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Encyclopedia > Deerfield, Massachusetts Article Content Deerfield, Massachusetts Deerfield is a town located in Franklin County, Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 4,750. On February 29, 1704 Native Americans attacked and destroyed Deerfield. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 86.4 km² (33.4 mi²). 83.6 km² (32.3 mi²) of it is land and 2.7 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.18% water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there are 4,750 people, 1,965 households, and 1,310 families residing in the town. The population density is 56.8/km² (147.1/mi²). There are 2,060 housing units at an average density of 24.6/km² (63.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.24% White, 0.48% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.86% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. 1.56% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,965 households out of which 28.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% are non-families. 26.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 2.92. In the town the population is spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.6 males. The median income for a household in the town is $49,764, and the median income for a family is $64,909. Males have a median income of $40,413 versus $31,069 for females. The per capita income for the town is $24,555. 4.5% of the population and 2.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.3% are under the age of 18 and 6.5% are 65 or older. Search Encyclopedia Search over one million articles, find something about almost anything! Featured Article ... the Miocene period Sakhalin formed part of a continent which comprised north Asia, Alaska and Japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm climate. The Pliocene deposits contain ... This page was created in 22.6 ms
Sociology Index False Negative False negative is identifying someone as non-dangerous when they in fact go on to commit a dangerous act. When trying to identify dangerous offenders, researchers often make mistakes. One of these mistakes is known as a False Positive. The false negative error is identifying someone as dangerous when they are not dangerous. False negative pregnancy tests don't really happen, as long as you're taking the test correctly. Another common reason for getting a false negative is not having enough hCG in your urine. This may happen if you drank a lot of water, diluting your urine. False negative is a result that appears negative when it should not. An example of a false negative would be if a particular test designed to detect cancer returns a negative result but the person actually does have cancer. As more people are tested for COVID-19, experts are warning the results might not be 100 percent accurate. “The major concern for false negatives is someone who tests negative, thinking they are not infected, could unknowingly spread the virus into the community.” - Dr. Gary L. LeRoy, FAAFP, president of the American Academy of Family Physicians, told Healthline. “You can have a false negative if you have very little virus up there or perhaps the specimen was taken inappropriately. It didn’t get up high enough to actually get to the place where the virus was located. That’s another possibility,” - Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Tennessee, told Healthline. False-negative results could enable transmission of any infection to the family and the society. Take CT count on a Covid Report. A COVID report always mentions a CT count, which gives the suspected patient an idea as to how many cycles were needed to detect the DNA of the SARS-COV-2 virus. Bayes' theorem The concept of Bayes' theorem is that true rates of false positives and false negatives are not a function of the accuracy of the test alone, but also the actual rate or frequency of occurrence within the test population. Type II errors or false negative errors are the error of accepting something that should have been rejected; e.g., such as finding a guilty person innocent. A false negative error is a test result that indicates that a condition does not hold, while in fact it does. In other words, erroneously, no effect has been inferred. An example for a false negative is a test indicating that a woman is not pregnant whereas she is actually pregnant. Another example is a truly guilty prisoner who is acquitted of a crime. A false negative error is a type error or type II error, occurring in a test where a single condition is checked for and the result of the test is erroneously that the condition is absent. Spam filtering
Awareness helps your happiness By: Rhonda Giloby Clinical psychologist, Western University professor Everybody would like to be happy. Research has shown that university students around the world rate being happy as extremely important and valuable (6.39 on a 7 point scale). Dr. Tal Ben Shahar, a popular Harvard psychologist, has described happiness as “the ultimate currency”. He believes that everything we do, every action that we take, is because we believe it will, ultimately, lead to happiness. Although it may seem like focusing on your own happiness is a self-indulgent goal, in fact, research has shown over and over again that happiness doesn’t just make you feel good. It’s also linked with many other valuable benefits. For example, happier people tend to have an advantage in terms of health, life span, rates of college graduation, job performance and satisfaction, social relationships, leadership skills, self-esteem and coping skills. With so many benefits, who wouldn’t want to increase their levels of happiness? But, is that even possible? According to psychology professor, Sonya Lyubomirsky’s book, The How of Happiness, our happiness level is a result of three factors. Our genetics, which determine 50 per cent of our happiness level, our environment, which determines 10 per cent of our happiness level; and intentional activities, which determines 40 per cent of our happiness level. We can’t change our genetics, and we may not have much control over the stuff that happens to us. So, psychology has recently put a lot of effort into focusing on the Intentional Activities – what people can do, what deliberate activities they can engage in, to improve their happiness level. Evidence from well-designed studies has shown that people can significantly boost their happiness by using certain “happiness exercises.” One well-documented and straightforward happiness exercise is called Three Good Things. It starts with the premise that we think too much about what goes wrong in our lives, and not enough about what goes right. These negative events, then, end up having more impact on us than positive ones. Although this may have made a lot of sense for our distant ancestors who needed to recognize and prepare for disaster for their very survival, in the present time, we will feel better if we notice, think about and appreciate what goes well in our lives. The goal is to change your focus from things that go wrong to things that go well, that you may have been taking for granted. Gratitude can be an antidote to negative feelings. The Three Good Things exercise requires you to set aside 10 minutes a day (before bed works well) and “write down three things that went well today, and … why they went well”. The three things need not be earth shattering in importance. Some examples you could write about include something you did well or achieved, what you like about where you live, specific individuals who care about you, the beautiful weather or the tasty dinner you had. Try to keep the strategy fresh, not using the same things every day, in order to keep it meaningful and interesting. Although it may be tough to find things to be grateful for during tough times, this may be the most important time to look for three good things, in order to increase your level of happiness.
Denver Shoulder - Nerve Injuries Around the Elbow Skip To Content Nerve Injuries Around the Elbow There are three major nerves of the arm that cross the elbow joint on their way to the hand and fingers. These nerves are the ulnar, median, and radial nerve. As these nerves run past the elbow, they may be at risk for injury from compression, blunt injury, or associated fractures. What is the most common nerve injury around the elbow? The ulnar nerve is the most commonly injured nerve around the elbow. This nerve wraps around the back and inside of the elbow as it travels down the forearm to innervate the small muscles of the hand, as well as sensation to the ring finger and small finger. As a result of wrapping around the back of the elbow, this nerve can be at risk for compression and chronic stretching (neuropathy). When this occurs, it is referred to as “cubital tunnel syndrome.” Most patients complain of numbness and pain in the small and ring finger, difficulty sleeping, and sensitivity along the inside of the elbow. These patients will require a nerve conduction study, called an EMG, to evaluate the nerve and assess the degree to which the nerve is injured. How is ulnar nerve compression (cubital tunnel syndrome) treated? The goal of cubital tunnel treatment is to relieve compression on the nerve. Initially, this can be done by bracing the elbow at night to prevent bending while asleep, which stretches the nerve. Patients can also use modalities such as ice, rest, anti-inflammatory medications, or pain creams to diminish swelling and inflammation around the nerve. For patients whose symptoms do not improve with bracing and modalities, surgical intervention may be necessary. This surgery consists of finding the ulnar nerve around the inside of the elbow and moving it to the front of the elbow. This is called an “ulnar nerve transposition,” and acts to remove the stretch on the nerve when the elbow bends. Sometimes the nerve is put directly under the skin (subcutaneous transposition), and other times the nerve can be placed under the muscle in the forearm to provide added protection (sub muscular transposition). What other nerve injuries are encountered around the elbow? Although the ulnar nerve accounts for the majority of nerve injuries around the elbow, the radial nerve and median nerve can also be injured. Injury to the radial nerve can result in pain along the upper forearm (radial tunnel syndrome) or even weakness to the muscles that straighten the wrist and fingers (PIN palsy). The median is the least commonly injured nerve around the elbow, but can be injured with specific fractures (distal humerus) or during certain surgeries. To learn more about nerve injuries around the elbow, or to schedule an appointment with one of our specialty-trained elbow doctors at Western Orthopaedics, please call (303) 321-1333.
Home > Cormac What does Cormac mean? Cormac Pronunciation of Cormac as a boys' name is pronounced KOR-mac. It is of Irish and Gaelic origin, and the meaning of Cormac is "impure son". Historical: the third-century Irish king who founded schools of military science, law, and literature at Tara. Saint Cormac (10th century), bishop and king of Munster, Ireland, was the author of a dictionary of the Irish language. The name has been popular in Ireland since the earliest times. ASSOCIATED WITH irish, king, law (just), literature, saint, popular (famous) VARIANTS Cormack, Cormick Cormac Brentley (C.B.), .. How popular is Cormac? Cormac is an uncommon first name for men. Cormac is an equally unique last name for all people. (2000 U.S. DEMOGRAPHICS) Cormac entered the list in 1996 and reached its top rank of #1028 in the U.S. in 2014, and is currently at #1302. (TOP 2000 NAMES, 2018) Top 2000 baby names ranking of Cormac name in U.S. Top 100 baby names ranking of Cormac outside U.S. Similar Names Cormac is pronounced similarly to Cormic. Other recommended sound-alike names are Cadman, Cadmar, Carman, Carmel, Carmen, Carmin, Carsan, Ciriaco, Cobham, Colan, Colas, Coleman, Colla, Colm, Colman, Como, Comus, Conal, Conan, Conlan, Connal, Conrad, Conway, Cor, Corben, Corbet, Corbie, Corbin, Corbit, Corby, Corbyn, Cord, Cordale, Cordas, Corday, Coree (see Corey), Coren, Corey, Corie, Corin, Cork, Corley, Cornall, Cornel, Corney, Corrado, Correy, Corrick, Corrie, Corrin, Corry, Cort, Cortes, Cortez, Corty, Corvin, Corwan, Corwin, Corwyn, Cory, Cosme, Cosmo, Costa, Costas, Cowal, Cowan, Coyan, Cram, Curran, Cyran, Gorman and Norman. These names tend to be more commonly used than Cormac. See names in meaning and etymology.
how to pronounce skit how to improve pronunciation of skit press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound. press Play to play an example pronunciation of skit. video examples of skit pronunciation An example use of skit in a speech by a native speaker of american english: “… you know the old SNL skit you know you …” meaning of skit A skit is a short funny play or musical performance. words with pronunciation similar to skit
Today, the 9th of October, 2019 is the sestercentennial anniversary of what is essentially the genesis of our nation, and the origin of our people. 250 years ago today, a man named James made the first successful landing by a white man in this country, coming ashore near what is now Gisborne. Three days earlier, a twelve year Scottish old cabin boy named Nicholas Young had spotted land at a place now named after Young Nick, and the ship Endeavour made its way to the shore. The crew of the Endeavour were not the first Europeans to visit New Zealand, but no white man was known to have made it to the land. During Abel Tasman’s visit more than a century earlier to what he would call Moordenaarsbaai, the first contact with Maori ended up with one of his ship’s rowboats being attacked, and four crewmen murdered. Tasman took the hint, and no attempt was made to land in the country. It has often been repeated by mainstream leftist media (as if there is any other kind), Maori apologists and assorted twitter left-wingers that Captain Cook was some sort of monstrous murderer, raping and pillaging wherever he went and slaughtering Maoris out of pure racial hatred. The New Zealand High Commissioner and a bunch of racist Anglos celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of Cook’s birth, 1928 In truth, there were only a handful of run-ins with hostile tribes during his visits to New Zealand’s shores, and the violence was anything but one-sided. Despite the fact that Cook’s actions were done in self-defence, the politically correct British High Commission recently issued a statement of great regret for the nine Maoris killed during Cook’s expedition. During one of Cook’s later visits in 1773, ten men from the ship Adventure were killed and eaten after going ashore. Will the Maori King also apologise for something that he had nothing to do with? Of course not, and he shouldn’t. There will likewise be no apology for the deaths of 27 (mainly Breton) sailors under Captain Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne in 1772, or the 12 men on the brig Venus in 1806, or the crew of the Parramatta that were slaughtered after being trapped ashore by a storm in 1808. How about the 70+ passengers and crew (including women and children) of the Boyd killed in 1809? Or the dozens of white men killed during the Sealer’s War on the South Island, which started in 1810 and quickly escalated. There’s also the crew of the Yankee brig Agnes, all but one of whom were massacred in 1816. In 1824 the ship Samuel was attacked, and Captain Dawson and all of his crew were killed. The year after that, the Rifleman sank off Cape Foulwind, with the survivors who made it ashore being swiftly killed and eaten by locals. In 1827 a rowboat crew and midshipman from the HMS Warspite were lost to the Maoris. In 1828, the schooner Enterprise was sacked at Hokianga and all of it’s crew killed. In 1832 a group of sealers from the barque Vittoria were slaughtered at Rocky Point, and the year after that, all but one man from the whaleship Dragon were cannibalised after being boarded and captured. In 1834 the whaling and sealing stations in Cloudy Bay were invaded and destroyed by invading Southern Maoris. That same year further North the Harriet would run aground and the encamped survivors were quickly attacked; more than a dozen Britishers would be killed (and later eaten), and the wife and children of Jacky Guard were kidnapped. A detachment of British soldiers had to be brought out from Australia, and the sixty soldiers from the 50th Regiment of Foot, along with Guard and some of his fellow whalers, managed to retrieve his family from the tribe of murdering cannibal savages. Two years later in Foveaux Strait an unidentified ship was found wrecked, looted and abandoned, its crew having all been killed by locals. In 1838 the Maori who had invaded the Chatham Islands, and begun to genocide the Moriori, attacked a French whaleship, the Jean Bart, killing more than forty sailors. The Burning of the Boyd, painted by Walter Wright The Maori killing of civilians was also widespread, and on a much larger scale during the New Zealand Wars, when there was no shortage of targets as more and more settlers arrived in the country. Would the Maori acknowledge that any of these events happened, let alone consider offering an unasked for statement of “regret”? Of course not; only the white man is expected to prostrate himself before the supposed victims of his long ago distant relatives. The past is another country, and forcing our modern sensibilities and morals onto it will only make monsters. Cook is undeserving of the reputation he has built in far-left circles, and they know this; there’s nothing particularly egregious about him, he is just a personification of British New Zealanders. It was Cook’s visit that heralds the start of our nation’s history, and I use the word ‘nation’ in the classical sense. Our nation is our people, and our people’s history began that day in 1769. Had the Dutch, French, Spanish or some other European power been the first to make landfall, perhaps the history of this country would have been much different. But it was the British. Even if Cook had nothing to do with the missionaries or the sealers, the waves of settlement from Britain, the Treaty of Waitangi, colonialism in general, the land wars and land confiscations, real or imagined oppression, or much of anything else, he was the first of us. He was the first European New Zealander. And that is why he is hated. Because he represents us. Anti-white agitators burning flags in Gisborne The anti-white communists and Maori separatists hate White New Zealanders, and they hate White New Zealand. That’s why protesting Maoris forced the removal of a Captain Cook statue from Kaiti Hill near his landing place last year. That’s why so many place names have been changed, with Benneydale (now Maniaiti, against the wishes of locals) the last to go only a few weeks ago. That’s why memorials to White New Zealanders are so often vandalised (and often completely destroyed). That’s why there have been so many protests (and there will be more to come) in advance of the 250th anniversary. This very week so called environmentalists vandalised a plaque dedicated to James Cook at Parliament, as well as astatue of Richard Seddon. As always, this shows that they are not really climate change activists; they are just anti-white communists and anarchists appropriating environmental talking points to obfuscate their real goals and attract normies. Prior to colonisation Maori lived here and the land was pristine.” one of these anti-whites told the media, apparently unaware that huge swathes of native forest had been burnt deliberately by the Maori and numerous species driven to extinction, before Cook even saw this country. And now 250 years after colonisation we have rivers that are unswimmable, water that is undrinkable, and that is a direct result of colonisation.” For one thing, it has been 179 years since colonisation began, but I assume they meant “discovery by white people”. It’s arguable whether NZ wouldn’t have been polluted without white immigration, eventually a Maori state would have had to industrialise anyway, like Japan or China. We don’t want anyone to feel guilty about their history.” Which is of course a blatant lie. How can you pretend that white history is acceptable while attacking it’s physical representations? “What we want is for people to recognise what’s happened and move forward with decolonisation together.” Here’s a translation of what this means: “You don’t need to feel guilty about your history, but we’re going to destroy all evidence of it and teach your children a false narrative painting you as evil; we are going to tear down all your institutions, slander your heroes, bury your culture, rename all the streets and towns to their “””original””” names, destroy any physical reminder that you ever existed as anything but a deracinated slave, etc. They see this as being a country for Maoris only, or at the very least not a country for whites. Anything that represents us, our history, our culture, and our presence in “their” land has to go. The Government is never so openly anti-white as to encourage any of this, but it is abetted and accepted. One thing becomes immediately clear if you take a look at the official website for the 250th anniversary commemorations, run by the Ministry of Culture and Heritage. It’s all Maori. The programme is being called “Tuia250”, and the first words you see on the page are in Maori, translated as “weaving people together for a shared future.” They don’t want to commemorate the past, they want to manipulate the future; a raceless shared future. James Cook is never mentioned at all on the main page of the website! They did push in something about “Aotearoa” New Zealand’s Pacific voyaging heritage, because obviously the anniversary of Captain Cook’s visit should be all about Polynesian navigation skills, before finally mentioning “onshore encounters between Maori and Pakeha”. I suppose it’s good that they at least mentioned “pakehas”, even if that’s an exonym that almost none of us outside of the urban-leftist establishment actually use. The programme is not designed to commemorate James Cook, or his arrival here (and by extension us). This is an opportunity for more of the same rubbish, with the Prime Minister calling for New Zealanders to talk “about our history much more openly”. She then clarifies that “we’ve had acknowledgement of… Cook before, but what we haven’t had is the telling of the navigational story of Maori and Polynesian ancestors, and that’s what’s different about this programme.” Like the recent push to brainwash New Zealand school children with one-sided Maori narratives of the New Zealand Wars, this is just more anti-white rhetoric. According to the Prime Minister, we must “tell the full story of the country’s colonial past”, and by that, naturally she means we have to repeat every Tama, Riki and Hari’s complaints about how their great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather’s uncle’s cousin’s wife’s pet dog had a tail stepped on by a white Land Wars militiaman. On the very day we should be celebrating OUR PEOPLE and OUR HISTORY, we must instead speak about how evil colonialism was, and celebrate the history of Maoris and Polynesians. Thankfully there will be a replica of the Endeavour present at the events, although it has already been banned from some places, because the Maoris are allowed to do that, calling Cook a “barbarian” – apparently without any irony. There will also be two other traditionally designed European tall ships, the R Tucker Thompson and the Spirit of New Zealand. But they aren’t the point of the events, and will be accompanied by an equal number of Polynesian boats. These craft will visit a number of coastal communities, “giving a platform to communities, iwi and hapu to share their stories of arrival and their encounters with Tupaia, James Cook and the Endeavour crew.” The entire point of this programme is so that “iwi” and “hapu” can have yet another opportunity to air their grievances about Cook’s supposed mistreatment of them. It’s also strange that they put such importance on Tupaia, a Tahitian interpreter who the Maori once tried to kidnap, but I guess they have to take every chance they can to insert some more non-white stuff. Oh well, let them push whiteness to the side; if the ethno-masochistic white liberals want to ignore or misrepresent their history and their ancestors, then that’s their business. We will still remember and celebrate Cook and the other early explorers, just as we remember the whalers, the sealers, the missionaries, the soldiers and settlers, and everyone else who helped to build up our country from the ground. The life of James Cook was celebrated in the Song for Captain Cook, by one of New Zealand’s premier folk musicians, the late Phil Garland. Give it a listen if you can’t or won’t make it to see the Endeavour. There are also a number of old poems and writings about him, and many monuments across the world. At one time Cook was as famous in England as he was in New Zealand or Australia, and in Yorkshire at least he is still well remembered, with memorials and museums in places like Whitby. After the construction of a monument to a local dark ages Anglo-Saxon poet, the Whitby Gazette published this short poem, written by George Whittick, dedicated to another of their town’s most famous sons in 1898: Whitby has raised a monument, To Caedmon of bardic fame, Yet another is with Whitby blent, Who bears a world-wide name. On almanac of the W.G. Is portrayed the earnest face Of Captain Cook the mariner, Who Whitby’s streets did pace. He sailed from out old Whitby’s port On board of a Whitby ship, Till the name of his Endeavour Was on the whole world’s lip. He helped to make Britannia The mistress of the earth, And now her wondrous Empire Should remember well his worth; Should raise a grand memorial, On this his native land, To one who lost a noble life That the Empire might expand, And when the ships go gliding by, With wings of white or steam, On Whitby’s swart and rugged cliffs His statue white should gleam. And crowds shall come from distant isles On his marble form to look; To breathe the health-restoring breeze Once breathed by Captain Cook.” Anyone fancy a quick Yorkshire getaway? 4 thoughts on “Cook250” 1. Cook was the son of a farm labourer; a working class lad made good by his own intelligence and heroism. This could not mean anything to the white bourgeoisie liberals who posture as ‘radicals’, including those of the ‘Extinction Rebellion’ thing. Vandalising the Seddon statue indicates the character of Extinction Rebellion – targeting the memory of a miner who did more to advance social justice in NZ than any number of Leftist ideologues, and one might suspect he his memory was targeted because of his opposition to Chinese immigration, also a working class, trades union cause, which the bourgeoisie Left would consign to the memory hole. 2. Cooks dairies should be essential reading in New Zealand schools. I have read them, however I suspect they are heavily edited. His record of the first contact is telling, and indeed there was a need for self defense. It is clear his mission was to establish trade. No easy feat considering the natives at the time were equipped with only very primal forms of diplomacy and communication. 3. Cook’s ship was his home, his military base/redoubt and his source of provisions. What’s more he was 12000 miles from home. As a trained RN leiutenant he was not going to lose his ship and crew. If that meant seemingly pre emptive action against threats then so be it. See the situation as it was at the time. Situationally and militarily. Leave a Reply
“Go to the Ant You Sluggard!” Sluggard? What is a sluggard? And what do ants and sluggards have to do with me? A sluggard is one who is in the habit of being lazy. Just as you may have good habits like taking out the trash for your parents, washing the dishes after supper, or making your bed, a sluggard is a person in the habit simply of being lazy. He doesn’t want to work, make good use of his time, or be productive. Rather, he lies around day after day (sleeping or watching TV) wasting away his life. We sometimes call such a person a “couch potato.” The wise man wrote in the book of Proverbs: “Go to the ant, you sluggard! Consider her ways and be wise, which, having no captain, overseer or ruler, provides her supplies in the summer, and gathers her food in the harvest” (6:6-8). Ants are determined workers. It is their nature to work—and to work hard. The summer heat does not stop the ant from storing up food for the winter. If one tears down its hill, it will build another one. If its storage of food is taken, it will acquire more. Ants are steadfast in their work efforts. Aside from killing the ant, there likely is nothing you can do to stop it from working and preparing for the winter months (when food is scarce). What’s more, they do not need a parent, a teacher, or a ruler to watch over them and constantly say, “Get to work.” Are you like the ant, which works tirelessly today that it may be prepared for future months when food is scarce? Or, do your parents and teachers have to remind you frequently to “get to work”? Some kids think that it is “cool” to be lazy and not work or study hard, but laziness is no laughing matter. Just as God condemns wicked things such as murder, adultery, and using filthy words, He also has much to say about the sin of laziness (read Matthew 25:26 and 1 Timothy 5:8). A copied sheet of paper Reproduction Stipulations→
You asked: Was Cambodia known by another name? What was the ancient name of Cambodia? Official names of Cambodia since independence English name Khmer name Date Kingdom of Cambodia ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា 1953–1970 Khmer Republic សាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ 1970–1975 Democratic Kampuchea កម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ 1975–1979 People’s Republic of Kampuchea សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតកម្ពុជា 1979–1989 Is Cambodia known by another name? How did Cambodia get its name? How many times did Cambodia change its name? Cambodia has changed its name several times. Between 1953 and 1970, the country was renamed the Kingdom of Cambodia and then Khmer Republic till 1975. Under the communist rule from 1975 to 1979, it was referred to as Democratic Kampuchea. What is the nickname of Cambodia? The official name of the country in English is the Kingdom of Cambodia and in Khmer as (Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea), often shortened to just Kampuchea. Kampuchea derives from the Sanskrit word Kambuja or “GoldenLand” or “Land of Peace and Prosperity”. IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: When did ERP start in Singapore? Why did Vietnam invade Cambodia? What race is Cambodia? The population of Cambodia today is about 10 million. About 90-95 percent of the people are Khmer ethnic. The remaining 5-10 percent include Chinese-Khmers, Khmer Islam or Chams, ethnic hill-tribe people, known as the Khmer Loeu, and Vietnamese. Inside view of Asia
Interplanting sweet allysum for aphid control We might ask the question, “What is the root cause that allows aphids to feed on this plant?” When we pursue the wormhole of information needed to answer this question, we can develop a description of the carbohydrate profile within plant sap that aphids are dependent on. The carbohydrate profile changes dependent on the critical minerals plants require as enzyme co-factors to develop functional enzyme systems. The mineral profile is determined by the soil biology’s capacity to supply specific nutrients. These are layers of empowering answers which indicate the management tools needed to prevent aphids from becoming a problem. You can find my previous blog posts related to aphids here. We might ask a similar question at a different level of thinking, “Why are aphids showing up in this ecosystem?” When we ask questions at a different level, we arrive at very different answers. How are we managing the field ecosystem that allows the aphids to proliferate unchecked? When we have a continuous mono-crop of plants with an incomplete carbohydrate profile, it is a near-perfect environment for aphids to proliferate. We are supplying them with an abundant food source, and no habitat for their natural predators. When we spray an insecticide, we improve the environment for the aphids even more, because now we have removed all the predators, and weakened the plants even further. A natural followup to the previous question is, “How can we manage the ecosystem differently so that aphids are no longer present? Thanks to Klaas Martens for pointing me to Eric Brennan’s research on inter-planting sweet alyssum in lettuce and broccoli as a biological control for aphids. As I followed the wormhole of published research on biological control for aphids at an ecosystem level, I was pleased to discover that adding relatively few insectary plants per acre like sweet alyssum can attract enough hoverflies to provide complete control of aphids. This limited population of sweet alyssum has no negative impact on lettuce yields, and seems unlikely to have a negative impact on yields of other crops. Sweet alyssum can be direct seeded, and seed is inexpensive. This seems like an imminently practical and scalable solution for other crops with aphid pressure. What other practices or plants provide control of different diseases and insects? This is a topic I am would like to learn more about. 1. Brennan, E. B. Agronomic aspects of strip intercropping lettuce with alyssum for biological control of aphids. Biol. Control 65, 302–311 (2013). 2. Brennan, E. B. Agronomy of strip intercropping broccoli with alyssum for biological control of aphids. Biol. Control 97, 109–119 (2016). 3. Ribeiro, A. L. & Gontijo, L. M. Alyssum flowers promote biological control of collard pests. Biocontrol 62, 185–196 (2017). 4. Harris, A. S. Integrated Organic Management of Cabbage Aphid on Brussels sprouts. (University of New Hampshire, 2019). 5. Quinn, N. F., Brainard, D. C. & Szendrei, Z. Floral Strips Attract Beneficial Insects but Do Not Enhance Yield in Cucumber Fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 110, 517–524 (2017). 6. Mollaei, M., Fathi, S. A. A. & Nouri-Ganbalani, G. Effects of strip intercropping of canola with faba bean, field pea, garlic, or wheat on control of cabbage aphid and crop yield. Zhi Wu Bao Hu (2020). 2021-02-13T12:28:21-05:00February 16th, 2021\|Tags: , , , , , , , \| Managing nutrition for control of aphids and flea beetles Tom Dykstra and I discussed the concepts of plant health, nutrition management, and insect resistance in a rapid fire, intense one hour webinar, with a specific emphasis on controlling aphids in sugar beets and flea beetles in canola. While the conversation was fairly high level, and didn’t get into the nuts and bolts of implementation, Tom’s knowledge of insect metabolism and the type of food sources they require to survive is unparalleled. If you want to learn how to grow insect resistant crops, this webinar is a must listen. You kind find the recording on KindHarvest.ag here. Tom uses a refractometer as a research tool, and describes a brix index of plant susceptibility to to different groups of insects at different brix levels. There is a big difference between using using brix as a research tool and using it as a crop management tool. You can read my thoughts on using brix here. Insect and disease attraction to plants with reducing sugars From the podcast interview with Don Huber. Aphids only on milkweed in a blueberry block These milkweed plants are being consumed by aphids while the blueberry leaves inches away have no aphids on them at all. This is a clear indicator that the soil microbial population and mineral balance is more supportive of blueberries than it is of milkweed. The aphids are attracted to the unhealthy plants, and are taking them out of the ecosystem. If the milkweed were healthier than the blueberries, the aphids would be on the blueberries, and leave the milkweed untouched. Since the aphids are now consuming a plant that might be considered a ‘weed’ in this particular context, does that make the aphids a pest for attacking the plants, or a beneficial ‘biocontrol’ because they are removing the ‘weed’? 2020-06-25T13:37:14-05:00July 10th, 2020\|Tags: , , , \| Insects consume unhealthy ‘weeds’ growing in healthy soil Not all plants grow equally well in the same soil. Each plant has a preferred microbial, physical, and nutritional environment it thrives in. When soil balance is optimized for our domesticated plants, the crop plants are healthier than the weeds. Now, the weeds have lower brix readings, and are more susceptible to disease and insects than the surrounding crop. These lambsquarter plants were growing at the intersection of three fields, growing tomatoes, mixed salad greens, and peas. The last two crops can be very susceptible to aphids. There were no aphids to be found anywhere on the crops, while the lambsquarter was being consumed, as you can see. 2020-05-16T12:48:30-05:00May 19th, 2020\|Tags: , , , \| How to Propagate Aphids It is important to propagate aphids in our fields so the beneficial insects such as lady beetles have something to feed on. It is quite easy to produce a tremendous aphid population which can sustain a large number of beneficials and not be negatively impacted. We just need to give them the right environment. Here are the easy steps to produce an optimal environment for aphids, which require free nitrates in the plant sap. Step one, apply more nitrogen then the plants can utilize at the current growth stage. Step two, do not supply magnesium for better photosynthesis. Step three, do not apply sulfur the plants needs to produce sulfur-bearing amino acids and complete proteins. Step four, do not supply molybdenum for the nitrate reductase enzyme. Step five, do not apply any boron that might boost plant immunity. If you follow these five very simple steps, you can be sure that your crop will provide the perfect food source for aphids. In addition, it will also be the optimal food source for many other larval insects such as corn rootworm, earworm, corn borer, cabbage looper, tomato hornworm, and others. Really for any larvae. Propagating these larvae provides a ready food source for songbirds and beneficial insects, a valuable ecosystem service. Of course, if you do not desire to propagate these insects on your crops, the solution is obvious. Do the reverse of the five easy steps, and these insects will not be able to use your plants as a food source. Insect susceptibility determined by types of plant sugars Sugar metabolism and carbohydrate synthesis are at the very foundation of plant health, but we generally don’t learn much about them in agronomy or even entomology. The types of sugars and the relative concentration of different sugars contained within the plant seem to be foundational in determining susceptibility/resistance to many herbivorous insects. Here are a few excerpts from Harold Willis1 I found interesting: The role of sugar in insect attack of plants is fascinating. Based on research done on various insect and plant species, apparently insects like moderate amounts of plant sugars and are attracted to plants containing them. But high concentrations of sugars are avoided by leafhoppers, grasshoppers, and the European corn borer2 Alfalfa was found to be resistant to pea aphid when its stem tissues had a more acid ph and higher levels of sugar (pentoses) and pectic substances (larger carbohydrate molecules formed by linked sugars). Pentose sugars are formed from hexose sugars which are the original products of photosynthesis. Alfalfa plants that are normally susceptible to aphids will become resistant if the above-mentioned cellular changes occur3 A possible reason that some insects avoid high sugar plants comes from research by G Fraenkel. Some sugars and sugar alcohol combinations (glucoside and mannoside) interfere with normal utilization of other sugars, and so are toxic to insects (mealworms)4. The inhibitory sugars are found mainly combined with other molecules in plants, but if digested by insects and in the presence of the sugar glucose, their toxic effects occur5. Our knowledge of plant immunology has progressed well beyond this research in the ’40s and ’50s, but the practical application has fallen well short. I describe how we have applied these principles in our plant health pyramid infographic and on YouTube here. 1. Willis, H. Crop pests and fertilizers – is there a connection? 2. Thorsteinson, A. J. Host Selection in Phytophagous Insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 5, 193–218 (1960). 3. Emery, W. T. Temporary Immunity in Alfalfa Ordinarily Susceptible to Attack by the Pea Aphid. Journal of Agricultural Research 73, 33–43 (1946). 4. Fraenkel, G. Inhibitory effects of sugars on the growth of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 45, 393–408 (1955). 5. Dethier, V. G. & Rhoades, M. V. Sugar preference-aversion functions for the blowfly. J. Exp. Zool. 126, 177–203 (1954). 2020-05-22T07:17:19-05:00December 7th, 2019\|Tags: , , , \| Go to Top
Aortic Stenosis Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the valve letting blood flow from the heart to the artery feeding the body with blood (the aorta). Almost all patients with aortic stenosis will need major heart surgery at some stage in their life, but the age at which surgery is necessary is very variable. If the valve is severely narrowed treatment may be necessary within the first few weeks of life, but if the narrowing is slight treatment may not be necessary until later in adult life. The timing of treatment depends on how badly narrowed the valve is, how it changes as time goes by (it almost always gets worse with increasing age), and how well the heart is coping with the extra work of pumping blood through the narrow valve. When the aortic valve is narrow the muscle of the main pumping chamber of the left side of the heart (the left ventricle) has to work harder than normal and the muscle gets thickened, just like other muscles in the body if they are worked hard. If the valve is only mildly narrowed the heart copes very well, but if the narrowing is very severe the heart cannot pump normally and this can limit how much exercise a patient can manage and can even cause death if it is not treated. Usually only simple tests such as an ultrasound scan of the heart (“echocardiogram”) electrical recordings of the heart’s activity (electrocardiogram or ECG) and Xray pictures of the chest are needed to make a diagnosis. Most patients with aortic stenosis will need an operation to replace the valve at some stage, but avoiding this during childhood if possible is the best option as valves do not grow and repeated operations would be needed to put a larger valve in place. When the valve is badly narrowed in childhood we can usually help to delay valve replacement by stretching the narrow valve open with a balloon (called “balloon valvoplasty”). This is done under general anaesthetic and involves passing a long tube with a collapsed balloon on the end of it (a balloon catheter) into the artery at the top of the leg (or the arm in babies) and feeding it up into the heart and across the narrow valve. Using Xray pictures, the balloon is positioned in the narrow valve and is blown up, stretching the valve open. This never makes the valve normal and it is not always successful, but in many cases it can reduce the severity of the narrowing so surgery can be put off until the patient is older. However it can also make the valve leak which may necessitate valve replacement. Sometimes balloon valvoplasty can be repeated as the patient grows to further delay the need to replace the valve. Usually only one night’s stay in hospital is necessary after the balloon procedure. If the valve cannot be stretched open using a balloon, open heart surgery will be needed. This involves opening the chest (usually in the middle at the front) and the function of the heart and lungs are taken over by a machine so the surgeon can open the heart and cut the narrow valve open (called a “valvotomy”). Usually about a weeks stay in hospital is necessary after surgical valvotomy. All treatment for aortic stenosis has potentially serious risks for the patient. Balloon valvoplasty and surgical valvotomy both carry a risk of death (about 1 in 100 in children but higher in very young babies) as well as a small risk (also about 1 in 100) of stroke or other forms of brain damage. Stretching or cutting the valve open helps to reduce the narrowing but almost always makes the valve leak. General advice for the future Regular checkups in the outpatient clinic are very important even if the patient appears perfectly well. Unless the valve is only slightly narrowed, it is usually best to avoid really competitive sporting activities. In most cases swimming, PE, football, netball and similar sports can continued to be enjoyed but more intensive exercise such as cross country running and squash should be avoided. Your cardiologist will answer any questions you have about individual recommendations for you or your child. Patients with aortic stenosis will be at risk of infection in the heart (called endocarditis), both before and after treatment. Such infections may be caused by infections of the teeth or gums. It is important to visit the dentist regularly (every 6-12 months) and to follow good dental hygiene. Ear or body piercing and tattooing are best avoided as they also carry a small risk of infection which may spread to the heart. July 2008, updated October 2013 by the Paediatric Cardiology Team
Introducing America’s Inheritance Bank A way of funding government without annual taxation Make Money Work for All People; Not Just a Handful at The Top! A Short Skip — 100 Years of Presidential History 1921 saw three successive Republican presidential administrations (Harding, Coolidge and Hoover), functioning as servants of a cumulative Robber Baron oligarchy, bring on The Great Depression. The response became Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s progressive economic policies which gave birth and rise to The American Dream which rescued and lifted the boats of ordinary working people. The moderate presidential administrations of Harry Truman (D) and Dwight Eisenhower (R) did not severely tamper with FDR’s dream and unions remained strong. However, when progressive Democratic President John F. Kennedy wanted to expand and build upon FDR’s democratic-socialist policies, he got shot. His vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, followed nurturing some of the seeds from JFK’s New Frontier policy which included the civil rights and voting rights acts. LBJ even declared a War on Poverty. But this never came into fruition because The Vietnam War became greater in prominence. LBJ made an Appalachian cameo on The War on Poverty Pretty much, JFK’s assassination became the end of Progressive America. Oligarchy had been rearing its ugly head via underlying economic policies emanating from The Military-Industrial Complex, the rise of which JFK warned about. Whereas JFK wanted to end the Vietnam conflict, LBJ — a military hawk and friend of Texas oil tycoons — expanded it into a full-blown war. This set the table for hardcore GOPwinger Richard Nixon’s cruel presidential power — say hello escalation of Vietnam, and to America’s Drug War! Following JFK’s assassination America transformed from a land of opportunity into a land meant only for the growth and preservation of oligarchy, i.e., the upper 10% ‘la crème de la crème.’ When the pro tax-cut/pro trickle-down war hawk presidential administrations of Ronald Reagan and ex-CIA chief George H.W. Bush had finished, oligarchy had a very firm grip over government, the courts, the diplomatic corps and certainly over all Americans. The impeachment over Democrat Bill Clinton was not about a real estate deal gone awry or a stained blue dress, it was about severely weakening his administration. Clinton’s administration dutifully deregulated the FCC to enable media monopolization; repealed Glass-Steagall (originally meant as a response to The Great Depression) which freed banking to once again speculate; expanded sanctions as a means of foreign policy; inspired creation of a privatized prison system; and helped to militarize policing in America’s communities. Meanwhile, America’s Drug War raged on and more and more Americans began living doubled and tripled-up, or homeless, within an underground economy. A suspect 2000 presidential election saw the Bush-Cheney Administration worsen everything for ordinary people, both domestically (bankruptcy laws and tax cuts that favored the wealthy) and abroad as America proceeded to destroy the Middle East with wars and a perpetual enactment of bombing campaigns continuing to this very day. Presidents Barack Obama (supposedly a populist for the left) and Donald Trump (supposedly a populist for the right) came into power and oligarchy kept obscenely profiteering. Under their respective presidential administrations 85–95% of all new wealth created went to the fat cats at the top! Despite their claims of populism, like the others since JFK was shot, they governed as tools of oligarchy. Today, America’s Military-Industrial Complex has become America’s Military-Media-Industrial Complex as five corporate conglomerates now control 90% of all media. A free press, of course, has always historically been thought of as the last line of defense for the people. Meanwhile, America’s unions were decimated, privatization reigned and both political parties kept feeding their respective oligarchs. America, today, looks like what’s described below: There you have it! All described in one paragraph!!! So, Let’s Talk About Taxes! First of all, we should accept the fact everybody hates taxes … except, temporarily, those who get paid to do them. But then they hate ‘em also since they, too, must pay their own! Secondly, everybody enjoys free. This includes those down on their luck who don’t have much, those who become generationally wealthy and even those who claim they’re working hard for what they earn. After all, those with nothing need free to survive. If the very rich didn’t enjoy free why would they go to great lengths to establish offshore tax havens and hire accountants to get greater tax cuts? And why do those who work hard normally play the lottery, buy scratch tickets or enjoy winning the meat raffle? Thirdly, we should never lose sight of the greatest gift ever provided an American citizen: the opportunity to experience The American Dream — and this includes the freedom of choice! Ironically, oligarchy’s cruel adherence to blatant capitalism once proved a great failure. It was out of the recovery from this failure that The American Dream was created. Once this Dream was established, it never should have been taken. It never should have become lost! Sadly, today, our American Dream is dead in the water! So how do we get it back? Below is a unique proposal to run government without taxation. It’s an idea to help assure money is better spent within the American economy. It’ll also help eliminate those who rely upon offshore tax havens where obscene amounts of money gets hidden away, thus becoming unproductive to our American economy. The Inheritance Bank: How It Works I propose that after a deceased individual gets the nod to enter Heaven or becomes required to try and change Hell for better or worse, that their worth value should immediately enter what I call The Inheritance Bank (The Bank). [NOTE: I recommend for doctoral students this could become a perfect research thesis: Crunch the numbers, fine-tune the details — see if it works!] The net worth of an individual, by age 21, must be determined by professional actuaries and then continually updated (annually, bi-annually, every five years, however determined) as their life continues onward. It’d be like periodically renewing a driver’s license. In this case, you’d simply be declaring your wealth. At age 21, each individual must open an Inheritance Bank account and that individual must assign an executor for their will. When the individual dies, The Bank works with the appointed executor of the estate to determine the overall wealth value of the deceased (property, stocks, money in the bank, etc.) and then determine an inheritance formula for distribution to the heirs of the deceased. The value of any individual’s worth is exempted up to $200,000 (to be determined). So if a deceased holds a value $200,000 or under, their heirs need not worry about anything, except the normal functions of an executor of a will — when an individual dies and their total worth is $200,000 or under, they can bequeath the entirety of that amount to their designated heir(s) for all-time keeps — they can take the money and run, not worry about anything in the future. However, the heir must renew their own changed wealth value to The Bank. For someone who dies with a higher worth, let’s use the following example: If the estate value is determined as one million dollars and two children are designated as equal heirs. First, upon death, the one million goes directly into The Bank. Deduct $200,000 as a waiver to help ease transitional needs (administrative, funeral, relocation costs, etc.). For example, nobody gets kicked out of their home. So with an estate value of one million, the first $200,000 is exempt. Thus, each of the two heirs would immediately receive $100,000 from The Bank. The remaining $800,000 temporarily remains in The Bank. Once all legal financial interests of the deceased are settled, each designated heir then receives their half of the remaining $800,000. But this is provided to them as a loan, which they must pay back before they die. In effect, both heirs ultimately receive $500,000: $400,000 of which remains accountable to The Bank; and $100,000 as a direct bequeathed gift. They are free to do whatever they like with the $500,000. If the heir recipient, when they then die, wishes to bequeath money to their children (the originally-deceased’s grandchildren) the original heir recipient must first have repaid the originally provided $400,000 back into The Bank (full payment or partial payments can be made over the course of the first heir’s lifetime, until the full original $400,000 loan becomes settled). If when when the first heir dies and they’ve paid back nothing to The Bank, then the first $400,000 of their settled estate value at the time of their death, goes directly back into The Bank for The Bank to keep. Any amount the original heir has above the $400,000 will be distributed according to the Inheritance Bank guidelines (including the $200,000 exemption). In short, one must pay back to The Bank what they received from their original inheritance (minus the free waiver). In other words, if you were originally bequeathed a $400,000 loan, and you failed to pay any of this amount back into The Bank over your lifetime, and you then die with an estate value of $700,000, the first $400,000 of that amount becomes forfeited and goes directly to The Bank as payback. This means only $300,000 would be available for the next-in-line heirs. So this leaves $300,000 of bequeathed value remaining, $200,000 of which is exempted. This means if you have two next-in-line heirs, from the $200,000 exemption, $100,000 automatically would go to each. The remaining $100,000 would be divided as the loan and each heir would receive $50,000, which they would be required to pay back to the Bank before they died. The process repeats and continues over the generations. Most ordinary people are not affected by this system due to the $200,000 waiver (or whatever amount the waiver is best determined). If any money, for whatever reason, is held in an offshore bank account to avoid disclosure, at the time of death that money immediately becomes forfeited to The Bank and it would become illegal for any heir to receive any of it. Upon presentation of a death certificate (by The Bank, the executor or the heir) to the offshore bank the deceased’s money in that account goes directly into The Inheritance Bank. Benefits Analysis: • Interest generated from money in The Inheritance Bank would be enormous and likely sufficient to run the needs of government, without any need of an Internal Revenue Service system. Just imagine government running with the wealth of a Walmart family member or Bill Gates or Jeff Bezos locked into the system. • This system only applies to those who hold wealth in excess of $200,000 (again, amount to be determined) at the time of their death. Poor folk and struggling working people, who can not afford bookkeepers or tax consultants, would function as they normally do under the current system, whereby an executor is appointed and the bequeathed monies get assigned to heirs are as they do today . • Because the amount of money inherited must be repaid by the end of a lifetime, a positive incentive is created for heir recipients to make productive use of their originally bequeathed money. This would help to churn a healthy and productive American economy as inherited money would become wisely spent, not hoarded and taken out of circulation as often happens today. • The option always exists to just take your inheritance money and run, pay nothing back. If you have no children or anyone to whom you wish to bequeath your fortune, this might become your best option. Indeed, live your life on a merry-go-round! But when you die, and you have no assigned heirs, ALL of your wealth and assets go into The Bank. • Here is one of the gems of the plan. One no longer becomes born on third base or instantly scoring a run out of the uterus. An Inheritance Bank has the potential to gradually wear down The Silver Spoon Effect whereby famous family fortunes get passed on — tucked into offshore tax havens — to an heir who’ll only hoard the money. Horded money is counterproductive money and no help at all to the American economy, or for helping to improve the society in which we live. • The incentive to go out and create a fortune remains every bit as strong as The Inheritance Bank requires receiving only that which was originally given and it recycles that money back so everyone has a fair opportunity to do well. Think of it as recycling money rather than taking money. • The incentive to hide money in offshore banks accounts to avoid taxation becomes eliminated as any such money horded runs the full risk of becoming completely forfeited. According to Wikipedia when this was written, half of the world’s wealth belongs to the top 1%, the top 10% holds 85% while the bottom 90% hold the remaining 15% of the world’s total wealth. The top 30% hold 97% of the total wealth. The combined wealth of President-elect Donald Trump’s 17 cabinet members, including the vice president and chief of staff, is 9.5 billion and greater than one-third of all American households. I don’t know how the numbers ultimately work out. My theory is completely untested, unvetted and perhaps more instinctive than anything. I also know that statistics are like a bikini: What they reveal is interesting but what they conceal is crucial. Also, my baseball coach was my math teacher — always got a near-automatic C-grade in math. So do the numbers work? I don’t know. Nonetheless, I think I’ve developed a blueprint requiring deeper analysis, especially if it becomes possible we could run the United States government from an Inheritance Bank and not from IRS taxes. Call it my bid to make taxes disappear while at the same time addressing the serious problem of income inequality. This could become a new system for a better-balanced society, one with less reliance on the economics of privilege and one that provides opportunity for everyone, where those who work hard actually are rewarded. Who knows, perhaps it would help bring back The American Dream since there would become greater opportunities from the use of money. PS: Again, I’d love to see a doctoral student, a statistician or actuary grab this ball and run with it — see where it lands! Additional Reading: Disney Heiress condemns greed: Charts on Wealth Inequality: NOTE: The original version of this was as a Facebook Note. However, sadly, Facebook decimated Facebook Notes and a lot of good work became lost or reduced in style and content.
Introduction to recommendation systems and How to design Recommendation system,that resembling the Amazon It`s all starts with a simple question: Why do we need recommendation systems? Traditionally, we would like to buy a product that friends or colleagues has suggested. So let`s consider another example of a book store, Bookstore image So the buyer can quickly choose a book, In a digital world using these kind of strategies as recommendation systems, The product owner can recommend items that customers might also liked and required What is Recommendation system? A recommendation system has been a hot topic for a long time. A recommendation system Often termed as Recommender Systems, they are simple algorithms which aim to provide the most relevant and accurate items to the user by filtering useful stuff from of a huge pool of information base. Recommendation engines discovers data patterns in the data set by learning consumers choices and produces the outcomes that co-relates to their needs and interests. In Real time examples are like Amazon, they have been using a recommendation engine for suggesting the goods or products that customers might also like. You could have seen below image example for amazon recommendation system, Image result for amazon recommendation system for books Netflix, using for suggesting recommendation engine might also like, eventually the goal is same for all giants to accomplish the recommendation for their items to customers How to design a recommendation system? Although machine learning (ML) is commonly used in building recommendation systems, it doesn’t mean it’s the only solution. There are many ways to build a recommendation system? simpler approaches, for example, we may have very few data, or we may want to build a minimal solution fast etc.. Assume that, for simpler video recommendation,In such that case, based on videos a user has watched, we can simply suggest same authors videos or same publications videos. 1. popularity based 2. classification based 3. collaborative filtering i.Nearest neighbor ii.Matrix factorization I will explain each method as short manner in order you to understand over all idea about designing recommendation systems 1. Popularity based: Easiest way to build a recommendation system is popularity based, simply over all the products that are popular, So how to identify popular products, which could be identified by which are all the products that are bought most, Example, In shopping store we can suggest popular dresses by purchase count. 2.Classification based Second way to build a recommendation system is classification model , In that use feature of both users as well as products in order to predict whether this product liked or not by the user. When new users come, our classifier will give a binary value of that product liked by this user or not, In such a way that we can recommend a product to the user . In above example using user features like Age, gender and product features like cost, quality and product history, based on this input our classifier will give a binary value user may like or not , based on that boolean we could recommend product to a customer Collaborative filtering: collaborative filtering models which are based on assumption that people like things similar to other things they like, and things that are liked by other people with similar taste. collaborative filtering models are two types, I.Nearest neighbor II.Matrix factorization let me explain each method of collaborative filtering in a nutshell, Nearest neighbor collaborative filtering: In these type of recommendation systems are recommending based on nearest neighbors, nearest neighbor approach used to find out either similar users or similar products, It can be looked at two ways, i.User based filtering ii.Item based filtering Nearest neighbor collaborative filtering Above image source from User-based collaborative filtering: Find the users who have similar taste of products as the current user , similarity is based on purchasing behavior of the user, so based on the neighbor purchasing behavior we can recommend items to the current user. Item-based collaborative filtering : Recommend Items that are similar to the item user bought,similarity is based on co-occurrences of purchases Item A and B were purchased by both users X and Y then both are similar. Matrix factorization: It is basically model based collaborative filtering and matrix factorization is the important technique in recommendation system. let me give an abstractive explanation for matrix factorization, When a user gives feed back to a certain movie they saw (say they can rate from one to five), this collection of feedback can be represented in a form of a matrix. Where each row represents each users, while each column represents different movies. Obviously the matrix will be sparse since not everyone is going to watch every movies, (we all have different taste when it comes to movies). Image source from further more information on matrix factorization kindly refer Hybrid Recommendation systems: Hybrid Recommendation systems are combining collaborative and content-based recommendation can be more effective. Hybrid approaches can be implemented by making content-based and collaborative-based predictions separately and then combining them. source code : prebuilt reccomendation services also availlable like, Recombee Thanks for Reading!. FullStack Developer at AX2 Technologies pvt Ltd, Working in Web Application Development, Chatbot Development
Posted on: September 17, 2021 Posted by: Connor Dore Comments: 0 Bettmann-Getty Images By Connor Dore, JRN 111 Student Have you ever wondered why these days it seems like everyone believes in at least one conspiracy? From theories about JFK’s assassination to the belief the world is flat, conspiracies seem to take on a life of their own. And anxiety over the coronavirus pandemic, political upheaval and the economy may be creating conditions ripe for conspiracies to flourish. According to an NPR/Ipsos poll in December, “A significant number of Americans believe disinformation about the coronavirus and about settled historical facts…[and] experts say disinformation is being spread on an unprecedented scale.” Psychology professor Laura Lauzen-Collins But why do we try to find patterns in something with little to no evidence backing up the theory? That was the central question explored Thursday by Laura Lauzen-Collins, associate professor of psychology, in a virtual event entitled, “Getting sucked down the rabbit hole: Tribes, filter bubbles, identity fusion, and conspiracy theories.” The event was cosponsored by the Moraine library and the college’s Democracy Commitment program. “Conspiracy theories fulfill our evolution-driven needs,” Lauzen-Collins stated. “These are needs we are hard-wired with as humans…needs that have helped us survive as a species.” She laid out four reasons we believe in conspiracies: the need to understand, the need to feel certainty and control, the need to feel good about ourselves, and the need to belong. Humans are always trying to understand complicated situations, Lauzen-Collins explained. The issue is that we analyze situations either through someone else’s perspective or our own which could lead us to seeing patterns that are not necessarily there. This need flourishes in complex, chaotic times like these, she said: “It’s very difficult to exist within chaos.” Conspiracy theories fuel our evolution-driven needs.” Psychology professor Laura Lauzen-Collins The need to understand goes hand-in-hand with the need to feel certainty and control, Lauzen-Collins said. “They both lead us to see intention that is not really there.” The belief in conspiracies also involves the need to feel good about ourselves; we want to be “the good guy” and “on the right side of history.” This need explains some of the divisiveness in today’s climate, as it causes us to see the other side more negatively so “we can create an enemy to blame,” Lauzen-Collins said. Having some kind of inside information on an event also makes us feel unique in a way. This feeling clouds our judgement and causes us to want to believe in something that may not be true. While some conspiracy theorists want to stand out, most only want to belong. Lauzen-Collins explained that while a lot of people believe a conspiracy theorist is just online alone posting on some message board, most conspiracy theorists create or join a community over a theory. A great example is the Flat Earth Society, which had a conference in 2019 just north of Dallas. Avoid getting sucked down the rabbit hole Being aware of these needs is step one in avoiding getting sucked down the rabbit hole. Lauzen-Collins delved further into the psychology by explaining how we humans are “cognitive misers”—our cognitive capacity is limited because we are being stimulated by an extreme amount of information. As a result, we can fall victim to confirmation bias. When our theory is disproven even with hard evidence, we can still try different experiments to get our theory proven. Another influence is ingroup and outgroup bias. Your in-group (the people you surround yourself with) and your out-group (everyone else) both affect your cognition. “As we get connected to our in-group, we tend to limit our actions with the outgroup,” Lauzen-Collins stated. “We tend to be influenced by others, especially our in-group.” So what other ways can we avoid going down the rabbit hole, besides just being more aware? A recent post on the website Metabunk explains a Chilean Navy “UFO” video. “Your reality is what you’ve been exposed to,” Lauzen-Collins said. “You need to make the conscious decision to seek out an opposing opinion and intentionally seek out the other side.” She recommends always trying to prove yourself wrong. Try to find those opposing opinions and talk about them. Library chair Troy Swanson, who moderated the talk, recommended the website Metabunk, which debunks or breaks down major conspiracy theories. “Fall back on sites that are built with accuracy in mind,” Lauzen-Collins said. “There are a lot of sites out there with the intention of being biased. Seek out sources that are built to be unbiased.”
Vanderbilt Law Review First Page During the Industrial Revolution, the growth of enormous industrial establishments with a correspondingly large number of workers hired to perform increasingly simple tasks manifested the inability of an individual effectively to bargain with an employer concerning wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of the employment relationship. The resulting discontent among workers produced long and bitter, often bloody, outbreaks of economic warfare between employers and employees. In the abstract, freedom of contract was possible still, but as a practical matter employment benefits and obligations were largely established by managerial fiat. It was felt that if employees could effectively unite for bargaining, their collective power might balance that of the employer, thereby vitalizing the abstraction. The enactment in 1935 of the National Labor Relations Act,' the Wagner Act, represented, in essence, an attempt to strike that balance so as to reduce or eliminate industrial strife in interstate commerce.
Skip to main content You have permission to edit this article. How to build a cattle panel greenhouse How to build a cattle panel greenhouse • 0 FLORENCE, S.C. -- In a Morning News column on January 2017, I described how to build a small greenhouse from a simple kit, which I purchased at a local “cheap tool store.” It has held up remarkably well, and I have no complaints. Well, no major complaints. It cost me more than $1,000 for the total project, which included the kit, a concrete base and installing an electric line and a water supply. A much cheaper alternative to a greenhouse is a cattle panel “hoop house.” A hoop house consists of plastic film stretched over arced cattle panels. • 0 Cattle panels, or feedlot panels, are made of welded, galvanized 4-gauge steel. They are 16 feet long and a little more than 4 feet high. You can buy one for less than $25 at your local agricultural supply store. These panels are extremely sturdy but flexible enough to bend into an arc. To make the frame for a simple hoop house, you bend a cattle panel so that the ends are touching the ground. Then you anchor it to the ground using rebar, or by arcing it inside a raised bed made of wood. Using strong wire or cable ties, you can connect multiple panels to each other. Three cattle panels next to each other will make a hoop house slightly longer than 12-feet. How high the hoop house is depends on how much of a bend you put in the panels. For example, if the hoop house is 8 feet wide, the peak height will be around 6 feet high. That’s high enough for most people to stand up and walk around inside, but you have to crouch along the sides. Cattle Panel Greenhouse This cattle panel greenhouse took less than $500 to construct. Once you establish the framework, you then secure clear or translucent, heavy-duty plastic film on the outside of the panels. The film I used is 4-mil plastic sheeting used for dropcloths and construction projects. The easiest way to attach the plastic is to wrap it over the cattle panel and then lay bricks or concrete blocks on the plastic where it touches the ground. You could also lay a pipe or a piece of lumber on the plastic, but those will need to be anchored into the ground. On each end, drape the plastic to the ground and then cut a vertical slit for access and ventilation. When you want it closed, you can use tarp clips. You can even attach ropes or bungee cords to the clips for more anchoring. Cattle Panel Greenhouse This cattle panel greenhouse took less than $500 to construct. The main disadvantage with that simple type of hoop house is the relatively small size and the fact that you need to monitor the temperature inside frequently. Opening and closing the ends of the hoop house will help cool it on sunny, warm days. And you can run a small heater inside when it’s really cold outside. But it’s a semi-permanent structure, at best. The plastic sheeting will break down over time and need replacement, and the wood will eventually rot. If you want the hoop house higher or sturdier, you can build one like the one I recently made, as shown in the accompanying photo. You will need to make a base out of wood, blocks or other materials. Then the arc of the panel can be more shallow, and the span inside will be wider, because of less arc. For example, I bent the cattle panels so that they span 10 feet. My base is 2 feet high, so the peak height is more than 7 feet. In this more permanent design, I first set these treated 4-by-4 posts 2 feet deep in the ground with concrete. Then I screwed in deck boards, on their side, to the tops of those posts. I left about 3 inches of the deck board exposed above the top of the posts. Next, I bent the cattle panels, and they fit into a ledge that was created. I then used heavy-duty fence staples to secure the panels to the deck boards and posts. Cattle Panel Greenhouse This cattle panel greenhouse took less than $500 to construct. I connected the panels to each other with plastic zip ties and wire. I then attached corrugated clear plastic panels along the bottom. This allows light in but keeps out rabbits and other animals. The ends of the hoop house are framed in with lumber. I set upright 4-by-4s in the ground with concrete, then attached them to the side walls with 2-by-4 lumber. For air flow, I made four hinged, window-type vents, two on each end. I attached sturdy hardware cloth around the vents to keep critters out when the vents are open. I also made a door on one end and stapled clear plastic film to it. For even more ventilation on sunny days, I made a large, hinged window on the rear end of the hoop house. Again, I stapled the plastic to the lumber frame of the window. Finally, I pulled the plastic up and over the cattle panels, then used a staple gun to attach the plastic film to the wooden framework. Wherever there is a seam between two edges of plastic film, I used clear housewrap tape meant for exterior use. All said and done, this hoop house cost less than $500. It’s much cheaper than a greenhouse! Once you have built the hoop house, you can either plant directly in the ground or in containers, or make shelving for growing seedlings for transplants. Essentially, this acts like a large cold frame in which you can get a head start on the growing season. If nothing else, you can retreat to the warmth of this structure in the middle of winter and have a Hawaiian luau; then it would be a hula hoop house! Greg Pryor can be reached at Be the first to know Related to this story Most Popular Over the years, I’ve been routinely asked about the health benefits of apple cider vinegar (ACV) for weight loss and blood sugar control. Exploring how ACV is made and any evidence behind the claims can help you discern whether to take it as a supplement or enjoy adding it more to weekly recipes. 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Everything You Need to Know About the Leptin Hormone About Leptin \| Leptin Resistance \| Leptin diet \| How to increase leptin \| Leptin Supplements \| Summary Written by Sumayyah Namusabi Updated: 2021-02-18 About Leptin Leptin is a protein/hormone primarily produced in the adipose tissue (used for fat storage). It has multiple functions in the body and its main one is to signal to your brain, specifically the hypothalamus that you have enough energy saved in your fat cells to engage in normal metabolic processes. Think of it as a hormone AI or the starvation police. Here is how it actually works; When you eat, your body fat increases hence the levels of leptin go up, telling your brain that there is sufficient energy stored. So, you can burn calories at a normal rate, eat at a normal rate or stop eating when full. Your body also undertakes other processes like puberty or pregnancy when the leptin signal is up and running. When you eat less, your body fat decreases hence the levels of leptin go down, telling your brain that you are in starvation mode. Here, your body will start up processes to get the leptin levels up like stimulating the vagus nerve which gets you hungrier causing you to eat in order to up the leptin levels. Pretty cool, right? In simple terms, Leptin keeps us from us from starving, so one would wonder why it can't do the same when it comes to overeating? Well, according to experts, when leptin levels are high but the brain doesn’t receive the signal in order to run some functions like, stop you from overeating, there is an impairment in the system and the phenomenon is called leptin resistance. Leptin Resistance In Leptin resistance, your leptin levels are high which means, your body fat is up too but your brain can't get the signal. Leptin resistance is a real condition and it is now believed to be one of the major biological contributors to obesity. People who are over-weight or obese have high levels of leptin but the leptin signal to the brain doesn’t work due to this condition. It is probably one of the main reasons why it is hard for some people to lose weight despite the efforts put in. What Causes Leptin Resistance? There are many factors that cause or contribute to leptin resistance. Some of the major causes include; How to reverse Leptin Resistance To reverse Leptin resistance, you have to know that you are leptin resistant first. Usually, people with this condition have a lot of body fat especially around the belly area but you probably want to check in with your doctor to get properly diagnosed. Though there is no easy way to get rid of leptin resistance, research has shown a few long-term lifestyle changes can improve this condition. Some of them include; You could hop on the leptin diet buss if you are up for the rules involved. Leptin Diet Leptin diet is just like most weight loss diets out there that promote healthy eating and restrict certain foods. So, before you get into it, it’s best to consult your doctor to avoid deficiency of certain minerals. The leptin diet has a few rules you going to want to follow if you want it to work. They include; With Leptin diet, you want to eat foods that elevate leptin sensitivity and not encourage leptin resistance. How to increase leptin How to boost or increase leptin? It’s easy, all you have to do is eat, but before you start on your bag of chips, you should know that your choice of foods is very important! If you read on the 5 rules, you know better. Also, you should note that more leptin does not mean weight loss. If your body has an impaired response to leptin, increasing it only gets you obese. Read on leptin resistance. For people with certain conditions like Congenital Leptin Deficiency [Uncontrolled hunger. Symptoms include severe obesity and delayed puberty in children] & Generalized Lipodystrophy [Patients have almost no body fat], Injections of a synthetic form of leptin are given as treatment. To boost or increase your leptin diet-wise, eat foods that will lessen your body triglycerides (lipids) so that leptin can work more effectively. Some of the foods include; Do Leptin Supplements Work? Though there are numerous brands online that sell leptin supplements, you should note that they actually do not contain the leptin hormone even if some of the brand names suggest so. They surely might have multiple nutrients that are alleged to help with leptin functioning but unfortunately further research needs to be done. Experts recommend one to eat healthier, exercise and get enough sleep-in order to improve leptin resistance or lose weight. Apart from playing the hunger hormone, scientists have unearthed various functions of leptin since its discovery in 1994, some of them include; More research is needed on how to use leptin as a weight loss agent and fight against leptin resistance and obesity. Meanwhile, you can get on a leptin diet but don’t stress yourself if you can’t keep up with the rules. You can consult your doctor for other weight loss options you can try to fight leptin resistance. Spooye Some More...
Overview About Security Audit The word “audit” can send a negative message within few seconds because an audit means the identification of flaws, a very disturbing word. So what is a security audit? A security audit is a systematic evaluation of the security of a company’s information system by measuring how well it conforms to an established set of criteria. If you need the best security auditor then you can also go for an online aompany like Applicature. Applicature Enters into Partnership with Gate to Baltics to Provide Legal Support to Blockchain Projects - Applicature Enterprise management often confuses “penetration test” with “computer security audits”. They are probably making the biggest mistake of them because pen-test or penetration testing is just a type of testing technique that is used to identify vulnerabilities in the system. However, penetration testing is often conducted from outside the firewall with minimal inside information in order to replicate how real hackers will gain access to the system. However, a computer security audit is a systematic, manageable and technical assessment of the whole system, where the overall security policy is assessed for vulnerabilities. Computer security auditors work with the full knowledge of the organization, at times gain full access to confidential information, to understand the resources which are considered for auditing. Unlike VAPT testing, complete security audits take place as part of the regular business activities to maintain effective security policies. The management should understand that auditing is not a conference room activity; it is a set of various complicated processes to get the answers to following important questions: • Are passwords safe enough? • Are Process Control List (ACLs) are working accurately, and who has access to shared data? • Are there audit logs are recorded, and reviewed? • Are the security settings for a different operating system is according to the implemented security practices? • Is in-use operating systems and commercial applications are up to the mark? • How the media backup is stored? Who can access the confidential data? Are their passwords are strong and changed on a regular basis? • Is there a disaster recovery plan? Is or company prepared to face any data breach? These are just a few questions which are answered after an audit; however, if these questions are taken seriously and answered honestly, there are possibilities to remove even a single vulnerability from the system. Moreover, there are security audits that need to be conducted after a specific interval to ensure that the system stays positively strong.
1960s: NASA artificial Sun, Moon and Earthlight patents Apparently this is not even news. It sure is to me though. The fact that these patents are 50+ years old makes it even more intriguing. How far did they manage to improve on the 1960s technology? These inventions are not something BBC, or CNN would report on in their daily news, yet the description of the patented inventions is mind blowing. As a matter of fact, the patents you are about to see sound Sci-Fi enough to question their authenticity, yet they were officially recorded with the US Patent Office. Illumination System Including a Virtual Light Source Artificial Sun and Moon Link to NASA pdf I am not going to post the entire contents of the below linked patents, for it's fairly pointless. The above posted excerpt should give you an idea of what you are about to see. Just click on any of the below 1960s patent links and read away. KD: The implications of such artificial human made light sources, if implemented, are hard to comprehend. For example it would be easy to create a never setting Arctic, or Antarctic Sun, and use it as proof of the Spherical shape of our Planet. Official: 1 Sun + 1 Moon = Hunter's Moon (or could it be two Suns) Well, may be there is an explanation for all those Sun hot spots, blinking Suns, two Suns, hexagonal Suns, crepuscular Sun rays, Sun bulb replacement eclipses and what not. It sure does sound crazy, but could it be crazy just because we were trained to think that way? • NASA Illumination system including a virtual light source Paten.pdf 742 KB · Views: 142 Similar articles
final 2011 1st semester brainstorm and speech Brainstorm thoroughly at least 5 of the bulleted questions, including as much specific detail as possible. (20 min) What are your goals for after high school? How has AVID helped you move closer to the realization of your goals? What is something you probably wouldn’t have tried or accomplished if not for AVID? (getting to know a teacher, adopting a mindset, a class in school, a service opportunity, etc.) What peer relationships (classmates and tutors) have grown out of your involvement in AVID and how do they positively influence you? What is the relationship like with your AVID teacher? How is it different than with your subject area teachers? How does it impact how you interact with your subject area teachers? What are your most memorable AVID moments (in class activities, learning lessons, field trips, etc.) and why have those moments stuck with you? What did you get out of them/learn from them? How has AVID helped you overcome obstacles (large or small) in your high school life? Be specific about what the obstacle was, how you tackled it, and how AVID prepared you for or helped you through that obstacle. What are your favorite parts about being an AVID student? What are your parents’ goals for you? How do your parents feel about your involvement in AVID? Think about your experiences with AVID and how working with AVID teachers, tutors and peers has helped you open doors to opportunity and changed and defined your future. (60 min) The best speeches will address all of the prompts below: How have you been influenced by your experience in AVID? What kind of opportunities has AVID made possible for you? How have your AVID teacher, tutors, and peers helped you grow academically or intellectually? How has participating in the AVID program enriched your life, whether because of your peers, tutors, or What obstacles have you faced and how has your AVID family helped you to cope and possibly overcome them? o How has AVID opened your eyes and empowered you? o As an AVID student, what obstacles did you face and how did you overcome them? o What is the most rewarding part of being an AVID student? o How has participating in the AVID program enriched your life? Approximately 500-750 words long/4-5 minutes long. Name, email address, and phone number should be included as the header of your speech. Leave at least 10 minutes at the end of the period to check for spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc. Also, read speech “aloud” to hear and correct errors and make changes for better delivery. The best speeches will allow the audience to get to know you. Make a connection! Be yourself. While the writing needs to be relatively formal/standard written English (your audience is a group of AVID teachers, counselors, and administrators), your voice needs to come through. Include details and anecdotes. Allow the audience to experience what you went through or go through. Let them see what you see and feel what you feel. Work towards a big idea. What is your main idea, your thesis, your answer to their big question? Make sure all of your ideas, descriptions, anecdotes, etc. works towards communicating the enduring understanding with which you want to leave the audience.
As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. What is Antirepression in Molecular Biology? PDF \| Download eBooks Learn Antirepression definition in molecular biology with explanation to study “What is Antirepression”. Study antirepression explanation with molecular biology terms to review molecular biology course for online degree programs. Antirepression Definition • Prevention of repression by histones or other transcription-inhibiting factors. Antirepression is part of a typical activator's function.. Molecular Biology by Robert F. Weaver Antirepression Explanation Antirepression is the prevention of repression during transcription, by activators such as histones or other transcription-inhibiting factors. For example, in nucleosomes, the presence of H2A-H2B dimers can inhibit the transcription factors from binding to the chromatin template. Keep Learning Molecular Biology Explanations What is Apyrimidinic Site (AP Site)? Apyrimidinic Site (AP site) is a site in the DNA molecule which does not have a pyrimidine base. Such situation ... What is Activator? An Activator is a protein (transcription factor) that activates transcription by binding to an activator-binding region (also called an enhancer). ... What is Apurinic Site (AP Site)? Apurinic Site (AP Site) is the location on a DNA strand (or in RNA sometimes), that does not carry a ... What is Aptamer? An Aptamer is a nucleic acid, usually an RNA, or it can be a region of nucleic acid with a ... What is Alu Element? An Alu Element is a short fragment of the DNA (containing the AGCT sequence), which is originally characterized by the ... What is A-DNA? A-DNA is a form of DNA, a biologically active double helical structure, which is assumed in solution by an RNA-DNA ...
Mini Cart • No products in the cart. Free Shipping on All Orders Best Ways to Shrink Baby Clothes Shrinkage is the change in size along the length and width of the fabric after washing. Strictly speaking, shrinkage is a test parameter for textiles. Fabrics with shrinkage defects are unstable and can cause warping in garments or other items made from these materials. Shrinkage is tested at different stages, but the most important thing is to do this before the fabric is cut and sewn, as well as after sewing, before the product is delivered to end-users. This is a necessary quality control parameter. The tests are carried out under conditions consistent with the recommendations on the product tags. Why Does Fabric Shrinkage Occur? To understand why a sweater has shrunk in size, let's see why the fabric shrinks in principle. All fabrics are made from intertwined fibers. Fibers of different origins and the way they are woven give rise to different types of fabrics. For example, cotton is the basis for satin and denim, which are two very different products. Their main differences relate to how they are woven and how tightly it is done. There are two types of fiber — synthetic and organic, natural. Synthetic ones differ from organic materials in one critical aspect. Synthetics are man-made polymers such as polyester, rayon, etc., and are made from petroleum-based chemical chains. Synthetic fibers do not shrink because the washing machine does not heat up enough for these petroleum products to change their molecular structure. Moreover, these fibers are made straight and ready to weave. Organic fibers, on the other hand, are not straight. Plus, they are elastic. Therefore, the looser the plexus, the more freedom of movement for the fibers. Manufacturers must first stretch them before making them usable. This stretching creates tension at the molecular level. This stress is released in the fabric swollen from moisture when heated, as well as with strong mechanical stress: from a washing machine, dryer, steam, and even sunlight, which leads to a reduction in the size of the fabric to its natural size. Fabrics that can absorb large amounts of water (wool, linen, etc.) have the greatest shrinkage. How Can I Shrink My Baby's Clothes One Size Down? During daily wear, clothes tend to stretch and change their original shape. Children are very active, and it influences the state of the clothes. Therefore, parents are always in search of opportunities for how to shrink baby clothes, but at the same time do not lose their color and original qualities. Regular wear mostly influences clothing made from natural and blended fabrics. It is practically impossible to restore the exclusively synthetic fibers of the fabric after stretching using only washing. Therefore, the effectiveness of the recommendations provided will depend on the type and quality of the fabrics of the product. Laundry does not require special expensive products and powders. The whole secret of success will depend on the correct temperature contrast and detergents correctly selected for the type and color of the fabric. Equipment to shrink baby clothes You don't need any special products to shrink the item. The main things that are required of you: • Decide on the quality of the fabric from which the clothes are made. • Prepare a washing machine. • Buy a powder that matches the characteristics of the fabric from which the item is sewn. • Create contrasting temperatures for washing and rinsing water. • Prepare iron and bowls. • Take the towels — these will help dry wet clothes. Stock up on the required inventory, provide yourself with information, and most importantly, prepare the item that needs shrinkage and get to work. Wool and its secrets on shrinkage Knowing the peculiarities of wool fibers and the nuances of their washing, you can easily develop tactics on how to wash woolen items so that to shrink baby clothes. When working with woolen clothes, there is an important rule: wool does not tolerate sudden temperature changes and requires careful attention. Before washing, you need to read the washing instructions, study labels, and tags on the product. Find out the manufacturer's specific recommendations for the care of the woolen cloth. To shrink baby clothes, you will have to slightly violate the established rules, but this will have to be done with accuracy and care. If the sweater, for example, is stretched, then you need to proceed as follows: • soak the thing for 30 minutes in water, which is 20 °C degrees higher than indicated on the label; • then, rinse it in cool water; • the more shrinkage is needed, the higher the temperature difference of the liquid between washing and rinsing should be; • it is not recommended to twist woolen items. Wash by Hand or in the Washing Machine? Shrinkage of fabric is almost a jewelry process, so manual work will take most of its process. Based on the type of fabric used to make the garment, hand wash, automatic wash, or a combination of both is applied. The right combination of washing modes, temperature, and time will allow you to control the shrinkage of things down to size. How can I shrink baby clothes back to their original size? This method can be used for both cotton items and other common fabrics. Its peculiarity lies in the alternation of temperatures. 1. For controlled shrinkage, only a clean item is used — before you can reduce the size of your clothing, it must be free from blood, juice, or soil in the manner recommended by the manufacturer. 2. In a previously prepared bowl, pour the hottest water possible, almost boiling water is permissible. The amount of liquid should be such that it completely covers the item. 3. Wait for the water to cool completely, after which take out the thing and squeeze it out a little. 4. Now the cold water is poured into the basin, you can place previously prepared ice on the bottom. 5. The clothes are again completely immersed in cold water for 15-30 minutes. 6. After this time, take it out, squeeze it a little to get rid of excess moisture, lay it on a clean, dry towel, and smooth out the folds. 7. Wait until the fabric is completely dry. This method allows you to wash a thing so that it becomes several sizes smaller. It is not suitable for wardrobe items made of fine and expensive fabrics (dresses, expensive shirts, and pants), and for things that are inconvenient to soak in a container of water. Will Baby Clothes Shrink in the Dryer? Basically, the ability of the item to shrink depends on the fabric it is made of. So, you should carefully check its qualities before trying to shrink baby clothes. • Cotton Add 20 degrees to the recommended temperature, and 200-300 spins more than those indicated by the manufacturer. After the end of spinning, the item is placed in a basin and filled with very hot water. Add a little conditioner to soften the clean item. The basin is tightly closed and left in this form for 10 minutes. Drying your clothes quickly in the dryer will make them shrink a little more. • Synthetics, viscose Synthetic fabrics are even more resistant to shrinkage than natural cotton. It is recommended to wash them in the machine at the highest possible speed without using softening conditioners. Long exposure of synthetics to the coldest water will allow you to compress it by 1-2 sizes, while drying it very slowly, without squeezing. The high heat will make it shrink even more. • Denim Try to wash denim with more spins (600-800 rpm range), then dry the item quickly using a drying machine with high heat. • Acrylic Wash acrylic in a delicate wash mode with the lowest possible temperature and without spinning. High heat is unacceptable! You cannot just put the item in the drum — use a special bag for washing. At the end of the wash, the acrylic item should be slightly damp. Spread it on a dry towel and leave it that way until it dries completely. Don’t use the dryer for it. Do clothes have to be wet to shrink in the dryer? After taking the clothes out of the washing machine, they should be wet if you want to put them in the dryer. However, various fabrics require a different number of spins so, some items might be almost dry. For some fabrics, you should use low heat while denim, for example, requires high heat. It is recommended to check the requirements for every type of material separately. Do Baby Clothes Take Longer to Dry? Basically, it doesn’t matter whether you’ve decided to shrink baby clothes or adult ones. As you have already read, the main issue to pay attention to is the material the item is made of. They have their own characteristics and react differently to temperature changes, hot water, and the number of spins. At the same time, baby clothes are usually more delicate, so you should use low heat when washing and drying them. Related Articles Leave your comment
Why is linear algebra essential in machine learning? Tivadar Danka small portrait Tivadar Danka effect of a linear transformation on a grid For every topic in computer science, there is an XKCD comic that summarizes it perfectly. My all-time favorite one is the following. All jokes aside, linear algebra plays a crucial part in machine learning. From classical algorithms to state-of-the-art, it is everywhere. This post is about why. Data = vectors As you probably know, data is represented by vectors. Data points are just tuples of measurements. In their raw form, they are hardly useful for us. They are just blips in space. data as a set of points Without operations and transformations, it is difficult to predict class labels or do anything else. Vector spaces provide a mathematical structure where operations naturally arise. Instead of a blip, just imagine an arrow pointing to the data point from a fixed origin. data as vectors On vectors, we can easily define operations using our geometric intuition. Addition is translation, while scalar multiplication is scaling. operations on vectors Why do we even need to add data points together? To transform raw data into a form that can be used for predictive purposes. Raw data can have a really complicated structure, and we aim to simplify it as much as possible. For instance, raw data is often standardized by subtracting the mean of features and scaling with their variance. This way, each feature is of the same magnitude, making sure that none of them are dominated by the ones on the largest scale. dataset standardization Aside from the operations, vector spaces give rise to linear transformations. They are essentially distortions of the vectors space, yielding a new set of features for our dataset. We are going to take a detailed look at them below. Machine learning algorithms are functions In essence, a machine learning model works by doing the following two things. 1. Find an alternative representation of the data. 2. Make decisions based on this representation. Linear algebra plays a role in describing and manipulating those representations, may it be the raw data or a high-level feature set. Regardless of the features, data points are given by vectors. Finding more descriptive representations is the same as finding functions mapping between vector spaces. The simplest ones are the linear transformations given by matrices. linear transformation as a function Why do we love linear transformations? First, they are easy to work with and fast to compute. Moreover, combined with simple nonlinear functions, they can create expressive models. Linear transformations = transformations of data How does a linear transformation transform the data? To see this, the only thing we need to notice is that the images of the basis vectors completely determine a given linear transformation. Linearity means that the order of addition, scalar multiplication, and function application can be changed. So, the image of every vector is a linear combination of the images of the basis vectors. To be mathematically precise, this is what happens: a linear transformation's effect on the basis vectors We can visualize this for linear transformations on the two-dimensional plane. effect of a linear transformation As you can see, the images of the basis vectors form a parallelogram. (Whose sides can fall onto a single line.) From yet another perspective, this is the same as distorting the grid determined by the basis vectors. linear transformation as grid distortion Finding more descriptive representations How can a linear transformation help to find better representations of the data? Think about PCA, which finds features with no redundancy. This is done by a simple linear transformation. (If you are not familiar with how PCA works, check out my recent article about it!) So, linear transformations give rise to new features. How descriptive can these be? For instance, in classification tasks, we want each high-level feature to represent the probability of belonging to a given class. Are linear transformations enough to express this? Any true underlying relationship between data and class label can be approximated by composing linear transformations with certain nonlinear functions (such as the Sigmoid or ReLU). This is formally expressed by the Universal Approximation Theorem. This is why machine learning is just a pile of linear algebra, stirred until it looks right. (Not just accordingly to XKCD.) In summary, linear transformations are • simple to work with, • fast to compute, • and can be used to build powerful models. Understanding math is a superpower in machine learning. I am writing a book about it to help you go from high school mathematics to neural networks. Join me on this journey and let's do this together!
/sci/ - Science & Math View post [ Toggle deleted replies ] File: 12 KB, 273x364, Teichmuller.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] 12283965 No.12283965 [Reply] [Original] [archived.moe] Pure Mathematics edition Talk maths Prior >>12275236 >> No.12283975 >premature ejaculating a new thread fifteen posts too early >> No.12283986 [DELETED] File: 405 KB, 685x497, 654654.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Tell us how you really feel. >> No.12284227 File: 57 KB, 600x600, 7ecde3bf.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] I was gonna make the hyperglyph edition :{ Anyway, are there any fundamental properties that govern relations or algebras, that require more than 3 inputs? Associativity, order, commutativity, and equivalence are all 2 input. Transitivity is three. I see it relating to dimensions, with 2 dimensions you have a symmetry between objects, and with 3D, you have transitivity which lets you flesh out interactions throughout the space. But are there any other base level properties that require a fourth dimension? >> No.12284233 Oh and distributive is 3 as well >> No.12284305 File: 31 KB, 500x375, 1603646149050.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Can someone explain this to me, I'm having a hard time wrapping my head around the concept. 27 - -16 = 43 Why do the two negative signs here cancel each other out? My brain is taking this to mean that I'm "subtracting" the negative sign from the value of -16? >> No.12284334 Your question is not really clear because it's not obvious what should count as fundamental. People consider identities and relations involving arbitrarily many variables all the time. >> No.12284337 A negative number is an anti. You're removing anti units. If negative is below sea level, you're removing depth, going the opposite direction. That means height. >> No.12284340 Some property of reals or other simple, intuitive sets, that requires >3 elements to describe, that the set would look unusual without >> No.12284355 How they know outliers are Q1-1.5 X IQR and Q3+ 1.5 x IQR? >> No.12284357 Well you can't really take a property away from a structure, it either has it or it doesn't. Abelian groups are medial magmas, which means that they have (xy)(zw)=(xz)(yw) >> No.12284358 It's the definition of outlier They chose it to be that way >> No.12284367 >abelian groups Thanks thats interesting. Although less powerful than others imo because it relies on position very strongly >> No.12284375 But wait aren't they commutative so that's trivial? >> No.12284378 That's a good way of conceptualizing it, thanks. >> No.12284409 Well it's a thing that is true for any abelian group by an easy argument. If you don't know that you have an abelian group it can be useful though, see the Eckmann-Hilton argument. >> No.12284449 File: 200 KB, 1024x931, Pacfc3.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Any songs for the feel of pic related + writing symbols/definitions? Here's one example: >> No.12284452 Thanks nonny >> No.12284859 For any number x, -x is (by definition) the unique number y satisfying the property that x+y=0. But this defining property tells us that x = -y = -(-x). >> No.12284895 Suppose there is an idempotent [math] f: M\to M[/math] such that [math] Im(f) = A[/math]I'm trying to prove that the map [math]A\bigoplus B \to M[/math] is an isomorphism. I would greatly appreciate a hint in the right direction. I can't seem to figure out why the induced homomorphism would have anything to do with the idempotent. >> No.12285011 Can someone actually clarify what the notation MM means? >> No.12285147 What do you mean by MM? >> No.12285160 Also I should’ve mentioned these are modules. Let f’ denote the induced homomorphism. I’ve thought about it a little more and I think it comes down to coming up with a [math] g:M \to A \bigoplus B [/math] such that f’g = 1_M and [math] gf’ = 1_{A \bigoplus B} [/math]. Coming up with the right g is not obvious to me tho. >> No.12285214 File: 216 KB, 1660x860, image.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Does someone know why Poincaré's inequality for a ball ends up with the constant in the upper bound scaling with the radius? It seems like since you're doing the same COV in the last step, the Jacobians would cancel. I'm sure this is really trivial but it's driving me crazy. >> No.12285220 File: 59 KB, 1554x333, F7ECCF84-796D-443D-9850-7C8DE22853D1.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Solve this >> No.12285261 Because along the way you use Holders inequality for the function on rhs and the characteristic function of the ball. >> No.12285287 Are you speaking in general, or is that what's actually happening in the last step here in the screenshot? Thanks for the help. >> No.12285308 Sorry, the entire f: m --> m, notation. >> No.12285314 Just look at this: I know it is in 1 dimension and only for C^1 functions with 0 values on the boundary, but the general idea is similar, just more involved. >> No.12285451 Function f from set M to set M. >> No.12285457 Oh, and for the armchair cat theorists, I deliberately called it a function because that anon will have no use of knowing that it's a morphism or an arrow or a mapping or whatever. >> No.12285465 How are you supposed to prove that 0 < 1 just from the ordered field axioms? He says you can prove it in my book but I think he might be forgoing to mention some assumptions or something >> No.12285469 What are the axioms? >> No.12285473 There exists operators + and * and an order relation < such that >if x>y, x+z>y+z >if x>y and z>0, xz>yz >> No.12285478 Oh wait sorry there's more >0 exists and x+0=x >1 exists and x1=x >there exists y such that x+y=0 >there exists y such that xy=1 unless x=0 >> No.12285498 Doesn't it specify that the order is total? >> No.12285503 It has to be, i.e. the symbol < is misleading and he should have used [math]\leq[/math] instead. As it stands, his axiomatization of field division doesn't even rule out 0=1. >> No.12285504 Bros... Holy shit... I just invented something... Cyclical commutativity. Just arrange x y and z in a circuit like a triforce, and it goes so that (xy)z = x(yz) = x)y(z where it would loop around, and you put x in back as y(zx) because y is the new open position and is first in line in the cycle, and then this becomes (yz)x which gives you associativity for free! >> No.12285506 What is a total order, he hasn't used that word. Also the symbol < is just to denote an arbitrary order relation in general >> No.12285513 Yes I know, I was mentioning that to see if that was enough for him to come up with a proof. It means that for all two members of the field it must be that x<y, x=y or x>y. >> No.12285516 File: 102 KB, 1920x1080, WIN_20201029_05_59_00_Pro.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >> No.12285520 Ah yes, his order relation is total although the = symbol only refers to x and y that are equivalent in the system of discourse >> No.12285541 No, that's called something else, "connected" or "connex" or something like that (the constructivists may have yet another word). Totality is specifically "x < y or y < x" and entails reflexivity (the "connex" relations are precisely those whose reflexive closure is total), which is why I suggested that writing the order relation symbol as < was misleading, as it suggests irreflexivity even though only the reflexive interpretation is correct (in the sense of being consistent with 0 < 1, because the axiomatization is satisfied by the field with one element). >> No.12285599 File: 652 KB, 2414x1706, 20201028_043404.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] I'm gonna do it anyways, but will studying pure geometry have any carryover to university level mathematics? It seems that nowadays most geometry is done analytically >> No.12285613 It'll help you learn basic proof structure if you're new to maths. Other than that pure geometry is pretty niche. >> No.12285616 I already understand proofs for the most part. But I just really like geometry. and by pure geometry I don't necessarily mean euclid only, I was studying projective geometry >> No.12285622 File: 1.26 MB, 640x480, hacker.gif [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Just do it friend, maybe it will give you a new perspective that people don't get doing analytic geometry. >> No.12285626 Thank you for the support bro :) >> No.12285630 File: 284 KB, 824x1200, geometry provides us with many expressions.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >>12285599 (checked) I am also curious about this. Geometry seems to be the most "controversial" branch of mathematics (at least according to my limited knowledge of the subject). There are a few people like Coxeter who try to keep pure synthetic geometry alive, and at the other extreme you get people like Dieudonne who reportedly said, "A bas Euclide! Mort aux triangles!" ("Down with Euclid! Death to triangles!"). Compared to other branches of modern mathematics synthetic geometry feels very much out of place. The other branches of math seems more or less unified whereas pure synthetic geometry seems to proceed in its own particular way. Maybe its because pure geometry is such an old subject. Do the big brains of /sci/ know how we ended up with this state of affairs? Does pure geometry have a future besides being a quaint curiosity taught in a high school course and then forgotten? >> No.12285649 set theory is the ultimate cause of our modern degeneracy. embrace type theory, embrace topos theory... embrace synthesis >> No.12285651 I'm not entirely sure. I think a lot of it is derived from Hilbert iirc, when he started the shift from geometry as being the foundation of mathematics to logic, and geometry was kind of thrown to the side as being a lesser derivation from logic. "Hilbert once remarked that instead of points, lines and planes one might just as well talk of tables, chairs and beer mugs" I'm not quite sure if I really agree with that though. Anyways, It still seems really strange to me to exclude pure geometry from modern mathematics since it still seems that much modern mathematics is derived from geometry, e.g. the real numbers which are essentially just an attempt to describe a line on which you can choose any point you would like, no? >> No.12285654 Are these the salvation for would be pure geometers? I recall seeing something about topos theory while reading about synthetic geometry. >> No.12285657 >topos theory No, no, don't embrace topos theory. It's like dialectical materialism, a fad claiming novelty when it's just old crap in disguise. Topoi are a failed attempt at type theory that was clinging too much to set theory. > embrace synthesis There is not only one synthetic approach. But yeah, please embrace types and computation. >> No.12285661 Euclidean geometry can get away with real numbers. You just need "constructible numbers" which is the closure of [math]\mathbb{Q}[/math] by taking square roots. It's a strict subset of algebraic numbers, and in particular it is a countable set with decidable equality. >> No.12285676 Is it really Hilbert's fault? Ultimately Hilbert's system was merely a correction of Euclid's. That quote about tables and chairs was really meant to say that we should not accept any "intuitively obvious" fact about points, lines, and planes except for those explicitly stated in the axioms. I think Hilbert's work was ultimately a continuation of a long tradition of refinement in the foundations of geometry going back to von Staudt, Pasch, and others. Hilbert's being overly autistic about rigorous logic may be a turn off for most people interested in pure geometry rather than mathematical logic per se, but I think ultimately his work was in line with the geometric tradition up to that point, it was only that it took hairsplitting to a new level. (Which is not a bad thing in itself, so far as it is limited to courses in the foundations. Trying to implement Hilbert into an elementary textbook would likely lead to failure, as George Bruce Halsted exemplifies.) I suspect that the big shift in geometry came when linear algebra came to the forefront as a possible foundation for geometry, and so the "relational" axioms of pure geometry were substituted with more "operational" (algebraic) axioms, as it is done in the definition of a vector space. >> No.12285677 Does anyone know the following topological property? I noticed that it shouldnt be possible to decompose S^n into a disjoint union of arbitrarily many images of closed paths. Formally, can you find paths [math] \gamma_i: [0,1] \rightarrow X [/math] so that [math] X = \bigcup_{i \in I} \gamma_i ([0,1]) [/math] is a disjoint union? A space which has this property is clearly [math] [0,1]^2 [/math]. But for [math] S^n [/math] it seems impossible! It would be obvious to try the paths which go from a point in the boundary towards 0, but just intuitively I don't know how to resolve the situation at 0 then because all the paths interfere with eachother. It reminds me of the hairy ball theorem, as in that there must be a point where the paths circle or meet, both situations which would leabe that point not in the image of the paths... Furthermore given such a collection of paths, one could factor [math]X[/math] into a family of subspaces [math] A_t = {\gamma_i(t) : i \in I} [/math] which reminds me of the product measure, because there an integral in R^2 decomposes into integrals over lines... >> No.12285679 Euclidean geometry has already been solved by Tarski-Seidenberg, so unless you're interested in the computational efficiencies of geometric constructions, or an acolyte of Wildberger, you won't find much theoretical insight from it anyway. >maybe it will give you a new perspective that people don't get doing analytic geometry I was going to say that this is the best reason to study geometry, aside from artistic purposes. But "gaining a fresh perspective" sounds pretty artistic as well. And in the wake of the mechanization of geometry and automation of constructions, "artistic insights" may be the only way to advance the subject. I don't keep up with what they're doing at Erlangen, but Hilbert axiomatization (really, Godel's completeness theorem) didn't put an end to logic, nor did the Turing machine put an end to computability theory. If these are any indication, geometry will return to being an "applied math", with its development guided by advances in other subjects like cosmology, geography, and maybe even art. Turns out the proof isn't quite as simple as I expected: to prove [math]1 < 0 \implies 0 < 1[/math], show that 0 is absorbing, then multiply both sides by -1, and then add 1. >> No.12285680 Well yes, euclidean geometry can be done with just constructable numbers of course. I saw a little bit about geometry with field extensions of the rationals. But I was just trying to say that the real number system is an attempt to "fill in" the line, originally, right? Like we can take the rational numbers plus some constructable irrationals, but then you have "numbers" like pi which obviously are not algebraic and not constructable, but there is some idea of its range. And then the real numbers say that we can continually approximate this an infinite number of times. Not necessarily saying I feel the real numbers are necessary, just trying to say that the idea of real numbers doesn't really make sense without geometry as the foundation, I feel. >> No.12285693 Sounds like something of a cop out. And you still have to deal with irrational numbers, even if it's a countable subset of them. And even the ancient Greeks weren't so strict about compass and straightedge. They came up with a lot of curves that can't be constructed just with compass and straightedge. Even something as simple as the conic sections can't be constructed that way in their entirety (you can only construct conics point-by-point with compass and straightedge, not a whole continuous curve). The obsession with compass and straightedge was just something of a curiosity and a desire to reduce geometric constructions to the simplest tools, but it's not like it was illegal for Greek mathematicians to work with curves which involved non-constructible numbers. And Dedekind cuts really are a refinement of Eudoxus' theory of proportion as described in Euclid's fifth book, which arose as a nned to dela with irrational quantities after the Pythagoreans found out about incommensurable geometric quantities. >> No.12285708 I feel the same way, but there may be more to it. For example, Euler's number and the exponential function arise when dealing with compound interest, so we have a fairly concrete application of mathematics involving real numbers (even transcendental numbers) and yet pretty much unrelated to geometry. Then again, the underlying issue is the same: the assumption that space (in the case of geometry) and time (in the case of compound interest) are continuous. And this assumption may or may not be true, but it works well enough in practice, so it's a good enough approximation for most purposes. >> No.12285760 [DELETED] File: 52 KB, 511x416, DynamicHedging.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >pretty much unrelated to geometry On the contrary, it demonstrates a fundamental dependence on the geometry of continuous-time, and this is a sticking point for mathematical finance, where the actual trading and information updating can only ever happen in discrete time steps. Decompose into a disjoint union of spheres, and take the latitude lines for each? >> No.12285814 [DELETED] I think you can skewer the sphere through its diameter, and then for each [math]r\in (0,1][/math] form the radius-r sphere (minus the two punctured points at the poles, which are part of the axis) out of its latitude lines (great circles). >> No.12285878 [DELETED] Does [math]e^{2\pi it}[/math] count as a closed path for [math]S^1[/math]? If it does, then you can skewer [math]S^2[/math] along any axis, and then decompose it as this axis plus a concentric series of radius-r spheres (minus the pair of antipodal "poles") for [math]r\in \left(0,1\right][/math]. Each sphere decomposes in turn into a series of [math]S^1[/math] "latitude lines", indexed by their angle with the north pole, and for which the decomposition is "known". The case for general [math]S^n[/math] should follow inductively. >> No.12286048 What do you call the idea that if you choose an infinite number of things from a finite set, some element gets chosen an infinite amount of times? I know I've seen this before in Ramsey theory >> No.12286052 Pigeonhole principle or (sometimes) the Dirichlet principle >> No.12286053 never mind I'm retarded! This is why I shouldn't do math at 3am >> No.12286141 It is possible, use the constant paths. >> No.12286209 Have you guys ever printed off an entire textbook PDF? I'm thinking about starting with Lang's basic mathematics but I have a hard time focusing on a computer and I don't want to pay $60 for the book. I was thinking about just going somewhere to get it printed off and just throwing it into a binder. Has anyone done this before and how much did it cost? >> No.12286226 is this contradiction - m elements in set, N = max{n\|n= times element e_i chosen i=1,...,m} then finite mN+1 > inifinity choices or is that the pigeonhole >> No.12286235 Just lost my 4.0 because the shittily made chink spyware that my Uni forces everyone to install decided to crash in the middle of a proctored test. >> No.12286249 I did this for the first courses. I think it was around 6 dollars with binding included for each, but I'm not american. >> No.12286276 File: 2.39 MB, 2277x1867, ClXItsR.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] 6 dollars would be amazing. I'm looking at printing it at my local staples and it's 5 cents for each page if you print over a thousand pages which isn't too bad. But If I have to print at least 1000 pages I'll have to print multiple textbooks but I don't really know which ones to get. Should I just follow the main texts on this meme chart? >> No.12286284 Just print off Napkin and Lang, that'll be over 1000. >> No.12286290 Book of Proof and Spivak are high quality textbooks, too. >> No.12286304 Common sense. >> No.12286326 By napkin do you mean guesstimation? So I should go Lang's -> proofs -> napkin -> Spivak? >> No.12286335 Evan Chen's Napkin. Look it up. >> No.12286339 That's somewhat standard practice in my country. Can't tell you about prices but just to let you know it's not that out there as an idea. I never noticed the background on that image, hah. I'm noone to say, but personally for "precalc" stuff I just kept some pdfs or googled when I had forgotten something while reading other courses. For proofs I just kinda went by feeling/learning what the book used, but maybe a book on that isn't bad. Spivak is a neat book, I didn't complete it. But it's clear and very readable. Cool exercises. Shilov I couldn't quite get through. I used Friedberg and I loved it. D&F always gets criticized for being more of a reference than anything, but I'll let someone else comment on that. He means Evan Chen's Napkin Project: https://web.evanchen.cc/napkin.html >> No.12286351 The infinitely large napkin, by Evan Chen https://venhance.github.io/napkin/Napkin.pdf You could also print off Fuchs Fomenko, another top tier book >> No.12286357 He means the napkin by Evan Chen. >> No.12286361 I think he means Evan Chen's napkin. You can read it at https://venhance.github.io/napkin/Napkin.pdf >> No.12286369 Jesus christ that napkin project looks seriously impressive. Do I just start that after I'm done with calc? >> No.12286379 File: 57 KB, 1266x680, I am so proud of this community.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >Evan Chen's Napkin. Look it up. >He means Evan Chen's Napkin Project: https://web.evanchen.cc/napkin.html >He means the napkin by Evan Chen >> No.12286424 In all seriousness tho, don't actually print off Napkin (unless you want to ). Use it during your summers (I assume you're actually a student, and not a hobbyist. If you are read it whenever you want to find a new topic to learn) to wet your appetite for future topics that you'll find interesting >> No.12286428 File: 10 KB, 149x533, sq.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] I simplified this square root without calculator >> No.12286455 I am a student but the reason I'm considering printing it out is because I have ADD so it's hard for me to study at my computer. >> No.12286496 I mostly used it to fuck around and learn neat things Some of it you don't even need calc for Napkin has a graph inside of chapter dependence You could print something that appeals to you and its related chapters >> No.12286636 File: 367 KB, 322x445, 60C6D0BF-0DC2-40AF-BC7C-CEDA41906755.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] I'm a mathlet. Can I pass Calculus 1 by memorizing problem types? It's the only thing that works for me and I end up reverting back to it. For example I'm learning logarithms right now so I just memorize what certain problems look like and I copy the steps on homework/quizzes/exams. >> No.12286646 Email the professor. Heavily suggest in the email that you will contact the dean if they do not permit you to retake the exam. >> No.12286649 it's easier just to do the practice. >> No.12286658 >> No.12286673 Feeling a bit disappointed lads. Is all math really just abstract nonsense? I thought it was supposed to describe reality. >> No.12286674 No that's what I'm saying, I practice and I end up just mentally categorizing everything into types of problems because that's the only way I learn/complete my work. It's the only way I ""learn"" math, I don't understand jack shit otherwise. >> No.12286710 You know the trick for when something is a multiple of 3 right? >> No.12286723 doomed to fail the moment you encounter a problem that isn't in one of these categories (which will happen). what's so difficult about reading the definitions and theorems? >> No.12286752 Why do we focus so much on arbitrary categorizations of objects and existence theorems? Why don't mathematicians work more on computational structures and methods, on making structures that represent physics, and of finding their numerical/elemental properties? I know some theorems can come to be useful but the majority of them seem in the wrong direction. >> No.12286756 That's not the "only way you learn". There's no way you can't understand calculus, except if you're actually retarded. I am 100% sure that you jump straight into solving problems without having even looked up the theory. That just won't work. Read the theory to understand what you're doing. >> No.12286759 because abstract, in time, leads to the tangible. >> No.12286763 the answer is because most of them want to intentionally avoid that so that they don't feel like watered down physicists >> No.12286769 What trick? >> No.12286774 Because mathematics is not engineering. It's truth-seeking. >> No.12286775 Add the digits. If what you get is divisible by 3, the number is divisible by 3. >> No.12286792 Ah pretty neat >> No.12286797 Yep. Another slightly less useful one is that if a number is divisible by 3 and by 2, it's divisible by 6. >> No.12286799 How else was he gonna get the thread for some basedboy Nazi LARPer that decided to die young in the Eastern Front rather than doing mathematics? >> No.12286813 I have a family of operator [math]C(\dot):[0,T]\times\mathcal{S}\to\mathcal{S}[/math] with [math]\mathcal{S}[/math] some Schwartz space such that for a fixed [math]f\in\mathcal{S},\; C(t)f[/math] is smooth in [math]t[/math]. I managed to find the estimate [math]\lvert\lvert C(t)f\rvert\rvert_2\leq e^{Kt}\|\|f\|\|_2[/math] in [math]L^2[/math]. Is the unique continuous extension also smooth or at least continuous in [math]t[/math]? >> No.12286833 [math]K[/math] is a positive constant just to clarify. >> No.12286844 File: 104 KB, 647x478, 1595188917036.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >the one guy in class who asks 'are we using the axiom of choice here'? >> No.12286861 Many of them do. I think because we start off learning "pure" math as undergrads and many people here then either graduate and stop doing math or go on to do pure math as postgrads, we tend to underestimate how many applied mathematicians there actually are. At my uni, the applied math department is several times larger than the pure math department. They are the ones bringing the money in >> No.12286863 Do we have a choice? >> No.12286866 Splitting lemma >> No.12286874 I had no idea about this. I checked many divisors manually with long division. >> No.12286880 Kneel faggots >> No.12286898 >> No.12286926 Oof, hope it wasn't too tedious. >> No.12286936 how did you discover this? >> No.12286937 no constant paths, I forgot to mention. >> No.12286956 I am that guy lol. What about it? >> No.12286958 prove it >> No.12286976 File: 295 KB, 1080x1099, 1600130676116.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >the one guy in class who asks 'are we using the Zorn's Lemma here'? >> No.12286986 Do the paths have to be injective? If they can be a line that goes back and forth along itself then you can do it. Otherwise I think it's impossible because if you remove finitely many paths you get a bunch of disks and annuli, possibly some things like annuli with multiple holes, but there's always at least two disks and the intersection of an infinite descending sequence of disks is a point that can't be covered. Hmm, unless the diameters din't converge to zero... but the intersection should still be simply connected... but so is R3 and you can cover that with disjoint circles... hmm >> No.12287047 that's true in general if n is divisible by r and s, and r and s are relatively prime (i.e. they have no common divisors besides 1, i.e. their gcd is 1), then n is divisible by rs as well. >> No.12287098 by closed you mean gamma(0) = gamma(1) ? >> No.12287124 File: 8 KB, 247x250, 1603125119147s.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Can somebody help me with the proof of this? Show that every quotient space of a locally path connected space is locally path connected >> No.12287183 File: 143 KB, 1224x1316, help.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] can somebody explain to this mega-brainlet what i need to learn in order to understand this? i took a machine learning class because i thought it would be fun but i'm starting to think i made a mistake since i'm shit at math >> No.12287194 [math]\bullet[/math]What textbooks, papers or text did you read today? [math]\bullet[/math]What non-textbooks did you read today? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you write something today? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you do some programming today? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you build something today? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you clean up something today? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you plan something today? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you manage to work off some bureaucracy/paper work today? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you practiced any skills today? If so, which? [math]\bullet[/math]Did you do sports/cardio/weightlifting today? [math]\bullet[/math]What were you eating today? [math]\bullet[/math]How much sleep did you get yesterday? >> No.12287215 I tried to read this 3 times but I don't get it. Write better sentences >> No.12287242 Where do you take these historical facts and references to rather obscure mathematicans? I'm not saying that's a bad thing, but I'm surprised where this comes from. In partcilar since we talked about synthetic geometry a few threads ago. >> No.12287249 what i read today -The Real Projective Plane -Apollonius' Conics >> No.12287251 I've been having fun doing mathematics >> No.12287278 What have you tried? >> No.12287283 This book is for people like you: https://mml-book.github.io/ You mostly just need linear algebra and vector calculus. >> No.12287311 has /mg/ ever worked through textbooks together? if not would it be something of interest? >> No.12287315 File: 83 KB, 1491x1118, 0.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] This is what I have so far. I'm not sure if my approach is correct >> No.12287338 I think your approach will work but I find it a weird way to think about things. Here's my intuition: the quotient space is more connected since we can attach things but not disconnect them. Paths that worked before will still work. Open sets that worked before will still work. All you need to do is formalise this idea by talking about the quotient topology. >> No.12287347 Retard here, wouldn't the entire [math]\mathbb{R}^2[/math] plane be a quotient group of itself? >> No.12287358 File: 7 KB, 436x179, Capture2.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] i dont even know what to do with this i know cos(0)= pi/2 but after that is where i get lost >> No.12287363 You mean under the trivial quotient where you don't change anything? In that case yes. >> No.12287365 Solve the equation cos(x)=0, then find what makes e^y+1.2 =x for some y >> No.12287373 why would i solve for y now? im super confused >> No.12287376 Let ~ be the trivial equivalence relation where x~y if and only if x=y. Then [math]\mathbf{R}^2/\tilde \cong \mathbf{R}^2 [/math]. Or if you want to think of [math]\mathbf{R}^2[/math] as a group then consider the quotient group [math] \mathbf{R}/0 \cong \mathbf{R} [/math]. This is a trivial statement that is true for any topological space (or group). >> No.12287383 Oh that notation go really messed up, I mean [math] \mathbb{R}^2/~ \cong \mathbb{R}^2 [/math] >> No.12287392 I made the mistake of reading the wikipedia article, what's a good source on this? I used y the second time to show that it's a different variable than x >> No.12287432 Any introductory topology course will cover the quotient topology construction. If you haven't seen topology before then make sure you understand metric space analysis first (for example definitions of continuity, compactness, connectedness, etc in terms of open sets). Otherwise everything will seem really abstract and unmotivated. >> No.12287453 I hope it's you. Stop living in the past, make a contribution. Get rid of Choice and the lie of excluded middle. >> No.12287460 >Apollonius' Conics the Burger always keeps talking about him >> No.12287464 >> No.12287466 >Zorn's Lemma >not Kuratowski's Lemma fucking plebs >> No.12287468 thanks anon, going through it right now >> No.12287476 What do you call a sequence f(i):N-> S where S is some finite set that is defined by a set of rules for what symbol can come next? For example, S = {A,B,C} B can only come after C C can only come after A some sequences would be: >> No.12287484 whatever i got the rules rong fuck it doe >> No.12287487 finite automata? >> No.12287490 regular expression. >> No.12287517 got it could you walk me through this last problem? >> No.12287519 File: 47 KB, 1280x496, Capture3.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] forgot pic >> No.12287532 Please rate this curriculum: 1st Semester: >Introduction to Calculus >Math Lab 1 (problem solving) >Arithmetic Fundamentals >Quantitative Geometry 1 >Calculus 1 >Quantitative Geometry >Analytic Geometry >Introduction to Combinatorics and Probability >Physics 1 >Calculus 2 >Math Lab 2 >Linear Algebra 1 >Physics 2 >Calculus 3 >Linear Algebra 2 >Linear Analysis >Algebra 1 >Probability and Statistics >Algebra 2 >Introduction to Topology >Ordinary Differential Equations >Computational Math Lab >Physics 3 >Calculus 4 >Analysis 1 >Differential Geometry >Numerical Methods >Physics 4 >Complex Variables >Thesis 1 >Introduction to Galois Theory >Computational Science >Partial Differential Equations >Thesis 2 >> No.12287535 >> No.12287633 Forgot Analysis 2 on the 7th >> No.12287644 >Kuratowski's Lemma >not well ordering theorem super pleb >> No.12287649 >just introduced Taylor series in my math class holy smokes. am i gonna be okay? >> No.12287677 They're fun >> No.12287797 taylor series are your friend. >> No.12287811 Use the second to last property, let z be 0, x be 1, and y be 0. >> No.12287936 File: 103 KB, 1280x720, trump_dab_election_night.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] why do elementary divisibility proofs trip me up so much number theory bros >start thinking about number theory problem >become interested in problem and not in boobs >stop masturbating >solve problem >no longer feel like masturbating send help >> No.12287971 Physical books all the way right? >> No.12287991 What's the fastest way to multiply two n digit numbers w/o a forrier transform? >> No.12287995 /sci/ - science and math >> No.12288014 Can /sci/ help me with this gay ass fucking stats problem? Don't know where I'm going wrong. Suppose that Θ is a random variable that follows a gamma distribution with parameters λ and α, where α is an integer, and suppose that, conditional on Θ, X follows a Poisson distribution with parameter Θ. Find the unconditional distribution of Y = α + X. So I try and solve for the mgf of X because I can use that to get the mgf of Y so I can fucking be done with this. Since I want the mgf of Y, I'm gonna use the iterated expectation formula, which relies on me getting th expectation of e^{Xt}. That is: [eqn]M_X(t) = E[e^{tX}] = E[E[e^{tX} \ \| \ \Theta]]= \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{xt} \frac{\theta^x e^{-\Theta}}{x!}dx [/eqn] but this fucking integral doesn't give me anything... wolfram alpha can't even evaluate it. Am I fucking up somewhere? >> No.12288018 sorry, that integral is [math] E[e^{tX} \ \| \ \Theta] [/math], not the expectation of this. >> No.12288024 File: 689 KB, 2300x1618, 20201028_045105.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >calculus 4 >> No.12288064 I'm not particularly sure how that helps me here. Are you saying I can construct a SES using my idempotent f? >> No.12288072 [DELETED] File: 42 KB, 300x421, 1601379061509.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] How's UFSC treating ya? >> No.12288130 you write like a bitch, let me fuck your girlfriend >> No.12288142 I saw your post It's treating me well I saw the archives and apparently it has a 90% drop rate, is this true? >> No.12288145 >Am I fucking up somewhere? >have expression with [math]x![/math] term >decide to integrate it rather than summing* >starting from the lower bound [math]x = -\infty[/math] Bluntly put, you should be thinking about what you're calculating. In fairness to you, this is not something that comes naturally to people, it has to be honed by practicing problems. * For the puremathfags: in this case, the urge to generalize by writing [math]\Gamma(x+1)[/math] everywhere instead of x!, ends up working against you by obscuring the error of integrating against the wrong measure. >> No.12288156 No idea. Probably? Wouldn't surprise me. >> No.12288191 Why so? Apparently it kinda sucks? It's hard to get information with this pandemic so I'm not sure about transfering. I'm pleasantly surprised someone in /mg/ recognized the curriculum though >> No.12288192 thanks homie. bluntly put, it's a stupid mistake that reflects badly on my competence of the material. then again, this is an online class that meets once a week about my least favorite subject. I do needa learn stats eventually, but I'll do this over winter break when i don't have any class. >> No.12288244 >competence of the material This isn't incompetence, it's carelessness resulting from unfamiliarity. Being incompetent would be if you were unable to rectify the mistake, even after it was pointed out to you. Protip: Redefine your probability distributions to be multiplied by a {0,1}-valued indicator function (or "Iverson bracket") that explicitly marks their support, e.g. [eqn]p_X = \mathbf{1}\{ x\in \mathbb{N} \} \cdot \theta^x \cdot e^{-\theta}/x![/eqn] or [eqn]f_X = \mathbf{1}\{ x\in\mathbb{R}, x > 0 \} \cdot x^{a-1} \cdot e^{-x/\lambda} \cdot \lambda^{-a} / \Gamma(a)[/eqn] Then you no longer have to keep track of the integration bounds, since the indicator variables do that for you. They combine according to Boolean logic, e.g. [math] \mathbf{1}\{ x\in A \} \cdot \mathbf{1}\{ x \in B \} = \mathbf{1}\{ x \in A \text{ and }x \in B \} = \mathbf{1}\{ x \in A \cap B \}[/math], which is how you calculate the support of your final distribution. >> No.12288261 It does suck, yeah, and the first two semesters are filled with mem shit. IIRC it didn't cover much less than, say, USP, tho, so there's no big deal. A friend of mine once considered transferring to maths. I specifically told him not to because he'd get tired within the first two semesters and drop out. I stand by my opinion. >> No.12288263 He’ll fucking yes. Most interesting part of calculus. Super satisfying when you prove Taylor’s thm. One of my favorite parts of intro analysis. Speaking of, what’s everyone’s favorite result or technique from analysis? >> No.12288276 I once stopped having sex with a girl to work on a problem relating to idempotent functions. It was really awkward >> No.12288283 This sounds like the origin to a very strange math related fetish. >> No.12288290 >if 1>0, 1+0>0+0 >if 0>1, 0+0>1+0 I dont get it >> No.12288326 Thanks man, I really wanted a opinion on this matter. Guess I'll just do CS and self study higher math >> No.12288557 Just have sex and think about math at the same time. It's not that hard, especially if you get the other person to do all the work. >> No.12288560 >Where do you take these historical facts and references to rather obscure mathematicans? There is plenty of books on the history of mathematics. You'll pick up some of these facts if you read a few of them. >> No.12288563 more like impotent functions >> No.12288567 File: 122 KB, 720x720, 1481730293586.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >> No.12288576 File: 210 KB, 645x968, 1503241345483.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >Consider the subgroup [math]G=\left\langle \sigma,\pi \right\rangle [/math] of [math]S_{4}[/math]... can someone clarify what this notation means? >> No.12288578 The smallest (sub)group containing [math] \sigma [/math] and [math] \pi [/math]. ie you're going to need the identity, inverses, and anything you can generate with the group operation. >> No.12288582 File: 32 KB, 530x492, CF-k9JAUEAAhvqg.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >> No.12288657 File: 207 KB, 1110x1600, 1569958429044.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >what’s everyone’s favorite result or technique from analysis? Intermediate value theorem and >>12286048 The triangle inequality may look like analysis but is really algebraic, as evidenced by its appearance in discrete math. >> No.12288672 >apperance in discrete math Which theorem? I've seen it in linear algebra but it was with inner products and norms, kind of definitional >> No.12288684 Just Karoubi complete, bro >> No.12288693 No, I'm lazy. But you square it first, multiply by the two, and then divide 8 by the resulting number. The two counts as part of the P step of PEMDAS. If they wanted 8 divided by the 2, they would've written it as a fraction, or put parenthesis around it. >> No.12288700 It's in the name: the triangle inequality is a theorem of Euclidean geometry, which is assuredly non-analytic as it predates the conception of [math]\pi[/math]. In other words, the definitional character of the triangle inequality (as you've observed) is the evidence that it did not originate [math]from[/math] analysis; rather, it is being applied [math]to[/math] analysis. >> No.12288765 Undergrad here. What course should I take next sem lads, an advanced PDEs course (that focuses on the theoretical stuff not just the solving bullshit) or combinatorial design theory? Leaning towards PDEs. >> No.12288867 File: 118 KB, 994x340, Screenshot from 2020-10-30 07-59-43.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Can anyone take a quick look at this proof? I believe it is fine but would like to be sure. >> No.12288900 Stupid anon here. I have a question about probability theory. Say, there are a soldier and tank. We know only that the probability to shoot an enemy for the first one is 0.7 and 0.4 for the second one. So, if we take these two together the probability to shoot an enemy EITHER by soldier OR tank is 1 - q1q2 = 1 - 0.3 0.6 = 0.82. Is is right to say that tank gives additional credits of success to soldier = 0.82 - 0.7 = +0.17 and soldier to tank = 0.82 - 0.4 = +0.42? And how are these additions called officially? I try to understand the effect of support without any data about their real cooperation. >> No.12288984 I suspect you want the probability ratios 0.82/0.7 and 0.82/0.4 (or equivalently, the log-probabilities log(0.82)-log(0.7) and log(0.82)-log(0.4)) instead. Those are called "(log) odds" or "odds ratios". >without any data about their real cooperation. No, your analysis is only valid if you explicitly assume that they are acting independently. That can be your null hypothesis though. I don't see any problem either. >> No.12288985 Harmonic analysis as a whole. >> No.12288994 Today I struggled with something for about 2 hours and it basically boiled down to the definition of the matrix representation of a linear transformation. I’m in the third year of my undergrad. Which method of suicide do you recommend? >> No.12289024 Thank you for your answer. Is there any valid way to make a reasonable assumption about what will be the support of each other if they are NOT acting independently? >> No.12289037 Watch 3blue1brown >> No.12289045 I love mathscr so much bros >> No.12289076 contributed more to mathematics than you >> No.12289100 File: 83 KB, 900x900, no.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Is there any valid way to draw a reasonable map of a territory if you do NOT know what it looks like? (And do you actually know that they are not acting independently, or is that just an assumption? In certain situations, knowing that some event will occur with positive probability can be useful, but this is unlikely to be what you're looking for.) >> No.12289122 You have a point. Thank you again. >> No.12289124 How to show? Let [math] [x] [/math] denote the equivalence class of [math]x \in X[/math]. This is called the path-component of [math]x[/math]and consists of all points that you can connect to [math]x[/math] by a path in [math]X[/math]. Let [math]\pi_0(X) = X /\sim[/math] denote the set of path components of [math]X[/math]. Give [math]\pi_0(X)[/math] the natural quotient topology and write the quotient map [math]q_X:X \w \pi_0(X), q_X(x) = [x][/math]. Show that if [math]f:X \w Y[/math] is a continuous function, then [math]f_0: \pi_0(X) \w \pi_0(Y), f_0([x]) = [f(x)] [/math]is well defined and a continuous function. I think I can do it through showing the composition is continuous but I'm not sure? >> No.12289127 sorry \w is a shitty macro for \longrightarrow >> No.12289130 I too love it when half my letters look the same. >> No.12289264 Just use \to >> No.12289293 Why are eigenvectors of AT * A and, conversely, singular vectors of A orthonormal? I understand why they are orthogonal (AT * A is symmetric) but I don't see how they are unit length. >> No.12289297 You can just choose them to have unit length. Do you understand what an eigenspace is? >> No.12289298 Eigenvectors can be made any length you want. >> No.12289300 Yep, posted this and realized what an idiot I am, we don't care about their norm, we only care about direction, so you can just choose a unit vector in this "eigendirection". Silly me. >> No.12289356 Guys. How come "if anon is a faggot, anon watches anime" is true? Also, listen to Tinariwen: >> No.12289389 >>I think I can do it through showing the composition is continuous but I'm not sure? yeah you don't have much else at your disposition as usual with eq classes, just be sure your result is independant of the representant. >> No.12289391 In the future the low IQ populations will look at us mathematicians and think it's all just a very elaborate meme or that we're all just pretending to be smart to boost our egos. This process will be accelerated by low tier diversity hire mathematicians similar to Piper Harron who will constantly publicly complain about the arrogance, the exclusivity of mathematicians, how they obscure their thoughts with obscure jargon, how they take pride in not being understood by PoCs and common people who want to get into the field, how they fail to take the historical mathematical achievements of various african tribes seriously. These voices will be amplified by the media on all fronts, continually diminishing the respect people hold for mathematics. There will be multiple websites like /r/iamverysmart dedicated to posting mathematical papers, excerpts from textbooks and our faces. The typical comments will be "yup, this guy needs to leave his room once in a while", "I bet he's fun at parties", the classic "Yikes", "Someone likes the thesaurus too much". >> No.12289406 Seeking advice here. What should I orient my graduate education if my goals are to learn useful things for my job (predictive modelling) but also specialize in an area where I can sit comfy writing interesting papers. I know analysis and stochastic analysis are good but is there anything more specific? Like specific classes that would aid? My goal is to become competent enough to produce independent research but I also want to become better at my job. >> No.12289424 >continually diminishing the respect people hold for mathematics. nobody respects mathematicians, even before the birth of nihilism. Also mathematicians are very few, all over the world. Cartier estimates the number at 10k. >> No.12289552 Kek nice one, I got btfo The angle bracket section is what's called a "group presentation", and S4 is the 4th permutation group >> No.12289566 That's not a presentation you dweeb, there are no relations. And finite symmetric groups don't have free subgroups. >> No.12289579 >intro calculus >calculus 1 >calculus 2 >calculus 3 >calculus 4 >"math lab" >quantitative/analytic geometry (high school math?) >arithmetic fundamentals (middle school math?) >physics classes just have numbers, no names >called complex "variables" instead of complex analysis >implying the differential geometry class is real differential geometry if taken simultaneously with analysis 1 >intro to topology and topology can you just start at 4th semester, cut out the bloat, and take grad classes for 2 years? i mean come on. >> No.12289580 >> No.12289585 advanced pde is fun >> No.12289596 banach fixed point theorem summing things with increasingly bad properties /2^n to get something with really awful properties. simple example would be weierstrass functions. >> No.12289599 File: 345 KB, 1280x720, Screenshot_20201030-174929.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >messes up sentence >loudly exhales >repeats sentence Why does he always do this? >> No.12289606 Is there a direct proof of the fact that there's no integer between 0 and 1? All proofs I've read use contradiction >> No.12289611 Printed off Pressley's Elementary Differential Geometry yesterday; school library for cost of tuition >> No.12289613 It's the subgroup generated by those two elements, not a presentation. If it was a presentation it would be the free group on two generators, which would be infinite. Do you know what the subgroup generated by a set is? >> No.12289679 Not sure if you can directly prove a negative, but perhaps you could show that [math]x \mapsto 2^x[/math] is an order-isomorphism from [math]\left\{ x\in\mathbb{Z} \mid 0 \leq x \leq 1 \right\}[/math] to the powerset of {0}. >> No.12289693 I came back to this problem and I still can't fucking crack it... Taking the sum in place of the integral does simplify, and then I'm left with [eqn]M_X(t) = E\left[\exp(\theta(e^t - 1))\right] [/eqn] as the mgf of X, but this is horseshit still. [math] \theta [/math] follows a gamma distribution, and so the expected value of that garbage is a mess (again, wolfram alpha doesn't evaluate it), so I'm at another fucking wall >> No.12289696 Wait no, [math]x\mapsto 2^x[/math] makes no sense. But [math]\mathrm{card}: \mathcal{P}(\{0\}) \to \left\{ x\in\mathbb{Z} \mid 0 \leq x \leq 1 \right\}[/math] seems like it should work. >> No.12289712 that's just a compound Poisson distribution bro >> No.12289719 I don't even know what that means familia, please elaborate. >> No.12289724 The integers are all R who are + or - by 1 from 1, and no others. 1-1 is 0. Any int that's +1 to 1 or -1 from 0 is greater than 1 or less than 0. So none of them fit 0 < x < 1. And of course 1 and 0 don't fit either. >> No.12289738 Let [math]\theta[/math] be Gamma-distributed. Now let [math]N \sim \textrm{Poisson}(\theta)[/math]. Then the variable [eqn]X = \sum_{k=1}^{N} Y_k,[/eqn] where the variables [math]Y_k[/math] are iid, is compound Poisson distributed. Calculating the moment generating function of this variable would be a fun exercise for you and what you get is going to look like the function you have in >>12289693 (Hint: the variables Y are allowed to be deterministically a constant) >> No.12289752 >Have you guys ever printed off an entire textbook PDF? lol yes, i printed loads, but from a lab and from a computer belonging to someone else, in order not to have my counter going up all printing jobs are tracked. >> No.12289755 >would be a fun exercise for someone who likes stats maybe >and what you get is going to look like the function you have in And I'm stumped here. This compound variable stuff hasn't been discussed yet, so I'm unsure how to proceed after this expectation. >> No.12289765 I'd use proof by contradiction I know what subgroups are, admittedly I'm still learning and permutation groups have been a thorn in my side >> No.12289796 You don't need any compound shit. Literally look up the MGF of a Poisson distribution and compare with what you have. >> No.12289805 Alright, so [eqn]\exp(\theta(e^t - 1))[/eqn] is the mgf of a Poisson random variable w/parameter [math]\theta[/math], so the expected value of this is just [eqn]E[\exp(\theta(e^t - 1))] = E[E[e^{Xt}]] = E[e^{Xt}] =...[/eqn]wtf >> No.12289809 It follows from the usual construction of the real numbers and the definition of the naturals as a subset. What you have to understand is that mathematicians don't prove obvious shit because it isn't obvious, but to see if their particular axiomatic system works. There are many ways to construct the real numbers, and so you have to specify how you are defining the natural numbers in the real numbers. I'm going to assume you are using field axioms and so >>12289724 Is tthe usual definition because you only know you have special elements 1 and 0. >> No.12289828 All constructions of [math]\mathbb{R}[/math] I know start from the rational numbers (Cauchy sequences, Dedekind cuts, decimal expansions), and the rationals, as far as I know, are built from the natural numbers. >> No.12289838 You can start with an unspecified field with a total order and then afterwards construct all the subsets you know. Is the approach done in spivak and used by people who don't like set theoretic shit. >> No.12289852 I know, but that still doesn't answer my question. The proof you mention is only valid if [math]\mathbb{R}[/math] exist, which (as far as I know) can only be proven by the construction of the natural numbers. Then the proof would be redundant >> No.12289892 Again, the real numbers as defined through the axioms, not as a set theoretic construction. The real numbers "exist". >> No.12289906 File: 28 KB, 480x480, anons second wife.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] We wants to prove [math]\neg \exists n. \big((0<n) \land \big(n<1)\big)[/math] where, I suppose, [math]x<y := \exists k. (x+k=y)\land \neg(k=0)[/math] In natural deduction style, assuming, for a contradiction, [math]\exists n. \big((0<n) \land (n<1)\big)[/math] [math]n, i, j[/math] with the four properties using +0 being dropped by the PA axioms on either side, this is The question is thus reduced to deriving that the above 3 relations imply [math](n=0)\lor (j=0)[/math] formally in PA. Seems obvious enough, although I'm too tired to put 1 and 1 together now, pun intended >> No.12289919 To spell it out in words If [math]n[/math] and [math]j[/math] are two nonzero numbers, use the Peano axioms to derive contradiction (i.e. derive [math](0=1)[/math]) from the claim >> No.12289931 Why is all math seemingly reduced to functions of two things rather than operators on >2 things? >> No.12289934 >> No.12289942 For the love of God someone please kill me. Posting again because fuck me. Suppose that Θ is a random variable that follows a gamma distribution with parameters λ and α, where α is an integer, and suppose that, conditional on Θ, X follows a Poisson distribution with parameter Θ. Find the unconditional distribution of α + X (Hint : Find the mgf by using iterated conditional expectations. >> No.12289948 I suppose since 1 doesn't have more axioms than being singled out as the multiplicative unit, one must multiply (n+j)·x=x It's called ternary operation fyi I thought for a second but can't give a moral justification desu. Other than that it's easier. One can of course say all functions are only ever really functions of a single arguments and 2-ary arguments are 1-ary one's in disguise. But I suppose the underlying question is whether there's a reason 3-ary notation is rarely the setup in mathematical theories. I recall a SE thread on this. And there's also of course counterexamples, e.g. the associator or what's it called, where you study x·(y·z)-(x·y)·z in its own right. But it's rare. >> No.12289953 If x and y are two nonzero naturals, does x+y=1 lead to a contradiction? Why, formally? >> No.12289963 File: 305 KB, 1048x1584, 1588079118725.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >logic and foundations >> No.12289964 What about tensors, multilinear maps, determinants? >> No.12289972 File: 132 KB, 800x1200, nicola_cavanis4.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] found the thread I mentioned we're all deciding to live in our own personal hell >> No.12289985 >nicola cavanis i wonder how many men nicola cavanis picked up for anal sex wonder also how much easy is nicola cavanis life wonder if nicola cavanis is a feminist and claims she has a hard life >> No.12289995 Redpill me on the associator >> No.12289996 Think of it this way, subtraction shows us the amount of steps between two numbers >27 - 16 = 11 There are 11 steps between 27 and 16 But how many steps are there between 27 and -16? The answer is 27 + 16 Or just think of it this way, you have 27 apples. Now take 16 apples. You just grabbed some apples. But if you were to take -16 apples, what would you do? The opposite >> No.12290002 I would argue that it's because binary operations are the simplest form of interactions >> No.12290053 measures associativity >> No.12290055 [DELETED] File: 1.18 MB, 1612x1186, brafe.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] I only came across it in relation to the Star/Moyal product. Don't ask me to redpill you about the Star product. she brave woman >> No.12290059 [DELETED] Although admittedly it was a shit example, since it's probably never studied abstractly (but instead is defined just in terms of a binary operation) >> No.12290063 File: 861 KB, 1548x830, b.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Don't ask me to redpill you about the Star product. she brave woman >> No.12290119 Oh hey, I see you're still at it. You've managed to get the MGF in >>12289693. I don't know why Wolfram doesn't recognize it, because that's exactly the expression for the MGF of [math]\theta[/math], but evaluated at [math]e^t-1[/math] instead of t. I.e. [eqn]M_X(t) = \left(1 - \lambda(e^t-1) \right)^{-\alpha}/\mathbf{1}\{ e^t-1 < 1/\lambda \}[/eqn] So all that remains is for you to recognize this MGF, for which it helps to rewrite the support as a radius of convergence [math]\mathbf{1}\{ t < \log( \frac{1+\lambda}{\lambda})\}[/math]. This suggests the parameter transform [math]p = \frac{\lambda}{1 + \lambda}[/math], i.e. [math]\lambda=\frac{1}{1-p}-1[/math], so that after substituting [math]M_X(t) = \left(1 - (\frac{1}{1-p} - 1)(e^t-1)\right)^{-\alpha}/\mathbf{1}\{ t < -\log p \}[/math] you can expect the numerator to simplify nicely (and you can probably already guess what the final distribution of X will be). >> No.12290192 I can tell by the way you talk that you have a big cock. Thank you very much for continuing to help me on this stupid problem anon. the MGF of a gamma distribution is the expected value of the MGF of a poisson distribution? Evaluating the expectation w.r.t. [math] \theta [/math] gets [eqn]E[\exp(\theta(e^t - 1))] = \int_0^\infty \exp(\theta(e^t - 1)) \frac{\lambda^\alpha \theta^{\alpha - 1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} e^{-\lambda \theta} \ d\theta = \int_0^\infty \frac{\lambda^\alpha}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int_0^\infty \exp(\theta(e^t - 1))\theta^{\alpha - 1} e^{-\lambda \theta} \ d\theta [/eqn] This part is incredibly confusing to me. >> No.12290196 ugh ignore the first integral in the third expression, why can't we edit posts on 4chin? >> No.12290226 Friendly reminder that nobody has proved the smoothness of the Navier-Stokes equations. Over 100 years old and you get one 1 million bucks for the proof. Get going. I mean, you are as smart as you say you are on 4chan, right? >> No.12290236 Emil Artin wrote a 150 page book on n-ary group theory in 1940, initiating the discipline. It's still actively studied. People on StackExchange are so excited to answer even when they don't work in the area. >> No.12290239 tao is on the job >> No.12290279 No, I meant that the expression is of the form [math]M_X(t) = E_\theta[e^{u\theta}][/math] for [math]u=e^t-1[/math] (or to be pedantic, [math]u(t)=e^t-1[/math]). Protip 2: Subscript your expectation operators, so that you can see explicitly what you're integrating over. In this case, [math] E_\theta[e^{u\theta}][/math] is the telltale pattern of an MGF, and [math]\theta[/math] is a random variable whose distribution you already know. This should prompt you to write out the functional form of [math]M_X(t) = M_\theta(u(t)) = M_\theta(e^t-1)[/math] which has already been given. >> No.12290285 Is he? Is that one of the problems he's trying to solve? >> No.12290306 Do you guys use any made up symbols as you work? I made a symbol thats like a V with an \| through it, like a trident. I use it to compare two objects before making a statement about them, it seems helpful. I call it comparator The reason I asked the question is because I was counting an octagon, and I said 22 22 in my head and it instantly went to 8. But something felt off, as though it was disallowed to add 4 things at once or even recognize 4-ness as a distinct rationale without counting up by units. But then I wondered why going 2 4 6 8 is any better. Is recognizing 4 in the brain possible, or does the brain and reality split it into units at the lowest level? I believe n-ary is possible. >> No.12290314 >> No.12290318 Bros. I just discovered one fundamental difference between how normal life thinking differs from mathematical thinking >almost all "if statements" irl, are in fact "iff statements", at least partially This is especially true in biological, natural, and social things >> No.12290321 Get us started then. Post your progress. >> No.12290347 What are some practical applications of pure magmas? >> No.12290403 Cons cells in Lisp, I guess. It seems like anything you'd want from a pure magma [math]M:\Omega \to \Omega^\Omega[/math] can also be done by the more general action [math]S:\Sigma \to \Omega^\Omega[/math], which has both theoretical and practical uses. >> No.12290408 Smelting iron. >> No.12290416 Consing is not a binary operation. >> No.12290425 protecting your virginity. >> No.12290537 Can someone post more songs like this? >> No.12290662 >> No.12290663 Any good resources for learning about series? I'm taking calc II and have an A so far but my professor really isn't very good and it's catching up. Am I supposed to be able to always be able to find what they converge to? Are partial sums always obvious? The convergence/divergence tests are fairly straight forward, we've learned up until the limit comparison test. >> No.12290724 Anon you're gay. >> No.12290734 File: 22 KB, 680x375, ElMCKAGXIAM1fJQ.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Asked this in /sqt/ to no avail. This being the case, what is the difference between the "p-adics" and "base p" ? >> No.12290748 p-adics can have infinitely many digits left of the decimal point, but not right of it. >> No.12290750 They're completely different things. One is an algebraic structure and the other is just a notation for natural numbers. >> No.12290902 >let this axis represent n-1 dimensions >> No.12291070 What's the consensus on the best measure theory book, cu/mg/uzzlers? >> No.12291092 File: 33 KB, 334x334, alexandre-grothendieck.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] You're supposed to rederive it yourself using your intuition anon. >> No.12291122 p-please anon, spare me a crumb of reference to the written assistance... >> No.12291147 Sort of on the same boat. Is this your first time taking this subject? What book are recommended by your professors? Meme books like Apostol, Spivak should be fine if you are proving stuff (I know this is /mg/ but sometimes non math majors come here to ask stuff). Kind of a tricky question but no, mostly just if they do. Also, if you're at power series, for what values of x they converge. >Are partial sums always obvious? No, not really. They require some work, there are techniques though. >> No.12291157 Also Professor Leonard's videos are really good. No shame in watching them, particularly if your prof sucks >> No.12291192 File: 18 KB, 333x499, 41bnIUsE2uL._SX331_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] kino has arrived. >> No.12291396 You misunderstood the implication, it's context-dependant. If you don't understand common induction applications, then you don't really understand the concept. You barely have to think on how to apply on common examples, if you already understand the principle. >> No.12291431 Do you guys set a benchmark of pages/problems to be finish for each block of time (hour/day/week/month/whatever) spent studying a book or paper? Why? Does it work? >> No.12291458 -I'm not THAT autistic >> No.12291478 File: 18 KB, 416x133, asasas.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Brainlet here. Pls explain what this means and how to solve it. I know how to solve a separable diff equation (the chapter this is from) and I know what the initial value problem is But I'm not being able to connect the dots. >> No.12291480 So you admit that understanding the induction principle need not imply the ability to solve induction problems, unless they are "common"? I can buy that, but only if you make it clear what distinguishes a "common" application from an "uncommon" one. >> No.12291500 Not my thing so take it with a grain of salt, but it'll probably be obvious if you differentiate both sides >> No.12291502 Differentiate both sides and figure out a differential equation. This is why nobody talks about integral equations, because they can be transformed into differential equations >> No.12291507 That is what I did but I thought I was missing something. What do I do with the y(2) that shows up? Just treat it like a constant? >> No.12291512 >> No.12291532 Now I have a family of differential equations. What does that "hint" part mean? >> No.12291542 File: 37 KB, 361x500, think with full brain.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] bruh, use your brain [math]y'(x)=\frac{d}{dx}\int_2^x f(t)dt=f(x) [/math] >> No.12291549 Thank you anon, I'm doing alright so far, no missed marks on my homework, but I don't want to fall behind. I think I'll just diversify my resources. >> No.12291556 What's a good book for finding the closed form of the summations? >> No.12291577 But that is not the equation on the picture: y(x) = 2 + \int_2^x [t - ty(t)]dt y'(x) = x - xy(x) + C What does it mean to "use an initial condition obtained from the integral equation"? If I had the value of y(a) = b then I could use it to find C and thus one equation from the family. Do I use a = 2? If so why? Thanks for the help. >> No.12291589 Let t-ty(t)=f(x). Use >>12291542. Notice how there is no +C there, since [math]\int_2^x f(t)=F(x)-F(2)[/math] and F(2) is a constant, so when you differentiate, it goes away >> No.12291615 File: 1.45 MB, 900x972, 1558264300732.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Thanks femanon. Thanks femanon. >> No.12291636 File: 39 KB, 564x640, 1591541389150.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] >>>12291589 (You) >Thanks femanon. >>>12291542 (You) >Thanks femanon. Yeah np >> No.12291642 a=2 is a good choice because the integral of anything from 2 to 2 is 0 >> No.12291654 File: 89 KB, 700x827, sppjoztm7vu51.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google] [report] Looking at buying this book. Reviews are saying there are errors throughout the book. Is it still worth it? On Amazon you can open it to random pages to look through the book, and on a random page I saw a problem where the value -(-2) randomly got converted into 4... This book sounds great but random errors sounds like bullshit. Can anyone please let me know? Thanks! >> No.12291671 Lang is a meme. >> No.12291678 Download the pdf fag. >> No.12291679 Yeah I think I'm gonna cancel the order. I saw grammatical errors and more math errors. Really lame. >> No.12291680 will do ma'am. >> No.12291745 *Emil Post >> No.12291778 Successor >>12291777 >> No.12291779 Try drawing this on a number line. >> No.12292654 Imagine someone removing (subtracting) your debt (negative money). That increases your net worth. Name (leave empty) Comment (leave empty) Password [?]Password used for file deletion.
List of chromosomes A saunter along the human genome …take a walk and discover the world of genes, proteins and bioinformatics. Each one of our cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes; one of the chromosomes comes from our mother and the other from our father. Like a recipe book, each chromosome contains a certain number of recipes, known as ‘genes’. Over 20’000 genes are recipes for proteins which are essential components of life. Scroll Up
Once you first purchased the machine all the pieces was clean and worked effectively however over time the registry knowledge becomes corrupt for many causes like not completely removing knowledge from uninstalled programs. This is called a fragmented file, and they lead to slower computer velocity, as your computer has to look by means of your entire laborious drive every time it must entry considered one of these fragmented recordsdata. Laptop viruses be in numerous codecs like in form of pictures, audio or video files. Prior to working on hardware downside, do switch off all power supply to the COMPUTER. If you’re engaged on a software problem, remember to again up all of your essential knowledge and knowledge (at any time when potential). computer problem Computers are constructed to be environment friendly, dependable machines. This system will attempt to repair some issues routinely – however, if the onerous disk is failing physically, it’ll have to be changed. 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Freedom and the Wolves This charming allegory, suitable for all age groups, is about a boy called Freedom. Born the son of gipsy tinkers, the boy is left outside a monastery when his parents are refused help in the coldest of winters. At first he is raised by the monks and subsequently adopted by a gentle farmer and his wife. As their son he helps on the farm and learns to love the life of a shepherd so much that he refuses to give up his liberty to go to school. However when he is attacked by vicious wolves who kill his dog companion, he realises the value of education. At school he soon makes up for lost time and excels, despite the bullies he encounters. At the age of 18 he realises that he is invincible when others attack him, but this merely serves to provoke. Before long he is imprisoned. All forms of torture are tried on him, but he is so indomitable that he is eventually summoned by the king, who appoints him to his government to bring peace and stability to the country. Freedom makes sweeping changes to its structure, turning it from war to peace, and from hierarchy to democracy. Once again his peaceful stance, reflected in the peaceful, prosperous country he manages, provokes neighbouring states to attack, until finally it is conquered and devastated. When he is discovered, starved to death in a dungeon, his wife and daughter lead the procession to the grave and are joined by others who grieve and vow to re-establish the world that he showed them was possible. The story ends with the communal realisation that people who support each other can always rebuild peace and democracy to promote social cooperation and well-being, and to counter political opposition because he - Freedom - lives on in the minds of all people. Thus there is always hope and a future, as long as each person takes responsibility for it.
Traditional Arts: A Window onto Northwest Louisiana's Multicultural Landscape Page 3 Shreveport's Greek Community: Cultural Treasure Spanning Generations and an Ocean Threads of Continuity Through Lives of Change: The Handwork of Dena Kosmitis and Magda Panos Historic altar cloths at St. George Greek Orthodox Church. More recently, congregants Magda Panos and Dena Kosmitis have made altar cloth sets for St. George. Dena and Magda are both active members of St. George Greek Orthodox Church. Their immigration stories are quite different. Dena was born and raised in Nestane, a small village built into the side of a mountain in southern Greece. She remembers good, cold water and a grape arbor growing alongside her childhood home. Dena's family grew their own wheat and corn, made their own wine, raised chickens, and kept a goat and a pig. A nearby Orthodox monastery was the site of many celebrations, including August 15, when people commemorate the Dormition of Mary, or when Mary goes to sleep (dies). People came from all over to attend this celebration, one of the most important in the Greek Orthodox calendar. Dena's father was a blacksmith. He made tools like ploughs and scythes, and repaired farming equipment. Dena remembers helping her father, working the bellows to keep a fire going while he heated and shaped metal into tools. Idyllic as this setting sounds, Dena grew up during a difficult chapter in Greek history. Born in 1935, she experienced an economic depression, World War II, and the Greek Civil War. During the depression in 1941, people were starving. Dena remembers there being no oil, no salt, and no lemons. The scarcity of matches compelled neighbors to go from house to house in order to light a fire. Dena's family did comparatively well, as her father exchanged blacksmithing for eggs, milk, flour, and other staples. He was the only blacksmith for three or four towns, so people came from all over to seek his services. After World War II, the Greek Civil War further ravaged the country from 1946 to 1949. Dena remembers it as a time of destruction, looting, and killing, when brothers fought against brothers. At this time, her father immigrated to the U.S., settling in Gary, Indiana where he worked in the steel mills. He sent for his oldest daughter and in 1951, when she was 16, Dena and a cousin sailed to New York and then took the train to Chicago. For several years after her arrival in the States, Dena remained in Chicago, where she lived with family, worked, and attended school to learn English. A few years later, she married her husband and moved to join his family in Louisiana, outside of Shreveport. There she found an established Greek community, the first generation to settle in the area. Dena and Magda Panos met in 1976, when Magda arrived in Shreveport as a new bride. Her husband, Chris Panos, had immigrated to Shreveport in 1951. In the midst of hardships in post-war Greece, Chris Panos and his brothers followed family who had earlier immigrated to Shreveport. The Panos brothers established several restaurants. Today, Chris and Magda Panos still operate Panos Diner on Milam Street in downtown Shreveport. The business has been in the family for 37 years. The couple met when Chris Panos was visiting family in Magda's home town, Ioanna, a big city in northern Greece, near the Albanian border. Magda Panos was born in 1949, squarely missing the wars that devastated her country. She speaks with pride about her hometown, Ioanna, a city that encompasses a lake with an island in the middle and is well known for its silversmithing tradition. She got her first taste of America going to the movies with her family. Gone with the Wind, Oklahoma!, and John Wayne pictures are among the films she remembers. Magda was 27 years old when she married and left Greece to be with her husband. She could just as easily have stayed in her home country, where she had a happy family life, a vibrant hometown she loved, and a tailoring business through which she earned her own money. Unlike Dena, who of necessity left Greece for a better life, Magda moved to the United States for love. (1) Dena Kosmitis and Magda Panos. (2-3) Cross stitch embroidery. Magda and Dena made the altar cloth sets using techniques they learned when they were growing up in Greece. Although they were raised in different times and regions, both women come from families in which handwork was a valued skill. During Magda's youth girls stayed home all the time, cooking and cleaning and doing handwork, making things to beautify the home. When she was little, Magda began learning to sew, crochet, and embroider from her mother and her grandmother, who were both accomplished at handwork. Dena and Magda remember their mothers weaving in their childhood homes. Dena recalls her mother weaving on a huge floor loom in their home, making blankets and fabric for clothing from locally grown sheep's wool and cotton. Magda's mother also wove cloth, but on a different loom that was designed for making thinner cloth. Before World War II, Magda's mother worked in a factory making light material. Magda's father had his own shop, where he made and sold headscarves. He printed the scarves by hand, using blocks he'd carved from wood, and natural and commercial dyes for colors. At the time, it was traditional for women from the villages to cover their heads. The scarves' designs reflected the regions where they were made. Magda's father's scarves were recognizable as coming from northwest Greece. He was also a talented silversmith who made items for their home. Dena's favorite handwork medium is sewing. She learned to sew in high school, where she was taught to make smaller items. At home, she used her mother's sewing machine to make clothing. Another popular art form at that time was cross-stitch embroidery. Dena had an aunt who put her to work doing cross-stitch, but would inevitably get mad when Dena unintentionally pulled threads while she worked. Years later, after she married, Dena's sister-in-law showed her how to use a cross stitch pattern and she learned little by little, "hit or miss!" as Dena describes it. During her youth, Magda spent summers with her mother's cousin, who was a seamstress. Although she loves to sew, she does not remember her apprenticeship fondly, as she was not allowed to go out and play. Ultimately, however, this training served her well, as Magda developed her own dressmaking business. She designed and made clothing from scratch, using her own patterns. Sometimes she worked in her own home, or she would spend the day in her customers' homes, cutting fabric and making clothes. At night, when she wasn't working, she did cross-stitch. Magda's cross-stitch embroidery is quite detailed, especially considering that there are no patterns drawn on the cloth. She simply counts the threads in the fabric to achieve her design. Dena observes that this work requires a lot of patience! Magda and Dena both remember the Greek custom of assembling a prika or trousseau. In anticipation of her wedding day, a girl would make things for her new home, mostly at night when she had nothing to do, especially in cool weather. Dena and Magda point out that there was no television during their childhoods. Two days before a girl's wedding, she puts out all of her handwork for friends and family to see. In Dena's village, women got together in the evenings to do handwork. She remembers her mother, grandmother, and cousins gathering, as each woman worked on her own project. Neighbors would also come together for these sessions. Dena recalls this as an inspiring time. People would look at each other's work and see who was making what, and come away with new ideas. Because she was away at school for much of her youth and then immigrated to the U.S. as a teenager, Dena did not get to participate in the prika custom. When it was time for St. George Greek Orthodox Church to have some new altar cloth sets, Dena and Magda put their traditional handwork skills to use. At Father Brendan's request, they made four sets, each in a different color corresponding with particular times in the Orthodox calendar. For set used from November 16th through the Christmas season, Father Brendan requested a green velvet background and a pattern that incorporated carnations—a flower that is often used at St. George. While she was designing this set, Magda looked for inspiration at books with photos of older pieces. Drawing from multiple patterns, she put together elements from diverse sources to come up with a design she liked. Using a technique she learned in Greece, she embroidered red carnations with silver trim in beads on a piece of fabric. She then cut around the crosses, flowers, and leaves and sewed the motifs onto a deep green velvet background. Over six months, Magda worked on this set at night. The results are nothing short of magnificent. Altar cloth set sewn and embroidered by Magda Panos. The technique of embroidering designs first on one cloth and then cutting it out and sewing it onto another extends the life of the intricate embroidery. Among the historic altar cloth sets in St. George's collection is one stitched in a lily pattern with white and gold beads on red velvet by the late Mrs. Stamatia Stravolemos. The date it was made is unknown, but it is among the church's older altar cloth sets. In the late 1960s or early 1970s, Dena and another woman from the church removed the embroidery from the original background cloth, which had worn out, and sewed the beaded motifs on a new red velvet backing. Dena and Magda remember with reverence the earlier women of the church who were their predecessors and mentors. "These women were great," Dena recalls. Speaking of their embroidery and sewing, she says, "They did great, great work." For a white-on-white altar cloth set that is used at Easter time, Magda and Dena worked together. Dena's daughter donated all of the materials, which include a white satin background, with pearly white beads, sequins, braiding, and several other layers of fabric. Dena and Magda designed the set together. Each woman embroidered the crosses and the floral motifs, which they cut out and sewed onto the white satin. Magda worked on the outside motifs, while Dena made the inside ones. The final product is exquisite, glimmering with the talent of these two women and their devotion to their church. Each set contains eleven pieces, including an altar cloth, a cloth that covers the communion bread and one for the wine chalice, a cloth for the Bible, and several others. Altar cloth set embroidered and sewn by Magda Panos and Dena Kosmitis. Magda and Dena both participate in St. George's women's auxiliary organizations, the Philoptochos Society and the Daughters of Penelope. The St. George chapter of the Philoptochos Society grew out of an earlier women's organization formed to raise money for the church. Eventually, the group went under the regional diocese and became part of the national Philoptochos network. The Philoptochos Society is the first Christian women's auxiliary women's organization in the United States. Philoptochos translates as "friend of the poor." The organization does philanthropic work, while also supporting the church. Philoptochos has district, national, and international chapters. In diaspora, the society is a natural extension of the tradition in Greece, where all churches have a Philoptochos Society. In contrast, the Daughters of Penelope originated in the U.S. The Daughters of Penelope, which recently celebrated its 90th anniversary, was founded by a group of women in San Francisco as a women's auxiliary to the men's organization, the American Hellenic Education Progressive Association (AHEPA). Dena explains that Greek immigrants organized AHEPA and Daughters to promote Greek language and heritage in their new home. She says, "It was more so they'd be known, the Greeks, to [allow others to] see what we stand for. To educate the people in the United States." Today, the Daughters of Penelope is an international organization, with chapters in Greece, Cyprus, Canada, and Australia.
Study Guide Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms By Ernest Hemingway Frederic Henry Frederic Henry runs the show, and the past, in A Farewell to Arms. And he does it from the future – his future, anyway. The good news is, Frederic doesn’t need a fancy time machine to go back in the past. He uses the oldest trick in the book: the first-person, past tense narrator. When you see a first-person, past tense narrator, you can usually count on two things: 1. The narrator is remembering important things from his or her past. In this case, the narrator is remembering his tragic love affair with Catherine, and the tragic events he witnessed and experienced in World War I. 2. The narrator wants to communicate and even confess these memories to….Who? Well, unless the narrator is addressing a specific character in the novel, which is not the case here, anyone who will listen, meaning, by default, the readers. And, as we promise to make clear in the "Ants on a Log" section of this analysis, he wants to confess because he seems to feel responsible for the tragic ends met by those he loved. But, it’s a bit more complicated than that, as you might suspect. First of all, there are two Frederic Henrys (at least) – Frederic the narrator, and Frederic the character he’s narrating. What’s the difference? They are the same person, after all. Everything that happens to the character has happened to the narrator, too, right? Good thinking! That’s true, and important to keep in mind. And that also gets at the crucial difference between the two: Frederic the narrator is remembering the events and knows everything that will happen, from beginning to end. On the other hand, Frederic the character is living the action, and he doesn’t know how it will end. He’s as much at the mercy of Frederic the narrator as the rest of the characters. So, whether or not we trust the narrator, and his motives for telling the story, determines how much we believe we are getting the real scoop on Frederic the character. So, before we dig in to Frederic the character, let’s put Frederic the narrator through a reliability test. Frederic the Narrator and the Reliability Test Pretend for a moment that you want hang out with Frederic, and you have to convince your parental figure or figures that they don’t have to worry. You start with the basic facts: his name, address, phone number, age, occupation, income level, marital status, etc… We’re sorry, but you should probably plan on spending a quiet evening at home in your room, because you just don’t have this information. You can tell them his name (so long as you’ve read to Book Two, that is), but not much else. In fact, you can’t even provide a physical description. (Did you meet this guy on the Internet, or what?). The narrator never reveals his age, his current occupation, his whereabouts, marital status, or any of the other stuff that parental figures want to know. He doesn’t even tell us how much time has passed since the events he’s narrating have occurred. So, to escape the room, and get to know Frederic better, you’ll have to do some fancy talking and explain that Ernest Hemingway’s "theory of omission" (see our "Style" discussion for tips on explaining) is at work here, and that the narrator is reliable precisely because he doesn’t give us current information about himself. As we discuss in "Sex," and "What’s Up With the Ending," sometimes material is omitted because it is private, or even "sacred." But that’s not what’s happening here. Think back to what we discuss at the beginning of this analysis – memory and confession. If someone was going to memorialize you, would you want them to be all "me, me, me," about it? Probably not. And if you were going to confess, wouldn’t it be tedious and beside the point to talk about what you’re doing now? In this case, Frederic’s omission of his current story adds to his reliability as a narrator, and focuses our attention on Frederic the character. As such, we’ve only looked at the tip of the reliability iceberg. The good news is, you have your play date, you’ve established a preliminary trust of the narrator, and now you’re ready to conduct a reliability test of your own, on Frederic the character. It’s paradoxical. Because there are two of them, we are constantly questioning and weighing Frederic the narrator against Frederic the character. If either of them seriously lets us down, they both fail. So let’s go meet Frederic the character! Frederic the Character Before we go any further, we have to talk about Frederic the character’s age. The rotten narrator doesn’t give it to us. It just never comes up. The people he’s interacting with have a basic idea of how old he is from looking at him and talking to him, and the narrator either doesn’t remember it being discussed, thought about, or doesn’t think it’s important to mention. It’s not necessary to our understanding of the narrative. Still, some people get hung up on wondering about it so we want to present you with the commonly accepted answer: He’s under thirty, and probably under twenty-five. He’s a student, a possible fictional of version of Hemingway in Italy when he was under twenty, and people are always calling him "baby" and "good boy." You’ll have to look hard to find real evidence that he’s over thirty. But enough of that — let’s get back to our reliability test. What do we know about Frederic? Frederic is a good friend to his friends (he will risk his life to feed them), a sweet boyfriend to Catherine (they never fight, he’s never mean to her). He’s a valiant and brave ambulance driver, risking his life to care for soldiers wounded in World War I. Also, he was studying to be an architect when the war broke out, and put his studies on hold to make a difference to the suffering soldiers. He’s always reading the paper, and knows what’s going on in the world. He’s willing to listen and chat with anyone. But that’s not all. Occasionally, he’s a liar. (He tells Catherine he loves her before he really does. He tells the doctor he’s killed enemies in battle when he hasn’t.) He consumes alcohol constantly (open the novel at random and you’ll probably find evidence). Before Catherine, he slept with prostitutes, and even got gonorrhea. And he killed that Italian sergeant. Sure he was provoked, but it goes against his whole deal (he’s supposed to be caring for the wounded, not doing the wounding). Oh, yes, and he’s a deserter from the army, and perhaps even a fugitive. Wow, what a mass of contradictions! When we look at how multifaceted Frederic is, it becomes obvious why almost everyone he meets likes him (think of all the friendly conversations he has) and why his friends love him (think of Rinaldi and the priest bringing him presents). They like him because they can find some shared experience with him – "bad" or "good." And this is good news for our reliability test. If we were hearing only about "good" Frederic the character or "bad" Frederic the character, then we would have to suspect that the narrator isn’t giving us the straight dope, and we’d have to kick ‘em both to the curb. Instead, we can get past the surface of the two Frederics and into something deeper. Ants on a Log and the Failed Messiah So, we said in the beginning of this analysis that Frederic is both memorializing the dead by telling us their story, and confessing something, including a feeling that he’s responsible for the deaths in the novel. That first one is pretty straight forward and obvious, but what did Frederic the character do that was so bad, and why on earth would he think he’s responsible for the deaths in the novel? Well, he might be feeling guilty about deserting the army. He even calls himself a "criminal" when he finds Catherine. And he’s probably feeling pretty bad about killing the sergeant. The sergeant was everything Frederic was against. He abused his power by stealing from houses abandoned during the retreat (remember the lamp Frederic makes him return), and he wouldn’t help them try to free the ambulance from the mud. That doesn’t sound too horrible, but if he is was acting like that during the retreat, he was probably abusing his power even more in his role as sergeant during other parts of the war. All of this must have brought out Frederic’s anger. And, as we know from what Frederic tells the X-ray doctor in Milan, he was the first, and probably the only person Frederic ever killed. In some ways, at that moment, Frederic became every thing he’s been fighting against during the war. He becomes the one who kills and wounds, instead of the one who saves people from death and helps the wounded heal. The act of telling about it is the act of confession, confession that he became, for that instant, "those who would make war," instead of "those who would not make war." He’s also confessing about Catherine. As we’ve said, he was nice to her, and didn’t fight with her. He also helped her stay comfy and well cared for during her pregnancy, and there is no indication that she was anything but totally pleased with him. But, since she’s dead, he’s going to think of how he could have done better, been better to her. A few moments come to mind. First, when he and Catherine first meet, he thinks it’s a game. She fell in love with him, at first sight it seems, but he was just lying to her about his love (as the narrator confesses to the readers), and she knew it. She even tells him, "You don’t have to pretend you love me. […] let’s not lie when we don’t have to" (6.44, 46). And then, when he gets drunk (see "Bacchus" under "Symbols, Imagery, Allegory") and stands her up, Frederic the narrator says, "I had treated Catherine very lightly" (7.89). When you love someone, and that someone dies, you are going to feel guilty about treating that person lightly. One last example before we move on. When Frederic is moved to the hospital in Milan and Catherine comes to be with him, he does start to love her, no doubt about that. But, as Helen Ferguson has to point out to him, he lies in bed all day, and then has Catherine all night, but Catherine has to work in the day and the night so she can be with him, making her tired. Frederic the narrator confesses that Frederic the character treated Catherine "lightly" again, even after he’d fallen in love with her. Again, because she is dead, this seems like a really big deal to Frederic. Picking out moments where he let her down makes her death that much more tragic for him. There’s another thing that Frederic is confessing. As we see in the "Character Analysis" for the Baby, Frederic indicates, both in the dream sequence and in the scenes at the hospital, that he’s downright resentful of the baby. We can understand that he might think that Catherine would still be alive if the baby hadn’t magically appeared in her belly. But he expresses the resentment he feels before Catherine dies. Or does he? When we remember this is a past-tense narrative, we can suspect that at least some of the resentment is being inserted much later, during the telling of the story. Either way, we can understand why Frederic wants to confess it. Being resentful of a dead baby is pretty bad, at least in his mind. And it also, oddly enough, contributes to the reliability of the character and the narrator. We may not like that Frederic is and/or was resentful of the kid, but he has no reason to lie about something like that. As we’ve noted, when he tells us something that could be interpreted as shameful, it helps us believe the other things he tells us. Now, here’s the tricky part. We said that Frederic is confessing because he feels responsible for the death of Catherine, the baby, and even the deaths of the soldiers in the war. How do we know this? From an odd passage at the end of the novel, that’s how. After Frederic tells us about the baby’s death, he tells us about being "in camp," and placing a log on the campfire only to discover it was full of ants: Some [ants] got out, their bodies burnt and flattened, and went off not knowing where they were going. But most of them went toward the fire and […] finally fell off into the fire. I remember thinking at the time that it was the end of the world and a splendid chance to be the messiah and lift the log off the fire and throw it out where the ants could get off […]. But I did not do anything but throw a tin cup of water on the log, so that I would have the cup empty to put whiskey in […](41.226). Now, it all comes clear. We’ve already seen that Frederic tries to be all things to all people. He wants to be the messiah, he wants to save the world, but something stands in his way. Though we don’t hear much on how Frederic feels about his drinking, this passage suggests that he feels that it actually stands in the way of saving the ants (or soldiers) that are blindingly going into the fire (or the war). This also ties into his possible guilt over deserting from the army. He must feel he deserted the ants (or soldiers) he was supposed to save. We know he did all he could, but if you are the guy trying to save the world, and you fail, you will always think you could have done more. The passage also suggests that he thought or thinks he could have done something to save the baby (a little ant) from the "fire," if you will, of death, but didn’t. Again, we know he could do nothing to prevent it, but if he thinks he’s the failed messiah, of course he will blame himself. So what does he do? He goes and drinks six beers, comes back to Catherine, and then she dies. If we apply what we’ve learned so far from the passage, he must feel like he drank beer instead of doing something to save Catherine. He is the failed messiah. He wanted to take on the burden of all of humanity, but he just didn’t have the stuff, and possibly let his drinking stand in the way of saving the world. Frederic sure is hard on himself. So, look how far reliability testing has taken us! Now what do you think of Frederic the narrator, and Frederic the character? 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Landsat-9 is launching on September 23, and it would bring the satellite to greater heights than would purposively help in detecting Earth's natural resources better, for actions to be determined. This is something which governments would use to detect any problems or cases of the environment which have suffered from pollution or other causes. The Landsat has been around for quite some time, and it has discovered a lot that cannot be seen from studies made by humans, having a more immersive look on the surface. Landsat-9 Launch September 23 (Photo : NASA/JPL-Caltech) Landsat-9 is a global satellite which would help in determining the problems of the Earth, providing data and information that is needed to have an immersive look in the environment, and its problems. The 9th satellite would launch by September 23, joining its sister satellite, Landsat-8. NASA will launch the Landsat-9 on September 23, and it would add to the 50 years that it has been in service to provide free and public data to all, regarding the Earth's ecosystem. The satellite helps in bringing what researchers need, which would provide information with regards to those that watch the environment and nature. The satellite would bring a massive influence on the next generation of studies and monitoring made for the Earth, something which the world would surely need. The United States Geological Survey (USGS). The Earth is known to having more to discover, and despite more than 2,000 years on the planet, mysteries remain to all. The Landsat launch would replace the current Landsat-7, originally launched in 1999, serving already a massive 22 years for the Earth's needs. Read Also: Elon Musk vs. Jeff Bezos Lawsuit: Billionaire Responds to Kuiper's Letter to the FCC About SpaceX's Starship NASA: Landsat-9 Media Briefing NASA will launch a Landsat-9 Media Briefing which would discuss everything with regards to the satellite, especially as it leads up to its launch. The launch by September would be available for everyone to witness, as it is an important venture by NASA and the USGS, as it aims to provide information for all needs. Landsat-9 would join Landsat-8 when it goes up in September, where the latter has already operated for eight years since its launch in 2013. The Landsat group of satellites would be a network where it could bring knowledge and information for all, without the massive costs needed. Why is Landsat Important? Landsat is extremely important then, and more now. Primarily because it is a venture where it focuses on the needs of humans with regards to studying the planet. Not all Earth-based resources can ensure a study with regards to the Earth, and having the Landsat would help in reaching more areas, without the expense or dangers of venturing into. Related Article: Mars Curiosity Rover Captures Beautiful Images of Mountains, Horizon, Black Sand in Red Planet This article is owned by Tech Times Written by Isaiah Richard ⓒ 2021 All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
Josie case study Case Study: Josie Josie is an 11-year-old bi-racial “at-risk” adolescent who lives with her single mother. Josie has a history of learning and behavioral problems in school. She attends a large suburban school and is struggling in sixth grade. Josie can be a behavioral problem in the home and community and has been referred to your agency for advocacy services. She has been asked not to return to her soccer team because of her behavior and is no longer permitted at her after school program. One day when you are talking with Josie, she reports that she has been extremely depressed and just does not care about living anymore. Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Josie case study Order Essay For this Assignment, you will write a 3-4 page paper based on the case provided. Use the Unit 3 Assignment Template to address the following questions: Discuss, and describe the basic models or methodologies involved in advocacy and the role of the advocate in working with at-risk families or youth. Explain how you would advocate for Josie in both the personal and professional setting by addressing the following questions: What are the key advocacy issues or risk factors impacting this case? List at least three and explain why these are key issues. Make sure to take cultural considerations into account. What should be done to address the advocacy issues? List at least three solutions per issue identified. Be very specific and support your response with at least two sources. Identify any roadblocks that could occur to successful advocacy for this scenario. List and explain at least three roadblocks. Support your response with at least two sources. What are the key legal and ethical considerations relevant to this case? How would you address these considerations? Assignment Guidelines Your Assignment should be 3-4 pages, not including the title and reference pages, and should include the following elements: Body: Answer all the questions in complete sentences and paragraphs Each response should be no less than two short paragraphs. Make sure each paragraph is no less than four sentences. Reference page: Sources in APA format Use standard 1″ margins on all sides Use APA Formatting and Citation style If you need assistance with APA style, please visit the Academic Writer. This Assignment assesses the following Course Outcomes: HN430-1: Evaluate the role of the child family advocate. HN430-2: Describe the ethical role and confidential responsibilities of the child family advocate. HN430-3: Compare advocacy methodologies and perspectives. PC-2.2: Formulate innovative solutions for identified initiatives. Submitting Your Assignment Use the provided Unit 3 Assignment Template. Save it in a location and with a name that you will remember. When you are ready to submit, select the Unit 3 Assignment Dropbox and upload your file. To view your graded work after your instructor has evaluated it, please visit your Gradebook. Top Grade Homework Order NOW For a 10% Discount! Pages (550 words) Approximate price: - Why Work with Us Top Quality and Well-Researched Papers Professional and Experienced Academic Writers Free Unlimited Revisions Prompt Delivery and 100% Money-Back-Guarantee Original & Confidential 24/7 Customer Support Try it now! Calculate the price of your order Total price: How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Our Services Essay Writing Service Admission Essays & Business Writing Help Editing Support Revision Support
geography of the pacific islands By November 7, 2020Uncategorized The full text of this article hosted at is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Write. The giant continent slowly broke apart. The original inhabitants of New Zealand and the Cook Islands. In most places, the desire for independence was expressed and granted non-violently. The isolation and plate tectonics cause animals and plants to be nowhere found. How do high islands differ from low lands? People who live on these islands are called Pacific Islanders. Since islands are spread apart cultural groups developed independent of each other and were often isolated. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use Privacy Policy. Professor of Geography University of the South Pacific. STUDY. How did the British treat the region's native people? Spell. These islands are sometimes called Oceania.The Pacific Islands are in three groups. How are the Pacific's low islands distinct from the high islands? Test. samantha_sosa8425. How did the region win independence from colonizers? Gravity. World Geography- Pacific islands, New Zealand, and Australia. Myths recalling how islands were “fished up” or “thrown down” by (demi)gods are widespread in the Pacific Islands. How did the geography of Melanesia affect the development of the culture? Which Northern Pacific Island has large areas of high elevation? Learn more. a formal of rock-like material made up of the skeletons of tiny marine, creatures . The Pacific Islands are in three groups. Pagan is located about 320 kilometers (200 mi) north of Saipan, the main island of the Northern Mariana Islands.With an area of 47.23 km 2 (18.24 sq mi), it is the fourth largest island of the Northern Marianas. Countries wanted to make money from the region's land and other natural resources. People inhabiting those islands, therefore are not Pacific Islanders. One of Oceania's biggest economic advantages are tourism. Lowest Point: Pacific Ocean (0m) Geography The Cook Islands are geographically divided into the North and South groups. Content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Content of this web page is sourced from wikipedia ( There are about 20,000 or 30,000 of them. Learn. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Geography, The University of the South Pacific. Other fishing‐up myths—particularly those recalling rapid emergence and/or successive uplift events and tectonic instability during the process of fishing‐up—are suggested as recalling coseismic‐uplift events (uplift coincident with large earthquakes), which are comparatively common in islands along the convergent plate boundaries of the southwest Pacific (including parts of Tonga and New Zealand). The islands made on coral reefs are smaller, and fewer people can live on them. Some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers, unless otherwise noted. Terms in this set (21) Outback. A person sent to another country by a church to spread its religious beliefs. These groups are Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia.People who live on these islands are called Pacific Islanders.These islands can be made by volcanoes or made on coral reefs. Throwing‐down myths are less common in the Pacific, being effectively confined to places (near) where volcanoes erupted within the period of human occupation. Atoll. These islands can be made by volcanoes or made on coral reefs. The low islands were formed from volcanoes rising above the ocean surface. The British tried to control the lives of native people including where they could live. Why are many pacific species found nowhere else on earth? PLAY. Pacific Islands are islands that are in the Pacific Ocean.There are about 20,000 or 30,000 of them. Please select the best answer from the choices provided. This quiz will test your knowledge on the archipelagos, islets and enclaves of the world's largest ocean. James Demonaco Wife, Countdown To Year Zero, Katy Tur Wiki, 2200 Rental Car Center Parkway, Atlanta, Ga 30337, Biodiversity And Law, Tough Love Parenting Quotes, Black Book Online Car Value, Natural Sources Of Air Pollution, Bass Pro, Afl Premierships By Club, Fayette County Schools Tn Superintendent, Congo-brazzaville News Today, Cobb County Sheriff Warrant Division, Kewaunee Workbenches, Glacier National Park Canada, Pulp Magazine, Glynn County Police, A Quitter Never Wins And A Winner Never Quits Meaning, Business The West, Anthony Weiner Pension, I Won't Mind Meaning, Cracked Filling Symptoms, 90s Lifetime Movies, A Lonely Place To Die Tamilyogi, Naruto Road To Ninja Drive Mp4, Tim Keller Net Worth, Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye Child Cast, How Much Money Do Schools Need, Leave a Reply
Skip to content Posted in Improvement, and Toyota Production System Toyota production system is a powerful method for making production since the system is an effective tool to generate the ultimate goal – profit . The main purpose : 1. Earnings Through Cost Reduction Cost reduction and productivity improvements achieved by removing waste. Types of waste in the fabrication operations : 1. Resource production too much 2. Excessive production 3. preparations too much 4. The capital investment unnecessary Costs in the Toyota production system not only cost fabrication , but also the cost of sales , administrative costs , and capital costs . Therefore, the expenditure of funds to make a profit in the past , present and future , which will be deducted from sales . 2. Removal Product Overload Four types of waste will also increase the cost admiistrasi , direct material costs , direct labor costs and indirect and overhead costs , for example depreciation etc . Workforce too much will cause the waste berikkutnya , the first action is very important that reduce or eliminate waste . Moreover , additional costs due to waste a second , third , and fourth can be reduced . The main subject of the Toyota system is the excessive production control and ensure the product manufacturing process in accordance with the pace of sales in the market .
Answer. In the words of historian Malcolm Gaskill, Matthew Hopkins "lives on as an anti-hero and bogeyman – utterly ethereal, endlessly malleable". Superstition, it is clear, takes a long time to die. How did Matthew Hopkins die? Portrait of Matthew Hopkins, “The Celebrated Witch-finder” from the 1837 edition of The Discovery of Witches. [32], Witches then became heretics to Christianity, which became the greatest of their crimes and sins. Methods of investigating witchcraft heavily drew inspiration from the Daemonologie of King James, which was directly cited in Hopkins' The Discovery of Witches. Suspects were tied to a chair and thrown into water: all those who "swam" (floated) were considered to be witches. [12] He was born in Great Wenham, Suffolk[13][14][15] and was the fourth son[13] of six children. How the infamous, self-styled "Witch-finder General" – Matthew Hopkins took to his notorious business throughout East Anglia in the 1640's. [33] Within continental and Roman Law witchcraft was crimen exceptum: a crime so foul that all normal legal procedures were superseded. Known that Matthew Hopkins died at his home in Manningtree, Essex, on August 12, 1647, caused of tuberculosis. He claimed to hold the office of Witchfinder General, although that title was never bestowed by Parliament. [39], According to his book The Discovery of Witches,[24] Hopkins began his career as a witch-finder after he overheard women discussing their meetings with the Devil in March 1644 in Manningtree. Consultant editor for the. [44] The records at Stowmarket show their costs to the town to have been £23 (£3,800 as of 2021) plus his travelling expenses.[45]. How did Matthew Hopkins die? How old was Matthew Hopkins when he died? But by 1647 it was all over and Hopkins was dead, aged just 27. He was her knight in shinning armor, her "Lancelot". It has long been propounded that Hopkins was himself accused of being a witch, subjected to his own test of being bound and thrown into water and hanged after he was found to float. Hopkins and his company ran into opposition very soon after the start of their work,[40] but one of his main antagonists was John Gaule, vicar of Great Staughton in Huntingdonshire. He thereupon became a “Witch Finder Generall,” going about Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Huntingdon getting villagers and townspeople to hire him and his two assistants (for a fee) to search out witches, force their confessions, and have them hanged by the authorities. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It has long been propounded that Hopkins was himself accused of being a witch, subjected to his own test of being bound and thrown into water and hanged after he was found to float. Asked by Wiki User. “Matthew Hopkins, son of Mr James Hopkins, Minister of Wenham, was buried at Mistley, August 12 th, 1647. Photo credit James heightened the public anxiety around black magic and witches and as the fear rose in the decades to follow, there were more and more accusations between people. Fraden, Judith Bloom, Dennis Brindell Fraden. This was 1967 when the film Witchfinder General about the evil Matthew Hopkins was being made and it was released in the spring and summer of the following year. Carlos Sia, 62 Mr Sia worked at Worcestershire Royal Hospital, as did his wife Cindy and daughter, Clair. The early life of Matthew Hopkins is almost a complete mystery up until his witch hunting began. Few legal wins so far as Trump team hunts for proof of fraud Gaule hearing of this letter wrote his publication Select Cases of Conscience touching Witches and Witchcrafts; London, (1646)[57] – dedicated to Colonel Walton of the House of Commons[54] – and began a programme of Sunday sermons to suppress witch-hunting. [31] Prior to this point, any malicious acts on the part of witches were treated identically to those of other criminals, until it was seen that, according to the then-current beliefs about the structure of witchcraft, they owed their powers to a deliberate act of their choosing. [14], Thus Matthew Hopkins could not have been born before 1619, and could not have been older than 28 when he died, but he may have been as young as 25. [63] Some of Hopkins' methods were once again employed during the Salem Witch Trials,[64] which occurred primarily in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692–93. Many suspects died of Jail fever in the cells of Colchester Castle The interrogations took place in the dark cells of Colchester Castle, where many women died as a result of their incarceration before ever being brought to court. Matthew Hopkins was buried in Manningtree in Essex on 12 August 1647. TRIBUTES: Carlos Sia died after battling the coronavirus in hospital. [citation needed] Therefore, presuming the number executed as a result of investigations by Hopkins and his colleague John Stearne is at the lower end of the estimates,[8][9][10] their efforts accounted for about 20% of the total. [62] During the year following the publication of Hopkins' book, trials and executions for witchcraft began in the New England colonies with the hanging of Alse Young of Windsor, Connecticut on May 26, 1647, followed by the conviction of Margaret Jones. Hopkins, too, was fading – he died a young man in 1647, most probably from tuberculosis. The cost to the local community of Hopkins and his company were such that, in 1645, a special local tax rate had to be levied in Ipswich. Matthew Hopkins died at his home in Manningtree, Essex, on 12 August 1647, probably of pleural tuberculosis. In fact, Hopkins died after an illness, likely tuberculosis. Answer this question. "Select Cases of Conscience Touching Witches and Witchcraft", Death Warrant for Sarah Good, Rebecca Nurse, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth How & Sarah Wilds, "The History of Witchcraft and Demonology", Animated/Audio Story of Hopkins and his demise, Diary of Witchfinder General trials published online,, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 January 2021, at 21:53. Twenty-three women were accused of witchcraft and were tried at Chelmsford in 1645. For other uses, see, At this time the New Year did not occur until 25, The Discovery of Witches – In Answer to Several Queries, Lately Delivered to the Judges of Assize for the County of Norfolk; London; 1647, Jewett, Clarence F. The memorial history of Boston: including Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Omissions? Matthew Blaisdel was a modern-day cowboy, ruggedly handsome, sincere, and polite. His father, James Hopkins, was a clergyman of the Church of England. Matthew Hopkins died at his home in Manningtree, Essex, on 12 August 1647, probably of pleural tuberculosis. His activities mainly took place in East Anglia. There is reason to believe that this was the noted Matthew Hopkins, Witch Finder General to the associated counties, who had frequently been mentioned by various writers. Born in 1864 and died in 1929 Chicopee, Massachusetts Matthew A Hopkins [4][5][6] He is believed to have been responsible for the executions of over 100 alleged witches between the years 1644 and 1646. [58], In Norfolk both Hopkins and Stearne were questioned by justices of the assizes, about the torturing and fees. 1881 Pgs. Matthew Hopkins died at his home in Manningtree on the 12th August 1647 of pleural tuberculosis and was buried in the graveyard of the Church of St Mary at Mistley Heath. During this period, excepting Middlesex and chartered towns, no records show any person charged of witchcraft being sentenced to death other than by the judges of the assizes. [60] By the time this court session resumed in 1647 Stearne and Hopkins had retired, Hopkins to Manningtree and Stearne to Bury St Edmunds. As described in the journal of Governor John Winthrop, the evidence assembled against Margaret Jones was gathered by the use of Hopkins' techniques of "searching" and "watching".[62]. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. recent questions recent answers. [34], The witch-hunts undertaken by Stearne and Hopkins mainly took place in East Anglia, in the counties of Suffolk, Essex, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, with a few in the counties of Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire. Matthew Hopkins died in 1647. Hopkins and his assistants also looked for the Devil's mark. He and his associates were responsible for more people being hanged for witchcraft than in the previous 100 years,[2][3] and were solely responsible for the increase in witch trials during those years. Together with their female assistants, they were well paid for their work, and it has been suggested that this was a motivation for his actions. A further test was to fling the accused bound into water, because a witch, having denied his or her baptism, would in turn be repelled by the water so that he or she would float and not sink into it. Another of his methods was the swimming test, based on the idea that as witches had renounced their baptism, water would reject them. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [68] In the words of historian Malcolm Gaskill, Matthew Hopkins "lives on as an anti-hero and bogeyman – utterly ethereal, endlessly malleable". The other three members of her family died during the terrible first winter of the Plymouth Colony. [30] The work of Hopkins and John Stearne was not necessarily to prove any of the accused had committed acts of maleficium, but to prove that they had made a covenant with the Devil. 1630–1880. Photo by Wellcome images CC BY 4.0 Not surprisingly, most were con artists who used sleight of hand to expose witchery. Hopkins is said to have been in it for the money alone, whereas his colleague John Stearne was at least motivated by genuine religious fervour. [46] Parliament was well aware of Hopkins and his team's activities, as shown by the concerned reports of the Bury St Edmunds witch trials of 1645. [1], Hopkins' witch-finding career began in March 1644[a] and lasted until his retirement in 1647. He was buried a few hours after his death in the graveyard of the Church of St Mary at Mistley Heath. However, in others, he floated. These practices were recommended in law books. Execution for the very crime he had persecuted so many others for may have been a fitting end for Matthew Hopkins. Their daughter Lindsay was born in 1968. While they were all convicted and hanged almost immediately, the trial did cast down on the validity of Matthew Hopkins the Witchfinder General. Tweet. [48] Although torture was nominally unlawful in England, Hopkins often used techniques such as sleep deprivation to extract confessions from his victims. The locals promptly hung Hopkins on the spot-which explains why there are no records of a trial. [63] About eighty people throughout New England were accused of practising witchcraft during that period, of whom fifteen women and two men were executed. [27] From the way that he presented evidence in trials, Hopkins is commonly thought to have been trained as a lawyer, but there is scant evidence to suggest this was the case. [15][17] The family at one point held title "to lands and tenements in Framlingham 'at the castle'". His family was reportedly well off and respected by citizens. Upon hearing that the woman had been interviewed, Hopkins wrote a letter[54][56] to a contact asking whether he would be given a "good welcome". [23] Hopkins states in his book The Discovery of Witches (1647)[24] that he "never travelled far ... to gain his experience". Matthew Hopkins (1620–1647) began his witch-finding career began in 1645 with assistant John Sterne, claiming to have the backing of Parliament (which he did not) and is believed to have been responsible for the deaths of 300 women over the course of two years. [11], Little is known of Matthew Hopkins before 1644, and there are no surviving contemporary documents concerning him or his family. Little is known of Hopkins before 1644, but apparently he had been a lawyer, practicing in Essex. While legend says he was tried as a witch using his own methods and executed, the mundane reality appears to be that tuberculosis carried him off. [71], What historian James Sharpe has characterised as a "pleasing legend" grew up around the circumstances of Hopkins' death, according to which he was subjected to his own swimming test and executed as a witch, but the parish registry at Mistley confirms his burial there. At 19, he drove to school from a ranch in a pickup truck, and met 16-year-old Claudia Barrows. He is the recipient of multiple accolades, including an Academy Award, three BAFTAs, two Emmys and the Cecil B. DeMille Award.In 1993, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. This was a mark that all witches or sorcerers were thought to possess that was said to be dead to all feeling and would not bleed – although it was sometimes a mole, birthmark or an extra nipple or breast. Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. Because the Devil was not going to "confess", it was necessary to gain a confession from the human involved. He was buried a few hours after his death in the graveyard of the Church of St Mary at Mistley Heath. It is likely that Hopkins and his colleague, John Stearne, were responsible for most of these. With the English Civil War under way, this trial was conducted not by justices of assize, but by justices of the peace presided over by the Earl of Warwick. They lived in Plymouth until about 1631, when they…. Matthew Hopkins died at his home in Manningtree, Essex, on 12 August 1647, probably of pleural tuberculosis. In March 1644 he alleged his first discovery of witches—six of them, in Manningtree, who he claimed tried to kill him. It was directed by Michael Reeves who died … According to tradition, Hopkins used his recently acquired inheritance of a hundred marks[26] to establish himself as a gentleman and to buy the Thorn Inn in Mistley. His own end however, is far from clear; some accounts say he drowned undergoing his own “swimming trial” after being accused of witchcraft himself. Another method was to force the accused to walk about all night, for only when at rest could a witch summon his or her familiars, who would terrify the accusers away. Free e-mail watchdog. [42] Hopkins states[24] that "his fees were to maintain his company with three horses",[43][44] and that he took "twenty shillings a town". PCh I Glim $2,500.00 Gwy no17028 AnaRosenbohm; PCh … Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership,, University of Regina - Luther College - The Historical Significance of Matthew Hopkins: England’s “Witchfinder General”, The Headgate Theatre - Matthew Hopkins - The Witchfinder General. [22] Hopkins' brother John became Minister of South Fambridge in 1645 but was removed from the post one year later for neglecting his work. Occasionally, long after Matthew Hopkins and others of his appalling ilk had become nightmare folk-memories, awful things happened. According to some versions, Hopkins sank and drowned. Many of his methods of inquisition were not far removed from actual torture. [47] After the trial and execution the Moderate Intelligencer, a parliamentary paper published during the English Civil War, in an editorial of 4–11 September 1645 expressed unease with the affairs in Bury. 2011-11-29 16:12:30 2011-11-29 16:12:30. Matthew Hopkins, (born, Wenham, Suffolk, Eng.—died Aug. 12, 1647), English witch-hunter during a witchcraft craze of the English Civil Wars. How old was Matthew Hopkins when he died? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Answer for question: Your name: Answers. recent questions recent answers. Your first assessment in this topic will focus on whether or not Matthew Hopkins deserved to die. Elizabeth Clarke (c. 1565–1645), alias Bedinfield, was the first woman persecuted by the Witchfinder General, Matthew Hopkins in 1645 in Essex, England.At 80 years old, she was accused of witchcraft by local tailor John Rivet. Histories which say that he was lynched or swum are likely to be wide of the mark as far as accuracy is concerned. The passion they shared resulted in pregnancy and eventually marriage. Matthew Hopkins (c. 1620 – 12 August 1647) was an English witch-hunter whose career flourished during the English Civil War. Before the trial, a report was carried to the Parliament – "as if some busie men had made use of some ill Arts to extort such confession"[47] – that a special Commission of Oyer and Terminer was granted for the trial of these witches. He was buried in the graveyard of the church of St Mary at Mistley heath. He fell by accident, in his native county of Suffolk, into contact with one or two reputed witches, and, being a man of an observing turn and an ingenious … According to historian Rossell Hope Robbins, Hopkins "acquired an evil reputation which in later days made his name synonymous with fingerman or informerp… Ticknor and Company. [69] According to historian Rossell Hope Robbins,[70] Hopkins "acquired an evil reputation which in later days made his name synonymous with fingerman or informer paid by authorities to commit perjury". Emboldened by his success, Hopkins hired four assistants and began hunting for witches all over Suffolk, Essex, and East Anglia. The Pendle trial was before Hopkins was born, but he was directly responsible for finding all 18 people in Bury guilty of witchcraft due to his detection methods. [16] His father, James Hopkins, was a Puritan clergyman and vicar of St John's of Great Wenham, in Suffolk. Corrections? His exact date of death is not known, but it is reasonable to assume he died no more than four days before his burial. In 1620, Matthew Hopkins, the son of a local minister, was born at Great Wenham, Suffolk. Adam said there is a legend that he was killed by his own methods by angry townsfolk who turned against him, but it … [50] This led to the legal abandonment of the test by the end of 1645.[50]. 1 2 3. At the age of 23, Heath made her feature acting debut in Michael Reeves' creepy historical horror flick Witchfinder General, which fictionalized in rather brutal fashion the witch-hunting exploits of 17th-century Englishman Matthew Hopkins, played by horror icon Vincent Price. Between 1644 and 1647 the hapless victims (including a few Anglican clergymen) numbered perhaps 230 or more. Lesson Four: Assessment – Did Matthew Hopkins deserve to die? "Nothing can place the credulity of the English nation on the subject of witchcraft in a more striking point of view, than the history of Matthew Hopkins, who, in a pamphlet published in 1647 in his own vindication, assumes to himself the surname of the Witchfinder. Matthew Hopkins died on August 11th 1647 from suspected Tuberculosis. These trials resulted in 19 executions for witchcraft,[65][66] one man, Giles Corey, pressed to death for refusing to plead,[67] and 150 imprisonments. He was buried in the village churchyard of Mistley Heath in which is now an unmarked grave. As a result of Hopkins' allegations, 19 were hanged and four died in prison. In the 14 months of their crusade Hopkins and Stearne sent to the gallows more accused people than all the other witch-hunters in England of the previous 160 years. Answer for question: Your name: Answers. Hopkins was warned against the use of "swimming" without receiving the victim's permission first. Hopkins was born around 1620 near a small village in Essex, England. Millions had died in Europe. As late as 1895 a husband burnt his wife to death for being a witch. 133–137. What is the code for turtle knock on literacy planet; WIN #9 $10,000.00 ON THE GREAT 8 OUTDOOR EVENT; WIN #8 $10,000.00 OIN THE GREAT 8 OUTDOOR EVENT #16595; A backpack weighed 28 pounds. [54][55] Gaule had attended a woman from St Neots who was held in gaol charged with witchcraft until such time as Hopkins could attend. [28], Following the Lancaster Witch Trials (1612–1634), William Harvey, physician to King Charles I of England, had been ordered to examine the four women accused,[29] and from this there came a requirement to have material proof of being a witch. [7], It has been estimated that all of the English witch trials between the early 15th and late 18th centuries resulted in fewer than 500 executions for witchcraft. Jones' execution was the first in a witch-hunt that lasted in New England from 1648 until 1663. A legend that he was swum and hanged as a witch himself was false, even if it would have been a fitting end. When asked this type of question it is important for historians to be able to give both sides of the argument in order to present a fair answer. This was the time of the puritans and Hopkins was brought up in a household ruled by strict obedience to God’s Law and a life-long devotion to Christ. [20] Although James Hopkins had died in 1634,[14] when the iconoclast William Dowsing, commissioned in 1643 by the Parliamentarian Earl of Manchester[21] "for the destruction of monuments of idolatry and superstition", visited the parish in 1645 he noted that "there was nothing to reform". Hopkins even wrote a short pamphlet detailing his witch-hunting methods: ‘The Discovery of Witches’, which was published in 1647. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He was buried a few hours after his death in the graveyard of the Church of St Mary at Mistley Heath. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It also starred Ian Ogilvy, Hilary Dwyer and Rupert Davies. Wiki User Answered . He died on the 27th August, 1647, in his home in manningtree, Essex to Tuberculosis, aged at most 27 years old. Hopkins and John Stearne took on the role of investigators, stating that they had seen familiars while watching her. Top Answer. [15], "Witchfinder General" redirects here. [40] Four died in prison and nineteen were convicted and hanged. [41], Hopkins and Stearne, accompanied by the women who performed the pricking, were soon travelling over eastern England, claiming to be officially commissioned by Parliament to uncover and prosecute witches. According to historian Rossell Hope Robbins, Hopkins "acquired an evil reputation which in later days made his name synonymous with fingerman or informer… [59] Hopkins was asked if methods of investigation did not make the finders themselves witches, and if with all his knowledge did he not also have a secret,[44][60] or had used "unlawful courses of torture". Probably in 1623 she and John were married. [18][19] His father was popular with his parishioners, one of whom in 1619 left money to purchase Bibles for his then three children James, John and Thomas. Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins CBE (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor, composer, director and film producer. He pricked any skin deformity on the accused that was thought to be an extra pap for suckling imps; such parts, if insensible, were believed to prove that the accused was a witch. In the words of historian Malcolm Gaskill, Matthew Hopkins "lives on as an anti-hero and bogeyman – utterly ethereal, endlessly malleable". [51] If the suspected witch had no such visible marks invisible ones could be discovered by pricking, therefore "witch prickers" were employed, who pricked the accused with knives and special needles looking for such marks, normally after the suspect had been shaved of all body hair. [25], In the early 1640s, Hopkins moved to Manningtree, Essex, a town on the River Stour, about 10 miles (16 km) from Wenham. [35][36] Both Hopkins and Stearne would have required some form of letters of safe conduct[37][38] to be able to travel throughout the counties. Facts about Matthew Hopkins The facts about Matthew Hopkins have decribed above, do not you enjoy reading these amazing facts? Updates? In fact, Hopkins died after an illness, likely tuberculosis . Hopkins life was as short as his career and despite modern legend that he was captured and hanged for witchcraft himself, the reality of his death was much simpler. [52][53] It was believed that the witch's familiar, an animal such as a cat or dog, would drink the witch's blood from the mark, as a baby drinks milk from the nipple. In fact, the first accusations were made by Stearne and Hopkins was appointed as his assistant. Portrait of Matthew Hopkins, “The Celebrated Witch-finder” from the 1837 edition of ‘The Discovery of Witches’. He died on May 15 after spending many weeks in hospital fighting Covid-19. [49] He would also cut the arm of the accused with a blunt knife, and if she did not bleed, she was said to be a witch. In August of 1647, at the age of just 26 or 27, Matthew Hopkins keeled over in Manningtree and died. John Alden and Priscilla Alden: Priscilla Mullins went to America with her parents and younger brother. Matthew Hopkins, Worcestershire Acute Hospital Trust's chief executive, said: "So very sad. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Cabell deliberately eschews context – historical, social and legal – because he wants to concentrate on Matthew Hopkins, whom he believes to have been uniquely evil. [1] They extended throughout the area of strongest Puritan and Parliamentarian influences which formed the powerful and influential Eastern Association from 1644 to 1647, which was centred on Essex. Of the suspects Matthew Hopkins managed to convict, 100 witches were from the eastern counties. [44][60][61], Hopkins' witch-hunting methods were outlined in his book The Discovery of Witches, which was published in 1647.
0 votes asked by Question What is the story behind Pentecost? 1 Answer 0 votes answered by Expert Pentecost. Pentecost is the Greek name for Shavuot, the spring harvest festival of the Israelites, which was going on when the Holy Spirit came. The disciples were together in Jerusalem (see also Jerusalem) after Jesus' Resurrection and return to heaven, fearful because he had left them.
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You asked: How does defer work JavaScript? What defer means JavaScript? The defer attribute is a boolean attribute. When present, it specifies that the script is executed when the page has finished parsing. … If neither async or defer is present: The script is fetched and executed immediately, before the browser continues parsing the page. How add defer in JavaScript? There’s no need to add async to your script tag, since that attribute is enabled by default for dynamic scripts. As for defer , just as you change the src attribute in JavaScript, you can also enable that one like so: var tag = document. createElement(‘script’); tag. What is defer purpose? HTML \| <script> defer Attribute The HTML defer attribute is a Boolean attribute which is used to specify that script is executed when the page has finished parsing. This attribute only works with external scripts. Is defer better than async? IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: What are the wild card characters in SQL? When should I load JavaScript? Because of the fact that browsers have to pause displaying content of a page when it’s parsing a Javascript file, the recommendation is to load the Javascript at the bottom of the page to speed up displaying a page’s content. How do you use defer? Defer sentence example 1. “You must defer to him in my absence as you do me,” he reminded her. … 2. There was still no improvement in the countess’ health, but it was impossible to defer the journey to Moscow any longer. … 3. Defer a monthly payment without interest or finance charges. Can I use both async and defer? if you specify both, async takes precedence on modern browsers, while older browsers that support defer but not async will fallback to defer . These attributes only make sense when using the script in the head portion of the page, and they are useless if you put the script in the body footer like we saw above. Where do I load JavaScript? The <script> tag can be placed in the <head> section of your HTML or in the <body> section, depending on when you want the JavaScript to load. Generally, JavaScript code can go inside of the document <head> section in order to keep them contained and out of the main content of your HTML document. What does defer mean in HTML? defer. This Boolean attribute is set to indicate to a browser that the script is meant to be executed after the document has been parsed, but before firing DOMContentLoaded . Scripts with the defer attribute will prevent the DOMContentLoaded event from firing until the script has loaded and finished evaluating. IT IS INTERESTING: Do Java certifications expire? Can you defer inline JavaScript? Inline JavaScript executes in the order in which it appears in the page. There’s no “deferring” it. As a result, if something in there relies on jQuery, it’ll simply throw an error to the console log and refuse to execute. How do you defer CSS? Which is faster defer or async? Whereas DEFER scripts don’t execute until the HTML document is done being parsed (AKA, DOM Interactive or performance. timing. domInteractive). Comparing the ASYNC and DEFER waterfalls, we see that using DEFER makes DOM Interactive fire sooner and allows rendering to proceed more quickly. Should I use defer? So when should you use defer ? # If you have any noncritical JavaScript file, or any code that depends on the DOM being rendered to run, load it in the head with the defer attribute. This will result in the best performance on most browsers. Where is defer and async used? In practice, defer is used for scripts that need the whole DOM and/or their relative execution order is important. And async is used for independent scripts, like counters or ads. And their relative execution order does not matter. Secrets of programming
Suvarna Garge (Editor) Updated on Share on FacebookTweet on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare on Reddit Kingdom Animalia Suborder †Taeniodonta Order Cimolesta Class Mammalia Phylum Chordata Genus †Schowalteria R. C. Fox and B. G. Naylor. 2003 Similar Taeniodonta, Cimolestes, Psittacotherium, Cimolesta, Kollikodon Schowalteria is a genus of extinct mammal from the Cretaceous of Canada. It is the earliest known representative of Taeniodonta, a specialised lineage of non-placental eutherian mammals otherwise found in Paleocene and Eocene deposits. It is notable for its large size, being among the largest of Mesozoic mammals, as well as its speciation towards herbivory, which in some respects exceeds that of its later relatives. Currently, Schowalteria is considered to be a monotypic genus, with only one species, S. clemensi. It is known from only one skull. Schowalteria shares some speciations with later taeniodonts, namely similar canine and incisor morphology, similar facial proportions and zygomatic arch construction, though unlike them its occlusal surface is worn nearly completely flat, and the wear facet completely encompasses the paracone and metacone, leaving only an outline of the buccal side of the bases of these cusps remaining, differing radically from the more "normal" teeth wearing patterns of other taenidonts. Based on the skull's proportions, it was initially comparared in size to Didelphodon vorax, making it one of the largest mammals of the Mesozoic at the time of its discovery, and posterior measurements have cited larger sizes; Anne Weil posits a range similar (though not confirmed) to Repenomamus giganticus, while posterior analysis showcase it to be as large as latter taeniodonts. Schowalteria occurs in the Trochu deposits of Alberta, dating to the Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous period. This site is part of the larger Edmonton Group, that probably represented a warm, temperate environment. Mammal remains are very common in this site, such as various metatherians and multituberculates. Schowalteria is a taeniodont eutherian. It was initially recovered as a fairly derived member related to stylinodonts, but more recent examinations show it to be a more basal species within the group, less related to them than Onychodectes. In spite of being a basal taeniodont, Schowalteria is fairly derived, perhaps more so than later taenidonts. It shares with them similar speciations towards herbivory and possibly fossoriality, but unlike them it also possesses evidence of transverse (ungulate-like) mastication, making it even more specialised towards processing vegetation. As one of the largest mammals of its time period and a rather specialised herbivore, Schowalteria was a rather spectacular species among the dinosaur-rich faunas of the end of the Cretaceous. Schowalteria Wikipedia
How big is a Maine Coon? How big is a Maine Coon? Maine Coons are big boned and muscular cats. They are distinguished by their long silky coats of fur, which make them look bigger. They are known to be the largest breed of domestic cats, but just how big is the average Maine Coon? The typical Maine Coon cat grows bigger than other cat breeds, but grows slower once it reaches its full grown stage. It can reach an overall weight of 10-25 lbs or 5-11 kg. Known as “gentle giants” of the world, they are popular for their huge and strong stature. The lineage of Maine Coon cats remains a mystery to this day, so it’s hard to determine why they are so big. However, there are still some ways to know the influences behind the size of the Maine Coon cats. How Gender Plays a Part in a Maine Coon’s Size Despite looking pretty much the same, male and female Maine Coons actually differ in size. Their gender has a big influence on how big they can get over their lifetime. Male Maine Coons are naturally larger, when compared to their female counterparts. A few inches taller and many pounds heavier, they also have bigger personalities. It takes a good three to five years before male Maine Coons are fully grown. Once they reach full maturity, they can weigh as much as 25 pounds and be 16 inches tall. Their length usually varies from 30 to 40 inches. The biggest cat recorded to date is a male Maine Coon cat named Stewie the Maine Coon. He is 48 inches long and weighs 33 pounds. His tail alone measures 16 inches. On the other hand, female Maine Coons have a slightly leaner physique. Weighing around 10 to 18 pounds when fully grown, they also tend to be more calm and collected than males. Their maximum growth range is between 8 and 14 inches. Regardless of the gender of your Maine Coon, you should be careful not to overfeed them. Doing so will affect their health negatively and could lead to health problems. Genetics and Diet Affect Maine Coon Size Studies show that Maine Coon cats’ genetics play an important role in how big they grow. Even so, it should be noted that while genetics can influence their size, it does not accurately predict the future size of your cat. This means that even if the parents are huge, there is no guarantee that the size of the kitten will be the same as parents’ size. However, you can always expect that your Maine Coon will be larger than the average cat. Maine Coons are naturally energetic, but they do not need a special diet to fuel their energy. They are not as sensitive as other breeds. What’s important is to make sure that your Coons are well-fed and taken care of, but not overfed. Make sure they follow a diet low in saturated fat, with common foods like chicken and fish. Along with a proper diet, Maine Coons need regular exercise to maintain good health and a long life. Maine Coons’ Common Health Problems Caused by Size Because Maine Coon’s are so large and heavy-boned, they can commonly suffer from hip dysplasia. As described by the Mayo Clinic, hip dysplasia is “a hip socket that doesn’t fully cover the ball portion of the upper thigh bone and doesn’t fully cover the ball portion of the upper thigh bone. This allows the hip joint to become partially or completely dislocated.” Hip dysplasia is often genetic. The painful condition can be caused by rapid weight gain or lack of proper nutrition. To avoid your Maine Coon suffering from hip displaysia, make sure she gets regular exercise and eats a healthy diet. Common questions about Maine Coons Are all Maine Coons big? Despite being known as the largest breed of domestic cats, not all Maine Coon cats are overly large. It depends on genetics, diet and the gender of the cat. There are also cases where people adopt a Coon cat with a mixed lineage, so it ends up being smaller and a pure bread Maine Coon. How much is a Maine Coon cat? When buying a Maine Coon cat, the price is determined by their health, age and history. The price range depends on the age of the Maine Coon and is approximately $400-$1500. The healthier their body and hair are, the more they cost. Despite being pricey, it is always worth it in the end to cuddle with this adorable creature. How long do Maine Coons live for? Diet and regular exercise play a very important role in the life expectancy of Maine Coons. Their lifespan average ranges anywhere from 10-12.5 years. Some Maine Coons even live up to 15 years if they are physically and mentally stimulated. Maine Coon cats are lovable giants and are generally a healthy breed. People may seem to think Maine Coons are high maintenance, but actually they aren’t hard work at all. Truth be told, Maine Coons are easy to care for and can live long lives, as long as they are get exercise and are well-cared for. How big is a Maine Coon? Recent Posts
How true is the phrase “use it or lose it” when it comes to learned skills? Does the brain really forget skills permanently if you don’t use them? In: Biology Popular Psychology has accepted the use-it-or-lose-it theory as fact; however, there are two variations of this theory: the cognitive reserve hypothesis and the use-dependency theory. [source]( You can think of cognitive reserve as your brain’s ability to improvise and find alternate ways of getting a job done. Just like a powerful car that enables you to engage another gear and suddenly accelerate to avoid an obstacle, your brain can change the way it operates and thus make added resources available to cope with challenges. Cognitive reserve is developed by a lifetime of education and curiosity to help your brain better cope with any failures or declines it faces. [source]( The cognitive reserve hypothesis states that an individual must be relatively cognitively active throughout life (particularly in early life) in order to build up a cognitive reserve to counter cognitive decline in old age. The use-dependency theory asserts that a high level of cognitive activity in later life is sufficient to attenuate or even reverse the cognitive aging process. [source]( Barring brain damage your neurons programmed with your conscious and subconscious memories of a particular task are still there. The problem is they’re not linked very strongly anymore with your current thoughts or environmental triggers. The old saying is it’s like riding a bike – well I can attest to the fact that riding a bike is not like riding a bike – 5 years go by and you’re not exactly a newbie but you’re definitely have some relearning to do. As time goes by the neurons that you use regularly get strengthen and those that you don’t fade by comparison. And it’s likely that as you get on the bike the familiarity of the movement can trigger some of your old neural pathways but it’s also likely that newer memory clusters will keep overriding and essentially blocking access to some of your older memories. This leaves you with an incomplete picture – the result of which you need to make some new neuron pathways and relearn part of the skills involved in riding a bike. Also your muscles and nerves have likely physically altered in that intervening five years so even being able to access your old procedural memories you are still left with some fine tuning to link that to the present condition that your muscles and nerves are in. As someone who recently started a job I haven’t done in ten years, the muscle memory is still there so your learning curve is shorter, but you still have to relearn the process. Said more concisely: lose it? No. You do have to relearn but the curve is significantly shorter.
Flyers (AP-UK) 1. Best Paper Weight For Flyers 100 to 120gsm paper is used for office stationery and letterheads. Double sided flyers should be at least 170gsm... 2. How You Can Create Eco-Friendly Flyers Creating eco-friendly flyers is great for the planet and for your event. Learn how you can make your flyers more eco friendly. 3. What Is The Response Rate For Advertising With Flyers? Getting the best return on investment for your flyers is crucial. Come read all about expected returns and how to improve it! 4. 6 Reasons To Use Flyers And 6 Design Considerations Flyers can persuade customers to buy. Discover how to engage customers and make flyers easy to read... 5. How Kraft Paper Is Made What are kraft and recycled papers, and how are they made? Read on to discover what they are and what they are used for. 6. Different Types Of Printing Paper There are so many types and weights of printing paper that things can soon get confusing! In this quick guide we'll take you through all the major paper stock types, and their best uses in print. 7. Printing: What Is Bleed? Bleed describes the area of a design that is printed beyond a page's finished edges. Learn all about print bleed in our handy guide. 8. Printing onto textured paper Printing on textured papers involves a few considerations, including litho, digital and colour processes. 9. What Is GSM Paper? The term gsm is often used when talking about different types of paper. What does it actually mean though? Come and learn! 10. What is spot colour? Learn all about spot colour printing, Pantones and the 4-colour CMYK process, and their importance. 11. What's the difference between litho and digital print? A comprehensive look at lithographic and digital printing technologies. 12. 5 Top Tips For Designing A Successful Leaflet From headline to imagery, colours to CTA, let's look at what makes a leaflet design work. 13. Promoting With Leaflets Printed leaflets are still a great way to get the word out about your business. But with such small returns on this marketing method, it's well worth making your leaflets' design as effective as possible. 14. SRA3 Paper – What Is It? Professional printers don't use A4 or A3 paper, but larger SRA3.
Page images against the king, invaded England, overran the country to the CHARLES Tyne, forced the lord Conway to retreat, and seized Durham and Newcastle. The king marched against them as far as The Scots York, and was not unprovided to give them battle : but having England. reason to suspect some of the officers and centinels were 'tainted in their loyalty, and disinclined to fight the Scots, he consented to a treaty at Rippon : where, after some debate, the English and Scotch commissioners agreed to a cessation of The treaty at Rippon. arms. Secondly, that the Scotch army should be allowed eight hundred and fifty pounds a day during their quartering in England : which contribution was to be raised in the counties of Northumberland, Westmorland, Durham, and the town of Newcastle. Thirdly, the river Tees was to be the barrier to both armies : and as to the main articles, they were to be referred to a farther treaty at London. When the king was upon his expedition against the Scots, archbishop Laud received information out of Holland of a plot against his majesty : that this treason was carried on in England by Seignior Con and his confidants: that these conspirators finding the archbishop resty as to any alterations in religion, resolved to dispatch him first : and that when this obstacle was removed, they did not despair of working the king's humour. The first discoverer of this plot was one Hist. of Andreas Ab-Habernsfeild, a Bohemian gentleman, physician bles of to the lady Elizabeth, who married the Paltzgrave; this gen- Laud Archbishop tleman sent a friend of his with a narrative to sir William Boswell, his majesty's agent in Holland: Habernsfeild's friend Hammond. L'Estrange, having sworn sir William to secrecy, it was agreed between Hist. of them, that the should be sealed, and sent by an express King to the archbishop of Canterbury; Laud took care to have Haberns feild's supthem put in the king's hands. His majesty at the beginning posed plot. of the next parliament, nominated a committee of lords to 795. examine this matter. In short, all the papers were read before the king and the committee. But it seems the narrative was agents ( as it somewhat perplexed, and the proofs defective. That Laud did is said ) plot not give much credit to this relation, appears by the manner fc. of his reporting this plot at his trial, and by his omitting fist, of the Troubles, the mention of it in his diary; in which, things of much less &c. of Archbishop importance are taken notice of. The learned Wharton like Laud, p.163. wise questions the matter of fact in his preface to the “His- Cyprian. tory of the Archbishop's Troubles," &c. And since there p. 452. the Trou Charles 1. The pope's my death, LAUD, was no prosecution upon the narrative, and the marks of Abp. Cant. truth were not sufficiently legible, I shall enter no farther into the story. The long August 22. To proceed: the king having lately marched against the Scots, a paper was dropped in Covent Garden, to encourage the apprentices and soldiers to attack the archbishop ; but one of the mob having been executed for a late attempt at Lambeth, they had not courage enough to renew the enterprise. But, not long after, when the High Commission October 21. sat at St. Paul's, about two thousand Brownists insulted the court, pulled down all the benches in the consistory, and cried out they would have no bishops nor High Commission. Thus the king, by this tumult, was put to the expense of ordering a guard for St. Paul's, as he had done before at Westminster, for the protection of the convocation. On the 3rd of November, the long parliament, which proved parliament so fatal to the king, met at Westminster. At the opening Some of the this session, the commons made speeches against the crown members and the Church, in a very remarkable manner, and gave early against the indications of what followed. What they delivered against the hierarchy. bishops discovers a great deal of heat and disaffection, gives a strong countenance to schism, and charges popery at random. In short, there is much more satire and declamation than solid proof in these remonstrances. These gentlemen, that harangued with so much vigour, seemed to be angry with the bishops for their revenues and authority, and grudged them the benefit of the constitution. I shall pass over the exceptions some of the members made against insisting upon conformity, against the High Commission, against a power in the bishops to license books, and the clergy being put into posts of civil jurisdiction. I shall waive the recital, I say, of what was delivered upon these heads, because they are Rushworth's mostly made up of invective without argument. But from Bagshaw, one of the long robe, something more of law and logic might have been expected. To give the reader the substance of this learned member's speech upon episcopacy. In the beginning of his discourse, he supposes an episcopacy of two sorts: the first, in statu puro, as it stood in the primitive times; the second, in statu corrupto, or in its modern declension. This latter condition he applies to the English hierarchy, and endeavours to prove that epis Hist. Coll. part 2. p. 1342. et deinc. copacy, in this state of degeneracy, encroaches upon the crown CHARLES in the four following particulars. His first instance is in bishop Hall's late book, wherein it is Bagshaw's asserted, that episcopacy, both in the office and jurisdiction, amined. is jure divino ; and that, in matters purely spiritual, this is no more than truth, I have fully proved in the first volume of this work. But to go on with Mr. Bagshaw, who pretends this assertion is directly contrary to the laws of England. His first proof is brought from the statute of Carlisle, 35 Ed. I., where it is said, as sir Edward Coke reports, that the Coke's Church of England is founded in the state of prelacy, by part 5. Cau , the king of England and his progenitors. But that these dry's case. words relate to revenues and endowment, may partly be collected from what follows, where it is said the design of this foundation was to enable the bishops to keep hospitable houses, and relieve the poor. Further: that the first Saxon kings—to mention no other—did not pretend to convey the powers in the episcopal character, nor so much as to fill the vacant sees, is sufficiently shown in the first part of this history. His next proof is taken from Magna Charta, cap. 1, where the king declares, “ Concessimus Deo et Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ omnes libertates,” &c. To this it may be answered, in the first place, that Magna Charta was commonly supposed to be nothing more than a confirmation of the subjects' right. Secondly, it is said, “ Concessimus Deo,”—we have granted to God. Now, could Bagshaw suppose the king would pretend to grant God any new power or jurisdiction? It is plain, therefore, the charter must be understood of secular privilege and jurisdiction. And, when these things are settled upon the Church, they are said to be given to God, because they are designed for the support of his worship, and the encouragement of those who represent him. His third argument, from 37 Hen. VIII. cap. 17, has been considered already in the reign of that prince, and thither I refer the reader. For his second encroachment of the hierarchy upon the crown, he only produces a common saying, “ No bishop, no king ; no mitre, no sceptre.” But this is only fighting a phantom and pursuing his own shadow, and requires no further consideration. His third instance of the hierarchy “trenching upon the crown," as he calls it, was the maintaining the bishops a [ocr errors] 8 Eliz. fol. 1. Hist. Coll. part. 2. p. 1343. LAUD, third estate in parliament ; "and, therefore, the king and Abp. Cant. parliament could not be without them.” This he utterly denies, and makes the king one of three estates. But, notwithstanding this categorical language, the archbishops, bishops, and clergy, are expressly declared to be one of the "greatest states of this realm.” And that the bishops are essential to cap. the legislature no less than the temporal lords and commons, Inst. part 4. is granted by sir Edward Coke. The fourth pretended encroachment is the bishops holding ecclesiastical courts in their own names, and not in the name of the king, nor by commission from him, contrary to the statute 1 Edw. VI. cap. 2. But this objection, having been already answered, shall be passed over. Bagshaw, in the conclusion of his speech, makes a further discovery of his disaffection to episcopacy, and declares, that, had he lived in Scotland, France, Geneva, or the Low Countries, he should Rushworth's have been for Presbyterian Church government. The lord Digby thought the late convocation misbehaved themselves, and harangued strongly against their proceedings. Lord Dig He conceives their taxing the clergy an invasion of the subby's speech. jects' right, and calls their benevolence a malevolence; and the levying this benevolence by synodical acts, and under the penalties of excommunication and deprivation, is complained of as intolerable oppression, and an encroachment upon the civil legislature. But, notwithstanding these tragical expressions, the clergy had always the privilege of taxing their own body. Neither from Magna Charta until the thirty-seventh of Henry VIII. is there any parliamentary confirmation of subsidies given by the clergy. For what reason this custom was afterwards altered is not easy to account for. It is possible it might be for the benefit of the crown, and for the better 796. securing the payment of the money granted; for, since the Reformation, the jurisdiction of the Church was much sunk, and her censures less regarded. Now the convocation could proceed no further than spiritual penalties. They had no authority over the secular magistrate, neither could they command the justices of peace to levy their subsidies by distress; and therefore, that the crown might not be disappointed of the money granted by the convocation, their subsidies from the thirty-seventh of Henry VIII. downwards, were generally confirmed by act of parliament. But that the clergy's granting Dr. Atterbury's the king a benevolence without such confirmation, exceeded CHARLES their power, is more than is proved. Had the convocation pretended to tax the laity, the objection had been good. But to contest their authority for raising money upon their own body, is to cross upon custom and known privilege: neither could the clergy without doors reckon this a grievance, for they had already given their consent for this purpose in their procuratorial letters; for in this instrument, signed and sealed by the electors for convocation, they engage themselves to allow and abide by the proceedings of their clerks and proctors. Besides, there was a precedent in queen Elizabeth's Se ratum gratum et reign in defence of this practice. For in the year 1585, the convocation granted a subsidy or benevolence, and levied the habere quicmoney by synodical authority, without any confirmation from procuratores the parliament ; neither was this at all complained of. This fecerint, vel instance was suggested to the archbishop of Canterbury in See the May last, and the convocation record appealed to for the truth Appendix to of the fact. On the 4th of November the convocation met at St. Paul's; Powers, &c. the sermon was preached by Bargrave, dean of Canterbury. of a ConvoThe lower house chose their old prolocutor, and adjourning to the concoking Henry VII.'s chapel, the archbishop made a speech : he but does lamented the unhappiness of the times ; put them in mind of nothing. the storm rising upon the Church; exhorted them to perform the duty of their respective places, and stand their ground with resolution. There was nothing of moment transacted in this convocation. But Warmister, one of the clerks for the diocese of Worcester, made a motion which must not be forgotten; it was, that according to the direction of the Levitical law, they should endeavour to cover the pit which they had opened : that is, they should prevent their enemies, and null the offensive canons which had passed in the last convocation. But the house seemed to have a better opinion of the canons, and rejected the motion. However, Warmister being disappointed, published a long speech upon this subject, and ran a satire upon some of the canons. But all this remonstrance was not reckoned merit enough to protect him afterwards from sequestration. About a week forward, Williams, lord bishop of Lincoln, Bishop was discharged from his imprisonment in the Tower; the Williams enlarged. house of Lords having applied to the king for this purpose. , « PreviousContinue »
How does the bible define a fool? Donny Halvorson asked a question: How does the bible define a fool? Asked By: Donny Halvorson Date created: Thu, Jul 15, 2021 6:37 PM Those who are looking for an answer to the question «How does the bible define a fool?» often ask the following questions: 📚 Who does the bible call a fool? 📚 How does the bible define courage? Biblical courage, is the ability to do something brave out of a motivation of the heart. However, Biblical courage that is good always relies upon the supernatural power of God to strengthen and ... 📚 How does the bible define a hero? A biblical hero is someone in the bible who lived their life with faith. They are ordinary people who were chosen by God. Biblical Heroes are dedicated to … 9 other answers The Bible has much to say about fools. The word fool today usually means “a senseless fellow, a dullard.” The biblical definition has the added dimension of “someone who disregards God’s Word.” The Bible lists many characteristics of such a person, often contrasting him with one who is wise. The Hebrew word for the word fool is “nabal” and means senseless so the fool basically, according to God, has no sense and why “The fool says in his heart, ‘There is no God'” (Psalm 14:1). He or she is a fool if they claim there is no God. The word “fool” occurs in several forms (fools, foolish, etc.) in the Bible. The Hebrew word for fool is “nābāl” meaning “stupid; wicked (especially impious):- fool (-ish, -ish man ... A fool is quick-tempered, but a wise person stays calm when insulted. Proverbs 18:2 Fools have no interest in understanding; they only want to air their own opinions. Proverbs 28:26 Those who trust their own insight are foolish, but anyone who walks in wisdom is safe. Proverbs 29:11 Fools vent their anger, but the wise quietly hold it back. The biblical fool is said to be lacking in sound judgment and the biblical fool is also associated with moral depravity. For example, the biblical book of Proverbs states: "A wise man is cautious and turns away from evil, but a fool is arrogant and careless. fool 1. One who is destitute of reason, or the common powers of understanding; an idiot. Some persons are born fools, and are... 2. In common language, a person who is somewhat deficient in intellect, but not an idiot; or a person who acts absurdly; 3. In scripture, fool is often used for a wicked ... Leave the presence of a fool, Or you will not discern words of knowledge (14:7). A fool is bound for his own destruction, and he will inevitably destroy everything in his path. Those who get in the way of the fool will get hurt. Let a man meet a bear robbed of her cubs, Rather than a fool in his folly (17:12). Your Answer We've handpicked 24 related questions for you, similar to «How does the bible define a fool?» so you can surely find the answer! How does poet define love? Therefore the Love which us doth bind, But Fate so enviously debarrs, Is the Conjunction of the Mind, And Opposition of the Stars… This poem is in the public domain. Published in Poem-a-Day on March 31, 2018, by the Academy of American Poets. Read more We need true heroes more than ever. so how does the bible define a hero? Read more Does culture and history define literature? Culture is a wider concept than literature, so in this context it will be considered in terms of its relationship with literature, i.e. as a combination of literature AND culture. Thus in the teaching of culture literature plays different roles: it serves either as illustration or a starting point for the study and mediation of cultural phenomena. Read more Does literature define a certain culture? Books are written by individuals, but they are also influenced by that individual's society. Therefore, it is important to consider a work's cultural context… Works of literature are particularly good indexes of these values, in that they often engage the culture in depth. Read more How does literature define culture based? Historical literature shapes cultures of different time periods, depending on when it was written in comparison to the time of its setting. For example, a piece written about an event that occurred in the past will shape cultures of the time at which it was written, but those which were written at the time of the setting, will be aimed at improving and shaping cultures in the future. Read more How does terry eagleton define literature? by Terry Eagleton.” ... The first definition that comes to mind when one tends to think about literature according to Eagleton‟s, is the question of fact vs. fiction. Some tend to believe that literature is “imaginative” writing; putting therefore literature in opposition to factual and/or historical writing. Read more How is the archetypal fool used in literature? A fool is the individual who will bring comic relief and fun to any situation through their own seeming lack of any intelligence or common sense, though sometimes this in fact masks a willingness to undertake acts of self-deprecating with in order to amuse those around them. Read more Who can define hearing who can define listening? According to the dictionary, hearing is defined as “the process, function or power of perceiving a sound.” On the other hand, the same dictionary defines listening as “to hear something with thoughtful attention.” In their definitions alone, it's clear to see the big difference between the two. Read more How does literature define culture in education? Culture can refer to the beliefs, customs, values, and activities of a particular group of people at a particular time. Objects produced by a given culture express these values in both overt and... Read more How does literature define culture in psychology? Read more How does literature define culture in society? He points out that culture has not always been part of literary criticism and in fact, the very “concept” of “culture” is relatively new. He quotes the anthropologist Edward B. Tylor as defining culture as, “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (437). Read more How does literature define culture in sociology? Read more How does the nobel committee define literature? terminology - How does the Nobel committee define literature? - Literature Stack Exchange. As you probably know, Bob Dylan, a musician, was awarded the Nobel prize. He was the first musician to receive the Nobel prize. The Nobel committee, notably, seemed to avoid the word music when explaining why the prize was awarded. Read more Define american literature? Read more Define canonical literature? Canonical, in computer science, is the standard state or behavior of an attribute. This term is borrowed from mathematics, where it is used to refer to concepts that are unique and/or natural. Also known as canonicity or canonicality. Advertisement. Read more Define children's literature? Read more Define classical literature? Classical literature, the literature of ancient Greece and Rome (see Greek literature; Latin literature). The term, usually spelled “classical,” is also used for the literature of any language in a period notable for the excellence and enduring quality of its writers’ works. Read more Define empirical literature? Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief. How do you know if a study is empirical? Read the subheadings within the article, book, or report and look for a description of the research "methodology." Read more Define imaginative literature? Imaginative literature usually refers to fictional written works such as novels, poetry, short stories and drama. These literary genres are then broken down into sub genres which include odes ... Read more Define literature language? A literary language is the form of a language used in its literary writing. It can be either a nonstandard dialect or a standardized variety of the language. It can sometimes differ noticeably from the various spoken lects, but the difference between literary and non-literary forms is greater in some languages than in others. Read more Define modern drama? Read more Define music literature? Read more Define popular literature? Read more Define serious literature? Read more
Solved by a verified expert:Week 3 Assignment1. What is a linkage group? If a diploid organism contains 20 linkage groups, how manychromosomes does the organism have in a cell? 2. Chromosomal aberrations are frequently caused by pieces of chromosomes breaking off fromthe main chromosomal body, which can lead to harmful effects. Fill in the following table. (Thefirst one is completed for you as an example)TypeDeletion DefinitionA chromosome aberration in which a pieceof a chromosome is absent. Examples or conditions seen in humanCri-du-chat syndrome (part ofchromosome 5 is deleted.) 3. Aneuploidy is a condition in which a person has either more or fewer chromosomes than the 46that are normally found in humans. Down syndrome can be the result of aneuploidy.Aneuploidy can also cause cancers. For example, lymphocytic leukemia is the result of cellscontaining 3 sets of chromosome 12. What is the fundamental difference between ananeuploidy that might lead to cancer and one that results in Down syndrome? 4. A man with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) is red-green color blind, which is an X-linked recessivedisorder. His brother is normal with a 46, XY karyotype is also color blind. Both of their parentsare not color blind. Assuming that no crossing over occurred in prophase I of meiosis, explainwhich parent and which X chromosome gave rise to the color-blind man with klinfeltersyndrome, as well as where the nondisjunction occurred. 5. Suppose one organism contains 2n=12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would bepresent in a cell with the following chromosome mutations?a. Nullisomyb. Monosomyc. Trisomyd. Tetrasomy
List Of Commonly Used Idioms And Their Meanings Pdf • and pdf • Friday, April 9, 2021 10:52:23 AM • 4 comment list of commonly used idioms and their meanings pdf File Name: list of commonly used idioms and their meanings .zip Size: 15866Kb Published: 09.04.2021 Idioms or idiomatic expressions are known as sentence combinations that have different meanings rather than separate meanings of individual words. It has idiomatic meanings that are symbolic and figurative. In order to really hold meaningful conversations with native language speakers, you need to go beyond the surface. In this case, you need to go beyond the meaning of each word and rather focus on the whole entity. An idiom has a meaning that goes beyond the meaning of the words in it. Idioms and slang are two concepts you need to understand to really hold a conversation with a native speaker. An idiom is an expression that native language speakers use often or even daily. Our Essential Idioms List Idioms or idiomatic expressions are known as sentence combinations that have different meanings rather than separate meanings of individual words. It has idiomatic meanings that are symbolic and figurative. Many people find it difficult to understand idioms because of their idiomatic meanings. Go-Getter : a person who is active, energetic, and has the initiative to pursue the things they want. Brain Drain: Departure of talented, well-educated individuals from a place. No-Brainer: Something that not requires thought. On the Blink: Not working, intermittently not working. Bend over Backwards: You make every effort to achieve something, especially you should to be fair or helpful. Be a Bundle of Nerves: Someone who is extremely nervous. Fight like cat and dog : We can use this phrase when we want to indicate fighting like a cat and dog. The tail wags the dog : It means that the most insignificant part affects the most important part. Every man and his dog : It refers to a large number of people. If we want to talk about a very crowded environment, we can use this phrase. Our feet hurt from standing for a long time and we can express this with this phrase. Spin doctor : This phrase can be used to name news referring specialists or pro-government people. Politically correct : Political correctness of all work done has been accepted. Commit Political suicide : These men are putting their political lives at risk. Caught red — handed : He was caught red-handed last night, we watched family television in the evening. Five — finger discount : If we talk about a shop theft, we can use this phrase. Stick it to the plan : This time we must stick to this plan, guys, please be careful everyone. Pin someone down on something : We can use this phrase when asking someone to give an exact answer on a topic. Example: It will be a very difficult period for you, but t he cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet. Big Fish In A Small Pond : It is used to describe a situation where a person has much more knowledge, experience, power, influence or experience than other people in a small group. Fish Out of Water : This phrase is used for people who suddenly enter an unknown environment. Fish Memory : It is a phrase that means having a very weak memory and forgetting it quickly. A different kettle of fish : A statement used to describe a different topic or event than any other subject mentioned earlier. The origin of this statement dates back to the early s, and its literal meaning is uncertain. Maybe if you are out of fishing and put the fish you caught in a kettle, you might think that each kettle you collect should be different from the last one. Blow smoke : This statement means that a person exaggerates things more than they should be and makes them look like they are doing a job they cannot do. Example: In the evening, he commented on the whole match and blow smoke like he was a football player. To make matters worse : A statement that an event that is in a bad condition has become worse. Example: Samatta is easy-going person I have ever seen. He is never happy and upset for any event. Enough is enough : This statement means that it should not be enough and more. It is generally said when a certain situation is sufficient. Money talks : In a case, it means a statement stating that the money has more money. Birds of a feather : Today, a new girl has come to school, we have been chatting for a couple of hours, we think our birds of a feather is the same. To speak the same language : We get along so well because we always speak the same language with you. Why break the habbit of a lifetime. Old habits die hard. Every cloud has a silver lining : fair is foul, foul is fair! Tomorrow is another day. The grass is always greener on the side of the fence : The apples on the side of the wall are the sweetest. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Prev Article Next Article. Related Posts. About The Author grammarhere More from this Author. Add Comment Cancel reply Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 96 Super Common English Idioms (With Meanings and Pictures) What are the most common English idioms used today? This post lists the most popular idiomatic expressions to help you sound more like a native English speaker! Our A-Z of idioms gives you the meaning of each expression, along with example sentences. An idiom is a phrase or group of words that, when taken together, has a meaning that is different from that of each individual word. To put it another way: idioms cannot be understood literally. Idioms are very important when learning English because they are used a lot in everyday communication and can help you sound more like a native. Why is it so important to learn English idioms? Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. They have developed over time and so they might seem random to you. Idioms often rely on analogies and metaphors. Instead, you need to learn them in context so you can understand their true meaning. FluentU is a fun but effective tool for learning English idioms and phrases this way. If you're looking for an essential English idioms list, you're in the right place! Here you can download our free PDF document that includes hundreds of popular expressions to take your English to the next level. There are an estimated 25, idiomatic expressions in English so it's vital to learn idioms if you want to understand native English speakers and reach a high level of English. Click here if you'd like to get our free illustrated idioms ebook. If you're unsure, it's a good idea to review the definition before you get started learning these expressions. I've made an infographic with the definition, some characteristics of idioms and a few good examples. Big cheese. Influential person. Bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Better to be satisfied with what you have than risk losing it by trying to get something better. idioms meaning in tamil pdf An idiom is a phrase, saying, or a group of words with a metaphorical not literal meaning, which has become accepted in common usage. There are estimated to be at least 25, idiomatic expressions in the English language. Idioms evolve the language; they are the building blocks of a language and civilization. They also have great intensity to make a language exciting and dynamic. This lesson you will learn the meaning of some of the idioms from the England and around the world. The lesson is to help you understand the meanings when you read about them or hear them. Click on this link to download the A to Z of English idioms. 600 Idioms and Phrases PDF Skip to content Idioms and phrases with meanings and examples in pdf. What is an idiom? Find out the meanings of idioms and common sayings such as Nest Egg or New York Minute, and much more What is their meaning? The use of idioms in the English language makes the conversation more interesting. Check out these funny English idioms you may not know about. Медленно, словно после укола транквилизатора, он поднял голову и начал внимательно рассматривать пассажиров. Все до единого - панки. И все внимательно смотрели на. У всех сегодня красно-бело-синие прически. Беккер потянулся и дернул шнурок вызова водителя. 100 idioms and their meanings Я хочу сохранить это в тайне, - сказала. Но Хейл продолжал приближаться. Когда он был уже почти рядом, Сьюзан поняла, что должна действовать. У нее возникло ощущение, что она разговаривает с абсолютно незнакомым человеком. Коммандер послал ее жениха, преподавателя, с заданием от АНБ и даже не потрудился сообщить директору о самом серьезном кризисе в истории агентства. - Вы не поставили в известность Лиланда Фонтейна. Терпение Стратмора иссякло. Он взорвался: - Сьюзан, выслушай . Давайте оба веса. Мы произведем вычитание. - Подождите, - сказала Соши. - Сейчас найду. Вот. Сделка всей его жизни только что распалась - за каких-то несколько минут. Стратмор продолжал спуск. Сделка отменяется. Нуматек корпорейшн никогда не получит невзламываемый алгоритм… а агентство - черный ход в Цифровую крепость. Ему сказали, что бортовой телефон вышел из строя, поэтому позвонить Сьюзан не удастся. - Что я здесь делаю? - пробормотал . 1. Iael P. 12.04.2021 at 23:34 Be t of the be t photographer 2014 one eyeland book volume 04 pdf lexical resources for ielts writing pdf 2. Thomas W. 14.04.2021 at 22:54 3. Roland C. 15.04.2021 at 13:27 A List of Common Idioms. Idiom. Example. What it means. Keep your chin up. It's hard I put baseball practice on the back burner while I studied for the test. Delayed until later Some of the most important ways to learn English idioms asking English speakers what they mean when you do not understand an expression. 4. Patrice C. 17.04.2021 at 12:34 A List of the most commonly used English idioms Meaning: without any hesitation; instantly. Back to the It is up to you to make the next decision or step.
キッズコーススーパーコースレギュラーコース Bilingual Life 1 Bedtime routine My daughter is 2 years old. She just turned 2 and is able to say so in two languages. When asked "How old are you?" She says "I'm two." When asked "何歳ですか” she says "２歳.” Neither my wife or I have any idea how our daughter is able to keep the two languages separate or respond appropriately but she does. It is amazing for us to watch. My wife speaks Japanese and I speak English with my daughter. My daughter is learning both languages and can speak and understand them almost equally. She is just starting nursery school so she will start to pick up more, and more Japanese. This cannot be avoided. I don't think it is a bad thing. Every month I plan to write about our bilingual journey and talk about the things we do to help her learn two languages. I hope you can find something here to help your child with his or her language study. For today I would like to very briefly focus on the importance of routine, and our bedtime routine. I often read the children's book "Good night Moon," written by Margaret Wise Brown to my daughter before bed. It is a well-known classic book. It is a book about saying goodnight to everything in the room and the Moon before going to bed. So we imitate this. Every night before she goes to bed we go around the room saying goodnight to the same objects. For example good night TV, goodnight books, goodnight toys etc. Every night we do this and every so often I increase the amount of vocabulary and grammar. When we first started we were saying good night table goodnight chair. Then after some weeks we practiced saying goodnight Mama's table goodnight Mama's chair. Then after weeks and weeks of saying this we now say "whose table is this?" "whose chair is this?" From doing this repeatedly my daughter now knows the vocabulary and how to use it in a sentence and is also able to answer questions. When's a basic routine has been learned it is easier to bring new parts to it. For example increasing vocabulary asking questions comes very naturally to the child after a routine has been established. If you're teaching your child language at home I suggest finding a routine and sticking to it. Do it over and over again and slowly changing it a little by little after you feel that they have mastered it. I hope this was helpful. Good luck on your language journey!
Corruption is the New Meaning of Life: It Is Here to Guide Us Corruption shows its face unobstructed in most forms of social organisation in today’s world. Under the present rules of governance, they license corruption for use with discretion and embed itself deeper in societies, eliminating most opposition to it. Corruption is thus now legal, though not without illegal consequences. Nothing paves the path for needless and preventable wars, social strife, starvation, pestilence, economic chaos, systemic deficiencies, and emergencies as corruption does. Many commentators pen such incidences as exceptions, Things Happen, is the persuasion we must accept. They sound as if corruption is uncommon and its effects arise without calculated intention or support. People unfamiliar with the corruption happening in many nations think it’s an overseas problem. At home or overseas, corruption is the same thing; and not only in monetary exchange. Many ask why no real discourse on corruption exists? Others ask, why should any such debate exist? As the media becomes more an instrument of public relations, the fewer prints stories, or broadcasts on corruption.The Covid-19 pandemic has uncovered more corruption than is convenient in cleaner nations and dirty ones, too. The backing ideologies, promotions, and the effects of corruption have become more conspicuous. As with organised crime, knowing more concrete details of corruption never stops it. Continue reading %d bloggers like this:
Airports Are Now AirBNBs For Honeybees In the summer of 2012, honeybees swarmed the Pittsburgh airport, probably because the conditions are favorable there. Like many airports, the tarmac is surrounded by wild, wide-open fields that exist to contain the cacophony. And a couple of nearby creeks are dotted with plenty of forage-worthy wildflowers. Free honey? Wúnderbar! Now, nearly a decade later, the airport is home to 110 colonies that house around 4 million honeybees. And they aren’t alone. Several other US airports are getting in on the apiary action, including O’Hare, Sea-Tac, and Minneapolis-St. Paul. The relationship between honeybees and airports is a symbiotic one — the honey the bees produce is a litmus test for air pollution levels around the airport, which must fall within regulations. German airports have employed bees as ‘bio-detectives’ for over twenty years, and they give the honey away for free inside the terminal. It’s okay, though — analysis reveals that the hydrocarbon and heavy metal levels in the airport honey aren’t any higher than honey from non-industrial bees. Given that honeybees pollinate around $15 billion in crops annually in the US alone, it’s a wonder that we aren’t doing everything possible to fight colony collapse disorder and other problems around the world. This mysterious issue has grown in the last few years, and 2020 saw highest death toll since 2016. Colony collapse disorder aside, plenty of problems persist for our fuzzy friends — pests, pesticides, pathogens, and poor nutrition. What’s the deal with bees, anyway? How do they fly? Because they aren’t supposed to fly. Mutant Corn Could Be The Future Of Agriculture In America, corn syrup is king, and real sugar hovers somewhere around prince status. We’re addicted to corn, and corn, in turn, is addicted to nitrogen. A long time ago, people figured out that by rotating crops, the soil will stay nutrient-rich, which helps to an extent by retaining nitrogen. Then we figured out how to make nitrogen fertilizer, and through its use we essentially doubled the average crop yield over the last hundred years or so. The aerial roots of the Sierra Mixe corn stalk help the plant produce its own nitrogen. Image via Wikimedia Commons Not all plants need extra nitrogen. Legumes like beans and soybeans are able to make their own. But corn definitely needs nitrogen. In the 1980s, the now-chief of agriculture for Mars, Inc. Howard-Yana Shapiro went to Mexico, corn capital of the world, looking for new kinds of corn. He found one in southern Mexico, in the Mixes District of Oaxaca. Not only was this corn taller than American corn by several feet, it somehow grew to these dizzying heights in terrible soil. Shapiro thought the corn’s success might have something to do with the aerial, finger-like roots protruding from the cornstalk. Decades later, it turns out he was right. Researchers at UC Davis have proven that those aerial roots allow the plant to grab nitrogen out of the air through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in that clear, syrupy mucus. The process is called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen Fixing is a Bit Broken So if we already have nitrogen fertilizer, why even look for plants that do it themselves? The Haber-Bosch fertilizer-making process, which is an artificial form of nitrogen fixation, does make barren soil less of a factor. But that extra nitrogen in ammonia-based fertilizer tends to run off into nearby streams and lakes, making its use an environmental hazard. And the process of creating ammonia for fertilizer involves fossil fuels, uses a lot of energy, and produces greenhouse gases to boot. All in all, it’s a horrible thing to do to the environment for the sake of agriculture. But with so many people to feed, what else is there to do? The Haber-Bosch process illustrated. Image via Wikimedia Commons Over the last decade, the UC Davis researchers use DNA sequencing to determine that the mucus on the Sierra Mixe variety of the plant provides microbes to the corn, which give it both sugars to eat and a layer of protection from oxygen. They believe that the plants get 30-80% of their nitrogen this way. The researchers also proved that the microbes do in fact belong to nitrogen-fixing families and are similar to those found in legumes. Most impressively, they were able to transplant Sierra Mixe corn to both Davis, California and Madison, Wisconsin, and have it grow successfully, proving that the nitrogen-fixing trick isn’t limited to the corn’s home turf. Now they are working to identify the genes that produce the aerial roots. One Step in a Longer Journey of Progress We probably won’t be switching over to Sierra Mixe corn anytime soon, however. It takes eight months to mature, which is much too slow for American appetites used to a three-month maturation period. If we can figure out how to make other plants do their own nitrogen fixation, who knows how far we could go? It seems likely that more people would accept a superpower grafted from a corn cousin instead of trying to use CRISPR to grant self-nitrogen fixation, as studies have shown a distrust of genetically modified foods. The issue of intellectual property rights could be a problem, but the researchers started on the right foot with the Mexican government by putting legal agreements in place that ensure the Sierra Mixe community benefits from research and possible commercialization. We can’t wait to see what they’re able to do. If they’re unable to transplant the power of self-fixation to other plants, then perhaps there’s hope for improving the Haber-Bosch process.
16th January 1974 MV Prosperity is wrecked at Perelle When the MV Prosperity was wrecked at Perelle on the night of 16th to 17th January 1974, it was one of the most deadly runnings aground in modern Guernsey history. Although the crew abandoned ship, hoping to save themselves by coming ashore, 18 lost their lives in the waters of the bay. They are named on a memorial stone on the Lihou headland at L’Eree. Some parts of the ship are now on display in the Shipwreck Museum at Fort Grey but others, including one of the engine blocks, remain part-submerged where the vessel floundered. Built in the Netherlands in 1943, the MV Prosperity was 108m long and weighed 2088 tons. Her top speed was 14.5 knots and, on the night she went down, she had been carrying a cargo of timber. It was almost as though she knew that this was to be her final job. Her captain, Georgios Kastellorizios, was to steer her to a breaker’s yard as soon as she had delivered her cargo, and there she would be scrapped after more than three decades at sea. Wrecked in stormy weather Unfortunately for her crew, she never made it that far. Her engine failed in stormy weather late on the 16th and they were powerless to stop the waves from taking her where they pleased. This turned out to be La Conchee Reef. She struck it hard, was holed below the water line, and started taking on water. Unable to steer her, or move her either forwards or backwards off the reef, the crew had no choice but to abandon ship despite the fact that even this was a risky move. They ventured out into the lifeboat, but the storm was so fierce that it was overwhelmed. All eighteen were killed and sixteen bodies soon washed up on Guernsey’s beaches. The other two were lost at sea. The location where MV Prosperity was wrecked put her within sight of the Elwood Mead, a bulk carrier that had run around just two weeks earlier while on its maiden voyage. Fortunately for the owners and crew of the Elwood Mead it had been less seriously damaged than the MV Prosperity, and she was refloated and repaired in late February 1974. FREE Guernsey history newsletter Other events that occured in January Alderney elects its first president 1st Guille and Alles open their library 2nd Guernsey bans smoking in public places 3rd Guernsey Press registers its domain 4th Guernsey Zoo is sold as a going concern 5th Guernsey opens its wartime files Guernsey Police moves to its new headquarters 6th Guernsey Fisher makes its maiden voyage 7th Work begins on the Val des Terres 8th A hotel porter goes on trial for murder 9th Guernsey Police Service appoints its first inspector 10th Royal theft inquiry heads to Guernsey 11th Channel Express Airways plane crashes on Guernsey 12th Sibyl Hathaway, Dame of Sark, is born 13th Channel Television disappears 14th Benefactor Osmond de Beauvoir Priaulx dies 15th MV Prosperity is wrecked at Perelle 16th Guernsey’s Royal Court sits for the first time 17th Doctor Who travels to Guernsey 18th Channel 4 gameshow Treasure Hunt comes to Guernsey 19th Hanois Lighthouse is cut off by the weather 20th Guernsey-built prototype plane crashes 21st Guernsey Steam Tramway stops running 22nd Radiant Med sinks with loss of life 23rd Guernsey wins gold at the Commonwealth Games 24th Sark is awarded Dark-Sky status 25th Guernsey passengers are battered by storms 26th Sir Isaac Newton has his say on a mysterious Guernsey invention 27th Guernsey’s last witch trial takes place 28th Guernsey poet George Métivier is born 29th The States of Guernsey proposes a new airport 30th Guernsey lifeboat performs a chemical tanker rescue 31st
Geopathic stress solution geopathic stress solution Geopathic stress concerns energetic fields from the earth becoming distorted by underground streams and other geological features creating zones of disturbed, unhealthy energy. Unfortunately as of this moment there are no instruments to directly measure it so to the general scientific community it, therefore, does not exist. Most governments do not accept it as a condition and few doctors will factor in the possibility that their patient’s house might be subject to geopathic stress in their diagnosis or treatment plan. The one instrument that is very good at detecting geopathic stress is the human body. Dowsers use divining tools to magnify small responses in their body so that they can map out a home or any space. If it is down to us to identify, then we are in the world of the subjective and pretty much off the official main-stream reservation. With this disclaimer behind us, and if you are ready to move into the realms of the informed opinion of qualified people, then please read on. To give some historical perspective, Chinese Emperor Yu in about 2,200 BC proclaimed a law that said that no house might be built before a dowser had examined the place/location. If you live in Austria or Germany there is a fair chance that this might still be the case as there has been some modern-day research done to statistically relate bed position to illness and, as a consequence, there is more general awareness of geopathic stress. So does it really make us sick? Cancer is a disease of location triggered off by Geopathic stress. We all produce cancerous cells on a regular basis, but they are continuously destroyed by our body’s immune system. Geopathic stress does not cause cancer, but weakens our immune system. Dr Ernst Hartmann, MD Gustav Von Pohl, a German scientist and dowser, proved to the Central Committee for Cancer Research in Berlin, concluded from his researh in 1928/29, that people were unlikely to get cancer without spending some time in geopathically stressed places (primarily whilst sleeping). In his book ‘Earth Currents – Causative Factor of Cancer and other Diseases’, von Pohl gives an account of how he mapped the town of Vilsbiburg in Bavaria for geopathic stress lines (see image below) using downsing. He did not know the town and the operation was strictly supervised by council officials and the Police, so that nobody could communicate information that might influence his findings. A doctor then produced the details of the 54 people who had died from cancer in recorded history with their homes ‘ locations compared to von Pohl’s map. To the amazement of those present every single person who had died of cancer had slept for some time in a bed exactly over the mapped geopathic stress lines. See image below. After this, he investigated the town of Grafenau with exactly the same results. Later he returned to Vilsbiburg where another 11 had died of cancer and all had slept over geopathic stress lines.. How do we know whether we have it? We learned about geopathic stress when we went to visit a local dowser (Albino Gola, since deceased) who tested and confirmed the efficacy of our products to produce a protective zone against this condition. Why not search out your local dowsing society and go along to a meeting. You could learn to dowse your own property or at least meet somebody who can. There are some warning signs, generally accepted amongst researchers which could point to you having a problem with geopathic stress: 1. Somebody has got sick shortly after moving house. 2. The previous owners/tenants were sick. 3. Illnesses don’t respond to treatment. 4. Neighbours in poor health could indicate the area has geopathic stress . 5. Leaving the house makes you / others feel better – maybe get better on a holiday. 6. The house has never “felt right” and is disliked. 7. People in the house wake up feeling unrefreshed or worse after a night’s sleep. 8. Is there a lot of mould in the house or lichen/moss on the walls – geopathic stess is said to promote their growth. 9. Animal behaviour: Ants, wasps, bees and cats (believe it or not) are attracted to geopathic stress. Dogs, horses,cows, and most animals avoid it. 10. Trees with knobbly growths on the trunk in the garden (tree cancer – see photo below). 11. Gaps in hedges can indicate a line of geopathic stress. 12. Springs or wells nearby can be an indicator of increased probability of geopathic stress being present. 10: Tree cancer What can we do? If you or a professional dowser have/has determined that geopathic stress lines are present in your home and that they can be confidently mapped, make sure nobody is sleeping over them. Move beds so they are clear of these lines. If you can’t move then consider getting a wooden bed with natural latex mattress (or other natural materials) as metal can act as an antenna and increase the effect. Consider an energetic harmonizing tool. Geopathic stress is generally compared to EMF as being very similar. An energetic harmoniser such as our P.e.bal or Zen Stones are what we would recommend. How will I know it is working? If you are aware of the problem in that you or a family member can feel the effects of geopathic stress, then you will know when you have a solution. Take advantage of our no-quibble 30 day money-back guarantee to try our energetic solution. Likewise, if you try the P.e.bal or Zen Stones you can get a professional dowser to test your home after it’s placement. A good dowser would be able to tell if it is working right away. This is just a note to express my delight with the P.e.bal device which I have in place at home to alleviate Geopathic Stress. Previously, I was routinely having to pay up to £100 a time to get my home dowsed and for the Earth Acupuncture procedure to control the negative energies about my property. Now, I am sleeping much better and experiencing greatly reduced gastric issues. And all this having made just one payment whereas before, I was shelling out so much on dowsing operations. Wonderful! Bob Pooley, UK More Information Geopathic stress is a very involved subject and people have created whole websites on this subject alone. We recommend you research further if you have any concerns that geopathic stress is affecting you and your family. We found a very informative documentary which we have embedded here . Our guarantee Life Energy Solutions Life Energy Solutions
Medical Quiz Viruses Quiz Why is it that a virus that infects a human is not likely to infect a dog or a cat? A. viruses only infect humans B. viruses are specific to a host C. dogs and cats do not get diseases D. viruses do not infect living things Select your answer: A B C D E Life Processes Excretion Nutrient Cycling Asexual Reproduction Mutation & Genetic Engineering Neurology Biocomposite Regulation of Urine Formation Blood and Bones Body Fluids and Blood Cells Hormones Components of Food Cell Bio Nervous System -ology Body Structures and Organ Systems Other quiz: Asthma What type of medicine do we need for asthma attacks? A. Long-term control medicine B. Quick relief medicine
Design Educational Institutions Offer Many Options Interior planning is an art and science of raising the internal of your composition for it to be great looking to the people while using the space. An indoor fashionable is a person who performs, coordinates and strategies and addresses such interior progress jobs. Beauty are generally described through colors and room or space. Interior decorating mixes both of these principles to make a place that could meet the requirements and requirements of the individual who can be employing it. The scientific disciplines of interior decorating uses quite a few clinical disciplines for example stats, make up, lighting, engineering and analysis and architectural mastery. It may also include things like components of psychology, neurology, and good looks. Psychology is needed to look at why are someone actually feeldepressing and content, or worn out. The scientific research of decor then research projects how furnishings could affect a person’s frame of mind as well as how a person’s sentiments and emotions and thoughts have an impact on the way in which furnishings are put and produced within a living space. Internal creators examine data to determine what form of supplies would work best with a particular place. Immediately after these specifications are actually motivated, the construction papers for the task are created along with the furniture is acquired and installed. The scientific disciplines of interior planning deals with beauty variables at the same time. In combination with learning furnishings and its effects on people’s emotions and emotions, internal creators also needs to research regulatory needs and zoning legislation to make certain that the building undertaking is compliant with local, declare, and national polices. 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There are various internal makers who may have their offices in sizeable locations like Ny or L.A. and figure out of smaller studios in towns and cities across the nation. Though with today’s technical innovations, many inside designers home based in cubicles when in front of laptop or computer screens. Interior fashion designers need to comprehend the power of internet sites, literature and maps floorboards plans, and how technology can assist them style spots. To become an internal decorator, any person ought to very first complete a 4-year or so bachelor’s amount at an certified university, planning spots may incorporate researching area preparation, colour plans, furniture styles, lights and designs wall surface hues, flooring surfacesoptions and units, counter tops, microsoft windows, decorative mirrors and entrances and a lot more. . 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Configuring Eclipse to use the JDK instead of JRE View more Tutorials: 1- JDK vs JRE JDK: Software Development Kit, It's the full featured Software Development Kit for Java, including JRE, and the compilers and tools (like JavaDoc, and Java Debugger) to create and compile programs. Usually, when you only care about running Java programs on your browser or computer you will only install JRE. It's all you need. On the other hand, if you are planning to do some Java programming, you will also need JDK. Sometimes, even though you are not planning to do any Java Development on a computer, you still need the JDK installed. For example, if you are deploying a WebApp with JSP, you are technically just running Java programs inside the application server. Why would you need JDK then? Because application server will convert JSP into Servlets and use JDK to compile the Servlets. I am sure there might be more examples. 2- Use JDK instead of JRE If both JRE and JDK are installed on your computer, the Eclipse will use JRE as a a default tool to build your projects. But some projects or functions force you to use the JDK instead of the JRE. For example, you have a Maven application, and you want to use the "Maven install" function to package the application into a JAR/WAR file, an error may appear with the message as follows: [ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-compiler-plugin:3.7.0:compile (default-compile) on project Translate: Compilation failure [ERROR] -> [Help 1] My advice: It is best to use the JDK on all projects. Thus, how do you need to configure on Eclipse? On the Eclipse, select: • Window/Preferences If you find that the Eclipse uses JRE, you need to remove JRE and add JDK. Select the JDK folder on your computer: View more Tutorials: Maybe you are interested
Image: Jimmy Teoh via Pexels The Art of Happiness: What can Greek philosophy teach us about mental health? Which Greek philosophy can best help us manage our mental health? How might we balance the use of our reason and emotion? Mental health is often considered to be a new topic. It’s only in recent years that we’ve truly been talking about mental health. Mental illness, however, has been a topic of conversation for far longer. Despite not naming mental health, or the idea of self-care, explicitly. I believe that they have been considerations of society for longer than we initially imagine. As far back as Ancient Greece, we can see implications around the conversation for mental health and self-care. Eudaimonia, the pursuit of a good or just life, is rooted in the philosophy of Aristotle (384 – 322 BC). Eudaimonia has also been understood to mean “happiness”, “wellbeing” or “flourishing”. Thus, it resonates with our modern thinking around mental health often linked to the concept of wellbeing. But overall, the understanding of the human ability to thrive emotionally rather than physically. Ideas of mental health and self-care can be found in further schools of philosophy. By considering Ancient Greek thinking through the lens of mental health, we can find various references which would not be so far away from our modern considerations of wellbeing. If we were to view philosophy as a continuum, similar to the mental health continuum, we find that Epicureanism can be viewed as a balance between Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium (334 – c.262 BC), on the one hand and Hedonism, founded by Aristippus (435 – 356 BC), on the other. Whilst we must be careful not to apply anachronistic ideas of mental health onto the Ancient World, we can perceive Epicureanism, based on the teachings of Epicurus (341 – 270 BC), as an equilibrium or balance between these two schools of thought. Mindfulness in Ancient Greece Before a further investigation of each of these Schools of Philosophy, it is important to note the time period which they span. From the Classical period in the 5th and 4th centuries BC to the Hellenistic period, often marked from the death of Alexander the Great (in 323 BC), reaching through the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. These three Schools of Philosophy all have different lessons for managing our mental health. The influence of luxury and a changing political context have been cited as reasons for the proliferation of these ideas, with monarchies being more common in the Hellenistic world compared to democratic rule and enforced oligarchies in the Classical period. Whilst the impact of luxury and the changing political scene is beyond the scope of this piece, Robin Lane Fox’s The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian provides an excellent overview. Let’s start with perhaps the most recognizable philosophy: Hedonism. The etymology of the word is from the Ancient Greek hēdonismos, meaning pleasure. This is the very hallmark of this school of thought, with the pursuit of a good life being tantamount to the pursuit of pleasure. And a focus on sensory pleasures as being good and pain as bad. This wasn’t the ungoverned bacchanal that we may perceive it to be by our modern reckoning, however, as the hedonists did not aim to increase pleasure in the world generally or even suggest that all forms of pleasure were good. Rather, that one’s pursuit of one’s own pleasure was the route to the good life. Remembering, therefore, that what one person defines as pleasure is not necessarily identical to that of another. In contrast, Epicureanism takes elements of Hedonism but places restrictions on them. To Epicurus the pursuit of pleasure was not the answer to the question ‘what makes a good life’ but rather a life without pain. Whence Aristippus advocated for a life of pleasure, Epicurus settled on more neutral ground – a life without pain, but without unadulterated pleasure too. Thus, whilst Aristippus may have advocated for the continued pursuit of anything that would bring pleasure, Epicurus settled for the necessities of life but no more than that. Whatever one did not need was not pursued. This middle ground for Epicurus is the idea of equilibrium or tranquillity; a life lived without fear, or freedom from fear; ataraxia in Greek. Lastly, we have the school of the Stoics, who like the Epicureans and Hedonists, also wished to answer the question of what constitutes a good life. Unlike the Hedonistic pursuit of pleasure or the Epicurean avoidance of pain, Stoics sought a life of virtue through the governance of emotions. They recognized the irrationality of worrying about anything outside of one’s control and switched their focus to problem-solving and logic, an important factor in boosting resilience. This left little time for indulging one’s emotions – the modern day ‘pity party’. And yet, we must be wary of understanding Stoicism according to modern interpretations of the ‘stiff upper lip’ or a denial of emotions completely; their approach was the application of rationality on those emotions. The Hedonist pursuit of pleasure may distract us from a life of purpose or acts of kindness. Blinkering our world view to our own individual sphere of interest. Denying us the mental health benefits that arise through helping others or having a long-term aim or goal to achieve. ‘Give’ is one of the 5 Ways to Wellbeing, in the UK, acknowledging the positive impact of relating to others as a mechanism for improving our mental health. However, Hedonisms’ pursuit of pleasure can be a timely reminder to put ourselves first from time to time, a message so often forgotten in the modern world, where self-care is often perceived as selfish. Additionally, Hedonism reminds us to find our ‘pleasure’ ourselves, because self-care isn’t self-care when it’s defined by another. The Stoic way of life has messages for our mental health too, by encouraging us to take a more logical approach to our lives and struggles. Stoicism does not deny the negative aspects of life, but instead encourages the allocation of energy to what we can control rather than what we can’t. An important message when change can have such a huge impact on our mental health. In a world where much of our anxieties and stress is focussed around the past or the future, Stoicism reminds us to take a step back from our concerns, and to be more present. This idea is rooted in mindfulness, which has become a common practise of boosting our mental health in the modern day. On the other hand, as many of us know, attempting to be rational when we are feeling emotional isn’t always possible. At times we need to sit with our emotions and process them before leaping to try to fix or solve them. Thus, whilst good for our mental health in some ways, Stoicism may prevent us engaging in imperative emotional or mental self-care. Denying us the benefits of truly processing our emotions or encouraging us to speak about them openly – the ultimate form of self-care for many. For these reasons, I maintain that Epicureanism balances these two approaches. It allows for the pursuit of pleasure without allowing the self to become one’s sole focus. Both the Stoics and Epicureans understood that too much pleasure or material gain could become an additional source of worry. Whether due to the need to protect one’s gains or the need to accumulate more. Therefore, the Epicurean ideal of pleasure to a certain degree, or the pursuit of one’s happiness or wellbeing as appropriate, provides a positive message for our mental health. The Epicureans also balance Stoic regulation of emotion with the Hedonistic indulgence of it. We know that for good mental health it is important to be allowed to feel. And most importantly to be able to convey how we feel to others. That sitting in an emotion for too long, and crucially not getting support, can also be unhelpful. And that, with time, we need to address these emotions in a more rational or Stoic fashion. In fact, the Stoic connection of emotion, thought and feeling can be mapped onto current models of CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy). So, whilst mental health and self-care may seem like a construction of the modern world. And although it would be anachronistic to attribute these ideas to the Ancient World. We can see that the Schools of Philosophies in Ancient Greece were espousing ideas that continue to boost our wellbeing to this day. With the School of Epicurean philosophy being particularly useful in guiding us to a more measured approach to managing our mental health and a balanced view of self-care. Emma Gordon Emma is currently a mental health educator in the voluntary sector, spending her time running training and interactive education sessions. Emma is interested in Ancient History and Literature and holds a BA in Classical Literature and Civilisations. She uses this knowledge to write her own mental health and wellbeing blog 'My Musings and Me'.
How Teeth Grinding and Jaw Clenching Can Cause Tooth Sensitivity When one thinks of tooth sensitivity, tooth decay is often the first culprit that comes to mind. But just because one may have sensitive teeth, doesn’t necessarily mean one has cavities. There are other sources of tooth discomfort. If one doesn’t have cavities, tooth sensitivity can be caused by consuming an overabundance of acidic foods and drinks or acid reflux or teeth grinding and jaw clenching. Like tooth decay, these other causes of tooth sensitivity cause the outer layer of tooth enamel to weaken or become destroyed. The Bad Habit of Teeth Grinding and Jaw Clenching Whether you occasionally grind your teeth or clench your jaw during a frustrating or stressful situation during the day or you have nighttime Bruxism and are unaware of your teeth grinding or jaw clenching tendencies, tooth sensitivity can result. Unlike cavities or acidic foods that coat the teeth and seep into the tooth through eating away at the enamel, jaw clenching and tooth grinding weaken and chip away the tooth enamel through excessive pressure and force. While tooth enamel is one of the hardest parts of the body, it is built to handle regular chewing and biting forces. The occasional clenching of the jaw and teeth grinding won’t do much harm to the teeth. It is when one regularly clenches the jaw or grind teeth, that damage to the enamel occurs. Excessive force and the friction between teeth can wear away layers of enamel, slowly exposing the sensitive dentin layer underneath. In some extreme cases, the tooth enamel can become cracked and the tooth fractured. This can also cause the teeth to become sensitive. The Structure of a Tooth Each tooth is made of multiple layers. The enamel is the hardest, outermost layer of the tooth that provides protection for the inside of the tooth and gives the teeth the hardiness it needs to bite, chew and grind and hold its position and shape. Underneath the enamel layer is the dentin layer. This layer is the middle layer that is weaker than the enamel layer and which has a faint yellow color to it. The dentin layer wraps around the root and crown of the tooth. Inside the dentin is the dentinal tubule, a fluid filled tube. The innermost layer of the tooth is the tooth pulp. It is in the pulp that the lymph vessels, nerves and blood vessels of the tooth are located. It is through these vessels that the tooth gets its nutrients. Tooth decay or bacteria that seeps down into this inner layer causes extreme pain and requires immediate dental treatment in order to stop the possible spread of infection into the body’s blood stream and to save the tooth. Most cases of tooth sensitivity occur when the enamel layer gets weakened, compromised and penetrated and exposes the dentin layer. There are multiple causes of tooth sensitivity other than tooth decay. One can be destroying one’s tooth enamel, whereby making the teeth sensitive by excessively or continuously clenching the jaw or grinding the teeth. If you’re experiencing discomfort from teeth that are sensitive, it is recommended that you schedule an appointment with your dentist to have it examined. He or she will be able to tell if the weakened and compromised enamel is due to cavities, acidic foods and drinks or from excessive teeth grinding and jaw clenching. Depending on the cause of your sensitive teeth, he or she will be able to provide the best possible treatment to eliminate your tooth sensitivity.
What makes ice melt faster research paper He used a special machine to extract tiny bits of cellulose from ground-up banana stalks. Research Paper Ideas on How to Melt Ice the Fastest Our mission will be to aid people with essays, not dairy products them for the money. Conversion of a gas or vapor to a liquid Sublimation: And to find it, he turned to the garbage can. And "O" means oxygen. However, they urged against undue optimism: And finally I can know what to look out for. Now I will tell you my definitions of my key terms: Anyway, ice is made of frozen water H2O. And that we are forever all set that will help producing any information you need. You should have seen that the ice cube with salt sprinkled on it melted faster than any of the other cubes. Scholarship essay on educational and profession desired goals Homework Online Our authors are qualified personnel specializing in distinct spheres of knowledge and then have proper degrees within them. What Makes Ice Melt Faster? Properties of solution Freezing Point Description: Especially in the mainland on the sidewalks for people not to slip. Set the drinking glasses aside somewhere indoors, out of direct sunlight. Get right out of the sea of authoring has, use a relaxation, and appear around. Write a paper about the cost-effectiveness of using table salt or commercial chemical de-icers to melt ice. Overall, how do you think added salt, sugar or sand affects how quickly the ice melts. So when salt is put in, it disrupts the molecules and blocks them from entering. The de-icing agents lower the freezing point of water. What makes ice melt faster? Simple ICE Science Experiments for Kids But on a warm day, even high-fat ice creams can turn soupy in minutes. They figured out that salt worked the best because,Salt mixed with water is a example chemical solution. But eat it too slowly and you could soon have a sticky mess on your hands. It is at once and ode to the art of everyday living, a praise of ordinariness,what caught my attention, food for thought, images of my observations from nature which is for me an inestimable teacher. For example, water is a chemical made when two hydrogen atoms bond to one oxygen atom. Try your hand at creating fast melting ice by using information about freezing point depression to predict which substances, when mixed with water and frozen, will make ice melt the quickest. Please enter a search term in the text box. heat makes ice melt! the air around the ice cube is warmer than the ice. so you need to keep the warm air away from the ice Using Remote Sensing to Estimate Water Resources from Glacial Melt. Research Paper Ideas on How to Melt Ice the Fastest Apr 10, · Hey, I need some help. My brother is doing an experiment on the effect of color on ice. He puts food coloring in an ice cube tray and freezes it to get ice cubes of red, yellow, blue, and green. I think that the blue should melt first, followed by the green, yellow, and finally red. (shortest to longest wavelengths) A regular ice cube of water would probably melt cwiextraction.com: Resolved. NOT Write an essay on radio communication a book essay on modern fashion trends club edition. · Soloist Review Digest Index Welcome to Our Digest of Classical CD Reviews, SACD Reviews, and DVD what makes ice melt faster research paper Reviews. What Makes Ice Melt Fastest? Condition: Cracked only offers comment voting to subscribing members. While most research into Antarctic ice melt has concentrated on the impacts of warming ocean waters that are eating away at the ice from below, a new continent-wide survey shows that these surface. What makes ice melt faster research paper By on November 21, in Uncategorized Fernando Pantoja- level video coursework ocr a english literature sheet cover Garcia Period 2 What Makes Ice Melt fastest? · If the Earth's crust had a theme song, it would probably be Chumbawamba's '90's classic "Tubthumping". What makes ice melt faster research paper Rated 3/5 based on 33 review Free research papers on bleeding kansas
Natural solutions are essential to meeting net-zero emissions Drone footage of Knapdale Forest © Tern TV Drone image of Knapdale Forest © Tern TV. Foresty is key to Scotland meeting its new climate ambitions. Ecological and climate breakdown are inextricably linked – they reinforce and co-develop together in complex ways. Overall, as one worsens, so does the other. That complicates the crisis, but it can also give us hope and a framework for action. The Scottish Government, following the report by the Committee on Climate Change (CCC), is committing to achieving net-zero emissions by 2045, at the Committee’s recommendation. The UK overall is aiming to achieve net-zero by 2050, which also follows calls to do so across Europe. Why 2045, and why now? Whilst some evidence suggests that 2045 is still too late to guarantee warming is kept below 1.5 degrees, and possibly even 2 degrees, the Scottish Government’s new target is progress, and it’s more than most have committed to. The CCC has been careful to point out that whilst the target is ambitious, it makes no assumptions about future technology or radical interventions, and it balances this ambition with the possibility of policy failure. What that means is Scotland’s 2045 target is achievable using the technology we have now, and resilient to possible policy setbacks. Why the difference between UK and Scotland? That comes down to how we define ‘net-zero’. The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide and methane, is best understood as a system in flux – we contribute greenhouse gases, but there are also processes that pull a small portion of them out of the atmosphere. And there are other ecosystems, like peatlands, that store away incredible quantities of carbon and methane, preventing it getting to the atmosphere in the first place. ‘Net-zero’ means some residual emissions can remain from our activities, as long as the ability to absorb these isn’t exceeded – it’s about the balance between carbon emissions and carbon sinks. Scotland is better positioned than the rest of the UK to maximise these natural solutions: the ability of ecosystems to cumulatively help regulate the climate. How do we do it? Agriculture is a great example of how we can do that. The way we produce food sustains us, but we can’t sustain it. However, ecological principles can be inserted into how we manage land, or ‘agroecology’, to restore balance. At present, the UN has warned our soils have fewer than 60 harvests remaining, and our pesticide use directly contributes to what scientists already call the sixth mass extinction – because as insects decline in vast quantities, so too does the rest of the food web. As our soils are depleted, their ability to store carbon is reduced. Scotland’s soils contain the equivalent of centuries’ worth of our annual emissions. Agroecology begins with these complex connections and looks for ways to rebalance them. Around the world, it often means dispensing with techniques that were developed during colonial times, and remembering age-old connections to the land. The Chief Executive of Scottish Natural Heritage reinforced this in her speech to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, “For farming and forestry we need to think carefully and constructively about the transformations needed in how we use the land to simultaneously reduce emissions, protect and enhance nature, and help build resilience against the inevitable impacts of a changing climate.” Climate Change Minister Roseanna Cunningham inspects Red Moss of Balerno Reserve © Scottish Government. Peatlands store centuries worth of emissions, but when degraded they leak carbon. The IUCN has been speaking about natural solutions for a while. As they put it, “Natural ecosystems regulate river systems, protect crop wild relatives, filter water, store carbon, buffer shorelines, build wild fish stocks and give shelter to vulnerable human communities”. IUCN point out how natural solutions are already playing a large role in helping to the meet the Sustainable Development Goals in protected areas. But to achieve net-zero, and re-write our contract with nature, we need to go far beyond protected areas and integrate natural solutions in agriculture, in city planning, in woodland generation, and so on. Time is not on our side, and the more we delay, the more drastic our actions will need to be. The IPCC says we have just 11 years to tackle climate breakdown, and we don’t know for sure what role feedback loops will play in the future – in short, we can’t be sure that we haven’t already entered a period of runaway climate change. The difference between 1.5, 2, and 3+ degrees doesn’t sound like much, but the differences are literally life and death. Systemic change, therefore, is inevitable. The onus must be on designing that change now, rather than reacting to it. As the CCC report makes clear, to achieve net-zero emissions means individual and systemic changes. So, let’s be clear about what a 2045 target means: it means we need to take action now, not at some point in the future. That includes phasing out our reliance on fossil fuels and building a just transition to replace it. It also means mobilising our resources to prioritise ecosystem restoration. • Ecosystem restoration – We’re only now starting to work out the complex ways that specific species and wider ecosystems play a role in carbon cycles. As one large review study recently concluded, “Wild animal species are rarely considered as part of the solution”, the authors detail “a pathway forward for deciding when and how conserving or managing a diversity of animal species could in fact enhance ecosystem carbon uptake and storage”. “Such understanding informs international climate and biodiversity initiatives.” Rather than something incidental to economic objectives, the environment must be front and centre – integrated throughout our policy from housing to the way we design cities to how we get about. From 2021, the UN has declared a decade of ecosystem restoration. Restoring 350 million hectares of degraded land (which is about the size of India) by 2030 could take an additional 13-26 gigatons of greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere – but that’s still far short of the 36 gigatons of carbon that fossil fuels alone add each year to the atmosphere. It’s clear that natural solutions have a key part to play and that, as the report notes, Scotland is well placed to take advantage of this. However it’s not a panacea – natural climate solutions must not become an excuse to continue business as usual. But it’s not just climate breakdown we help address by adopting natural climate solutions. We’re still just learning about the complex links between ecosystems, specific species and climate change. As we restore ecosystems, we can also help alleviate the sixth mass extinction. Larger, better connected wild spaces deliver for wildlife, whilst helping us all connect to nature, improving our health and wellbeing, providing spaces for recreation and landscapes to enjoy. Most importantly, we need to work across disciplines, across policy, and across communities. We already have some great mechanisms in place to help this, like the Land Use Strategy, but we need to do more to mainstream it. Natural climate solutions, alongside drastic cuts to our greenhouse gas emissions, must be a part of the transition that Scotland is now committed to. We don’t have time to waste. Further reading Help protect Scotland’s wildlife Join today Back to top
Glossary: Gamification Gamification, the process of applying the psychological and sociological factors that drive intense game play to consumer measurement, enables us to understand the thought process behind consumers’ willingness to participate in and comply with consumer behavior and attitude measurement tasks. Excerpt from: Paul Donato and Michael W. Link, The Gamification of Marketing Research. American Marketing Association, 6.2.2013. (link)
Finding a solution to conflict over islands Finding a solution to conflict over islands Japan and China now need to decide between a negotiated and a confronta-tional solution. Sound has been travelling faster than light in China, Japan and Taiwan lately, as political, religious, and economic leaders use a lingering conflict for their own domestic political interests. The presenting problem is a longstanding territorial dispute over who has sovereignty over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands. The Chinese believe the islands were unlawfully seized by Japan as ‘war booty’ in 1895. Japan argues that possession is nine-tenths of the law and that there can be no dispute since they have occupied the Senkakus for the past 117 years. For the past 40 years Japan has managed to avoid overt conflict over the islands by not raising questions of sovereignty and not engaging in any economic development. For their part, China and Taiwan fully expected that the islands would be returned to them in 1972 when the United States gave up its occupation of the Okinawan chain. The Japanese illusion that ‘no territorial dispute exists’ was undermined in mid-September when Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda pre-empted Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara's desire to purchase the islands by buying them for Japan. This offended China and immediately sparked violent protests. More than 60,000 Chinese citizens staged anti-Japan rallies in at least 24 cities to protest the purchase of the islands. The Noda decision and the Chinese response mean that Japan can no longer adhere to the view that the islands are not in dispute. Early stages The challenge facing both countries is what to do about this. In the early stages, moderate Japanese public opinion did not raise its voice for fear of giving support to violent Chinese protests. As the conflict escalated, the Japan Business Federation, or Keidanren, and more moderate opinions urged a de-escalation of the rhetoric and maritime confrontation. They have requested negotiated solutions to the dispute. The questions now are whether or not both countries are hostage to extreme nationalist agendas and what conditions will be conducive to successful bilateral negotiations. What needs to happen for both countries to de-escalate and resolve the dispute? In the first place there has to be an acknowledgement of a divisive territorial dispute. By buying the islands the Japanese government opened Pandora's box and acknowledged that the islands were contested. Both countries now need to decide between a negotiated or confrontational solution. Secondly, because Japan triggered the dispute it should think of some suitable conciliatory gestures that might create ripe conditions for both countries to come to the negotiating table. Thirdly, political leaders on both sides should start costing the negative economic, social and political impacts of continuing this conflict. Both countries have 340 billion dollars of annual bilateral trade and China accounts for 21 percent of Japanese exports and 20 percent of its imports. The conflict is already resulting in declining tourism and trade between both countries; it makes no economic or political sense to allow the dispute to continue. Fourth, if there is no inclination or mood to have bilateral talks, both China and Japan should initiate talks about whether it would be better to have mediated or arbitrated negotiations. These could be under the auspices of the United Nations secretary general or his special representative; or, more formally, the case could be taken to the International Court of Justice for arbitration. This case also highlights the need for some permanent North-east Asian regional security mechanism capable of managing disputes between the countries of North-east Asia. Fifth, for the conflict to be adequately resolved in the long term, both China and Japan, but particularly Japan, need to devise processes for coming to terms with their common history and memories of war. The Chinese believe that Japan has not yet admitted its responsibility for the Second World War. The current generation of Japanese decision makers feel diminished responsibility for events such as the Nanking Massacre, sanitised Japanese history textbooks and legal responsibility for the comfort women. These traumatic memories are reactivated every time a Japanese head of state visits the controversial Yasukuni Shrine where class-A war criminals are enshrined as ‘war heroes’ or when disputes like the Senkaku/Diaoyu occur. Without paying attention to traumatic history and the humiliating consequences of military defeat, territorial issues such as this will continue to undermine a positive and peaceful relationship between Japan and China in North-east Asia.
Electronics > FPGA (1/3) > >> I am still fairly new to all this but have been wanting to get a softcore going. When I finally realized how much was involved I backed off that plan. I have since found some code in VHDL @ https://www.fpga4student.com/2017/09/vhdl-code-for-mips-processor.html that comes with a testbench. The starting point is the ALU. I watched some videos to try and understand what all the ALU does. The basic idea, if I understand it correctly, is that you create op codes for what all you want the ALU to do. In the case of the above it looks like a 3 bit op code that adds, subtracts, AND, OR, with a comparator(?). Should it do more? Could it do more? Is that case statement the best way to go? On the same website there is another ALU with a 4 bit op code by itself that has multiplication, division, left and right shift, and so on as well as the above mentioned functions. I guess I'm kind of wondering why they didn't use the same thing for both? Still learning here and am curious of y'alls opinions. Thanks ahead of time. That's a really interesting site, thanks for the link! The processor, as described, is a very minimal implementation. It only has 256 words of RAM. The ALU will do 5 operations out of a maximum of 8. You could possibly add 3 more if you think of them. Multiply and divide are candidates but they won't be single cycle instructions. Multiply can be on some machines but divide is just ugly. Before you worry about how the ALU works, you need to understand how the CPU works from 10,000 feet up. Memory contains instructions, instructions direct data flow through the ALU as well as branch instructions and such. Part of the 16 bit instruction is the ALU operation code. Look at VHDL Code for Control Unit to see all of the instructions. Look at the non-ALU instructions like beq, lw and sw, j, and jal. These stand for branch if equal, load word to register, store word from register, jump and (Jump And Link) which is a 'call' instruction for branching to a subroutine. The return address is stored in R2 (I believe). This is an interesting starter CPU. There are certainly more complete examples but this might be a good place to start. I use the case statement for that kind of thing all the time. The alternative might be an if-elsif-else structure and that forms a priority tree which is likely a good deal slower. There are cleaner ways to code the process. You can move all the default <signal <= '0';> stuff to just ahead of the case statement and then you don't need to duplicate the assignments in every case. When a particular case needs to assert a non-default value, just write it in. VHDL will create hardware that uses the last value that is assigned. Here's what it looks like for the process up to the first case: --- Code: --- process(State, BEN, IR,MemReady, Immediate, PSR, Interrupt) -- set default values for all signals GateBusSelect <= GatePC; MIOenable <= '0'; LD_MAR <= '0'; LD_MDR <= '0'; LD_IR <= '0'; LD_BEN <= '0'; LD_PC <= '0'; LD_Reg <= '0'; -- many other signals omitted case State is when 0 => -- Branch Instruction if BEN = '1' then NextState <= 22; -- branch is taken NextState <= 18; -- branch not taken end if; --- End code --- Get the book "Free Range VHDL" http://freerangefactory.org/pdf/df344hdh4h8kjfh3500ft2/free_range_vhdl.pdf Make certain that every output is defined under every condition of the case statement or you will generate latches. My most frequent error is adding a signal to a FSM and forgetting to add a default entry. What's it good for? It turns out that a tiny core is often just the right thing when you need to manipulate external signals that you don't want to code in logic. Maybe it's a disk controller, maybe it's an external device of some other kind. Something where it is easier to handle it in CPU code than VHDL. You can arrange for your signals to be one of the registers by not connecting a particular register to memory and just delivering inputs when the register is read. You could use a second register for outputs. Better yet, create INP and OUT instructions sort of like lw and sw. Instead of a register address, you would have an IO address. Next progression would be to add some kind of interrupt structure, probably vectored to specific addresses in low memory. I do actually have Free range VHDL downloaded, as suggested to you at an earlier date. I will take a look at the CPU and all the codes. Thanks for the help and suggestions. I will keep going with this one. I just installed Vivado on a new machine so I downloaded the files and they do indeed simulate and synthesize. I would be targeting a Digilent Nexys 4 DDR board but before I can do that, I need to convert the 16 bit pc_out and alu_result vectors to 7 segment displays. I have no reason to believe this thing has any issues, it looks pretty clean. The Nexys 4 DDR is obsolete and has been replaced by the Nexys A7 It just happens to have 8 7-segment digits, perfect for the application. It's also my favorite board for playing with these kinds of things because it has a lot of gadgets on the board. [0] Message Index [#] Next page There was an error while thanking Go to full version
Preventing Solar Grid Disasters Updated: Mar 15 Have you ever considered pairing batteries with your solar-powered home? Mauricio Montoya did in Texas, and despite the horrific winter weather he and his neighbors experienced recently, he was so glad he did. His home became a beacon of hope during the disaster. It’s no surprise that here in the US, we have a complicated power infrastructure. Our country is “straining more and more in the face of both climate-change-induced extreme weather and increasing overall demand,” National Geographic states. Alejandra Borunda, journalist, says that small-scale solar energy projects – coupled with batteries that can ultimately store power collected on roofs – can keep someone’s lights on for extended periods of time…even when a power grid fails. Batteries are now only beginning to play an integral role in supporting a larger grid, “if networked together and used correctly into a sort of ‘virtual power plant’”, smoothing out the imperfections of the high demand for electricity. The ultimate goal is to, one day, curb blackouts for good…for all. National Geographic states that batteries that can store solar-produced electricity have gotten more effective over the last 10 years. “Costs for utility-scale batteries have dropped by 70 percent."
Reusable earplug handles ease removal and reinsertion. Easy storing and access for muffs increases use in intermittent noise environments. When was the last time you read a hearing protection article stressing speech communication as its priority? We all know that speech communication is made up of these key elements â€” speaking and listening. But what if you’re in a hazardous noise environment? When the workplace is full of machinery noise, employees must wear hearing protection. Workers are not able to hear others nearby, and often have to shout to be heard. Communication and important information are sure to be lost in this environment, and problems can result. So a commonly asked question is: How do I communicate in this environment? In all noisy environments, you should select products that avoid two conditions: 1. Under-protection â€” inadequate hearing protection will lead to permanent hearing loss. 2. Overprotection â€” many of the highest rated hearing protection devices (HPDs) protect hearing, but limit the ability to communicate. While decision-makers may think the greater the noise reduction rating (NRR) the better, overprotected workers may be unable to hear critical communications. The result is an inability to do good quality work â€” or worse â€” to hear warnings. Comparing HPDs As a next step, you need to research different types of HPDs used in noisy environments. Noise levels in the range of 85 to 105 dBA are the most common, and for this range, stand-alone HPDs are an effective choice. The most effective HPD for communication is the noise-filtering earmuff. With built-in microphones, it allows for listening over the widest range of noise. The electronic circuitry includes a gain limiter (limits sound to 82 dB) and impulse filter (shuts off/reopens the circuitry upon impulse noise). The circuitry filters out a large part of the undesirable noise, while enhancing speech frequencies in the range of 500-3,000 Hz. On the downside, the muff has a higher price â€” about four to five times the cost of a passive earmuff. In recent years, this option has become more affordable. Passive earmuffs have a low life cycle cost, but are limited for listening. Passive muffs are a good choice for workers moving in and out of noisy environments. A user can remove muffs that allow for easy access. (One option is shown in photo 2.) Earmuffs, whether passive or noise filtering, offer effective noise protection, up to 105 dB. This is a result of the muff’s effective sealing around the ear. Earplug performance varies depending on the user’s fit training and the shape of the ear canal. OSHA and NIOSH each recommend procedures for significant derating of the manufacturer’s published NRR rating. This is the reason the earplugs’ upper noise range is shown as 100 dB. More information on methods for estimating hearing protector attenuation can be found in OSHA 29CFR / 1910.95 App B. Commonly used earplug products have some listening limitations. Corded reusables have an edge for lower noise environments, because their lower NRR rating allows some room for listening. Also, a reusable is more convenient for intermittent noise environments. Use of a handle (see photo 1) allows easier removal and reinsertion. Disposable earplugs are the most commonly used plugs in industry. Two positive features are their hygiene â€” when used and disposed routinely â€” and their low cost. For listening ability, disposables have their limits. A well-fitted plug provides good hearing protection, but the time it might take for proper removal and reinsertion could be a drawback for intermittent noise exposure. Bottom line Audit your workplace for work conditions demanding hearing protection and clear communication between employees, and/or the ability to hear alarms and other warnings. Then select an HPD that meets your needs. Your objective is to allow users to hear critical communications and warnings, while protecting their hearing at the same time.
What is Salah (salat)? Salah (salat) is the Arabic term for the ritual prayer that is obligatory for Muslims to perform five times a day. It forms one of the five pillars of Islam. The five prayers are: Fajr, which takes place at pre-dawn Dhuhr (Dhur, Zhur), which takes place just after the sun reaches its zenith Asr, which takes place between noon and sunset Maghrib, which takes place just after sunset Isha, which takes place during the night/at night-time Aside from the five obligatory prayers, Muslims may offer Sunnah and Nafl Salah. The Sunnah Salah (prayers) are ones in which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) used to habitually offer as voluntary worship at specified times and places. Nafl Salah are voluntary prayers that a Muslim may offer at any time as a form of extra Ibadah (worship). Why is Salah important? Salah is an integral part of the lifestyle of a Muslim. Through prayer, Muslims are required each day to ponder on the verses of the Qur’an, the Shahadah (the declaration of faith), and Allah’s attributes. Muslims across the world unite in prayer at five specified times each day in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, as a means of connecting to Allah and their purpose in life – to remember and worship Him. Maintain with care the (obligatory) prayers and (in particular) the middle prayer and stand before Allah, devoutly obedient.” (Qur’an 2:238) How to pray Salah? Salah is a ritual prayer that requires certain etiquettes in order to perform it correctly. However, there are some slight differences in what etiquettes are required depending on the Madhhab (school of thought) you follow within the Fiqh of Islam (Islamic jurisprudence). How to pray Eid Salah? Eid prayer is prayed in congregation with other Muslims on the mornings of the two Eid celebrations, Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr. You can follow our step-by-step guide to praying Eid Salah here. When is Salah for my area? Salah times are appointed to times of the day that depend on the position of the sun. Since parts of the world experience daylight and night differently, it is important to follow the prayer times where you are situated. An authority will usually gather and publish the prayer time in your area for the public’s ease. You can check the prayer times for your area here. Quick Donate
battery power storage clarifying common battery misconceptions by：MERITSUN 2019-07-05 battery power storage clarifying common battery misconceptions Myths and misconceptions are rampant in the tool community, many of which are about battery maintenance and optimization.Learn the truth about these battery misconceptions and how to really maximize your battery at work.The tool industry has many different stories about the right way to maintain and optimize tool batteries. However, batteries are an important investment and should be protected and maximized as much as possible.The following information is intended to clarify some of these myths to help you understand better and get the best performance from the battery.--Frozen battery: Don't put the battery in the refrigerator!Craftsmen often damage the battery while trying to keep the battery better maintained. Putting the battery in a dry and gentle place is the absolute best way to maintain the best performance of the battery.Freezing your batteries doesn't help them, and in fact it can be very harmful.Bring your battery in.As long as it is possible, the door is a good way to ensure that the door is in a dry and gentle environment. --The higher the voltage-The better the battery is: it's not always true.Both the battery and the tool have an important impact on the performance of the tool.Specifically, the motor, transmission and other power generation elements of the tool have a huge impact on the extent to which the battery transmits energy to the working parts of the tool. The quality of the tool motor, the magnet in the gear, and the Chuck that transmits the energy to the tool drill bit or blade are all factors that affect the tool efficiency.Basically, everything from the tool itself to your parts or blades affects how much your battery transfers energy to the tool.While higher voltage batteries are more powerful, it's best to make sure you're using high powerHigh quality tools and accessories to achieve the highest performance and higher quality work. --Battery memory effect: the battery memory effect, or the lazy battery effect (especially the nickel-cadmium battery) occurs when the battery cannot accept full charging because it is repeatedly charged without complete exhaustion.The word memory effect comes from the feeling that the battery "remembers" how much power it consumes and starts to accept only that much energy from the charger.With the continuous improvement of battery technology, this defect is becoming more and more uncommon, and it turns out that, these days, completely draining the battery's energy storage may be more harmful to the battery before charging it. This can damage the battery, thus preventing them (similarly) from remaining fully charged.In the end, your battery may start running on one or two fewer batteries than expected, which will reduce battery power and battery life.Basically, the best time to charge your battery is that it stops performing well enough to get your job done smoothly and professionally. Charge your battery when it starts to slow down significantly.--All Chargers are the same: this is far from the case.In general, professional Chargers turn off after the battery is fully charged. On the other hand, the less efficient charger continues to force current through a fully charged battery.This constant charge creates dangerous heat.The overall life of the battery increases and decreases. In short, make sure you're using highPerformance battery charger, unplug the battery from the charger once the charger is fully restored for preventive purposes.--Rebuild your battery: whether the battery should be rebuilt is still a completely vague topic.When rebuilding the battery, it is usually impossible to know if the maintenance personnel have used the recycled battery to renovate the battery. When people think that the cost of rebuilding a battery is roughly the same as the cost of buying a new one, it may not be worth the risk.The best option is to buy a new, factory certified battery and bring your old battery to the service center for recycling Custom message Chat Online Chat Online Chat Online inputting...
How Trade Helps Explain Inequality : Planet Money Trade makes for peaceful relationships between nations, but gains for consumers and workers aren't spread evenly. How Trade Helps Explain Inequality Many economists and politicians argue that international trade has been a good thing. Countries that open themselves up for trade tend to be more peaceful, more efficient, and consumers can get cheaper and more varied goods. But it has also contributed to rising income inequality, as some workers lose out from the benefits of trade. Today on The Indicator: how does trade affect inequality, and how did it get to be that way? Music by Drop Electric. Find us: Twitter/ Facebook.
Tashkent Clock Tower The Tashkent Clock Tower in Uzbekistan’s Amir Timur Square is one of the capital’s most distinguished landmarks. If the nearby statue of conqueror and ruler Amir Timur is the city’s symbolic link with its triumphant medieval past, the clock tower ties the city to the tragic World War II era, a monument of courage to the soldiers who perished in battle. The clock tower was built in 1947 by architect AA Mukhamedshin and designed by famous artisan Shirin Muradov in memory of the 430,000 soldiers from Uzbekistan who lost their lives in the Second World War. Interestingly, the clock itself was imported from Germany. As a continual reminder of the ultimate sacrifice of these men, its chimes ring out every 15 minutes. On Uzbekistan’s 2200th anniversary in 2009, the monument was reconstructed and a second tower built adjacent to the original, near the Palace of International Forums. The new tower looks identical to the first, but is facing the opposite direction. Life in Tashkent continues for millions of residents each day, yet the sacrifice of these soldiers is continually sounded through the city center in the solemn Tashkent Clock Tower chimes. Religious Monuments
Why Do You Need A Helmet To Ride A Motorcycle why you need motorcycle helmet Riding a motorcycle is exciting because it gives a feeling of power and freedom. The adrenaline rush that comes with riding a motorcycle is thrilling, especially for those who enjoy high speeds. On the other hand, riding a motorcycle can be risky. You shouldn’t be so engrossed at the moment that you forget about the risks of the road. Motorcycle accidents happen every day and can result in life-threatening injuries to the rider, but fortunately, they can be avoided. Motorcyclists have to take extra steps to protect their bodies, with the head being the key place to start. Wearing a helmet is one of the most important things motorcycle riders can do to improve their chances of survival in the event of a crash. Even the most experienced rider should always wear a helmet because preventing head injuries isn’t the sole advantage of it. 7 Reasons to Wear a Motorcycle Helmet Here are a few compelling reasons why you should always wear a motorcycle helmet when riding. 1. To avoid severe head and brain injuries Motorcycle accidents can result in a range of injuries, but the most severe are those to the head and brain. Approximately 75% of all motorized user deaths are caused by serious head and neck injuries. Riders who do not wear helmets are at higher risk of traumatic brain injury in the event of an accident and wearing a motorbike helmet can reduce the severity of these injuries. Helmet brands such as Daytona, Ilm, and HJC manufactured some of the safest motorcycle helmets that meet all the essential safety regulations. They can effectively protect your brain from collision injuries by acting as a strong mechanical barrier between the head and impact force. 1. To protect your face Helmets shield your face from the elements, such as wind, rain, ice, and road debris. Full-face models including Arai xd4, Ls2 strobe helmet, and Bell Bullitt helmet come with a wide face shield installed to provide better protection for your entire face. 1. To improve your vision You never know when it’ll start raining, snowing, or get too windy. There are also occasions when the dust becomes a hindrance for you, blurring your vision and, in some cases, causing major accidents due to dust getting into your eyes. This is where a full-face helmet like the HJC Cl-17 can help you to stay focused on the road and ride your bike safely regardless of the weather conditions. 1. To protect your hearing Motorcyclists are at higher risk of permanent hearing loss. But wearing the quietest motorcycle helmet can protect your hearing by lowering the road and wind noise. It will also decrease the chances of an accident by minimizing the noise that bothers you while riding, allowing you to enjoy your journey in a more relaxed environment. 1. To stay visible on the road Motorcycles are also less visible on the road than other large vehicles. It is difficult for drivers of huge transport trucks, or even small cars, to spot motorcyclists on the road. In this instance, if you wear a brightly colored helmet, other drivers will notice you right away and will be able to safely overtake you without causing an accident. Motorcycle helmets having brighter colors are recommended because they provide better visibility to other drivers during the day and at night. 1. For easy and safe communication while riding Motorcycle helmets also come with Bluetooth communication devices, providing the best way to stay connected while riding. Whether you want to take calls, listen to music, or communicate with other bikers, the best Bluetooth motorcycle helmet is exactly what you need. It can make your journey more enjoyable by keeping you safe and connected while riding. 1. Not wearing a helmet is illegal According to the universal helmet law, anyone who drives or rides a motorcycle is required to wear a safety helmet that meets US DOT and state safety standards. Helmets that meet DOT specifications are usually marked with a sticker on the back of the helmet to indicate that the helmet has undergone extensive testing and will perform better in the event of a collision. Helmets that do not meet the DOT’s safety regulations have not been approved or certified, and hence are not legal to be worn on the road. Wearing a motorbike helmet may not appear to be cool or stylish, but it is one of the most important things you should do without hesitation. Because accidents and injuries are unavoidable and at the end of the day, your safety and security are far more essential than everything else in the world. So, if you truly care about your life and don’t want to get hurt, you should also purchase a helmet when you buy a bike. Leave a Reply
Who Discovered Stem Cells? Stem cell research has long been a much-debated and highly-controversial scientific field. While there is no apparent controversy with regards to who discovered stem cells, many scientists through the years have contributed to the development of the study that it would appear difficult to credit a single person for the discovery. One would have to choose between those who first suggested their existence and those who were able to prove it. It was a Russian histologist named Alexander Maksimov who, in 1908, first put forward the existence of the stem cell (and coming up with the term himself) as part of his theory of haematopoiesis. According to Maksimov’s hypothesis, all cellular blood components were derived from haematopoietic stem cells. However, there had been no major developments in the field of stem cell research for some 60 years after Maksimov’s theory was proposed. It was in the 1960’s that Joseph Altman and Gopal Das presented scientific proof of constant stem cell activity in the brain, but their findings were disregarded for the most part as they were at odds with the “no new neurons” doctrine held by Spanish histologist Santiago Ramon y Cajal. It was in 1963 when two scientists from Canada, James E. Till and Ernest A. McCulloch, demonstrated the existence of self-renewing cells found I the bone marrow of mice. Till and McCulloch could then be credited for being the men who discovered stem cells, or at least produced evidence that they exist. The discoveries of Till and McCulloch would play a significant part in pushing stem cell research forward. More progress in the field would be made due to the efforts of researchers who discovered stem cells’ properties and applications. In 1968, a successful bone marrow transplant is conducted on two siblings afflicted with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). In 1978, the presence of haematopoietic stem cells is discovered in human cord blood cells. It was in 1981 when scientists Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman and Gail R. Martin were able to derive embryonic stem cells (this term is attributed to Martin) out of the inner cell mass of a mouse’s blastocyst. A link between Leukemia and haematopoietic stem cells (from where the illness appears to originate) is established in 1997. And in 1998, scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, led by James Thomson, were the first to derive human embryonic stem cells. More discoveries have been made and are being made since. Although Maksimov was the one who first named and postulated the presence of the stem cell, it is Till and McCulloch who discovered stem cells do indeed exist and it is their findings that has since paved the way for later scientists to make their own discoveries in this area of research. Certainly, the continued progress of stem cell research would ultimately prove beneficial in many ways, particularly to human health. On the downside, it faces opposition from those who believe that that destroying human embryos to derive stem cells is no different from destroying a fully-formed living human being. To be fair, both sides of the argument do have their valid points. Until the controversy is clarified, the continuing efforts of stem cell researchers would remain somewhat stalled. Related Posts
Why Is Every Person Speaking About Weight Management? Fat burning: Fat burning is essentially a decrease in complete body weight, resulting from either deliberate (dieting, working out) or involuntary (injuries) suggests. Many situations of rapid fat burning mostly emerge because of the loss of total body fat, yet also in cases of extreme or extreme weight management, various other compounds inside the body might additionally be depleted. This might include the fat kept in muscular tissue tissues as well as around the organs such as the kidneys, heart, lungs, and so on. Some people also reduce weight rapidly due to the extreme production of glycogen in their muscular tissues (a kind of sugar), leading to water retention and also weight-loss. The primary purpose of any diet plan program or treatment is to reduce weight. Nonetheless, many people come to be puzzled concerning the types of weight loss programs available. There are generally 2 sorts of weight-loss rapid or progressive. Quick weight loss takes place when an individual sheds extra body weight quickly than it has previously lost. This is normally accomplished by extreme diet programs or fasting. Gradual weight loss happens over a time period. посетете следната публикация Excessive weight or being overweight is mostly pertaining to excess calorie intake and low energy expenditure. When a person consumes extra calories than it burns off as energy, it leads to weight gain. This condition is known as weight problems. The major risk aspects of ending up being obese or obese are harmful lifestyle as well as eating habits, which include eating convenience food and other foods that contain high quantities of calories, not working out, not taking vitamins as well as various other nutrients advised for healthy and balanced living, and also not getting sufficient sleep. The various other danger variable for excessive weight is having a hereditary tendency. Many people put on weight during childhood years or teenage years. It might begin with an extremely mild quantity and may be undetected till one gains more weight than what they had before. Weight gain triggers fats to be transferred in the arteries causing cardiac arrest, diabetes, and numerous other health conditions. When weight-loss happens, the body burns calories much faster than in the past, causing weight management. A decline in caloric consumption may cause a plateau or decrease in weight, relying on the person. One method of quick fat burning is called the lemonade diet, which requires the drinker to only consume a certain amount of lemonade daily. This diet plan was made prominent by John D. Fulder, M.D., who wrote a publication on the topic. One more weight management program, called the gastric bypass treatment, calls for the wearer of a stomach band to eat smaller sized meals. The main objective of this procedure is to require the tummy to lower its size by producing a small bag in the tummy called a stomach sleeve. However, some individuals do slim down by utilizing this method, which may also rely on the severity of their obesity. Slow-tone fat burning is another alternative for individuals who are trying to reduce weight. Slow-tone fat burning involves making way of living changes, such as consuming smaller sized amounts every day and also enjoying the quantity of food you eat throughout the day. People who undertake these programs do not lose a great deal of weight very rapidly. There are other forms of quick weight loss readily available, such as the juice diet plan and the no-carb diet regimen. тук Weight loss: Weight-loss is an overall reduction in body weight caused by either volunteer (weight training) or spontaneous (excessive weight) adjustments in body make-up. The majority of instances of fast weight loss typically develop due to the temporary loss of body weight, however in much more serious or extreme cases, the body’s books of power as well as nutrients may likewise be drained pipes, triggering extreme weight loss. Quick weight management can happen with no change in diet plan or physical activity, while gradual weight management typically accompanies a change in diet regimen and/or physical activity. Exercise: Physical exercise is the most effective method to reduce weight, as it assists you melt calories a lot more successfully. It additionally enhances your health and wellness and can alleviate the signs and symptoms of some diseases. A normal exercise will certainly increase your metabolism and make you consume much less. In order to slim down, you require to integrate healthy and balanced weight reduction techniques with a controlled diet regimen and also regular workout. Healthy way of living: Living a healthy and balanced lifestyle is not only vital for physical health, however additionally for psychological well-being. This indicates that your lifestyle is identified by your mindset, that includes your perspective toward your physical appearance. Attitude is also influenced by social variables such as your partnerships with buddies, family members, as well as colleagues, in addition to your level of self-worth. Living a healthy way of life is the very best means to drop weight quickly. It needs discipline, motivation, and equilibrium in between your need for protection as well as wish for liberty. Unintentional weight management: Throughout fat burning, most individuals unintentionally lost a few extra pounds. These incidental losses are typical as well as do not endanger your wellness. Exercising or eating a much healthier diet plan can minimize unintentional weight loss. Yet if you come to be familiar with eating inadequately and also overlook your exercise, you can shed greater than ten extra pounds through unintentional losing. Diet: A proper diet regimen aids you achieve your weight loss objectives. Your dietitian can assist you develop a customized diet regimen strategy, consisting of the kinds of foods that you such as to eat and the part dimension that you intend to consume. Proper nourishment is an essential aspect in attaining as well as maintaining a healthy body weight. When you eat foods that you enjoy, you tend to be a lot more literally energetic. Additionally, the percentages of extra calories that you eat during weight loss actually help you burn up more body fat. прочетете тук Your lasting weight administration approach depends upon your lifestyle, which is established by both your perspective as well as your habits. Way of living is the combination of all things that you do to live your life, including the things you do for your body and your mind. The best feature of the discipline to diet regimen and also workout is that you can create a lifestyle that fits your requirements for long-lasting weight monitoring. Developing a healthy lifestyle is additionally a great deal of enjoyable! Leave a Reply
Statics: Buckling Example 4: Bistability of a slap band Bistability is a fundamental phenomenon in nature. A slap band that is bistable can be at rest in two equilibrium states. By default, the band will be in the state with the minimum energy as shown on the right side in Figure 10.A1a. A transition from the state of minimal energy to the other state of equilibrium that has maximum energy requires some form of activation energy to be provided. If one stretches the band into a straight position, it can be held as shown in Figure 10.A1b. If a little disturbance is given to the straight band which corresponds to the state of maximum energy, the band will relax into the state of lowest energy again. a) Equilibrium with the smallest energy b) Equilibrium with the largest energy Figure 10.A1: A slap band at its two equilibrium states with the largest and smallest energies Reflective slap bands, as shown in Figure 10.A1, have high visibility and became a safety product, which can be wrapped round wrists, arms and legs. Due to the interesting nature of bistability and low cost, slap bands are also used as a promotion product.
Further exploration of the similarities between these two conditions is needed to discover whether and how these two phenomena are related. Gholipour, B.Â (2019, June 8).Â Misophonia: Why Do Some Sounds Drive People Crazy? Nurs. Despite the lack of pharmaceutical remedies, a variety of therapies have been considered, with some showing signs of potential success. and may be connected to a particular person creating that sound (Edelstein et al., 2013; Schroder et al., 2013). In some cases, you may want to remove yourself from a situation that is triggering you (as suggested onÂ 20,000 Hertz), or even gently ask someone near you to change their behaviorâalthough admittedly, this isnât always as easy as it seems, and can cause its own self-conscious discomfort. Misophonia shows a higher incidence among girls and women, may have an age of onset of somewhere between 9 and 13 years old and is said to develop quickly.Â But as someone with misophonia gets older, they are likely to experience relational problems caused by the condition.Â Just by carrying out normal activities, other people in the life of a misophonia sufferer are very likely to generate sounds that result in a strong or otherwise inexplicable emotional reaction.Â In some extreme cases, marriages may break up because of heightened misophonia responses; other people will have trouble at school or work because they cannot stand the sonic environment in which they have been working. If the patient is suffering from hyperacusis and misophonia, Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2015) recommend first treating hyperacusis. Three of the 15 patients met the criteria for misophonia. (2017) implied that there was abnormal myelination in the medial frontal cortex that shows abnormal functional connectivity, and that the aberrant neural response mediates the emotional coloring and physiological arousal that accompany misophonic experiences. Brittle hair and nails. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(92)90045-7, Harrison, J., and Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Front. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7858-5, Jastreboff, M., and Jastreboff, P. (2002). doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.003. Brain Res. Treatments for Misophonia. Introduction. A compelling desire for deafness. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Overall, TRT should take about 9–18 months to complete (Jastreboff and Jastreboff, 2002). Schroder et al. Selective sound sensitivity syndrome (misophonia) in a patient with Tourette syndrome. Relat. To date, research has made only weak speculation, with little evidence to support the theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Theyâre only sensitive to certain sounds. 166, 499–509. (2014). WebMD tells you about symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency and how it can be treated. Overall, patients may suffer physical and emotional discomfort, contributing to a reduced quality of life (Edelstein et al., 2013). Before stimuli or neural activity reach the brain, they are classified and evaluated by complex neuronal pathways. Kluckow, H., Telfer, J., and Abraham, S. (2014). Lett. Should we screen for misophonia in patients with eating disorders? 21, 317–323. [Masking of tinnitus aurium by maskers and hearing aids (author’s transl)]. 15, 163–175. Tinnitus Retraining Therapy: Implementing the Neurophysiological Model. For sound therapy, TRT works to reinforce positive sounds and reduce exposure to sounds causing a negative reaction. âMisophonia seems to be its own condition, but there is definitely overlap with these other conditions,â Lerner said. Techniques used in these programs included applied relaxation, positive imagery, attention training, cognitive restructuring, exposure, and background sounds to cope with tinnitus. Webber et al. Behav. J. Neurol. (2013) conducted a study to classify misophonia as its own form of psychiatric disorder. Neuropsychiatric examination revealed multiple motor ticks (e.g., facial grimacing and shoulder shrugging) and phonic ticks (e.g., yelping and barking) since age 11. Psychol. Pediatric misophonia with comorbid obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Associative learning via classical conditioning supports their theory. Brain Struct. The methylation cycles begins with folate. Similarly, pain processing involves an association with intrusion, long-term exposure, depression, anxiety, defensive responses, and prolonged avoidance (Vlaeyen, 2015). doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.03.019, Wu, M. S., Lewin, A. (2002). To that extent, a defining aspect of misophonia occurs when the disturbing sound produced by others provoke an emotional response. Spec. Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. doi: 10.1159/000067570. ENT Audiol. According to an article from Mercury News, this is classified as a â¦ On the other hand, no one questionnaire has been consistently used across studies for the evaluation of misophonia. Finally, regarding Schroder et al.’s last comment, Kumar argued that it was not clear how re-exposure to sounds that have been producing a typical misophonic reaction for years might have any bearing on the reaction produced (Kumar and Griffiths, 2017). What is misophonia?Â Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-misophonia#1, Taylor, D.Â (Host).Â (2018, July 9).Â 20,000 hertz [Audio podcast].Â Retrieved from https://www.20k.org/episodes/misophonia, Villines, Z.Â (2018, December 6).Â How to stop misophonia from ruining your relationship. Often, these sounds are background noise. After being on prescription antibiotics. Relat. doi: 10.1007/s00429-013-0648-x, Tyler, R. S., Coelho, C., and Noble, W. (2006). One of them is a lack of â¦ Associative and non-associative learning models for understanding the underlying mechanisms of misophonia have been presented. A clear review of TRT and individual goals between patient and clinical provider will ensure the patient has realistic expectations. The use of vitamin B6 may help regulate the brain chemicals that control sensory information arriving at the brain while the magnesium could help the body to use the vitamin B6 effectively. Thiamine is the chemical name for vitamin B1 and its deficiency in the diet has long been known as the cause of beriberi. And Pavlov still rings a bell: summarising the evidence for the use of a bell in Pavlov’s iconic experiments on classical conditioning. B., Murphy, T. K., and Storch, E. A. Nature 405, 347–351. Psychol. TRT seems to be an effective treatment option for patients with sound sensitivity disorders such as misophonia. An intense negative emotional reaction is usually triggered by bodily sounds (e.g., chewing, breathing, swallowing, and foot tapping, etc.) doi: 10.1375/audi., Jastreboff, P., and Hazell, J. Alterations of the emotional processing system may underlie preserved rapid reaction time in tinnitus. 219, 1113–1128. Vitamin A is found in many foods like: leafy green vegetables; orange vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin) eggs, and; cantaloupes; Vitamin A plays an important role in your vision.To see the full spectrum of light, your eye needs to produce certain pigments for your retina to work properly. 64, 436–442. TRT assumes that altering conditioned reflexes at the subconscious level will reduce or eliminate the connection between the auditory system and the limbic and autonomic nervous systems (Kiessling, 1980). doi: 10.1097/00003446-198706000-00006. What causes deficiencies? doi: 10.1002/jclp.22500, Schneider, R. L., and Arch, J. J. For example, negative autonomic reactions are associated with the experience of misophonia. Disord. The anxiety evoked by a stimulus may induce negative effects, causing sensitization. In a recent study, Wu et al. (1999). Currently, there are no research studies that have investigated pharmaceutical options to treat misophonia. Coping mechanisms included ear plugs, music for distraction, and digging her fingernail into her hand to cause pain but not draw blood. A subtype of misophonia is phonophobia, when fear to a specific sound is the dominant factor (Jastreboff and Hazell, 1999; Henry et al., 2002; Jastreboff and Jastreboff, 2015). PLoS One 8:e54706. 4:763. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00763, Neal, M., and Cavanna, A. E. (2013). doi: 10.1093/deafed/enj043, Vlaeyen, J. W. (2015). Her desire was so intense that she would block her ears with cotton balls soaked in oil. Relat. The subjective experiences described by these misophonia patients to trigger sounds share qualitative features with the sensory symptoms reported by patients with tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome. Australas. Hearing: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders of the Auditory System. Investigation of comorbid conditions and other psychological therapy strategies might help to reveal more about the underlying mechanisms and potentially lead to a successful treatment method. Misophonia appears to occur on its own and also along with other health, developmental and psychiatric problems.
Vector graphics are computer graphics images that are defined in terms of points on a Cartesian plane, which are connected by lines and curves to form polygons and other shapes. Vector graphics have the unique advantage over raster graphics in that the points, lines, and curves may be scaled up or down to any resolution with no aliasing. The points determine the direction of the vector path; each path may have various properties including values for stroke color, shape, curve, thickness, and fill. Instead of sectioning off a large region of computer memory and mapping that to the display device, vector display devices use a variable number of lines to create images—hence the term "vector graphics." Since vector display devices can define a line by dealing with just two points (that is, the coordinates of each end of the line), the device can reduce the total amount of data it must deal with by organizing the image in terms of pairs of points. Vector graphics are commonly found today in the SVG, EPS, PDF or AI types of graphic file formats, and are intrinsically different from the more common raster graphics file formats such as JPEG, PNG, APNG, GIF, and MPEG4. Vector graphic displays were first used in 1958 by the US SAGE air defense system. Vector graphics systems were retired from the U.S. en route air traffic control in 1999. Vector graphics were also used on the TX-2 at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory by computer graphics pioneer Ivan Sutherland to run his program Sketchpad in 1963. Subsequent vector graphics systems, most of which iterated through dynamically modifiable stored lists of drawing instructions, include the IBM 2250, Imlac PDS-1, and DEC GT40. There was a video game console that used vector graphics called Vectrex as well as various arcade games like ''Asteroids'', ''Space Wars'' and many cinematronics titles such as ''Rip-Off'', and ''Tail Gunner'' using vector monitors. Storage scope displays, such as the Tektronix 4014, could display vector images but not modify them without first erasing the display. The term "vector graphics" is mainly used today in the context of two-dimensional computer graphics. It is one of several modes an artist can use to create an image on a raster display. Vector graphics can be uploaded to online databases for other designers to download and manipulate, speeding up the creative process. Other modes include text, multimedia, and 3D rendering. Virtually all modern 3D rendering is done using extensions of 2D vector graphics techniques. Plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper. :''The list of image file formats covers proprietary and public vector formats.'' To raster From raster Advantages to this style of drawing over raster graphics: * Because vector graphics consist of coordinates with lines/curves between them, the size of representation does not depend on the dimensions of the object. This minimal amount of information translates to a much smaller file size compared to large raster images which are defined pixel by pixel. This said, a vector graphic with a small file size is often said to lack detail compared with a real world photo. * Correspondingly, one can infinitely zoom in on e.g., a circle arc, and it remains smooth. On the other hand, a polygon representing a curve will reveal being not really curved. * On zooming in, lines and curves need not get wider proportionally. Often the width is either not increased or less than proportional. On the other hand, irregular curves represented by simple geometric shapes may be made proportionally wider when zooming in, to keep them looking smooth and not like these geometric shapes. * The parameters of objects are stored and can be later modified. This means that moving, scaling, rotating, filling etc. doesn't degrade the quality of a drawing. Moreover, it is usual to specify the dimensions in device-independent units, which results in the best possible rasterization on raster devices. * From a 3-D perspective, rendering shadows is also much more realistic with vector graphics, as shadows can be abstracted into the rays of light from which they are formed. This allows for photorealistic images and renderings. For example, consider a circle of radius ''r''. The main pieces of information a program needs in order to draw this circle are # an indication that what is to be drawn is a circle # the radius ''r'' # the location of the center point of the circle # stroke line style and color (possibly transparent) # fill style and color (possibly transparent) Vector formats are not always appropriate in graphics work and also have numerous disadvantages. For example, devices such as cameras and scanners produce essentially continuous-tone raster graphics that are impractical to convert into vectors, and so for this type of work, an image editor will operate on the pixels rather than on drawing objects defined by mathematical expressions. Comprehensive graphics tools will combine images from vector and raster sources, and may provide editing tools for both, since some parts of an image could come from a camera source, and others could have been drawn using vector tools. Some authors have criticized the term ''vector graphics'' as being confusing. In particular, ''vector graphics'' does not simply refer to graphics described by Euclidean vectors. Some authors have proposed to use ''object-oriented graphics'' instead. However this term can also be confusing as it can be read as any kind of graphics implemented using object-oriented programming. Typical primitive objects Any particular vector file format supports only some kinds of primitive objects. Nearly all vector file formats support simple and fast-rendering primitive objects: * Lines, polylines and polygons * Bézier curves and bezigons * Circles and ellipses Most vector file formats support: * Text (in computer font formats such as TrueType where each letter is created from Bézier curves) or quadratics. * Color gradients * Often, a bitmap image is considered as a primitive object. From the conceptual view, it behaves as a rectangle. A few vector file formats support more complex objects as primitives: * Many computer-aided design applications support splines and other curves, such as: Catmull–Rom splines NURBS * iterated function systems * superellipses and superellipsoids * metaballs If an image stored in one vector file format is converted to another file format that supports all the primitive objects used in that particular image, then the conversion can be lossless. Vector operations Vector graphics editors typically allow translation, rotation, mirroring, stretching, skewing, affine transformations, changing of z-order (loosely, what's in front of what) and combination of primitives into more complex objects. More sophisticated transformations include set operations on closed shapes (union, difference, intersection, etc.). Vector graphics are ideal for simple or composite drawings that need to be device-independent, or do not need to achieve photo-realism. For example, the PostScript and PDF page description languages use a vector graphics model. See also * Animation * Anti-Grain Geometry * Cairo (graphics) * Comparison of vector graphics editors * Comparison of graphics file formats * Computer-aided design * Direct2D * Illustration * Javascript graphics library * Raster to vector * Raster graphics * Resolution independence * Turtle graphics * Vector game * Vector graphics file formats * Vector monitor * Vector packs * Vexel * Wire frame model * 3D modeling * * * External links {{DEFAULTSORT:Vector graphics Category:Graphic design Category:Graphics file formats Category:Design
Home / Wrangling Monkeys and Counting Sheep / Parent's Guide: Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder Parent's Guide: Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder Parent's Guide: Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase DisorderBedtime can be a struggle for parents trying to get their kids to go to sleep. But for some kids, even getting them into bed won't offer relief. While occasional difficulty falling asleep is perfectly normal, some children and teens find it nearly impossible to go to sleep when they want to, and if that's the case for your child, you might be facing something called Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD). At 5 Little Monkeys, our mission is to help kids everywhere get better, healthier sleep, so we'd like to shed some light on this common problem. What to Do About DSWPD DSWPD is a common sleep disorder that causes the body's natural cycle of sleeping and wakefulness to happen later than the normal or desired time, which can cause a whole host of problems. DSWPD affects between 7% and 16% of adolescence, and in fact, some scientists believe that it's actually an exaggeration of the normal delay in sleep cycles that happens after puberty. For kids who do develop DSWPD, the biggest symptom is an inability to fall asleep at the desired time. But DSWPD is different from insomnia: whereas sufferers of insomnia have trouble sleeping in general, those with DSWPD sleep fine once they fall asleep. Instead, the problem is that their circadian rhythm, which is the 'biological clock' that guides bodily functions, is simply pushed back a couple of hours. However, with the reality of early school start times, DSWPD can cause serious problems for teens. DSWPD can make it nearly impossible for kids to get up in the morning and can cause excessive daytime sleepiness. Left untreated, the lack of sleep from DSWPD can cause emotional and behavioral problems like depression, lowered academic performance, and even dependency on sedatives or caffeine to compensate for the issue. If you think your child may suffer from Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder, the best thing to do is contact your pediatrician to schedule an evaluation. They can work with you to design a treatment that works for your family's lifestyle. Order Our Kids Mattress Online Today DSWPD is a common medical condition, but for some kids, the problem isn't their bodily clock: it's their mattress. And if that's the case for your child, we can help! The 5 Little Monkeys bed is custom-designed to give kids' growing bodies the support they need for healthy, restful sleep, and we offer a 100-day satisfaction guarantee. So what are you waiting for? Order online and try our children's mattress today!
What makes the second order neurons of posterior grey horn of spinal cord to be called as "chief" sensory cells? Why don't we call 1st order, or third order neurons or other second order neurones in different part of spinal grey part as "chief" ? • 1 $\begingroup$ Eh, searching on Google a bit, this terminology seems limited to two Indian sources: one textbook and one study guide, and isn't used anywhere else. There is a different area called the "chief sensory nucleus" which is separate. It just seems to be an attempt by those couple sources to refer to the cells which aren't one of those other categories. It isn't meant to indicate some special significance for those cells versus cells at other hierarchical levels, rather simply trying to classify different cell types within the spinal cord. $\endgroup$ – Bryan Krause May 9 '17 at 4:45 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
When was alcohol first used? People have been making—and drinking—alcohol for nearly as long as human history. Residue from a beerlike, 13,000-year-old fermented drink was recently unearthed in Israel, and evidence of a fermented drink of rice, honey, and fruit discovered in China dates to 7000–6600 BCE. When was alcohol first discovered? What was the first alcoholic drink? Who discovered alcohol in the world? Alcohol occurs naturally in the world, so it wasn’t really invented. However, it was discovered in Persia (nowadays we call it Iran) by a genius named Al-Razi. Al-Razi (Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī) was born on August 26, 865 and died October 27, 925. When did alcohol become illegal? Nationwide Prohibition lasted from 1920 until 1933. The Eighteenth Amendment—which illegalized the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol—was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1917. In 1919 the amendment was ratified by the three-quarters of the nation’s states required to make it constitutional. INFORMATIVE: Can you drink alcohol the night before a run? Is beer older than wine? Beer is believed to be older than wine, but the most expensive bottle of wine ever sold brought in much more than the priciest brew. What is the oldest aged alcohol? When it was released in 2010, the Mortlach 1938 was the longest aged whisky the world ever sipped. Distillers Gordon & MacPhail then broke their own record with Mortlach 75 Year Old, a Scotch Whisky aged for three quarters of a century. What is the most expensive alcohol in the world? The World’s Most Expensive Drinks Ever Sold • Bowmore 1957 Scotch whisky, $185,300. • 1869 Chateau Lafite Rothschild, $328,000. • Henri IV Dudognon Heritage Cognac Grande Champagne, $2 million. • The Pasión Azteca, Platinum Liquor Bottle by Tequila Ley, $USD3. … • Isabella Islay whisky, $USD6. … • The Cornish submarine cellar, unknown. Can alcoholics live a long life? Why is alcohol called spirits? Is Rum The oldest spirit in the world? Rum was the First “Entertainment” Spirit INFORMATIVE: How long does opened alcohol stay good? Spirits were originally medicinal, but rum emerged in the 1600s as the first entertainment spirit. It was manufactured and distilled throughout the Caribbean (as it is to this day) and commonly consumed by pirates and even the British Royal Navy. Who first invented beer? Why did US ban alcohol? What would happen if alcohol was banned? Is alcohol illegal in Alaska? All about addiction
Vitamin And Nutrients Wellness is an energetic technique of turning into aware of and making decisions towards a healthy and fulfilling life. There are a number of causes that individuals turn away from dairy milks and toward almond milk and different dairy alternatives, says Lauri Y. Wright, PhD, RDN, a vitamin and dietetics affiliate professor on the College of North Florida, Tampa. Man relies upon either immediately or not directly on vegetation for food as they cannot manufacture their very own food. They are thus referred to as heterotrophy. Vitamin plays an vital role in the physique, as well as it is impression in national schooling and wholesome development. On the premise of the product kind, the market has been bifurcated into functional foods and beverages, magnificence and private care merchandise, preventive and personalized medicinal merchandise, health gear, and others. In this section, magnificence and personal care products accounts for the most important market share. Having a objective in life and feeling that life is meaningful leads to non secular well being. Take some quiet time to find the morals, ethics, and values that guide your determination making, and attempt to stick to those during problematic times. For the entire iron and different important nutrients you could keep healthy eat three-5 ounces per day (for kids) and 5-8 ounces (for adults). There’s a revolution occurring in this nation. The Health and Wellness trade has began a full frontal assault on traditional medication. There are good causes for this. You’ll be able to read about them within the multitude of lawsuits which can be introduced towards the pharmaceutical companies every day. Water has many functions in our physique. It helps break down food. It also cools the physique down when it becomes too scorching. The physique carries away waste merchandise in a watery answer. Specifically, cardio-respiratory health exerciseforms the groundwork for different workouts by growing your potential to endure work for longer periods and work extra intensely. When the physique draws on oxygen to perform activities, it might not should (an-aerobically) produce lactic acid that causes muscle fatigue. More so, it has been reported that cardio-respiratory bodily health exercise enhances lifespan and greatly reduces the risk of infections. The mixed phrase health and wellness can merely be defined as a pursuit of general health as far as human beings are concerned. The term is used often as a device for promoting a better way of life. Well being and wellness slogan has develop into a strong device within the hand of marketers in varied features of human endeavor. Nevertheless, many individuals are embracing the attitudes to healthy existence, while some corporations are busy raking in the profits. But as I mentioned earlier than true complete wellness revolves for me not less than around 6 parameters or components. The first we’ve got just examined is the bodily wellness or fitness. Here is how I define physical wellness. It is the skill to apply information, motivation and dedication towards reaching a goal of being bodily healthy and match. This may require eradicating harmful habits such as smoking, overeating, consuming, doing medication or any number of other incorrect behaviors while changing them with habits that’s useful to your life and living. Physical wellness could be enhanced by bettering your weight loss program and your train program as well. Recommended Articles
8 minute read Mass Media and Crime Only in the twentieth century did journalism attain the status of a profession, with professional schools, organizations, honors, norms, and the means of disciplining transgressors. Early conceptions of the journalist as an objective conduit of facts about the world have given way to more complex models of journalism in which the role of institutional imperatives and individual biases are recognized as highly influential, if not decisive, factors shaping the content of news (Bennett; McManus; Winch). Various elements of the criminal justice system are among those most likely to influence journalism. Public interest in crime news is generally high, so there is a commercial incentive for newspapers and broadcasters to provide such information. Crimes are usually good stories; they can be told as morality plays, dramatic confrontations, and human-interest stories even when their value as hard news is not high. Demand for crime news produces close relationships between police, judicial officers, and reporters. The information resources controlled by police, such as the identity of suspects, the status of cases, and the evidence assembled, are highly prized by reporters. Attorneys and (less frequently) judges may offer valuable information about ongoing (and even long-past) trials. Reporters do their best to cultivate close and reliable relations with the police, the courts, and the prosecuting attorneys on their beats. If a reporter is not on good terms with these people, he or she risks losing information necessary to tell a coherent or interesting story. A reporter may not be alerted to new discoveries of evidence, new legal strategies, or impending changes in the dates and times of public hearings. Often there is no source of this information other than the police, courts, and prosecutors. Reporters control resources of their own, prized by the criminal justice system. The threat of adverse publicity can be potent, especially for elected officers of the court and (in some jurisdictions) police chiefs or sheriffs. Truly virulent public attacks on the police or the judiciary are rare, however, since the relationship between journalists and these institutions is ongoing and valuable; no newspaper or broadcast outlet can afford to burn such bridges. Apart from publicity, journalists can enhance the overall legitimacy of the justice system by covering its activities. Public confidence that the police are behaving appropriately or that the judicial system "works" can be maintained simply through routine coverage of crime. Stories that challenge that confidence may be presented as aberrations from an otherwise upbeat routine. Pritchard and Hughes demonstrate the practical result of these dependency relations. They studied the newspaper coverage of a year's worth of homicides in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with attention to the factors that determine whether a murder will merit coverage or not. They found that "reporters tended to take cues for evaluations of newsworthiness from race, gender, and age" (p. 52), information about both victims and suspects usually available from official sources. Deadline pressure seems to encourage reporters and editors to use such attributes to calculate the extent and nature of "deviance" the murder involves. While conventional wisdom describes newsworthiness in terms of "statistical deviance" (i.e., departure from the usual, as in "man bites dog"), Pritchard and Hughes show that "status deviance" (i.e., the death or suspect-status of high status citizens) and cultural deviance (i.e., murder of the "especially vulnerable," such as women, children, and the aged) explains the decision to cover or ignore a homicide (p. 52). Pritchard had earlier (1986) demonstrated that coverage of homicides in Milwaukee was a strong predictor of whether or not the prosecuting attorney would plea-bargain the case. Murders that received more coverage in the newspapers were less likely to be bargained than low-publicity crimes. Pritchard notes that this finding is consistent with earlier research (Alschuler; Jones) regarding the decision-making of prosecutors that indicated that political considerations (e.g., fear of being seen as "soft on crime") exercised strong influence on prosecutors' decisions. Further, Pritchard, Dilts, and Berkowitz demonstrated that prosecution of pornography offenses in Indiana in the mid-1980s was influenced by the relative priority of pornography on the agendas of citizens and of the local newspapers. The cumulative impact of Pritchard and others' work is to illustrate that reporters and editors are most likely to report crimes based on certain attributes of the victims and suspects, and that prosecutors monitor press coverage and choose which crimes to prosecute aggressively based in part on the level of press attention the crime has received. Since the criteria of reporters tend toward coverage of white victims and victims who are either female, very young, or very old (or some combination of those attributes), the least likely crime to be covered is one in which the victim is a black adult male. Thus the least likely crime to be aggressively prosecuted is one committed against a black adult male. Defendants and defense attorneys are less likely to benefit from these relations of dependency. A guilty criminal defendant has no interest in sharing details of a crime, of course, and innocent defendants have no details to offer. Even if defendants do have valuable information, they are unlikely to have valuable information on a regular basis for years to come, the way police and judicial officers do. Defense attorneys are a bit more likely to be valuable sources in the future, but not nearly as likely as prosecutors. There is much more crime in the world than there is coverage of it, so most defense attorneys most times will not be defending newsworthy clients. But all newsworthy prosecutions are performed by a handful of offices, from city attorneys to federal prosecutors. Given a choice between developing close, mutually rewarding relationships with defendants or prosecutors, a working reporter knows where his or her professional future is most safely insured. Robert Shapiro, a prominent defense attorney (and member of O.J. Simpson's "Dream Team") noted that "[t]he defense lawyer who has never dealt with the press, or has no pre-existing relationship with a particular reporter, is at a severe disadvantage. In order to overcome this, the lawyer must cultivate a line of communication with the reporter so the client's point of view can be expressed in the most favorable way" (p. 27). One effect of crime coverage on the judicial process that has received considerable research attention is the influence of pretrial publicity on jurors. Partly due to the pattern of dependency relations described above, it has been noted that most coverage of crime is detrimental to the defendant, including the publication of information inadmissible at trial (Imrich, Mullin, and Linz; Dixon and Linz). Does this bad publicity produce predispositions in jurors one way or the other? A variety of experimental and quasi-experimental research studies have demonstrated consistent support for the hypothesis that at least mild antidefendant bias can be the result of exposure to pretrial publicity (Constantini and King; Dexter, Cutler, and Moran; Greene and Wade; Kramer, Kerr, and Carroll; Kerr, Kramer, Carroll, and Alfini; Moran and Cutler; Ogloff and Vidmar; Otto, Penrod, and Dexter). Judicial remedies such as voir dire, judges' instructions, and continuances are not guaranteed to overcome these effects (Kramer et al.; Carroll et al.; Vidmar and Melnitzer; Dexter et al.; Kerr et al.). Bruschke and Loges, however, found that the conviction rate for federal murder defendants whose cases received no discernible print coverage did not differ significantly from the conviction rate of defendants whose cases received high amounts of print coverage. In fact, Bruschke and Loges found that the highest conviction rate was observed among those who had between one and five stories written about their case. Once convicted, however, defendants with the most publicity received substantially longer prison sentences than those with little or no publicity. The effect of pretrial (and during-trial) publicity on public opinion and jury bias can lead to policies such as gag rules (prohibiting trial participants from publicly discussing the case), restriction of court access to the press—particularly TV cameras—and changes of venue. Salwen and Driscoll point out that support for media regulation may spring from a "third-person effect" in which a person believes that others are prone to media influence while he or she is much less prone to the same effect. Studying public opinion regarding conflicting evidence and arguments during the murder trial of O.J. Simpson, Salwen and Driscoll found that there is a significant tendency for survey respondents to estimate higher media influence for others than for themselves, but that this belief is not strongly associated with calls for regulation of the press, particularly among well-educated respondents. While education in general may reduce one's willingness to endorse media regulation, it is not clear whether judges subject to the third-person effect might be more willing to impose restrictions given their unique role in the judicial process, despite their high levels of education. McLeod, Eveland, and Nathanson (1997) found that support for censorship of rap lyrics thought to incite misogyny and violence was associated with a third-person effect, although their college-student sample made it impossible to control for education. Another approach to the study of news content and its effect on public opinion is framing. "Framing essentially involves selection and salience. To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described" (Entman, 1993, p. 52, emphases in original). Research into the methods journalists use to reconstruct reality into "the news" has focused on the use of framing devices to turn events into coherent stories (Kahneman and Tversky; Graber; Sniderman, Brody, and Tetlock). Entman (1994) has argued that by showing visual images of black suspects and defendants in the grasp of white police officers, television news frames blacks as both more dangerous and under more direct physical control than whites (who are less likely to be shown in the physical grasp of an officer—especially a nonwhite officer). Dixon (1998) finds that black suspects are disproportionately shown on the news (compared to their proportion of arrested suspects in crime reports). The concept of framing suggests that such patterns of representation increase the salience of connections between blacks and crime in general, and thus perpetuate stereotypes of both black criminality and white authority. Additional topics Law Library - American Law and Legal InformationCrime and Criminal LawMass Media and Crime - Journalism, Entertainment, Conclusion, Bibliography
Seleccionar página How To Do A Literary AnalysisHave you ever learn an article and thought to yourself: I disagree with this writer; I believe they’re biased.” Perhaps you’ve got even gone as far as offering your personal opinion within the comments section. Many college students, writers, and english scholars are told to jot down a tutorial paper on totally different literary evaluation essay subjects because such a assignment helps and makes essay writers to consider the reason why a poem, brief story, novel, or play was written. To investigate literature, writers will need to remember that authors have particular choices for particular causes. Your essay should level out the creator’s resolution and try to explain their intentions. Now you can begin writing the primary strains of your paper in keeping with the outline. Make a brief plan, ask questions that might help to reveal the thought and make a list of issues you wish to talk about below subheadings. Use your outline or a writing plan as a skeleton of your paper. There isn’t a more well-known detective, fiction or actual, than Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The Adventure of the Speckled Band” contained in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is the favorite battle of maldon summary Holmes story of each the author and readers. Accordingly, many college students are assigned literary analyses of this quick story, which explores the themes of chaos as well as good versus evil. What are subject sentences? They state the primary point of each paragraph, serve as its mini-thesis, and might be signposts for readers to change them about necessary literary analysis points. Subject sentences relate all paragraphs to your thesis, acts as signposts to your major argument, and define the scope of every part. We can certainly adhere to any pointers sent to us; now we have a vast expertise in writing papers on almost each academic matter on the market. After an order is placed, the guidelines and example might be uploaded for the writer to look at, as well as some other material you want to provide. Major Factors For essay samples – An Intro Literary Units refers to the typical structures used by writers of their works to convey his or her messages in a easy method to the readers. When employed correctly, the completely different literary gadgets assist readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary work. Below is an inventory of literary gadgets with detailed definition and examples. Before you begin writing, take a few second to read the task very carefully. Usually, academics will point out sure facets that you must take note of, like particular characters, figurative speech and a topic of discussion. While studying a text, take a pen and make small annotations to analyze what you might be reading immediately. This may allow you to to recollect everything you think about whereas reading so you don’t have to learn the textual content once once more. Make bullet factors of crucial events, place of motion, characters, antagonist, protagonist, subject, figurative language and system of photos. Also, you’ll be able to add the number of pages to find your annotations fast. Close studying is a term typically utilized in literature courses. It refers back to the means of reading a textual content, or a passage from a textual content, while paying close consideration to details that might in any other case seem trivial. A character’s usage of sure phrases or their seemingly superfluous gesture; the imagery associated with a scene and how characters reply to it; syntax and tone of narration-these are all the product of choices which have been made by the author of the text. A better understanding of why these choices had been made often lends a extra insightful view of the textual content as an entire. Why is that this matter important, and why is your specific place on the subject noteworthy? Ideally, your introduction ought to pique the reader’s interest by suggesting how your argument is stunning or otherwise counterintuitive. Literary essays make sudden connections and reveal less-than-obvious truths. Sensible Programs In literature essay samples – The Inside Track Our essay assistance will never fail your expectations. With our service, you no longer need to spend days and nights meticulously working in your assignment. You’ll be able to fully loosen up, forget about libraries and books. You’ve gotten discovered the answer to your downside – our professional ghostwriting firm. So, don’t hesitate to order your customized written project as soon as doable.
The U.N. Official Who Quietly Saved the World From Nuclear Annihilation Thant was less than one year into his term as the U.N.’s third Secretary-General when, on October 20, 1962, President John F. Kennedy approached him with aerial reconnaissance photos of secret Soviet missile installations in Cuba. This was two days before Kennedy announced this finding to the world, imposing a blockade against all Soviet ships bound for the island with any weapons. With the nuclear-armed navies of the world’s foremost superpowers set to literally collide, many feared escalation of apocalyptic proportions. Yet the fact that the U.S. President chose to confide first in the Secretary-General reflected Thant’s already stellar reputation as a man of good character and prudent judgment. Previously Burma’s representative to the U.N., Thant had already played an active role in several global initiatives, from negotiating Algerian independence to participating in the conference that birthed the Non Aligned Movement, a group of mostly developing and newly decolonized states that officially sought to stay out of the Cold War. It was largely this bloc that secured Thant’s appointment to the office of Secretary-General, initially to serve out the remaining term of his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden, who had died a month earlier in a plane crash en route to ceasefire negotiations during the Congo Crisis. Hammarskjold was very well regarded at the time, and was called the greatest statesman of the 20th century by none other than JFK himself. (To this day, he is recognized as one of the notable, if relatively few, success stories of the U.N.) Thus, Thant had big shoes to fill, especially since he had basically been forced upon the U.S. and Soviet dominated Security Council to break their deadlock over choosing Hammarskjold’s successor. The world’s smaller, nonaligned states succeeded in pressuring the Council to recommend Thant as the U.N.’s next leader, and the General Assembly — made up mostly of these same states — obliged with unanimous approval. So here was Thant, thrusted into what the first U.N. Secretary-General called “the most impossible job in the world“, now being secretly asked by the leader of one of the world’s superpowers to help resolve a brewing conflict with the world’s other superpower — an impossible job indeed. According to the Bulletin of the Atomic ScientistsThant worked quickly behind the scenes to get both Kennedy and his Soviet counterpart, Nikita Khrushchev, to give concessions to induce one another to back down: The secretary-general sent this second appeal as his own proposal, so it would not appear as an American ultimatum. Khrushchev then used Thant’s request to save face while complying. US Ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson later described Thant’s action to a Senate committee: “At a critical moment — when the nuclear powers seemed set on a collision course — the secretary-general’s intervention led to the diversion of the Soviet ships headed for Cuba and interception by our Navy. This was the indispensable first step in the peaceful resolution of the Cuban crisis.” Thant’s message enabled the superpowers to end their naval confrontation and finally focus on the main issues of the conflict—the missiles and a pending attack on Cuba. In the ensuing negotiations, the secretary-general again played a significant role. It certainly helped that the affable Thant was as well liked by the Soviet Premier as by Kennedy: he had already endeared himself to Khrushchev during a visit to the USSR that included a friendly swim at his private dacha. Ever the consummate diplomat, Thant knew how to build relations with world leaders, and this proved life saving. It also helped that he was a devout Buddhist and pacifist. While Thant played mediator and liaison between the two leaders, things got heated: But on October 27th, just two days after he passed on a conciliatory message from the Americans to the Soviets, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba, killing the pilot and deepening the crisis. Kennedy was subsequently under intense pressure to from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his specially-assembled advisors to invade Cuba. Recordings of these deliberations showed that Thant exerted a strong moderating influence; JFK continued to put his hopes in Thant’s efforts, telling the war hawks that “On the other hand we have U Thant, and we don’t want to sink a ship…right in the middle of when U Thant is supposedly arranging for the Russians to stay”. Thant proposed a faster and relatively more graceful solution: correctly foreseeing that the Russians would immediately dismantle their missiles in Cuba if the Americans guaranteed not to invade, he advocated the idea first publicly, then to both Ambassador Stevenson and U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk. Both sides would have an honorable way out that could temper both pride and their domestic hawks. Just days later, Thant’s idea would form the basis for the final agreement that ended the crisis, accompanied by a secret commitment by Kennedy to remove U.S. Jupiter missiles from Turkey. Thant also few to Cuba to convince Castro to abide by the deal and tone down his rhetoric; it was during this time that the U.S. lifted the blockade and the conflict began to gradually melt away. After the conflict, JFK praised the Secretary-General’s pivotal role, stating in no ambiguous terms that “U Thant has put the world deeply in his debt.” Speaking before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee a few months later, Ambassador Stevenson noted that: At a critical moment—when the nuclear powers seemed set on a collision course—the Secretary-General’s intervention led to the diversion of the Soviet ships headed for Cuba and interception by our Navy. This was the indispensable first step in the peaceful resolution of the Cuban crisis. Despite these public pronouncements, as well as recognition by major media outlets at the time, historians and average Americans alike have forgotten Thant’s contributions, if not the very existence of the great mediator himself. Part of it no doubt had to do with Thant’s famously modest character: he avoided recognition in favor of “quiet diplomacy” that allowed the other parties to take the credit and thus make peace more palatable. When Thant was informed that he would be awarded the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis, he replied with characteristic humility, “Is not the Secretary-General merely doing his job when he works for peace?” Just months after helping bring the world back from the brink of destruction, Thant faced another global crisis: the Congo Civil War, which had broken out in 1960 and indirectly claimed the life of Thant’s predecessor while he tried to negotiate for peace. In response to the chaos and disorder, the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) was established to maintain peace and protect civilians, as per the U.N.’s principle founding goal. In December 1962, ONUC forces suffered a sustained four-day attack by the breakaway State of Katanga, a major faction in the conflict led by Moïse Tshombe, who was backed by the former Belgian colonizers and had repeatedly reneged on agreements with the Congolese government and the U.N. This attack, preceded by two years of diplomatic violations and the death of a Secretary-General (who had perished en route to bring Tshombe to the negotiating table), moved the otherwise pacifistic Thant to take decisive action. The world mediator requested the UNSC to form “Operation Grandslam“, which would give ONUC a stronger mandate to ensure “complete freedom of movement” in the region to facilitate their operations. The multinational force, led by an Indian commander and comprised of troops from India, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ireland, Sweden, and Tunisia, acted with surprising efficiency and decisiveness; in less than two weeks, the secessionist capital Elizabethville was under full U.N. control and Tshombe sued for peace, ending the bloody insurgency. Thant congratulated U.N. forces for their service, assuring them that the conflict had been “forced upon them” and emphasizing the necessary nature of their work. He was reported to be greatly relieved that casualties were minimal. Although many were concerned that the U.N.’s actions were spur a drawn-out guerrilla war or power vacuum, most of the Congo’s troubles had melted away for the time being. Indeed, most of the international community was satisfied with the result, including the U.S. and the Soviet Union — not an easy feat in the polarized Cold War era. (Though the ONUC’s actions were not without criticism, including possible but unreported civilian casualties.) Given the popular perception of the U.N. as a toothless and corrupt organization — albeit not an entirely unjustified image — it is amazing to think that it played such a pivotal role in some of the greatest crises of the time, all under the leadership of a humble Buddhist diplomat from Burma who was only meant to serve a partial term. Thant was reappointed in 1966 to serve a second term by unanimous decision, becoming the longest serving head of the U.N. at ten years and one month. That year, all the major powers of the UNSC again voted unanimously to recognize the “importance of the secretary-generalship and his good offices” — a clear tribute to the man who helped save the world. Thant’s second terms saw many more trials and watershed moments, including the induction of dozens of newly decolonized African and Asian states, the establishment of several key U.N. agencies (such as the highly active U.N. Development Programme), and a succession of bloody conflicts across the globe like the Six Day War, the Prague Spring and subsequent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo–Pakistani War that birthed Bangladesh. Though he had arguably done more than any other Secretary-General to this day, he could only resolve so many conflicts as head of an organization wholly at the mercy of nation states. One of his last actions, ironically, was to attempt to direct secret peace talks between the U.S. and Vietnam, whose conflict had just started heating up. U.S. President Johnson, the successor to the man that called Than the greatest statesman of the century, rejected this offer, likely because the Secretary-General was highly critical of the war. When Thant came up for a third term in 1971, he announced that “under no circumstances” would he be available for reappointment. The job had indeed proved to be the most impossible in the world, and in his farewell address to the U.N. General Assembly, Thant admitted that he felt a “great sense of relief bordering on liberation” on relinquishing the “burdens of office.” Given his accomplishments, he certainly earned that sense of relief. He was one of the few world leaders to be on positive speaking terms with all the world’s major powers, a testament to the goodwill and appreciation he had built up in his capacity as Secretary-General. Thant died just three years later in New York of lung cancer. Though he was given full honors at U.N. headquarters, his native country had since been taken over by a military junta whose leader reportedly resented Thant’s stature and respect both at home and abroad. When the Burmese regime subsequently refused to accord any publicity or honors to Thant’s body when it was flown back for burial, demonstrations erupted in what came to be known as the U Thant Crisis. Such was the love and appreciation directed at the now-forgotten diplomat who helped the world avert one of its worst disasters with humility. *”U” is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to “Mr”; per Burmese naming customs, “Thant” was his only name. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Marijuana Addiction: Genetics May be a Factor In July 9, 2019 Genetics May be a Factor in Marijuana Addiction Researchers have recently been able to identify a gene that increases the risk for developing Marijuana Addiction. While cannabis is often thought to be less addictive than other substances, the reality is that 10 percent of people who use the drug develop a tolerance and suffer cravings and withdrawal when they stop using it. Most addictions are considered to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors including marijuana addiction. Danish researchers were able to find a specific gene that affects a person’s risk for being addicted to cannabis once they have started using the drug. The study compared the genomes of 2,000 people who were addicted compared to 50,000 who are not. Through this research they singled out a variant of the gene CHRNA2 which appears to affect the risk of developing a cannabis addiction. Previous studies have found genetic markers that are associated both with increased marijuana use and the risk for developing depression. These two problems often occur together and genetic factors may explain why co-occurring cannabis and depressive disorders are a common issue. How genetic markers influence addiction is not completely understand and will require more research over time. Having the specific gene associated with cannabis addiction does not guarantee that they will become a frequent user of the drug. It simply increases the risk of developing an addiction for those with the gene who end up experimenting with cannabis use. Genetic variants may increase risk by influencing how people react to the drug which may make them more likely to become addicted. It is projected that many more genes associated with addiction will be discovered in the future to help researchers understand how genetic variants influence behavior and increase risk factors for drug users. By Dr. Reuben Vaisman-Tzachor Primary Therapist
Pro Audio Files Train Your Ears Become a Member Digital Audio 101: The Basics Article Content What Is a Sound Wave? Before talking about the digitization of sound it is crucial to understand what a sound wave is exactly. Sound waves are realized when an instigating factor, such as the striking of a drum head or the plucking of a string, causes the molecules of a medium, typically air, to move. The molecules vibrate in a process that alternates between compression (becoming denser and tightly packed) and rarefaction (becoming less dense). The wave propagates in this way through the medium until its energy is dissipated in the form of heat. It should be noted that the medium could also be a liquid or a solid, and in fact, air is one of the slowest mediums for transmitting sound. The diagram below identifies how the amplitude of a sine wave would correspond to the compression and rarefaction of molecules in a medium. Compression and rarefaction Anything that vibrates — a string, drum head, wine glass, tuning fork — will produce a corresponding movement of molecules in the medium which we perceive as sound. What Is Analog Sound? For some people, the term analog sound refers to old technology — which is of course true to some extent. But analog technologies remain a crucial part of music production. To understand why, we should define the origin of the term. The word “analog” is derived from the word “analogous” which means comparable, similar or related. In terms of audio technology, this idea is clearly present in two fundamental devices for recording and creating music — the speaker and the microphone. Microphones create a change in voltage or capacitance that is analogous to the movement of its diaphragm, which is instigated by a sound wave. Dynamic microphone Speakers transform an electrical signal into a sound wave by creating analogous movements of a speaker cone. Both devices are considered transducers, in that they convert one form of energy into another. And both are analog devices that are just as relevant today as the day they were invented. How Is Sound Digitized? Before the advent of computers, sound was recorded using technologies like magnetic tape, vinyl and — very early on — wax cylinders. Engineers strived for the highest fidelity possible depending on the limitations of the medium. One of the major potential limitations is that of dynamic range — the range of possible amplitude values from the noise floor to the maximum peak level before the onset of distortion. As audio production technology has advanced, so has dynamic range as evidenced below: Approximate Dynamic Ranges FM Radio: 50 dB Cassette Tape: 60-70 dB Vinyl: 70-88 dB Audio CD: 96 dB 24 Bit Audio: 144 dB It should be noted that the goal of absolute fidelity is a bit of a misnomer. The resurgence of vinyl and retro or lo-fi aesthetics indicates that taste and the effect or “limitations” of a particular medium can be valued as part of the process and the so-called flaws in audio fidelity might be actually desired. The digitization of sound is necessary whenever computers are involved in the recording, production or dissemination of music, which pretty much covers everything except live performance. And even then, on-stage musicians are probably using digital effects somewhere along the line. To convert analog sound to the digital realm means taking an analog signal and creating a representation of that signal in the language of computers, which is binary (zeroes and ones). Check out my article for detailed information on binary systems and audio: “Bits, Bytes, and Beers.” An analog signal is continuous, meaning constantly changing in amplitude and time. Digital conversion requires that it be sampled or measured periodically to make it understandable and editable in a computer system. There are two conversion-related terms to be aware of: Analog to digital converter (ADC) – converts an analog signal to a digital file Digital to analog converter (DAC) – converts a digital file to an analog signal This pairing of devices or processes is the essence of digital audio production. Digital Audio Sample Rate and Bit Depth The digitization process has several user-defined variables which will influence things like frequency range, dynamic range, file size and fidelity. Two fundamental variables you should be aware of are sampling rate and bit depth (or resolution). The sampling rate is the rate at which amplitude measurements are taken as an analog signal is converted or as a previously digitized file is resampled. The resampling process could downsample (which reduces the sampling rate) or upsample (which increases the rate). Downsampling might be required when files recorded or created at higher sampling rates, such as 48 kHz (48,000 samples per second) or 96 kHz (48,000 samples per second) need to be prepared for audio CD distribution. This particular medium requires a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (44,100 samples per second). Upsampling is used by mastering engineers to create higher resolution files before processing to provide better results. This is followed by a downsampling process to prepare the file for distribution. A visual representation of the sampling process. Nyquist Rate The Nyquist rate is a concept derived from digital sampling theory which states that to accurately represent a particular frequency, the signal must be sampled at twice the rate of that frequency. For example, to create an accurate digital representation of 10 kHz, you would need to use a minimum 20 kHz sampling rate. When the audio CD standard was developed this was one consideration in determining the standard sampling rate to be used. Based on the Nyquist theorem, a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz can accurately recreate a 22,050 Hz frequency in the digital realm. Since the range of human hearing is generally considered to be 20 Hz to 20 kHz, this was considered to be sufficient and manageable by computing systems and equipment at the time. Since then higher sampling rates have emerged as commonplace including 48 kHz (used in video contexts), 88.1 kHz, 96 kHz, and 192 kHz. A logical question is — why use such high sampling rates when the limits of human perception stop after 20 kHz at the maximum. Part of the answer lies in the benefits of oversampling, which can reduce audio artifacts known as aliasing. When audio effects processing is performed at higher rates, the results are improved and the presence of artifacts is reduced. For more about oversampling check out my article: “Oversampling in Digital Audio: What Is It and When Should You Use It? In terms of recording, using higher sampling rates seems to provide a more pristine result as well. When interactions between frequencies occur, sum tones and difference tones are produced and the capability of a digital conversion process to represent frequencies beyond the range of human hearing can contribute to better results in the audible range. Equally or perhaps more important than sampling rate is bit depth or resolution. This can be thought of as the accuracy of how each sample is measured. The higher the bit depth the more accurate the amplitude measurement. The three most common bit depths used are 16, 24, and 32 bit. Referring back to the article mentioned above, “Bits, Bytes, and Beers,” each bit in a binary system can be either 0 or 1. This translates to a certain number of possible values based on the number of bits used. For example: 16 bit samples can have 216 possible values or 65,536 24 bit samples can have 224 possible values or 16,777,216 32 bit samples can have 232 possible values or 4,294,967,296 The higher the number of possible values the less quantization error and hence the less noise in a recording. This translates into a significantly wider dynamic range for 24 bit versus 16 bit recordings. (see the dynamic range chart above for the difference between a 16 bit and 24 bit audio). Below is an example of two different bit depths used in computer graphics. Consider two digital color palettes: 8 bit and 24 bit. 8 bit color palettes 24 bit color palettes Note that in the 8 bit palette there are only 256 choices (28), meaning if you are trying to match an existing color, you can only get so close. In the 24 bit palette, the choices are in the millions and the image appears to be almost a continuous blurring of one color transforming into the next. With this palette, you could get much closer to a specific color. In terms of audio, less error or rounding of values means a more accurate digital representation of the analog input. Bit Depth What Is Dithering and When to Use It? It’s necessary or advisable to use a process known as dithering when a reduction of bit depth is required, such as when preparing a file produced in a 24 bit system for CD distribution, which requires a 16 bit file. Dithering helps to mitigate the quantization error that would normally occur in the process since by definition the digital accuracy is being reduced by lowering the bit depth. Dithering uses complex algorithms that counterintuitively introduce noise into the process to reduce unwanted artifacts. Because of this, you should never dither a file more than once and it should only be used when reducing bit depth. What Is Lossy File Compression and What Are the Options? The limitations of internet audio streaming and file size dictate the need for compression algorithms that can retain, as much as possible, the original quality of the sound file. You should be aware of two major categories of file compression formats — lossless and lossy. Lossless audio file compression formats include: FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Compression) ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Compression) These files are made smaller for distribution but retain all the data from the original uncompressed file. Lossy audio file compression formats include: MP3 (MPEG layer 3) AAC (Apple Audio Compression) These files are made smaller for distribution by removing data based on the psychoacoustic limitations of human perception. When the algorithms identify certain audio content as being imperceptible at some defined degree, it removes that data, thereby reducing the file size. Once a file is compressed in this way, the original data is lost, unless a copy of the original is retained. Uncompressed file formats include: BWF (Broadcast Wave – supports metadata) WAV (Waveform Audio File) AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format) These files can be transferred from place to place as exact copies of the original, but they are of course larger in size. Lossy Compression and Data Rates The user-defined data rate chosen for a file compression process will affect the resulting size and quality of the compressed file. Lower rates like 128 kbps (kilobits per second) and below will introduce unwanted artifacts in the resulting audio. 320 kbps is generally the highest bitrate for a compressed file that can be immediately streamed via the internet without having to download. To compare this to streaming a CD audio file, consider the required data rate of an uncompressed 44.1k/16 bit file: 44,100 x 16 = 705,600 x 2 (channels) = 1411200 bits = 1411 kbps Final Thoughts Capturing sound from the world and converting it into binary information lies at the heart of digital audio production. But what is missing from this description is the content created on the computer itself. Virtual instruments and soft synths are incredibly powerful creative devices that can produce astounding results with digital oscillators, wavetables, and the complete range of synthesis techniques once only available in hardware devices. Whether you’re recording acoustic sources, generating sounds in the box or using digital effects, a basic understanding of how computers and other digital devices can be used to digest and manipulate sound is essential. Follow me on Twitter: @PMantione Instagram: philipmantione Youtube Channel Philip Mantione
What Can I Do With a Psychology Degree? A psychology degree opens the door to a variety of career options. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, psychology is one of the most popular undergraduate majors in the United States. It’s an academic discipline that, at its core, helps students understand how and why people behave in the ways that they do. With human behavior being a universal concern in any context, the popularity of the major owes a lot to the wide variety of career opportunities psychology offers. While some people use their psychology degree to work as a clinical psychologist or licensed therapist, psychology students develop communication and critical thinking skills that are critical in any profession that requires an understanding of human behavior — and that’s pretty much any job or career you can imagine. With further training, people with psychology degrees can pursue careers in teaching and research or work with companies to improve workplace morale and organizational performance. A psychology degree is the first step toward careers such as clinical psychology, forensic psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, and school psychology. In short, the degree is a door-opener to a wide variety of career options. What is Psychology? “Psychology is the study of the thinking, emotion and behaviors of humans and other animals,” says Dr. Frank Hammonds, Psychology Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychology at Troy University. “In plain language: what do people do and why do they do it?” Dr. Frank Hammonds Dr. Frank Hammonds Dr. Hammonds says that psychology is broadly appealing because everyone wonders about what drives human behavior. “How do people think and why do they think that way? How do people’s emotions work and why do they work that way? Psychology helps answer those questions,” he says. In addition to helping students understand human behavior and our relationship to our social environments, a psychology degree also gives graduates the practical skills to help people experiencing emotional or behavioral problems. That can be applied in other settings besides the therapist’s office. “It’s not always just dealing with people with specific identifiable problems,” Dr. Hammonds says. “It’s also helping people perform better, and helping people do their jobs better.” What Jobs Can I Get With a Psychology Degree? One popular image of a psychologist is the therapist who invites patients to lie on the couch in their office and talk about their problems. That stereotype paints a narrow picture of the career potential of a psychology degree. Dr. Hammonds says that a psychology degree can prepare graduates for a wide range of jobs and not everyone who earns a psychology degree ends up pursuing a career in psychology. “People who study psychology work in pretty much every kind of setting you can come up with because it’s always about human behavior,” Dr. Hammonds says. Dr. Hammonds says a relatively small percentage of people who earn a psychology degree work as licensed psychologists. A recent study by the American Psychological Association found that students who earn a psychology degree have many skills in demand by a wide variety of employers. These include analytical thinking, critical thinking, creativity, strong oral and written communication skills, ethical decision making, empathy and cultural sensitivity. As a result, a psychology degree can prepare graduates for careers in fields including criminal justice, social work, education, law enforcement, government and business, to name just a few. “The job prospects are very good, partly because there are so many fields you can go into,” says Dr. Hammonds. A psychology degree is also useful for people who want to pursue careers in fields like marketing, advertising, communications or human resources — professional careers that hinge on understanding how people work, think and behave. “You certainly wouldn’t call that person a psychologist, but they’re using their psychology training,” Dr. Hammonds says. What Does a Psychologist Do? There are several branches of psychology, including clinical psychology, school psychology, industrial-organizational psychology and forensic psychology, all of which allow for different careers in psychology and generally require training beyond a bachelor’s degree and licensing. Dr. Hammonds says that people who study psychology and practice it as a profession tend to go into one of those career specialties. Some graduates might pursue jobs in the helping professions, which include clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors and other types of therapists. “There’s a lot of overlap between psychology and counseling,” Dr. Hammonds says. For Sheridan O’Brien, who graduated from Troy University in May 2014 with a Bachelor of Science in psychology, that overlap influenced her career decisions. O’Brien knew she wanted to study psychology, but TROY helped her decide which field to focus on. “I originally wanted to pursue a psychology degree to prepare myself to better serve individuals with special needs. I was interested in pursuing occupational therapy, vocational rehabilitation or counseling. After taking the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) course at TROY, my plans changed in pursuit of a master’s degree in ABA,” O’Brien says. Today, O’Brien is the Clinical Director for the Autism in Motion Clinic in Hoover, Alabama, and serves as Adjunct Faculty for the University. The Autism in Motion Clinic provides ABA therapy to individuals with autism, both at the early intervention level and the focused level for school-age children. Clinical psychologists work directly with clients, usually in a private practice or clinic. They could also work in campus wellness centers at colleges or universities or in a hospital. There are also opportunities to specialize within clinical psychology. Some psychologists might choose to work with developmental psychology focused on children and adolescents, while others may focus on seniors and aging. Others might focus on couples or marriage counseling. “A clinical psychologist is someone who’s going to be seeing clients and helping them with specific mental, emotional and behavioral problems,” Dr. Hammonds says. Clinical psychologists help clients with both short- and long-term issues that are both situational and chronic. They provide individual, family, or group psychotherapy and design behavior modification programs to help clients achieve their goals. They work on issues such as interpersonal relationships, substance abuse and eating disorders. They also work closely with other health care professionals. Most clinical, counseling and research psychologists need a doctoral degree. Dr. Hammonds says that there will always be a need for licensed psychologists. “There are a lot of people out there who need help and it takes advanced training to do that,” he says. “I think you’re always going to have opportunities there.” Dr. Hammonds adds that anyone interested in becoming a licensed clinical psychologist or therapist will almost always need to earn at least a master’s degree and often a Ph.D. Graduate education in psychology usually requires an internship or practicum where students gain hands-on experience. Students also need to pass a licensing exam, and the exact requirements vary by state, he says. “To be called a psychologist, that typically means you’re approved by the state to practice there as a professional,” he says. Psychology is the kind of profession where learning doesn’t end with the completion of a degree. Licensed psychologists also need to earn continuing education credits through additional training throughout their careers to stay up-to-date on developments in the field and knowledgeable about the latest research. School psychology is another area of specialty. These psychologists practice in a school setting to help students of all ages with social and emotional learning. They work closely with students with disabilities and help develop individualized education plans. They might also help address larger issues such as bullying and counsel students who may be in crisis. School psychologists usually need to earn a master’s degree. Industrial or organizational psychology is a branch of the psychology profession that is applied in a business setting and addresses workplace issues. This specialty might focus on helping to improve employee performance, assist with organizational restructuring, improve worker productivity and retention, and increase customer satisfaction. As defined by the American Psychological Association , forensic psychology is the application of clinical psychology to the legal field. These professionals often examine or evaluate individuals involved in the criminal justice system and help law enforcement, attorneys and judges understand the psychological implications of a legal matter. They are often the specialists who are called upon to testify as expert witnesses in civil, family or criminal cases. Other graduates use their training and psychology degrees to teach or do research, which usually requires a Ph.D. Professional salaries vary depending on location, employer, industry and specialty. In 2019, the median salary for psychologists was approximately $80,000 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The median annual salary for an industrial-organizational psychologist was $111,150 in 2019, according to the BLS. Counseling and school psychologists had a median salary of approximately $78,200. The BLS projects overall employment in the field to grow by 3% through 2029. What Does It Take to Become a Psychologist? Dr. Hammonds says that many students decide to pursue a psychology degree because they are interested in helping others or working with people to improve challenges in their lives. For those interested in working directly with clients, people skills are an absolute must. Dr. Hammonds says, “It takes a person who is truly dedicated to that kind of work, who has the right kind of personality, in terms of interacting well with other people and showing concern for other people. That’s important in any sort of personal relationship like that, where you’re trying to help someone with their problems.” Dr. Hammonds says that psychologists and therapists need to develop strong communication and critical thinking skills and demonstrate empathy and compassion for the people with whom they work. “Some people might truly care, but it doesn’t come across,” he says. “That’s a skill you have to develop.” Communication skills play a large role in TROY’s psychology program. One goal of the program is to enhance a student’s writing skills. “Under the guidance of psychology department faculty, I had the opportunity to publish two manuscripts during my undergraduate career,” says O’Brien. “Now, I am grateful for my writing fluency every day when composing treatment plans and reports for my clients.” Of course, cultivating people skills is emphasized in the program. “I also feel like I gained a lot of opportunity to practice empathy and interpersonal skills, which are crucial to my ability to effectively mentor and supervise my team in the clinic,” she says. How Do I Earn a Psychology Degree? Troy University offers a four-year bachelor’s degree in psychology. Dr. Hammonds recommends that anyone interested in pursuing a psychology degree should take the introductory course in psychology, which also fulfills TROY’s general studies requirements. He adds that it’s a popular course among students of all majors because it teaches the basics of human behavior — knowledge that’s applicable to anything they do after graduation. “It’s a good way to gauge your interest in psychology as it covers a variety of distinct topic areas,” he says. “We spend a few days talking about topics such as intelligence, memory, emotion and psychological disorders. And you get a pretty good overview of the discipline.” Students earning a psychology degree at TROY have to take several required courses, including statistics and research methods. Early on, students also begin to keep an eye to their futures. “We have an orientation to the major course where we talk about career options, so they’re thinking ahead,” Dr. Hammonds says. The orientation course helps students become familiar with various careers in psychology as well as the basics of psychology writing and citations. In addition to general psychology and developmental psychology, students can choose between courses such as psychology of learning, evolutionary psychology, comparative psychology, psychology of women, principles of counseling, family violence, social psychology and forensic psychology. O’Brien credits her TROY classes with giving her career a direction. “I would have never known about ABA if I hadn’t taken that course while I was at TROY. It is not a therapy I had heard about at the time,” O’Brien says. “Similarly, I think Evolutionary Psychology and Psychology of Learning helped me understand a lot more about human behavior and how the consequences of our environment have such an impact on our learning and how we choose to live. I also still find myself referring back to Developmental Psychology as I design treatment plans to help children with autism meet developmental milestones,” she added. TROY also offers students the opportunity to minor in applied behavior analysis, psychological research, or substance abuse education. Non-psychology majors can also earn a minor in general psychology. Dr. Hammonds says psychological research is a good option for anyone planning to go to graduate school. Others who are interested in working in treatment for people with autism and developmental delays might consider the applied behavior analysis minor. Substance abuse education prepares students for careers such as drug treatment or addiction counseling. For many students, psychology is a gateway to other helping professions. Hannah Hastie was a senior in high school when she decided that she would pursue a psychology degree at TROY. “I took an AP psychology course and became immediately interested in the workings of the human mind,” says Hastie. After graduating in spring 2020 with a Bachelor of Science in psychology and a minor in Applied Behavior Analysis, she has successfully progressed to a graduate program and is putting her psychology background to good use. “My psychology degree gives me a diverse perspective in this field that other students lack,” Hastie adds. “I am grateful for my background in psychology because it not only put me ahead in certain classes but also allows me to approach clients with a different understanding.” Psychology majors at TROY have the opportunity to participate in a number of undergraduate research opportunities. In Dr. Hammonds’ experimental psychology class, students design a research project that has to be approved by the University’s Institutional Review Board. He is currently teaching a class where students have designed a research project on how COVID-19 and online learning has impacted students’ mental health. Students can also do an independent research project with psychology faculty members. Dr. Hammonds is working with student Addison Meeks looking at the “CSI effect,” investigating how television shows might influence the expectations that people have for evidence presented at criminal trials. Class size at TROY is also a benefit. “The small class sizes allowed for a personal relationship with the professors. Every professor went out of their way to ensure I was understanding the material and offered help whenever it was needed. They knew my name and made it easy to approach them,” Hastie says. Dr. Hammonds says that the psychology degree at TROY prepares students for careers in psychology or a wide variety of other professions. “We have a really strong undergraduate psychology program here at TROY,” he says. To learn more about the bachelor’s degree in psychology at Troy University and related careers, please visit the program page on our website. Illustration by Madelyn Flanagan © 2021 Troy University.
Exertion or effort directed to produce or accomplish something • This workout takes approximately 10 Minutes • This workout is for students in Grades 9-12 • Teacher Resources • Type: Strength • Excercise: Abdominal Routine • Target: Core • Equipment: Chair Workout guide 1. Start in seated NaliniKIDS posture, facing sideways at the edge of a chair 2. Place your hands underneath your shoulders at either end of the seat of the chair 3. Turn your palms out and hold the edges of the chair with your fingertips 4. Lean your upper body back into your hands; using your abs, lift your legs up from the floor 5. Balance on your glutes, keeping your thighs and feet together and your abs activated, knees slightly bent 6. Keep your abs pulled in tightly and your shoulders back and down 7. Lean your upper body back and extend your legs out and forward; then lean your upper body forward and crunch your legs into your chest, using the abs to pull them in (think of opening and closing your body like a book) 8. On the OPEN: elbows bend and your legs straighten 9. On the CLOSE: arms lengthen and your knees bend – 10 single count – 10 pulses – 10 single count – Rest – 10 single count – 10 pulses – 10 single count – 5 second hold If you’re confused about your set-up: – Stay in a smaller, more comfortable range – Or place your feet on the floor and using your abs, lower and lift just your upper body You can customize the reflection prompts to meet the needs of your students and your time constraints. Create a unique workout experience every time you return to this lesson by choosing different prompts — each workout can reveal something new for students! Icon of a body with vibration lines on the sides of it. How does your body feel after completing the workout? Icon of a profile view of a person’s head with a speech bubble where the brain would be. How does your mind feel after completing the workout? Icon of a question mark. What does Work mean to you in this moment? Describe one thing you have learned about yourself through work. (This could be a part-time job, internship, volunteering, or schoolwork.) Think critically about the word WORK. What are some different ways that others might interpret this word? Describe your future dream job, and explain why this job is attractive to you. How could this job contribute to society? Real-World Connection What have you learned about work and work ethic from your family? Learning Environment Reflect on a favorite assignment you completed in school. What was it, and how might this assignment relate to what you would like to study or do for work in the future? What types of careers are available in your community? What types of careers are not available in your community? Academic Connection Design a resume with your current work experience. You should include professional experiences, coursework, sports, volunteering, etc. Social Studies How is the job market in your country different than it was fifty years ago? How do you think it might change over the next fifty years? What unique skills do you bring to group work that help you to collaborate with other students? How can you improve your role in future group work? Fun Fact Standing while doing work on the computer increases your productivity. It may also improve mood and energy levels and lower your risk of heart disease!
How Lengthy Does It Take To Study Python? & 5 Learning Hacks This interactive 10-hour course contains 75 lessons that will assist you study to program in Python. Students start by learning the basic building blocks of Python, such as knowledge varieties and variables, and then move on to topics like loops, functions, and libraries. Like different programming languages, studying python additionally relies upon mainly on how a lot time do you spend to have the ability to be taught the language. Libraries like matplotlib are used for data science whereas instruments like Click are used for system scripting.As an interpreted language, Python has easier, extra concise syntax than Java.Check out my Learn Python Fast youtube playlist to see how this can be carried out.NeuralNine provides a YouTube playlist of 10 superior Python tutorials, each specializing in a unique aspect of Python, together with magic methods, decorators, and generators. As your abilities improve, you’ll advance to extra in-depth levels of Python. These highly specific abilities are in high demand within the international tech job market. Thus, investing in studying a talent you genuinely enjoy working with is a fantastic long-term investment of your time. If you wan to explore other programming languages and instruments, head over to my submit with one of the best YouTube channels to be taught programming. How Lengthy Does It Take To Be Taught Programming Language? To be taught Python at any degree, you’ll want to invest time and effort. This listing isn’t exhaustive, and for each subject, there’s so much to learn. Your development from capability to expertise shall be separate for every area. You could be an professional in any of those subjects while nonetheless being a whole newbie in another space. However, Python might help you get up to hurry comparatively shortly because it’s a beginner-friendly language that reads similarly to English. If you have proficiency in English, you can start writing fundamental Python code logic in only a few days. Quick Recommendations On Studying Python The reply is tricky, and it may possibly depend in your particular schedule and wishes. Read more about How long does it take to learn Python here. You’re carried out taking half in round with “what-if”s and “someday”s. You’re finally going to launch your career as a full stack developer. And it’s not simply “Python developer” that could be your new position title if you be taught Python. There are tons of other tech jobs you will get when you realize Python — and there’s something for everybody. What’s Hacking And How Did It Start? [newline]how Long Does It Take To Learn Python? Get To Know The Details For Best Outcomes These Features are GUI Programming Support, Integration, and Dynamic memory allocation. It has straight ahead syntax and far the identical because the English language. Here can also be a great information to what a python programmer should learn about. Having a full-time job or courses makes it troublesome for you to learn Python. Leave a Reply
Under Our Streets 19 May 2020 Even though pipelines carry a variety of products, there are widespread misconceptions of pipe commonality; problems surrounding advanced age, improper inspection, poor (or even occasionally non-existent) location maps, or inadequate maintenance. These issues have dominated recent headlines, from local mishaps to national tragedies. Without a doubt, energy transportation by pipeline ensures pricing and system efficiencies, simplicity, and stellar safety records. By no means is shipping oil and/or gas by rail or truck unsafe. However, using pipelines is the safest way to transport oil and gas over long distances. Pipeline systems have a commonality of challenges, but also solutions for not only the gas lines running under city streets but every other pipeline as well. One of the most important developments in pipeline safety is the increasing effectiveness of remote sensing technology. A number of firms are developing incredibly efficient, reliable, consistent, and simple systems to constantly monitor pipeline safety status which a pipeline operator can either buy and install itself or essentially lease the entire system – from hardware to software to monitoring. These systems not only monitor lines for possible corrosion, etc. but can also be used to monitor lead detection, and the security of the pipeline. These sensing systems are light years ahead of current methods, which involve, in the case of oil and gas pipelines, inserting a pipeline inspection gauge, aka “pig” into the system for 3D inspection. Many water and sewer systems are still using individually operated and inserted cameras or personal physical inspections, to handle most of their monitoring tasks (and usually only after something goes wrong, like a water main break). We must undertake a comprehensive, national underground mapping project. Throughout the country, there are unmarked, unknown, and unexpected underground conduits and pipelines. This problem has led to countless accidents, many with fatal consequences, which are avoidable. We must also embark on a campaign to ensure proper investments are made to upgrade and replace century-old systems across the country. As pipelines are “out of sight, and out of mind,” national attention remains focused elsewhere, despite the importance of our transportation network. Public agencies, private companies, concerned citizens, and non-profit stakeholders must join forces to implement these common solutions. We can avoid countless future incidents while improving our economy for generations to come. From the Archives: This post originally appeared in The Hill and subsequently recapped in Aii’s November 2014 Newsletter. The Alliance for Innovation and Infrastructure (Aii) is an independent, national research and educational organization. An innovative think tank, Aii explores the intersection of economics, law, and public policy in the areas of climate, damage prevention, energy, infrastructure, innovation, technology, and transportation.
The Ubiquity of Information in the Modern World The Ubiquity of Information in the Modern World Jesse Martin 31/03/2021 1 The Ubiquity of Information in the Modern World Throughout most of recorded history, information has been a scarce commodity. And, those who controlled access to information were held in high esteem. Information scarcity is the foundation on which today’s educational institutions are modeled. The scarcity model is based on the premise that information is expensive to produce, store and transmit. That may have been the case in the past, but just in case you missed it, it isn’t the case any longer. When information scarcity was the case, it made sense to concentrate resources and bring those who have knowledge and control access to information together. Those who want to get information know where to find it – where it is gathered. Information transmission between people – teaching – is best done where the information is held. Traditionally, this has been the role of schools and universities. With the advent of the factory in the early nineteenth century, the idea to bring students together to learn in an efficient, one-to-many setting was seen as an ideal way to produce a learned workforce. Even the physical structures standing at the center of teaching in universities are still designed this way – large rooms where many students can assemble together to hear what a teacher has to say – lecture theatres. The method is employed to deliver 89% of university teaching today. Although there are many who will say that the trend is headed in the right direction (fewer lectures) the data says otherwise, presumably because of the pressure to engage in the research process. One of the civilizing drives over the past millennium has been to make information more abundant. A drive to move from information scarcity to information abundance. Below are listed a few of the key milestones in that drive from when information began to move from the ancient libraries where copies were laboriously hand-made to the social media world of information overload we inhabit today. Over the years, information has become easier and less expensive to both acquire and transmit. From a few ancient libraries to the wireless access to the internet available to the 14.02 billion mobile devices owned and operated by over 45% of the world’s population, the transition from information scarcity to information abundance has been relentless. Although not completely free, information is close to free (or could be) and available to pretty well half the people on the planet. The internet today has made information cheap and ubiquitous – information abundance. When viewed against the backdrop of recorded history, the digital age of information abundance is still very new, but we know that the genie is not going to go back into the bottle in order to support an information scarcity society. Why not embrace the transition from information scarcity to information abundance as the culmination of centuries of striving? This is a question that I have been asking for years and years. Why is education, especially higher education, still based on an information scarcity model? Information scarcity requires us to bring students to a central place of learning. This has been interrupted by COVID 19, but not really - ZOOM/YouTube have just become the lecture halls currently used to still gather students together virtually. Information scarcity requires knowledge guardians to be gathered together physically. Information scarcity requires the publication of (text)books to encapsulate a field of study - a block of information frozen in both space and time. Information scarcity means that students must memorize reams of information because, well, because it is scarce and hard to come by. None of these things are needed any longer in order to learn. They are needed for education, but not for learning. So why is education still based on a scarcity model? Five of the primary stakeholders demand that the model be upheld. Institutions (Universities) Why would universities, as institutions, want to work under an information scarcity model of learning and resist moving to an information abundance model of learning? I believe that there are several reasons such as research focus, efficiency of teaching, teaching rather than learning focus, and real – rather than stated (marketed) purposes. Research Focus The definition of a university is a higher education institution that has research as the primary and central activity of the institution (the term has traditionally been used to designate research institutions - Wikipedia). Some would argue that research interests come second to teaching, however, the reality is that research is the only game in town. The status and prestige of the institution are based on research and have nothing to do with teaching. Academic hiring and promotional opportunities pay lip service to teaching, but are focussed on research activities with the few teaching only posts seen (and treated as) second class academics - even in universities that are called “teaching focussed”. The very idea that teaching release is given for excellence in research clearly states where an institution's values lie. There are even teaching only, two-year colleges that will give teaching release for what can only be called a pale imitation of real research. Clearly, research activity is what is valued in higher education. In many institutions, students are actually referred to (in the backrooms and corridors) as cash cows to support the real activities of the institution. Teaching is seen as a necessary chore that is made as efficient as possible, meaning doing it with as small a resource commitment as possible. Research Publishing The research publishing game is grounded firmly with information scarcity as the primary goal. Why? Money… Try to follow this explanation if you can. In the end, you will shake your head at the absurdity of it all. First, the majority of research in universities is done by faculty members paid by the university. Their full-time salaries are almost exclusively paid for by the institution. Most of these institutions rely heavily on public money, and so we, the taxpayers are paying for academic research to be done. Second, as a part of the research process, researchers (the same ones paid by the institutions) write extensive reports about their findings to be published so that other researchers (and anyone interested) can refer to the research and evaluate research findings for themselves. The third step is for these reports to be submitted to an editor for peer review. The editor of a journal or publication is a faculty member at a university somewhere who is paid by the institution they work in. The reason a person is willing to become the editor of a journal is because of the prestige the unpaid role brings. The editor makes the final decision abbot whether a report is published, based on the next step in the process. The fourth step is for the reports to be sent out to other researchers, who work in the same field of study, to be evaluated for publication. There are usually between three and five reviewers for each report. Oh, and did I mention that all of the peers who are reviewing the reports are faculty members of various universities, paid for by the universities. So far, so good. Universities (or research grants) pay for the researchers. Universities pay for the writing of the reports. Universities pay for the editors of the publications that the reports are submitted to. And, the peers who review the research reports are paid for by the universities. So far, everything is paid for by the universities with much of the funding for these activities coming from taxpayers. At this stage, if a report is accepted by the editor for publication, the report then becomes the property of the publisher, usually a private company. The authors of scholarly work are required to sign over copyright to private companies with no compensation from the private companies whatsoever. The private publishers are given all the rights to research findings that have been completely paid for by universities. And, then it gets worse. This is where information scarcity comes in. Other researchers and individuals must pay for the right to read these findings that were paid for entirely by universities in the first place. The information becomes a commodity that must be paid for. A commodity that is, by design, made scarce so that it has value for the publishing company. So what. So a private company makes a bit of money in the process. They have to cover the cost of printing the reports and making the reports available online. So, after paying all of the costs for producing, editing, and reviewing the research reports, universities then have to pay to access these reports. Not a big deal until you are told just how much the universities have to pay to gain access to the information that they have already paid for to be produced. The average amount paid for access to research journals in 2011 by 34 research universities in North America was $2,584,400 ranging from $1,201,200 (Colorado State) to $4,504,500 (University of Toronto). This doesn’t count the books that libraries bought. These are just the serials (journals) that research reports are published in (Fei She et. Al. 2012). And these prices reflect discount prices paid for journal bundles. Information scarcity by design Teaching Efficiency Another reason that higher education institutions embrace the information scarcity model of information is teaching efficiency. Large lectures with as many students as possible packed into the allocated space are efficient. In one hour, learning units for 400, 800, or even a thousand(s) of students can be checked off an administrator's list which then brings in the allocated income from wherever the source is. In a world obsessed with efficiency of delivery and accountability of resources in virtually every aspect of our lives, maximizing efficiency in teaching is viewed as a positive aspect of a successful institution. To advertise inefficiency would be seen as a negative aspect of the university administration. As a result, in most institutions, minimum class sizes are specified. If fewer than twenty students sign up for classes in the first two years of study, the class is canceled because it is inefficient to run such a small class. Obsession with efficiency leads to larger and larger lecture theatres, in spite of the fact that “no alternative has ever been discovered that is less effective (for learning) than lecturing (Bligh, 2000)”. Teaching rather than Learning Focus If you closely examine teaching activities in education, from the earliest preschool through to higher education, education is focussed on teaching. In the training of a teacher, the time spent learning how people learn is almost non-existent. I was talking to a recent graduate, from a leading education program, and he told me that he could remember the class he took that taught him about how people learn, and I was very excited. I asked him what resources were used to teach this, and he said “I think you misunderstand me. I mean that I took a class, a single, three-hour class, about how people learn. Not a semester-long class.” Needless to say, I was astounded. I knew that the emphasis on learning is minimal, but didn’t realize that it was that minimal. It doesn’t change as students get older. I have studied the science that underlies how people learn and how that understanding can be applied to formal learning situations for decades now, and am considered a curiosity in education – not to be taken seriously. You would think that a higher education institution would want to have a learning expert somewhere in the institution. Instead, they rely almost exclusively on teaching experts. There is not even lip service paid to learning. It is all about teaching. Institutional Purpose Many institutions have, as a part of their mission statements (or whatever they call them) words like leadership, excellence, reaching potential, innovation, and on and on. Although these buzzwords are officially a part of the heart of the institution, actions speak louder than words. Ever larger lecture theatres, relegating teaching to a second class activity without even a mention of learning, rewarding, and focussing almost exclusively on research – this is why institutions work under an information scarcity model. Maybe someone somewhere can enlighten me as to how sitting through 12, three-hour lectures (standard single semester class) can help a learner reach his or her potential. Institutional Information Scarcity Institutional information scarcity means that information is hard to find and is housed in information repositories (universities). Learners must go to a place of learning in order to access information. Learners must gather together by the hundreds and thousands to hear the words of a scholar and engage in real learning events (lectures). Access to significant information (journals, books, etc.) must be carefully controlled, and this access is sold to learners. Institutionally, an information abundant model would threaten their very existence as the guardian of information. Scarcity adds value. Without institutional control, there would be no scarcity and the cash cow (undergraduate) would disappear and the real activities of a university would cease because of the lack of funding just as newspapers and investigative journalism disappeared with the disappearance of classified ads and the associated income stream. Institutions embrace an information scarcity model because as long as information is scarce, it is worth something. That doesn’t explain why faculty members who teach, continue to support an information scarcity model. I believe it is because of several factors: the reinforcement system, inertia, ease, and lack of interest Reinforcement is a big factor. As I outlined above, the university and college system have as their primary focusses things other than learning. In universities, the focus is research. As such, the reinforcement system in place is for research. Few, if any, faculty members receive monetary rewards (raises), real recognition, significant promotions, and peer approval for their prowess in teaching. If a person receives tangible rewards for research-related activities (publications, grant capture, Ph.D. students, etc., space (labs), and assistants), those are the activities that will receive their time. I have worked in a research-intensive institution and know faculty members who teach students a few hours a year (as low as 3.5 in one case) so that teaching activities do not interfere with their research. As part of my role there, I supported the training of Ph.D. students. I am guilty of telling students not to spend too much of their time on teaching-related activities because this will hamper career development. When there is explicit teaching relief (you get to teach fewer classes) for excellence in research, the institutional and peer expectations direct your activities. Although excellence in teaching is paid lip service, the real driver for promotion is research activity. With promotions come monetary rewards. Although money isn’t a factor for academics (at least that is what they say) I know too many academics (pretty well all) who respond favorably to financial incentives to actually believe what they say about their altruistic motives. Money talks in the academy just like anywhere else. Lecturing is what academics do when they are teaching. Everyone knows this and we know that conformity is a basic driving force for behavior. Academics are people, and if everyone else is doing it (especially peers), and if this is what everyone has always done, there is little impetus to alter long-standing traditions. And so we see that lecturing accounts for over 89% of all teaching events in universities today. Academics are not trained to teach, and there are few people who go through the grueling training that it takes to obtain a Ph.D. who want to teach. They are trained as researchers, and that is what they want to do. This is one of the main drivers for individual faculty members to keep the information scarcity model of education in place. Dealing with students takes time. This is especially true when using non-standard teaching methods that actually foster learning. It takes about three years to get a series of lectures to the point where a lecturer is satisfied, unless a lecturer uses the pre-prepared, caned lectures that company virtually all textbooks. For self-prepared lectures, the first year is real work. In the second year, most of the material is revised to get it better. In the third year, some tweaks are made to get it just right and from then on you just deliver the same-old, same-old. When you can do this with hundreds of students at a time and test their progress (memorization) with a multiple-choice test (or go all out with an essay exam), you can satisfy the teaching requirements of your job in a few hours a week. Why change a method that works for everyone except those who actually want to learn. Lack of Interest This is the real reason why the information scarcity model reigns supreme. Faculty members are not interested in how students learn. The few who are interested in their students focus on how they teach. Teaching is the only thing that matters. I have found very few teachers (or other faculty members of any kind) who want to know anything at all about how people learn. When I have been approached, as an expert in the field, practitioners don’t want to know anything about how people learn. All they want to know is some teaching tip that will make their students happier. When institutions talk at all about students today, it has nothing to do with learning. The institutional focus on students is called “the student experience” which can be interpreted as “keep the students happy”. How can anyone be interested in how people learn when they find themselves in complete isolation when they do. Although faculty and the institutions strive to keep the information scarcity model of information alive and kicking for their own benefit, students are just as resistant to change as the other two. This seems paradoxical as students would be the primary beneficiaries of a move to an information abundance model. We know that students gain little or no benefit, when it comes to learning, from the way education happens today (lecturing). A study done in 1980 showed that students, one year after the end of their semester-long class, scored only 20% higher than students who didn’t take the course. Seven years later that difference had dropped to 10%. Another study showed that the drop in performance in a test taken at the end of a one-hour class and a test taken on the same material a week later saw the raw scores drop an average of 42% during that time. And yet, students demand lectures. They believe that a lecture is the proper way to learn in university. Every time I have supported a lecturer in trying something that will actually facilitate learning (and even experienced this myself), the majority of the students erupt with fury at the idea that someone is doing something different from a lecture. Thanks to social media, I have read for myself the kinds of things they say. In one case, what my colleague received from the students was “You should lose your job. Your job is to tell us what we need to memorize in order to pass the test and you aren’t doing it“. This comment was followed by almost 200 others echoing the same sentiment (there were 350 students enrolled in the class). I don’t use lectures in my teaching and base the entire experience for the students on all that I know about how people learn. I know that, even though my reputation precedes me and students sign up for my class expecting something very different, there is a repeated enrolment pattern every year. I ask the students to pre-read the exact requirements for my classes and before the first day of classes, 25% will drop the class. After the first day of class, the only time I stand up front and talk to the students (so I can explain how the class works), a crowd of students flock to me with horror in their eyes asking exactly what I expect of them right now - after which 25% of the enrolled students drop. Because of my reputation as a teacher, there is always a large waiting list of students trying to get into my classes and eventually they end up being almost full - between 50 and 55 students in a class with a 60 student cap. A few years ago, I was teaching at a local college and was hauled onto the carpet three times during one semester and chastened for using methods other than the “read them the PowerPoint slides” kind of teaching that is so prevalent today. This dressing-down was instigated by a group of students who demanded a more traditional approach. When I told the chair of the department that I was doing this so that the students would actually learn, I was told that their learning was not my concern and my primary responsibility was to keep them happy. I believe that the primary driver for this resistance to change comes from the reasons that students enroll in higher education in the first place. The 2016 Gallup Purdue Index (GPI) found that 86% of students want a higher education degree so they can get a better job (down from the 73% average in 2009). If 86% of the students are there for a paper that says they were there, then learning is an obstacle rather than an opportunity. Lectures (and the wait to regurgitate stuff for an exam) are the traditional way to do it and fully subscribe to the information scarcity model of learning. Besides, attending lectures and cramming for a test is relatively easy - and it works. When all you want is a degree so you can get a better job, why do any more than you have to? There are very few students in today’s mass education system who are there to learn. As a senior colleague at my former place of work said, “If we don’t ask too much of them, they won’t ask too much of us, and we’ll all be happy.” Businesses expect university or college qualifications. Do they really care about how well students do in their studies? According to the Chronicle of Higher Ed, on a scale of 1 - 100, businesses care about GPA about an 8. In addition, according to the WEF (see Figure 1) businesses don’t care much about the content students learn either. Figure 1: Figure from the WEF Future of Jobs survey (2016) highlighting the “Share of jobs requiring skills family as part of their skill set, %” with the requirement for content as a core component being 10% All that they really want is a qualification. And, even though there are constant murmurings about how worthless these qualifications are, there are few companies that are removing the requirement from their job requirements. What difference does it make if the qualification is gained through an information scarcity model or not? Along with students, parents are resistant to changing the model of higher education. If it was good enough for them, it is good enough for their children. What difference does it make that the world has changed? Almost every person who graduated from higher education got a good education. With that sample size in mind (n=1 - themselves), they turned out ok, so how could the fundamental model be wrong? When parents tour a college or university with their children, what are they shown? What is it that they ooh and ahh about? When it comes to learning facilities, the most impressive things that they see are modern, up-to-date lecture theatres and the vast library collections - both relics from the information scarcity model of learning. It isn’t that libraries are a bad thing. I think that libraries are brilliant, but the contents of libraries should be completely available online - not just the catalogs. From a parent's perspective, the information scarcity model of education is just what education is. It is what education has always been. It is what education will always be. Besides, don’t kids spend too much time online already? What Can We Do? The first thing that we can do is think about it. Think about the effects of an information scarcity model of education on learning. Think about how much better our society would be if a significant part of education, from beginning to end, was about information literacy. How to judge the value of information. How to look for reputable sources of information. How to use these skills for the betterment of society. Instead, formal education clings to a scarcity model while social media has embraced an information abundance model of information. A model that none of us are formally trained to work with and so we have conspiracy theories, rigged elections, fake news, and real radicalization occurring all around us. When the Province of Alberta (where I live) is still using some curriculum developed in the mid-1990s before the internet was even around, how can we expect a model of information abundance in education to be in place? And, the majority of educational jurisdictions aren’t that much better. At the very least, we should be lobbying for a curriculum-based firmly in this century and a foundational model of information based in the information age, even though we are mid-way through the transition into the next industrial age. We have a lot to do. Don’t ignore information abundance, embrace it. This age has been the dream of those who want to learn through virtually all of history. Lives have been lost making information more available throughout history. We have it now. Let’s use it. Share this article Leave your comments Post comment as a guest terms and condition. • Steve O'Connor Good read Share this article Jesse Martin Higher Education Expert Latest Articles View all • Science • Technology • Companies • Environment • Global Economy • Finance • Politics • Society
Émile Levassor Émile Levassor, (born 1844?—died 1897, France), French businessman and inventor who developed the basic configuration of the automobile. Levassor took over a firm that made woodworking machinery. When René Panhard joined the firm in 1886, the renamed firm of Panhard and Levassor began to make metal-sawing machines as well. Around 1890 Levassor managed to gain control of the French licenses to the automobile engine patents of Gottlieb Daimler. By 1891 Levassor had designed a radically new motorcar to house Daimler’s engine. He broke with tradition by placing the engine in front of the driver rather than under him, thereby obtaining better traction for the steering (front) wheels. He replaced the typical belt drive with a shaft-and-gear transmission that could be selectively engaged with a clutch to give different speed ratios. These and other innovations and existing designs were brilliantly combined by Levassor in the automobiles that his firm started selling in 1892. His vehicles were the first true, if embryonic, automobiles, rather than being simply carriages that had been modified for self-propulsion. In June 1895 Levassor gave a sensational demonstration of the effectiveness of his design by finishing first in a field of 18 gasoline, steam, and electric motorcars in a race from Paris to Bordeaux and back, a distance of 730 miles (1,200 km). Levassor died of injuries sustained in a race in 1897.
The Future of Fashion: How Technology Is Shaping the Fashion Industry fashion industry Share this post: The role of technology has introduced massive developments in almost any industry, and fashion is no exception. Fashion has been at the forefront of innovation, from the advent of sewing machines to smart, high-tech apparel. The global fashion market has witnessed significant developments in the last decades, and the industry is predicted to be valued at $765 billion by 2022. Like other industries, technology has changed the way how clothing manufacturers and fashion brands operate. It has provided designers unlimited possibilities and has developed and refined the manufacturing processes. One example is the revolutionary line of automatic heat press machines that provides unparalleled consistency and superior results from a variety of garments. Today, technology has transformed the way people create, design, market, and shop in the fashion industry. Companies are adapting to clothing innovations to meet the growing expectations of their consumer base. With all the emerging trends in the fashion world, it only makes sense to identify the potential tech advancements that will affect fashion businesses. That being said, here are the emerging tech trends that will change the future of the fashion industry. Novel fabrics Novel fabrics are taking the fashion industry by storm and will likely change the way brands appeal to sustainability. This trend began when designers are using questionable materials in their products, such as eco-friendly leather. To address this concern, startups such as EntoGenetics are turning to super-strong spiker silk as a fabric source, while Modern Meadow is creating lab-grown and cruelty-free leather. Meanwhile, Lululemon, Adidas, and other prominent fashion brands will be using a mushroom-based leather substitute in their lineup by 2021. Tech companies are also bringing health and wellness to the clothing industry. Bio-ceramic sleepwear combines body heat to create far-infrared radiation to improve circulation, reduce inflammation, and enhance the body’s recovery rate. Novel fabrics are also making color-shifting apparel possible. If you’re familiar with Hypercolor t-shirts and mood rings in the 90s, their modern iterations have become more sophisticated. MIT researchers create ColorFab 3D, a system that prints 3D objects using “photochromic inks” that when exposed to certain UV light wavelengths will cause the fabric to change its color. Digital shopping With the COVID-19 pandemic going on, people are going digital to access their essentials. Fashion retailers are following suit by taking advantage of their online platforms to change how they sell their products and services. As people recognize the speed and convenience of online shopping, consumers now prefer to shop for their clothes online without seeing the product in person. Meanwhile, skeptical shoppers refuse to follow suit because traditional shopping allows them to see and inspect the product in person. online shopping Brands are responding to this by creating a more immersive virtual shopping experience than just selling clothing online. For example, e-commerce is increasing conversion by allowing online shoppers to see the product in 3D form. The virtual reality experience, such as virtual fit, virtual stylists, and virtual showrooms has allowed customers to virtually try on products without leaving their homes. Combining technology and fashion, Zeekit is one of the first tech companies to develop a virtual fitting room where customers can see themselves in any clothing found online. Major brands, such as ModCloth, Macy’s, and Adidas, are turning to virtual changing rooms in the hopes to become a technology mainstream. Virtual fashion shows will also invade the fashion marketing sector. Fashion brands are pushing their digital efforts to influence customers who prefer physical purchases. Fashion shows will also go digital and use 3D avatars to manufacture, test, and showcase their designs. This will allow customers to be involved and help designers test their ideas before the actual creation. Simplified fashion The economic challenges brought by COVID-19 pushed fashion brands to rethink how they manufacture their product, in terms of style and delivery. Before, fashion brands produce eight collections every year, which resulted in fully booked fashion show schedules and month-long delays before an item gets released. From eight collections, designers will now produce two collections per year by combining two seasons in one release: spring/summer and fall/winter. This simplified approach will prioritize customers by producing appropriate pieces for the season. Simplified fashion will also save the environment and reduce costs dedicated to marketing campaigns. The quick transition between seasonal collections forced fashion brands to spend more on fashion shows and marketing campaigns. By simplifying collections, companies will minimize their waste as well as the expenses involved in producing new designs. Technology trends have offered interesting opportunities in the fashion industry. With brands and companies expanding in different fields, technology has proven its role in creating a positive customer experience. As the fashion industry continues to embrace technology, we will likely witness more developments that will transform customer demands and trends in the near future. Scroll to Top
Trial begins of antibody to treat Covid-19 respiratory disease A clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of an investigational monoclonal antibody for treating people who are hospitalised with respiratory disease and low blood oxygen due to infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, has begun. The Phase II trial, called the Covid-19 anti-CD14 Treatment Trial (CaTT), is sponsored and funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The laboratory-created monoclonal antibody, called IC14, binds to a human protein, CD14, that is found on the surface of immune cells circulating in the blood and airway fluid and that also circulates as a stand-alone protein. CD14 helps immune cells recognise pathogens and injured or dying cells, alerting the immune system to danger and prompting its response. Research suggests that during SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs, CD14 overamplifies the later stages of the immune response to the virus, potentially leading to a hyperactive inflammatory response and a “cytokine storm.” Cytokines, proteins secreted by immune cells, influence the immune response. A cytokine storm is a severe immune reaction in which the body rapidly releases numerous cytokines into the blood and tissues. In Covid-19 patients, a cytokine storm may generate dangerous levels of inflammation and tissue damage in the lungs, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome and respiratory failure. “By blocking a protein called CD14 during the early stages of Covid-19 respiratory disease, the monoclonal antibody IC14 could potentially temper the immune system’s harmful inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2, thereby limiting associated tissue damage and improving patients’ health outcomes,” said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci. The CaTT study will enrol between 300 and 350 hospitalised Covid-19 patients aged 18 years or older at 10 to 15 sites nationwide. Volunteer participants will be assigned at random to receive intravenous infusions of either IC14 or a placebo for four days. Neither the participants nor the study team will know who receives the monoclonal antibody or the placebo until the end of the trial. All participants will also receive intravenous infusions of the antiviral drug remdesivir for five consecutive days. The study team will follow participants for 60 days. Results are expected in early 2022. The main goal of the CaTT study is to determine whether treatment with IC14 decreases the time it takes people with Covid-19 respiratory disease to recover such that they no longer need ongoing medical care in the hospital. Secondary goals are to determine the safety of IC14 in the study population and the efficacy of the drug at reducing the severity of Covid-19 respiratory disease. If the results of the CaTT study are promising, then IC14 may be tested in a larger Phase III efficacy trial. Suggested Reading Join FREE today and become a member of Drug Discovery World Membership includes: • Whitepapers, eBooks and information from trusted third parties. Join For Free
DuPont breaks ground on commercial-scale cellulosic biorefinery in Iowa Micro sensor motes successfully travel through a Canadian heavy oil reservoir; potential enabler for mapping reservoir structures to boost yield The Hub, to be known as the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), will combine the R&D capabilities of five DOE national laboratories, five universities, and four private firms in an effort aimed at achieving revolutionary advances in battery performance, targeting electric and hybrid cars and the electricity grid. The goal, said Eric Isaacs, Director of Argonne National Laboratory, is “5-5-5. We will develop batteries that are five times more powerful and five times cheaper within 5 years. Factors of five are what we need to transform transportation and the power grid. We will invent at the molecular scale new complex materials and design transformational prototype battery systems that can be engineered for manufacturing. —Eric Issacs When you have to deliver the goods very very quickly, you need to put the best scientists next to the best engineers across disciplines to get very focused on solving the problem. —Energy Secretary Steven Chu The Hub will bring together some of the most advanced energy storage research programs in the US today. Other national labs partnering with Argonne include Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Sandia National Laboratories; and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. University partners include Northwestern University; University of Chicago; University of Illinois-Chicago; University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; and University of Michigan. If the 5-5-5 goals are reached, the car industry will have the high performance, lower cost batteries required for affordable highway BEVs in late 2017? It is a strong possibility that others will also reach those goals. That would be worthwhile for 2018 EV buyers. "...5 times more powerful..." Do they mean 5 times the energy density? We have batteries with enough power to shred the rubber off the tires now. Of course, the upside of more power is they fast charge better and usually have better cycle life. Hell, I would have been really happy with 2-2-2-5: 2 times more powerful, 2 times more energy density, 2 times cheaper within 5 years. LOL We're closer than people think. These people asking for 500-1,000 mile range on EVs are wasting our time. Not needed and getting people into that mind set is the problem. A 200 mile range with 10 minute fast chargers would be good enough for easily 95% of the population if they were being honest with themselves. Anthony F This is good, but it appears the goal is to produce prototype batteries in that 5 year time frame. Good sure, but then you'll still need 3 years for production ramp-up, testing and qualification. I wouldn't expect these in 2017, but in the cars of 2020. That said, 5x capacity is 1000Wh/kg (vs 200 for today's modern 18650 cells), and 5x cheaper is around $80/kWh (good luck hitting that price). If they can hit these targets we'll be in EV heaven! Do they know something real about these goals? The five prior DECADES didn't gain fives X power X 1/5th cost, did they? A.F. agree with you that another 3+ years will be required for worldwide distribution in (very low cost) mass production places. The problem they should be pushing is how to test, to prove and to scale up current lab batteries to production level and to do so ASAP. This will accelerate acceptance of EVs greatly. Didn't anyone at DOE get the message from Tesla? Increase the range of EVs and the drivers will buy. If Tesla had a $25,000, 200 mile EV that could keep up with freeway traffic, they could sell a million a year. There are companies with completed-research, working, near-production, prototype batteries right now. In fact Dow has a battery ready for production that is a 15% increase in density over current batteries. Nissan has announce a 15% increase in the range of their 2013 Leaf mostly because of a more dense battery. We don't need another research fund, We need to bring current improved batteries to market. They seem a bit optimistic Goals easily set; are not easily met. "The five prior DECADES didn't gain fives X power X 1/5th cost, did they?" [kelly] Nope, neither one. More like 5-5-5-$120M. But hey, if they get either of the 1st 2 5s, we will all be ahead. That was a wonderful understatement. I LIKE it! It only takes one advance going into production to put batteries over the performance threshold to be ICE-killers. The silicon-graphene-amylopectin advance appears to be such. That battery would make hybridization a no-brainer, and being able to charge at 30 C would allow a sub-5-minute recharge after 2 hours of driving. Reducing cost is good, but not essential; if performance goes up far enough, the battery becomes cost-effective at the same price per kWh. To hit the lower price point will require a whole new battery chemistry. Lithium ion will be abandoned. Interesting years ahead for long range electrified vehicles. I agree with E-P, if one or more of the latest battery technologies is mass produced in 5 years time, we will have practical affordable long range EVs by 2020 or so. By the way, that's what I maintained for the last 2 or 3 years? Note: By making those future much higher performance batteries 'modular plug-ins' , EV owners could select the e-range at will and/or add extra modules latter for longer e-range, if really required. By starting with less modules, the initial EV cost would be much lower. Total car weight would also be lower for more Km per charge etc. If they accomplish this, (5x the energy density) they will have reached (in 5 short years) the practical theoretical limits of electrochemical storage. (practical means, rechargeable, producible and long lived) Sorry, but I've been reading such predictions for years and I won't fall for it. Call me when you've done it. Otherwise, promise nothing. I'm tired of it. Bob Wallace CalBattery has a graphite anode with embedded nano-silicon that stores 525 Wh/Kg in lithium-ion batteries. It came out of the Argonne lab. Envia has a cathode that stores 400 Wh/kg in lithium-ion batteries. This has been confirmed by the Electrochemical Power Systems Department at the Naval Surface Warfare Center. 400 Wh/kg is more than 3x better than what is in the Nissan Leaf. A very solid 200 mile range is fine for almost anyone as long as they have access to Level 3 chargers on long trips. Cost is simply a matter of scale. The materials, purchased in bulk, are not expensive. Lithium, high-purity, battery-grade lithium hydroxide range from $6,000 to $7,000 per tonne. The Nissan Leaf battery pack uses 4kg, <$30 of lithium. Manufacturing, large scale, can be largely automated thus minimizing labor costs. Seems to me we could get to where we need to be in less than five years. I'm telling you, we don't need 5-5-5. Hell, a doubling of ANY of them will be a breakthrough that makes EV's viable. A doubling of any TWO of them will be a killer for ICE and be a clear inflection point for EVs. Really, all we ever needed was a big market for traction batteries without a lot of nonsense legal requirements. We could have had PHEVs in the 1970's or even 1960's with brush-type motor-generators if the regulators hadn't been fixated on ICEVs and considered traction batteries a "pollution control device" requiring a 10-year warranty. It wouldn't have mattered if they only lasted 3 years if they were cheap enough to replace. Once a billion-dollar-a-year traction battery market existed, the relentless forces of applied R&D would have done the rest. We're getting to it about 30-40 years late. 5 minutes recharge for LDV and 200 miles AER gives us need of 55 kWh/5min or 660 kW (0,66 MW) capacity charger for single car. They are not existing but if existing they would require enormous investment into infrustructure and power price for such charging would be ten fold. It would be more crasy project than hydrogen highway. I am strong proponent of PHEV (EREV) with available slow night time charging. Range extender could be based on any synthetic fuel and super LDV ICE application. "Under my plan energy prices would necessarily skyrocket." I hope that's not a blanket statement. Patrick Free This is inspiring and worth investing for in my view, for future long term leadership. But shorter term I would be very happy next year if one of my preffered German car vendors, instead of kidding us with iStupidities, could just take same 85KWH top battery used in Tesla Model S, cut its cost by 2x, and put that in an decent SUV with an ICE range exterder optimized for non-tracting pure-generator and very few usages per year. With its >300M pure EV range and its far greater instant power allowing to move to a drive train exclusively on electric motors, that existing game changer battery would allow a comfortable # 1 x charge per week for my usual dayly commutes, plus # 1 charge per average week end away from home, all on slow charging plugs at home or work, ZERO Petrol for 90% of my milleage.... But then since I can only have one real car at home, and want to remain free to leave at any time and do >800M per day for long trips or vacations, to places where fast charging will not be readily available in the next 20 years, I want a Range Extender, period. Just a Tesla Model x with a Range Exterder, and <60K Euros and I jump in the PHEV wagon... By 2020 or so, many ICEVs will do 50 mpg, many HEVs will do close to 70 mpge and many PHEVs will do 125 mpge with much lighter more aerodynamic bodies and more efficient drive trains. By 2020 or so, new updated BEVs with next generation energy storage units and light weight bodies will do 10+ Km/kWh and handle 800+ Km per quick charge and/or slow overnight charge. The current decade will be difficult because the essential high performance storage units and light materials may not be mass produced at an affordable price before 2020 or so. However, during the next decade 2020-2030, we will see BEVs competing (successfully) with ICEVs, HEVs and PHEVs most everywhere. Till then, lower price (50 to 70 mph) HEVs may be acceptable interim solutions? You can do that pretty easily with local flywheel storage as a buffer. Feed in 13.2 kV @ 20 A and you can spin the flywheels back up in 12.5 minutes for a capacity of roughly 5 vehicles per hour. Flywheel storage can also be used for grid regulation and other purposes; there are a number of different revenue streams which could help amortize such an investment. BTW, Beacon Power (now bankrupt) had a baseline flywheel unit size of 25 kWh, so it would only take a couple of them to fully buffer a charging station able to deliver 55 kWh in 5 minutes. Bob Wallace Beacon has been bought out and the new company is going forward with flywheel development. Rockland Capital is working on a 20-megawatt flywheel project in Pennsylvania. How big was that Beacon 25kWh flywheel?.. probably scary big. Herm, I didn't find the exact weight of the unit, but the 25kWh version has a rotor that weighs 2,500lbs and the new 100kWh version will have a 4,000lb rotor. The comments to this entry are closed.
Biology Degrees & Careers in Biology Become Team Become Team June 9, 2020 Biologists travel the world to research animals, investigate microorganisms in the laboratory, and develop medical advances in the life sciences. They work for scientific research and development organizations, government agencies, diagnostic laboratories, and pharmaceutical companies. Many biology careers offer strong salaries and job growth. Biologists in many specialties, including wildlife biology and microbiology, can pursue entry-level opportunities with a bachelor's degree. During a biology program, students gain the knowledge and skills required for biologist jobs, including laboratory training. Biology majors also specialize their training through coursework in immunology, marine biology, molecular biology, and genetics. This page explores how to become a biologist, including job tasks, career paths, and salary information. Discover your career fit With Lantern's Career Quiz, you can be matched to career options that align with your personal characteristics. Take the free Career Quiz What Does a Biologist Do? Career Basics Biologists design and carry out experiments, manage research projects, and draw conclusions from their research. Their day-to-day tasks vary depending on their specialty. For example, clinical biologists work in a laboratory setting, while other biologists may work in an office or outdoors. Many biology jobs require teamwork and coordination with other scientists. In labs, biologists supervise biology technicians and other workers. Biologists often apply for grants to fund their work, write research papers and reports, and present their findings. They may also make recommendations based on their research. Biologist Salary and Job Growth Biologists earn strong salaries in many different specialties, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). For example, zoologists and wildlife biologists earned an annual median salary of over $63,000 in 2019, while microbiologists made more than $75,000. Other biological scientists earn a median annual income of $82,000 in 2019. Several biology career paths offer even higher earning potential, including biochemists and biophysicists, who earned a median annual salary of nearly $95,000 per year, and natural sciences managers, who earned over $129,000 in 2019. Biologists also benefit from strong job growth projections, with a projected 5-6% increase in jobs in biology between 2018 and 2028. Biology salaries vary depending on experience, education, and location. For example, biochemists typically hold a graduate degree, and experienced biologists earn higher salaries. As in other fields, certain specialties within biology offer a higher earning potential. Four Steps to Becoming a Biologist Careers in the biological sciences require education, specialization, and work experience. A bachelor's degree is the minimum educational requirement for many biology careers, although some require a graduate degree. Many career paths also require lab or internship experience. By completing the steps below, students qualify for jobs in biology. Step 1 Complete a bachelor's degree Earning a bachelor's degree in biology is the first step toward becoming a biologist. Career paths like microbiologist and wildlife biologist require a bachelor's degree for entry-level positions. Biology technicians also need a bachelor's degree. Majoring in biology or a related field prepares graduates for careers in biology. During a bachelor's degree in biology, learners study a variety of biological sciences, including genetics, molecular biology, zoology, and biochemistry. Many biology degrees also incorporate labs or internship opportunities to build career-ready skills. Step 2 Find a speciality Within the broad field of biology, scientists focus their career with a specialty. Biologists specialize in areas like cell biology, bacteriology, marine biology, and immunology. By finding a specialty, biologists prepare for focused career paths after graduation. Many biology degrees let students specialize their training through their major, concentration, or electives. For example, some colleges offer majors in microbiology or zoology. In addition, biologists specialize their skills by pursuing internships, laboratory experience, or work experience within their focus area. Step 3 Complete an internship Biology internships build the practical experience required for careers in biology. Biology interns work in laboratory settings as research assistants, in zoos as wildlife biology interns, and in offices assisting experienced biologists. Internships offer career-focused training for biologists. Many biology programs incorporate internship opportunities for undergraduates. Biology students can find a summer internship or identify internship opportunities through their school. Step 4 Consider graduate school Some employers require or prefer candidates with a graduate degree. For example, biochemists often need a doctorate for research and development roles, and academic biologists typically hold a Ph.D. in biology. A master's degree in biology can help biologists specialize their skills and pursue career advancement. When considering graduate programs, prospective students should research tuition costs, online options, and concentrations. Preparing to Become a Biologist: Schools and Programs Most jobs in biology require at least a bachelor's degree in biology. By researching the top schools and programs for biologists, prospective biologists can find the right program to meet their professional goals. Students considering a biology degree can narrow their options by researching the total cost of the degree, admissions policies, program length, and financial aid opportunities. Most colleges and universities offer biology degrees. Some schools even offer online biology degrees, where students complete coursework in an online learning environment and meet any laboratory requirements virtually. For example, the University of Florida and Arizona State University both offer online biology degrees. When comparing biology programs, prospective students should also consider factors such as a program's enrollment options, the number of start dates per year, and internship requirements. By evaluating these factors, future biologists can take the first step toward a career in biology. Courses in Biology Programs Students earning biology degrees take courses in biology, chemistry, math, and physics. These foundational science classes prepare learners for coursework in biochemistry, microbiology, ecology, and other subfields of biology. Bachelor's programs in biology also include laboratory courses to train students in laboratory methods. Biology courses prepare students for careers in biology or graduate study in subfields like microbiology, zoology, biostatistics, and other areas. While exact courses vary depending on the program, the following list provides a sample curriculum for an undergraduate biology degree. Introduction to Biology Introductory courses survey the field of biology and the core principles of the field. Coursework examines biological diversity, evolution, and gene expression. Students also learn about the relationship between biology and fields like chemistry. This course provides the foundational knowledge needed for upper-division biology courses. Microbiology Microbiology courses examine the world of microbes. Students learn about the principles of microbiology, the biological processes of microbes, and subfields like virology, bacteriology, and immunology. Topics may also include microbial cell structure, the role of microorganisms in disease, and microbial genetics. Environmental Biology This course explores the relationship between organisms in environmental systems. Students examine ecological principles like symbiotic relationships, natural resource management, and evolutionary trends. Coursework may also cover ecological research, zoology, and approaches in environmental biology. This course prepares learners for careers as ecologists, zoologists, and conservationists. Biology Laboratory Biology programs incorporate laboratory courses to build the practical skills needed for clinical or laboratory-based jobs. During a laboratory course, students strengthen their analytical skills by conducting biological experiments. Learners apply the scientific method, learn to operate laboratory equipment, and practice biological techniques like DNA isolation. Genetics Genetics courses introduce students to the study of genes and genetics, including subfields like cytogenetics and molecular genetics. Students may learn about theories in genetics, the evolution of the field, and the role of genetics in human health. Topics may also include genetic diseases, genomics, and laboratory methods in genetics. Accreditation for a Biologist Program Prospective biology students should always check a school's accreditation status before applying. Accredited colleges and universities meet the highest standards for granting degrees. Schools undergo a rigorous review from an independent accrediting agency to earn accreditation. During the review, the accrediting agency evaluates the school's student learning outcomes, faculty qualifications, and academic mission. Accredited schools regularly repeat this review to maintain their status. Accreditation benefits students in several ways. Students at accredited schools qualify for federal financial aid. Credits earned from accredited institutions are more likely to transfer. Accredited degrees meet the requirements for more professional licenses and certifications. When considering biology degrees, prospective students should look for schools that hold regional accreditation. Regional accreditation remains the more reputable standard for liberal arts and research institutions, while national accreditation applies to vocational and technical schools. Prospective students can check the U.S. Department of Education database to find accredited schools. Biologist Specialties Biologists specialize in fields like wildlife biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Within these specialties, biologists conduct research, evaluate the results of experiments, and observe animals and organisms. Pursuing a specialty lets biologists focus their training and build expertise. While earning a biology degree, students can choose a concentration or design a custom specialization through electives. Biology majors often take courses in several subfields, including biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics. After completing introductory courses in these areas, students can take upper-division courses in their specialization. Biologists who specialize in areas like zoology, laboratory science, or cell biology demonstrate their qualifications for specialized careers in biology. For example, training in public health prepares biologists for specialized biology career paths like public health microbiologist. Other biology specialties include marine biology, immunology, genomics, and biostatistics. Components of a Successful Biologist Career: Skills, Credentials, Tools, and Technology Successful careers in biology start with building necessary skills and knowledge. Biologists rely on several key skills, including observational skills and a detail-oriented outlook. Microbiologists closely monitor experiments, while wildlife biologists observe animals to record changes. Jobs in biology also require strong communication and interpersonal skills, since many biologists work on research teams and communicate their findings to non-scientists. Biology programs train students in biological theory and applied biology. Biology majors learn about the tools and technologies used in the field. Students also gain hands-on training through internships and laboratory coursework. After earning a biology degree, biologists can pursue professional certifications to focus their skills. For example, clinical microbiologists, pharmaceutical biologists, and biologists who work in food safety can pursue certifications. Biologists can also stay current in their field by joining professional organizations. Biologist Professional Organizations Professional organizations help biology students transition into careers in biology, including as a microbiologist, molecular biologist, or cell biologist. These organizations host meetings and events for biologists to network, publish research in the field to keep professionals current, and provide career development resources. American Institute of Biological Sciences AIBS represents professionals in the biological sciences and promotes the use of scientific information and education. The institute offers public programs and resources, hosts events including an annual meeting, and offers professional development resources. The institute's professional development resources include communication tools, interdisciplinary science resources, and writing support. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A nonprofit scientific organization, ASBMB dates back to 1906. The society provides resources for the scientific community, including scientific and educational journals. The ASBMB organizes scientific meetings, advocates for research and education funding, and provides career development support for students and early-career professionals. American Society for Microbiology ASM represents more than 30,000 microbiologists, educators, and health professionals, making it one of the largest life sciences professional organizations. The society hosts meetings, publishes journals and books, and provides informative resources on microbiology topics. ASM also offers career development resources, including career exploration tools and a job board. American Society for Cell Biology ASCB represents biologists who specialize in cell biology. The organization advocates for research policies, offers professional development tools, and provides grants and awards. The society's events include webinars, meetings, and courses. The society's career center publishes videos and reviews resumes. Genetics Society of America GSA represents scientists who specialize in genes. Founded in 1931, the GSA provides career development resources, hosts conferences with networking opportunities, and offers educational resources. The society also grants awards and publishes research in the field. FAQs on Becoming a Biologist Where can a biologist work? Biologists work in laboratories, offices, industrial settings, and outdoors. In these roles, they conduct scientific research, carry out research projects, and present their findings. What is a biologist salary? Median salaries for biologists vary, with microbiologists earning around $75,000 per year, wildlife biologists earning $63,000, and biochemists earning $94,000 per year. How many years does it take to become a biologist? Many biology career paths require a bachelor's degree, which takes four years. Some roles may require a master's degree, which typically takes two years. Is a biologist a scientist? Yes. Biologists specialize in the life sciences, including areas like wildlife biology, cellular biology, microbiology, and related fields like biochemistry and biophysics. Resources for Biologists National Science Foundation A federal agency created in 1950, NSF promotes science through grants and funding. The NSF grants support basic research and academic work in all areas of science, including the biological sciences. The foundation hosts programs in the biological sciences and provides information about funding sources, awards, and resources. The Wildlife Society Founded in 1937, this organization advocates for wildlife professionals and provides science-based approaches to conservation. The society provides learning opportunities, career development resources, and conferences with networking opportunities. The group also publishes books and a magazine. The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine A nonprofit institution dedicated to science, NAS provides expert advice and information on current challenges in science. NAS organizes projects, studies, and activities to provide evidence-based findings from top science experts. The academy also publishes peer-reviewed reports. A peer-reviewed international journal dedicated to science, Nature dates back to 1869. The journal publishes research in biology and related fields while also providing information on news in the field and interpretive articles on trends in science. The journal prioritizes research with interdisciplinary interest and original findings. Become Team Become Team Contributing Writer Latest Posts
Alabaster Pizzo Sometimes the biggest barrier between understanding personal finance and crippling confusion is the jargon associated with it. As it turns out, a lot of head-scratching finance terms represent really simple concepts (we’re not counting cryptocurrency; what the hell is that?). To prove it, we’ve provided a list of definitions to a few personal finance terms you might pretend to know, but really don’t. We got you. Any resource or item that has economic value. Assets can be tangible, like a car or a laptop, or can be the promise of future money, like the security deposit on your apartment or a copyright. A loan that a bank gives you to help purchase a piece of property. Paying back a mortgage is like paying your landlord for rent, but when you reach a certain point, your landlord just gives you the house. Heyo! A temporary claim on property that you haven’t purchased in full. A mortgage is a type of lien, as is a car loan. A bank can also put a lien on your property when you fail to repay bank loans. These kinds of liens keep homeowners from selling or refinancing their property until they’re paid off. A retirement plan offered through an employer where employees can automatically contribute a part of their salary to a retirement fund. Under a 401(k), employers can offer to match an employee’s’ monthly contribution (highly recommended—it’s essentially free money). Traditional IRA Unlike a 401(k) plan, an Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA) is a retirement plan that doesn’t have to be set up by your employer. Roth IRA The famous sibling of the standard IRA. The main difference comes down to deciding which plan is more appealing: Being taxed a small amount every year or getting hit with a large tax when you withdraw the money when you retire. If you like the first option, go with a Roth. Credit score This number attempts to reflect a person’s reliability when it comes to paying back loans. A high credit score (which is good) means you regularly pay your credit card bills, student loan payment, or any other loaned cash back on time. Banks often use a credit score to determine whether or not to loan money to someone, and what the interest rate on that loan should be. High Yield Savings Account Like its name suggests, this type of account offers a higher interest rate than traditional savings accounts, meaning you’ll get a better return on your initial deposit. High yield savings accounts are mostly offered through online banks that can afford to hand out high interest rates since they don’t have to cover the standard operating costs of a brick-and-mortar bank. However, having money busheled away online means it can sometimes take days to transfer funds from a high yield account to your regular checking account. (This doesn’t help in an emergency.) A partial ownership in a company. When you buy stocks, you become a shareholder. In exchange for helping bankroll a growing company, you’re given some control over the company. If the company succeeds, you succeed: Stocks don’t bring in any money until you sell them at a time when the company’s doing extremely well, which increases the worth of your stock. Support The Portland Mercury A loan made to a large organization, including a government entity (you may recall voting on the Portland Housing Bond in 2016). When you purchase a bond (which is different than approving a bond on a ballot), you can profit off the incremental interest payments the organization pays on that loan. This wonky term has a few different meanings in the labyrinthine world of accounting. But there’s only one an average consumer should familiarize themselves with, and it has to do with loans. Amortizing is the process of scheduling out fixed payments on a loan over time, like deciding how much of your student loan debt you should repay each month. SLAY Film Fest
Where is Cuba? The given Cuba location map shows that Cuba is located in the Caribbean Sea. Cuba is an island country, which comprises mainland of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, and many other archipelagos. It is lies between latitudes 21.5218° North and longitudes 80.00° West. Cuba Location Map Where is Cuba Located? Cuba is located in the Caribbean Sea. Cuba is the largest Caribbean island, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. The capital and largest city of Cuba is Havana. Separated with some of the water bodies the United States, the Bahamas, Mexico, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic are to the neighbors of the country. Surprisingly, Cuba has about 99.8% literacy rate, low infant death rate (even lower than some of the developed countries), and an average life expectancy is about 77. Primarily, the Cuban government was adhered with socialist principles in organizing and planning its largely state-controlled economy. Country’s most of the means of production are owned and run by the government and hence, larger chunk of labor force are employed by the state. However, in the recent time government has changed the policy and opens the door for private sector as well. With the implementation of liberal policy, country has also offered Cuba tourism. For tourism, Cuba has great landscapes. Cuba has the tropical climate. Facts About Cuba Continent North America Where is LocatedCuba is a country located in the Greater Antilles, Caribbean Coordinates 23°8'N 82°23'W Capital Havana Largest City Havana Neighboring CountriesCuba shares maritime borders with United States, the Bahamas, Mexico, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic Administrative divisions15 provinces Area 42,426 sq mi (109,884 sq km) [104th] Population11,193,470 (82nd) [2019] Population Density101.9/km2 (263.9/sq mi) Official Language Spanish Currency Cuban Peso(CUP) ISO Alpha-2 CodeCU ISO Alpha-3 Code CUB ISO Numeric Code192 GDP US$ 254.865 billion 2015 estimate Calling code +53 Time Zone CST (UTC-5), in Summer UTC−4 (CDT) AirportJosé Martí International Airport (IATA: HAV, ICAO: MUHA) Internet TLD .cu Places to Visit in Cuba National Capitol buildingCastillo de la Real FuerzaCueva de AmbrosioBaconao Viñales ValleyTopes de CollantesMuseo Nacional de Bellas ArtesJosé Martí Memorial Castillo De Los Tres Reyes Del MorroGrand Theater of HavanaPlaza Mayor ParkPlaya Paraiso Beach, Cayo Largo, Cuba Museum of the RevolutionLa Cabaña MuseumZapata PeninsulaParque Central, Havana Cayo Largo del SurLa Catedral de la Virgen María de laDesembarco del Granma NationalJosé Martí Park Christ of HavanaPlaza de la Catedralbrica de Arte CubanoIndian Cave MaleconCayo Jutías BeachErnst Thälmann IslandBasílica del Cobre Cayo Levisa IslandCastillo del MorroParque JosoneVaradero Golf Club Jardines del Reyristobal Colon CemeteryHavana PortEl Templete
How to Grip a Sinker Pitch A sinker pitch, also called a two-seam fastball, drops just before it reaches the plate, throwing off the hitter. It drops more than a typical fastball but moves almost as fast, and it's a great addition to any skilled pitcher's repertoire. Your fingers grip the ball parallel to the seams, with your thumb directly under the ball. Practice the sinker pitch with slightly different positioning to find out what grip gives you the best motion for the pitch. 1. Image titled Grip a Sinker Pitch Step 1 Position your fingers along the seams. Turn the ball so that your forefinger and middle finger are position along the seams where they're closest together. Your fingers should lay directly on top of the seams, parallel to each other. Tuck your ring finger and pinky finger back. 2. Image titled Grip a Sinker Pitch Step 2 Tuck your thumb under the ball. Your thumb grips the ball from the opposite side, on the smooth part of the ball where there isn't a seam. You should grip the ball with the side of your thumb so it won't slip out of your hand.[1] 3. Image titled Grip a Sinker Pitch Step 3 4. Image titled Grip a Sinker Pitch Step 4 Release the ball. Your middle finger should be aimed right at the batter when you release. As you follow through, your thumb will push slightly inward. This is the same release as a four-seam fastball, and the opposite of the release you'd use for a curveball.[3] 5. Image titled Grip a Sinker Pitch Step 5 • For this reason, it's important to practice the sinker pitch until you understand the nuances of the pitch before you use it during a game. 6. Image titled Grip a Sinker Pitch Step 6 Know what the batter sees. The sinker pitch is easier to keep your eye on because it looks like a perfect double seam coming toward the plate. Unlike a curveball, it's not tricky to keep your eye on the ball, and batters often make contact with a sinker pitch. However, since it drops slightly in, the batter often grounds out instead of making solid contact.[4] Article Info Featured Article Categories: Featured Articles \| Baseball
2021-10-26 06:22:39 Find the results of " basketball referee hand signals and meaning " for you Basketball Referee Signals and Meaning \| Inspirational Basketball Time Management Signals. These officiating basketball hand signals are used to communicate between the referee and the time keeper in order to notify starting and stopping of the clock. Stop Clock – To stop the clock at any point in the game, the referee will raise one hand straight over head with his palms facing out and finger tips pointed. Basketball: Referee Signals - Ducksters Basketball Referee Hand Signals - TheBestSportsBlog.com Holding: The referee uses one hand to hold his other wrist to indicate that a player-usually a defender-has held an opposing player. Illegal Screen: When the referee crosses his arms across his upper chest, the movement indicates an illegal screen or 'pick' by an offensive player. A.1 The hand signals illustrated in ... - Playball Basketball OFFICIAL BASKETBALL RULES 2006 A - OFFICIALS’ SIGNALS A - OFFICIALS’ SIGNALS A.1 The hand signals illustrated in these rules are the only official signals. They must be used by all officials in all games. A.2 It is important that the table officials are also familiar with these signals. I. SCORING 1 ONE POINT One finger, 'flag' from wrist 2 Basketball: Referees Hand Signals - SlideShare Basketball: Referees Hand Signals 1. Referees Hand SignalsPrepared by: Fritzie B. Talidano MPE 2. • Violation- raise arm with open palm. Foul- raise arm with clenched fist. 3. Blocking- signal foul, hands on hips 4. Charging-clenched fist 5. Double Foul- waving clenched fist 6. Holding-signal foul; grasp wrist 7. Basketball Fouls & Referee Signals Learn the common basketball fouls and referee hand signals found in college, high school, and youth basketball rules. Not all contact on the basketball court is illegal, but there are some specific fouls outlined in the rules that are designed to keep the contact from becoming too aggressive. In the early history of basketball, before there were any standardized regulations, play could pretty rough at times. OFFICIAL BASKETBALL RULES 2014 A - Officials’ signals Number of Players . No. 00 and 0 Both hands show number 0 Right hand shows number 0 . No. 1 - 5 No. 6 - 10 No. 11 - 15 Right hand shows number 1 to 5 . Right hand shows number 5, left hand shows number 1 to 5 . Right hand shows clenched fist, left hand shows number 1 to 5 . No. 16 No. 24 Basketball Rules & Hand Signs \| SportsRec A basketball official’s job is not only to make judgment calls on what happens during the course of the game but also to make sure players, coaches and the scorekeepers understand what those calls are. That’s why basketball referees use hand signals to indicate certain fouls or violations.
A scute or scutum (Latin ''scutum'', plural: ''scuta'' "shield") is a bony external plate or scale overlaid with horn, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, and the feet of birds. The term is also used to describe the anterior portion of the mesonotum in insects as well as some arachnids (e.g., the family Ixodidae, the scale ticks). Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of lizards and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface . Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called ''osteoderms''. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct ''Glyptodon'', and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons, shad, herring, and menhaden. The turtle's shell is covered by scutes formed mostly of keratin. They are built similarly to horn, beak, or nail in other species. Sturgeon have five rows of scutes instead of scales. The tarsometatarsus and toes of most birds are covered in two types of scales. Large scutes run along the dorsal side of the tarsometatarsus and toes, whereas smaller scutellae run along the sides. Both structures share histochemical homology with reptilian scales, however work on their evolutionary development has revealed that the scales in bird feet have secondarily evolved via suppression of the feather-building genetic program.Sawyer, R.H., Knapp, L.W. 2003. Avian Skin Development and the Evolutionary Origin of Feathers. J. Exp. Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 298B:57–72. Unblocking the feather suppression program results in feathers growing in place of scales along the tarsometatarsus and toes. Dinosaur species very close to the origin of birds have been shown to have had "hind wings" made of feathers growing from these areas, suggesting that the acquisition of feathers in dinosaurs was a whole-body event. The bottoms of bird feet are covered in small, keeled scale-like structures known as reticulae. Evolutionary developmental studies on these scale-like structures have revealed that they are composed entirely of alpha keratin (true epidermal scales are composed of a mix of alpha and beta keratin). These data have led some researchers to suggest that reticulae are in fact highly truncated feathers. Insects and other arthropods The term "scutum" is also used in insect anatomy, as an alternative name for the anterior portion of the mesonotum (and, technically, the metanotum, though rarely applied in that context). The same scutum is relatively less conspicuous after the tick has fed, because it has not changed in size, whereas the tick has swollen as it engorged In the hard ticks, the Ixodidae, the scutum is a rigid, sclerotised plate on the anterior dorsal surface, just posterior to the head. In species with eyes, the eyes are on the surface of the scutum. The flexible exoskeleton posterior to the rigid scutum of the female tick, is called the alloscutum, the region that stretches to accommodate the blood with which the mature female tick becomes engorged. Males do not engorge nearly as drastically as females, so they do not need a flexible alloscutum; instead the rigid scutum covers practically the entire dorsal surface posterior to the head, and may be referred to specifically as the conscutum. In some species of Opiliones, fused abdominal segments are referred to as a scutum. See also * Fish scutes * Osteoderms * Scale (zoology) * Snake scales * Keratin * Skin * Skeleton {{reflist Category:Animal anatomy Category:Dinosaur anatomy de:Hornschuppe sv:Fjäll (zoologi)
What are the different types of bowlers in cricket? In cricket, the role of the players tagged as “bowlers” is to take the wickets of the batsmen of the opposition and restrict them from scoring runs. In order to do so, the bowlers can bowl in different ways to the batsman. Each bowler has a type of bowling action and a bowling type that suits him or her. Broadly, there are two types of bowlers in cricket: Pace bowlers and Spin bowlers. Let us have a look at how each of these three bowling types differ from each other. Pace bowlers These are the types of bowlers that can bowl regularly at a high speed ranging from 130 km/he to as high as 150 km/hr. The fastest recorded bowl in the history of cricket is 161.3 km/hr. These types of bowlers often bowl at the start of the match as the new ball can swing effectively. The pace bowlers can bowl an in swing delivery, which means that the bowl swings in the air following a left to right arc for a right-handed batsman. They can also bowl an out swing delivery which takes an arc from right to left mid-air for a right-handed batsman. Both these scenarios are opposite for the left-handed batsman. Pace bowlers can also bowl a reverse swing as well. This happens when a ball that has become older is made to shine on one side while keeping another side rough. In reverse swing, the ball swngs towards the shinier side as opposed to the traditional swing bowl which deviates towards the rough side. Based on the pace with which they bowl, these bowlers can be classified as fast bowlers, medium fast bowlers, medium pace bowlers, medium slow bowlers, slow medium bowlers and slow bowlers. Fast Pace Bowler Cricket Spin bowlers There are a wide variety of bowlers when it comes to spin bowling. Unlike pace bowlers, spin bowlers tend to bowl at a slower pace and the main effect of the spin occurs after the ball has bounced. One of the most important aspects in order to understand the types of spin bowlers is to know with which hand the bowler is bowling. Let us understand each of these with respect to a right-handed batsman(viz for left-handed batsman). Off spin: This type of delivery is often bowled by a right handed bowlers. The ball tends to deviate from the left to the right of the batsman. If a left handed bowler is to bowl in this fashion, his bowling type is called “left arm unorthodox” which was previously known as “chinaman.” Left handed bowlers bowling this trajectory utilize their wrists in order to bowl such a delivery. Ways to spin the bowl in cricket - spin bowlers Leg spin: This type of delivery sees the ball move from right to left after bouncing. In case a right handed bowler balls this, he is likely to utilize a lot of wrist action. In case a left handed bowler bowls this, he will utilize his fingers more often. These bowlers are also called “left arm orthodox” spin bowlers. Spin bowlers can produce a wide variety of deliveries which can be extremely tricky for the batsman to face. These will be discussed in later sections. Cricket Spins Inswing Outswing Leave a Reply
The IT security researchers at AdaptiveMobile have called out what looks like an important vulnerability in the architecture of 5G network slicing and virtualized network functions. They warn that the risks, if this fundamental vulnerability in the design of 5G standards had gone undiscovered, are significant. What is 5G? 5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is the fifth new global wireless standard after (you’ll never guess) 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together, including machines, objects, and devices. 5G is based on OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference. What is 5G network slicing? 5G network slicing is a network architecture that enables the multiplexing of virtualized and independent logical networks on the same physical network. Basically, the actual 5G network is compartmentalized into multiple virtual networks that function independently. This allows the infrastructure providers to divide their network up into several independent ones for separate mobile network operators. A mobile operator can create specific virtual networks that cater to different clients and use cases. The vulnerability Network functions are services available within a network, and in 5G they can be dedicated to single slice, or shared between multiple slices. AdaptiveMobile Security looked at 5G networks that contain both shared and dedicated network functions. What it learned was that when a network has network functions that support several slices there is a lack of mapping between the application and transport layers identities, which allows rogue slices to do more than they are allowed. The separate networks were not as separate as they should be. 5G networks are complex, and so are the attacks. AdaptiveMobile sets out a few examples in its report, but the easiest to explain is an example of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Imagine a network carved into two slices that can both have access to the same shared network function (“the shared service”). We’ll call the slices “Victim” and “Aggressor”, just to make it really obvious! In our example, the Aggressor network slice is under the control of a rogue operator who wants to run a DoS attack against the Victim network slice. In simple terms, the Aggressor slice sends a message to the shared service, claiming that it is the Victim slice, and that it’s overloaded and does not want to receive any communication from the shared service, thereby denying that service to Victim. The attack works because although the shared service checks that the Aggressor slice is permitted to speak to it (correctly), it does not have to check that the messages it sends actually relate to it and not a different one. Or, as the report puts it: Currently, there is no requirement in the 3GPP specifications to validate if the slice identity in the 3GPP-Sbi-Oci header matches the slice identity in the token for the service API usage. How can this be abused? According to AdaptiveMobile, an attacker could gain access to data and launch denial of service attacks across multiple slices if they have access to the 5G Service Based Architecture. • The operator and their customers would be exposed and risk the loss of sensitive location data. • Denial of service against another network function on the same network. • Access to a network function and related information of another vertical customer. Is there any real danger? To pull off a successful attack you would have to get accepted as a mobile operator and get assigned a “slice” of the 5G network. Which would set you back by a significant amount. Probably a lot more than you could ever hope to gain by successfully exploiting the flaw. The only real and current danger would be if two competitors on the same network decided to spy on one another. Given the limited amount of network operators and the cost involved in becoming one, the danger to customers seems non-existent. But, once a flaw has been found, there is a good chance more will follow, and it is better to expose these flaws than to discard them just because they are harmless now. Because, as the head of 5G Security Research at AdaptiveMobile Security, Dr. Silke Holtmanns, put it: “Having brought this to the industry’s attention through the appropriate forums and processes, we are glad to be working with the operator and standards communities to highlight this issue and promote best practice going forward.” In short, it’s good to be aware of existing vulnerabilities, but we have seen much more effective DoS attacks against 5G.
Gout – Know It All! Gout — Know It All! All you need to know about Gouty Arthritis. Here we come with Gout today! What is Gout? Gout is also known as Gouty Arthritis. Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in your joints, usually in the form of flares that last a week or two and then resolve. Gout flares frequently originate in your lower limb or big toe. Gout occurs when high serum urate levels build up in your body, which can then form needle-shaped crystals within and around the joint. That leads to joint inflammation and arthritis. When the body absorbs too much urate, or retains too little, amounts of urate build up within the body. But even people with elevated serum urate levels aren’t going to develop gout. Areas of the body that can be affected by gout include: • Joints. • Bursae, cushion-like sacs between bones and other soft tissues. • Tendon sheaths, membranes that surround tendons. • Kidneys, because the high uric acid levels can lead to stones and sometimes kidney damage. Gout is a disease that can move through several stages: • Hyperuricemia, when you have elevated levels of urate in your blood and crystals are forming in the joint, but you do not have symptoms. • Gout flares, when you have an attack of intense pain and swelling in your joints. • Interval or intercritical gout, which is the time between gout attacks when you do not have any symptoms. • Tophi, a late stage of gout when crystals build up in the skin or other areas of the body. Depending on their location, tophi can permanently damage your joints and other internal organs such as the kidneys. Proper treatment can prevent the development of tophi. Gout is one of the most controllable types of arthritis, with early diagnosis , treatment, and lifestyle changes. Many people prevent gout flares and may reduce the severity of their symptoms, and may even become gout-free. What are the symptoms of Gout? Gout signs and symptoms almost always appear all of a sudden, most sometimes at night. Including: • Intense Joint Pain: Gout usually affects your big toe ‘s broad joint but it can happen in any joint. The feet, knees, elbows, wrists, and fingers are most frequently affected joints. The pain will generally be most intense within the first four to twelve hours after it starts. • Lingering Discomfort: Some joint malaise may last from a few days to a few weeks after the most intense pain subsides. Most likely later attacks would last longer and impact more joints. • Inflammation and Redness: The affected joints get swollen, sore, warm and red. • Limited Range of Motion: As gout progresses, the joints may not be able to function normally. Typically such symptoms and signs involve a single joint. Usually, the pain is intense which indicates the severity of the joint inflammation. The affected joint is often very sensitive to touch to the point where some people with gout attacks experience pain from something as easy as raising the bedsheets above the inflamed joint. The impacted joint gets swollen. “Joint effusion” is the medical term for excessive fluid in a joint. In the lower extremities Gout also includes joints. The classic position to occur in gout is the big toe (first metatarsophalangeal joint). Podagra at the base of the big toe is the medical word for inflammation. Gout can also impact your foot, knee, hip, elbow , wrist, neck, or almost any body joint. Multiple joints may be affected at the same time when gout is more severe or chronic. In several joints this induces inflammation and joint stiffness. The presence of tophi is just another symptom of gout. A tophus is a strong nodule of uric acid depositing below the surface. Tophi can be found in different places in the body, usually on the knees, the upper ear cartilage, and other joints. When there is a tophus it means that the body is greatly overwhelmed with uric acid. Typically for years the uric acid level in the bloodstream has been high when tophi are present. Tophaceous gout indicates the presence of tophis, and prescription treatment is needed. Untreated gout long can result in joint damage and physical deformity. Kidney stones can be a symptom of gout, as crystals of uric acid can lodge into the kidney and cause kidney stones. What Causes Gout? Gout happens when your joint accumulates urate crystals, which causes the inflammation and extreme pain of a gout attack. Urate crystals can develop when the uric acid in your blood is high. Your body releases uric acid as it breaks down purines — substances naturally present in your body. Purines are also present in certain foods, including steaks, organ meats, and fish. Other foods also promote higher levels of uric acid, such as alcoholic drinks, especially beer, and fruit-sweetened drinks (fructose). Uric acid usually dissolves in the blood and flows through your urine through your kidneys. But either your body produces too much uric acid, or your kidneys excrete too little uric acid, sometimes. As this occurs, uric acid may build up in a joint or surrounding tissue, forming sharp, needlelike urate crystals that cause pain , inflammation and swelling. What are the complications of Gouty Arthritis? People with gout can develop other severe conditions, like the following: • Recurrent Gout. Some individuals can never again encounter signs and symptoms of gout. Others can experience gout several times a year. Medications in people with chronic gout can help prevent gout attacks. Untreated gout can cause joint erosion and damage if left untreated. • Advanced Gout. Untreated gout can cause urate crystal deposits to form in nodules called tophi below the skin. Tophi can grow along the back of your ankles in many places, including your toes, palms, feet, elbows or Achilles tendons. Tophi normally aren’t painful but during gout attacks they can get swollen and tender. • Kidney Stones. Urate crystals can accumulate gout in people’s urinary tract, causing stones in their kidneys. Drugs can help lower the risk of kidney stones. What are the risk factors of Gout? If you have elevated levels of uric acid in your body you are more likely to develop gout. Factors which increase the level of uric acid in your body include: • Diet. Eating a diet rich in meat and fish, and consuming sweetened drinks with fruit sugar (fructose), raises uric acid levels, which increases the risk of gout. Drinking alcohol, especially from beer, also increases the risk of gout. • Obesity. If you are overweight, your body will produce more uric acid and your kidneys will have a tougher time removing uric acid.. • Medical Conditions. Your risk of gout increases with some diseases and conditions. That include untreated hypertension and chronic disorders such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and heart and kidney disease. • Certain Drugs. Usage of thiazide diuretics — widely used for treating hypertension — and low-dose aspirin can also raise levels of uric acid. And the use of prescription anti-rejection medications for people who have undergone an organ transplant. • Family history. If other family members have had gout, you will develop the disease more likely. • Age and Sex. Gout occurs more often in men mostly because women appear to have lower levels of uric acid. However, after menopause the uric acid levels of women exceed those of men. Men are often more likely to develop gout earlier — typically between 30 and 50 years of age — while women normally show signs and symptoms following menopause. • Recent Surgery Or Trauma. Experiencing recent surgery or trauma has been associated with an increased risk of developing a gout attack. Who Develops this disease? • Lots of people are developing gout. It’s more popular amongst men than among women. Gout typically occurs in medieval times. Women may not usually experience gout prior to menopause, which is why women appear to experience the disease later than men. Rarely, the disease occurs in younger people; but, if they do, the disease appears to be more severe. How is Gout Diagnosed? Diagnosis of gout can be complicated, since the symptoms are identical to various conditions. Your health care provider can help diagnose gout: • Joint Fluid Test: Your health care provider may use a needle to draw fluid from your injured joint. Urate crystals can become visible when a microscope examines the fluid. • Blood Test: Our physician can prescribe a blood test to measure uric acid and creatinine levels in your blood. But the findings of blood tests can be deceptive. Some people do have elevated levels of uric acid but never gout. And some people have gout signs and symptoms, but don’t have elevated blood levels of uric acid. • X Ray Imaging Tests: Joint X-rays can help to rule out other sources of inflammation in the joint. • Ultrasound: Uranium crystals can be detected by musculoskeletal ultrasound in a joint or tophus. In Europe this technique is used more commonly than in the United States. • Dual Energy CT Scan: This form of imagery can detect the presence of urate crystals in a joint, even though it is not inflamed intensely. Because of the cost, this test is not commonly used in clinical practice and is not widely available. What is the Treatment of Gout? Gout care generally includes drugs. May medicines you select with your doctor will be based on your current health and your own preferences. Gout drugs may be used to treat acute attacks and to stop potential attacks. Medicines can also reduce the risk of gout complications, such as urate crystal deposits forming tophi. Medications to treat gout attacks: Drugs for treating acute attacks and for preventing potential attacks include: NSAIDs: Over-the-counter NSAIDs include options such as ibuprofen and naproxen sodium, as well as more effective NSAIDs such as indomethacin or celecoxib.To stop an acute attack, your doctor can prescribe a higher dose, followed by a lower regular dose to avoid future attacks. NSAIDs bear the risk of pain, bleeding and ulcers in the stomach. Colchicine: Your doctor can prescribe colchicine (Colcrys, Mitigare), a form of pain reliever that reduces gout pain in an effective way. However, the efficacy of the medication can be offset by side effects such as nausea , vomiting and diarrhea, especially when taken in large doses. The physiciancan prescribe a small daily dose of colchicine after an acute gout attack resolves to prevent future attacks. Corticosteroids: Corticosteroid drugs, such as prednisone, can regulate inflammation and pain in the gout. Corticosteroids can be in the form of a tablet, or can be inserted into the joint. In general, corticosteroids are only used in people with gout who can not take either NSAIDs or colchicine. Corticosteroid side effects may include mood swings, elevated blood sugar levels and increased blood pressure. Medications to prevent gout complications: If you experience multiple gout attacks each year, or if your gout attacks are less frequent but especially painful, your doctor can prescribe medication to reduce your risk of complications associated with gout. If you already have signs of gout damage on joint X-rays, or if you have tophi, chronic kidney disease or kidney stones, medicines might be prescribed to reduce uric acid levels in your body. Facilities include: Medications that block uric acid production: Drugs called xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs), which include allopurinol and febuxostat , reduce the amount of uric acid that your body releases. This will reduce uric acid levels in your blood and decrease the risk of gout. Allopurinol’s side effects include a rash, and low blood counts. The side effects of febuxostat include rash, nausea, decreased liver function and increased risk of heart disease. Medication that improves uric acid removal: These medications include probenecid and lesinurad , which are also uricosurics. Uricosuric drugs boost the capacity of your renals to expel uric acid from your body. This may lower your levels of uric acid and lower your risk of gout but the amount of uric acid in your urine will increase. Side effects include a rash, kidney stones and stomach pain. Lesinurad can only be taken along with an XOI. Coping with the disease: There are many things you can do to help manage gout. You can make some lifestyle changes to help you have fewer gout flares and manage your symptoms, such as: Losing weight. If you are overweight or obese, losing weight through a reduced-calorie diet and increased exercise helps reduce urate levels, which can help stop or lower the number of flares you have. Making diet changes to help reduce blood urate levels and gout flares, such as: • Drinking fewer alcoholic beverages. This includes nonalcoholic beer. • Avoiding drinks that have high-fructose corn syrup, such as soda. • Avoiding red meats and organ meats (liver, kidney, tongue, and sweetbreads) that are higher in purines and may increase the risk for other health conditions. • Avoiding seafood, such as shellfish (shrimp and lobster), sardines, and anchovies. Under the Dietary Stop Hypertension Approaches (DASH) eating strategy. This diet is particularly useful for the many gout patients who often suffer from high blood pressure. The DASH eating plan may help to alleviate high blood pressure and may help lower blood urate levels. By reducing the urate levels this technique may help avoid gout flares. The DASH eating plan includes: • Eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. • Eating low-fat or fat-free dairy products, poultry, and oils. • Limiting foods high in saturated fats. • Limiting sugar-sweetened foods and drinks. When gout is associated with regular flares or tophi, improvements in lifestyle alone are not enough to control gout, and medication to reduce levels of urate in your blood is the foundation of gout management. Taking the drugs your doctor frequently prescribes for this purpose is the secret to minimizing the incidence of gout flares and minimizing or decreasing tophi. Nevertheless, it is also important to maintain good weight and diets to help minimize the risk of cardiovascular problems, which are common among gout patients. Gopala Krishna Varshith, Content Developer & Editor,
Celtic Culture In 300 BCE, the Celtic peoples were spread across Europe, from the British Isles to Turkey. Today only small pockets of Celtic spoken language remain; Ireland’s Gaelic is the most famous. But their geometric designs-- ”Celtic Knots”-- live on. Tooled leather is one place where you can see these patterns today. The area where Celtic languages were once spoken is in light green, and the area where they are spoken today is in dark green. Many of the earliest examples show vines or elongated animals in interlaced curves. One theory is that the early Celtic religion believed that nature’s spiritual power flowed along such paths. This shield (below), found in the Thames river in London, dates to about 200 BCE. Can you find the birds? By 800 CE, the “interlace” style (sometimes called “Celtic Knots”) had been fully developed for use in handwritten Bibles. This was typically applied to the first letter of a title word as we see here an example below from the Kells Abbey in Ireland. An ancient shield with celtic knot patterns, including influence from plants and animals. Celtic knots were used to turn letters into an art form, helping to visualize the power of the words. Celtic style briefly re-appeared during the Art Nouveau movement of the 1920s, but during the 1980s it exploded in popularity, appearing in jewelry, tattoos, and, of course, tooled leather. Because the knots are continuous, and stamps are discrete, leather smiths use some clever tricks when working with Celtic designs. Take for example the most simple design, the Triquetra (Latin for “three corners”). Originally used by Pagan Celts, it was adopted by early Christian monks and renamed the “Trinity Knot”. In this image, we see how placing the stamped leather images at the right distance from each other gives the impression of linked circles. Here is the triquetra in a different pattern, again stamped on leather. Modern stamp making using metal stamps and algorithms to make complex (and awesome) patterns. These knot patterns combine together to make more complex knot patterns, including hexagons. This Celtic belt pattern (see below) looks so complicated. But it is really only two stamps, a knot and a joining bar: Step 1: The basic knot is stamped. Step 2: Just rotate the knot stamp 180 degrees, and move it over and up... Stamp again. Step 3: Now apply the little joining bar, stamping twice. Step 4: Iterate as many times as you need, until you reach the end of the belt. As the Irish say in Gaelic, “éasca péasca” (easy-peasy). A lot of patterns are meant to be infinite algorithms like this one, which is hard to do in person, but which computers do quite well.

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