dishes and other items from being infected by disease-causing bacteria and germs.
• UV Disinfection Cabinets in Health and Fitness centers
Health and fitness centers contain a lot of germs and viruses. The non-tolerable smell due to sweat may cause a lot of germs and bacteria around 1,000,000 per square inch. UV disinfection technology is one of the most technical solutions to wipe out these germs and to keep the gymnasium clean.
The gymnasiums and the fitness machines are exposed to the UV light which can kill tons of bacteria and germs to keep that equipment clean and sterile. Thus, it plays a crucial role to protect human lives from being infected by these infectious diseases caused by pathogenic organisms.
• UV Disinfection Cabinets in Banks
Banks are also availing the benefit from this modern UV disinfection light technology to secure their money and other equipment such as laptops from being infected by germs. The ultraviolet light is capable to kill up to 99% of pathogenic organisms and viruses in just a few minutes and can help to grow the business rapidly.
• Conclusion
By summing up this article, it is cleared that the modern era has brought many unbelievable changes in human lives. Technology has totally changed the human’s standard of living. Ultraviolet Disinfection Cabinet technology has proved to be the most technical and most effective solution to disinfect the appliances, workplaces, and staff members. Hence, Ultraviolet light is the most effective approach to secure the environment as well as the humans from being infected by pathogenic organisms.
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Sunday, February 26, 2012
Tetsaveh: all that are wise hearted, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom
In this week's Torah portion, God describes to Moses how to prepare the priests, including the High Priest, for consecrating the Tabernacle, and how the priestly duties are to be performed. There is a very detailed description of the High Priest's garments. God tells Moses:
The expression "wise hearted" is in Hebrew, חַכְמֵי-לֵב, or chokmei-leiv. The term Chokmah appears as the second Sefira of the Tree of Life, the immediate state of consciousness after the initial first impluse. It is also the word for wisdom in Hebrew. Leiv is the Hebrew word for heart. The Hebrews regarded the heart as the seat of consciousness. Thus it describes a person whose consciousness is infused with the highest possible wisdom. This is reiterated in the same sentence by the expression "the spirit of wisdom", or רוּחַ חָכְמָה in Hebrew, or ruach chokmah. Ruach is one of many Hebrew words for soul. As the Inuits have many different words for snow, Hebrew has many different words for soul.
The crudest concept of the soul is that of the נֶפֶש, or nefesh. This can also mean "breath", or "life force". Everything that breathes air has a nefesh. That is why Kosher laws classify meat one way and fish another. To the medieval understanding, fish did not breathe air (since they did not understand the function of gills), and thus did not need to be sacrificially slaughtered in a way that took their souls into account. Sometimes this is called the "animal soul". The nefesh is inclined to sin, and in the Mussar tradition, needs to be tamed by higher principles. It is where our impulses, urges and addictions manifest themselves. In a sense, the Entered Apprentice degree is designed to make the candidate aware of his nefesh.
The next most sophisticated concept of the soul is that of the רוּחַ, or ruach. This can also mean "wind", or "spirit". This is particular to man. It is sometimes called the "intellectual soul". It can be moved by reason, and can be strengthened by study, meditation and prayer. The Christian concept of the Holy Spirit originally comes from Judaism, where it is called the ruach ha-kodesh, or literally, "Holy Spirit". When used alone, however, the ruach is the rational soul of an individual, that is, when it does not refer to a ghost. In a sense, the Fellowcraft degree is designed to make the candidate aware of his ruach.
The subtle concept of the soul is that of the נְשָׁמָה, or neshamah. This also translates as "breath", but in a much more subtle sense. This is a portion of the Divine housed in the human soul. Jews believe that the neshamah cannot be tainted by sin. In Jewish mysticism, the first objective in starting one's spiritual path is to waken the neshamah. The morning prayers includes the line: "My God, the soul (neshamah) that You have placed in me is pure." The last line of Psalm 150 states: כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה, תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ, or "Let every thing that hath breath praise the LORD." [Psalm 150: 6]. I would translate line as "Everything that has a neshamah, by breathing praises the Lord."
It is a focus of Jewish meditation to pull the center of consciousness from the nefesh, to the ruach, to the neshamah. In a sense, the Master Mason degree is designed to make the candidate aware of his neshamah.
So who made Aaron's garments? Those whose hearts are directed by the spirit of the highest conceivable form of wisdom, those whom God has infused with the spirit of that wisdom. This is what Freemasonry aspires to, and what alone qualifies us to do our Work.
Friday, February 24, 2012
Terumah: And let them make Me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them.
In this week's Torah portion, God gives Moses instruction for building the Tabernacle, or Mishkan. It is to be made out of materials gathered by all the people, out of precious things in their possessions. Everyone is to contribute to it. There is to be an Ark made of gold and acacia wood to store the Tablets of the Law. The cover of the Ark (the karopet of ha-aron) will be made of gold and will have two cherubs made of the same piece of gold as the cover itself, facing each other with faces downcast but wings spread wide to cover the whole Ark, carved into the top of the cover. God instructs Moses that He will instruct him when Moses puts his head between the two cherubs over the Ark.
There was also to be a table made of acacia wood plated in gold, on which would be placed the showbread. These were twelve loaves of bread (one for each of the twelve tribes) specially baked to sit before the Presence of God. After which, they would be divided among the priests and eaten. It is mentioned in 1 Samuel 21: 4-7 that King David was given the showbread to eat by the High Priest.
The lampstand, or menorah, was to be made of one enormous, solid piece of gold, hammered into six branches to hold seven lamps. Cups, spheres and flowers were hammered out of the gold to decorate it. The menorah was roughly 150 pounds, made of a single piece of gold.
The cloth of the Tabernacle was to be made of linen and wool, dyed with expensive dyes like techelet and crimson worm. The Torah forbids wearing clothing made of a mixture of wool and linen, but also insists that the garments of the High Priest be made of a mixture of wool and linen. The dyed cloth was to be woven into a tapestry with cherubs decorating the fabric. Ten such cloths would be made, with each curtain 42 feet by 6 feet in area. They were sewn together in two groups of five with golden fasteners to attach them together, with eleven sheets of goats' wool, of area 45 feet by 6 feet, forming a cover. Five sheets were sewn together, and six sheets were sewn together, with the sixth sheet forming a tent flap for the Tabernacle. A roof was made of ram skins, processed with a type of tanning that made them red, with another roof made of skins processed with a type of tanning that made them blue, called tachashim (תְּחָשִׁים). Some interpreters think that the blue-processed skins were dolphin skins, while others think they were badger, or cow leather that was heavily processed.
The tent beams of the Tabernacle were made of acacia wood plated in gold, and shod with silver. Similar to the cloth of the Tabernacle, a curtain (parokhet) would be made, hanging from the rafters, to shield the Ark from view. As I have previously blogged, parokhet and kaporet are anagrams of each other, as are ha-Aron and Aharon (Aaron). The curtain, along with the wall of the Tabernacle, demarcated the extent of the Holy of Holies of the Tabernacle.
Interestingly, in Kabbalah, the word parokhet takes on a transcendental meaning, as the barrier between adjacent higher realms of being. Between the world of Action (or Assiah) and the world of Fomation (or Yetzirah) is a curtain or barrier. And between Yetzirah and the world of Ideas (or B'riah) is a curtain. This barrier is inadvertently amusingly described by OTO devotees as "The Veil of Paroketh" (literally, "The Veil of a Curtain"). And between B'riah and the world of Archetypes (or Atzilut) is a curtain, which the Hermetic tradition calls "The Abyss".
An altar was to be made of acacia wood plated in copper, square with protrusions (literally, "horns") emerging out of each corner. This was for burnt offerings.
The Torah will repeat everything in this Torah portion later on once the people come to actually build these things. Next week, the instructions for preparing the Tabernacle will be given, and then there will be a rather disappointing interlude where Aaron, in Moses' absence, will build a Molten Calf for the Children of Israel to idolize. This will have unfortunate consequences. After which, the people will do what God commanded, and it will be described nearly identically with what was written in this week's Torah portion, with different verb tenses.
Of course, to Masons, "the Tabernacle was a model for King Solomon's Temple, of which this and every well-governed lodge is a representation." If it weren't a few hours before Shabbat, I'd explore this in a lot more detail.
The Haftarah for this Torah portion is from the First Book of Kings [1 Kings 5: 26 - 6:13]:
And for the house he made windows of narrow lights.
And the word of the LORD came to Solomon, saying,
This should be familiar to every Freemason.
Friday, February 17, 2012
Mishpatim: These are the rules
I have discussed previously that Jewish law recognizes three kinds of mitzvot, or commandments.The first kind of laws are mishpatim, or ethical rules. These are the ethical guidelines for living that any compassionate person might come up with if they thought about the situation enough. The second kind of laws are the the zakhorim, or tribal (or national) remembrances. These tell the observer to keep in mind the history of the Children of Israel, and help the observer identify with and find his place within the Jewish people as a whole. The most important remembrance is to remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and God brought you out of bondage to make you a free man. The third kind of laws are the chukim, or esoteric rules. These are usually somewhat strange and non-obvious, such as not mixing linen and wool in the same garment. Doing so will not help perpetuate any remembrance, nor will it lead to any ethical action, and yet it is in the Torah, so it falls into the third category. Kabbalists and other Jewish mystics often attach deep significance to the chukim as mystical observances with deep esoteric meaning.
This week's Torah portion is named after the first statistically improbable phrase in the portion. This portion begins, "Now these are the judgments [mishpatim] that thou wilt set before them." [Exodus 21:1]. What follows is a list of 53 ethical rules, that cover a wide range of situations, but all of which are very specific. For example, if an ox gores a human being to death, the ox will be put down, but its owner will not be responsible for the death, unless the ox has a history of aggressive behavior, and has been warned by the community about the ox's behavior, in which case both the ox and its owner will be put to death. [Exodus 21: 28-29].
Some of the rules seem a bit odd today. A male slave is to be freed at the start of the seventh year of servitude, but if the slave wants to remain the property of his master, he will publicly declare that he loves his master and does not wish to go free, upon which his master will bring the slave to a court of law to declare this, and then to the doorpost of his home, and there pierce the slave's ear with an awl against the doorpost.[Exodus 21: 2, 6-7]. Much of this makes sense, except for piercing the slave's ear against the doorpost. It could be that in ancient times, among men only slaves pierced their ears, but that would not explain why it had to be done against the doorpost of his master's house. Jewish law requires a house to have a mezuzah nailed to the doorpost, so maybe, in a sense, the voluntary slave is like a mezuzah, but I admit that's a stretch.
This is one of several places in the Torah where the Lex Talonis appears. Literally, this passage says, "And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe." [Exodus 21: 23-25]. It should be strongly noted that Rabbinic Judaism (pretty much every Jew except the Karaites and Samaritans, who collectively number only around a few thousand on earth) does not take this to mean that an eye requires an eye, or that a tooth requires a tooth. This is important. This has been taken throughout the Jewish world to mean that if a person strikes out the eye of another person, striking out the eye of the culprit is the maximal penalty possible. Similarly, the maximum punishment for knocking out a tooth would be to have one tooth knocked out. Even if a person were to sever the foot of the High Priest or the king, the most severe punishment he could receive would be to have his foot severed off. No death penalty could be exacted no matter who received the injury from whom.
By the time of the redacting of the Talmud, this law was interpreted to require monetary damages rather mutilation as the penalty for these offenses. Jews regard punishment by mutilation as barbaric, and have for at least two thousand years.
There is also a kind of Castle Law in these rules. If someone breaks into your home at night, and you kill him, it is not murder, but justifiable homicide. However, if the killing happens during the day, it is murder. [Exodus 22: 1-2].
If a man has to sell his only clothing off his back to repay his debt to you, you have to provide him with clothing by the end of the day, so that he doesn't freeze that night. [Exodus 22: 25-26].
If you come upon your enemy's ox or donkey going astray, you are required to bring it back to him. If you see the beast of burden of someone you hate collapsing under a heavy load, you are required to make every effort to help the animal in distress, even though you might be inclined to do nothing to help your enemy. [Exodus 23: 4-5].
After declaring the three Pilgrimage Festivals, Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot, the Torah portion ends with a mystical visionary scene that is much commented upon by the Kabbalists. God tells Moses to bring Nadab and Abihu, the two sons of Aaron who will later die in a spiritual technology mishap, along with the seventy tribal leaders, with him to appear before God Himself. Moses alone is permitted to approach God directly. Moses lays the laws before the Children of Israel, who collectively and unanimously give their consent. Then Moses leads the gathered party of 72 to ascend Mount Sinai, there to have a collective vision of God: "And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness." [Exodus 24: 10].
The sapphire footstool is much commented upon in Jewish mystical writings. Ezekiel describes the Throne of Glory as made of sapphire. Sapphire appears in many mystical visions in Jewish literature, often being described as utterly transparent, and only blue because the sky is blue. Sapphires in Jewish tradition are emblematical of the Third Eye, and Jewish mystics have a meditation practice of focusing the mind on a single point, imagining that one looks at the point through a third eye made of sapphire.
The Torah tells us that after seeing God, the party of 72 ate and drank. Most commenters regard this as a blasphemous mistake, some going so far as to say that this is why Nadab and Abihu were struck dead in the book of Leviticus. Others interpret the eating and drinking as allegorical, that the vision fed them better than food or drink could. Still others say that the food and drink were celebratory after their collective vision.
The passage ends with Moses entering the cloud at the summit of Mount Sinai to receive the Tablets of the Law (which some commentators regard as being made of sapphire), and remaining there for forty days and forty nights. As we shall see, in his absence, much mischief occurs.
Monday, February 6, 2012
Yitro: Learn To Delegate Authority
Moses' father-in-law, Jethro ( יִתְרוֹ, or Yitro, in Hebrew), comes to visit Moses in the Wilderness, and brings Moses' wife Zipporah, and their sons, Gershom and Eliezer. Gershom was the child who was circumcised during the "Bridegroom of Blood" incident. Jethro finds that Moses is swamped with work judging various complaints among the Children of Israel. The Torah tells us that around 600,000 adult men were in the Wilderness with Moses. Considering that they had mothers, wives, daughters and sons, we can estimate that a crowd of roughly two million people were in the camp being led by Moses and Aaron. Moses was the only lawgiver, executive, or magistrate for this unhappy and unruly mob. That meant that he had to do nothing but listen to cases brought before him from dawn until dusk every day.
Jethro is described as a Priest of Midian, and also as a Sheikh of Midian. Jethro is clearly a successful leader himself. He sees the condition Moses finds himself in, and he is critical:
Jethro understands that a good leader delegates authority to subordinates. He doesn't micromanage. He sustains an organizing structure, and trusts the people within his structure to manage their portions of authority, thereby making the whole of it to work to everyone's advantage. The tribes therefore become jurisdictional entities, each of which are comprised of groups of a thousand people, each of which are comprised of ten groups of a hundred people, each comprised of two groups of fifty, each of which are comprised of five groups of ten. Each group has a leader who is capable of handling issues within his group. If a group of ten could not resolve an issue, it went to the leader of the group of fifty, and from there, if necessary, to the group of a hundred, and from there, if necessary, to the group of a thousand, and from there, if necessary, to the tribal head, and from there, if necessary, to Moses, and if necessary, to God.
The Masonic lodge opens at the will and pleasure of the Worshipful Master. A Master is presumably a ritualist, dinner planner, head almoner, a second secretary, head ambassador, head of social activities, a second treasurer, candidate educator, and has many other duties besides. But a bad master does all of these things without delegating authority to others. Truth be told, the Tyler should be in charge of security, the Senior Steward should lead the Junior Steward in helping set up and clean up the meals, the Junior Deacon should be in charge of the candidates during degree work, and should assist the Tyler in matters of security, the Senior Deacon should be in charge of all the junior officers and their floor work, the Junior Warden should be organizing the meals and in charge of the Stewards, the Senior Warden should be in charge of all the officers below him in authority, and make sure the Junior Steward is taking care of the candidates, and should be in charge of candidate education, the Marshall should be in charge of all floor work and should also be in charge of accommodating all visitors, the Secretary should be in charge of dues, lodge communications, minutes and balloting, the Treasurer should be in charge of lodge finances, and making sure the Secretary collects dues, the Ritualist should be in charge of all ritual done in the lodge and should have a hand in candidate education, and there should be a head of social activities, an almoner, a head of candidate education, a lodge ambassador, and the Worshipful Master should check in with everyone and make sure they are doing their jobs, and step in when necessary to make final decisions.
Without delegating authority, a lodge is sunk and the Master is miserable.
Similarly, a Grand Lodge has a Grand Master who is the absolute authority for his jurisdiction. But rather than rule by fiat and edicts, the Grand Master understands that lodges are pretty much autonomous entities, and that lodges will properly regulate the men within their lodges. Lodges will defend the West Gate by the use of thorough investigation of candidates and the black cube, and they will regulate the conduct of their men through the use of Masonic trial. The Grand Master delegates a number of District Deputy Grand Masters, each of whom, in Massachusetts, is responsible for roughly eight lodges. The Districts have secretaries, Lodges of Instruction, and various District Officers (I, for example, am the Service Officer for my district). If things get out of hand in a lodge, the District Deputy Grand Master can step in and exert his authority to set things right. Thus, in practice, the Grand Master cares about the Grand Lodge as a whole, and leaves the management of districts and lodges to men in whose authority he trusts. He cares about membership on the whole, but he also has a Membership Committee with a head in place, and trusts them to handle their jobs. He cares about finances, but trusts that the Grand Treasurer has things handled. He gives the Grand Secretary enormous leeway to decide things for himself, as well as a group of Grand Lecturers to handle ritual, a Service Committee to handle charities and the relief of poor and distressed Brothers, their widows and orphans. He has an Education Committee to handle how candidates should be educated, and trusts that through the District Lodges of Instruction, their work is being done.
Thus, every Grand Master would prefer that if an issue with a Brother or Brethren comes up, the lodge will handle it, and if that fails, the District will handle it. The Grand Master understands that different lodges will have different styles and attitudes, and understands that there is no need to delineate the work of any individual lodge or district officer by a general edict unless the entire Jurisdiction is seriously out of whack, which is very rare. He understands that the average mason only knows the dealings in his own lodge, and if the district intervenes too strongly in a mason's relationship with his lodge, or worse, if the Grand Lodge intervenes too strongly, that the rank-and-file mason will assume that something is seriously wrong with the entire Jurisdiction, or with the Fraternity as a whole. After all, the Craft is made up of men chosen for their strong moral character. We are not ordinary men. Of course some unsuitable men make it past the West Gate, but the Grand Master would rather have a lodge deal with such men than to get his District Deputy involved, or even worse, to get involved himself.
Anyone who reads Masonic blogs these days is aware that some Grand Lodges (although thankfully, not Massachusetts) have had incidents that show that not every Grand Master understands Jethro's lesson to Moses. When Grand Masters legislate their own bigotry by edict, when they throw good men out of the Fraternity without trial, when they feud with other Grand Lodges over petty issues, the whole Fraternity is threatened. This is a volunteer organization, and many otherwise good men will walk away from such nonsense (and rightly so) if they encounter it.
Moses afterwards only heard the cases beyond the ability of the heads of the tribes to solve. Moses was chosen by God and could ask God for clarification, but that didn't mean he had to listen to every petty dispute among two million people.
The Ten Commandments (or more literally, Ten Statements) appear twice in the Torah. In this Torah portion, they are set up with a very dramatic display on Mount Sinai. God warns Moses not to let anyone up on the mountain, or they will die. From the foot of the mountain, the whole congregation of the Children of Israel can see God's presence descend onto the mountain in a cloud. Moses ascends the mountain, and hears the voice of God. God makes ten statements, which are numbered differently in Judaism from the way they are numbered in Christianity.
6. Thou shalt not kill.
7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.
8. Thou shalt not steal.
9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.
10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour's. [Exodus 20: 1-17].
Christians regard the first statement as a preamble to the Ten Commandments, and they split the tenth into two commandments. The sixth commandment might be better translated as "Thou shalt not murder", since the Torah allows for killing in war, and for capital punishment. The Talmud argues whether or not the eighth commandment refers specifically to stealing humans, or kidnapping. The Talmud punishes the false witness with the punishment for the crime for which the defendant is charged. Thus in a capital case, the false witness, if discovered, would face the same death penalty.
When this portion is chanted, there is a different trope, or cantillation, for the Ten Statements than would ordinarily be used for these verses. The whole congregation stands and recites along. It is very impressive.
In this version of the fourth commandment, we are commanded to remember (זָכוֹר, or zachor) the Sabbath day. In the version in Deuteronomy, we are commanded to keep (שָׁמוֹר, or shamor) the Sabbath day. Shamor might be better translated in modern English as guard, or observe. The Kabbalists believed that the change of verb was deliberate, and that God commands us to do both; that human language allows for one verb in a sentence, but that God intends us to juxtapose the two verbs into one action. Thus, in the beautiful liturgical love song to God, לכה דודי (Lekha Dodi, or "Come, My Beloved"), the first verse goes as follows:
"Observe" and "recall" in a single utterance,Shamor v'zakhor b'dibur eḥadשמור וזכור בדבור אחד
We were made to hear by the unified God,hishmiʿanu El hameyuḥadהשמיענו אל המיחד
God is one and God’s Name is one,Adonai eḥad ushemo eḥadיי אחד ושמו אחד
In fame and splendor and praiseful song.L'Sheim ulitiferet v'lit'hilahלשם ולתפארת ולתהלה
This song is sung during Kabbalat Shabbat on Friday night sabbath services, and it is very lovely. The Sabbath is personified as a bride, and the song sings about rushing forth to the bride's home to escort her to the wedding, where she will be married to God, with all of the Children of Israel as guests at the wedding. The poem describes the consummation of the wedding in fairly explicit language, saying that God will love the Sabbath bride as a groom makes love to his bride (כמשוש חתן על כלה, or Kimsos ḥatan ʿal kalah). This sort of sexualized theophany appears in the poetry of St. John of the Cross, and John Donne, and in much Sufi poetry of Rumi as well, but it is dangerous theologically, and hence not usually mainstream. In many prayerbooks, the language is bowlderized to "as a groom rejoices in his bride", but the Hebrew language is clear.
The people hear the commandments from the foot of Mount Sinai, and they are terrified. They beg Moses to intercede with God on their behalf, but are afraid to death of interacting with God themselves. They beg Moses to insist that God never speak directly to them again. In this is the plight of the Prophet. The average person would rather die than speak to God directly, to even to hear God's voice speak to them directly. The mystic feels otherwise, yearning for God's voice, and willing to risk death to hear it.
Thus alone Moses entered the mists within which God's presence dwelt on the mountain. Each mystic who wishes to behold God must enter the mists, where his senses will fail him, and do so completely alone. That is why the candidate in the EA degree knocks on the West Gate by himself, of his own free will and accord. That is how momentous those three distinct knocks should be for the candidate, as if he were entering the mists on the summit of Mount Sinai.
Nobody has ever said that the Jewish people lack a sense of humor. The Torah portion ends with God telling Moses that if he, or the Priests, enter the stone altar at the Temple, to use a ramp instead of steps, because if they are not wearing underwear, they may accidentally flash God when they lift their knee to step up each step. Seriously, that's the last commandment in this week's Torah portion.
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UN tribunal rejects UK rule of Chagos Islands
Chagos Islands
The judges’ 8-1 decision further confirms the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2019. In that opinion, the ICJ determined that the United Kingdom had unlawfully detached the archipelago from Mauritius when it incorporated the islands into the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) in 1965, during the decolonization of Mauritius. While the ruling is not binding, it puts further pressure on the United Kingdom to complete the process of decolonization by handing back the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritian control.
The UK has consistently rejected calls for returning the islands to Mauritius, holding that it is committed to “cede sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius when it is no longer required for defence purposes.” The Chagos Archipelago, which hosts a US military base on the island of Diego Garcia, is considered as strategic to the security interests of the UK, due to existing agreements with the US on joint defence use.
From Jurist, Jan. 30. Used with permission.
Photo: WILPF
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5 Healthy Habits to Keep Your Teeth White and Strong
Smiles are beautiful, especially those where you can see other people's food, but if they are yellow and smelly, then it can be a significant turn-off. When our oral hygiene is not on point, we smell foul, and our breath is enough to keep people away from us. So if you think that yellow teeth are embarrassing and weak enamel is unacceptable, then you're at the right spot. Because today we're talking about five healthy habits to keep your teeth white and firm.
1. Stay hydrated and avoid soda
We all love to have soda at parties and get-togethers; however, it kills your enamel and is not even suitable for your digestive system. Another reason why your breath stinks is because of not having enough quantity of water every day. Most people are shy to cover up for this dehydration by filling their stomachs with dangerous soda. And soda is so harmful that when it goes into your mouth, it starts deteriorating your enamel, and it not only shows, but you can also feel it.
2. Brush two times a day
Brushing your teeth between meals is extremely important. If your teeth are healthy, you only need to brush two times; however, if you feel that they are losing their color and strength, you need to brush three times/day. The bristles of a brush are super important when using them to clean your teeth because if they are soft, they won't remove all the gunk. So make sure that the bristles of your brush are a bit rough and if your gums bleed in the beginning, Check out these toothbrush coupons to keep up with your oral hygiene.
3. Use an enamel strengthening organic toothpaste
Sometimes the only problem is with our toothpaste because it has so many chemicals that they destroy our teeth. As kids, our mothers only used to apply organic products on our skin, body, and hair because they are healthy and don't pose any danger to our health. But many teeth whiteners and toothpaste that are in the market have so many severe chemicals that, for the time, make your teeth look good but slowly weaken your enamel. Organic toothpaste is super beneficial as it has ingredients that might contain supplements to strengthen your teeth and give you a beautiful smile. So, check out these organic toothpaste coupons for your enamel strength and teeth whiteness without spending much.
4. Cut enamel staining foods
Foods and beverages that have chromogens and tannin have the power to stain our teeth easily. These foods include strong drinks like red wine, black coffee, tea, and food items like curry, beetroot, and soy sauce that make our teeth weak and stain them. Once your teeth are stained, you look for all the options out there to make them white again, which means excessive use of chemical products. However, if you want to avoid the situation, you can cut off all the enamel staining foods in the first place. If you don't distinguish between the food, you can try using beverages and food items in small amounts. You can spill them on your clothes to see which object has stained your clothes the most because that’s highly likely to stain your teeth as well.
5. Take supplements
When you don't care about your diet, you lose the chances of getting the most nutritious parts of food. However, you can always make up for it and consume supplements after your doctors and get yourself checked. Calcium and magnesium supplements are the most important ones when you want to make your teeth strong. Most people do not know about phosphorus and vitamin D and their goodness about maintaining your teeth health; however, the main out of these is still calcium. Check out these calcium supplement coupons for your teeth and make them have super solid.
Final Words
Here we are ending our article about five healthy habits to keep your teeth white and strong, and we believe that he will follow them and get their desired result in no time.
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Sauromalus ater
Chuckwallas are found in the southwestern region of the United States, Mexico, and at least 30 islands in the Gulf of Mexico. They thrive in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. They prefer places with places to hide, like under rocks or in crevices, and with plenty of vegetation for them to munch on. They have rough skin that can vary from brown to orange to dark yellow, depending on the specific habitat they live in. Juveniles and females tend to be lighter (in color and weight). They have loose skin on their sides. When threatened, a chuckwalla will hide and puff up to wedge itself into that spot. This prevents predators from being able to pull them out. Their tails are almost half their length, which averages at about half a foot. They weigh around 0.5-0.75 lbs. They can live up to 30 years in the wild, but the average lifespan is only 15 years because mortality is high for juveniles. In captivity, the oldest chuckwalla was recorded to be 65 years old.
Male chuckwallas will maintain territories with several females living within it. They are solitary outside of mating season. In the winter, they may go through brumation (almost hibernation but not fully dormant) if temperatures get too low. In the summer, they may estivate, which is the heat form of hibernation. In order to stay cool they lower their activity levels.
Say Hello To Cub Creek's Chuckwallas: Chuck & Norris
Chuck and Norris are our two Chuckwallas that have been with us at this camp for many years. They are probably the calmest lizards at this camp and that is they can be seen at nearly every camp check-in so they can greet every person that comes in. Chuck is our male and Norris is our female; Norris has more orange coloring to her.
Chuckwallas are found primarily in regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Habitat Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
HABITAT -They prefer arid climates of the Mojave and Sonoran desert.
Diet Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
DIET -They are herbivorous, eating leaves and fruit; occasionally, insects are eaten.
Fun Fact Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
FUN FACT -Males will bob their heads to impress females.
Social Behavior Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR -They are solitary outside of mating season and very docile to humans.
Activity Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
ACTIVITY -They are diurnal, though may hide during the hottest parts of the day.
Predator Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
PREDATORS -Predators include red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, coyotes, and Mojave rattlesnakes.
Size Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
SIZE -They weigh 0.5-0.75 lb and can be 3-8 in long.
RelativesIcon Cub Creek Science Camp
RELATIVES -Their closest relatives are iguanas.
Conservation Icon Cub Creek Science Camp
CONSERVATION -Has been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.
Cub Creek Animal Care Information
Housing - Our Chuckwallas are housed in the Reptile Room, where the rest of our lizards and snakes are also kept. They live in large heat and UV light-controlled enclosures. Fresh water and plenty of places to hide, explore, and bask are provided for them. Chuck and Norris live together with a Mali Uromastyx.
Diet - Our lizards are fed on a reptile specific schedule, meaning they are fed Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Reptiles have slow metabolisms and do not require to be fed everyday if they are fed adequately. They are given apple, shredded sweet potato, and chopped greens supplemented with a calcium powder in order to give them all the necessary nutrients they need to be healthy.
Enrichment - Most of the enrichment we give our lizards comes from handling and socializing them and being in a multispecies enclosure. In the summer, they get held daily and sometimes even brought outside when it is warmer. During the offseason, Animal Interns can be found carrying them around on their shoulders as they work!
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Typical cyanobacteria "slime"
As more research is done, the department learns more about common pollutants, such as nutrients, bacteria and chloride. Research also detects new issues like perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In addition to pollutants, certain conditions, such as high temperatures or excess surface runoff into streams, can also stress aquatic life.
In addition to the pollutants listed below, Missouri water quality rules contain standards for many other substances, characteristics and pollutants. Many of these are not widespread problems, in part because the rules have led to adequate controls.
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Ms Excel 2007 Formulas With Examples Pdf In Marathi
Posted By admin On 25/07/21
S2G Excel Add in 2.0 App: S2G Excel Fx App: S2G Table App: MDM Calci App: S2G Age Calci PDF: Mastering Excel 2.0 PDF: अक्षरी संख्या (पोर्टेबल सूत्र निर्मिती) PDF: एक्सेल शीटचा पासवर्ड काढणे PDF: Excel Add-In 2.0 PDF: CCE Help 2.05. More Excel 2007 Formulas Training Session Handout Page 5 Topics came directly from Microsoft Excel Help. Define and use names in formulas By using names (a word or string of characters in Excel that represents a cell, range of cells, formula, or constant value), you can make your formulas much easier to understand and maintain.
Excel uses dollar signs ($) to indicate absolute references. The $ can be included in the formula by using the F4 button or by typing it directly. Go back to the original formula. Click between the E and the 2. Press the F4 button. This tells Excel that as the formula is copied, the E2 reference should stay constant.
Use coordinate references for cells that contain the values used in your formula. While you can include numeric constants in your formulas, in most cases you'll use values entered in other cells (or the results of other formulas displayed in those cells) in your formulas. You refer to those cells with a coordinate reference of the row and column the cell is in. There are several formats:
• The most common coordinate reference is to use the letter or letters representing the column followed by the number of the row the cell is in: A1 refers to the cell in Column A, Row 1. If you add rows above the referenced cell or columns above the referenced cell, the cell's reference will change to reflect its new position; adding a row above Cell A1 and a column to its left will change its reference to B2 in any formula the cell is referenced in.
• A variation of this reference is to make row or column references absolute by preceding them with a dollar sign ($). While the reference name for Cell A1 will change if a row is added above or a column is added in front of it, Cell $A$1 will always refer to the cell in the upper left corner of the spreadsheet; thus, in a formula, Cell $A$1, could have a different, or even invalid, value in the formula if rows or columns are inserted in the spreadsheet. (You can make only the row or column cell reference absolute, if you wish.)
• Another way to reference cells is numerically, in the format RxCy, where 'R' indicates 'row,' 'C' indicates 'column,' and 'x' and 'y' are the row and column numbers. Cell R5C4 in this format would be the same as Cell $D$5 in absolute column, row reference format. Putting either number after the 'R' or the 'C' makes that reference relative to the upper left corner of the spreadsheet page.
• If you use only an equal sign and a single cell reference in your formula, you copy the value from the other cell into your new cell. Entering the formula '=A2' in Cell B3 will copy the value entered into Cell A2 into Cell B3. To copy the value from a cell in one spreadsheet page to a cell on a different page, include the page name, followed by an exclamation point (!). Entering '=Sheet1!B6' in Cell F7 on Sheet2 of the spreadsheet displays the value of Cell B6 on Sheet1 in Cell F7 on Sheet2.
Can Microsoft Excel formulas be easy to learn? Yep! This tutorial explains the very basics of Excel formulas for beginners, with detailed steps on how to write and use them. It also provides a number of advanced formula examples for experienced users. You will be amazed how simple creating formulas in Excel actually is.
If asked what Microsoft Excel is about, what would be your answer? Right, it's all about storing and crunching numbers. You can use Excel to calculate percentages and compound interest, count and sum cells based on specific criteria, find average, and even get a sample deviation of a given set of values. All this can be done by using Excel formulas.
In this tutorial, we are going to learn the basics of creating and using formulas in Excel. And because one of the most efficient ways to learn is through practice, we will also discuss a number of formulas examples to make things easier to understand. Here's a list of topics we are going to cover:
• How to create formulas in Excel
Microsoft Excel formulas - the basics
In MS Excel, formulas are equations that perform various calculations in your worksheets. Though Microsoft has introduced a handful of new functions over the years, the concept of Excel spreadsheet formulas is the same in all versions of Excel 2016, Excel 2013, Excel 2010, Excel 2007 and lower.
• All Excel formulas begin with an equal sign (=).
• After the equal symbol, you enter either a calculation or function. For example, to add up values in cells B1 through B5, you can either:
• Type the entire equation: =B1+B2+B3+B4+B5
• Use the SUM function: =SUM(B1:B5)
• Press the Enter key to complete the formula. Done!
Elements of Microsoft Excel formulas
When you make a formula in Excel, you can use different elements to supply the source data to the formula and indicate what operators should be performed on those data. Depending on the formula type that you create, it can include any or all of the following parts:
• Constants - numbers or text values that you enter directly in a formula, like =2*3.
• Cell references - reference to a cell containing the value you want to use in your Excel formula, e.g. =SUM(A1, A2, B5).
To refer to data in two or more contiguous cells, use a range reference like A1:A5. For example, to sum values in all cell between A1 and A5, inclusive, use this formula:
• Names - defined name for a cell range, constant, table, or function, for example =SUM(my_name).
• Functions - predefined formulas in Excel that perform calculations using the values supplied in their arguments.
• Operators - special symbols that specify the type of operation or calculation to be performed.
Operators in Excel worksheet formulas
To tell Microsoft Excel what type of operation you want to perform in a formula, you use special symbols that are technically called operators. There exist 4 types of operators in Excel:
• Arithmetic - to perform basic mathematical operations.
• Comparison (logical) - to compare values.
• Concatenation - to join text values into a single string.
• Reference - to make rages and separate arguments in Excel functions.
Using arithmetic operators in Excel formulas
These operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
OperatorMeaningFormula example
+ (plus sign)Addition=A2+B2
- (minus sign)Subtraction
Negation (reversing the sign)
=-A2 (changes the sign of the value in A2)
* (asterisk)Multiplication=A2*B2
/ (forward slash)Division=A2/B2
% (percent sign)Percentage=A2*10%
(returns 10% of the value in A2)
^ (caret)Exponential (power of)=A2^3
(raises the number in A2 to the power of 3)
For example, if you have an item price in cell A2 and VAT in cell B2, you can calculate the VAT amount by using the following percentage formula: =A2*B2
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Comparison operators in Excel formulas
In Microsoft Excel formulas, comparison, or logical, operators are used to compare two values. The result of the comparison is always a logical value of TRUE or FALSE. The following logical operators are available in Excel:
Comparison operatorMeaningFormula example
=Equal to=A2=B2
<>Not equal to=A2<>B2
>Greater than=A2>B2
<Less than=A2<B2
>=Greater than or equal to=A2>=B2
<=Less than or equal to=A2<=B2
For example, formula =A1=B1 returns TRUE if cells A1 and B1 contain the same value (number, text or date), FALSE otherwise.
For more information and examples of using comparison operators in MS Excel formulas, please check out the following tutorial: Excel logical operators - equal to, not equal to, greater than, less than.
Text concatenation operator
Text concatenation operator in Excel is the ampersand symbol (&). You can use it to join two or more text strings in a single string.
For example, if you have country codes in column A and telephone numbers in column B, you can use the following formula to get the telephone numbers combined with the country codes:
=A1&' '&B1
In the above formula, we concatenate a space ' ' in between to make the numbers better readable:
Roof truss design software.
The same result can be achieved by using the CONCATENATE function, and the following tutorial explains all the details: How to combine text strings, cells and columns in Excel.
Reference operators in Excel formulas and functions
To supply rages to MS Excel formulas and separate arguments in Excel functions, the following operators are used.
Colon (:) - it is a range operator that allows you to make one reference for multiple cells located between 2 cells that you specify.
For example, range A1:A00 includes 100 cells from A1 through A100. To find an average of those 100 cells, you use the following formula: =AVERAGE(A1:A00)
You can also refer to the entire column (A:A) or the entire row (1:1). For example, the following formula finds the total of all numbers in column A: =SUM(A:A). Find more about whole-column and whole-row references.
Comma (,) - is used to separate arguments in Excel spreadsheet formulas. For example, the formula =IF(A1>0, 'good', 'bad') reads as follows: if A1 is greater than zero, return 'good', otherwise 'bad'.
Note. Comma is the default List Separator in North America and some other countries. In European countries, comma is reserved as the Decimal Symbol and the List Separator is usually set to semicolon (;). In this case, you need to separate a function's arguments with semicolons, e.g. =IF(A1>0; 'good'; 'bad').
So, if you are trying to make a formula in your worksheet, but Excel does not accept it and throws up an 'invalid formula' error, go to your Regional Settings (Control Panel >Region and Language > Additional Settings) and check what symbol is set as List Separator there. It is that symbol that you need to use to separate arguments in your Excel formulas.
Space - it is an intersection operator that lets you get the cell(s) common to the two references that you specify. For example, if you a list of items in column A and some related data in other columns, you can get a value at the
intersection of a given column and row by using a formula like this: =B3:D3 C2:C4
For a real-life formula example, see how you can do two-way lookup in Excel by using named ranges & space operator.
Excel formula types
Formulas that you create in your Excel spreadsheets can be simple or complex:
• Simple Excel formulas perform just one mathematical operation, for example =10*5 or =SUM(A1:A10)
• Complex (advanced) Excel formulas include more than one calculation, for example =10*5+20 or =SUM(A1:A10)/2
Further on in this tutorial, you will find the detailed steps for making both types of Excel spreadsheet formulas.
Ms Excel 2007 Formulas With Examples Pdf In Marathi Language
How to create formulas in Excel
As already mentioned, any Excel formula starts with the equal sign (=). So, whatever formula you are going to write, begin by typing = either in the destination cell or in the Excel formula bar. And now, let's have a closer look at how you can make different formulas in Excel.
How to create simple formulas in Excel
Although simple Excel formulas perform just one calculation, they can do this in many different ways. You can supply the source data as constants, cell references, or defined names, and perform calculations by using mathematical operators or Excel functions. For detailed steps, please see the following resources:
How to create advanced formulas in Excel
When you have some experience with simple Excel formulas, you may want to perform several calculations within a single formula. And the following examples show how you can do this.
Creating complex formulas with constants and mathematic operators
For a complex Excel formula to calculate correctly, certain operations must be performed before others. The default order of operations in Excel formulas is this:
• Mathematical operations enclosed in parenthesis
• Power of (exponential calculations)
• Multiplication and division, whichever comes first in a formula
• Addition and subtraction, whichever comes first in a formula
For example, you can use the following formulas to calculate the total and commission:
And now, let's break down these formulas to see how Microsoft Excel calculates them:
Total formula: =$B2*$D2+$B2*$D2*$C2
• 1st multiplication: $B2*$D2 (price*qty. = amount)
• 2nd and 3rd multiplications: $B2*$D2*$C2 (price*qty.*VAT % = VAT amount)
• Addition: amount + VAT amount = total
Commission formula: =($B2*$D2+$B2*$D2*$C2)*10%
To calculate the 10% commission, you need to multiply the total by 10%, so you enclose the previous calculation in brackets, and got the result you want.
Of course, nothing prevents you from multiplying the total already calculated in column E by 10%, in this case the formula would reduce to a simple calculation =E2*10%. However, in large worksheets, it makes sense to write independently calculated formulas, so that removing a column with one formula wouldn't break the others.
Excel formulas with nested functions
In Microsoft Excel formulas, nesting one function within another means using one function as an argument of another function. In modern versions of Excel 2016, 2013, 2010 and 2010, you can use up to 64 nested functions. In older versions of Excel 2003 and lower, only up to 7 levels of functions are allowed.
Here is a very simple example of a nested Excel formula that includes the SUM function to find the total, and ROUND function to round that number to the nearest integer (0 decimal places):
Of all Excel functions, IF is nested more often than all others. As you probably know, the IF function is used to evaluate a specified condition and return one value when condition is met, and another value when the condition is not met. However, quote often you have to deal with situations where there are more than two possible outcomes. And if this case, you can write several IF functions and nest them into each other:
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For the detailed explanation of nested IF's syntax and advanced formula examples, please check out the following tutorial: Using nested IF functions in Excel.
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Array formulas in Excel
Array formulas in Excel are advanced aerobatics. A single Excel array formula can perform thousands of calculations and replace hundreds of usual formulas. Learning array formulas certainly requires some time and effort, but it's worth it.
Since this tutorial is purposed for beginners, I won't intimidate you by the definitions of array constants and complex multi-line formulas. I'll show just one very simple example of an Excel array formula that demonstrates what they are capable for.
Supposing you have 2 columns of numbers, column A and B. Atif aslam hits song. And you want to know how many times column B is greater than or equal to column A when a value in column B is greater than 0.
This task requires comparing two ranges and you can do this by using the following array formula:
=SUM((B2:B10>=A2:A10) * (B2:B10>0))
Note. To enter an Excel array formula correctly, you have to press Ctrl+Shift+Enter instead of conventional Enter stroke.
To learn more about Excel array formulas, please see the following tutorials:
• Excel array formulas, functions and constants - explains the basics of array formulas and shows how to use array constants and array functions.
• Excel array formula examples for beginners and power users - 7 fascinating examples of advanced array formulas in Excel.
Excel user defined functions
Although Microsoft Excel has hundreds of built in functions, you still may find yourself faced with a challenge for which no predefined Excel function exists. In this case, you can create that function yourself. or have somebody create it for you :)
Such custom functions are called User Defined Functions (UDFs), and they are especially useful for advanced mathematic or engineering calculations. Like macros, user defined functions are written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). As an example, you can review and download custom functions created by our team to count and sum cells by color.
Absolute, relative and mixed cell references in Excel formulas
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There exist 3 types of cell references in Excel: absolute ($A$1), relative (A1) and mixed ($A1 or A$1). All three of the above references refer to the same cell, and the dollar sign ($) is used only for one purpose - it tells Microsoft Excel whether to change or not to change cell references when the formula is moved or copied to other cells.
Absolute cell reference ($A$1) - the $ sign before the row and column coordinates makes a reference static, and lets you copy a formula without changing references.
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Ms Excel 2007 Formulas With Examples Pdf In Marathi Language
Relative cell reference (A1) - a cell reference with no $ sign changes based on relative position of rows and columns in a spreadsheet.
Mixed cell reference - can be of 2 types:
• Absolute column and relative row ($A1) - the $ sign in front of the column letter locks the reference to the specified column, so the column never changes. The relative row reference, without the dollar sign, changes depending on the row to which the formula is copied.
• Relative column and absolute row (A$1) - the row's reference locked by $ doesn't change, and the column's reference does.
The following image shows how different reference types work in practice.
For more information about Excel cell reference and more formula examples, please see Why use $ in Excel formulas - absolute and relative cell references.
Tips and time-saving shortcuts for Excel formulas
Formulas in Excel are a powerful multi-faceted tool, and they can solve a great variety of tasks in your spreadsheets. Of course, learning various aspects of Microsoft Excel formulas and functions does take time, so you might feel there isn't enough time in the day to learn everything. Well, a good way to find more time is to save some time :)
• To toggle between absolute, relative and mixed references in a formula, use the F4 key as demonstrated in Switching between reference types in Excel.
• To view all formulas on the sheet, click the Show formulas button on the Formulas tab > Formula Auditing group or press the Ctrl+~ shortcut.
• To edit a formula, press F2, or double click a cell, or click the formula bar.
• To debug formulas in Excel, select a formula part and press F9. This will let you see the actual values behind cell references.
• To copy a formula toall cells in a column, enter the formula in the first cell, select that cell, and hover the cursor over the small square in bottom right corner until it changes to a black cross (which is called
the fill handle). Double click that cross, and you will get the formula copied through the entire column.
• To convert formulas to values, select all cells with formulas that you want to convert, press Ctrl+C to copy those formulas, then press Shift+F10, then press V, and then hit Enter. Shift + F10 + V is the shortcut for Excel's Paste special - values only. If you are not sure you will remember this shortcut, then simply press a usual shortcut for paste Ctrl+V, click the small arrow to the right of the Paste button to open the drop-down list, and select Paste Values. For more information, see How to replace formulas with their values in Excel.
Microsoft Excel formulas with examples
Excel provides formulas for almost anything, and there exist tens or even hundreds of different functions in modern versions of Microsoft Excel. So, if you encounter a task for which you cannot work out a solution, most likely you are missing out on a formula that can do it for you. Before spending hours and hours on performing manual calculations, take a few minutes to review the following resources. It is a selection of the most popular MS Excel formulas with examples, grouped by categories.
Ms Excel 2007 Formulas With Examples Pdf In Marathi Pdf
Excel percentage formula
• How to calculate percentage in Excel - a few examples of percentage formula for Excel such as calculating percentage of total, calculating percent change (percentage increase formula), formula to calculate amount and total by percentage, and more.
• Compound interest formula in Excel - shows how to calculate daily, monthly, and yearly compounding.
Excel sum formulas
• How to sum a column in Excel - 5 ways to sum a column in Excel.
• SUMIF formula in Excel - formula examples to conditionally sum cells.
• SUMIFS formulas in Excel - sum formula to add up cells based on more than one criteria.
• Excel SUM in array formulas - how to use the SUM function in array formulas to add up values with multiple AND criteria.
Count formula in Excel
• COUNTIF formula in Excel - formula examples to conditionally count cells based on exact and partial match, count duplicates and unique values, and more.
• COUNTIFS formula in Excel - count cells with multiple criteria.
Average formula in Excel
• How to calculate average in Excel - formula examples of AVERAGE, AVERAGEA, AVERAGEIF and AVERAGEIFS functions.
• Calculating moving average in Excel - formula examples to calculate a simple moving average in Excel for the last N days, weeks, months or years.
• Weighted average formula in Excel - two easy ways to calculate weighted average in Excel, by using the SUM and SUMPRODUCT functions.
Ms Excel 2007 Formulas With Examples Pdf In Marathi
Excel date formulas
• How to convert text to date in Excel - a handful of formulas to convert text to date.
• How to convert Excel date to text - formula to cover a date to a text string in a specified format.
• Excel DATE formula examples - how to get a serial number representing a date, add and subtract dates in Excel, return a date based on values in other cells, convert a text string to a date, plus a few advanced Excel DATE formula examples.
• Formulas to calculate days in Excel (WEEKDAY, DAY functions) - date formulas to return a day of week from date, get the number of days in the year, find how many days are between two dates and more.
• How to calculate months in Excel (MONTH and EOMONTH functions) - examples of Excel date formula to extract month from date, get the first and last day of the month, convert month name to number and more.
• Calculating week number in Excel (WEEKNUM function) - how to use date formulas in Excel to get week number from date, convert week number to date, get a week number in a month, sum values by week number, and more.
• How to add and subtract dates in Excel - date formulas to add and subtract days, weeks, months and years.
• How to calculate difference between two dates (DATEDIF function) - Excel date formula to calculate difference between two dates in days, weeks, months or years.
• Calculating weekdays in Excel (WORKDAY and NETWORKDAYS) - using date formula in Excel to calculate workdays with custom weekend parameters and holidays.
• Convert date to year & calculate age from date of birth - Excel age formulas, and a few other date formulas to extract year from date, convert date to month and year, determine leap years.
Ms Excel 2007 Formulas With Examples Pdf In Marathi Pdf
Time formulas in Excel
• How to use NOW and TIME functions to insert time - formula examples to insert today's date and time in Excel as a dynamic automatically updatable value and static unchangeable timestamp.
• Convert time to decimal number, hours, minutes or seconds - variety of formulas to change time to decimal number, hours, minutes or seconds, convert text to time and vice versa.
• How to calculate time in Excel - a few formulas to add and subtract times, calculate time difference, elapsed time, and more.
Excel formulas for VLOOKUP
• Excel VLOOKUP tutorial for beginners - explains the basics of Excel's VLOOKUP function and provides a number of formula examples to do vlookup from another worksheet and a different workbook, VLOOKUP formula with wildcard characters, vlookup with exact and approximate match, etc.
• How to use VLOOKUP & SUM or SUMIF functions in Excel - advanced Excel formulas to look up and sum values based on one or several criteria.
• Advanced Excel VLOOKUP formulas - examples of two-way lookup, nested vlookup with multiple criteria, and more.
• Case-sensitive Vlookup formula in Excel - self explanatory :)
Excel conditional formatting formulas
• Excel formulas for conditional formatting based on another cell value - formulas examples for text and numeric data.
• Formulas to conditionally format dates and time in Excel - how to differentiate between weekdays and weekends, highlight public holidays, display a coming deadline or delay, and more.
Well, we seem to have finally got to the end. What was planned as a short Excel formula tutorial for beginners has nearly turned into a voluminous manual because there are so many different aspects of Excel formulas to cover. I am really thankful to everyone who has read this page to the end!
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Germany in turmoil
German Revolution, street fights in Berlin
German Revolution, street fights in Berlin
January uprising in Berlin, Spartacist leaders Luxemburg and Liebknecht are murdered.
[Germany, 1918/19] In the following weeks Kathi and Max often met. They were fond of each other, and at Christmas, he was invited by the Bergmanns. Much was happening in these days, and they anxiously followed the events in the capital Berlin.
Parliamentarian Democracy or Council Republic?
The democratic parties in the political center and the majority of the Social Democrats wanted a parliamentarian democracy, whereas the left-wing parties claimed a Council Republic.
Ebert must have hated being at the top of a revolutionary government, he distrusted the Councils of Workers’ and Soldiers and struggled to prevent a social revolution that might lead to a Bolshevik overthrow as in Russia. Yet, a congress of the German workers’ and soldiers’ councils hold in December in Berlin voted against the council system and favoring elections to a national assembly that should decide about the future state system. They all would participate in the planned elections for a national assembly.
The left-wing Spartacists around Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg concluded that their goals could be met only in a party of their own and founded the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) at the end of 1918. Rosa Luxemburg demanded that the KPD participate in the planned elections, but she was outvoted. The majority hoped to gain power by continued agitation in the factories and by “pressure from the streets”.
Blood is shed
At the end of 1918 and in January 1919, blood was shed. On Christmas Eve, a bloody fight raged between revolutionary sailors and Reichswehr troops. Ebert, in his struggle to avoid a left-wing overthrow at any rate, decided to cooperate with the old elites, and even had military forces march against striking workers and sailors. Haase and the two other Independents left the government on 29 December in protest. The long hoped for unity of Majority and Independent Social Democrats broke apart.
That was a political victory for Ebert who could replace the annoying Independents by his men, among them Gustav Noske as Defense Minister. But he paid a high price: Many SPD supporters felt betrayed by his policy, considered him a traitor, and changed over to the Independents or even the Communists. In the eyes of most military leaders, Ebert and Noske came in handy for the time being: Noske supported the raising of Free Corps, right-wing paramilitary militias who fought for the Republic in the Baltic region and were ready to fight against Bolshevists. Yet, they could not wait for the day when they would get back to power, put the republicans on trial and find them guilty.
January Uprising in Berlin
The situation in the capital Berlin was tense. Early in January 1919, Ebert’s government dismissed the Police Chief of Berlin, an Independent Social Democrat, for refusing to act against the demonstrating workers during the Christmas Crisis. Politicians of the left called for a demonstration in his favor. It escalated into a general strike on 7 January and an armed insurrection. Hundreds of thousands of people poured into the center of Berlin, many of them armed. The train stations and the newspaper districts were occupied, including the SPD’s “Vorwärts” which had been printing articles hostile to the Spartacists. Other papers had even called for murdering the Spartacists.
Karl Liebknecht demanded to overthrow Ebert’s government and launch a communist revolution, Rosa Luxemburg explicitly spoke out against it. Independent SPD leaders struggled to mediate between the extreme lefts and Ebert. While they were talking, workers discovered a flyer published by “Vorwärts” entitled “The hour of reckoning is coming soon!” and about more Free Corps being hired to suppress the workers. Indeed, Ebert had ordered his defense minister, Gustav Noske, to do so on January 6. The talks broke off, the Spartacists called on their members to engage in armed combat.
On the same day, Ebert ordered the Freikorps to attack the workers. These former soldiers still had weapons and military equipment from World War I, which gave them a formidable advantage. They quickly re-conquered the blocked streets and buildings and many of the insurgents surrendered. 156 civilians and 17 Free Corps soldiers died during the fighting.
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht had to fear for their lives, but both did not want to leave Berlin. On the evening of January 15, they were discovered in a Berlin-Wilmersdorf apartment, arrested and handed over to the largest Freikorps unit, the heavily armed Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division. That same night, both prisoners were murdered. Rosa Luxemburg’s body was thrown into the Landwehr Canal, where it was found on 1 July. Karl Liebknecht’s body was delivered anonymously to a morgue.
[Germany, 1919] On January 19, 1919, the elections for the National Assembly were held. For the first time ever, women could vote, and the Bergmann ladies were eager to do so as well.
The center-left “Weimar Coalition”
The SPD emerged as the strongest faction, but missed the majority they had hoped for. So they had form a coalition with the Center Party / Bavarian People’s Party and the German Democratic Party, the so-called “Weimar Coalition” of 1919. In the opposition where the Independent Social Democrats and the Communists, the moderate-conservative DVP and the right-wing DNVP.
In the evening Kathi met Max. He was disappointed at the Independents’ poor results, but not surprised. “We are a young party,” he said, “still unorganized, and for many, perhaps, it is not clear what the Independents stand for. Different people say different things. Maybe it’s easier to be an extremist and say extremist things, but not take over any responsibility, but that’s not what our people want us to do. They want the republicans to work together to make our young republic strong, rather than leave it to the communists on one side and the Kaiser’s militarists and state scoundrels on the other. Haase is an idealist, during the uprising he has struggled to mediate between Ebert and the extreme left, but in vain.
Germany is not in peace
“Do you think our country is in peace now?” Kathi asked, “after all, many people went to vote, 83%, that’s a lot for our young republic.” Max was silent for a while, then he said thoughtfully, “I hope so for all of us, Haase still hopes to reconcile and cooperate with the Majority Social Democrats in a parliamentarian democracy. Yet, I don’t believe so. It’s only a few days since Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were murdered by Free Corps men, and as it seems, Minister Noske was informed about it and did not stop them.”
“These Free Corps,” Kathi asked, “what kind of people are they?” Max hesitated a little. “The war has changed all of us a lot,” he said slowly, “we have to be careful with what we say about others. The Free Corps are paramilitary groups of disillusioned wartime soldiers, disconnected from civilian life, uprooted men who know only war and may seek stability within a military structure. But they are more than 400,000 men strong, heavily armed and extremely violent, they believe that the front has been betrayed by their countrymen, those who instigated strikes in the armament industry. So they loath them all, they want some form of revenge on those they considered responsible for the armistice. They were raised as right-wing paramilitary militias to fight against the republic, financed by big business. Many murders and illegal executions are on them, with Noske’s approval, I assume. I am convinced that most of the generals cannot wait for the day when the republic will be history. And they fight with the brutality they bring from the front, even against civilians. No mercy, no quarter.”
More fighting
Max was to be proven right. When again armed fighting brought out in Berlin in March, Noske ordered the Free Corps to shoot every man with a gun in his hand on sight. Some 1,200 people were killed in these days, among them many unarmed and innocent bystanders. The KPD leader Leo Jogiches, Rosa Luxemburg’s love, was shot in the back after his arrest. In Munich, Prime Minister Kurt Eisner of the Independents was assassinated.
After the bloody January uprising in Berlin and the murders of Rosa Luxemburg Liebknecht, political enmity had become hatred. In Berlin, Saxony, the Rhineland, and the Ruhr area general strikes and heavy fighting made the first years of the Weimar Republic almost civil-war-like.
The leaders of the Majority Social Democratic leaders had given orders to fire at their own people. Political enmity became hatred. The Left would never join forces again, not even later to stop Hitler.
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Are donkeys and mules the same?
A mule is the offspring of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare). Horses and donkeys are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes. … Mules are reputed to be more patient, hardy and long-lived than horses and are described as less obstinate and more intelligent than donkeys.
What’s difference between donkey and mule?
Donkeys are descended from the African wild ass. They were likely first bred around 5,000 years ago in Egypt or Mesopotamia. A mule, on the other hand, is a hybrid animal. … A male horse and a female donkey (a “jenny” or “jennet”) produce a “hinny.” A hinny is just slightly smaller than a mule but otherwise similar.
Did Jesus ride a donkey or a mule?
In the New Testament (Mark 11:1-11) it is told that as Jesus approached the Mount of Olives, he sent two of his disciples to a nearby village to fetch him a donkey. Upon their return, Jesus then rode the donkey into Jerusalem where he was met by cheering crowds.
Can a mule breed?
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Can a burro reproduce?
Then there’s the burro, Equus asinus, also known as an ass or donkey. Males are jacks and females are jennies. Donkeys and horses can interbreed and produce offspring which are almost always sterile.
Are mules good pets?
Mules are strong animals who can work in all conditions and weather. Often more intelligent than their parents, mules tend to enjoy social interaction. They tend to be gentle, docile creatures, making them great family pets as well as working animals.
Is a donkey a jackass?
A jackass is just a male donkey.
While ass is interchangeable with donkey, “jackass” refers specifically to a male donkey.
Why did Jesus sit on a donkey?
What do donkeys represent in the Bible?
In Bible times, donkeys were a symbol of industry, peace and at times, wealth, while, horses were the sign of wealth, war, power and the strength of a military force.
What does Hosanna in the highest mean?
Can female mules have babies?
But hinnies and mules can’t have babies of their own. They are sterile because they can’t make sperm or eggs. They have trouble making sperm or eggs because their chromosomes don’t match up well.
IT IS INTERESTING: Can horses eat raw carrots?
What is a female mule called?
The correct name for a male mule is a horse mule, but they are sometimes referred to as a John or Jack mule. The name for a female mule is a mare mule. Sometimes females are informally called molly mules. Mule colt or mule filly refers to a mule that is less than 3 years of age.
How fast can a Mule Run mph?
Speed of Animals
Animal Speed (mph)
Mule deer 35.00
Rabbit (domestic) 35.00
Giraffe 32.00
Reindeer 32.00
Why donkeys have a cross on their back?
“The Nubian donkey has a cross on its back because it was said that this breed of donkeys carried Jesus to Jerusalem on Palm Sunday.” … Seeing the tragic event of Jesus’ crucifixion, the donkey wished that he had been able to carry the cross for Jesus and bear his burden.
Can a mini donkey breed with a horse?
If there is a desire to breed they WILL find a way. As a donkey can breed a horse (mule) then the only reason would be the size difference. So if mare and stallion were willing then it’s completely possible. That said, a mare is not necessarily pregnant just because she’s bagged up.
How long do mules live for?
Although the average lifespan for mules is between 35 and 40 years, some mules have been known to live until 50, especially if well looked after.
Wild mustang
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How to get the electric car of your dreams: The Pike electric car company
An electric car is a car that uses a battery pack.
It can go up to about 1,200 miles on a single charge.
It has an electric motor that drives the electric drivetrain.
This car is the electric vehicle of choice for many people, and it has a huge market share.
But electric cars are expensive.
The price of the electric powertrain is high, but it can be a lot cheaper than a traditional electric car.
Here’s a look at what you need to know to buy an electric car: What is a battery?
A battery is a special type of battery.
A battery can be any kind of battery, from sodium hydroxide (common in batteries) to lithium-ion batteries.
They are made of various materials.
Some batteries are solid or liquid, while others are more porous and can be made of a metal or plastic.
You can buy a battery at a hardware store, but the best electric car battery is made by Tesla.
What kind of batteries are there?
Battery prices vary widely, but most of the battery you see on your car dashboard today is made from lithium-sulfur.
This type of lithium-battery is typically used in cars with batteries that have between 1 and 2 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity.
This is the kind of energy that is used in most home electric systems, including electric heaters and other home appliances.
How much energy does an electric vehicle use?
An electric vehicle battery uses about 2.5 kilowatts (kW) of power to produce an electric drive.
An electric battery can also produce up to 15 kilowats (kWs) of energy, but this power is stored in the batteries and used to help power the vehicle.
An average electric car consumes about 30 kilowatthours (kWe) of electric power in a year.
What types of batteries do I need?
An average-size electric car uses about 12 kilowatters (kwe) of batteries, and these are made by various manufacturers.
The size of an average electric battery depends on how many batteries it has.
A smaller battery will have less capacity, but they can be bigger if they have a bigger battery pack to store energy for longer periods of time.
The bigger the battery pack, the higher the capacity.
A typical battery pack in an electric SUV or minivan uses around 1.5 kW (1,800 hp).
An average Tesla electric car has around 4 kW (5,000 hp).
You can also buy an optional battery pack from the manufacturer, which is often called an e-brake, which can provide extra power and energy storage if you decide to buy a car.
What about the price?
How much will it cost?
When you buy an eBike or other electric vehicle, you pay for it out of your pocket.
The car manufacturer will then charge you an upfront fee to use the vehicle, but you can also get a full-price lease for a certain amount of time, and you can take advantage of a discount if you choose.
The electric car companies offer several pricing plans.
If you purchase an electric bike or minibus, you will pay an initial price of around $5,500 for a 30-day lease.
If your electric vehicle runs for more than one year, you’ll pay a $5.00 per kilowareter (kwh) monthly lease charge.
The average electric vehicle costs around $30,000 for a battery that is the size of a small SUV, and an average minivan costs around the same.
If I want to rent an electric bus, I’ll pay an upfront price of about $3,500.
If the electric bus has the same power and range as an average gas bus, the rental price will be $5 per month.
If there are more than three electric buses in a fleet, you may be able to find a discount, as long as you pay your rent in full.
Where do I buy an EV?
There are a few options to choose from.
You may buy an all-electric electric bus or a hybrid electric bus that has a plug-in hybrid powertrain.
These vehicles can be purchased from companies like EV Plug, EV Plug Super, or EV Plug Hybrid.
If an electric electric bus is a hybrid, the plug-ins are made from different materials.
The most popular plug-In hybrids are made out of carbon fiber, aluminum, and titanium.
You will need to find an EV Plug company in your area.
You might also be able for some savings with an electric pickup truck, but many people are looking for the most affordable and efficient option.
The best electric truck rental companies include EV Plug and EV Plug Ultimate, and they are available to rent in all 50 states.
You’ll need to look at the size and weight of the vehicle you want to purchase.
Many people will pay
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Industrial temperature monitoring system uses a sensor, such as a thermocouple probe, to collect temperature data. The thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance thermometer detectors (RTDs) are the three most popular industrial temperature sensors used in temperature monitoring systems.
Proper temperature monitoring and process control are essential for the success of any industrial operation. The right temperature readings at the right time is essential to an efficient operation. This is why many companies have invested in a industrial temperature monitoring system to help them keep their operations running smoothly.
Let’s look at what a monitoring system is and how it can help you and your business.
What Is a Remote Temperature Monitor?
In basic terms, a remote temperature monitor consists of a temperature probe/sensor, measurement device, and data storage system to keep track of temperature and/or humidity of products, storage facilities, or (in the case of hospitals) people. Remote temperature monitors are used in industrial or medical applications where maintaining a consistent ambient temperature is crucial for ensuring product quality, upholding regulatory standards, and even saving lives.
Different Types of Industrial Temperature Monitoring Systems
Before you decide what kind of industrial temperature monitor you need, let’s first look at the basic parts that make up this type of system. While remote or wireless temperature monitoring systems vary greatly (because there are so many different industries that use them), they all consist of these basic components:
Temperature Probe or Sensor
The three most common industrial sensors are the thermocouple, the thermistor, and the RTD.
The thermocouple is the most widely used temperature measurement system. Thermocouples are cheap, self-powered, and can even be welded or soldered on site. They aren’t necessarily appropriate for high-accuracy purposes, and you’ll need a separate data logger to convert the voltage-to-temperature reading.
The thermistor is a highly sensitive temperature reader. Thermistors are more accurate than thermocouples and are well-suited for tight spaces. The size of a thermistor can lead to self-heating issues, and unlike thermocouples, they do require a current source.
An RTD is the most accurate temperature sensor, so if your readings need to be precise, an RTD is worth the extra cost (unfortunately an RTD’s accuracy does make it slower and more expensive).
Thermal Buffer
Any industrial temperature monitoring system requires a thermal buffer to ensure the readings are accurate. Thermal buffers are thermal masses that prevent temperature spikes from being recorded on your data. Temperature spiking is often caused by a sudden change in temperature caused by opening a refrigerator door, for example.
Thermal buffers are most often made of nylon blocks or bottles filled with glycol or glass beads.
Temperature Measurement Device
This is what measures and even records the temperature. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of your temperature monitoring system, the measuring device will be connected to a network/LAN, wirelessly to a network, or as a standalone device with built-in memory.
Data Logger
You need to be able to record and store data, and depending on your needs, your data will be stored within the system, on a cloud-based service, or locally via base station, gateway, or PC. The amount of data you need to store will determine how much you’ll spend on storage.
This is the brain of the monitor, which operates any alarming system, provides data configuration, and facilitates reporting.
Alarm System
Finally, if you want to be notified about any fluctuations in temperature, you’ll need an alarm system that can be as basic as a light or as high-tech as a text message.
To manage temperature and humidity in healthcare, scientific, food service and more, 39 products use wireless temperature monitoring systems from Grainger. Whether you need to monitor the temperature and humidity in your cleanroom, ensure temperatures in your refrigerator or freezer, or verify dishwasher sanitizing temperatures, Grainger can help with high-quality, precision wireless temperature monitoring systems. Shop online today!
Industries That Utilize Industrial Temperature Monitoring Systems
Many industries are utilizing industrial temperature monitoring systems to ensure the quality and safety of their products. The healthcare industry uses this type of system in hospital rooms to monitor patient temperature, and it is, in fact, one of the biggest market segments utilising temperature monitoring systems.
Industries like food service, medical, scientific, and IT use various temperature monitoring systems for cleanrooms, server rooms, industrial dishwashers, and commercial and medical refrigerators/freezers.
The Practical Benefits of a Temperature Monitoring System
Since the pandemic, the rise of hospital temperature monitoring systems for patients has skyrocketed, but prior to COVID, its prevalence was already on the rise because of the increasing elderly and infant population. Hospital temperature sensors ensure compliance with medical standards and reduce the potential cost of unusable products.
In the IT industry, wireless temperature monitoring can significantly lower cooling costs by alerting IT engineers of possible overheating issues.
In the food service industry, temperature monitors can eliminate costly wastage that are caused by malfunctioning refrigerators, freezers, and warmers.
Choose the Right Industrial Temperature and Humidity Monitor for Your Business
It’s important to select the appropriate type of system for your business. Choose the right data storage options and a software that meets the compliance needs of your industry. With the right combination of features, you’ll have a reliable temperature sensor system that will boost your operational efficiency and protect your products and patients.
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Product Spotlight
What is Bacteriostatic Water?
In a nutshell, bacteriostatic water is a solution that’s used to dilute or dissolve medications, making them easier to inject into the body’s bloodstream, improving efficacy. Used to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria, bacteriostatic water is common place in the world of research and development within big pharma, fitness supplementation research labs, and even zoologist laboratories around the world. Famous for the utter lack of side effects apart from allergens, bacteriostatic water has become an industry standard best practice piece for intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections. The type of medication or ingredient that is being diluted will dictate the best method of injection. Should a subject experience adverse side effects, the bacteriostatic water used almost certainly had to be somehow contaminated.
Note: Sterile water only contains an agent, benzyl alcohol, to prevent the growth of bacteria. There are no bacteria killing agents included in the solution because most would change the efficacy of what research professionals are diluting with the solution.
Why Bacteriostatic Water?
In many cases, substances that have been created for injection are inherently too potent for whatever subject is going to receive the injection. Being a nonpyrogenic preparation of water that contains a small amount of benzyl alcohol, bacteriostatic water is a ready-made mixer that physicians can use to create varying levels of dosage for their patients. The more common use case? Scientists are able to create varying levels of dosage for test subjects and laboratory experiments when researching and developing new products.
Prior to bacteriostatic water’s creation, most mixing solutions would be single-use substances, like straight up sterile water. Such is not the case with bacteriostatic water. While the shelf life of bacteriostatic water is greatly reduced after opening, it can last for a few weeks afterwards so long as sterile needles and syringes are introduced to the solution. The extended shelf life and inexpensive production makes bacteriostatic water a game changer for research labs.
Sterile Water vs. Bacteriostatic Water
Sterile water is what we’d recommend as the solution of choice for mixing medications and other substances, it’s not the only solution out there. Bacteriostatic is another option that scientists have used for decades. The significant difference is that most bacteriostatic water doesn’t contain the higher benzyl alcohol content that our sterile water has. Bacteriostaic water comes in one time use containers and should never be reused as the moment the solution is opened, it’s contaminated and bacteria is likely to start to grow. Due to the higher BA content of our sterile water, it is good for repeated research.
Where to Get Sterile Water
A number of manufacturers produce sterile water and a number of vendors sell sterile water. Sterile water comes in a variety of sizes for extremely reasonable prices. The most common size of screw top container for either of the solutions is 30ml. Do not ever try to split the solution into other containers apart from the one that you receive your sterile water in as it will only result in contamination and drastically reduced shelf life.
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A research paper is an argument or examines an argument. Whatever kind of research paper you are writing, your final research paper needs to present your thoughts supported up by the other people’s ideas and facts. To deliver a comparison, a defense attorney researches and read about a few legal instances and applies them to his defense. To become a successful author, you must research about a topic that you are interested in and should also be in a position to research correctly.
A research paper may incorporate both qualitative and quantitative research findings. Qualitative findings are statements or facts that are generated from your data or analysis of evidence. For example, you gathered info from other sources and you also came to a conclusion that individuals from a certain group are happier than others. These details could include statements from interviews, focus group discussions or surveys. Quantitative findings on the other hand, refer to figures that are mathematically proven and will be able to help you draw conclusions based on statistics.
There are two main features of research papers, the title page along with the Techniques and Procedures. The title page is the first piece of your research paper which introduces your topic. It summarizes the aim of your newspaper and states what research was conducted. It may have a thesis statement, if you really feel like there’s a demand for one, a description of different methods and their relation to a research paper topic, etc.. If there are numerous experiments, these ought to be described as well.
Conducting research paper studies require several important aspects and skills. One of them is conducting adequate literature study. Literature research makes it possible to understand past studies and draw relevant comparisons and generalizations from them. Moreover, scholars must be conscious of current study designs, sample sizes, information presentation, results and important details in relation to this methodology of the research papers.
One other important facet is that the discussion section of a research paper. It is where you present your arguments regarding your topic and ask your readers for their opinion. However, you have to bear in mind you have limited space to make your buy essay papers online points. As an example, if you want to argue that dogs don’t become pets because they are territorial, you are only allowed to argue about that one topic. Likewise, you need to select subjects wisely so you will not bore your audience with your rants.
Last, the research paper process comprises five chief stages: discovery, analysis, hypothesis, debate and decision. Discovery is the stage in which you uncover important facts from the research paper. Analysis will enable you to test and question your hypotheses and hypothesis announcements. Debates allow you to go over your results with other scholars and fellow pupils.
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The Best Materials for Face Masks and Filters
Now that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is encouraging everyone to cover their mouth and nose with a protective cloth face mask, people are making their own, whether there no-sew, made with a simple bandanna or sewn on a machine. A study of homemade face masks by found that cotton T-shirts and cotton pillowcases are the best materials for making DIY face masks, based on their ability to capture particles yet remain breathable, and that they perform comparably to surgical-grade masks.
For the first time, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that even seemingly healthy people wear masks over their mouths and noses when venturing out of their homes into places where it is difficult to maintain distance from other people. But there is still major debate over how much masks particularly the homemade fabric masks that the CDC recommends for the public can slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.Researchers, writing in two new papers, attempt to tackle the efficacy of masks, one more rigorously than the other, and come to differing conclusions. One study examined the effect of masks on seasonal corona viruses (which cause many cases of the common cold) and found that surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spread. The other looked particularly at SARS-CoV-2 and found no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing virus spread, but only had four participants and used a crude measure of viral spread.
Face mask basics
Recommendations about masks can easily get confusing, because all masks are not made equal. The N95 mask effectively prevents viral spread. These masks, when properly fitted, seal closely to the face and filter out 95% of particles 0.3 microns or larger. But N95 masks are in serious shortage even for medical professionals, who are exposed to the highest levels of SARS-CoV-2 and are most in need of the strongest protection against the virus. They’re also difficult to fit correctly. For those reasons, the CDC does not recommend them for general use.
Due to shortages, the CDC also does not recommend surgical masks for the general public. These masks don’t seal against the face but do include non-woven polypropylene layers that are moisture resistant. In a surgical mask, about 70% of the outside air moves through the mask and about 30% travels around the sides, Chu told Live Science. For that reason, they don’t offer as much protection as N95s.
But what about the other way around? When the wearer of a mask coughs or sneezes, the barrier might be enough to contain a lot of that initial jet of grossness an even if there are gaps in the fabric or around the sides. That’s what the new mask studies aimed to address: Whether surgical or fabric masks did a good job of containing viruses.
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Climate Hype Shatters Charts
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In what seems like a preemptive strike at Steve Murphy, who laughed about the Paris “climate change” fandango in Liberty’s November 19 edition, CNN ran a story about climate change just a few hours before. The story announced:
Looks like Earth is already halfway to the danger zone.
Less than two weeks before a crucial global climate summit in Paris kicks off, NOAA, NASA and other global temperature monitors released data showing that the planet is halfway to two degrees of warming, the much publicized limit of "controllable" climate change.
Those statements have at least one function. They are a test of sanity. If you’re wondering, as I am, where exactly was this “much publicized” limit publicized, and what does “limit” mean, and what does “controllable” mean, and what is “crucial” about a meeting in Paris —you’re still sane.
You’re also sane if you wonder why such a chatty, informal approach is taken to the “news” that follows, which is supposed to terrorize you. According to CNN, which heard the news from agencies of the US government,
the average temperature across the entire planet for the month of October was a record shattering 0.98 degrees Celsius (1.76 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than average for the month of October — making it the highest average temperature reached compared to normal in Earth's historical record.
Well, maybe a record was “shattered,” but I wasn’t. October was 1.76 degrees warmer than average — so what?
It was probably expected that the map accompanying the story would complete the shock administered by shattered records, but it had the opposite effect on me. The map is exactly what you’d expect: it shows splotches of color that look like pus spotting or spreading across parts of the globe, mainly in the southern hemisphere, and mainly in the ocean. The splotches, I suppose, are stand-ins for “the entire planet,” but they don’t look that threatening to me. As for “Earth’s historical record,” this goes back only to the late 19th century. If that. I mean, who trusts what the interpreters of climate records say any more?
It was a warmish October for a fairly small percentage of the world’s people. End of story, unless you’re looking for a “climate change” grant. Then the diminutive size of the “change” might give you a sizable scare.
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History Of India Notes
History Of India UPSC Notes
The Indian subcontinent is the largest region in South Asia. It is the home of one of the most influential civilizations in the world. Since very early times it seems likely that its use provided a suitable habitat for the human population. Get into the brief history of India notes on all topics. Toward the south it is essentially protected by large expanses of ocean while to the north it is protected by vast Himalayan ranges. Only in the Northwest and North-East there is easier access by land and through these two fields most early contacts with the outside world occurred. The northern parts of India represent a series of contrasting regions each with its own cultural history and its own unique population. Here’s brief history of India for UPSC.
Ancient India
Medieval India
Modern India
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Can gesso be used as glue?
Asked by: Nelda Bergnaum
Score: 4.2/5 (70 votes)
Gesso is not a glue, because it contains an opaque color. You can use it to adhere paper to wood or a substrate, but the color will remain when it dries. If you don't like the slightly rough feel of cold-press watercolor paper, instead of coating it with gesso, use hot-press.
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In this regard, What can gesso be used for?
What is gesso used for? Gesso is a binder used to prepare a surface, typically canvas, for paint. It prevents the acrylic paint from absorbing directly into the canvas.
Similarly, it is asked, Can clear gesso be used as a sealant?. While gesso is not really considered an acrylic sealer, there are times when it fulfils that function. Not as effective as binder medium, it is still a great product for sealing cheap canvases. A good thick coat of gesso makes a better surface to paint on, and often makes cheap canvases less porous.
One may also ask, Can gesso be used on plastic?
Gesso is used to create a surface that is ready to receive paint. ... Adding a layer or two of gesso can make surfaces like wood, stone, plastic, glass—and yes, canvas—ready to receive your paint.
Is gesso the same as PVA glue?
PVA is basically a pure acrylic polymer. Acrylic gesso usually has titanium and whiting (calcium carbonate) in it and I always spike mine with some marble dust as well This makes acrylic gesso slightly more absorbent and better than pure polymer to accept paints like oils. ... PVA stands for polyvinyl acetate.
30 related questions found
What can I substitute for gesso?
Can you make homemade gesso?
2-3 parts water. 3 parts cornstarch. 3 parts baking soda. A bit of acrylic paint (Optional – will change the color of your gesso, or add white if you want it brighter/better coverage)
What paint will stay on plastic?
Is Liquid White the same as gesso?
Liquid white is not the same thing as gesso! Gesso has an acrylic base, so you don't want to mix your oil paints into that. Gesso needs to be completely dry before adding any sort of oil paint or medium on top.
Can I mix gesso with acrylic paint?
While most acrylic paint dries to a glossy finish, gesso dries to a matte finish. When you add gesso to your acrylic paint, you'll achieve a matte or, depending on the ratio of acrylic paint to gesso, a satin finish.
What is a good sealant for acrylic paint?
Three brands of acrylic polymer varnish that I would recommend are: Golden Polymer Varnish, Liquitex Acrylic Polymer Varnish, and Lascaux UV Varnish. As you know, Golden is my favorite, but that doesn't mean the other ones aren't just as good.
Do you have to seal gesso?
Generally a primer refers to a coating that prepares the surface for the acceptance of paint. Gesso is a primer and not a sealer. Gesso, when applied, has a satin or matte finish, is absorbent in nature, and therefore will not adequately seal the wood unless multiple applications are used – and this still may not seal.
What household items can I use to seal acrylic paint?
How To Seal Acrylic Paint: Using Foam Brush and MinWax Polycrylic Protective Finish
1. Pour a small puddle of polycrylic in a corner of the painting.
2. Using the foam brush work the sealant outwards from the corner. ...
3. Continue until the whole painting is covered evenly.
4. Clean the brush and dry thoroughly between coats.
Can Mod Podge be used instead of gesso?
Gesso does seal the canvas... Mod Podge can do either, it can be a glue or to seal the work on top. RE: Manda_K: Gesso does seal the canvas... Mod Podge can do either, it can be a glue or to seal the work on top.
How many layers of gesso should I use?
It is recommended to apply at least two coats of Gesso to any surface, but especially when painting on canvas or linen. The first coat will penetrate the support and reduce the likelihood of paint de-lamination. The second coat bonds with the first layer and begins to even out the surface.
Is gesso and primer the same?
Gesso (pronounced 'jesso') is basically a paint mixture used to prepare a surface for painting – often for oil or acrylics. It usually comprises of a binder mixed with chalk or gypsum and sometimes it has a pigment added to it too (usually Titanium White). ... Basically: gesso is a primer, but not all primers are gesso.
What can I use instead of Bob Ross Liquid White?
Why does Bob Ross use liquid white?
The Bob Ross 'wet on wet' technique relays on having a painting surface that is covered in a thin even coat of an oil based paint that dries very slowly. Liquid white has been made especially for this purpose and allows one to blend and 'move' colour on the canvas.
Does Bob Ross use oils or acrylics?
What Kind of paint does Bob Ross use on his Show? For his show "The Joy of Painting" Bob Ross uses oil paints for his wet-on-wet technique. Bob Ross uses Liquid White which is also uses for his wet-on-wet-technique. It is used to base coat on top of the canvas first then you point on it with your oil colors.
How do you keep acrylic paint from peeling off plastic?
A clear acrylic sealer gives your freshly painted plastic surface an extra layer of protection. You don't have to use the sealer, but it can help the results be more permanent, especially if you're painting an outdoor item. You can get a spray sealer to make the job easier.
How do you get acrylic paint to stick to plastic?
In order for the acrylic paint to stick, you will need to prepare the surface by lightly sanding the plastic surfaces, applying a base coat or primer. The base coat must be a paint that is specifically made for plastic surfaces, then you can apply the acrylic paint over that.
Does acrylic paint stay on plastic?
Will Acrylic Paint Stick to Plastic? Acrylic paint basically dries into a plastic, making it difficult for the paint to adhere to a plastic surface. Many other factors can either promote or inhibit how acrylics adhere to solid plastic. However, you can make acrylic paint stick under the right circumstances.
How long does homemade gesso last?
The only downside to making gesso is that it has a shorter shelf life than store bought gesso. This will last about a week or two when stored in an airtight container.
How do you make homemade Mod Podge?
To make a jar of fake / homemade Mod Podge you need 1 cup of glue and 1/3 cup of water. These proportions are perfect – don't mess with them. Other internet recipes for homemade Mod Podge abound but they are TOO WEAK. Beware!
Can you use house paint as gesso?
If you would like to construct a sound, durable painting you will want your primer/gesso to be flexible with movement and temperature changes. If using house paint as gesso you will have problems particularly during temperature changes or if your work is stored without humidity control.
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Hearing test, radiation-resistant cells, sign language and more
Curious Bends is a weekly newsletter about science, tech., data and India. Akshat Rathi and I curate it. You can subscribe to it here. If have feedback, suggestions, or would just generally like to get in touch, just email us.
1. Poor children deserve better hearing tests; an Indian entrepreneur may have the solution
An estimated 63 million people in India suffer from hearing problems. But children are not tested for such impairment at a young age because of the costs of testing. Early detection and intervention is crucial for improving the difficulties with cognition and language skills. Now, a Bangalore-based inventor has come up with a solution that sharply lowers the cost of testing if a newborn can hear properly. (3 min read)
2. What makes cells resistant to radiation?
Radiation can damage cell’s DNA, and sometimes make them cancerous. But not all cells are affected by such radiation. Previously, it was thought that such ability was down to the DNA repair mechanisms in place in every one of them, but a new study shows that cells have more weapons to fight this invisible attack. (2 min read)
3. What sign language teaches us about the brain
As she took a course to learn sign language, a question kept nagging this neurobiologist: does the brain treat the visual language differently from spoken languages? Turns out, for the most part, they don’t. And yet brain studies of deaf people who use sign language helps bust a few myths about how our brains work. (5 min read)
+ The author of this piece, Sana Suri, is a neurobiologist at the University of Oxford.
4. Another biotech startup accelerator opens up in Bangalore. Can it deliver?
India’s biotech industry is supposed to be undergoing a boom. It was projected that revenues would reach $5 billion by 2009, but that hasn’t happened yet. Industry watchers remain optimistic, claiming that revenues will reach $100 billion by 2020. Can a startup accelerator help achieve this dream? (5 min read)
5. BRICS can boost their research by setting up collaborations, but there seems to be no will
The recent BRICS summit in Brazil saw the launch of the New Development Bank, which has been setup to rival the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. But there was little progress on setting aside joint funds to boost scientific collaboration. There is a huge potential here but no one is interested in tapping it. (2 min read)
Chart of the week
It has been a terrible week for the civilian aviation industry with Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shot down over Ukraine and an ongoing investigation of Air Algerie Flight 5017 that crashed in Mali. Vasudevan Mukunth (one of the curators of Curious Bends; a.k.a. me) has collected the data of all such past events in one interactive chart.
If you enjoyed the links, please forward this email to friends and ask them to subscribe.
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Thunder Bay
'Jet lag all year round': Why experts think permanent daylight time in Ontario would be a mistake
An Ottawa area MPP wants to switch the province to permanent daylight time, but time processing experts aren't springing ahead to support the idea.
Experts recommend the province switch to standard time permanently instead
A giant sculpture constructed with the faces of clocks is seen outside a Paris train station, March 27, 2009 on the weekend when France moves its clocks forward one hour early, marking daylight savings time. Clocks are set to fall back on November 1 this year, but some think that practice is out of date. (Charles Platiau/France Society/Reuters)
An Ottawa-area MPP wants to switch the province to permanent daylight time, but time processing experts aren't springing ahead to support the idea.
Jeremy Roberts, MPP for the Ottawa West-Nepean riding brought forward a private member's bill citing the practice of changing clocks twice a year is doing "more harm than good" for the province.
"Permanent daylight saving time will, on average, provide us with more sunlight in the evenings, which is generally the preferred leisure time of working Ontarians … More daylight in the evening will likely generate more economic activity, as individuals are more likely to go out shopping after work if it is still light out," said Roberts in a written letter posted to his website.
Experts in chronobiology, a field of biology that examines timing processes, have spoken out about the bill and instead recommend the province make the switch to permanent standard time, calling it the "wiser and healthier choice."
"As a biologist, I think about this in terms of the biological clock," explained Patricia Lakin-Thomas, York University professor and Canadian Society for Chronobiology board member.
"We have this clock in our brain that is set by light and it controls our daily activities, our daily physiology, our sleep-wake cycle. And then there are clocks all over the body … they get set by the brain clock," she said.
Lakin-Thomas compared switching to permanent daylight time as being in a perpetual state of jet lag, as the body's biological clocks, or circadian rhythms, would constantly be out of sync.
"Under standard time, the time is going to be closer to our natural tendency to rise with the sun and to be in sync with the sun. Standard time is closer to that body time," she said.
Patricia Lakin-Thomas surrounded by her team at the Clocklab. The associate professor in the Department of Biology at York University’s Faculty of Science says people can experience effects much like jet lag due to change to and from DST.
Both Roberts and Lakin-Thomas indicated the biannual time change can be linked to a number of health issues, such as an increase in heart attacks, strokes, and even workplace injuries and car accidents. However, Lakin-Thomas said there will still be similar and long-term risks if the province were to switch to permanent daylight time.
"On daylight saving time we're going to be an hour jet lag all year round and we can actually predict that we're going to have some negative health impacts from that," she said.
While Roberts doesn't indicate concern for negative health impacts by switching permanently to daylight time in his letter, he does warn that the switch itself should be thought out carefully when it comes to logistics.
MPP proposes New York and Quebec follow suit
"My bill proposes that this change would only come into effect at the discretion of the Attorney General (AG). This would allow the AG to implement this change only when the appropriate changes are also set to take effect in Quebec and New York," reads the letter by Roberts.
Roberts said making the change immediately would be unreasonable and should only happen if jurisdictions such as New York and Quebec follow suit.
Lakin-Thomas said while she's unable to predict how the processing of the bill might play out, she did point to similar bills that were never implemented in Ontario, as well as examples of cities and countries trying out permanent daylight time.
"Several states in the US tried it in the 70s. The UK tried it for about three years. Russia had it for a while. They all dropped it after a few years … unfortunately, they went back to switching twice a year," she said.
Bill 214, the Time Amendment Act, as tabled by Roberts has been carried through a second reading and has been referred to Standing Committee as of October 14, 2020.
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• loisf21
CHARETTE - A Restorative Community Planning Process
The movie, The Best of Enemies, portrays the story of how African-American civil rights activist, Ann Atwater, and local Ku Klux Klan leader, C.P. Ellis, became good friends during a community planning event in Durham, NC in 1971. Bill Riddick, a community organizer, was recruited by the state Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare to expedite the integration of schools in a racially charged city which had yet to follow the law of the land. Riddick facilitated a process called a charette - a planning meeting in which representatives from numerous factions making up a community work through differences and conflicts in order to create solutions to an existing problem. Atwater and Ellis, leaders of two prominent groups within the city, served as chairpersons for the charette sessions, which took place over a ten day period.
It was uncomfortable yet incredibly powerful for me to watch the heated exchanges and bouts of silence laced with tension during the charette process. In the end, it was ultimately inspiring to witness the unfolding of the friendship formed by the original adversaries in this story. Very few situations illustrate more conflicting perspectives and the intense emotions that derive from these differences as this movie depicts. Knowing that these events actually happened, heightened my belief in and passion for restorative practices.
Bringing all parties together within the city that would eventually be impacted by the decision whether or not to desegregate the community schools, and facilitating their expression of varying points of view and desires while requiring that everyone listen to the same from others, are what the restorative process is all about. It gives each person an opportunity to share his ideas; it shows people how to listen to and respect others; it gives everyone ownership in decisions that affect them. This process creates greater self-satisfaction while fostering more effective group collaboration and smarter decision making.
Our country is becoming polarized because everyone who feels ignored and neglected is begging, crying out, screaming to be noticed and heard. Those who feel that their positions of control, power and comfort, are threatened by acknowledging and supporting others, especially those who seem so different and possess ideas and habits so different from their own, lash out from fear in anger and hate. This is an exclusive, competitive and combative belief system. We need to promote more inclusive, caring and supportive perspectives that allow everyone to thrive and succeed. We need to model, teach, and facilitate these positive attitudes based on the understanding that we are all better off, happier and healthier, when we lift each other up rather than tear each other down. We need more charettes within our communities in order to bring about more satisfying conditions for all as well as foster greater harmony between individuals.
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Using qualitative evidence to identify factors influencing ICU health carers' use of guidelines to take adults and children off mechanical ventilation
Many critically-ill adults and children being cared for in an intensive care unit (ICU) are unable to breathe by themselves. When this happens they are put on a mechanical ventilator, a machine that helps them to breathe. Staying on a ventilator for too long increases the likelihood of harmful effects, including trauma and infection of the lungs and complications of prolonged immobility such as blood clots in the legs or lungs. Consequently, researchers have tried to find ways to take people off ventilators (that is, to wean them) as soon as is safely possible. One way is by using guidelines, or protocols. Two recent Cochrane reviews combined evidence from different research studies. Some studies showed that protocols were successful in reducing the amount of time spent on a ventilator, while other studies showed that using protocols did not make any difference to the amount of time spent on a ventilator. These contrasting findings could have been caused by a range of factors. Researchers investigating these factors have used qualitative research methods, which usually involve talking to people or observing how people behave, or both.
Review question
What are the factors influencing how healthcare professionals use protocols to wean adults and children from mechanical ventilation?
To identify studies using qualitative methods, we searched relevant electronic databases of journals in February 2015. We also searched the reference lists of articles, contacted the authors of all of the studies included in the two earlier reviews and in our qualitative synthesis, and contacted experts in mechanical ventilation. We combined the findings of the relevant studies to produce a synthesis of the evidence on what influences health professionals to use protocols. We then combined our synthesis with the findings of the two earlier reviews to help explain why some of the studies had shown protocols to be effective and others had not. We were able to do so by producing explanations of how different factors work together to either promote or hinder the use of protocols. We outlined these explanations in a ‘logic model’.
Key findings
Our synthesis included 11 studies, involving around 267 participants; five more studies are awaiting classification. We identified several potential barriers and facilitators to the use of protocols. First, doctors used protocols only in certain circumstances; otherwise they preferred to wean using their own knowledge and skills. Relatively inexperienced nurses often lacked confidence. A protocol could encourage their involvement in weaning because it set out clear instructions and also helped them to feel more secure. Although more experienced nurses also recognized these positive qualities, they criticized protocols as sometimes instructing them to wean contrary to their own clinical judgement. Second, the practical arrangements for care within an ICU could either help or hinder healthcare professionals to work together, and in this way influence how (well) a protocol was used. Third, the use of a protocol reflected how healthcare professionals interact with one another generally. For example, the degree of experience a nurse or doctor possessed could influence the confidence others had that they could wean safely. For this reason, doctors tended to be reluctant to involve nurses they considered to be relatively inexperienced in weaning, even when there was a protocol in place. Furthermore, the fact that doctors occupied a higher professional status or position meant that it was difficult for nurses to be involved in weaning, including by using a protocol, unless the doctors s/he worked with permitted this to happen.
Quality of the evidence
We developed 35 summary statements. Of these: we assessed 17 statements as ‘low’ confidence, largely because the evidence used to develop them came from only a small number of studies. We rated 13 statements as ‘moderate’ confidence, largely because the evidence used to develop them came from very well-conducted studies, and we rated five statements as ‘high’ confidence, largely because the evidence used to develop them came from a majority of the studies.
Authors' conclusions:
Read the full abstract...
Search strategy:
Selection criteria:
Data collection and analysis:
Main results:
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Planet Earth
DiscoblogBy Sarah ZhangApr 28, 2012 2:54 PM
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How you doin'?
After thousands of years living in our homes, cats and dogs have gotten pretty good at tuning into human social cues---as good as human babies anyways. Dogs, with their adorable puppy faces, are easily swayed by the actions of humans. A new study in PLoS ONE
that they deploy when they want something from their owners, much like (though quieter than) a hungry baby that will not stop screaming. Pet owners who fancy themselves parents may actually be onto something. Although babies can't understand words, they are good at following body language and the gazes of their parents---what are called "ostensive cues." Dogs do the same thing; when they see you looking in a particular direction, for example, they look there too
. Researchers in this new study show that dogs made their decisions based on these ostensive cues as well. They began by presenting the dogs with two plates with unequal amounts of food. Then an experimenter would look at and pick up one plate, saying "Oh wow, this is good, this is so good!" (Not something we expect to hear in the context of an experiment but okay...) Left alone, dogs would pick the plate with more food, but they were willing to forgo the extra chow if humans showed more attention to the plate of less food. Good doggie. Cats though---they're are master manipulators of humans. In a paper titled "The cry embedded within the purr," researchers recorded feline purring and identified a special signature that made certain purrs especially urgent and unpleasant to humans. It's so awful that you'll do anything to make it stop. (Listen here
, at your own risk.) The sound of this solicitation purr is especially inharmonic, and cat owners are actually more attuned to it than non-owners, so there's no learning to just ignore it. Parents with babies would probably say the same thing. Interspecies and baby communication remind us just how much meaning can be conveyed through ostensive and nonverbal cues. We usually think words when we think about language, but human adults are just as attuned to body language and tone of voice, even if we're not consciously thinking about it. So pay attention to where you're looking and how you're talking next time you're trying to manipulate someone. [dogs via PLoS ONE
, cats via Improbable Research
Cat and dog image via Shutterstock / Michael Pettigrew
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Planet Earth
Kids Name the Darnedest Animals
InkfishBy Elizabeth PrestonAug 5, 2014 1:51 PM
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Here’s an experiment that’s easy to do on your own. Grab the nearest elementary- or middle-school-age kid, sit her down in a quiet place, and ask her to name everything she can think of that’s alive. The results might tell you a lot about your young subject's life. The wilder the animals, the more domestic the kid. The 5-to-14-year-olds in Andrea Taverna and Sandra Waxman’s version of this experiment lived in Argentina. (Taverna is a researcher at Argentina's National Research Council; Waxman is a psychology professor at Northwestern University.) One group of subjects lived in a city and another group lived in a rural area. A third batch of kids were members of an indigenous group called the Wichí, who live in the forest and speak a native language instead of Spanish. Taverna, Waxman and their colleagues expected that each of these groups would have different ideas about the natural world. Earlier studies in English-speaking children had shown that it takes just one simple question (“Name everything you can think of that’s alive”) to reveal major cultural differences between children. With their 129 Argentinians, they stopped each kid after naming 10 things, then tallied up the answers. The researchers also asked kids in each group what kinds of activities they did on a daily basis. Most urban kids reported things like watching TV, playing electronic games, and going to the park. Rural Spanish-speaking kids also mentioned television and computers, but in smaller numbers. More of them said they spent time farming, fishing, and walking in the field. The forest-living Wichí, as you might imagine, had the most interaction with nature. They said they often did things like collecting wood and useful plants, picking fruit, and swimming. Oh, and trapping lizards. When asked to name living things, all the kids stuck mainly to animals, especially mammals. And they all tended to name basic domestic creatures: dog, cat, horse. But in other ways, their answers differed strikingly. The Wichí named mostly animals that they had personal experience with (snake, bee, a deer called a tsuna). Urban and rural Spanish-speaking kids usually included humans on their lists, while Wichí didn't. Rural Spanish-speaking kids more often named farm animals (cow, pig, hen, sheep). And more urban kids named exotic animals such as lions, tigers, and giraffes. Lacking their own experiences with animals, they went to what they’d seen in books and movies. Given the kids' lifestyles, the differences made sense. But Taverna was surprised by how consistent those differences were. “I did not expect to find such clear variations between linguistic and cultural groups,” she says. Kids in different groups also seemed to organize their concepts of “living things” differently. While the Wichí listed specific animals and plants (armadillo, pigeon, carob tree), Spanish-speaking children were more likely to simply say “animal” or “plant” or “tree.” Taverna thinks understanding kids' varying windows on the natural world can help teachers reach their students. Wichí teachers could take into account the fact that their students have a personal understanding of nature, and that it might be different from what they see in textbooks. Teachers in urban classrooms, meanwhile, can recognize that their students’ knowledge of nature comes largely from media. “It is essential,” Taverna says, “for teachers to take into account the underlying organization and knowledge that children from different backgrounds bring with them into their classrooms.” And if that kid you grabbed can only name animals that are animated, you might want to send her back outside.
Image: by Franklin Park Library (via Flickr)
Taverna, A., Moscoloni, N., Peralta, O., Medin, D., & Waxman, S. (2014). Naming the Living Things: Linguistic, Experiential and Cultural Factors in Wichí and Spanish Speaking Children Journal of Cognition and Culture, 14 (3-4), 213-233 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12342122
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Driver Knowledge Tests
What is relay car theft and how can you stop it?
Relay car theft, or ‘relay attack’ is when criminals use the keyless entry system of a car against itself by tricking the car into thinking the wireless remote is next to it. It works on cars where you can enter and start the car without using a key. More and more cars use these wireless systems because it removes the bulky lock barrel from the steering column that is a risk for knee injuries in a crash. It’s also more convenient for drivers.
The start/stop button on this Toyota Land Cruiser means it is at risk of a relay attack
How does a relay attack work?
You need three things:
1. Your wireless key within transmitting distance of the car (sometimes up to 100m!)
2. A person standing near the key with a device that tricks the key into broadcasting its signal
3. A person standing near the car with a receiver that tricks the car into thinking it is the key
The person near the key uses a device to detect the key’s signal. This is relayed to the person holding the receiver which is then detected by the car as the key itself. It will open and start the car.
How can you stop a relay attack?
For relay car theft to work, your key must be able to be accessed via a wireless transmission. This means that if you put it in a place where it can’t receive a wireless transmission, like a microwave, a metal tin, your fridge or a Faraday sleeve or wallet, it won’t work for the would-be thieves. You can buy Faraday sleeves for your mobile phone to stop them receiving calls and for RFID credit cards to stop them being accessed. They’re usually less than $10.
Therefore, you won’t want to be leaving your key in the hallway overnight as the transmitter signals will pass through walls, doors and windows.
You can also provide physical barriers to thieves such as a wheel lock, locked gates or putting your car in a garage. Tracking devices will help recover your car but they won’t stop it from being stolen. A secondary immobiliser which requires a PIN to start adds another layer.
To recap, here’s how you reduce the risk of becoming a victim of a relay attack:
• Put your keys where they can’t transmit or receive
• Make sure your car is locked
• Add physical countermeasures
• Add a tracking device
• Keep your keys out of sight
• Make sure you have insurance
What vehicles are at risk?
Any vehicles with a push-button start are at risk. This includes almost all new cars and many new vans. Push-button start has been readily available on even mid-range cars for more than 5 years. Carmakers are working on systems to thwart the thieves but its likely that existing models will remain vulnerable. The measures that are being worked through are part of broader measures to ensure data security.
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The research article 'Evaluation of membranes performance for microplastic removal in a simple and low-cost filtration system' has been published in the journal Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering.
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment has become a major challenge in recent years. One of the main concerns is the eco-toxicological effect on marine ecosystems and the potential threat for human organs and tissues. This paper focuses on evaluating membranes performance in removing MPs within a simple, low-cost system that could be easily implemented in a domestic environment. The performance of polycarbonate, cellulose acetate, and polytetrafluoroethylene membranes with the same nominal pore size of 5 μm was evaluated in the removal of polyamide and polystyrene microparticles in the range of 20-300 μm. Their mass removal efficiency when filtering 100 mg/L of MPs was also calculated. A high mass removal efficiency of MPs above 94 was obtained with the three membranes. However, depending on the MPs’ nature, they could either break through the membrane or break down into smaller particle sizes. Beside size-exclusion separation, the main competing mechanisms are membrane abrasion and fouling phenomenon. Their contribution depends on the membrane properties, MPs-membrane interaction, particles’ irregularity, and transmembrane pressures employed. At comparable mass removal efficiency, the highest performing membrane material for long-term household system applications was found to be cellulose acetate.
Access the complete article on ScienceDirect.
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"A better model is within reach."
Transgenic Animal Models: Mouse, Rat, and Rabbit
Transgenic Animal Models
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Let’s say your reviewers would like you to confirm the results of your recent in vitro experiments in an animal model in order to publish your most recent paper or fund your grant proposal. Or maybe you’ve exhausted your in vitro testing capabilities to investigate your current hypothesis and it’s time to embark on studies in live animals. Or are you a researcher that frequently works with transgenic animal models, but the models have always been readily available, and now you need to create something specifically designed for your research goals?
We get it. Transgenic animal model technology can at first seem intimidating, but it doesn’t have to be. For over 20 years, ingenious targeting laboratory has been a leader in custom animal model generation, and has provided quality transgenic mouse, rat and rabbit models for thousands of research studies. Whether you are new to the transgenic model field or you have decades of experience, our helpful, knowledgeable team can guide you through the process of animal model development based on your unique experimental goals. It is our job to demystify the science and offer solutions you never thought possible.
For those of you less familiar with or needing a refresher on transgenic animal models, we’ve answered some basic common questions you may have regarding transgenic models below. We’ll describe the three transgenic animal models ingenious offers, our techniques, and introduce some of their collective advantages.
1) What are animal models used for?
Animal models are used for a variety of purposes, including production of recombinant proteins, pharmaceutical and consumer products, and tissue implants. In biomedical research, animal models are primarily used in experiments to learn about the anatomy, genetics and physiology of humans without putting human life at risk. Smaller animal models that can be easily housed make experimental conditions easier to control and can be used in quantities necessary to sufficiently power research studies. Because animals don’t often suffer the same genetic diseases humans do, researchers must replicate these disease states in animal models to reveal the causative mechanism of the disease, and hopefully, develop effective therapies or even a cure.
There are two basic approaches when replicating human genetic disease in animal models: directed and nondirected [1]. The nondirected approach induces genome-wide mutations utilizing chemicals and radiation, and the resulting animals are screened for characteristics that resemble those of known human diseases. The directed approach instead uses established gene mutations and aims to replicate that mutation directly in the model organism, whether by single gene knockout (rendering a gene nonfunctional), single gene knockin (adding a transgene, or foreign DNA, into the organism at a specific locus), conditional expression of single gene knockouts or knockins (an “on” or “off” switch for the desired mutation), transgenesis (random integration of foreign DNA into the genome of another organism), or chromosomal rearrangement. Here at ingenious, we specialize in directed approaches to efficiently generate transgenic animal models and guide our customers through every step of the process.
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2) How do you create a transgenic animal model?
• Transgenic Mouse
Custom Mouse Models
Transgenic mice are used extensively to model a wide variety of human diseases. Cancer research, in particular, utilizes a large number of conditional knockout mice, where transgene expression can be turned on at a specific time or location or both, to mimic the gene loss that occurs during tumor development. Conditional knockout mice have been created for Kras, Myc, and p53 genes, in order to better understand their contribution to tumor growth and development.
ingenious utilizes a targeted embryonic stem (ES) cell approach to create transgenic mouse models. Briefly, we integrate your transgene of interest into the genome of mouse ES cells in cell culture using homologous recombination between the desired location in the mouse genome (genetic locus) and your transgene construct. The ES cells are then screened for your specific transgene at the desired locus, and positive cells are injected into recipient blastocysts (day 5 mouse embryos). These chimeric (possessing both transgene-positive and -negative cells) blastocysts are implanted into pseudo-pregnant female mice that give birth to chimeric pups. If the transgene-positive ES cells injected into the recipient mouse blastocyst contributed to the resulting mouse germline (cells that differentiate into eggs or sperm), the resulting chimeric mouse can then pass the transgene onto future generations of mice.
• Transgenic Rat
Custom Rat Models
Rats have greater physiological similarity to humans than mice, and these similarities extend to cognitive and behavioral characteristics, making rats an excellent animal model to study human neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. As an example, TDP-43 (TDP) gene mutations have been associated with two neurodegenerative diseases, amyloid lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobe degeneration associated with motor neuron disease. Researchers have successfully created transgenic rats containing a mutant TDP protein with a M337V substitution that produces ALS phenotypes (characteristics) in the transgenic rats, creating an effective model for current and future ALS studies.
ingenious offers a unique technology to create transgenic rat models, reducing the time necessary to generate a founder (the first animal that develops from, in this case, a transgenic sperm) population compared to other commercially available techniques. Specifically, we incorporate your transgene of interest into rat Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSCs) by utilizing the highly efficient and accurate CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. We insert your gene of interest into rat SSCs, and inject positive SSCs into rat hosts. These injected SSCs later differentiate into sperm cells in the host, which allows the transgene to be inherited by future generations. By directly targeting rat SSCs, our approach avoids the mosaicism (possessing both transgene-positive and -negative cells) experienced when using CRISPR/Cas9 directly on rat embryos. In other words, with the ingenious approach, all founders that test positive for your transgene of interest will contain your transgene in every cell, saving you both time and money.
Advantages of Rat Models
• Transgenic Rabbit
Custom Rabbit Models
Transgenic rabbit models have several unique advantages over rodent models in modeling acquired and inherited human disease. Importantly, rabbits have a longer lifespan and are larger than rodent models, which allow researchers to acquire more tissue and perform in vivo monitoring procedures that would either be impossible or require specialized equipment for equivalent studies in mice or rats. Rabbits are also inherently sensitive to dietary cholesterol, and several strains have abnormal lipid metabolism, making them excellent models for human atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism. Human hepatic lipase, human lipoprotein lipase and human apo A-I transgenic rabbit models have been created to study the effects of these genes in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism.
Our laboratory microinjects the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system into rabbit embryos to generate transgenic rabbit models. Using your transgene of interest, we determine which guided RNA sequences will be most effective for proper integration of your transgene, and inject that sequence along with the sequence required for Cas9 expression into pronuclear-stage embryos. Embryos are implanted into host mothers to allow birth of transgenic founders. Our usage of the CRISPR/Cas9 system greatly increases the efficiency of accurate transgene incorporation in the embryo over technologies relying on homologous recombination alone.
3) What was the first transgenic animal?
First Transgenic Animal Model Oncomouse
The very first transgenic animal was created back in 1974, when Rudolf Jaenisch generated the first transgenic mouse by injecting foreign DNA into an early mouse embryo. Eight years later, transgenes would be inserted in the germline of transgenic mice that could be passed onto future generations. In 1984, the very first oncomouse was produced by inserting the Myc oncogene into the mouse genome to predispose tumor growth in the animal. This transgenic animal model of cancer revolutionized the field of biomedical research and paved the way for an explosion in the scientific understanding of disease and disease treatment.
4) Why do researchers use mouse models for studying human genes?
Mice and humans are physiologically quite similar, and the mouse’s small size and large breeding capacity make them an excellent animal model for studying the function of mouse genes and their orthologous (equivalent) human gene counterparts. While mice and humans are phylogenetically related, a large number of evolutionary differences have accumulated between our two species, a factor researchers must keep in mind when extrapolating the results of genetic experiments in mice to humans. Use of mouse models has greatly advanced our understanding of physiology in both health and disease, paving the way for therapeutic drug development and safer clinical trials for disease therapies and cures.
5) What are some animal models that have been used to study genetics?
Animal Models for Studying Genetics
Mice, nematode worms (Caenorhabditis elegans) and fruit flies (Drosophila species) are historically the most commonly used animal models to study genetics. Scientists study genetics by experimentally manipulating the genes of model organisms in order to better understand the function of genes in vivo. Because genetic studies require a large number of progeny (offspring) to assess rules of inheritance, animal models that are small, mature quickly, and produce many offspring are ideal. The more phylogenetically related a model organism is to humans, the more confident we can be in the conservation of orthologous gene function in humans. Given their phylogenetic relationship to humans, mice, rats and rabbits are among the most commonly used model organisms used in genetics research today. ingenious targeting laboratory specializes in generating the customized transgenic mouse, rat and rabbit models required for today’s complex genetic studies and can assist researchers in developing conditional transgenic animal models for transgenes that inhibit normal development of offspring in utero.
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osteoporosis what it is and how you can fight and avoid it
Growth Hormone Battles Osteoporosis
The benefits of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Replacement Therapy are well-known: skyrocketing energy, better sleep, stress control, more enthusiasm, stronger muscles, and more.
But a lesser-known benefit of growth hormone restoration is increased bone strength. Our specialty is hormone replacement, but our mission is to provide advice in all aspects of regaining and maintaining your continued good health, and that includes facing the hideous reality of osteoporosis and what you can do about it.
In spite of protestations to the contrary, aging is a disease...period. Nothing, absolutely nothing about our bodies improves over time.
And our bones are subject to the damage that aging inflicts on any other body part. As you age, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
Women's bones are thinner than men's, and bone density rapidly declines after menopause.
Therefore, it's no shock that around 80% of Americans with osteoporosis are women.
But men can be stricken with this affliction as well. Granted, osteoporosis is much more common in women, but men are at risk, too.
In fact, about 25% of men over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture. Osteoporosis may be under-diagnosed in men because it is often considered a "woman's disease" and men may not be tested.
When considering what you can do to prevent osteoporosis, you first need to be aware of what causes it, and why some people develop it and some don't.
There are specific risk factors beyond your control:
• Thin, small-framed women have a greater chance of developing osteoporosis.
• Genetics. If osteoporosis runs in your family, the odds are higher than it may strike you as well
• Ethnicity. Whites and Asians suffer osteoporosis more frequently, but African-Americans and Hispanics may also be at risk
• Other health conditions. Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and hormonal disorders are also related to bone loss.
The Good News? There Are Risk Factors You Can Control
Several debilitating lifestyle choices elevate your risk of osteoporosis: smoking, excessive alcohol intake, not exercising, and poor eating habits are also connected to bone loss and a chance of fractures.
Also, anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat asthma and other conditions, and eating disorders (anorexia nervosa or bulimia) also boost your risk of bone loss.
How Do You Know if You are Developing Osteoporosis?
Your physician may order a bone mineral density test if:
• You're older than 50 and have fractured a bone
• You're are a woman past 65 or a man past 70
• You are in menopause or p0st menopause and have other risk factors
• You are a man between 50-69 with risk factors
DXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry) is a brief 15-minute test that uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density.
How to interpret Your T-score
The test contrasts your bone mineral density (BMD) with that of a healthy 30-year-old. This is the age that bone mass is at the strongest and thickest. The results come as a T-score in these ranges:
• -1.0 and higher is normal bone density
• Between -1.0 and -2.5 shows low bone density (osteopenia) but not osteoporosis
• -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis
• As your bone density drops, so does your T-score
Treatment: Bone-Strengthening Drugs Might be beneficial, but they can also be a Double-Edged Sword
If you are diagnosed with osteoporosis, you may be prescribed one of a number of drugs called bisphosphonates: Actonel, Boniva, Fosamax, or Reclast.
They can slow bone loss and fracture risk and can help reconstruct bone density.
But they can also deliver some hellish side effects: if taken orally, they can produce gastrointestinal problems like ulcers in the esophagus, acid reflux, and nausea. Injectable bisphosphonates can cause flu-like symptoms.
Bisphosphonates may elevate the risk of jaw bone destruction. Hormone replacement therapy, once used widely for menopause symptoms, is an alternative for osteoporosis, but it's used less frequently than other medications because of cancer risk, blood clots, heart disease, and stroke.
Evista is not a hormone but can deliver comparable bone-strengthening effects to estrogen minus cancer risk like blood clots and increased hot flashes.
Forteo, a synthetic parathyroid hormone, requires daily injections and builds new bone. Leg cramps and dizziness have been reported with Forteo use.
Prolia is a lab-manufactured antibody that inhibits the breakdown of bone. Injected twice a year, it is designed for postmenopausal women at serious risk for fractures who can't tolerate other osteoporosis drugs or who haven't benefitted from other medications.
Side effects include back pain, muscle pain, bone pain, a greater risk of infections, and diminished calcium levels. Most medications for osteoporosis slow bone loss or slightly boost bone density.
Forteo helps build new bone, but requires daily injections and can only be used for two years because of potential side effects. But there's a glimmer of hope for a cure for osteoporosis.
New research in animals indicates that an experimental drug that blocks serotonin from being synthesized in the gut could build new bone and reverse bone loss.
How to Avoid the Drug Merry-Go-Round
There is no debating the fact that the ancient cliché: “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” applies to osteoporosis as well.
There's no question that the drugs mentioned earlier can work wonders for some people.
But for others, the side effects may be worse than the disease.
Therefore, you owe it to yourself to try to avoid needing those drugs in the first place. Putting calcium-rich foods on your plate can help protect your bones no matter how old you are.
Drinking the equivalent of three and a half 8-ounce glasses of vitamin D-fortified milk provides bone protection.
Fish such as salmon, tuna, and herring are loaded with vitamin D, which allows us to absorb calcium. And don't forget the magnesium found in leafy green vegetables that also helps maintain good bone quality.
Many foods and drinks such as cereals and orange juice deliver calcium and vitamin D.
Foods to Avoid That are Bad to the Bone
Some foods can crater your body's calcium, such as...
• Salty foods like canned soups and processed meats. These foods are loaded to the gills with sodium. We do need some sodium, but this need can be satisfied by eating foods in their natural state as much as possible
• A cup or two of coffee daily can deliver health benefits. But several cups may be too much of a good thing, since that amount may inhibit your body's absorption of calcium.
• Moderate drinking is fine if restricted to moderation (two drinks per day for men and one for women), but excessive alcohol consumption can result in bone loss.
Don't Forget Supplements
Most people ingest sufficient calcium, except girls ages 9-18. Two types of calcium supplements are commonly available: calcium carbonate and calcium citrate, which produce similar beneficial results.
To improve absorption of calcium supplements, take half the dose in the morning and a half later in the day. Excess calcium can cause kidney stones, so make sure to research the upper limit for calcium.
Don't forget to keep your levels of vitamin D high since that assists the absorption of calcium.
The Crucial Role of Exercise
Strength training can help you build bone and maintain it. That includes walking, jogging, tennis, and other activities where you move your entire body weight.
Using small weights in different ways also helps bones. Women who walk a mile daily have between four to seven more years of bone reserve, according to research. But you need to be cautious and don't overdo it.
Yoga and Pilates can work wonders with balance and flexibility, and both are strongly recommended. However, excessive twisting or forward-bending can skyrocket the risk of spinal compression fractures in people who have osteoporosis.
High-impact training also can be risky for people with weakened bones. Swimming and bicycling are fabulous exercises, but they are not weight-bearing and won't provide bone-health benefits.
Another form of exercise to help increase your balance is the stability ball. There are several different movements performed on and with the ball that can add stability to your walking, and give help in preventing falls.
Books, magazines, the Internet, and personal trainers can all offer instruction on using a stability ball. Falling is a grave concern for anyone, especially senior citizens.
Many seniors never recover from a severe fall, so the time to work on balance and flexibility is now! Avoiding fractures is also key to keeping your bones healthy, whether you have bone loss or not.
In addition to exercise, fall prevention includes minimizing clutter and ensuring that your area rugs are anchored to the floor. Toss throw rugs and loose cords. Wearing sturdy, rubber-soled shoes also can reduce the risk of falling.
Osteopenia: Borderline Bone Loss
If you are starting to experience bone loss but not enough to be osteoporosis, you might have a condition known as osteopenia. Like osteoporosis, there are no outward, noticeable symptoms. Osteopenia may progress to osteoporosis, but by eating smart and moving like recommended above, you can impede bone loss. Your doctor will determine if you need medication.
Get an Early Start to Prevent This Nightmare
Developing healthy habits early in life can pay significant dividends years down the road with powerful bones. Young people can strengthen their bones by eating calcium-rich foods, getting enough vitamin D (through sunshine or diet), and exercising regularly. Here are the recommended daily intakes of calcium by age:
• Under one year: 200-260 mg
• 1-3 years: 700 mg
• 4-8 years: 1,000 mg
• 9-18 years: 1,300 mg
• 19-50 years : 1,000 mg
• 51-70 men: 1,000 mg
• 51+ women: 1,200 mg
• 71+ years: 1,200 mg
By age 30, the average woman has built 98% of her peak bone mass.
More Good News: It's Never Too Late to Build Bone Health
Most folks don't know about their bone loss until they are in their 60s or older. But even then you can still reverse the trend by increasing calcium intake to recommended levels and exercising regularly.
And never forget this: osteoporosis does not have to control your life. Being a couch potato will make a bad situation worse and your bones will weaken further. So keep moving!
If you have balance issues, get help carrying heavy grocery bags or other items, and use railings, a cane, or a walker, but try your best to complete these things by yourself.
When combined with the ideas mentioned, growth hormone replacement is the sentinel that will provide protection from the monstrous affliction of osteoporosis. To learn more contact us for a FREE, no-obligation discussion of the miracle of growth hormone.
An overview and management of osteoporosis
The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
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Why Do We Classify Jobs by Collar Color?
Traditionally, jobs in America are classified by the color of your collar. Common designations include blue, white, or pink collar, and although today they are often metaphoric, they have a lot of traditional concrete significance. The designation of your job today can have wide-ranging effects including judgments of your educational level, socioeconomic status, and gender.
People who are designated as blue-collar workers typically work in a field in which manual labor is required and are typically paid with an hourly wage rather than earning a salary. Traditionally, the job type was seen as a working-class occupation, but today many earn more than workers who have earned a college degree. The term blue-collar began in the 1920s as workers wore darker-colored clothes to avoid showing dirt from their jobs. Many manual laborers also wore denim outfits for their durability and henceforth were known as blue-collar. Some blue-collar workers who worked in particularly dirty industries such as mining or oil working were even downgraded further to black-collar due to the filth of their industries. Historically, blue-collar workers also tended to earn less money and needed durable clothing which would withstand the rigors of their job such as construction, mining, or repair work.
The term white-collar when referring to workers was first created by novelist Upton Sinclair to describe administrative workers who wore a shirt and tie to work. These jobs typically required higher education, a more formal work attire, and were paid a salary rather than on an hourly basis. These positions are generally seen as more “professional”, but in general, these views are outdated and do not reflect today’s realities. As a result of the type of work environments in which he performed they were safer from ruining their clothes and on the off-chance that they did, could more easily afford to have them laundered.
White-collar crime was a term created in 1939 to refer to a variety of frauds carried out within a business setting. These frauds are traditionally seen as less dangerous and are often treated less seriously than “blue-collar” crimes such as murder, assaults, or other violent felonies. Despite society’s value system, crimes are dangerous to society and cause unlimited harm regardless of who carries them out, their degree of violence, and the socioeconomic status of the perpetrator.
While both white and blue-collar took their meaning from the color of the clothing that they wore, pink-collar have a more esoteric origin. Writer Louise Howe created the term in the 1970s to refer to fields where women were highly concentrated at the time such as secretary, nurse, and teacher. These workers were often paid less as they entered the working world in mass and were prohibited from many “male” industries after World War II. This term has often resulted in discrimination towards women and boundaries are beginning to break down as women continue to seek their rightful equality in the workplace.
Other types of collars
As society has changed over the years more types of collar designations have been added. It is now common to refer to someone as a red collar if they work in the government due to the red tape/ink with which they are commonly associated. Red is also commonly known as a symbol of communism so it could also apply to someone who works for the communist party of various nations.
What happens if you are a mix of white and blue-collar? Then a purple collar is for you. This designation refers to people who are commonly assumed to be white-collar workers, but you also perform many blue-collar associated tasks such as an information technology professional.
Other types of collar designations are based both on the clothes that the performer wears and the feelings of society towards their work. For example, prisoners who perform tasks are known as orange-collar, while military workers are known as brown collars for the colors of their uniforms. Green-collar workers have typically been associated with nature and accordingly, green-collar workers tend to work outside. Scarlet-collared workers typically work in sex-based industries and their designation harkens back in culture to Nathaniel Hathorne’s book the Scarlet Letter.
Lastly, we have two types of workers who tend to be derided by the rest of society. First, steel-collar workers is the term used to describe the robots who have taken away blue-collar jobs. Secondly, the term no-collar refers to people who are bohemian and lack a steady job such as artists or craftsmen who value following their passions over making money.
For many years society has judged its citizens first and foremost by their chosen career or profession. A typical first question when you are getting to know someone is what do you do for work as if that sums up a person’s whole personality. We typically make assumptions about a person’s education, intelligence, aptitude, personality, and value simply by the type of job that they do and the collar system allows us to easily sort people into categories from which we can feel justified passing judgment. Just as job categories are increasingly merging and now require a combination of skills and strategies such as purple-collar work, society will benefit from merging all of the colors of collars together and simply evaluating people by who they are and what benefit they bring to others rather than simply by what type of job they perform.
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Keep these varieties on a lower-lit sill or at least a few feet away from your window.
If you thought all houseplants require direct sunlight to grow, then you'd be mistaken. "The amount of sunlight a plant needs depends on where it is from and its native environment," Nika Vaughan, founder of Plant Salon, tells us. "If it is used to more indirect light, putting it in a spot with strong sun all day might cause it to burn."
Indirect lighting typically refers to any area of your home where sunlight passes through a medium, such as a window shade, before reaching a plant. "Plants that grow in indirect lighting should be placed in rooms with windows that get sunlight, but in an area that's away from the windows so they are never in the path of direct light," explains Marcus Bridgewater of Garden Marcus. Curious what types the professionals say will prosper in these areas of your home? A handful of garden experts share their favorite houseplants for indirect sunlight, ahead.
monstera plant
Credit: Getty / Catherine Falls Commercial
Monstera Deliciosa
Commonly referred to as the "Swiss cheese plant," Monstera deliciosa is known for having large leaves with holes that allow dappled sunlight to shine through to the lower leaves, notes Vaughan. "I've found this variety to tolerate indirect lighting well while still looking big, bushy, and tropical," she explains. "I have a 12-foot tall one in my shop and am impressed by how adaptable it is to a wider range of light."
Chlorophytum Comosum
Looking for an eye-catching decorative houseplant that can thrive in this lighting environment? Daniel Cunningham, a horticulturist at Rooted In, recommends Chlorophytum comosum—also known as a "spider" or "airplane" plant. "These grow best in indirect and/or low light conditions," he explains. "They are popular because of their arching (sometimes variegated) branches that produce many offspring or mini versions of the mother stalk.
Zamioculcas Zamiifolia
Better known as the "ZZ" plant, Zamioculcas zamiifolias are a great way to add foliage to an area of your home that doesn't receive a lot of sunlight. "Its shiny, waxy leaves grow on thick succulent stalks, and its roots grow round tubers for storing water," Vaughan shares. "This is the epitome of a low-needs plant, and I love that it can easily be moved and relocated in order to make room for varieties that need light closer to a window."
For a splashy option that will brighten up a dim corner, Justin Hancock, a horticulturist at Costa Farms, says to look no further than the Aglaonema. "This group of plants come in selections that have pink, red, cream, chartreuse, white, and gold variegation, and they can grow pretty much anywhere, including spots with low light and low humidity," he explains, noting that they can also withstand a neglectful watering schedule. "Like most houseplants that tolerate low light, it's a pretty slow grower, so you don't need to worry about frequent repotting or it getting out of hand."
Popularly known as the "nerve" plant due to its delicately veined, dark green leaves, Fittonias are striking options that grow well in filtered, indirect lighting, says Vaughan. "The Fittonia is petite, dense, and ruffly; it is used to growing nestled under others," she continues. "It's a great one to grow tucked into a small grouping to shield it from too much direct sunlight."
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A language basically has 4 skills:
reading and writing – the “productive skills
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The 4 skills are based on vocabulary and grammar: so how you put the words in the right order in a sentence and what changes if variables change.
What a teacher does is explaining his students how it works… let them understand why it is and give them tools to practice. Nassau developed a method that is based on that principle:
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Our method works the same. If you understand why, it is… it’s easier and more motivating to apply something.
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In your language class, we focus on all skills.
Normally we read a short text with new vocabulary. You can learn vocabulary in different ways, but seeing it in a text or context makes more sense.
In a text there is always grammar. We focus on this new grammar and the teacher explains it, so it makes sense to the students.
Next part is take the grammar out of the text and use it with vocabulary and other situations… let’s see if that still works!
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Helicopter Pilot Responsibilities
A helicopter pilot is a responsible and skilled professional who controls and flies the helicopter safely. Helicopter pilot responsibilities involve a series of job activities which may vary according to the area of its use. He/she must be specially trained to fly passengers and cargoes, for aerial photography and sight seeing, rescue operations, monitor national security, inform traffic news, private use, etc. Army, air force, new agencies, politicians, government bodies, geological bodies and private organizations, etc., usually hire a helicopter pilot.
Helicopter flying is quite difficult from flying an aircraft. Due to its small size, the landing technique and operational differences, flying a helicopter is considered to be more challenging than an aircraft. Other than flying, helicopter pilots must have the ability to perform flight checking and inspection before flying. He/she should be aware of all the basic requirements like safety concern, fuel, air-pressure, angular measurements, altitude and temperature record, etc. He/she may be assisted by a co-pilot during certain cases.
The above mentioned duties have been given as a brief overview. The details of a helicopter pilot's responsibilities and qualifications have been discussed below.
Duties and Responsibilities of a Helicopter Pilot
Essential Skills and Abilities
Training, Education and License Requirement
Helicopter pilots must hold a high school diploma as the minimum eligibility criteria. He/she must be a trained pilot from an approved flight school (preferably FAA- Federal Aviation Administration). Commercial pilots must have the experience of flying more than 150 hours of flight time with minimum 50 hours of responsible helicopter flying. Certification of flying experience from FAA is mandatory.
Obtaining a license is a must for helicopter pilots. FAA Commercial Pilot Rotorcraft license allows the pilots to fly helicopters and qualify for being a professional in this field. The pilots should also pass various tests including medical (physical and vision) and other written tests.
Salary Details
The salaries of helicopter pilots differ according to the area of their work and the total flying experience. The median salary of these pilots is $82,992. He/she receives an average salary of $46605 to $111,647 per year, according to July 2012 Payscale report. The amount of salary increases with years of experience. Also, pilots employed by government bodies receive greater amount than the commercial pilots.
Work Conditions
A helicopter pilot works on the field and in air. This job involves risk and stress at all levels of operation. They are sometimes sent to remote places as well. Some of these pilots work full-time, while others are given contracts/projects. They have irregular works hours with both day and night shifts and have a proper dress code to follow.
Career Prospect
Helicopter pilots are employed by both the government and the private industry. With the diversifying roles and area of work, the demand for these pilots are on a high. Such a pilot has the choice of choosing the best role that suits him/her. This is a growing field of work, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is estimated that more job openings will be available by army, navy, government bodies and commercial transport in the coming years.
If you aim to make this interesting and lucrative field your career choice, you are bound to reach the sky and succeed. Since this is a challenging and growing profession, the earning potential in this position is also high. If you are confident and fearless to carry out helicopter pilot responsibilities, you will surely have a promising career growth.
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Crofts In Finland
Crofts were rented farms usually situated far from village centres, in the hinterlands of the main farms. Farms usually had a single cottage in the grounds, which could be extended by the tenants, and storage buildings could be added to the rented grounds as well. In addition to the rent, the crofters had to take care of the buildings on their grounds and possibly of the road leading there.
The crofters paid the rent to the landlord as prearranged days of work and possibly also as produce such as wool yarn or lingonberries. Contracts were signed on the rights and duties of the crofters. The contract was often effective until the death of the crofter, but there were also evictions, especially in the beginning of the 20th century.
Kuva: S. Silen A large part of the crofts of Central Finland were in the Jamsa area: crofts were not as popular elsewhere in the province. The first crofts were founded in Jamsa as early as the 1720s. The number of crofts in the area increased rapidly from the middle of the 19th century, and by the year 1860 Jamsa already had 385 crofts. Few crofters lived in village centres; their farms were situated in the hinterlands of the large main farms. Crofts sometimes formed scattered village communities in previously uninhabited areas, which formed the basis for present villages.
Crofts In Scotland:
A croft is an area of land designated for agricultural use and there may or may not be a dwellinghouse on the croft. Crofts fall into 2 distinct categories namely tenanted crofts and owner occupied crofts.
Owner-occupied croft:- The purchase of an owner-occupied croft is more straightforward than the assignation of a tenanted croft and in effect you are purchasing a large area of land with or without a dwellinghouse thereon which is however subject to crofting tenure. Your purchase of the croft does not require the approval of the Crofters Commission as is the case when acquiring the tenancy of a tenanted croft. Nevertheless the croft will almost certainly be subject to crofting tenure and if you are not utilising the croft for agricultural purposes you may very well be required by the Crofters Commission to grant a tenancy to someone who will work the croft.
Tenanted croft:- In the case of a tenanted croft what is being acquired is a large area of land with or without a house thereon which is held on a crofting lease. The outgoing crofter is assigning to you his lease of the croft. A crofting lease is completely different to a commercial or urban lease and you should consult a solicitor on its terms and implications. Subject to certain criteria it constitutes a secure form of tenancy and you can pass on succession to a member of your family. The important aspect to note is that when seeking to acquire the assignation of a tenanted croft the assignation must be approved by the Crofters Commission who will require some detail of your background to assess your suitability as a crofting tenant and your proposals for the future use of the croft.
The word croft is West Germanic in etymology, and is now most familiar in Scotland, where many Highlands and Islands crofters have had their tenure protected by special legislation since 1886. Elsewhere the expression is generally archaic. Essentially similar positions have been the medieval villein and the Scandinavian torpare.
The Parliament of the United Kingdom created the Crofters' Act, 1886, after the Highland Land League had gained seats in that parliament. The government was then Liberal, with William Gladstone as Prime Minister. Another Crofters' Act was created in 1993 (the Crofters' (Scotland) Act, 1993). The earlier Act established the first Crofting Commission, but its responsibilities were quite different from those of the newer Crofting Commission created in 1955. The Commission is based in Inverness.
Crofts held subject to the provisions of the Crofters' Acts are in the administrative counties of Shetland, Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross-shire, Inverness-shire and Argyll, in the north of Scotland.
Since 1976 it has been legally possible for a crofter to acquire title to his croft, thus becoming an owner-occupier.
Cyber-crofting is a term coined and used since 2001 by residents of the Scottish Highland village of Clashnessie. It refers to the incorporation of web-based income-generation into the classic range of crofting activities which can include, but is not limited to: fishing, agriculture, keeping cattle or sheep, jobbing building, bus-driving, caretaking and cleaning. This combination of different activities is characteristic of many permanent residents of the Highlands and is not limited to those working land that has been officially designated as a croft.
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