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St John’s fortress and harbour
The old town of Dubrovnik is defended and encircled by formidable walls and incorporates the imposing St John’s fortress.
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The St. John Fortress, often called Mulo Tower, is a complex monumental building on the southeastern side of the old city port, controlling and protecting its entrance.
The first fort was built in the mid 14th century, but it was modified on several occasions in the course of the 15th and 16th centuries,
The harbour was designed and constructed by engineer Paskoje Miličević in the late 15th century.
The most prominent portion of the harbour are the three enormous arches (the fourth original arch was walled in) of a large arsenal built in the late 12th century and enlarged in the latter part 15th century.
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The harbour is also the oldest shipyard in the city and is still in use today
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Around the fort is a favourite place for locals to take a refreshing swim and even though it was a grey day and the sea was choppy people were still taking a dip.
St John’s fortress is just one of the imposing fortifications that are dotted around the city’s huge walls. We’ll spot more of them during our walk around the walls later on in the week.
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I don't why a + sign appears in the my program:
this is when I run the program in my server, which actually prints my current time n date, though it takes the time back 3 hours.
This is the time and date output in my own machine without the + sign
how can I set the server time with the + sign to my system time format without the + sign? because my program only works in this way without the + sign.
• 2
What is your local time zone? I take it that it's not +04:00? If the time is three hours off your local time then I guess you are in something like +07:00 (south Asia near or around Myanmar, at a quick guess?)? – Celada May 23 '15 at 14:25
You need to write in BIOS, Suppose you want to change date strings to the following string:
root@debian:/home/mohsen# date -s "Sat May 23 18:56:59 IRDT 2015"
root@debian:/home/mohsen# hwclock -w
An first line you set a date, But you need to write in bios, In second line with hwclock -w you write your time in bios.
Your Answer
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Subject object and complement to the verbally abusive relationship
Domestic violence in the Czech Republic | Radio Prague
subject object and complement to the verbally abusive relationship
Of these, psychological and emotional abuse have been particularly difficult to define deprivation, overburden of responsibility and distortion of subjective reality. complementary ideas on coercive control providing deeper insights into The lengths of their relationships varied from less than one year to. Know the signs of an abusive relationship and how to leave a take many forms, including emotional, sexual and physical abuse and threats. the emotional entrapment of an abusive relationship as well as the path to . Much research time and effort has been spent on the topic of violence and its In contrast to object relations theories and interpersonal theories, fundamental .. In the following chapter, I turn to trauma theory which offers a complementary.
subject object and complement to the verbally abusive relationship
Verbal abuse is dangerous because it is often not easily recognized as abuse, and therefore it can go on for extended periods, causing severe damage to victim's self-esteem and self-worth. Damaged victims may fail to take advantage of opportunities that would enrich their lives because they come to believe they are not worthy of those opportunities. Psychological Abuse also known as mental abuse or emotional abuse occurs when one person controls information available to another person so as to manipulate that person's sense of reality; what is acceptable and what is not acceptable.
Psychological abuse often contains strong emotionally manipulative content designed to force the victim to comply with the abuser's wishes. Alternatively, psychological abuse may occur when one victim is forced to watch another be abused in some fashion verbally, emotionally, physically or sexually. Like verbal abuse, psychological abuse is often not recognized as abuse early on and can result in serious sequela psychological after effects later on. Physical Abuse occurs when one person uses physical pain or threat of physical force to intimidate another person.
The Abuse of Animals as a Method of Domestic Violence: The Need for Criminalization
subject object and complement to the verbally abusive relationship
Physical abuse may involve the mere threat of physical violence if the victim does not comply with the wishes of the abuser, and still be considered physical abuse. Sexual Abuse of children or adults includes any sort of unwanted sexual contact perpetrated on a victim by an abuser. Molestation, incest, inappropriate touching with or without intercourseand partner or date rape are all instances of sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse also occurs if one partner has agreed to a certain level of sexual activity and another level is forced upon her or him without prior explicit consent being given. You live in a relationship where violence is the usual way of solving problems and you think that it is a common way of solving problems.
You think it is normal.
Also, even if the violence is severe in the eyes of the victim the aggressor is still her husband and, more often than not, she loves him. These women don't want the culprit punished they just want the violence to stop. Where should she draw the line?
Where do you think domestic violence begins and where should she start being concerned and seek professional guidance? After the first physical attack.
Domestic violence against women: Recognize patterns, seek help - Mayo Clinic
You see the problem with domestic violence is that it creeps up on you. It grows and it gets more brutal and more dangerous. So you must stop it before it is too late. Ideally you should seek help after the first incident. You know that you are a victim of domestic violence if these attacks are repeated, frequent and increasingly brutal. Children play an important role in the whole scenario - the aggressor frequently uses them as a means of psychological blackmail, telling the victim that she would lose her children in a court battle.
On the other hand it is the children who -in the end- give the victim the strength to act. When she decides that something needs to be done.
subject object and complement to the verbally abusive relationship
Until that point they think that it is just a problem between their husband and themselves but once the children are threatened they usually take some kind of action. Another thing is that many adults think that if a child does not actually witness these incidents then everything is fine, but that is not true. Children are very perceptive and such an environment could affect them very badly. When they grow up they may behave like the aggressor or the victim because that's what they were exposed to in their childhood.
Mrs Zejdova says there are many misconceptions about both the aggressors and the victims: People think that the offender must be a terrible man with indecent behavior at first sight.
subject object and complement to the verbally abusive relationship
They expect to be able to recognize whether a man is capable of this or not. But nothing could be further from the truth.
It could be anyone. They come from all social spheres. There is no typical offender. And the same goes for the victim. People usually think that the victims are weak, dependent women but that's not true. |
A tale of two wooden planes.
People often think that just because a plane is vintage, then it automatically must be valuable, right? Unfortunately the reality is not so. Sometimes, planes were, like everything else, mass-produced so their value is limited – except of course in a historical context. Here are two examples.
The first plane is a 16″ wooden razee jack plane made by Greenfield Tool Co. of Greenfield Massachusetts (1851-1883).
Fig 1: Greenfield razee jack plane
This plane is a more mass-produced entity, with less regard to quality. This is evident in three areas of the plane. Firstly there are a series of vertical cracks in the toe of the plane, the largest of which travels towards the strike button, and continues through to the mouth of the plane- indicative of a weakness in the structure of the plane body. Secondly looking at the recess in the blade bed to hold the chip-breaker bolt-head, it seems somewhat poorly constructed. The closed handle offers another indication, where the inner edge shows a lack of finishing. These were likely utilitarian planes, not meant to last 100 years. Wooden plane bodies could always be replaced, blades could be re-used.
Fig 2: Defects in the Greenfield jack plane
These planes were often made of beech. Were the plane body made of straight grain (vertical), the sole of the plane will not wear easily, but had a tendency to crack. Were the plane body made of flat grain (horizontal), it will wear quicker, but not crack as easily. This plane has flat grain, so it shouldn’t have cracked as badly as it did, suggesting that the wood was not entirely dry before the plane was built, and blows to the strike button caused cracking over time. The plane may have some value as it sports the less common closed type tote which is rarely seen on a jack plane.
Fig 3: Pearce No.109 jack plane
The second plane is a J. PEARCE NEW YORK No. 109 jack plane with an open-style tote. This “2nd” line of bench planes was sold to New York tool stores and wholesalers by H. Chapin’s Union Factory (1828-1865). Now this plane could be older, but its construction is much better. It is likely also made of beech. There are very few defects in this plane. The most prominent damage to the mouth of the plane is caused by wear, resulting in shavings that would not be very fine – which may be okay if used as a roughing plane. This can be fixed by replacing the section with a hardwood inlay. There are also some minor radial cracks in the body – the body is composed of a a block of quarter-sawn wood with the tree rings radiating out from the top-left corner of the toe.
Fig 4: Defects in the Greenfield jack plane
Both these planes are worth somewhere between $10-20. Actually the tapered blade of the Pearce No. 109 may be worth more than the plane itself. At some point I will restore both planes, and post the process.
Tools of the Trades – Yes it’s already that time again.
Not that much time has passed since the last Tools of the Trades show… but it’s already time for the spring show.
SUNDAY, MARCH 30th – 10am to 3pm.
Not that I have any clue what I’m looking for. Weird and unusual block planes, the odd vintage wooden plane, maybe a couple of gouges?
Oh, and some more tool catalogs. If you’re looking for tools to start your collection, there’s no better tool show.
A small bench for small places
Manual Training Magazine – 1914
“In constructing the vises, common bench-screws costing one dollar apiece were used. When the bench was assembled, the material, including the bench-hook, bench-stop, and vise-screw, cost three dollars and twenty-two cents.”
The Millers Falls No.42 coping saw
The patent for the No.42 appeared in 1908 (No.903,495), specified for a “COPING SAW FRAME”. The original saw frame had six parts:
• A wooden handle with a ferrule and a recess which contains a metal socket [10].
• A back frame [23] with an outer [26] and an inner [22] head.
• An outer draw-bolt [29] attached to the outer head.
• An inner threaded draw-bolt [17], which has a locking nut [19], and key [20].
Note numbers in [ ] represent the associated part on the patent drawing in Fig.2.
Fig 2: Patent for the No.42 Coping Saw (1908)
Fig 3 illustrates the main components of the coping saw in addition to the two ends of the blade-holding mechanism. What is interesting about this coping saw is that the swivel head [22] has a series of notches in it, so that the blade can be locked in place. The inner draw bolt [17] contains a channel along which the key [20] containing a wing [21] moves when the nut [19] is rotated. This has the effect of locking the inner bolt relative to the metal socket attached to the handle [12].
Fig 3: Millers Falls No.42 coping saw
The blade is tensioned by turning the handle, which pulls the threaded inner draw-bolt into the metal socket in the handle. The locking-nut is then turned towards the handle until the key engages in one of the notches. The metal insert in the handle contains both deep recesses and shallow notches. When the key engages a notch it is locked into the handle, but not the frame, allowing the blade to turn with the handle. Engaging a deeper recess allows the key to lock into one of the frames four V-shaped locking notches – the blade now forms a rigid structure with the frame.
Fig 4: Blade mechanism
In the earliest version of the saw, the outer draw bolt [29] sits inside the outer head [26], and is held in with a flange [32]. This differs from the later version of the saw in which the outer draw bolt can be adjusted, and is held in place in the saw by a tensioning nut on the outside of the outer head. The later model also has four V-shaped notches on the outer head to allow for the blade to be locked rigid in any of four directions. There was no means of locking the outer blade in the 1908 patent model.
Fig 5: Comparison of outer draw-bolts
In the three No.42’s I have all the handles are different – over time the handles seem to have increased in size, and material used in their construction changed. The earliest model touted a Cocobola handle, whilst the later model has a cheaper red-stained Mahogany handle.
Fig 6: Handles from three different No.42’s
The last noticeable change is in the mechanism used to hold the blade in the draw-bolt. The 1908 patent uses an eyelet-type socket whereas the newer coping saws all have pin-type socket. This makes it more challenging to retrofit a pinned blade in the eyelet-socket – but not impossible.
Fig 7: Different blade holding sockets
Two of the saw frames are slightly angled to accommodate a 6½” blade, the third (shown in Fig.3) only takes 6″ blades. I wasn’t able to find much of a timeline between the 1908 patent saw and the saw with the cheap mahogany handle – partially due to a lack of Millers Falls catalogs. The 1908 patent may have been adjusted to incorporate the outer adjustable draw-bolt somewhere around WW1. By the time WW2 had finished, the No.42 had disappeared from the catalog, in favour of the No.43/47, which were simpler from a construction standpoint, and likely cheaper to build.
Fig 8: Millers Falls No.43 coping saw with the cheaper (and now standard) blade holding/adjustment mechanism
Below is an picture of the two types of sockets. As blades with eyelet are next to impossible to find anymore, it is possible to retrofit modern pin-type blades to fit the older sockets. The new blade just needs the pin trimmed on either side, and likely the end of the blade as well. It’s not that hard to do with a Dremel.
Example showing a pin-type blade in a eyelet socket.
Krenov style plane-making workshop @ Lee Valley
Why make a plane when it would likely be far easier to buy one? One can best understand the feel for using a tool and understanding how it works by building it from scratch. Obviously tools involving metallurgy are more challenging to build, so tools made from wood are a good place to start. With this in mind I signed up for a Lee Valley workshop on plane making back in June 2013. The idea was to spend two days and build a smoothing plane in the style of Krenov. The workshop was run by Steven Der-Garabedian of Black Walnut Studio. Firstly, Steven is a great teacher, and the workshop was a lot of fun.
Preparing the stock
For first-time plane makers, obviously two days is stretching it, so Steven prepared the stock, milling the rough Jatoba blank to size, sawing and cleaning both 5/16″ wide cheeks. For the 1-1/2″ Hock blade we used, the core is 1-9/16″ in width. Jatoba is a nice tropical hardwood, which is fine grained and heavy. The first step involves marking the ramps on the core – this includes a 45° rear ramp and a 60° curved forward ramp. The rear ramp is cut using a tablesaw, and the forward ramp with a bandsaw.
Fig 1: Preparing the plane throat from the core blank.
Cleaning up the cavity
Next the rear bed is cleaned up using a block plane, and the rough forward bed using a cabinet scraper. When smoothing out the curved ramp of the front body block, I used the scrap piece cut out from the throat to support the acute lower edge of the sole to avoid tear-out (see Fig 2.). A 1/8″ straight chamfer is cut on the bottom of the curved ramp. A 3/4″ stopped groove is cut into the ramp of the back body block using a router. This allows clearance for the bolt head that fastens the chip breaker to the iron.
Fig 2: Smoothing the curved ramp, and adding the stopped groove
Bringing the pieces together
The front block, rear block, and cheeks are clamped together whilst resting on a flat surface, and the blade is positioned so that it is half-way on the 1/8″ vertical portion of the front block. Now two 1/4″ holes are drilled at each end of the composed block (on each side). The holes should be located in a part of the stock which will be removed when the plane is shaped. These dowels allow the four pieces to be registered together using 1/4″ dowels so that the pieces can be accurately reassembled during the glue-up stage. Now the scrap triangular piece can be placed back into the “assembled” plane and clamped together – this allows a 5/16″ hole to be drilled for the cross-pin, without tear-out.
Fig 3: Setting the throat, plane registration marks and pin holes.
The cross-pin
Now the cross-pin can be made. This involves making 5/16″+ round tenons at either end of a square-sided piece, 9/16″. We did this using a tablesaw, but it can easily be done using hand tools as well. The trick is not to make the round tenons too small, or there will be too much play in the cross-pin. Make small adjustments, and test for fit. Once it fits nicely, the top of the cross-pin is rounded.
Fig 4: The cross-pin
The glue-up
Once the cross-pin is done, the glue-up begins. This process uses two board covered in painting tape to hold the cheeks of the plane. Now glue the plane up using a white glue, and clamp together, leaving it 4-6 hours (or preferably overnight) to set. After gluing, the sole of the plane is flattened on a jointer, followed by 120 grit sandpaper. Alternatively it can be flattened using graduated sandpaper grits.
Fig 5: The “glue-up”
The wedge
The final part is to build the wedge that fits between the cross-pin and the iron, from the triangular piece of scrap. The wedge should be 2-1/2″ in length with a 7° angle, and a 45° angle at the tip. The top of the 45° angle should have a thickness of about 1/8″, the other end of the wedge should be 7/16″. The curve on the wedge was cut using a bandsaw, and smoothed using a cabinet scraper. Make small adjustments and test the fit until it holds the iron firmly in place.
Fig 6: Making and fitting the wedge.
The “nearly finished” plane
Here’s the quasi-final product. From here, the body will be contoured to create an aesthetically pleasing plane – I’ll get to that once I finish my work-bench. How does it cut? Sweeeeeeetly!
Fig 7: The “semi” finished plane.
For specific measurements, I’ll refer you to David Finck’s excellent book – Making & Mastering Wood Planes. My goal is to eventually design more wooden planes, and recycle old metal plane bodies into hybrid infills. Stay tuned! |
Is Reye's Syndrome Deadly?
Reye’s is life-threatening syndrome and extremely deadly. Yes, Reye’s is life-threatening syndrome and extremely deadly one. Though it is a rare disorder, if it left without timely treatment at the initial stages it may develop to severe illness, sometimes leads to death in children and adolescents. As this syndrome is biphasic, first phase infection is not at all fatal. Nonetheless, secondary phase involves serious of consequences such as liver impairment and brain dysfunction. If these symptoms not reduced on time it can progress to permanent damage resulting seizure, coma, and death. During the 70s to 90s, the mortality rate was higher i.e., more than 42% worldwide.
Pathophysiology of Reye’s
The cause of the Reye’s is still unknown and unclear. The pathophysiology of the disease starts with mitochondrial injury and disrupts the Krebs cycle (fatty acid β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation) in the human body. As a result, the high concentration of ammonia found in the liver induces brain inflammation i.e., most deadly encephalopathy condition. The pathophysiology of the Reye’s was similar to aspirin toxicity (Salicylate drugs). However, no strong report was presented on Reye’s syndrome related to aspirin intake. A lot of debate still continues by the expert related to cause of the disease.
Infectious Agent in Reye’s Syndrome and Reye-like Syndrome
A number of infectious agents have been associated with Reye’s syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. Initial onset of fever caused by several virus like influenza, varicella, parainfluenza, measles, adenoviruses, coxsackieviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, HIV, hepatitis A and B, and rotavirus. Some bacterial agents involved in the cause of disease like Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Shigella, and Salmonella.
Immune Response to Infectious Agent
Infectious viral agent cause an adverse effect on kupffer cells and inhibits the phagocytic mechanism. In patients serum and CSF, endotoxin factor is reported which cause the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). This factor in the human body cause severe inflammation and lead to several immune system diseases.
Five Stages of Reye’s
Reye syndrome can be described in five stages.
Stage 1: It is the initial phase generally starts with rash and headaches with no increase in temperature (Fever). Tiredness, vomiting, confusion, and hallucination are some of the symptoms observed from mild to moderate level.
Stage 2: Overactive and irrational behavior, hyperventilation, fatty liver, and stuporous state are witnessed in the patients.
Stage 3: It has the indications of stage 1 and 2. The neurologic symptoms rapidly progress and cause coma, cerebral edema, and respiratory illness like shortness of breathing.
Stage 4: The condition becomes worse and patients show minimal response to light (dilated pupils). Major liver dysfunction and stage IV coma are seen in patients.
Stage 5: Multiple organ failures (particularly liver), seizure, stage V coma, hyperammonemia, paralysis, and death occur. The disease causes caseation i.e. all the biological function resulting in terminal injury.
Stages 1 to 3 are considered as mild to moderate disease and stages 4 and 5 is the most life-threatening illness stages of Reye's syndrome. In some cases, after recovery from Reye’s, certain long-lasting symptoms identified in patients such as hearing problem, poor vision, memory and swallowing difficulties.
No Suitable Therapy for Reye’s
There is no appropriate treatment for Reye’s and physicians treat the patients with respect to their symptoms and laboratory results. Hence, there is a lot of risk and death report case associated with Reye’s syndrome. Early treatment to reduce the symptoms is essential. Low glucose level and abnormal intracranial pressure are the most diagnosed symptoms in Reye’s. Administration of 10% glucose solution every 24 hours and sustaining the intracranial pressure is a necessary treatment for Reye’s patients.
Cerebral edema is managed by fluid restriction, diuresis, and corticosteroids. Pentobarbital prescribed to patients to reduce the brain metabolic stresses. Adequate oxygen or O2 supply is required for controlling pressure by means of intubation could save the patient from death. the Antiepilepsy drugs for seizure and treatment for removal of the accumulation of ammonia are necessary to stop the progress of the syndrome to more severe form.
Also Read:
Pramod Kerkar
Written, Edited or Reviewed By:
Pain Assist Inc.
Last Modified On: May 18, 2018
This article does not provide medical advice. See disclaimer
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Learning about Learning Disability History (by Rebecca)
I'm just starting to help out with Hidden Lives Remembered. I'm going to be: creating website content, transcribing and editing audio interviews and helping to interview people. But to start with, I'm going to talk about what I knew about learning disability history and how the induction materials have educated me about learning disability history.
Disabled people are generally very erased from the history that gets remembered. If you study history, regardless of the period, generally the key themes are: rulers (usually kings and queens), wars, what life was like generally and sometimes what life was like for poor people. Disability history rarely comes up, especially not learning disability history.
Despite this, I think I've some fairly good ideas about some of the common themes I'll be learning about. This is because, I've had way more exposure to disability and disability issues than most people.
I was born blind and as such have plenty of experience of life as a sensory disabled person. I've been educated alongside and worked alongside many amazing disabled people, with a variety of disabilities.
I'm also quite aware of many disability issues. I've had an interest in disability representation in the media for quite some time and have subsequently done a lot of reading on the subject. I've also learnt bits of general disability history, for example, when I learnt Braille, they taught us about Louis Braille, a blind French guy who lived in the 1800s who invented Braille.
Louis Braille (1809 - 1852)
So not having started to look in to learning disability history yet, here are what I anticipate will be key themes:
I'm expecting there to be a lot of discrimination and unfair treatment. There still is a lot of discrimination and unfair treatment and I've heard that things have improved over the years, so it makes sense to assume it was worse in the past.
I think this is extremely poignant with learning disability, as society seems to value intelligence a great deal. For example, the whole education system is set up around testing how clever you are. I don't think we as a society now, value learning disabled people. I am aware that our knowledge of learning disabilities has increased over the years, so it stands to reason that there were probably some misunderstandings of learning disabled people historically.
I think there's going to be a lot of instances of people making choices for learning disabled people. I say this because things like a person centred approach to care, are really celebrated, in the way that we as a society celebrate many other things that we classify as great modern inventions.
I think there's going to be a lot of isolation. I know isolation is still a thing that exists today even with learning disabled people out in the community. So, putting them in the context of a care institution all the time, would lead to even more isolation.
While I have some ideas about what I can expect, there is a lot I don't know. As I said earlier, learning disability isn't an often covered area of history. So, I'm excited to start learning about it.
I'm going to go enjoy the learning disability history materials provided to me as my induction and then I shall write the second half of this post, talking about what I've learnt and if there's anything that surprises me.
Mabel Cooper (1944-2013)
Gloria Ferris
So I've read the life stories of Gloria Ferris and Mabel Cooper. I've also read a timeline of learning disability history. All are really interesting reads, especially the life stories of Gloria and Mabel, who tell their stories in their own words, which I think is important.
There wasn't much that surprised me about the stories. Many of my predictions were right, the women faced discrimination, a lack of choices and isolation from the outside world.
I was surprised by how bad conditions were at St Lawrence’s long stay hospital. I was anticipating that the hospitals would be more like care homes today, but they were more akin to historical hospitals. They were crowded, with residents having no personal belongings. Both women complained about the food and clothing provided to them at St Lawrence's.
I was expecting there to be discrimination, but I was disappointed that in Gloria's case, some of it came from members of her family thinking she should be sent away.
St Lawrence’s Hospital
St Lawrence’s Hospital
Another thing that surprised me, is that when Mabel went to look at her records, they were going to be destroyed. As much as I am aware that learning disabled history isn't particularly valued, I was surprised that they would actually remove peoples' records from archives.
The one pleasant surprise, was that Gloria was given many opportunities to do paid work. While I have no doubts that she would be capable of the care work she did, employment has always been an issue for disabled people. However, it would appear that in some ways it's became worse rather than better over time. Gloria was made redundant in 1994 and had not worked in the few years between then and telling her story. Gloria has become an advocate for her friend Muriel who is physically disabled and unable to physically speak. While this is a voluntary job, it was still nice that that was allowed to happen.
In conclusion, learning about learning disability history so far has been interesting and I look forward to reading more as I help out with Hidden Lives Remembered. |
Inversion Dizziness
Inversion is when you hang upside down or are placed in an upside down position. You can use an inversion table or device to relieve back pain and decompress the spine. When upside down, your body has less gravitational pressure against the nerves and disks in your back and neck. While relaxing, if you are hanging upside down, you may experience a rush of blood to your head that can lead to dizziness or vertigo.
A woman doing a head stand in a fitness studio. (Image: Jacob Ammentorp Lund/iStock/Getty Images)
If using an inversion table for relaxation or a medical condition, you want to get the most out of your experience each time you hang upside down. When you begin to transition from being in an upward position and lay back to invert, the blood rushes to your head from your lower extremities. This feeling can be unpleasant and is referred to as a head rush. It can cause an extreme amount of pressure and discomfort as well as dizziness, explains Energy Center.
You can invert your body in several ways. One method is by using an inversion machine. This machine can be bought at a health and fitness store or used at your local gym. In a standing or upright position, you lock your ankles to the brace of the table. Lying flat on your back, you gently push yourself backward until you reach the desired angle. You can hold yourself there with the help of side rails or the floor. The Yoga Journal suggests utilizing inversion poses, such as a handstand, feathered peacock pose and supported shoulder stand to also practice inversion.
It is important when first starting to invert your body to gradually start off at a slight angle and then work your way to a full inversion -- this will help prevent sudden dizziness and feelings of unsteadiness. Energy Center explains that you should begin with getting used to the inverter table by tilting back to a 20 to 30 degree angle to start. Keep these increments small and under a few minutes until your body gets used to the feeling. Increase your inversion up to 60 degrees and then 90 degrees until you are able to withstand the effects.
People practice inversion to reduce an aching back, stretch their muscles and align their spine. Taking each inversion slow minimizes your risk for dizziness. To feel better during and after an inversion take a few precautions to prevent getting hurt. If using a table, be sure the ankle straps are locked and secure – you do not want your feet slipping through. Wear comfortable socks to avoid the straps from irritating the skin. If practicing on the floor, use a blanket or exercise mat, a pillow and a solid structure to lean against.
When you hang or support yourself upside down your blood pressure can increase. If your hypertension is being controlled by medication, you can ease into inversions slowly starting with positions where the heart is slightly above the head; and work your way up over a period of months to full inversions, where the heart is completely above your head. If you're not on medication for high blood pressure, do not invert yourself. If you have cardiovascular disease, hypertension or glaucoma, seek approval from your physician before proceeding.
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oxygen consumption
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption in Fitness
Oxidative training has made its way back around to being everyone’s darling in the fitness industry. It seems like everyone and their mother is doing cardiac capacity blocks. I’ve been hearing a lot of people use real physiology terms to explain what sorts of goals they’re working to achieve and that makes me incredibly happy. People are looking for capillary density, mitochondrial biogenesis, eccentric cardiac hypertrophy, heart rate recovery capacity through parasympathetic means, improved lactate clearance, etc etc. There are a few areas where I think our attention will be brought to going forward regarding optimal development of aerobic capabilities of the organism, and one of those things is myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). MVO2 is a measurement of the aerobic activity specifically at the cardiac muscle tissue. Typically we estimate what the MVO2 is by measuring the rate pressure product (RPP), and inferring that number towards MVO2 scores. Based on this, what we will really be talking about in this article is RPP, and how to go after this variable in training.
The RPP is the product of the systolic blood pressure and the heart rate (RPP = SBP x HR). RPP is typically referred to as the work of the heart, but in truth it is actually a power number, because of the fact that HR is a time dependent variable. Power is mathematically represented as Force x Distance/Time. With RPP as a power variable, the force is accounted for by the systolic blood pressure, the distance is the ejection of the blood out of the ventricle into the systemic circulation, and the time is one minute (that is the unit of time that HR is measured in). Because time is considered standard, most scientists throw it out in discussion, and simply refer to the concept as a work variable.
The key component that distinguishes RPP from other cardiac related variables is blood pressure. Most aerobic exercise variants that people participate in are rhythmic in nature and minimize the blood pressure response. During activities such as jogging, the autonomic response will be to constrict vessels in the gut via sympathetic output to visceral regions and to open blood vessels in the periphery through the actions of the catecholamines. By dilating peripheral vessels, this combined autonomic effect will actually reduce total peripheral resistance (TPR), and minimize the systolic blood pressure that the heart has to overcome to eject blood to the system. With minimal changes in systolic blood pressure with jogging as the activity, RPP measures will be modest.
When strength training is the activity, the RPP response will be a very different one as compared to jogging. If someone is performing high load, low repetition compound exercise, the skeletal muscle will be contracting forcefully. The high levels of tension taking place in the muscle tissue will mechanically compress the blood vessels perfusing and draining the working tissues. This compression of the blood vessels will prevent blood from flowing, and ultimate create a stopcock like effect in the vasculature that reflects pressure backwards all the way to the heart. The end result of this vascular activity is an immense increase in systolic blood pressure. Typical strength training designs feature large amounts of rest between sets, and as a result, the majority of time is not spent with elevated heart rates approaching what would be associated with an aerobic conditioning training session. When examining RPP responses, jogging and strength training both have limitations for bringing the variable to its highest levels for trainability.
When comparing end diastolic volume of ventricles and overall mass of hearts between different kinds of athletes, some interesting things begin to emerge. A normal untrained individual from the general population (reference person) has a heart that is slightly more than 200 grams and holds approximately 100 mL of blood at the end of diastole in the ventricle. Elite marathoners will typically possess hearts that are approximately 300 grams and hold approximately 180 mL of blood. Elite wrestlers will typically show heart measures of approximately 315 grams and be able to hold about 110 mL of blood.
These examples are commonly given when discussing eccentric vs concentric cardiac hypertrophy with the runner being the eccentric example. What is often not discussed are the athletes who seem to have the best of both worlds, such as elite cyclists. Cyclists will show cardiac measures bordering on the level of the wrestler for mass and the marathoner for volume. The reason that cyclists have such high measures for both mass and volume is because their heart rates are elevated for extended periods of time and their thigh muscles are constantly pushing against relatively high resistance while peddling through terrain such as mountains, which creates high systolic blood pressure responses. In essence, the cyclist has the best case scenario heart because they are the example of consistently high RPP in training.
With popular sports in North America, such as football, basketball, soccer, lacrosse, and hockey, there is reason to believe that a heart that has been trained to deal with high RPP could be a definite advantage. These sports often deal with athletes using propulsive lower body muscles at high intensities that would lead to contractile behavior that would occlude vessels and reflect significant pressure back to the heart. Football, lacrosse, and hockey in particular will also involve physical contact and elements of grappling with opponents that will elevate blood pressure due to the tensile activity of muscles under such conditions.
If we fail to prepare the athlete for such conditions in training, the system will be ill prepared to deal with these demands in competition. Athletes who are unaccustomed to high RPP situations will probably demonstrate high levels of anxiety under those conditions. The most difficult physiological activity the heart has to perform is isovolumic contraction. When you put people into experiences where they are performing powerful cardiac isovolumic contractions at a high heart rate they tend to go into terrible psychological situations leading to meltdown.
“When the mind is strongly excited, we might expect that it would instantly affect in a direct manner the heart; and this is universally acknowledged…when the heart is affected it reacts on the brain; and the state of the brain again reacts through the pneuma-gastric (vagus) nerve on the heart; so that under any excitement there will be much mutual action and reaction between these, the two most important organs of the body.” This is a quote from Charles Darwin in his book, “Emotions in Man and Animals”, written in 1872.
Steven Porges takes this notion much further in his book, “The Polyvagal Theory” and also explains how the muscles of facial expression play their own role in HR responses and emotional experience. My contention is that sport involves components of extreme exertion that lead to high RPP values. When the work of the heart reaches incredibly high levels, the psychology of the athlete begins to go haywire, and the athlete will display facial expressions demonstrating extreme discomfort and loss of feelings of control. These are the moments where disastrous plays occur in the most important competitions. If the athlete has lots of experience with physical training in high RPP conditions, and has trained their mind to not overreact to the feelings associated with this state, they may be able to maintain their composure during contests where they enter this physiological state.
There are several approaches to creating training conditions that feature high RPP settings. High intensity continuous training is a great modality for eliciting high RPP aerobic settings. Step ups with a weighted vest certainly elevate blood pressure and place the athlete into aerobic HR zones for extended times, as does high incline treadmill walking with a weight vest. The other modality that I view as a tremendous avenue into this sphere of training is circuit resistance training.
My personal favorite circuit for driving high RPP levels with resistance training is the 30/30 circuit. This circuit is well known to anyone who has purchased my book, MASS, because it is Phase 1 of the overall program. The 30/30 is a brutal workout that takes exactly 31 minutes to complete. You choose 10 exercises, and you complete 3 rounds of 15 repetitions at each exercise using 30 second work and 30 second rest ratios. The goal is to complete 450 total reps with the highest combined load between all the exercises. I’m going to list out my personal favorite 10 exercise combo as well as the heaviest weights I’ve ever been able to complete all 450 reps with.
I’ve also been fortunate enough to be able to track my HR during this protocol many times, and it usually averages somewhere around 145 beats per minute (BPM) for the 31 minutes, with a peak HR of about 165 BPM towards the end. The protocol will take you to some very interesting mental places, but the specific repetition goal and satisfaction of completing it at the end makes it incredibly motivating and fun compared to most other methods of training.
I believe there is an incredibly dopaminergic component to this design, as many get addicted to this method of training and feel like regular training just doesn’t do it for them after this approach. This protocol seems to improve a host of variables in those who have engaged in it, including strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic performance. In my mind, the main reason is because it is training the work of the heart and improving myocardial oxygen consumption. This is probably a variable that many people have ignored and not trained, either because they were unaware of it/that it was important, or because it is an absolutely miserable variable to train. Without further ado, here is my personal best 30/30 with my favorite combination of exercises.
1. 1. Trap bar dead (245 pounds)
2. 2. Seated overhead dumbbell press (40s)
3. 3. Lat pull-down (60)
4. 4. Safety Squat (175 pounds)
5. 5. Barbell Bench (155 pounds)
6. 6. Bent Over DB Row (55s)
7. 7. Inclind DB Bench (50s)
8. 8. Backwards Lunge off 3” Box Left Leg (30s)
9. 9. Backwards Lunge off 3” Box Right Leg (30s)
10. 10. Seated Cable Row (60)
Training with high RPP values year round is probably not ideal for most athletes, because it is a very stressful approach. Systematically placing training that drives RPP into the athlete’s system can work very successfully as a peaking approach prior to important competitions (so long as the athlete is already familiarized with this approach). This approach may also be extremely valuable for modifying body composition in athletes, where you’re looking to decrease body fat while preserving or increasing lean body mass due to the likely dramatic hormonal responses to such work. As with most programming concepts, you need to try things out, think critically about the specifics of the circumstances of the athletes that you are coaching, and do your best to individualize and customize. It is my belief most people will see dramatic improvements in fitness rapidly with high RPP training, because it is likely a novel stimulus, primarily because it is so miserable that few have willingly put themselves through it.
about the author
pat davidson
-Assistant Professor at Brooklyn College, 2009-2011
-Assistant Professor, Springfield College 2011-2014
-Head Coach Springfield College Team Ironsports 2011-2013
-Renaissance Meat Head |
Three standards of plastic injection moulding process
Update:19 Apr 2018
In the injection production, the plastic injection moul […]
In the injection production, the plastic injection moulding process cooling time accounts for about 80% of the entire injection production cycle. Poor cooling often results in warping of the article or surface defects that affect the dimensional stability of the article. Reasonable arrangements for injection, pressure maintenance and cooling time can improve product quality and productivity.
The cooling time of a part usually refers to the time from when the plastic melt fills the cavity of the injection mould to when the part can be opened and removed. The time standard for taking out the parts can be opened, often the parts have been fully cured, with a certain degree of strength and rigidity, and will not be deformed and cracked when the mould is ejected.
Even if the same plastic is used for moulding, the cooling time varies depending on the wall thickness, the temperature of the molten plastic, the demoulding temperature of the moulded part, and the temperature of the injection mould. The formula that can calculate the cooling time 100% correctly in all cases is not published yet, and only the calculation formula is based on appropriate assumptions. The calculation formula also differs depending on the definition of cooling time.
At present, the following three standards are usually used as reference for cooling time:
1.The temperature of the center layer of the thickest part of the plastic injection moulded part is cooled to the time required for the plastic below the heat distortion temperature;
2.The average temperature in the cross-section of the plastic injection-moulded workpiece, and the time required for cooling to the die temperature of the specified product;
3.The thickest part of the wall of the crystalline plastic moulded part The temperature of the central layer, the time required to cool to below its melting point, or the time required to reach the specified percentage of crystallization. |
Friday, March 25, 2016
The Shallow
The Net seizes our attention only to scatter it.
“How do users read on the web?” he asked then. His succinct answer: “They don’t.”
The book, “The Shallow”, raises a common problem we all suffer nowadays: “we lost our deep reading ability.” The author studied on this issue from different aspects, which provides enough knownledge for us to understand why this happens. Although the book may not mention any specific solution, we can deal with it by bring up our own self-awareness for the first step.
In this post, I am sharing three different clips from the book. And, I think, they all answered some question in today’s tech world by descibing accurate insights.
After AlphaGo won the Korean player, some people started to worried that the robots will take over the world. Some medias spreaded out articles with scary titles saying the robots may not be controllable in the near future. However, I totally disagree with these ideas, which I think they are barely based on the lack of knownledge. AI or robots are still machines, which do whatever we ask them to do, and they will never going to do “something out of control” if we don’t ask them to do so. It’s common and nature that people put emotions into the machine, but the machine eventually is still the machine. I believe, the way to build a real AI with its own emotion, mind, etc is to fully understand the human brain from Biological aspect. There’s the clip from the book that shares the same idea as mine.
The first academic conference dedicated to the pursuit of artificial intelligence was held back in the summer of 1956 - on the Dartmouth campus - and it seemed obvious at the time that computers would soon be able to replicated human thought. The mathematicians and engineers who convened the month-long conclave sensed that, as they wrote in a statement,“ every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.” It was just a matter of writing the right programs, of rendering the conscious processes of the mind into the steps of algorithms. But despite years of subsequent effort, the workings of human intelligence have eluded precise description. In the half century since the Dartmouth conference, computers have advanced at lightning speed, yet they remain, in human terms, as dumb as stumps. Out “thinking” machines still don’t have the slightest idea what they’re thinking. Lewis Mumford’s observation that “no computer can make a new symbol out of its own resources” remains as true today as when he said it in 1967.
But the AI advocates haven’t given up. They’ve just shifted their focus. They’ve largely abandoned the goal of writing software programs that replicate human learning and other explicit features of intelligence. Instead, they’re trying to duplicate, in the circuitry of a computer, the electrical signals that buzz among the brain’s billions of neurons, in the belief that intelligence will then “emerge” from the machine as the mind emerges from the physical brain. If you can get the “overall computation” right, as Page said, then the algorithms of intelligence will write themselves. In a 1996 essay on the legacy of Kubrick’s 2001, the inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil argued that once we’re able to scan a brain in sufficient detail to “ascertain the architecture of interneuronal connections in different regions,” we’ll be able to “design simulated neural nets that will operate in a similar fashion.” Although “we can’t yet build a brain like HAL’s,” Kurzweil concluded, “we can describe right now how we could do it.”
There’s little reasons to believe that this new approach to incubating an intelligent machine will prove any more fruitful than the old one. It, too, is built on reductive assumptions. It takes for granted that the brain operates according to the same formal mathematical rules as a computer does - that, in other words, the brain and the computer speak the same language. But that’s a fallacy born of our desire to explain phenomena we don’t understand in terms we do understand. John von Neumann himself warned against falling victim to this fallacy. “When we talk about mathematics,” he wrote toward the end of his life, “we may be discussing a secondary nervous system.” Whatever the nervous system’s language may be, “ it cannot fail to differ considerably from what we consciously and explicitly consider as mathematics.”
Modern Brain
Although I’ve spent lots of time on studying, my ability of memorizing things isn’t increased for years. I started to think that “do we really need to memorize things if there’s Internet?” The following clip from the book nicely explains the reason why people lose their momerizing skills.
What determines what we remember and what we forget? The key to memory consolidation is attentiveness. Storing explicit memories and, equally important, forming connections between them requires strong mental concentration, amplified by repetition or by intense intellectual or emotional engagement. The sharper the attention, the sharper the memory. “For a memory to persist,” writes Kandel, “the incoming information must be thoroughly and deeply processed. This is accomplished by attending to the information and associating it meaningfully and systematically with knowledge already well established in memory.” If we’re unable to attend to the information in our working memory, the information lasts only as long as the neurons that hold it maintain their electric charge - a few seconds at best. Then it’s gone, leaving little or no trace in the mind.
Attention may seem ethereal - a “ghost inside the head,” as the developmental psychologist Bruce MacCandliss says - but it’s a genuine physical state, and it produces material effects throughout the brain. Recent experiments wit mice indicate that the act of paying attention to an idea or an experience sets off a chain reaction that crisscrosses the brain. Conscious attention begins in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, with the imposition of top-down, executive control overt the mind’s focus. The establishment of attention leads the neurons of the cortex to send signals to neurons in the midbrain that produce the powerful neurotransmitter dopamine. The axons of these neurons reach all the way into the hippocampus, providing a distribution channel for the neurotransmitter. Once the dopamine is funneled into the synapses of the hippocampus, it jump-starts the consolidation of explicit memory, probably by activating genes that spur the synthesis of new proteins.
The influx of competing messages that we receive whenever we go online not only overloads our working memory; it makes it much harder for our frontal lobes to concentrate our attention on any one thing. The process of memory consolidation can’t even get started. And, thanks once again to the plasticity of our neuronal pathways, the more we use the Web, the more we train our brain to be distracted - the process information very quickly and very efficiently but without sustained attention. The helps explain why many of us find it hard to concentrate even when we’re aways from out computers. Our brains become adept tat forgetting, inept at remembering. Our growing dependence on the Web’s information stores may in fact be the product of a self-perpetuating, self amplifying loop. As our use of the Web makes it harder for us to lock information into our biological memory, we’re forced to rely more and more on the Net’s capacious and easily searchable artificial memory, even if it makes us shallower thinkers.
Why CLI (Command Line Interface)
When I code, I prefer using CLI, the command line interface. The reason behind is that CLI brings me a clearer view of the whole system. The author mentioned that helpful interfaces aren’t always benefits the users, which is the part I would like to refer to the comparison between CLI and GUI.
In the early stages of solving the puzzle, the group using the helpful software made correct moves more quickly that the other group, as would be expected. But as the test proceeded, the proficiency of the members of the group using the blare-bones software increased more rapidly. In the end, those using the unhelpful program were able to solve the puzzle more quickly and with fewer wrong moves. They also reach fewer impasses - states in which no further moves were possible - than did the people using the helpful software. The findings indicated, as van Nimwegen reported, that those using the unhelpful software were better able to plan ahead and lot strategy, while those using the helpful software tended to rely on simple trial and error. Often, in fact, those with the helpful software were found “to aimlessly click around” as they tried to crack the puzzle.
Eight months after the experiment, van Nimwegen reassembled the groups and had them again work on the colored-balls puzzle as well as a variation on it. He found that the people who had originally used the unhelpful software able to solve the puzzles nearly twice as fast as those who had used the helpful software. In another test, he had a different set of volunteers use ordinary calendar software to schedule a complicated series of meetings involving overlapping groups of people. Once again, one group used helpful software that provided lots of on-screen cues, and another group used unhelpful software. The results were the same. The subjects using the unhelpful program “solved the problems with fewer superfluous moves and in a more straightforward manner,” and the demonstrated greater “plan-based behavior” and “smarter solution paths.”
In his report on the research, van Nimwegen emphasized that he controlled for variations in the participants’ fundamental cognitive skills. It was the differences in the design of the software that explained the differences in performance and learning. The subjects using the bare-bones software consistently demonstrated “more focus, more direct and economical solutions, better strategies, and better imprinting of knowledge.” The more that people depended on explicit guidance from software programs, the less engaged they were in the task and the less they ended up learning. The findings indicate, van Nimwegen concluded, that as we “externalize” problem solving and other cognitive chores to our computers, we reduce our brain’s ability “to build stable knowledge structures” - schemas, in other words - that can later “be applied in new situations.” A polemicist might put it more pointedly: The brighter the software, the dimmer the user.
Sunday, March 20, 2016
Use Unconscious Thoughts for Complex Problems (Paper Reading Note)
While I was reading “The Shallow”: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, one paper was mentioned. As it suggests that unconscious thoughts offer better decision on complex problem, I am curious about it. Here is my study note of the paper, “Think Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making”.
Conclusion: unconscious is good at making complex decisions.
• The problem is that it feels wrong to make such an important decision so quickly.
• Both conscious and unconscious systems can be very fast, slow, smart, or stupid. It all depends on what they are asked to do.
• One needs enough processing capacity to deal with large amount of information, and one needs skills sophisticated enough to integrate information in a meaningful and accurate way.
Processing Capacity
• Maximum amount of information thatch be kept under conscious scrutiny at any given time is about seven units (4060 bits per second), which is low.
• The capacity of the entire human system is about 11,200,000 bits (including visual system, etc).
• More elaborate, normative strategies only work well when all information is taken into account.
The Skills to Think
• That is the integration of information in a meaningful way.
• Consciousness may suffer from a power cut when too much pressure is put on its limited capacity, but as long as its capacity is enough to deal with a particular problem, it is likely to be a good thinker.
• Researchers have long recognized the importance of incubation, the process whereby a problem is consciously ignored for a while, after which the unconscious offers a solution.
• We put things to rest for a while and then suddenly, “Bing,” we feel we know it.
• Not thinking about a problem for a while may lead people to forget wrong heuristics or inappropriate strategies in general.
• Successive guesses converged, and the unconscious seemed to be closing in on the right answer quite a while before the answer was accessible to consciousness.
• A brief period of unconscious thought will lead to a better decision relative conditions under which unconscious thought is prevented.
• When making complex decisions, conscious thought is inferior relative to unconscious thought.
• Experiment 13: proofing that unconscious thinking provides better decision in some cases; experiment 45: testing the reason behind
Polarization Hypothesis
• Distraction can lead to the change of a “mental set”, so, the role of the unconscious is proposed to be passive: putting a problem aside for a while allows for a fresh, unbiased new start.
• Look into different options.
Clustering Hypothesis
• Unconscious thought is expected to turn an initial, disorganized set of information into a clearer and more integrated representation of information in memory.
Wednesday, March 2, 2016
The Hook Model
This post is my study note of reading the book.
Why Habit
• increasing customer lifetime value (CLTV)
• providing pricing flexibility
• supercharging growth: people are more likely to share
Habit Zone
• frequency: how often the user us the product
Habits cannot form outside the habit zone.
“Are you building a vitamin or painkiller?”
1. Trigger
Internal triggers are attached to existing behaviors and emotions.
• when users form habits, they are cued by internal triggers
• negative emotions frequently serve as internal triggers
2. Action
The Fogg Behavior Model
• [T] Trigger: mentioned above
Ease / Simple
Influence simplicity:
• time
• money
• physical
• brain cycles
• social deviance (how accepted the behavior is by others)
Good examples
• logging in with facebook
• sharing with the twitter button
• searching with google
• taking photos with the apple iphone
• scrolling with pinterest
Brain Biases (Heuristics and Perceptions)
Heuristics are shortcuts we take to make quick decisions.
Note: Mental Notes help designers build better products through heuristics.
3. Variable Award
Many habit forming products offer multiple types of variable rewards:
Type: The Tribe
Fueled by connectedness with other people
• Facebook like / comment / share
Type: The Hunt
The search for material resources and information
• machine gambling
• Pinterest (cut-off pictures at bottom)
Type: The Self
The search for intrinsic rewaords of mastery, competence, and completion
Important Considerations
Maintain a Sense of Autonomy
“But you are free to accept or refuse”
Beware of Finite Variability
“Predictable after use”
4. Investment
• we seek to be consistent with our past behavior
• we avoid cognitive dissonance
Storing Value
• content: memories and experiences, ex. itunes collection
• followers: ex. Twitter
Loading the next trigger
The Morality of Manipulation
The Facilitator
Healthy habit.
Build the change they want to see in the world
The Peddler
Beware of the hubris and inauthenticity
The Entertainer
The Dealer
Ex. casinos and drug dealers.
Habit Testing (Existing Products)
Step 1: Identify
Don’t come up with an overly aggressive prediction.
Step 2: Codify
Step 3: Modify
Discovering Habit-forming Opportunities
Enabling technologies
Interface Change
Some nice or interesting sentences I found in the book:
My Own Thoughts
1. Timing
2. Facilitator for All Team Members?
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When To Suspect Kidney Disease And Why It Is Important To Visit A Specialist?
By Dr. Amit Agarwal, Pediatrics
The kidney is a vital organ of the body that helps in filtering the wastes out of the blood. In the case of a kidney ailment, the wastes build up in the blood (as the functioning of the kidney is affected). Unfortunately, many times, the chronic kidney problems cannot be detected at an early stage, triggering a plethora of health complications including death. Thus, it is essential to consult a nephrologist in case a person experiences any of the following complications and discomfort.
What are the common reasons to visit a Pediatric nephrologist?
Some of the factors and health complications that make it necessary to visit a Pediatric nephrologist include
1. Sudden loss of the kidney functions or acute kidney failure.
2. CKD (Chronic kidney disease) that can potentially affect the kidney function for the long term.
3. Presence of crystals, casts, protein, and blood in the urine that could be an indication of the improper functioning of the kidneys.
4. Recurring Urinary Tract Infection of the kidney such as Pyelonephritis (kidney infection that often results in the scarring of the kidneys) and Cystitis (a condition characterized by the inflammation of the bladder).
5. Stone formation in the kidney.
6. Nephrotic Syndrome Kidney problems resulting from an elevated and uncontrolled blood pressure
7. Cancer involving the kidney and the bladder.
8. Hydronephrosis (commonly known as swelling of kidney)
9. Kidney problems resulting from an elevated and uncontrolled blood pressure
Certain medical conditions that can have deleterious effect on the kidneys such as
1. Bedwetting (after the age of 5 years)
2. Nephrotic Syndrome (Protein loss in urine with swelling) Glomerulonephritis (a medical condition characterized by the glomeruli getting inflamed).
3. Nephritic syndrome (a condition characterized by an inflammation triggered by an immune response that interferes with the functioning of the glomerulus)
Other medical conditions that require a thorough investigation and treatment include Short Stature, Tubular necrosis, disorders of the renal blood vessels, problems related to dialysis, to name a few.
Symptoms of a Kidney Problem
The symptoms associated with a chronic kidney disorder may appear gradually. However, some of the signs and symptoms that may be indicative of a kidney problem include
1. Loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting.
2. Short height
3. Not gaining weight Weakness, sleep problems.
4. A sudden reduction in the frequency of urination.
5. Persisting itching.
6. Elevated and uncontrolled hypertension.
7. Swelling of the ankles and the feet.
8. Breathing troubles (in case the fluids build up in the lungs).
9. Muscle cramps and twitches.
Why is it important to visit a Pediatric nephrologist?
For starter, a Pediatric nephrologist would be able to diagnose the factors responsible for kidney malfunction with tests related to urine, blood, imaging, and tissue culturing. With timely diagnosis and treatment, many chronic and reversible kidney disorders can be controlled, managed, and treated with precision. Adult nephrologist may diagnose the problems in pediatric age group but they are usually unable to give importance to growth of children which is very unique and challenging in kids with kidney disease |
quater 3 IR
My initial reaction to the poem was that I was not a big fan of it and in complete honesty, I was not a big fan of it in the end. One of the things i love about both poems and music is that you can feel exactly what they are feeling without ever experiencing it. They use their words to convey the message of what they want to say. That being said I like to read poems about things that i can care about and relate to. There is not a single scenario in which i believe that everyone or anyone for that matter in the entire world can be 100% good. So i kind of shut down from the beginning which is not any slight to the author if we are still reading and bisecting and supposed to be taking something from a poem this old it must have something worth learning from. to me, the best line from our assigned section was from section 6.
than he.
I like this line because it highlights something that i think is very important. We spend our whole lives trying to understand others. We work together and we make friends and form relationships but we do not truly understand anyone and why they are the way they are. People will always have secrets and people will always do things without reason. I think that most people are not the most genuine version of who they are so judging off actions it is still very hard to know if people are being an honest version of themselves. If i am being completely honest i feel like a lot of people go their whole lives and do not even understand themselves. I had a lot of difficulties with this work because there was not a lot of room for a personal interpretation. I felt like every time you said that this line of the poem meant this is thought it meant something completely different. So i found it frustrating when i could not make the connections i was supposed to be making.
Image result for walt whitman
The benefits of leaving behind society as Thoreau did would be that: you have an opportunity to do things on your own. You have a chance to discover things without the input and stress of others opinions and ideas. Another benefit is that you do not need to do things like work there is no need for things like money and materialistic items (except things that are absolutely needed) because you are living off of the land. Yet another benefit is the fact that you are not really facing any pressure. Like there is the pressure of trying to live in an unfamiliar environment on your own and trying to survive which i would assume would be pretty difficult but pressures such as grades and jobs and to have friends and such do not really matter anymore. And for me personally school is one of the things that weigh on me the most and I really would not mind that pressure leaving. I would miss a lot of things especially things I take for granted such as my house which has heat and readily available food ( sometimes because so days I feel like there is nothing to eat in my whole house). I would miss the internet and being able to post on my finsta about one hundred times a day even though i know no one really cares about it. I would miss TV and my bed quite a bit and i would definitely miss the constant access i have to my friends. I would miss my family as well even though they get on every single nerve I have I do not like to be without them. I guess I would be pretty lonely. It is interesting because out of all those things i did not really say anything with any substantial value besides my family. LIke i would miss dumb things like netflix which i say is a small price to pay. I mean it would really really suck and I would probably be miserable but it is not forever and there is a lot up for gain.
debate blog
So writing my debate was pretty hard. I was not a big fan of writing it out instead of debating which would have saved me a lot of stress considering i was not one of the people who wrote it all out from the start. I was more stressed because I was not supportive of my argument in the beginning. The more i read about it the more i realized I was probably on the right side of the debate. I did not really like that things had to be certain lengths though because i personally feel like if i get my point across i got my point across you feel like i can make a pretty good start in less than 4 minutes. I really did not change my way of argument in my everyday life. For the purpose of the assignment i will play the game but i real life it is not practical to make a whole thing to get your way because most times a compromise is easier and if i am going, to be honest, i tend to get my way with most things anyway. In an everyday dispute, i am pretty good. I still feel as though most times you will not be able to really change someone’s opinion during a debate because i changed sides because i was not really well informed but if someone is passionate and well informed about their side they probably will not be swayed by another person opinion like it may open up their eyes to the other side which is good but will it really change their mindset probably not. especially on more controversial topics like abortion and the wall people are normally set in their views for such things due to their morals which tend to influence more than facts especially if they were raised in such a way because how you are thought things is normally how you stick with things because its drilled into your head for so long. But in my case my debate did change my mind because there was a lot of things that i had not learned before .
Image result for debate
so I wrote this only for me to accidentally delete it so that is lit. But my debate topic is the negative side of recreational marijuana. I honestly think I am going to have a hard time with this. Unlike the 70’s the information coming out about weed is mostly positive and it is becoming more and more acceptable. The legalization process is coming across the United States as a whole and even our neighbors like Canada have legalized it. Also it is hard to argue because it has no affect on me. For 1 i am still underage and 2 if someone is smoking it has zero affect on me or mine. So i personally believe that it should be legal it some use it to treat their anxiety disorders and i said it really does not affect me. The only attack I think would be to use is emotional appeal because if you can play onto the fear that smoking can lead to other more dangerous drugs. Also legalizing it opens that can of worms of what to do with those who were already convicted of selling or possession and that is something that no one has a solution to yet. Also the federal nor local government is equipped to deal with the surge of cases that would cause. Also it is not labeled as a gateway drug which i think is false because it can lead to a desensitization to other drugs and it can lead to people getting into other things when trying to chase a high especially those who have to take a drug test and need something that leaves the system quicker. The ethical argument that can be made is why to make any drug legal natural or not is it really safe to have mind altering substances available to the public for anyone to use and get a hold of not really like it could lead to the push to legalize things like magic mushrooms. i honestly think I am going to have a hard time with this debate i will have to do a lot of research to find something solid.
My debate would be if debates are even worth doing. Let us be honest with ourselves here has there ever been a time your mind was changed in A debate. If you are debating about something most likely it has some type of meaning to you or you are passionate about the topic. At that point you will already pretty much be set in your opinion. You could argue that it is good to hear others peoples ideas but at that point you can just have a normal discussion if you really care that much. If you could not already tell i am opposed to debates there really is not a point solve your problems with a discussion. Like you are not going get in a fight and then hop on to a podium in real life. So about the whole school thing as you could tell by taking a little trip and looking at any of my previous blogs I do not like it. It is tiring and boring and honestly to stressful so i choose not to care. Like the fact that the decisions i make at 16 are going to have an affect on the rest of my life is big stupid. Like I am just trying to have a good time and worry about life later like I am to young to be stressing over this goonery. If I could do anything differently i would have scheduled different classes i do not even know why i picked hard ones like i have something i need to prove we all know i am big dumb. There is nothing i can do to change it to be honest because my name is not Thanos and i can not go back in time so my only option is to sit and suffer through the next 100 something days of school. Which side note i feel like we have had so many more days than that like what is going on this is brazy i feel like we have been in school at lease like 120 days i do not know. I guess time really only flies when you are having fun.
It aint work out
So we were assigned to try to imamate Ben Franklin and try to follow a list of virtues for a week. Now I did not to well with this which was to be expected considering the man who came up with most of them could not even manage to do it himself. So if you know me I got about 1001 flaws but 2 of my main are my lack of willpower and my lack of motivation. So let us think about the fact that I was supposed to incorporate a set of whole new rules that were not completely necessary into my life. I was destined to fail from the get go. Some of them like resolution were impossible because I am constantly depressed and I want to do things but am never able to bring myself to do anything. Another one that was bound to fail was silence. I got a fat mouth i could talk for days about anything if if like you it is Berliner impossible to shut me up which is what it is but was not very helpful in this case. Order and moderation went out the window because I have no motivation to keep things clean and organized so instead I sleep and sit on my phone constantly which is not moderation so it was a pretty rough time for me. Frugality went pretty well for me because despite all the working I did in the summer I have like no money and if i spend any of it it has to be on something super good. Sincerity was another thing I think I did okay on I try as it is to be honest with people about my opions on them. Sometimes people need to know the truth so they can better themselves. Authenticy is probably about the only other thing I did well like I have become a lot better about being more open about who I am. Dispite the fact that I am a total sped half the time i have learned that if that is who I am gong to be that is who I am going to be and that is okay. Long as I am happy screw everyone else you feel.
I did not like writing poems for class at all. Honestly being forced to write a poem is high key the worst. Being forced to write anything is and that is why there are grown adults that hate writing and poetry. I do admire those who are able to overcome that trauma and major in English and write for a living I could never. The main difference between my two poems is that i kind of just rushed my fist one because i needed it done but on my second poem I tried to write about something i cared about. I wrote about poaching. Recently it has been getting a lot more attention from the media and animals are something I really care a lot about. It really breaks my heart to see how selfish and destructive people can be. To add more imagery I could add in some pictures of animals but some are a bit graphic so i am not real to sure
This is mad late due to crippling depression my motivation has been at 0 all week but i do not want to fail so I am going to put in some work now. I liked El Dorado quite a bit. It was good and at the time we were reading it i was not in the best mood so i liked it a little more because of that. I overall do like to write poems but not for other people to read. Like they are like strangely personal and like i do not want people to know my juice like that. Also i do not know what to write my poem about like i have to do a whole new one now and i just do not know a new topic. Like at my age i really have not experienced much like i feel like if i write about something too deep it will just be stupid and not real but if i write about something stupid i will hand in a dumb poem that you are going to judge anyway so i am really not sure. And like i guess i could write about something i do not like but then i am weird and sulky so i have no clue. I guess i could try to do Myles again but it did not work very well the first time because even though i love him there is only so much i material i have to write about a dog. Hopefully i can make up something good so i do not take to much heat.
Giggity Giggity
So howdy y’all I have been working at AR for about 6 hours now mostly because my pea brain can’t focus for more than a solid 5 seconds I am gonna try my best to make another quality blog for yall so let us see. This masterpiece will be about The Sky is Everywhere by the lovely Jandy Nelson. The books follows Lennie through basically what is her journey of self discovery after the death of her sister. Now I do like Lennie but the whole book she made 110 problems for herself. I feel like in many of situations when was in were completely avoidable if she was trying to be a decent person. Let’s start off with the fact that she almost had sex with her dead and yes deceased sister’s fiance like what are you doing that is actually disgusting. And yes Toby was older and they were both going through a tough time but see a therapist or something like there are other ways to handle yourself. Now the whole time Lennie is making awful decisions with Toby she is leading on my man Joe. And let me tell you I love Joe he is the most beautifully broken boy. He is so darn precious and he cares about Lennie a lot he puts in a lot of work for her but she still manages to mess it up. Like sis you had the boy I do not understand. Then she went and played victim to Joe after he found out about her and Toby ( which she lied to him about inmore than one occasion) She broke Joe’s heart basically blamed it on the fact that she was going through a tough time. JOe had been through a lot and it is mad disrespectful for her to do him like that. Now don’t get me wrong I wanted them to get back together because I love that sappy mess but like real talk it would have been 100 percent valid if he dipped. Another thing she did was she snooped through her sisters stuff and wound up finding stuff about her missing mother which upset the whole family balance she had going on like why can you not just be happy with what you have you ingrate. Now I genuinely do like Lennie I think her and I are very similar both had a lot of self sabotaging tendencies and are very nosy. We both are also very big on the self pity train. Another thing i love about Lennie is the little poems she left everywhere. I think that was such a good way to develop her character and give us as a reader a direct look into what she was thinking and how she was feeling. Of course Joe was finding them and reading them which he was also using them to understand all the things she was going through. These poems ultimately lead to Joe forgiving her and them getting back together. My by far favorite thing about the book was the title. The title was taken from one of the poems Lennie wrote and it is basically saying that the pain of her losing her sister will never go away but she will carry it with her forever. I think it was a cute message and i love sweet stuff like that. Overall the book is pretty predictable but still very cute i cried like a small child at time but all in all it was a very good well written book but i would never expect less from the marvokus Jandy . |
Know More About Strabismus
Now what about strabismus? A lot of people are unfamiliar with it is actually an eye condition that is marked by eyes that are not correctly aligned with each other. It is more commonly known as squint, crossed-eyes, or walleye. This condition makes the eyes unable to look at the same point concurrently. It you want to learn more about strabismus, read on.
One thing that you need to know about strabismus is that it occurs when the muscles that are connected to each eye do not work together in a coordinative manner so that the eyes do not move together in the same direction at the same time. So under normal conditions, the person with this condition cannot align his or her eyes simultaneously. Due to this, one or even both eyes may mpve in, out, up, or down. The turning of the eye varies as it could be constantly turning, or it could be triggered by sickness or stress only making it intermittent.
A further thing that you have to find out about strabismus is its symptoms. You can easily spot a strabismus patient if the person cannot look at the same area in a space at the same time. A few more subtle symptoms of this condition are tilting of the head when viewing an object, and closing of the eyes in bright sunlight. Furthermore, children who are afflicted with strabismus may experience tiredness of the eyes, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. In addition, patients will also experience double vision when strabismus first occurs. The thing about strabismus is that the extraocular muscles are severely affected, damaging the binocular vision as well. Due to this, people who have it have difficulties perceiving depth.
What is good about strabismus is that it can be treated in a variety of ways. This includes the use of glasses, patches, medicines, and also surgery. Kids who are afflicted with this condition can overcome it when they reach 10 years old if they were diagnosed and treated early. As for the surgery, Botox is commonly used to paralyze the stronger muscle, thereby improving the cosmetic appearance of the eye. |
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Marcario Garcia was the first Mexican immigrant to receive the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military decoration. He developed equipment for full-field digital mammography at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Mexican Americans have less access to healthcare compared to other hispanic groups in the United States.[149] In a study done in 2006 looking into the access to and quality of healthcare among hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in the United States, it was found that compared with Puerto Ricans and Cubans, Mexicans are less likely to have health insurance coverage, a usual source of healthcare, have less physician visits, and have less expenditures for medical care.[149] This lack of access to healthcare correlates to Mexican Americans being mostly of a low socioeconomic class causing them to not be able to pay for health insurance and just avoid seeking medical health care in general. Octaviano Larrazolo, served as the fourth Governor of New Mexico and became the first Hispanic United States Senator. With streaming video or streaming media, a Web user does not have to wait to download a file to play it. If you have further questions regarding your CE approval, please contact Summit Customer Service M-F from 6 a.m. Citation Machine™ uses the 8th ed. Furthermore,many of our patients may have more significant or complex deficits than are included in many research studies, and we have fewer resources available to work with them. Are there breaks? Can I press pause while watching the course? Where can I find who is teaching the course and his/her professional credentials? During World War II, more than 300,000 Mexican Americans served in the US armed forces.[26] Mexican Americans were generally integrated into regular military units; however, many Mexican–American War veterans were discriminated against and even denied medical services by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs when they arrived home.[44] In 1948, war veteran Hector P. The findings suggest that parental expectations can affect the academic performance of Mexican American students. On July 9, US military forces reached Sonoma; they lowered the Bear Flag Republic's flag, replacing it with a US flag. However, Fremont remained in the Santa Clara Valley then headed towards Monterey. Mexicans are also the largest foreign-born population, accounting for 27% of the total foreign-born population. The father’s consejos served as an encouragement tool, which motivated the participant to continue his education. Please select another date or contact our Customer Service team for additional options. Your duplicate title certificate will be issued within 72 hours.
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The bracero program, begun in 1942 during World War II, when many United States men were drafted for war, allowed Mexicans temporary entry into the U.S. It was possible for Mexican Americans to attend white schools and colleges, mix socially with whites and, on occasion, marry whites: all of these things were impossible for African Americans, largely due to the legalized nature of black-white segregation. During the lab section, we have invested heavily in providing very strong video content (i.e. Although that might be an effective tool for Mexican American students, a mother can be just as an important figure for consejos. The movement was particularly strong at the college level, where activists formed MEChA, an organization that seeks to promote Chicano unity and empowerment through education and political action, but also espouses revanchist ideals centered around "taking back" the American southwest for Mexicans. As the child grows older, the parent’s role in their child’s learning may change; however, a parent will often continue to serve as a role model. Additional literature has demonstrated that parent involvement also comes in the form of parent expectations. Do you provide technical support? Mexican American men have higher prevalence rates in comparison to non-Hispanics, whites and blacks.[140] “The prevalence of diabetes increased from 8.9% in 1976–1980 to 12.3% in 1988–94 among adults aged 40 to 74” according to the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.[140] In a 2014 study, The U.S. Vehicle history reports assure the buyer of the vehicle's quality and value by revealing information such as possible theft, past accidents, repairs, and recalls. Since the late 20th century, undocumented Mexican immigrants have increasingly become a large part of the workforce in industries such as meat packing, where processing centers have moved closer to ranches in relatively isolated rural areas of the Midwest; in agriculture in the southeastern United States; and in the construction, landscaping, restaurant, hotel and other service industries throughout the country. The purpose of their study was to debunk the notion that Mexicans do not value education by providing evidence that shows the opposite. During this period, civil rights groups such as the National Mexican-American Anti-Defamation Committee were founded. In the case Hernandez v. Texas (1954), civil rights lawyers for the appellant, named Pedro Hernandez, were confronted with a paradox: because Mexican Americans were classified as white by the federal government and not as a separate race in the census, lower courts held that they were not being denied equal protection by being tried by juries that excluded Mexican Americans by practice. How much time do I have to finish the course? He is Director of the Brain Tumor Surgery Program at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, and the Director of the Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. This model is rooted in the belief that as time passes, more and more immigrants enter the country. There are no online text options available for this course.
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Testing these hypotheses with data from the US Census and national and Los Angeles opinion surveys, Citrin et al. Literature has demonstrated that parental involvement has had a positive influence in the academic achievement of Mexican American students. Leveraging our exceptional teaching faculty that delivers thousands of live workshops each year (with an average customer satisfaction rating of 4.7 out of 5.0), creative writing on current affairs we have now invested in creating the same exceptional Online course experience. The Chicano Moratorium, formally known as the National Chicano Moratorium Committee, was a movement of Chicano anti-war activists that built a broad-based but fragile coalition of Mexican-American groups to organize opposition to the Vietnam War. She formed her band Selena Gomez & the Scene after signing a recording contract with Hollywood Records in 2008. Racial segregation operated separately from economic class and was rarely as rigid for Mexican Americans as it was for African Americans. Edward Roybal's election to the Los Angeles City Council in 1949 and to Congress in 1962 also represented this rising Mexican-American political power. Will I need to take a post course test? Lee Trevino, professional golfer regarded as one of the greatest players in professional golf history,[135][136][137] and the greatest Hispanic golfer of all time.[138] He was inducted to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1981. The committee was led by activists from local colleges and members of the "Brown Berets", a group with roots in the high school student movement that staged walkouts in 1968, known as the East L.A. A native of San Antonio, Juan Seguín is probably the most famous Tejano to be involved in the War of Texas Independence. This is required by our licensing boards for online courses. Polarization model suggests that the immigration of non-Black minorities into the United States further separates Blacks and Whites, as though the new immigrants are a buffer between them. According to the American Heart Association, it was concluded that too much fat around the waist area is associated with a higher risk for health problems like high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.[145] Glanz and colleagues also said that the obesity epidemic may be continuing not only because of expanding portion sizes but also because of the nutrition environment and the availability of unhealthy food in the neighborhoods that this population lives in.[146] These poor food choices also stem from the lack of knowledge on nutrition, which indicates that nutrition prevention and other appropriate interventions are needed to combat obesity and type 2 diabetes in Mexican Americans.
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Attorneys for the state of Texas and judges in the state courts contended that the amendment referred only to racial, not "nationality," groups. Although the treaty promised that the landowners in this newly acquired territory would have their property rights preserved and protected as if they were citizens of the United States, many former citizens of Mexico lost their land in lawsuits before state and federal courts over terms of land grants, or as a result of legislation passed after the treaty.[26] Even those statutes which Congress passed to protect the owners of property at the time of the extension of the United States' borders, such as the 1851 California Land Act, had the effect of dispossessing Californio owners. Toney Anaya, U.S. Democratic politician who served as the 26th Governor of New Mexico from 1983 to 1987. Can I fast-forward or rewind through the online course? Prevention is important in order to better control the prevalent development of type 2 diabetes in Mexican Americans. Many had the opportunity to visit Mexico on a relatively frequent basis. They were ruined by the cost over years of having to maintain litigation to support their land titles. There were legal racial demarcations between whites and blacks in a state like Texas, whereas the line between whites and Mexican Americans was not legally defined. For subscribers, your access is unlimited while your subscription is active. Huntington (2005) argues that the sheer number, concentration, linguistic homogeneity, and other characteristics of Latin American immigrants will erode the dominance of English as a nationally unifying language, weaken the country's dominant cultural values, and promote ethnic allegiances over a primary identification as an American. In the 1948 case of Perez v. Sharp, the Supreme Court of California recognized that interracial bans on marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. Yes, you are required to successfully pass the post course test to obtain CE credits and certification.
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Watch up to the first 30 minutes, and if you are not satisfied, you will receive a full refund. In California, Spanish settlement began in 1769 with the establishment of the Presidio and Catholic mission of San Diego. Huerta's slogan "Sí, se puede" (Spanish for "Yes we can"), was popularized by Chávez's fast and became a rallying cry for the Chicano Movement, or Mexican American civil rights movement. For Live Courses, you will be provided a paper form to return to your Instructor at the end of the workshop. The video that you will be watching is a recorded version of a live workshop. Another destination of Mexican and Latin American immigration was the Northeastern United States, in places such as the Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania; Mahoning Valley, Ohio; throughout Massachusetts and the state of Rhode Island; New Haven, Connecticut along with other Latin American nationalities; Washington, D.C. Eva Longoria, actress, producer, director, and businesswoman. We've created a comprehensive outline of all the basics, so you'll know what to expect. Altschul (2011) noted that home-based parental involvement had a more positive effect on the academic achievement of Mexican American students, than involvement in school organizations. Can I complete the course over several days? California coast by 1823, along with military Presidios and civilian communities. Alternative free and paid parking options may be available, please contact the hotel for details.
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"Component" property
It's not really a new thing and you probably noticed it to be used in e.g. react-router. With "Component" property, the Dashboard UI Kit components are nicely composable which makes them super flexible in terms of reusability.
Most of the components accept "Component" property, e.g. UikButton. You will always find that information on the documentation page for each component or in the code. So let's have a look on some exaples. First of all, here is a usage without Component property.
import { UikButton } from 'duik'
<UikButton>This is a simple button</UikButton>
Renders: which is a simple button.
A String HTML element
Any string that is supported (or not) will be rendered, e.g. if you provide "section" as a parameter, react will render <section> in the DOM. Here is a simple example:
import { UikButton } from 'duik'
<UikButton Component="a" href="//google.com" primary>Link to google</UikButton>
The UikButton becomes <a>: Link to google
React Elements
But you don't have to stop with String elements only. You can also pass any other component that will wrap the component instead and will receive all their props. Make sure that those components accepts all the properties you are sending to it as well.
Let's have a look on exampe where we are using our UikButton with a Link component from react-router.
import { UikButton } from 'duik'
import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'
<UikButton Component={ Link } to="/docs" success>To Docs Homepage</UikButton>
The UikButton becomes <Link ...>: To Docs Homepage |
Influences which affect every child’s education
Many factors have a positive or aversive influence upon a child’s education. To optimize the positive influences and limit the negative influences one must first understand the primary factors that come into play with regard to education.
One of the most important influences in education is “worldview”. Worldview comes into the equation from a variety of sources. Every curriculum, text book, and teacher has a worldview that influences the students. Parents need to identify what that worldview is and whether or not it is healthy for their children. One worldview can lean towards a disregard for education in and of itself, whereas another can challenge students to love learning in whatever form throughout their entire lives. One worldview can promulgate philosophy that hinders personal growth and restricts the students from experiencing true life whereas others can free them, thereby preparing them to mature into their destiny. Thus, worldviews are instrumental in education whether they are good influences or not so good.
Parents are also of primary influential importance. If children do not have the support of parents who value their education and help challenge them to learn, do their homework and pay attention in class, they will not adopt the necessary drive to become well educated. Parents cannot relegate the education of their children to the school system, whether public or private. They need to be actively involved in the process of their children’s education and maintain a high value for academic excellence. Just the same, a negative parental influence can be as much about over involvement as it can be about under involvement. If the parent rides the children to such great lengths that they begin to abhor education there is a problem. There needs to be a healthy support, not a lack of support or an over exertion of parental authority pushing children to their exhaustion.
Peers are another factor in gaining an education. If the child has trouble socializing or has friends that are bad influences they could be under achieving due to peer pressure. Also, they could become distracted by the values of the peers away from education. It is important for parents to know the friends of their kids and help their children navigate through any problems.
School system
The school system itself can have a positive or negative influence. For instance, if the child dislikes the school they may dislike education in general which could cause lasting problems. Parents can help by listening to their child and find out why there seems to be a disinterest in learning or a dislike for the school. Not every school is for every child. Not every method of learning works for every child. Some need one on one help. Others thrive best in a class room full of children. Some need a structured environment and some need a creatively free environment. Pay attention to what is the real issue hindering the child’s education and a solution will become more obvious.
The aforementioned influences are an overview of a few big impact influences that one needs to pay attention to when making educational decisions for children. These factors can even affect college age youth or adults. They are the big picture factors that can make it or break it for getting a good education. Many problems can be avoided by examining the environment, the worldview and the parental involvement, and make sure it is of optimum health for the student. There will always be factors influencing education, but careful navigation can thwart unwanted influences and maximize the desired ones increasing the smooth sailing of the educational experience. |
Module 6: Chain Saw Use and Safety
Lesson Two - Safety Practices and Hazards
Whenever you transport the saw, it should be fitted with a chain guard to protect yourself and to prevent damage to the chain. Walk with the bar pointing behind you so you'll be protected from both cutters and the hot muffler if you slip or fall.
Apply the chain brake when carrying the saw. This is an added precaution even though the chain should not normally rotate while the saw idling. Note: Allow the chain rotation stopped to decrease before applying the chain brake to reduce unnecessary brake wear.
Check the manufacturer's manual that comes with your saw to make sure that you are using the proper oil/fuel mixture. To avoid spilling gas on the hot engine a funnel with a strainer can be used to fill the tank. Never refuel with the engine running. Start your saw at least 3m (10 ft.) from the refuelling spot.
Always fill the oil tank at the same time as the fuel tank. Having the oil tank run dry will severely damage the chain and bar. Heavy weight (or summer oil) should be used at temperatures above 5 Celsius (40 F), light weight (or winter oil) at lower temperatures. In all cases, follow the manufacturer's manual. NEVER smoke while refuelling the saw. Have a fire extinguisher nearby and avoid spilling oil or fuel while refilling.
Get in the habit of checking your saw before you begin to work. As discussed in the previous lesson, check the following items:
• Throttle control lock-out
• Chain brake
• Chain catcher
• Anti-vibration system
• Rear hand guard
Also inspect:
• Chain tension
• Depth gauge settings
• Nuts and bolts for tightness
By taking 10-30 seconds to inspect these points you may find an unexpected problem that could cause an injury. this inspection should be done for any saw whether it was used yesterday or last year.
When checking the chain tension, ensure that the chain is snug on the bar but loose enough to be pulled around the bar by hand.
NEVER tighten the chain while the saw is idling.
It is best to tighten the chain when it has cooled down. Adjusting a hot chain will cause a very tight fit when the chain cools down and contracts.
Breaking in a New Chain
Most new chains are coated with a rust inhibitor but this is not a lubricating oil. Therefore, a new chain should be soaked in lubricating oil (preferably overnight).
Break in the new chain following this procedure:
1. Place the chain on the guide bar and tighten snugly while still allowing the chain to be turned freely by hand.
2. Start the saw and run the chain for a couple of minutes without cutting wood to allow the parts to loosen.
3. Allow the saw to cool down and then adjust the tension.
4. Make a few cuts in a log to try the chain, then allow it to cool down before read justing the tension.
NOTE: This readjustment of the tension may take several more cuts, cool downs and adjustments before the chain stops stretching and stays tight.
Starting a chainsaw may appear fairly routine but there's more to it than just pulling the starter cord. Accidents can occur, especially when the chain starts racing around the bar once the engine is running. Before attempting to start your saw ensure that:
1. an operating check is made of all safety features.
2. the bar and chain are in place. Starting a saw without them can result in the clutch mechanism flying off and causing injury.
3. the saw is well away from any objects that may catch in the chain.
Cold Start
The safest and most common method is starting the saw while it is firmly on the ground. Ensure the ignition switch and choke are both "ON" and the throttle control latch is engaged. Steady the saw by placing your right foot through the rear handle. Grip the front handle with your left hand and the starter cord with your right hand.
Pull gently until you feel some resistance from the starter mechanism. Then, use a quick sharp pull to start the engine. Keep hold of the handle as the cord retracts. Rev the engine briefly to release the throttle control latch and let the saw idle.
Warm Start
If the engine is warm, the saw must be started by one of two alternative methods. Neither the choke nor throttle control latch need to be used.
Method 1
Starting on secure footing with your feet slightly apart. Hold the front handle with your right hand so the starter side points away from you. Starting the saw with the starter side towards you can result in serious injury.
Grasp the starter handle with your left hand. Lift the saw by bending your right arm. Lower the saw quickly while pulling the starter handle.
Method 2
Grip the saw's rear handle between your thighs.
Holding the front handle firmly with your left hand, pull the starter handle with your right. These two methods are particularly suitable when brush or ground conditions make it difficult to start the saw on the ground.
Stand with your feet planted firmly on the ground and legs spread about shoulder width apart to give you a balanced stance. Boots with non-slip soles should be worn to prevent slipping and injury.
Grip the saw with your thumb around the front handle not over it. A loosely-held saw can be easily jerked out of your hand during kickback.
Keep your wrists straight to reduce strain and muscle fatigue. Rotate your right hand whenever you have to change the cutting position of the saw. Use your thumb to control the throttle when the saw is on its side. This may seem difficult at first, but it becomes easier with practice.
Hold the saw firmly and close to your body. Keep your arms bent. Outstretched arms will tire you more quickly and keep you off balance. To control the saw better and relieve the load on your back and arms, use your body and the tree stem to support the saw while cutting. (Remember, your hands and arms are used mainly for guiding the saw and not bearing its weight). This is sometimes the most difficult part to learn. However, resting the saw body against the stem or your body makes common sense and is one of the most positive comments about modern cutting practices.
Never saw above your head! In this position you cannot adequately control your saw. A good rule of thumb is to never raise the tip of the bar above your head.
When cutting always maintain a firm, balanced stance and ensure the saw is running at full throttle. This will prevent you from being jerked off balance.
The dangerously sudden and uncontrollable movement of the saw guide bar during kick-back is a common cause of chainsaw injuries. It occurs when the nose of the bar comes in contact with the tree or any solid object. The chain jams and pile sup at the point of contact forcing the saw guide bar violently back and up towards you. Kick-back can cause serious injuries.
The following points can help you avoid kick-back:
- Pay attention to what you are doing
- NEVER cut with the kick-back zone
- Use a safety chain
- NEVER file the depth gauges too low (use depth gauge tool)
- Maintain a strong grip on the saw at all times (both hands)
Muscle and Joint Strain
Using a chainsaw involves a lot of physical work that puts a heavy strain on your back and joints. Always use safe lifting methods to avoid injuring yourself. Keep your back straight, lift with your legs. Always grip the object securely and don't twist your back. Fifty-five percent (55%) of all injuries are caused by poor lifting and carrying techniques. The muscles in your legs are the strongest in your body; the muscles in your lower back are the weakest.
Fatigue is one of the most common reasons for injuries. You must always be alert when operating a chainsaw. The majority of injuries occur in the mid to late afternoon when you and your muscles are becoming tired after working all day.
Take the time now to learn how to use the chainsaw safely. With the seriousness of saw injuries, a few moments learning safe practices can save a lifetime of regret. |
CO Risks in Our World Today
Because of the modern world in which we live, there are a lot of carbon monoxide or CO risks we have to deal with on a daily basis.House of paper in hand 186320358 Unfortunately, we can’t just get rid of carbon monoxide entirely – first of all, we’re too dependent on “modern” discoveries like the internal combustion engine and fire, and secondly, there’s CO produced naturally in our atmosphere. We can’t just eliminate it. So rather than try to do the impossible, let’s focus on what risks of carbon monoxide exposure there are in the world. Then we can try to minimize our production of them and reduce our likelihood of CO poisoning.
Sources of Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide comes from burning fossil fuels; when there’s not enough oxygen produced to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide is formed as a result. Therefore, any source of combustion or burning of fuel will lead to the production of carbon monoxide in some level of concentration. For starters, CO naturally occurs in our atmosphere and is also produced by brush fires, volcanoes, forest fires, and more. Some of the manmade sources of carbon monoxide are found in the home, such as furnaces, wood fires, broken appliances, even working appliances, gas ovens, gas stove ranges, propane, kerosene, and the list goes on. Additional sources of carbon monoxide are generators, cigarette smoke, vehicles, internal combustion engines, charcoal, lawn mowers, and other devices that burn fossil fuels.
Minimizing Production and Reducing Exposure
Obviously, this list includes a lot of objects and devices with which we commonly interact, which makes it difficult to minimize our production and reduce our exposure. Family Preparing Salad 81754975But there are definitely things we can do to help out. First of all, we can avoid running things that don’t need to be run. This means avoiding leaving the car running in the garage for any longer than necessary. We should refrain from using gas stoves or gas ovens for heating the home for any reason. And we should make sure to turn the furnace off when we don’t need it to be running. Additionally, we should remember to have everything carefully inspected by professionals so that it’s burning the fuel as efficiently as possible and producing as little CO as possible. Following the instructions on all fuel burning appliances in our homes will also help with the problem, as well as making sure to keep the home well ventilated so that CO is not collecting in any enclosed spaces. Reducing exposure in public places is a little more challenging as you have less control, so the carbon monoxide risks are higher. Still, if you work at or spend a lot of time at a place where there are lots of fossil fuels being burned, make sure to spend a fair amount of time in the fresh air each day to help your body replenish its hemoglobin levels and restore balance to your systems.
There are always going to be CO risks in our world, but most of us will not experience serious CO poisoning. The best we can do to deal with it is respond with preparation and be ready to handle the problem of CO poisoning if it arises. |
Patch Management- What is Patch Management and Why Should You Care?
Published: August 14th, 2018
Healthcare organizations nationwide remain focused on their IT security, as more and more cyberattacks wreak havoc across the industry. Within the last two years, nearly 50% of companies have experienced a data breach, and the severity of these attacks appear to be getting worse.
According to a recent survey conducted by Poneman Institute, healthcare and pharmaceutical companies are struggling to keep on top of patching. In fact, the survey uncovered the need for more effective vulnerability response stating that patch management is not being promptly conducted which is leaving organizations open to risk.
What is patch management?
Patch management is the process of repairing system vulnerabilities that involves acquiring, testing, and installing patches or upgrades for software applications and technologies.
Why is it so important?
Patching is necessary to ensure that proper preventive measures are taken against potential threats. This is important because as new software or operating systems are released, hackers immediately begin searching for vulnerabilities. Patches are released to fix issues or glitches in the system, make improvements, strengthen overall security, and protect against cyberthreats.
Patch management is a best practice towards keeping an organization’s data secure and avoiding costly cyberattacks. The Ponemon Institute provides five recommendations for avoiding risk:
• Take an unbiased inventory of vulnerability response capabilities.
• Break down data barriers between security and IT to regain lost time spent coordinating between the two.
• Define and optimize end-to-end vulnerability response processes and then automate as much as possible.
• Retain talent by focusing on culture and environment. |
May 25, 2007
How will our Universe die?
An interesting theory has emerged which predicts that trillions of years into the future, the information that currently allows us to understand how the universe expands will have disappeared over the visible horizon. All that will remain will be "an island universe" made from the Milky Way and its nearby galactic Local Group neighbors. What's left will be a dark and lonely void.
The theory was put out by physicists Lawrence Krauss from Case Western Reserve University and Robert J. Scherrer from Vanderbilt University. Their research article, titled, "The Return of the Static Universe and the End of Cosmology," will be published in the October issue of the Journal of Relativity and Gravitation.
This brings to mind a number of different theories in the field of cosmological eschatology.
The Big Crunch
The work of Krauss and Scherrer stands in sharp contrast to another end-state theory, namely the Big Crunch. In this model, the momentum of the Big Ban will eventually wane causing the Universe to collapse in on itself. But due to the recent revelation that the Universe is not just expanding but that its expansion is speeding up, newer theories have suggested that the Universe will continue to expand forever.
The Big Rip
This has lead to some rather bizarre conclusions, including the emergence of a theory known as the Big Rip. According to this theory, the Universe will start to expand at such a rapid rate that all its elements, from galaxies to atoms, will be torn apart by the extreme expansion rate of the Universe. This is scheduled to happen about 20 billion years from now.
The force that is causing the Universe's matter to push outwards is what's known as dark energy. This is why galaxies are moving away from each other -- and why they will continue to do so until gravity will be too weak to hold them together.
Eventually, in the final months of the Universe, our solar system will be gravitationally unbound. In the last minutes, stars and planets will be torn apart. And in the Universe's final spastic salvo all atoms will be destroyed.
Heat Death
Another possibility is the Heat Death of the Universe, also known as The Big Freeze. In this model the Universe would continue to expand forever, but it would enter into a state of maximum entropy in which all matter and energy is evenly distributed; consequently, there would be no 'gradient' to the Universe -- a characteristic that is needed to sustain information processing, including life.
Other theories
Other possibilities include the False Vacuum, where the laws and constants of the Universe are subject to radical change, and various multiverse theories in which the cosmos is expressed in a infinite number of iterations for an infinity.
Another more radical possibility is that the future of the Universe will be influenced by intelligent life. Theories already exist in regards to stellar engineering -- where a local sun could be tweaked in such a way as to extend its lifespan. Future civilizations may eventually figure out how to re-engineer the Universe itself (such as re-working the constants) or create an escape hatch to basement universes.
Thinkers who have explored this possibility include Milan Cirkovic, John Smart, Ray Kurzweil, Alan Guth and James N. Gardner.
Read more here.
Hoka-shay-honaqut said...
The "Island Universe" is attractive for the infinite universe believer, as well, because any subsequent "bangs" and inflations beyond the horizon will not interact with this current space. Indeed, the current bang could be beyond the horizon of a "previous" universe.
mw said...
What I find interesting about some of these theories is the singular direction of their scenarios.
If we regard the universe as a system, then surely its parameters - and hence their inherent functionalities - must be applicable across the entire time line. There may be various scales, moving the phenomena from energy relationships to their counterparts in matter and so on, but the underpinning system ought to remain the same.
When it comes to life processes, the best analogy I have come across is autocatalytic closure. Here we have a system that lets phase states emerge out of its own pool of properties. These properties may manifest at different scales but are nevertheless subject to the bounds established by that system.
It can be shown this works when transposing the phenomenon into cognitive abstractions, and it certainly works for polymers. If and when differing manifestations occur they can still be related back to the original set of parameters. (Think of carbon: molecules > life forms > humans > industry > emissions > back to carbon; all within the confines of our planet)
To postulate a scenario in which the universe ‘disappears’ somehow, leaves the question of those underpinning parameters unanswered.
Since I am not a physicist I cannot even begin to suggest what those parameters might be. However, what strikes me about autocatalytic closure in those settings I have been able to examine (and yes, understand) is the sheer universality of its occurrence. It applies to polymers; you can find it in the emergent complexity of the central nervous system; it works when it comes to the system of mind and its ongoing abstractions.
Why couldn’t it be something fundamental to reality as such?
Anonymous said...
Of boredom..... or perhaps nanopsychopathology
Anonymous said...
Well, i think it was pretty neat, although what's with all the "Big" theories? like, the "Big Bang" and the "Big Freeze", and the "Big Crunch" and the "Big Rip"? C'mon, i know the universe is infanite, but can we atleast try to be more creative in our last trillion years of life? |
Surat An Nahl, Ayat 68
Bismillah hir Rahman nir Rahim.
In the Bee and its Honey there is Blessing and a Lesson.
(There comes forth from their bellies, a drink of varying colors, wherein is healing for men.) ﴿meaning, honey, that is ﴾white, yellow, red, or of other good colors, depending on the different things that the bees eat.(in which there is a cure for men.) meaning there is a cure in honey for diseases that people suffer from.
(There is indeed a sign in that for people who reflect.) meaning in the fact that Allah inspires this weak little creature to travel through the vast fields and feed from every kind of fruit, then gather it for wax and honey, which are some of the best things, in this is a sign for people who think about the might and power of the bee’s Creator Who causes all of this to happen. From this they learn that He is the Initiator, the All-Powerful, the All-Wise, the All-Knowing, the Most Generous, the Most Merciful.
|
Mexicans Lost in Mexico
Roberto Bolaño would have had a lot of fun with this—
Scott Alan Carson, "The Stature and Body Mass of Mexicans in the Nineteenth-Century United States", in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 39, No. 2, Autumn 2008, pp. 211-232.
Data taken from nineteenth-century American prison records reveal that the statures of Mexicans born in Mexico declined, whereas the statures of Mexicans born in the United States increased. The body mass indexes of both Mexicans born in Mexico and in the United States, however, remained approximately constant throughout the nineteenth century. The evidence suggests that even though the two groups shared a common background, their biological living conditions differed markedly.
Data Born in Mexico, Born in
What We Do In
This list seems to leave off the occupation poet. But then, in which category would it go? |
Artificial Intelligence
Will artificial intelligence take over cyber security?
For a long time, information security has been a war between men but recently it has become a battle between man and machine. The development of artificial intelligence is slowly moving this fight into a new environment: machine versus machine, carefully directed by scientists or hackers. If you were picturing action filled AI vs AI battles, that’s only in Hollywood movies for now, but things can change in a matter of years due to Moore’s Law.
Cyber security threats
A study from 2016 uncovered that information theft is the primary concern of companies. Yet, over half of them (58%) don’t have the necessary systems in place to detect a sophisticated attack, which is explained by the fact that 42% don’t have a threat detection program and 18% have no information security strategy at all.
These numbers look alarming when thinking about the types of attacks being developed. Autonomous malware is constructed using machine learning, and it can infiltrate a system, collect and broadcast data about that system and remain undetected for days. This type of computer threat is called adaptive malware. It is dangerous because it can be trained to act like a soldier: recognize premises, lock on target and wait for the best moment to strike. It becomes even more dangerous when it is not platform-dependent, and it can switch between devices connected to a joint account, like a Google or Apple master account.
As John Barnett highlights, the increasingly large number of interconnected devices created a microenvironment that gathers enough sensitive data about a household or a user to constitute a time-ticking bomb. Just imagine if even your fitness band could be an entry gate into your personal life or a company’s POS could represent a weak point in the network.
The most dangerous threat of handing over security to AI systems is the magnitude of damage that may happen during a breach. While current solutions focus on preventing attacks or patching the harm, in the event of an AI hacking another AI system, the loss would be in a different magnitude class. The explanation resides in the fact that machine learning systems use data to learn. Hacking through such a system gives malware the opportunity to either reverse engineer the path of the original system or even access data.
AI Solutions for Cyber Security
Automation and false positives
Although informatics systems are prone to failure and attacks, they are a necessary help to overwhelmed security engineers. There is a growing shortage of cyber security specialists, and the mix of high-value actions and routine tasks should be divided between man and machine. Computers are expected to automatically perform daily tasks like analyzing network traffic, granting access based on some set of rules and detecting abnormalities, while the cyber security specialists can work on designing algorithms and studying emerging threats.
Removing false positives is also one of the main tasks that require human assistance and one of the reasons why AI is not ready to take over security completely.
Predictive analytics
Cyber threats have become more and more complex. Just gathering data about attacks like data breaches, malware types, and phishing activity and creating signatures is no longer enough. The new approach is to monitor a wide number of factors and identify patterns of what constitutes normal and abnormal activity, without looking for specific traces of a particular malicious activity, but for spikes or silent moments.
Some companies even pair this with other AI-powered tools including natural language processing to speed up this process. Staying a step ahead of hackers will be increasingly difficult, as predictive analysis can be tricked with randomization.
Learning from nature is effective not only in engineering but in cyber security as well. The body’s immune system is one of the best defensive lines in the living world. AI could be trained to behave like the white cells and antibodies, neutralizing threats that are not according to the known patterns without shutting down the whole system. This approach could be the cure to the adaptive malware previously discussed. The system learns from past experiences and becomes stronger, just like an organism that has been exposed to the diseases, and overcomes it.
Hands-on Approach
Cybersecurity powered by AI is just the natural step in protecting vulnerable data. The race between those aiming to create safe systems and attackers is crossing into new territory, but machines are far away from taking the lead. Currently, both parties are restructuring their data and integrating systems. There are numerous corrective actions necessary from humans. This is a process, composed of multiple layers, not a one-time action. The defining factor remains the education of the humans involved, first as users then as protectors.
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The Reflective Educator
Education ∪ Math ∪ Technology
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How first aid training is like mathematics education
(Image credit: drewleavy)
I talked to someone recently about first aid training, and they expressed their frustration at how ineffective first aid training usually is.
Unfortunately, according to my friend, many people who teach first aid actually have very little practical experience using first aid. As a result, the agencies that are responsible for first aid certification give their instructors "idiot-proof, deadly boring, text-filled presentations" to use in their training so that every first aid course is at least minimally useful. According to my friend, instructors are expressly prohibited from using their real life experience and telling stories of themselves actually using first aid, and also from explaining the reasons behind the protocols used in first aid. Further, most people taking first aid training have little to no interest in first aid themselves, they are almost certainly required to take a first aid course as part of retaining certification in their line of employment.
It occurred to me that this situation is remarkably similar to the position that we find ourselves in mathematics education, at least in the k to 12 level. Mathematics teachers often lack experience either making mathematical discoveries, or even applying mathematics as might an engineer or physicist. Consequently, curriculum is packaged in such a way so that nearly anyone can follow the text and make sure the students get at least a minimally effective mathematics background. We aren’t prohibited from using stories to relay our experience in mathematics, but we often have pretty frustrating limitations on what mathematics we can teach, and at the end of their k-12 program, how our students will be assessed. Finally, almost none of our students is really interested in mathematics; most of them are in our courses because they are required to be there.
Fortunately, first aid training is occasionally successful. My friend suggested that about 80% of the time, people who have first aid training are more useful in an emergency situation than people without the training. At my school, a 6th grade student, learned the Heimlich maneuver during a recent first aid training, and then used it to save the life of his mother two weeks later (An aside: according to my friend, the correct response when someone is choking, after encouraging them to cough, is 5 sharp blows to their back with the heel of your hand, right in the middle of their shoulder blades, followed by abdominal thrusts, then CPR if they fall unconscious). Not teaching first aid is obviously not an option, even when the programs are usually limited in effectiveness, but I wonder, what would happen if we let people who were highly experienced in using first aid have a bit more flexibility in how it was taught?
In the same way, our mathematics education is not a complete disaster. Many people go on from their subpar mathematics education to be able to use mathematics in a meaningful way, and some of those people even make new mathematical discoveries. However, the surest proof I have that our system is less than adequate is the enormous number of people I have met who will happily admit that they were terrible at mathematics, hated it, and now never use it.
The question that I think defines my career as a mathematics educator is, what can we do about this issue? It is of limited use to complain about a problem, especially one as well discussed as mathematics education, without proposing some sort of solution.
What if mathematics educators who had actually used mathematics to solve problems, or had developed new areas of mathematics, had more freedom in how they were able to help their students learn mathematics? If someone has significant experience in topology, number theory, mathematical modelling or any other area of mathematics, why not let them teach this area of mathematics to their students, perhaps leaving out some other area of our curriculum so that they would have time to do so. What if we taught mathematics in such a way that our primary goal was to inspire our students into further study of mathematics? |
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Karyotypes describe the chromosome count of an organism and what these chromosomes look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics.[4] The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.
Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining
The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of an individual or a species is called the somatic number and is designated 2n. In the germ-line (the sex cells) the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23).[2]p28 Thus, in humans 2n = 46.
History of karyotype studiesEdit
Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1842. Their behavior in animal (salamander) cells was described by Walther Flemming, the discoverer of mitosis, in 1882. The name was coined by another German anatomist, Heinrich von Waldeyer in 1888. It is New Latin from Ancient Greek κάρυον karyon, "kernel", "seed", or "nucleus", and τύπος typos, "general form").
The next stage took place after the development of genetics in the early 20th century, when it was appreciated that chromosomes (that can be observed by karyotype) were the carrier of genes. Lev Delaunay [ru] in 1922 seems to have been the first person to define the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents.[6][7] The subsequent history of the concept can be followed in the works of C. D. Darlington[8] and Michael JD White.[2][9]
1. Using cells in tissue culture
3. Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine
The work took place in 1955, and was published in 1956. The karyotype of humans includes only 46 chromosomes.[15][16] The great apes have 48 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 is now known to be a result of an end-to-end fusion of two ancestral ape chromosomes.[17][18]
Observations on karyotypesEdit
Variation is often found:
1. between the sexes,
3. between members of a population (chromosome polymorphism),
4. in geographic specialization, and
5. in mosaics or otherwise abnormal individuals.[9]
Human karyotypeEdit
human karyotype (male)
The normal human karyotypes contain 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (allosomes). Normal karyotypes for females contain two X chromosomes and are denoted 46,XX; males have both an X and a Y chromosome denoted 46,XY. Any variation from the standard karyotype may lead to developmental abnormalities.
Diversity and evolution of karyotypesEdit
— Maynard Smith[24]
Changes during developmentEdit
Number of chromosomes in a setEdit
— Hsu p. 73-4[16]
Fundamental numberEdit
The phenomenon occurs sporadically throughout the eukaryote kingdom from protozoa to humans; it is diverse and complex, and serves differentiation and morphogenesis in many ways.[49]
• See palaeopolyploidy for the investigation of ancient karyotype duplications.
Chromosomal polymorphismEdit
Species treesEdit
There are other animals and plants on the Hawaiian archipelago which have undergone similar, if less spectacular, adaptive radiations.[60][61]
Chromosome bandingEdit
Chromosomes display a banded pattern when treated with some stains. Bands are alternating light and dark stripes that appear along the lengths of chromosomes. Unique banding patterns are used to identify chromosomes and to diagnose chromosomal aberrations, including chromosome breakage, loss, duplication, translocation or inverted segments. A range of different chromosome treatments produce a range of banding patterns: G-bands, R-bands, C-bands, Q-bands, T-bands and NOR-bands.
Depiction of karyotypesEdit
Types of bandingEdit
• T-banding: visualize telomeres.
Classic karyotype cytogeneticsEdit
In the "classic" (depicted) karyotype, a dye, often Giemsa (G-banding), less frequently mepacrine (quinacrine), is used to stain bands on the chromosomes. Giemsa is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA. Quinacrine binds to the adenine-thymine-rich regions. Each chromosome has a characteristic banding pattern that helps to identify them; both chromosomes in a pair will have the same banding pattern.
Multicolor FISH (mFISH) and spectral karyotype (SKY technique)Edit
Spectral karyogram of a human female
Multicolor FISH and the older spectral karyotyping are molecular cytogenetic techniques used to simultaneously visualize all the pairs of chromosomes in an organism in different colors. Fluorescently labeled probes for each chromosome are made by labeling chromosome-specific DNA with different fluorophores. Because there are a limited number of spectrally distinct fluorophores, a combinatorial labeling method is used to generate many different colors. Fluorophore combinations are captured and analyzed by a fluorescence microscope using up to 7 narrow-banded fluorescence filters or, in the case of spectral karyotyping, by using an interferometer attached to a fluorescence microscope. In the case of an mFISH image, every combination of fluorochromes from the resulting original images is replaced by a pseudo color in a dedicated image analysis software. Thus, chromosomes or chromosome sections can be visualized and identified, allowing for the analysis of chromosomal rearrangements.[63] In the case of spectral karyotyping, image processing software assigns a pseudo color to each spectrally different combination, allowing the visualization of the individually colored chromosomes.[64]
Spectral human karyotype
Digital karyotypingEdit
Digital karyotyping is a technique used to quantify the DNA copy number on a genomic scale. Short sequences of DNA from specific loci all over the genome are isolated and enumerated.[65] This method is also known as virtual karyotyping.
Chromosome abnormalitiesEdit
Chromosomal abnormalities that lead to disease in humans include
• Klinefelter syndrome, the most common male chromosomal disease, otherwise known as 47,XXY, is caused by an extra X chromosome.
• Patau syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 13.
• Trisomy 9, believed to be the 4th most common trisomy, has many long lived affected individuals but only in a form other than a full trisomy, such as trisomy 9p syndrome or mosaic trisomy 9. They often function quite well, but tend to have trouble with speech.
• Also documented are trisomy 8 and trisomy 16, although they generally do not survive to birth.
See alsoEdit
1. ^ Concise Oxford Dictionary
2. ^ a b c White 1973, p. 28
5. ^ "Karyosystematics".
6. ^ Delaunay L. N. Comparative karyological study of species Muscari Mill. and Bellevalia Lapeyr. Bulletin of the Tiflis Botanical Garden. 1922, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1-32[in Russian]
7. ^ Battaglia, Emilio (1994). "Nucleosome and nucleotype: a terminological criticism". Caryologia. 47 (3–4): 193–197. doi:10.1080/00087114.1994.10797297.
10. ^ Kottler MJ (1974). "From 48 to 46: cytological technique, preconception, and the counting of human chromosomes". Bull Hist Med. 48 (4): 465–502. PMID 4618149.
11. ^ von Winiwarter H. (1912). "Études sur la spermatogenèse humaine". Archives de Biologie. 27 (93): 147–9.
13. ^ Painter T.S. (1923). "Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis II". J. Exp. Zoology. 37 (3): 291–336. doi:10.1002/jez.1400370303.
15. ^ Tjio J.H.; Levan A. (1956). "The chromosome number of man". Hereditas. 42 (1–2): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1956.tb03010.x.
17. ^ Human chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral. chromosomes Alec MacAndrew; accessed 18 May 2006.
25. ^ Goday C, Esteban MR (March 2001). "Chromosome elimination in sciarid flies". BioEssays. 23 (3): 242–50. doi:10.1002/1521-1878(200103)23:3<242::AID-BIES1034>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 11223881.
26. ^ Müller F, Bernard V, Tobler H (February 1996). "Chromatin diminution in nematodes". BioEssays. 18 (2): 133–8. doi:10.1002/bies.950180209. PMID 8851046.
29. ^ King, Stansfield & Mulligan 2006
30. ^ Carrel L, Willard H (2005). "X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females". Nature. 434 (7031): 400–404. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..400C. doi:10.1038/nature03479. PMID 15772666.
31. ^ Wurster DH, Benirschke K (June 1970). "Indian muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak: a deer with a low diploid chromosome number". Science. 168 (3937): 1364–6. Bibcode:1970Sci...168.1364W. doi:10.1126/science.168.3937.1364. PMID 5444269.
33. ^ Khandelwal S. (1990). "Chromosome evolution in the genus Ophioglossum L". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 102 (3): 205–217. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01876.x.
34. ^ Kim, D.S.; Nam, Y.K.; Noh, J.K.; Park, C.H.; Chapman, F.A. (2005). "Karyotype of North American shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum with the highest chromosome number in the Acipenseriformes" (PDF). Ichthyological Research. 52 (1): 94–97. doi:10.1007/s10228-004-0257-z.
35. ^ Matthey, R. (15 May 1945). "L'evolution de la formule chromosomiale chez les vertébrés". Experientia (Basel). 1 (2): 50–56. doi:10.1007/BF02153623.
36. ^ de Oliveira, R.R.; Feldberg, E.; dos Anjos, M. B.; Zuanon, J. (July – September 2007). "Karyotype characterization and ZZ/ZW sex chromosome heteromorphism in two species of the catfish genus Ancistrus Kner, 1854 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Amazon basin". Neotropical Ichthyology. 5 (3): 301–6. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252007000300010.
37. ^ Pellicciari, C.; Formenti, D.; Redi, C.A.; Manfredi, M.G.; Romanini (February 1982). "DNA content variability in primates". Journal of Human Evolution. 11 (2): 131–141. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(82)80045-6.
38. ^ Souza, A.L.G.; de O. Corrêa, M.M.; de Aguilar, C.T.; Pessôa, L.M. (February 2011). "A new karyotype of Wiedomys pyrrhorhinus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) from Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil" (PDF). Zoologia. 28 (1): 92–96. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702011000100013.
39. ^ Weksler, M.; Bonvicino, C.R. (3 January 2005). "Taxonomy of pygmy rice rats genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) of the Brazilian Cerrado, with the description of two new species" (PDF). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. 63 (1): 113–130. ISSN 0365-4508.
40. ^ Stebbins, G.L. (1940). "The significance of polyploidy in plant evolution". The American Naturalist. 74 (750): 54–66. doi:10.1086/280872.
41. ^ Stebbins 1950
44. ^ Stebbins 1971
45. ^ Gregory, T.R.; Mable, B.K. (2011). "Ch. 8: Polyploidy in animals". In Gregory, T. Ryan (ed.). The Evolution of the Genome. Academic Press. pp. 427–517. ISBN 978-0-08-047052-8.
48. ^ Edgar BA, Orr-Weaver TL (May 2001). "Endoreplication cell cycles: more for less". Cell. 105 (3): 297–306. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00334-8. PMID 11348589.
53. ^ Searle, J. B. (1 June 1984). "Three New Karyotypic Races of the Common Shrew Sorex Araneus (Mammalia: Insectivora) and a Phylogeny". Systematic Biology. 33 (2): 184–194. doi:10.1093/sysbio/33.2.184. ISSN 1063-5157.
54. ^ White 1973, p. 169
55. ^ Clague, D.A.; Dalrymple, G.B. (1987). "The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain, Part I. Geologic evolution" (PDF). In Decker, R.W.; Wright, T.L.; Stauffer, P.H. (eds.). Volcanism in Hawaii. 1. pp. 5–54. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350.
56. ^ Carson HL (June 1970). "Chromosome tracers of the origin of species". Science. 168 (3938): 1414–8. Bibcode:1970Sci...168.1414C. doi:10.1126/science.168.3938.1414. PMID 5445927.
57. ^ Carson HL (March 1983). "Chromosomal sequences and interisland colonizations in Hawaiian Drosophila". Genetics. 103 (3): 465–82. PMC 1202034. PMID 17246115.
58. ^ Carson H.L. (1992). "Inversions in Hawaiian Drosophila". In Krimbas, C.B.; Powell, J.R. (eds.). Drosophila inversion polymorphism. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press. pp. 407–439. ISBN 978-0849365478.
59. ^ Kaneshiro, K.Y.; Gillespie, R.G.; Carson, H.L. (1995). "Chromosomes and male genitalia of Hawaiian Drosophila: tools for interpreting phylogeny and geography". In Wagner, W.L.; Funk, E. (eds.). Hawaiian biogeography: evolution on a hot spot archipelago. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 57–71.
60. ^ Craddock E.M. (2000). Speciation processes in the adaptive radiation of Hawaiian plants and animals. Evolutionary Biology. 31. pp. 1–43. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4185-1_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-6877-9.
62. ^ Lisa G. Shaffer; Niels Tommerup, eds. (2005). ISCN 2005: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Switzerland: S. Karger AG. ISBN 978-3-8055-8019-9.
63. ^ Liehr T, Starke H, Weise A, Lehrer H, Claussen U (January 2004). "Multicolour FISH probe sets and their applications". Histol. Histopathol. 19 (1): 229–237. PMID 14702191.
64. ^ Schröck E, du Manoir S, Veldman T, et al. (July 1996). "Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes". Science. 273 (5274): 494–7. Bibcode:1996Sci...273..494S. doi:10.1126/science.273.5274.494. PMID 8662537.
65. ^ Wang TL, Maierhofer C, Speicher MR, et al. (December 2002). "Digital karyotyping". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (25): 16156–61. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916156W. doi:10.1073/pnas.202610899. PMC 138581. PMID 12461184.
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Physical explanationEdit
1. Combination of the current density and spatially inhomogeneous resistance
2. Ionization of species within the dielectric to form heterocharge
3. Charge injection from electrodes and from a stress enhancement
Hetero and homo chargeEdit
Mathematical explanationEdit
A m−2 K−2
me = electron mass,
k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38 x 10−23J/K,
h = Planck's constant = 6.62 x 10−34 J s,
φ = work function of the cathode,
ř = mean electron reflection coefficient.
The reflection coefficient can be as low as 0.105 but is usually near 0.5. For Tungsten, (1 - ř)A0 = 0.6 to 1.0 × 106 A m−2 K−2, and φ = 4.52 eV. At 2500 °C, the emission is 28207 A/m2.
Space-charge-limited currentEdit
In vacuum (Child's law)Edit
First proposed by Clement D. Child in 1911, Child's law states that the space-charge limited current (SCLC) in a plane-parallel vacuum diode varies directly as the three-halves power of the anode voltage Va and inversely as the square of the distance d separating the cathode and the anode.[3]
where Ia is the anode current and S the anode surface inner area; is the magnitude of the charge of the electron and is its mass. The equation is also known as the "three-halves power" law and as the Child–Langmuir law. Child originally derived this equation for the case of atomic ions, which have much smaller ratios of their charge to their mass. Irving Langmuir published the application to electron currents in 1913, and extended it to the case of cylindrical cathodes and anodes.
The equation's validity is subject to the following assumptions:
3. The electrons have zero velocity at the cathode surface.
In semiconductorsEdit
In semiconductors and insulating materials, an electric field causes charged particles, electrons, to reach a specific drift velocity that is parallel to the direction of the field. This is different from the behavior of the free charged particles in a vacuum, in which a field accelerates the particle. The proportionality factor between the magnitudes of the drift velocity, , and the electric field, , is called the mobility, :
Drift regime (The Mott Gurney law)Edit
The Child's Law behavior of a space charge limited current that applies in a vacuum diode doesn't generally apply to a semiconductor/insulator in a single-carrier device, and is replaced by the Mott-Gurney law. For a thin slab of material of thickness , sandwiched between two selective Ohmic contacts, the electric current density, , flowing through the slab is given by[4][5]:
where is the voltage that has been applied across the slab and is the permitivity of the solid. The Mott-Gurney law offers some crucial insight into charge-transport across an intrinsic semiconductor, namely that one should not expect the drift current to increase linearly with the applied voltage, i.e., from Ohm's law, as one would expect from charge-transport across a metal or highly doped semiconductor. Since the only unknown quantity in the Mott-Gurney law is the charge-carrier mobility, , the equation is commonly used to characterize charge transport in intrinsic semiconductors. Using the Mott-Gurney law for characterizing amorphous semiconductors, along with semiconductors containing defects and/or non-Ohmic contacts, should however be approached with caution as significant deviations both in the magnitude of the current and the power law dependence with respect to the voltage will be observed. In those cases the Mott-Gurney law can not be readily used for characterization, and other equations which can account for defects and/or non-ideal injection should be used instead.
During the derivation of the Mott-Gurney law, one has to make the following assumptions:
1. There is only one type of charge carrier present, i.e., only electrons or holes.
3. The carrier mobility, , and the permittivity, , are constant throughout the sample.
4. The current flow is not limited by traps or energetic disorder.
5. The current is not predominantly due to doping.
6. The electric field at the charge-injecting electrode is zero, meaning that the current is governed by drift only.
As an application example, the steady-state space-charge-limited current across a piece of intrinsic silicon with a charge-carrier mobility of 1500 cm2/V-s, a dielectric constant of 11.9, an area of 10−8 cm2 and a thickness of 10−4 cm can be calculated by an on line calculator to be 126.4 μA at 3 V. Note that in order for this calculation to be accurate, one must assume all the points listed above.
In the case where the electron/hole transport is limited by trap states in the form of exponential tails extending from the conduction/valence band edges,
the drift current density is given by the Mark-Helfrich equation[6],
where is the elementary charge, with being the thermal energy, is the effective density of states of the charge carrier type in the semiconductor, i.e., either or , and is the trap density.
Low voltage regimeEdit
In the case where a very small applied bias is applied across the single-carrier device, the current is given by[7][8][9]:
Note that the equation describing the current in the low voltage regime follows the same thickness scaling as the Mott-Gurney law, , but increases linearly with the applied voltage.
Saturation regimesEdit
When a very large voltage is applied across the semiconductor, the current can transition into a saturation regime.
Note the different dependence of on between the Mott-Gurney law and the equation describing the current in the velocity-saturation regime. In the ballistic case (assuming no collisions), the Mott-Gurney equation takes the form of the more familiar Child-Langmuir law.
In the charge-carrier saturation regime, the current through the sample is given by,
where is the effective density of states of the charge carrier type in the semiconductor.
Shot noiseEdit
Space charge tends to reduce shot noise.[10] Shot noise results from the random arrivals of discrete charge; the statistical variation in the arrivals produces shot noise.[11] A space charge develops a potential that slows the carriers down. For example, an electron approaching a cloud of other electrons will slow down due to the repulsive force. The slowing carriers also increases the space charge density and resulting potential. In addition, the potential developed by the space charge can reduce the number of carriers emitted.[12] When the space charge limits the current, the random arrivals of the carriers are smoothed out; the reduced variation results in less shot noise.[11]
See alsoEdit
1. ^ Moreau, E.; Mayoux, C.; Laurent, C.; Boudet, A. (February 1993), "The Structural Characteristics of Water Trees in Power Cables and Laboratory Specimens", IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, IEEE, 28 (1): 54–64, doi:10.1109/14.192240, ISSN 0018-9367
2. ^ Hennuy, Blandine; Marginet, Joachim; François, Alain; Platbrood, Gérard; Tits, Yvan; De Clerck, Quentin (June 2009), Water Trees in Medium Voltage XLPE Cables: Very Short Time Accelerated Ageing Tests (PDF), Prague, Paper 1060
3. ^ Child, C. D. (1 May 1911). "Discharge From Hot CaO". Physical Review. Series I. 32 (5): 492–511. Bibcode:1911PhRvI..32..492C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.32.492.
5. ^ Murgatroyd, P. N. J. (1970). "Theory of space-charge-limited current enhanced by Frenkel effect". J. Phys. D. 3: 151. Bibcode:1970JPhD....3..151M. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/3/2/308.
6. ^ Mark, P.; Helfrich, W. (1962). "Space-Charge-Limited Currents in Organic Crystals". Journal of Applied Physics. 33: 205-215. doi:10.1063/1.1728487.
7. ^ de Levie, R.; Seidah, N. G.; Moreira, H. (1972). "Transport of Ions of One Kind through Thin Membranes". J. Membrane Biol. 10: 171. doi:10.1007/BF01867852.
8. ^ van Mensfoort, S.; Coehoorn, R (2008). "Effect of Gaussian Disorder on the Voltage Dependence of the Current Density in Sandwich-Type Devices based on Organic Semiconductors". Physical Review B. 78: 085207(16). Bibcode:2008PhRvB..78h5207V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.085207.
9. ^ Röhr, J. A.; Kirchartz, T.; Nelson, J. (2017). "On the Correct Interpretation of the Low Voltage Regime in Intrinsic Single-Carrier Devices". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 29: 205901. Bibcode:2017JPCM...29t5901R. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/aa66cc.
11. ^ a b Terman 1943, pp. 292–293
12. ^ Terman 1943, pp. 286–287 |
"Astronomia conține multă matematică."
Translation:Astronomy contains a lot of mathematics.
November 23, 2017
i thought that the rule was : ending in "a " needs THE, ending with a + circonflexe is without THE. so why is it ASTRONOMY and not THE ASTRONOMY ?
November 23, 2017
You are right about the article. Ending in 'a' means definite article. The problem is that English allows zero article to refer to plurals and mass nouns and abstract terms without making them indefinite. In any other language with indefinite articles the absence of an article would automatically make it indefinite:
Men go to work
Would be
Barbatii merg la munca (The men go to work)
Because Barbati merg la munca would not be allowed.
In fact is unlikely to find a zero article noun as a subject in a romanian sentece.
Looking forward to he proven wrong.
December 9, 2017
Why would "bărbați merg la munca" not be allowed? If I do not mean any specific men, i. e. the men, but men in general and as a general statement. For example: "Men go to work, but I stay at home and I am happy"
December 3, 2018
Because general statements is exactly one of the situations where Romanian requires a definite article, it's what Elena calls an "abstract term".
December 9, 2018
I wish that all articles disappeared suddenly or, even better, had never emerged
December 14, 2018
You should try Russian, it has no articles at all! That's not to say that the rest of the language isn't feverishly difficult...
January 8, 2019
It really depends.
January 19, 2019
Depends on the context. The sentence ”Bărbați merg pe stradă.” it is actually a perfect correct sentence and it means ”There are men walking on the street.” The more natural way to say it is ”Pe stradă merg bărbați.”, but it has exactly the same meaning. The word order in Romanian is quite liberal.
This course (like many others on DL) really needs ”syntax lessons”.
January 19, 2019
Learn Romanian in just 5 minutes a day. For free. |
Jugurthine War
112 to 105 A.D.
Rome — versus — Jugurtha, King of Numidia
The Jugurthine War was a minor war by Roman standards, involving only a few serious battles, none of which were decisive. The principal antagonist of the war, the Numidian chieftain Jugurtha, was captured by treachery rather than force, and the region at stake was not of critical strategic importance to Rome.
The war is historically interesting primarily for political rather than military reasons. The events leading up to the war caused an enormous scandal in Rome because in the years preceding the war, and even after war was declared, Jugurtha openly bribed numerous high ranking Romans in both the military and the senate in order to get favorable treatment. He flaunted his immunity from justice and is famously quoted as saying "Rome is a city for sale, and doomed to perish as soon as it finds a purchaser!" The reason this was scandalous was that the Roman Republic in previous years, was famous for its honesty and rectitude in public affairs. (In 279 BC for example, when Pyrrhus tried to gain favor by bribery, he found not a single Senator who would accept his gifts.) The war is also interesting because it marked the beginning of the rivalry between Marius and Sulla. Marius gained the consulship for the first time during the war, but before he could gain the glory of bringing the war to a close himself, Sulla aided in the capture of Jugurtha by means of trickery.
DateBattle Summary
108 BC
Battle of the Muthal Romans victory
Fought B.C. 108, between the Numidians, under Jugurtha, and the Romans, under Metellus Numidicus. The Numidians were strongly posted on the heights above the river, but were driven out by the legionaries with heavy loss, Jugurtha did not again face the Romans in the field, contenting himself with a guerilla warfare.
106 BC
Battle of Cirta Romans victory
Marius defeated Jugurtha and Bocchus in a battle near Cirta, while on his way to winter quarters.
Short Biography
Jugurtha Numedian king, flagrantly bribed senate to maintain power. Enemy of Rome.
Metellus Commanded troops in Numidia against Jugurtha. Enemy of Marius.
Marius Renowned general. Modernized legions. Waged a bloody feud with party of Sulla.
Sulla Defeated Mithradates in Greece. Marched on Rome, defeated the party of his enemy Marius.
Story Links
Book Links
Jugurtha, King of Numidia in The Story of the Romans by H. A. Guerber
Gaius Marius Becomes Commander of the Army in The Story of Rome by Mary Macgregor
Capture of Jugurtha's Treasure Towns in The Story of Rome by Mary Macgregor
Capture of Jugurtha in The Story of Rome by Mary Macgregor
Jugurtha, the Purchaser of Rome in Historical Tales: Roman by Charles Morris
Image Links
Jugurtha came to the tent of his father-in-law unarmed.
in The Story of Rome |
A Brief Introduction to Norwegian Shipping
• Stig Tenold
Open Access
Part of the Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics book series (PSME)
During the 20th century Norway became one of the wealthiest countries in the world. At the same time, Norwegian shipping companies remained competitive in international seaborne transport—perhaps the world’s most global industry. Tenold explains Norwegian competitiveness in international shipping by analyzing the development at four different levels: the international, the national, the regional and the shipping company level. For more than 150 years Norwegian ships and shipping companies have played an important international role, transporting cargoes between foreign countries. On average, the Norwegian share of the world fleet in the 20th century has been around 6 per cent.
Norway Norwegian Shipping 20th century Globalization Competitiveness Maritime nations Shipping nations
For the past 15 years, Norway has topped the Human Development Index, a world ranking of the standard of life in different countries reported by the United Nations Development Programme.1 The ranking takes into account factors such as health, education and income.
Norway’s high Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and a far-reaching—but expensive—welfare state, explain the pole position. Norwegians have practically free access to health provisions and education, financed through a high level of taxation. Although the per capita GDP is boosted by substantial revenues from petroleum exploration, the country was a high-income economy—with a standard of life that was above average in a European context—even before the discovery of oil. However, Norway had an economic structure that differed from practically all other “developed” economies.2
Given that Norway is a small economy, relations with other countries are particularly important for economic welfare. Unlike other wealthy nations, the Norwegian economy was not built on the production or exports of manufactured goods. The high living standards in the latter half of the 20th century were primarily the result of a combination of exports of staples—petroleum and fish—and services. As such, the development followed an already established pattern.
The modern Norwegian economy took shape in the second half of the 19th century. It was built on three export pillars; wood, fish and shipping services. These continued to be the major exports until the large-scale exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves from the 1970s onwards. By far the most important of these three was the seaborne transport of goods—shipping—which typically made up between a third and half of the export revenues. Norwegian shipowners and seafarers sold their shipping services all over the world, ensuring revenues that were necessary to finance the imports of essential foodstuffs, raw materials and manufactured goods.
An Important Maritime Nation
Seaborne transport is the lifeblood of the world economy. Shipping ties countries together in a system of production where raw materials, intermediate goods and finished products are efficiently moved between countries and continents. Reductions in transport costs have encouraged specialization and division of labour on a global scale, ensuring a massive growth in production and income. World welfare increased as economic relationships between nations tightened, and more and more countries became involved in the development of a truly international economy. Seafarers, shipping companies and shipbuilders have thus made our increased standards of living possible.
Throughout the 20th century, Norway was one of the world’s leading maritime nations. This small country, situated in the north-western corner of Europe, at times carried more than 10 per cent of all cargoes that were transported by sea. When manufacturing production spread, first within Europe, then to North America and onwards to Japan and other countries in Asia , Norwegian ships and seafarers ensured safe and efficient transports of inputs and outputs within an increasingly complex system of production. Moreover, the merchant marine played a particularly important role during the two world wars, aiding the Allied cause and ensuring the supply of vital goods at high economic and personal costs.
Shipping is the most global of all industries. The main means of production—the ship—usually operates outside national boundaries. Therefore, the rules are different in shipping than in other types of business. The international character of the industry makes it possible to combine inputs from different countries to a much larger extent than in other types of production. The 20th century saw Norway develop into one of the world’s wealthiest countries, with a high standard of living and matching wage levels. Still, Norwegian shipping companies remained competitive in the cutthroat international shipping industry. This position is testament to a favourable starting point, as well as skilful adaptation to new technologies, markets and conditions.
The country’s important role in the maritime industry was a source of pride already at the start of the century. In the official Norwegian publication for the 1900 Exposition Universelle World Fair in Paris, the maritime heritage is explained in the long-winded flowery prose of the time: “The geographical position and physical condition of Norway and the natural disposition of the Norwegian people, have always caused their intercourse with other nations, through commerce and shipping, to be of the greatest importance to the country, both as regards the economic and industrial life of the people and the whole national and cultural development […] The long coast-line, with its many well-protected harbours, renders shipping a livelihood especially adapted for our country; and the Norwegians have at all times excelled in their inclination and ability for this occupation.”3
Therefore, at the very beginning of the 20th century, Norway tried to project an image of a major maritime nation, where the close relationship to the sea was an inevitable, instinctive inclination. There is undoubtedly an element of truth in this; Norwegians—primarily men—were drawn to the sea in large numbers. However, this “destiny-based” explanation undermines an important aspect of the development: the pragmatic explanation. Seafarers took to the sea out of necessity, not because it was in their nature. Shipowners invested in shipping because it was profitable, not to facilitate their compatriots’ desire to sail the world.
The aim of this book is to explain how Norway managed to maintain its position as a leading maritime nation throughout the 20th century, despite fierce international competition and a series of technological and institutional changes. It is a story about a small country and its increasingly close economic relations with the rest of the world—a country that has benefitted greatly from, but also been challenged by, economic “globalization.”4 We will follow the development in four different arenas—or, rather—one arena, where our focus varies between four interrelated perspectives; the international, the national, the regional and the company perspective.
The International Shipping Industry
In order to see the complete picture, we have to start at the international stage. Here, Norwegian shipping companies found a demand for transport that they could satisfy, as well as significant competition from foreign shipowners. It is difficult to explain the development of Norwegian shipping without paying close attention to the underlying basis: the international economy, with its ebbs and flows and with the associated fluctuations in shipping demand and supply. Norwegian and international shipping went hand in hand, and it is impossible to understand one, without also taking into account the other.
The shipping industry has changed tremendously during the 20th century—technologically, commercially and institutionally. The first decades are typically associated with the emergence of the large luxurious ocean liners that steamed across the North Atlantic. Ships such as Deutschland , Kronprinz Wilhelm , Vaterland , Lusitania and the iconic Titanic represented Anglo-German rivalry in the quest for the Blue Riband —the speed record across the Atlantic—for size records and for market dominance. Still, this was the high-end of international shipping. For the Norwegians, the starting point was very different and much less glorious.
Norway—not even a fully independent nation until 1905—was a minor in world politics. Similarly, the country did not have the resources to participate in the bells and whistles race for the domination of the Atlantic liner trade. Instead, most of the ships plied the world’s oceans, looking for business opportunities and using the skilful seamanship of their captains and crews as their main selling point. Norwegian ships handled transport needs all over the world. As the European dominance of international trade and world politics declined later in the century, this global approach turned out to be a fortunate strategy.
In 1900 Norway had a substantial, but increasingly uncompetitive, sail-dominated fleet, much of which had been bought second-hand from countries that had modernized their merchant marines. According to some, Norway was at the time known for its “excellent sailors and rotten ships.”5 Nevertheless, the country’s shipowners had managed to establish a number of profitable niche markets, where ships and seafarers could be put to good use. These were usually not in the liner trades—the regular “bus services” of the sea—but in the so-called tramp trades, where the Norwegians would offer to “transport anything, anytime and anywhere.”
This vast international arena will be the backdrop of our story, the stage on which the players perform. The international arena restricts the room to manoeuvre and influences development. However, a book about Norwegian shipping clearly has to have a national dimension. Within this national setting, we find the pre-conditions for the sector’s growth; the entrepreneurs, the resources, the networks, the skills, the traditions, the values and the policies. Thus, with regard to the national level, we will have to answer two crucial questions:
• If we want to learn about the development of the shipping industry in the 20th century, why is Norwegian shipping more relevant than, say, Swedish , Italian , Nigerian or Argentinian shipping?
• Which factors—specific to Norway, either alone or in combination—can explain the country’s leading role in international shipping throughout the 20th century?
Finding the answer to the first question is relatively easy: the Norwegian influence on world shipping was simply greater than that of most other nations, which makes the country’s role more relevant. Figure 1.1 is an illustration of the size of the Norwegian merchant marine and its share of the world fleet. This is a far from straightforward measure, and over time both the sources and the manner in which the share is calculated has changed. Still, as a rough indication, the pattern in Fig. 1.1 is useful. On average, for all of the 20th century, almost 6 per cent of the world’s fleet was in Norwegian hands. And—for comparison purposes—the Norwegian share of world population in the period declined from around 1.3 per cent to less than 0.8 per cent, illustrating the disproportionate Norwegian participation in world shipping.
Fig. 1.1
Norway’s merchant marine (1000 grt) and share of the world fleet, per cent, 1900–2000. (Source: Statistics Norway (2000), Table 417, 348–350. See footnote)
Figure 1.1, shows the development of the Norwegian fleet, and the country’s market share, throughout the 20th century.6 The fleet grew slowly around the start of the century, though the ongoing transition from sail to steam provided a structural quality improvement that is obscured in the data, and thus also in the figure. The losses of the First World War led to a temporary decline in the fleet, before an interwar growth that was atypical in an international perspective and led to a growing share of the international market.
The Second World War led to massive losses, and the pre-war tonnage volume was not recovered until 1949. From then on, the Norwegian fleet increased at an enormous pace—doubling in the 1950s and doubling again in the 1960s—before the market crashed spectacularly during the great shipping crises of the 1970s and 1980s. The subsequent reduction of the fleet was unprecedented—by some measures, the decline amounted to more than 75 per cent from 1977 to 1987—but in the late 1980s, a policy shift gave the Norwegian merchant marine a new lease of life.
The bounce-back was spectacular, with the fleet multiplying by a factor of three over a four-year period. The introduction of the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), which enabled the use of low-cost foreign seafarers on Norwegian-flagged vessels, was the most important reason for this strong influx of new tonnage. Even though the pre-crisis position was never regained, the country remained one of the most important players in the international shipping industry.
Norway’s significant position in international shipping at the start of the 20th century reflected the prominent role that shipping played in the Norwegian economy. In an article published in the prestigious Journal of Political Economy in 1893, Anders Nikolai Kiær, Director of Statistics Norway and the leading international maritime statistician at the time, presented data on tonnage per capita in the leading maritime nations in 1890. Norway’s 1100 tons per 1000 inhabitants was more than double that of the second-ranked “Great Britain and Ireland.”7
The fact that the average Norwegian “controlled” more than a ton of shipping capacity is a good illustration of how much of the country’s resources must have gone into this sector. Such per capita calculations are “statistical doping,” though. Relative measures might be misleading, and they can give small countries an appearance of importance that is not necessarily warranted. However, in the case of shipping, the Norwegian position shines even without such trickery—the country established its position among the five leading maritime nations in the 1870s, and largely maintained such a rank over the subsequent century.
So, clearly a book about the Norwegian merchant marine can tell us a lot about the development of the international shipping industry in the 20th century. The crucial roles played by Norwegian ships, shipping companies and sailors make their experiences relevant. The answer to the second question above—about how Norway’s leading role can be explained—is not as straightforward. It will take a book to answer.
What Is “Norwegian Shipping”?
There is one major challenge, however. As suggested in connection with Fig. 1.1, the national dimension is evasive, and even more so as we move closer towards today. At the start of our period, it was relatively evident and uncontroversial to define what “Norwegian shipping” implied and what a “Norwegian ship” was. The flag, the crew and the ownership all pointed in the same direction. Subsequently, and particularly in the past decades, this link between the industry, the nation, the workforce and the assets—or capital—became eroded. Consequently, one of the things to address in this book is the manner in which the concept of “Norwegian-ness” has changed. Gradually the ties between the home country and the ship have been transformed, or in some cases even severed.
A related question is whether it is possible to distinguish a “Norwegian way of doing shipping”, what we could call a “typical” Norwegian business strategy. There are undoubtedly some strategic elements—for instance related to the organization of ownership and investments, the market orientation, the choice of technology, etc.—that have distinguished Norwegian shipping companies from those in other countries. At the same time, even these strategic elements have changed across time, influenced by technological possibilities, market developments, policies and domestic and international conditions.
Differences in strategy among shipowners in different countries led to a variation in the type and condition of ships, and these national preferences were even evident to outsiders. In his book Fish Story—“regularly described as a seminal work on the theme of globalization”—the American photographer and critic, Allan Sekula , refers to what he called “a biased national physiognomy of vessels.” In his scheme, at a point in time that he imprecisely refers to as “in the past,” Norwegian ships were “neat,” while the ships that belonged to their Greek competitors were “grimy.”8
However, neither the strategies nor the “national physiognomy” were static. Today, there is little reason to expect that there will be such variations between Greek -owned and Norwegian-owned ships. Greek ships are no longer generally grimy, Norwegian ships are not necessarily neat. Vessels from these two nations might in fact be indistinguishable—identical down to the ensign flown at the stern of the ship, which could belong to Panama, Liberia or the Marshall Islands.
Shipping changed, ships changed and Norway changed. In broad terms, Norwegian shipowners entered the last century with a fleet that consisted of a high share of outdated sailing vessels, went through periods with investments in relatively modern and large ships, in particular oil tankers, before finishing the century with a fleet that was known for being expensive, technologically advanced and geared towards certain smaller niche segments. Yet, while this broad pattern represents the typical Norwegian development, it clouds the diversity of the country’s shipping sector.
There have been substantial strategic differences among Norwegian shipping companies, and some of these differences also follow a geographical pattern. With regard to the level of activity and the international orientation, the sector has been much more important in the southern part of the country than in the northern part. Moreover, it is possible to identify a traditional East Coast/West Coast dichotomy—a tool favoured by everyone from marine biologists to poets and rappers. This difference between the east and the west has been evident when it comes to investments, networks and market orientation. It becomes clear by looking at the fleets and how the ships are employed, and anecdotal evidence and interviews with industry participants underscore the contrasting attitudes between the eastern and western parts of Norway.
Regional Differences
Although their markets were found all over the world, the Norwegian shipping companies used to have strong links to their home base in a specific city or region. At the start of the 20th century, these companies were usually local businesses, with workers and funding often found in the neighbourhood—but used globally. Gradually labour and capital would be sourced from locations further away—even crossing international borders in the last quarter of the 20th century. Some of the older Norwegian shipping companies successfully managed this transition, from local ventures to multinationals, while others were unable to transform their business models and disappeared.
The aggregate company developments—the business histories—make up the whole. Here we find the reasons for the growth and demise of individual businesses and of maritime cities and regions; the latter often referred to in political parlance as “maritime clusters.” There is a tendency for companies in the same environment to act in a similar manner—either because of identical stimuli or due to a common mind-set. Local fortunes depend upon the success or failure of individual companies, and when these act in the same manner, the whole region becomes affected by their development.
An example of such a regional paradigm is the Agder-region, on the south coast of Norway. In the late 1870s, Agder shipowners controlled around a third of the Norwegian fleet. Given that Norway at the time was the world’s third largest shipping nation, with around 6 per cent of the world fleet, investors in the Agder-region owned around 2 per cent of the world’s merchant marine. This was a spectacular share for a region with only 150,000 people. In the middle of the 1870s, Agder controlled more sailing ship tonnage than did Russia , Sweden , the Netherlands or Greece .9
The position was not sustainable. The shipping hegemony in Agder was based on a business and ownership structure that initially had been associated with the building of wooden ships at local yards. This implied that the investments were closely linked to the increasingly uncompetitive sailing ship technology, as was the region’s subsequent demise. Shipping companies in Agder—many of them organized as part ownerships in possession of only one sailing ship —followed their vessels on the path to extinction. When the ships were demolished—or perished at sea—there were seldom sufficient funds to reinvest in new tonnage.10
By 1925, the Norwegian share of the world merchant marine had been reduced to 4.5 per cent, and Agder’s share of the Norwegian fleet had plummeted to 5 per cent. Therefore, within the span of two generations, ownership in the Agder-region had gone from 2 per cent to 0.2 per cent of the world fleet.11
The Agder example is extreme, but it illustrates the fact that local distinctions are important. Based on the pattern of ownership in 1900, we can identify a set of broad geographical typologies that had developed over the previous decades. The capital, Kristiania (now Oslo), was big, but unsophisticated. Kristiania had the largest tonnage, measured in simple terms, but was surpassed by Bergen when we take into account the quality of the ships, specifically the fact that steam vessels were more advanced and could transport larger amounts of goods due to their higher efficiency.
Bergen had a distinct lead in the transition from sail to steam, with a diffusion that very much mimics the British experience. Steam tonnage surpassed sail tonnage in Bergen in 1884—an impressive 25 years before the same thing happened for the fleet registered in the rest of the country.12 While Kristiania and the homeports around the Oslofjord held an intermediate position in the transition, the South Coast was clearly the home of the traditional sailing ships. As the subsequent development would show, by 1900 these sails represented a dying technology that lost out in one market segment after another.
Norway is a long country, stretching from the 57th parallel to the 71st parallel north. Most of the population, as well as the cultural, political and economic centres, are situated in the southernmost quarter of the country. This imbalance has characterized the shipping industry as well—in 1900 more than 95 per cent of the Norwegian fleet was owned in this part of the country.
Figure 1.2 illustrates the large geographical differences in the ownership of the Norwegian fleet at the start of the 20th century. The figure shows Norway divided into five regions, with their respective shares of the country’s sail and steam tonnage.13 The differences between the west of Norway, which includes Bergen, and the south, are striking. Data for the ships engaged in foreign trade show that South Coast shipowners owned more than a third of the country’s sailing tonnage, but only slightly more than 5 per cent of the steamships. Shipowners in the western part of Norway owned almost half the foreign-going steam fleet, but only slightly more than 10 per cent of the sailing ship fleet.
Fig. 1.2
The Norwegian foreign-going fleet, share of total by region, 1900, per cent. (Source: Statistics Norway (1902), Table 1d, 9–10. See footnote)
This geographical division becomes even more striking if we look at individual ports. By 1900, steamships made up almost 97 per cent of the Bergen fleet—even when we count “a ton as a ton” and disregard the fact that a ton of steam capacity was much more efficient than a sailing ship ton.14 In southerly Arendal, on the other hand, the white sails still ruled—sailing ships made up around 90 per cent of the city’s tonnage.15 Other ports on the South Coast were clinging even harder to the old technology. The home port of Lillesand housed only one steamship —68 tons of modernity—but in excess of 40 sailing ships, amounting to more than 21,000 gross tons. Moreover, seven other towns, mainly on the South Coast, had substantial sailing ship fleets, but not a single steamship above 50 tons.
Shipping’s important economic role was of course reflected at the local level—in investment and employment, naturally, but also in status and politics. In a country where nobility had been abolished by law at the start of the 19th century, wealthy shipowners came to play crucial roles in their communities. When the playwright Henrik Ibsen wrote about The Pillars of Society , the main character was an impatient businessman involved in shipping and shipbuilding.16 This is a literary example of the privileged positions that shipowners had in towns and cities along the coast—and art imitated life. The maritime men were important at the national level as well—three of the first five Prime Ministers in “independent Norway” were shipowners. Egeland points out the remarkable fact that Michelsen , Mowinckel and Knudsen, “the three dominating Norwegian politicians – one should indeed use the word ‘statesmen’ – in the first four decades [of the 20th century] came from the shipowning profession.”17
Shipping Companies
The skilled and lucky ones could make a fortune from shipping, but it was also a risky undertaking. Compared with other countries and other Norwegian industries, the “turnover” of shipping companies was very high. Throughout the 20th century, in booms as well as crises, established companies went bankrupt or ceased operations for other reasons—broken partnerships, deaths, succession challenges, low profits or high competition. However, the businesses that disappeared were usually replaced by new companies—with the exception of one particularly violent period, during the crisis of the 1970s and 1980s.
This turbulence was not all negative. In fact, to a large extent the modernization of Norwegian shipping took place through the establishment of new companies—and removal of old ones—rather than as a result of transformation within existing organizations. Out with the old and in with the new. This does not mean that there are no shipping companies with long traditions in Norway. Among the largest shipping companies in Norway at the start of the 21st century, we find quite a number of “old timers”; of the 30 largest shipping companies in Norway in 2003, 18 were established before 1960, and another three had links—though not unbroken ones—to companies that existed in 1960. However, an international comparison reveals that the turnover was substantially higher than, for instance, in neighbouring Denmark .18
Just like the shipping sector itself was transformed, the shipping companies’ business models changed dramatically during the 20th century. Shipping companies have faced major shifts in markets, technology, infrastructure, capital, competence and policies—shifts that have been so dramatic that, in current management consultancy lingo, they would be labelled “disruptions.” To prosper and survive, the companies had to adapt their business models and long-term strategies to the new circumstances. Those that did not, lost out in the competition and ultimately failed, replaced by entrepreneurs that understood the new regimes.
The 20th century saw the shipping companies’ business models develop from single vessel partnerships based on local factors of production, to stock exchange-listed multinational conglomerates that drew labour and investment funds from a global pool . This development took place against the backdrop of a series of technological “revolutions” that changed the manner in which shipping companies went about their business. The transformations that first spring to mind are the changes in shipping technology. New building materials and shifts in the means of propulsion—from wood and sail, to iron and steel, steam and diesel—changed the skill set necessary to build, operate and commercially manage ships. Moreover, as ships became more expensive, the need for financing and insurance changed, as did the competence necessary to manage a shipping company.
Likewise, innovations that were not directly related to shipping also played important roles. Knowledge—often determined by access to information—is essential to make good decisions in shipping, as in most other industries. However, shipping companies have to base many of their decisions on information from markets that are far away. In the 19th century, sailing vessels often had very little contact with the “headquarters” on land, making the ship’s master particularly important for decision-making.
During the 20th century—with the exception of the two major wars—the access to and quality of information constantly improved. As a result, the fabric of the shipping industry changed. Innovations in communications technology—first from the telegram to the telephone, then from the telex to the telefax, finally to the internet and satellite links to ships at sea—muted the effect of distance. The technological improvements changed how decisions were made and who made them.
The changes in the business model also had ramifications for the spatial distribution of shipping companies—a process sometimes referred to as “a dislocation of the comparative advantages.”19 As the infrastructure changed and the need for capital and managerial competence increased, Norwegian shipping became increasingly centralized. Proximity to information sources—and to other shipping industry participants—became more important. The captains, far from home, were no longer the main decision-makers. Now the shipowners, with improved access to information, increasingly decided the business and instructed the captains by means of telegraph.
While the ownership of sailing vessels had been extremely dispersed at the start of the 20th century, now the large towns and cities gained a clear advantage. Most shipping company headquarters were located in the larger cities by the second half of the 20th century. Still, the industry continued to play an important economic role in more remote areas. With regard to employment, in particular, the shipping industry provided job opportunities for people based in rural districts and in sparsely populated parts of the country.
The number of Norwegian seafarers reached a post-war peak in 1960. That year, more than 53,000 seamen paid tax in bygder [non-urban municipalities]. In fact, the proportion of seamen in such rural areas was almost twice as high as the proportion of seamen in the cities.20 Consequently, due to the employment opportunities in the merchant marine, Norway could maintain a relatively scattered population, partly neutralizing the trend towards urbanization. Country boys did not have to go to the city to find work—they could go to sea.
Another long-term effect is through family life and gender relations. Norway is known for being a country with gender equality in most areas, and the shipping industry might have influenced this. In many families, the male breadwinner would be at sea for long periods. As a result, many Norwegian women were given organizational and economic responsibilities that would be uncommon in other countries.21 Moreover, towards the end of the 20th century, when seafarers’ journeys home were more frequent, it was often expected that men would take care of the house and the children. Both of these factors might have contributed to the lauded Norwegian gender balance.
These two examples illustrate how activities in foreign waters have had profound implications for the development of Norwegian society on land. Shipping has influenced the nation and the population in ways that are neither intuitive nor obvious.
Norwegian Maritime History: An Update
The standard work on Norwegian shipping, Den norske sjøfarts historie [The history of Norwegian shipping], was 40 years in the making. Originally intended to be one 560-page volume, in the end it counted more than 3000 pages across six large books.22 One reviewer acerbically remarked that no detail was considered sufficiently insignificant to be left out, and “glimpses of genius” were marred by “free-hand drawing” where “the imagination was given free rein.”23
The scope of this book is more modest, just like the period under investigation is more concise. The book is structured as a chronological voyage through Norwegian shipping in the 20th century. It is not an all-embracing or definitive history, and that has never been the intention. Rather, it is an attempt at describing the major long-term trends, while at the same time analysing how Norwegian actors—authorities, shipping companies and seafarers—have adapted to the challenges and opportunities in one of the world’s most competitive industries.
1. 1.
In twelve of the fourteen reports published after 2001, the country was number one, toppled only by Iceland in 2007 and 2008; see UNDP (2014), Table 2, 164. Based on revised figures, following a 2010 reformulation of the equation used to calculate the Human Development Index, Norway ended up at the top in 2007 and 2008 as well.
2. 2.
For a discussion of the atypical Norwegian development, see for instance Sejersted (2002) or Brox (2016). The best English-language presentation of its economic development is still the slightly outdated Hodne (1983), but see also Moses (2005). A new and convincing story, unfortunately only in Norwegian, is Sandvik (2018).
3. 3.
Kiær (1900, 403). As the following discussion will show, the term “at all times” should be taken with a small shipload of salt.
4. 4.
For extensive discussions of history and globalization, see Osterhammel and Petersson (2005) and O’Rourke and Williamson (1999). Starkey and Harlaftis (1998), contains a series of papers on various aspects of shipping and globalization.
5. 5.
Hovde (1948, 259).
6. 6.
Figure 1.1: Data on the Norwegian fleet from Statistics Norway (2000), Table 417, 348–350. Based on sailing ships larger than 50 gross register tons (grt) and steamships and motorships larger than 25 tons. In order to get a consistent series, the following conversions have been made for the period 1900–1909: Conversion from net to gross tonnage by adding 8.6 per cent for sailing vessels and 65 per cent for steamships and motorships. Reduction by 10.9 per cent for sailing vessels and 0.8 per cent for steamships and motorships in order to neutralize the inclusion of vessels smaller than 50 tons (sailing ships) and 25 tons (steamships and motorships). Conversion factors estimated on the basis of 1909 data. Data from 1987 onwards include the Norwegian Ordinary Register and the Norwegian International Ship Register. Share of world fleet estimated on the basis of data for steamships and motor vessels in Lloyd’s Register, various issues; OECD , Maritime Transport, various issues; and UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, various issues. Estimates before 1907 are based on data from Statistics Norway. Given the late transition from sail to steam in Norway, the share of the world fleet is more than one percentage point lower in 1900 than if sailing vessels were included, but the discrepancy decreased as sailing ships were phased out in Norway as well. Due to changes in definitions across time, the series should be seen as an approximation. For instance, if we include Norwegian ships flying foreign flags, and use deadweight tonnage as the basis for the comparison, the Norwegian share in the year 2000 would almost be double the 4 per cent shown in the figure.
7. 7.
Kiær (1893, 361).
8. 8.
Roberts (2012, 3) and Sekula (1995, 12). This phenomenon—why Norwegian ships were more modern and well-kept than Greek vessels—had a relatively simple economic explanation; see the analysis of the differing strategies of the two countries’ shipping companies in Tenold and Theotokas (2013).
9. 9.
Computed on the basis of data in Jeula, 1875. If we count “a ton as a ton”, and consider both sailing ships and steamships, the Agder fleet would be marginally larger than the fleets of Sweden and Russia .
10. 10.
In this instance, “shipping company” refers to the part ownerships that were the formal owners of the ships; a corresponding owner might manage a larger fleet and have interests in more than one ship. However, the part ownership functioned like today’s project investments. After the end of the project, the remaining capital—the sales price, the demolition price or insurance money—was paid out to investors.
11. 11.
See Johnsen (2001) for an analysis of the development. Agder shipping was subsequently rejuvenated, before another spectacular haemorrhage during the shipping crises of the 1970s and 1980s.
12. 12.
Pettersen (1981, 45).
13. 13.
Figure 1.2: Statistics Norway (1902), Table 1d, 9–10. Based on ships of all sizes engaged in the foreign-going fleet. Vessels engaged in domestic coastal trade and sealing and whaling (including walrus hunting) are excluded. The categories include the home ports in the following regions:
Oslofjord East: Smålenene, Akershus, Kristiania
Oslofjord West: Buskerud, Jarlsberg and Larvik, Bratsberg
South: Nedenes, Lister and Mandal
West: Stavanger, Bergen, Søndre Bergenhus, Nordre Bergenhus
North: Romsdal, Søndre Trondhjem, Nordre Trondhjem, Nordland, Tromsø, Finnmarken.
14. 14.
This and subsequent calculations based on vessels above 50 tons in Statistics Norway (1902); see Fig. 1.2 for an explanation.
15. 15.
Though, to be fair, the sails were far from as white as they are usually depicted, and they were also substantially more patched. Perhaps a better description would be “sails in 25 shades of white and another 25 shades of black.”
16. 16.
An alternative title, favoured by the Royal Shakespeare Company, is The Pillars of the Community, which perhaps better reflects the local dimension. The main character of the play, Karsten Bernick, was allegedly modelled by Henrik Ibsen on Morten Smith-Petersen, a Grimstad shipowner who was married to the author’s second cousin.
17. 17.
Egeland (1973, 73).
18. 18.
Compare the developments in Tenold (2012) and Sornn-Friese, Poulsen and Iversen (2012).
19. 19.
Fritz (1980, 148).
20. 20.
Statistics Norway, Tax Statistics (1961, 74). Not all of these seafarers were engaged in foreign-going shipping.
21. 21.
See Lønnå (2010), for a number of examples.
22. 22.
The full title of the series can be translated as “The history of Norwegian shipping from the earliest age until our own time.” With a timeline like that, and the interruption of two world wars, it is perhaps no surprise that the original three-year project period turned out to be too optimistic. For a presentation of the interesting process behind the book, see the editor’s postscript in Worm-Müller (1951, 481–487). A separate supplement, Schreiner (1963), brought “our own time” up to 1920.
23. 23.
Schreiner (1952, 267, 259 and 256 ). After the harsh review—which also called parts of the series “scientifically worthless”—the reviewer was asked to write the follow-up volume, covering the period 1914–1920.
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Copyright information
© The Author(s) 2019
Authors and Affiliations
• Stig Tenold
• 1
1. 1.Department of EconomicsNHH – Norwegian School of EconomicsBergenNorway
Personalised recommendations |
‘In-body GPS’ could track tumors
ReMix was developed by a CSAIL group led by Professor Dina Katabi. (c) Simon Simard
Diagnosing inside the human body often requires cutting open a patient or swallowing long tubes with built-in cameras. A team from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) collaborated with researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) to develop a less expensive, invasive, and time-consuming method. The team led by Professor Dina Katabi has created an “in-body GPS” system dubbed ReMix. The new method can pinpoint the location of ingestible implants inside the body using low-power wireless signals. These implants could be used as tiny tracking devices on shifting tumors to help monitor their slight movements.
Tracking inside the body
In animal tests, the team demonstrated that they can track the implants with centimeter-level accuracy. The marker inside the body reflects the signal transmitted by the wireless device outside the body. Therefore, it doesn’t need a battery or any other external source of energy. A special algorithm then uses that signal to pinpoint the exact location of the marker.
Looking ahead
There are still many ongoing challenges for improving ReMix. The team next hopes to combine the wireless data with medical data, such as that from MRI scans, to further improve the system’s accuracy. In addition, the team will continue to reassess the algorithm and the various tradeoffs needed to account for the complexity of different bodies. “We want a model that’s technically feasible, while still complex enough to accurately represent the human body,” says MIT PhD student Deepak Vasisht, lead author on the new paper. “If we want to use this technology on actual cancer patients one day, it will have to come from better modeling a person’s physical structure.”
Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
Photograph courtesy Jorge Genise
Read Caption
The possible wasp cocoons found inside a fossilized dinosaur egg (coin shown for scale).
Photograph courtesy Jorge Genise
Ancient Wasps Roosted in Rotting Dinosaur Eggs?
Fossil cocoons may be first evidence of bugs eating dino embryos.
Titanosaurs belonged to a group of gigantic plant-eaters that included the heaviest creatures to ever walk the Earth. Titanosaur eggs were similarly large—up to almost 8 inches (20 centimeters) long.
Bugs Key to Cleaning Dino Nests
The study authors suggest that the ancient egg was somehow cracked open before it hatched. Scavengers such as crickets might have fed on the yolk, and spiders later dined on the scavengers.
Wasps might have attacked either the initial scavengers or the spiders, laying their eggs in the bodies of those creatures. The wasp offspring then spun their cocoons inside the rotting egg. (Related: "'Zombie' Roaches Lose Free Will Due to Wasp Venom.")
The finding could be the first evidence of invertebrates such as crickets scavenging on dinosaur eggs, since it's "the first time that [wasp] cocoons are associated with a dinosaur egg," said study co-author Jorge Genise, an entomologist at the Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences.
By devouring rotting matter, the scavenging insects cleared the nest of potentially dangerous microbes.
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The Ongoing Armed Conflict Idlib and Hama Leads to Cognitive Decline
The seven-year long Syrian armed conflict has left a grave negative impact on children, the most vulnerable category, nationwide Syria, particularly in the provinces of Idlib and Hama. Many children encounter the threat of becoming illiterate or merely knowing the basic principles of reading and writing. The ongoing armed conflict and its ramifications of bombardment, destruction, and displacement have negatively affected the children and caused them to fall behind. There is a wide gap between the children's chronological and intelligence age. For example, an 11-year-old child could not pass the third grade of his primary school because of his inability to concentrate or absorb information.
The United Nation International Children's Emergency Fund/ UNICEF said in a statement[1] on April 23, 2018 "the seven-year long conflict has caused 2.8 million children to miss out on their education. some of these children have never been to school, while others have missed out on up to seven years of learning, making it extremely difficult for them to catch up.
Since the conflict began in 2011, 309 education facilities came under attack and one in three schools can no longer be used because they were destroyed, damaged, used for military purposes or for hosting displaced families. Nearly 40 per cent of children who are out of school are between 15 and 17 years-old, making them prey to exploitation including early marriage, recruitment into the fighting and child labor."
The war has not only killed and displaced children, but also affected their psychological situation. They have begun to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders/PTSD that lead to dangerous consequences, notably the cognitive decline.
Education is the main pillar and the backbone that the children count on it to build their future, STJ's field researcher said.
Death, falling behind and distractions are inevitable consequences of the on-going war. STJ has published a report on the death of 12 children and the injury of 25 others in al-Raqqa city as a result of detonation of landmines while they were collecting junks.[2]
An STJ's report about Hama said a wide section of children under the age of 15 years old are forced to do different jobs. They face exploitation and dangerous experiences amidst the lack of censorship and accountability from local authorities, which follow laws prohibiting child labor under the age of 15 not 18.[3]
1. I visualize my brother and my relatives as if they are still living with me”
The ongoing hostilities in Hama areas have turned many children's lives upside down and shattered their future. The 15-year-old boy Abbas al-Khalid, from Jabal Shahshbo in the west, suffered PTSD because of the death of his father, his brother, and his grandfather. Their death made him feel misery and he lost concentration at school. He failed in the ninth grade in 2017 and was forced to repeat the exams once again:
"I was in the primary stage and I used to live with my family. But with the onset of the war, my life turned upside down. I experienced extreme tough days. Almost every day, I woke up by the roars of bombardment and my family's voices saying we had to displace soon. During the years of war, I lost numerous of my family members. My little brother, my grandfather, my father and my uncle were all killed in 2013, 2014, and 2015 respectively. Currently, I live with my mother. Last year I was in the ninth grade in the elementary stage, but I failed my exams though I studied. My family rebuked me for my failure. But that was the best I did. I still hear my brother and my relatives' voices as if they are still living with us. I tried hard to study but in vain. I got overstrained and most of the times I burst into tears without knowing why".
The scenes of demolition and the shattered bodies Abbas used to see during the bombardment made him suffer a trauma, which he could not be treated from:
"Although I am studying the ninth grade once again, I have a feeling that I won't pass it. I cannot concentrate nor can I memorize information. I cannot even have fun with my friends. I feel devastated inside. I hope I could overcome this feeling. I wish peace prevails in the whole world so that everyone lives freely".
1. “He is in the fourth grade in the primary stage but has difficulties learning to read and write”
Aboud al-Hussein, 10, is a child from al-Labweb town in the south of Idlib. Over the last few years, al-Labweb, among others, was exposed to fierce bombardment by the Syrian regular forces. The solo school in the town was partially destroyed. Therefore, every morning Aboud walks to that school, he feels panic. He is in the fourth grade but the fear within his heart turned him to a child with difficulties to read and write.
His father recalled:
"Aboud grew up in a frightening atmosphere because of severe bombardment and homelessness. He has lost his dearest friends and relatives. Up to now, he has got ballistophobia. He is overwhelmed by panic whenever he sees an aircraft or hears shelling; his fear lasts even after the shelling stops. Following the de-militarized zone agreement[4] concluded about Idlib and the relative-tranquility, we expected that everybody, including children, would get rid of this undesirable psychological condition. Unfortunately, they did not. This condition affected Aboud's education and his general awareness. At first, we ignored this situation but later it evolved to become an abnormal condition especially when he became in the fourth grade. We could observe his unwilling to get education, to do his homework, as well as he becomes introvert. Now we do try our best to help him learn by inserting him in an atmosphere of fun, joy and giving him presents. But this is not working out either. His level of understanding and his ability to memorize information deteriorated. Education is none of his concerns."
The child Aboud al-Hussein from rural Idlib.
Photo credit: Aboud's family
Many children in Idlib areas face the same problems Aboud suffers because of the psychological stress they experienced during the seven-year war. Let alone the traditional ways in teaching and neglecting the children's psychological side, the father added.
The household, the community, and the school should act together to heal all the children across Syria, he added.
1. The cognitive decline has reached its most
Yehiya Ahmad Mesfara, 48, is a teacher from Saraqib city in Idlib. Yehiya has been a teacher for 20 years and has taught all school stages. He told STJ that the children's level of concentration has declined since the onset of the conflict, and that many of them suffer excessive psychological condition.
"Being a teacher in a primary school that contains 170 pupils from the 1st grade to the 6th grade, I could apparently observe that the armed conflict has its genuine impact on the children. I spotted a deep crack in their personality and psychology. They have lost self-confidence besides they acquired many impolite behaviors and habits. Concerning the cognitive decline, I can say that the pupils before the conflict were better. They could study and memorize better. They could understand their lessons more quickly. Unfortunately, they have become less focused and have less ability to memorize and sometimes we are forced to repeat the same lesson several times for them to understand it. Sometimes I feel as if we are dealing with a generation different from the previous one. Has the fear of death caused them to lose memory? Are they affected with a psychological disorder? We do not know. All we know is that their cognitive decline has reached its utmost in Idlib and Hama. Now we try to communicate with the children through some entertainment activities to get to their inners hoping find out what the reason is for this problem".
The teacher said the cognitive decline has affected the 11-years-old children most. He said that there is a wide part who missed out on school in the last few years particularly the boys.
"In my opinion, the solution is to follow a special teaching way different from the traditional teaching methods. The most important thing is not to assign the pupils with lots of homework. We should be patient with them and apply a strong teaching plan through leisure picnics and various activities. Additionally, we should avoid rebuke and violence because this category of children is sensitive, and they got enough. Eventually, if this grave gap is not bridged, an illiterate generation would arise".
1. “An uneducated child is much better than a dead one”
Fawaz Aslan, an educational supervisor and a psychological support worker in Idlib, testified that the instability that the children experienced have a grave negative impact on the level of their educational awareness and understanding of information. Prevalently, parents chose not to send their children to school because of the insecurity; they say, "an uneducated child is much better than a dead one".
"Many children in Idlib suffer from instability and educational awareness decline. There is a gap between the children's chronological and intelligence age. Some 11-year-old children cannot pass the 3rd grade in the primary stage, i.e. they are late developer. They lack the ability to understand or concentrate on their lessons. 20 per cent of the pupils have dropped out from school, this means 200 pupils out of 600. Therefore, we have opened a special classroom to make it up for those who missed out on and another classroom for those who have cognitive decline. They are being taught by specialists following special methods in order to develop the children's awareness and thinking".
Abdullah al-Zeidan agreed. He said footages of the Syrian conflict have affected the children's psychology side and caused a kind of behavior disorder. They suffer from increase of violence, concern about the future, malnutrition, mental disorders, and depression. All that leaves a bad effect on the children's social life whether within their household or outside.
It should be recalled that Abdullah has a got degree in psychology and he is the head of a psychological support team in Atama city in the north of Idlib.
"The consequences varies from a child to another based on the events surrounding them. Some children are somehow careless, but others react deeply against every incident taking place around them. This negatively affect their mental and psychological sides. It is right that the cognitive decline and the unwilling to learn were common before the conflict, but they have spread significantly during the war. After the end of the war, some children might suffer PTSD symptoms: children express their anxieties by reflecting them in paintings or through nightmares or acting violently."
A successful teaching process with effective methods should be provided in armed opposition groups-controlled areas in Idlib and Hama, al-Zedan said. Children should feel at ease in and out home to be able to improve at school.
"Several factors affected the children's academic education such as the destruction of many schools in Idlib and Hama in the past years, insecurity, and the ill-prepared curricula and teachers. Additionally, displacement has resulted to make them live in different environment and make new friends each time. So, they suffered cognitive decline. To solve this problem, you need to avoid the triggers which are still ongoing. However, the causes are hard to get rid of because of the armed conflict. Hence, we should attempt to provide a safe atmosphere somehow to the children. In addition to a modern curriculum that teaches them the principals of reading and writing from the beginning very slowly. Only then we can uncover the reasons that make the children unwilling to learn. After that, we can mitigate these reasons as much as possible and describe them to the children in a simple impartial way that they could understand".
1. “40 per cent miss out on school as a result of stress and hate to study”
Salah al-Khattab, the chief of the school health of the Syrian Interim Government in Hama, said the recent growing ratio of the students who dropped out of school is the outcome of stress and extreme hate to study. The high school students are the most who miss out on. The psychological impacts the war has left behind can be obviously seen on the children from all educational stages in Hama and Idlib. The children have become unwilling to pursue their academic education. They have lost the ability to memorize and understand lessons well.
"we, the staff in the school health department, are still attempting to help the children overcome this stage. We want them to form a different view about the Syrian situation. We want to put them on a new path that can reform their education and make them love learning. A new project was introduced to the sponsor organizations and they agreed to implement it. the project is to have a staff of doctors including psychologists, physicians, nurses who will conduct periodic visits to schools, particularly the primary schools, in order to secure an easy educational atmosphere. An atmosphere that will make them feel relax and desire to study.
Regarding the students who drop out of school, it is definitely because of stress and the children's rejection to study amidst shelling and homelessness. 40% of the high school students have dropped out from schools in areas in Hama.
The phenomenon of mental dispersion and cognitive decline will not be completely eliminated unless there is a child-friendly space. However, we can convert the child's mind calmly from thinking of war to the state of studying and getting information through guided activities, which are conducted and supervised by experts”, al-Khattab said.
[1] "Nearly 5 million Syrian children accessing education despite over seven years of war on children", UNICEF, April 23, 2018,
[2] “Children Victims of Collecting Junks in al-Raqqa”, STJ, November 10, 2018, .
[3] “The Prevalence of the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the City of Hama, Amidst the Lack of Censorship and Accountability”, STJ, November 20, 2018,
Children's Rights Idlib other violations
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Ask Leo: Odd Characters Instead of Quotes
By Leo Notenboom
I have noticed for years that certain emails and documents
have strange characters where punctuation and other
characters should be. An example is this word:
yesterday’s Where the characters ’ should
clearly be an apostrophe. Why is this happening and what
can I do to eliminate this occurring? I suspect that it
happens more often when the originating computer system is
a mac.
It’s all about character encoding.
And that simple sentence represents a bit of complexity.
Let me cover a few concepts, and throw out a few tips on how it can sometimes be avoided.
As I’ve discussed before, typically in the context of email,
there are several ways to “encode” the characters – the letters and numbers and
symbols – you see on the screen.
The fundamental concept is that all characters are actually stored as numbers.
The uppercase letter “A”, for example, is the number 65. “B” is 66, and so on.
“The fundamental concept is that all characters are actually stored as numbers.”
The “ASCII” character set or encoding uses a single byte – values from 0 to 255 –
to represent up to 256 different characters. (Technically ASCII actually only uses
7 bits of that byte, or values from 0-127. The most common true 8-bit encoding used
on the internet today is “ISO-8859-1”.)
The problem, of course, is that there are way more than 256 possible characters.
While we might spend most of our time with common characters like A-Z, a-z, 0-9 and
a handful of punctuation, in reality the there are thousands of other possible characters – particularly
if you think globally.
At the other end of the spectrum is the “Unicode” encoding, which uses two (or more) bytes,
giving many more possible different characters. “A” is still 65, but if we look at it
in hexadecimal the single byte Ascii “A” is 41, while the two-byte Unicode “A” is 0041.
At this point, it should be clear that switching from Ascii to Unicode would immediately
double the size of every email, every document, and everything else that stored text. Possible, and
in some cases even the right solution, but when you consider that the majority of communications,
particularly in the western world, focus on the basic roman alphabet and a few numbers and
punctuation, it starts to seem wasteful.
Enter “UTF-8”, for “8 bit Unicode Transformation Format”.
In UTF-8 the entire Unicode character set is broken down by an algorithm into byte sequences that are either 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes long.
The reason is simple: the vast majority of characters in common usage in Western languages fall into the 1 byte range. Messages
remain smaller, but should one of those “other” characters be needed it can be incorporated by using it’s “longer” representation.
All that is a lot of back story to the problem.
When you see funny characters it’s because data encoded using UTF-8 is likely being interpreted as ISO-8859-1.
Let’s use an example: that apostrophe.
First, let’s be clear as mud: there are apostrophes, and apostrophes. In reality the characters we often
refer to as apostrophes could be:
• the apostrophe: (‘)
• the acute accent: (´)
• the grave accent: (`)
• the right single quote (’)
• the left single quote (‘)
• (Those might look similar, different, or not appear at all depending on the fonts and character sets
available on your computer. I told you this was complex. Smile)
Each, of course has a different encoding. Let’s take the right single quote (for reasons I’ll explain below):
• ASCII: doesn’t exist
• ISO-8859-1: 0xB4 in hexadecimal
• Unicode: 0x07E3 in hexadecimal
• UTF-8: 0xE28099
• I don’t expect you to care about the actual numbers there, but simply notice how dramatically different they are.
Now, what happens when the UTF-8 series of numbers is interpreted as if it were ISO-8859-1?
Look familiar?
0xE28099 breaks down as 0xE2 (â), 0x80 (€) and 0x99 (™). What was one character in UTF-8 (’) gets
mistakenly displayed as three (’) when misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1.
The Culprits
There are typically two.two
[This post is excerpted with Leo’s permission from his Ask Leo blog.]
Leo Notenboom has been involved in the tech industry for nearly 30 years. After retiring from an 18 year career as a Microsoft Software Engineer Leo went on to create Ask Leo!, a free web site where he answers real questions from ordinary computer users.
FaceBook URL: Leo’s Facebook
Twitter URL:
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One thought on “Ask Leo: Odd Characters Instead of Quotes
1. I’ve been having the auto-quote problem in online class discussions. I compose them in Word then cut and paste into the school discussion sections. I then have to go back and retype all quotes. This will save me time in the future.
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ETHNews Exclusive | RIAT Institute For Future Cryptoeconomics: The Study Of What’s To Come
The advent of blockchain technology has opened up new, interdisciplinary verticals of value across the globe. As the world rewires itself to capture the advantageous deliverables of Web 3.0, the new field of cryptoeconomics will play a leading role in developing the society of tomorrow.
As blockchain technology becomes ubiquitously integrated into the computer systems of the world, the issue of scalability consistently comes up. Prominent blockchains, like Ethereum or bitcoin, are consistently plagued by transaction backlogs. It is, unfortunately, one of the major challenges to mass adoption and conquering it will require some serious innovation.
Although the transaction backlogs of 2017 were mostly related to floods of investors partaking in the plethora of token offerings on Ethereum, the true impediment in blockchain technology might not be related to transaction throughputs at all, but instead might be the world of use cases awaiting blockchain integration.
Blockchains are not just distributed ledgers that can be plugged into existing digital infrastructure like a networked database. Blockchains have another layer of robustness: decentralized consensus. Although this is a technical feature that works digitally, the concept of consensus – indeed the word – is perhaps the fulcrum upon which the future will be leveraged.
The concept of consensus takes blockchain technology and effectively transposes it into many other sciences and humanities.
This new area of study is multidisciplinary in nature, and the number of encompassed subjects is growing. Commonly becoming called cryptoeconomics, its prominence as a field of study will be directly related to the role blockchains play in the society of the future. This is why basic cryptoeconomic principles could one day be taught in grade school as easily as its intricacies are discussed in graduate school.
The RIAT Institute for Future Cryptoeconomics
Until cryptoeconomics earns its place inside the hedgerows and high walls of academia, the subject has been relegated to the fringes of study. If, however, you happen to be passing through Vienna, Austria, there is a place where the future of cryptoeconomics is being studied front and center.
The RIAT Institute for Future Cryptoeconomics is, like its subject matter, multidisciplinary. Part newsroom, art space, and development laboratory, RIAT is a place where people learn from one another and can play with the idea of cryptoeconomics to see how it ebbs and flows across blockchain ecosystems. Matthias Tarasiewicz is director of the institute, and he took the time to talk with ETHNews about the ins and outs of the new metasubject and the role of RIAT.
ETHNews: What was RIAT's first project?
Matthias Tarasiewicz: "We are an NGO, based in Vienna. We have been researching cryptocurrencies and blockchains since the very beginning, I would say. We really started to use bitcoin in 2010, coming from an art perspective. We actually had a hand in the first bitcoin art piece, which was called Bitcoin Cloud. The idea was not so much about bitcoin, but about how to work with the problem of the art market. Like cryptocurrency, the art world is an informal market that's not really based on any real rationale. It's absolutely insane sometimes, and basically only based on pump-and-dump situations. So we created an art piece, working with a group of participants, called Bitcoin Cloud . It's a mining rig. It would only mine, however, if visitors would actually watch the art piece, physically look at it. Our hope was that it could extract itself from the art market and be its own economic entity."
RIAT As A Crossroads
Although the institute welcomes abstract ideas, like Bitcoin Cloud , it takes a coin-agnostic perspective on digital currencies in order to study the overarching principles of cryptoeconomics.
To this end, Tarasiewicz organizes workshops and public events to evangelize about blockchain and attract those interested in staying for a while to perform specific research.
This is why RIAT holds around 90 percent of the blockchain meetups happening in Vienna. "We have people from a bitcoin background. NEM for example, New Economy Movement. We have people from Ethereum, Monero, Dodge Coin, all of these people are meeting in our space. We are a meta kind of space for all sorts of meetups for the crypto-community groups."
Understanding Cryptoeconomics & Incentivization
According to Tarasiewicz, "there is a lot of speculation recently about the term cryptoeconomics. It was actually first used by Vlad Zamfir in 2014, and after that there was more use from people like Vitalik [Buterin]. Those guys basically coined this term."
Although Satoshi Nakamoto might have invented cryptoeconomics, Etherians like Zamfir and Buterin have probably thought more about it. Ethereum's switch to Proof-of-Stake is built around cryptoeconomic principles. Indeed, until Casper arrives, the hybrid Proof-of-Work/Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm is also cryptoeconomic in principal. The idea is to use technology to encourage people to act virtuously, by paying them. At least, that's where the idea starts.
MT: "On the one hand you need to solve the Byzantine Generals Problem, on the other [you need to] to incentivize users to have the right behavior and penalize malicious behavior. Cryptoeconomics is sometimes called "reverse game theory," by predicting … what users are going to do. Basically you are incentivizing a specific action or thing that the users should do, and disincentivising or penalizing what users shouldn't do.
"Cryoptoeconomics has to work with actual economic incentives, monetized incentives, human incentives. It's a very, very interesting field."
Reverse Game Theory
Cryptoeconomics is often compared to the field of game theory, albeit "reverse" game theory, since the desired outcome must be defined before the system is designed.
MT: Since [blockchain is] working with so many different approaches to incentivisation, you generally begin with what the security of a system or the intended use for a system is. I'm always giving the example of comparing it to game theory."
Since game theory began its ascent to academic acceptance from a very slender starting point, people like Tarasiewicz see a correlation between cryptoeconomics' current state and the advent of game theory as an academic discipline.
MT: "In the beginning, game theory was a very narrow field. Basically, it was like a niche. It grew to become an interdisciplinary science where there is political science, social science, philosophy, psychology, etcetera ... It's like a large, interconnected field.
"How was this [multidisciplinary approach] possible? In game theory, [it happened] by creating specific interconnections between these different sciences; by forming new terminologies; creating the translation necessary between different fields."
Solving Academic Challenges
MT: "For example, we have the term of 'consensus.' This terms means entirely different things sometimes. From a technological perspective we have the consensus of a protocol, the network effect. At the same time we have the [concept of] social consensus, or democratic consensus. These terms are different, and [they] use the same word. This is a problem. One [term] is a governance issue, and one is about machines. This is something we need to fix in order to make cryptoeconomics a true academic discipline.
"You can think about cryptoeconomics on many levels. There is the cryptoeconomics of the mining process: how miners react, who is mining what? How do you get everyone to agree on hard forking? These things must be understood cryptoeconomically.
"At the same time the crypto-markets are also driven cryptoeconomically. In the near future, prediction markets, like Gnosis or Auger, will use cryptoeconomic principles to provide a level of data analytics never before possible. It is a growing field, but it's not an academic discipline yet."
Providing Intersectional Insights At The Speed Of Blockchain
MT: "Finally, another problem is that a lot of the research in this space is moving very fast. People are pushing out content on all kinds of platforms, some formal and some informal. It's almost impossible to have academic rigor and long review processes at this point in development.
"This is the niche that RIAT fills. Making sure we are connecting with universities and academic institutions as much as possible, while also acknowledging that there is a lot of informal research, is our goal. We try to be on the intersection of all of these."
ETHNews: Thanks for taking the time, Matthias!
Jordan Daniell
ETHNews is committed to its Editorial Policy
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All County Health Departments and District Offices will be closed Monday, April 22 for a State Holiday.
Beach Water Testing & Advisories
The Coastal Health District and the Coastal Resources Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources work together to test coastal beach waters for the presence of potentially harmful bacteria that could cause illness. More populated beaches are tested year-round on a weekly basis. If bacteria levels are elevated, an advisory sign will be placed on the beach and notification sent out through local media channels and social media.
Get the latest Beach Water Advisories. For additional information, please contact the Coastal Health District at 912-644-5217.
Want to get notified when a beach goes under advisory? You sign up to receive email notifications at
Effective January 1, 2016, the Beach Monitoring and Notification Program began using a new bacterial level threshold – recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – in order to determine when swimming advisories should be issued. The new bacterial threshold value recommended by the EPA is more protective of public health. However, since Georgia’s beaches have good water quality overall, the new advisory threshold is not expected to appreciably increase the number of swimming advisories.
Frequently Asked Questions about Beach Water Advisories
Why is the water tested and what is it tested for?
The water is tested as part of the Environmental Protection Agency’s beach monitoring program which includes all Georgia beaches. Water samples are taken all along the island and tested for enterococcus (pronounced: en•ter•o•coc•cus) bacteria which is found in warm blooded animals including humans but also birds, raccoons, deer, dolphins and other wildlife.
Do you know where the bacteria come from?
It is difficult to determine exactly where the bacteria come from but some sources could include animal waste, storm water runoff, or boating waste.
What does it mean when a beach is under advisory?
It means that the level of bacteria found in the water is above the Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended standards. When the level of bacteria is higher than it should be there is increased risk of illness to swimmers so the public is advised not to swim or wade in the water in that particular area.
Will I get sick if I go into water that is under advisory?
There is no way to say for sure whether or not you will get sick if you go into water that is under advisory but you will be at an increased risk of illness. Risk of illness comes from contacting beach water in several ways including ingesting water while swimming, getting water in the nose, eyes, and ears or getting water in an open wound. Some examples of possible illness include possible stomach upset, ear infection, sore throat, or wound infection.
What do I do if I have been swimming in water that was under advisory but I didn’t realize it?
There is no way to say for sure whether or not you will get sick if you were swimming or wading in water that was under advisory. The best thing to do is to be aware of any changes in your health. If you start to experience stomach upset, ear infection, sore throat, or wound infection, after you have been in contact with water that was under advisory, contact a healthcare provider.
Is the beach closed?
No, the beach is not closed. An advisory simply means that increased levels of bacteria were found in the water, not on the beach, which is why public health suggests no swimming or wading in the water (risk of illness comes from contact with the water).
Does the advisory cover the entire island?
No. An advisory only covers a certain area. Even if part of the beach is under advisory there are plenty of other beach access points to areas that aren’t under advisory.
How do you know the bacteria are only in one certain area of the water?
Beaches have been divided up into zones. Water samples are taken from the center of each zone and if bacteria levels are found to be higher in a certain zone then an advisory is issued for that area. Because it’s not possible to determine exactly where the bacteria levels switch from “okay” to “elevated,” the advisory is issued for a fairly large area. If water samples from more than one zone indicate higher levels of bacteria then multiple advisories will be issued but again, only for the areas where bacteria is higher.
How long do areas stay under advisory?
When an advisory is issued, another sample of the water in the area under advisory is taken within a few days and retested. An area will stay under advisory until the test shows that bacteria in the water have decreased to an acceptable level as determined by the Environmental Protection Agency.
How often is beach water tested?
Water at the beaches on Jekyll, St. Simons, and Tybee Islands is tested once a week, year-round. Beaches that are under permanent advisory are tested once a quarter (four times a year).
What does it mean if a beach is under a permanent advisory?
A permanent advisory means that there are continually elevated bacteria levels indicating a potential human health risk and therefore swimming or wading is advised against.
Can I eat fish I’ve caught from a beach that’s under advisory?
Yes, fish and other seafood caught in area(s) should be thoroughly washed with fresh water and thoroughly cooked before eating as should fish or seafood caught from any waters. |
By: Victoria Yates
Timur was born on the 8th of April 1336 in Kesh (the Green City) in Transoxiana, modern day Uzbekistan, thirty-six miles south of Samarkand, a cultural center of the time. He was a member of the Barlas, a Turkized Mongol tribe that represented the remnants of Genghis Khan’s Mongol hordes. The Mongols lost power in Transoxiana when Timur was 10, and under the Emir’s (warlord’s) reign, Timur developed into an aggressive individual, honing his skills in riding and fighting. His primary activity was soldiering, being put at the head of a small army. The Emir’s assassination when Timur was 22 was followed two years later by the return to power of the Mongols, and with it Timur subordinated himself and his army to Mongol governance.
In 1364 he formed a coalition with the grandson, Hussein, of the murdered Emir and attempted to overthrow the new rulers, beating them and forcing a retreat. But the Mongols returned in 1365, beating the pair in the Battle of Mud. Timur was forced to retreat. However the returning Mongols encountered resistance in Samarkand in the form of Islamic rebels, the Serbedar, who took control of the city for a year. When Timur returned he feigned friendship with the group until he had regained enough power within the city to have them executed.
Recognising the necessity for a stable base of support from home, Timur cultivated a feeling of good will amongst his subjects, even offering to help with his own wealth. This quickly saw him solidify his position as the most respected person in Samarkand. Hussein on the other hand was known for his meanness, imposing harsh taxes and paying little attention to his subjects. On the death of Timur’s wife (Hussein’s sister) the tie between the pair was severed, and Timur began hostilities. After a brief truce in which the pair expelled another Mongol incursion, Timur won support from the people and the influential leaders of the region, beating Hussein but granting him passage for a trip to Mecca. Instead, whilst attempting to escape, Hussein was killed by a former general.
By 1370 Timur was the most powerful man in Transoxiana, founding the Timurid Empire. He modelled his army after his ancestor Genghis Khan although it was composed less of horsemen and more of foot soldiers drawn from settled groups. In an attempt to further secure his position, Timur had those close to Hussein executed, with his widows and children “divided up” between Timur and his followers. Timur improved the capital, Samarkand, making improvements to the walls and market places and creating great gardens and palaces that made the city a magnificent and prosperous source of envy for others. At home, he was a true patron of the arts.
However, seeing himself as the new Genghis Khan, Timur didn’t remain settled but choose instead to conquer. Interestingly he never claimed the title of Khan, remaining Emir. He and his army sought to plunder, and first headed east, ravaging the land and forcing subjection to Timur’s rule as he went. By 1380 he occupied an area of Eastern China. Next, his army moved west of Samarkand, overrunning Herat. The stiff resistance the army met in the southern expansion into Sistan led to Timur making an example of the city of Zarendj. Here he massacred men, women, and children, and had everything burned that he and his army could not carry away. His bloody incursions continued, massacring 2000 slaves in the northern city of Sabzavar, and turning their bodies into components in a sculpture.
One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another descendant of Genghis Khan. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler of the Golden Horde. He quarrelled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan, but still got his support against the Russians. In 1382 Tokhtamysh and the Golden Horde invaded and burned Moscow. It was in 1385 that he finally turned against Timur and invaded Azerbaijan.
The battles between the two warrior’s armies were vast and dangerous. Sarai, Tokhtamysh’s capital, was destroyed by Timur’s forces and the Golden Horde’s (Silk Road) economy was eventually broken. The conflict lasted until 1395 with the battle at the Terek River. Tokhtamysh’s power was broken for good, and Mongol unity in the region was permanently shattered.
In 1386 Timur made it into modern-day Georgia where he waged war against Christians, and then the following year sought control in Armenia. Returning south, he conquered Isfahan, central Persia, a major cultural hub in the Muslim world. The inhabitants rebelled, and reports say that between 70,000 and 100,000 people were killed and crops razed by Timur and his army.
By 1392 Timur choose to counter the continued instability in Persia by waging further wars there. He was also forced to return to prevent Tokhtamysh’s invasion of Georgia, where he looted towns and set them alight before leaving. The continued revolts in Persia angered Timur who set out to destroy whole towns in an effort to create submission through terror.
From 1396 to ’97 Timur stayed in Samarkand before using the excuse that Muslim leaders in India were being too tolerant of Hindus – so giving him a reason to take his army once again to war. He destroyed the Islamic kingdom around Delhi, using his trademark tactics to create devastation where he went. His loot from India included craftsmen, artists, as well as other physical goods. With this new wealth Timur set about building a new Mosque. It was the largest in central Asia but frequent earthquakes meant the building did not survive.
His next conquest was Syria where he occupied Damascus where he asked to see the graves of two of the Prophet’s wives. Finding them in disrepair, he once again raged against Damascus, the city was looted and a fire started that would continue for days. It took the city years to recover from the attack. Instead of marching on Jerusalem, where a plague of locusts was being reported, Timur turned next on Baghdad in 1401, massacring 20,000 people.
Timur also sought war with the Ottomans, a vastly greater empire than his own and seen as a power for all Muslims against the Christians. Not wanting to be seen as starting a war with another Muslim power, Timur set out a list of outrageous demands to the Ottomans. In 1402 the forces clashed at Ankara where Timur, using superior strategy, prevailed. Fearing that his actions had in some way aided Christians, he sent message to the Christian Knights of Rhodes who ruled Smyrna (on the Mediterranean) that they must convert or pay tribute to him, both of which they refused believing their city to be unconquerable. Timur and his army attacked and annihilated the entire population - men, women, and children, of the city, displaying their heads on a Pyramid.
Powers in the west had a growing interest in Timur who they felt could be of help in removing the Turks from the Holy Land. They sent friendly correspondence to Timur who was interested in promoting trade. In 1404 Timur was preparing for his return to China, setting out a year later. He died en route, however, upon which point the army returned to Samarkand and had his body embalmed. His empire eventually disintegrated, but the people of Samarkand continued to see Timur as the great man of their people. His impact on central Asia made him a leader of great importance in the region, while Arab, Indian, and Persian accounts continued to vilify him.
An intelligent and brilliantly tactical warrior whose ruthlessness and ambition rivalled the most revered conquerors of any age made Timur a great leader of his people. He was the founder of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405) and great great grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal Empire of India. Yet he was also a patron of arts and learning, making him a fascinating mixture.
Whatever one’s opinion of the man, national hero or violent tyrant, Timur was always successful in what he attempted to do, and he consistently gathered forces around him whose intense loyalty was a personal testament to his skills. |
For many patients, the idea of needing a bone graft is enough to send them running from their dentist’s office without a look back. Fortunately, the process is not as scary as it sounds. Bone grafting allow dentist’s to install a dental implant or bridge in patients who would have been unable to receive them in the past. Today patients who would have had to simply settle for traditional dentures or continue on with missing teeth can have their smile restored to a more natural look and feel.
What are the types of bone grafts?
There are two main types of bone grafting techniques. In cases where the jaw has enough bone to support and implant, but not enough to cover the sides of the implant, a small graft will be performed during the implant placement. This procedure is fairly simple and will be performed quickly as your implant is being put in. The second type of bone grafting is more extensive and will require a separate surgery from the implant placement. This type of bone grafting is used when the dentist needs to make large changes to the dental ridge in order to properly support a stable implant.
Where does grafted bone come from?
The material used for bone grafts will come from one of four sources:
• Your own bone
• Freeze dried human bone from a tissue bank
• Processed animal bone element
• Mineral bone substitute
Naturally, bone from your own body will be the safest, most effective, and most desirable material for a bone graft. This type of bone will be obtained as your dentist drills the jaw to place the implant. The bone shavings that are naturally produced during this process can be cleanly collected for use in a bone graft. For larger surgical grafts, bone may have to be harvested from elsewhere in your body.
Receiving human or animal bone elements is quite similar to receiving a blood transfusion from a blood bank. Though there is some risk involved, this risk is extremely small. All materials are obtained from a reputable national tissue bank, making the chance of infectious disease transmission very small. Your dentist may ask that you take additional precautions such as taking an antibiotic before or after your procedure. Mineral bone substitutes are completely sterile, but will be the least effective. These bone graft materials will be naturally absorbed by the body and replaced with healthy bone.
How much will a bone graft cost?
The cost of having a bone graft place will vary depending on the size of the defect that is being corrected. Dr. Picard will thoroughly discuss the size of your required bone graft with you before proceeding, and will create a treatment plan that will outline the cost of surgery before scheduling your procedure. |
Heart Disease
Several theories exist to explain the link between periodontal disease and heart disease. Coronary artery disease is characterized by a thickening of the walls of the coronary arteries due to the buildup of fatty proteins. One theory is that oral bacteria can affect the heart when they enter the blood stream, attaching to fatty plaques in the coronary arteries (heart blood vessels) and contributing to clot formation. It has been clearly demonstrated in several research studies that a specific bacteria, found only under the gum-line of patients with periodontal disease, is also found within the fatty plaques. How did it get from the mouth to the heart? Blood clots can obstruct normal blood flow, restricting the amount of nutrients and oxygen required for the heart to function properly. This may lead to heart attacks.
Another possibility is that the inflammation caused by gum disease increases plaque build up in the heart, which may contribute to swelling of the arteries.
Periodontal disease can also worsen existing heart conditions. Patients at risk for infective endocarditis may require antibiotics prior to dental procedures. Your cardiologist will be able to determine if your heart condition requires use of antibiotics prior to dental procedures.
Additional studies have pointed to a relationship between gum disease and stroke. In one study that looked at the causal relationship of oral infection as a risk factor for stroke, people diagnosed with acute cerebrovascular ischemia were found more likely to have an oral infection when compared to those in the control group.
Refer a Friend |
What is a Dental Bridge
Here at Rogoff Dental Group, it brings us great joy to brighten smiles in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Dental bridges, or a tooth bridge, are created to bridge the gap that occurs when one tooth or more are missing from your mouth. A tooth bridge consists of two crowns on either side of the gap between teeth. The anchoring teeth are called abutment teeth. A false tooth or teeth go in between the two abutment teeth. Abutments can be made from a variety of materials such as alloys, gold, and porcelain. Porcelain abutments look like natural teeth.
What can a Bridge do for You?
Having a dental tooth bridge placed can provide you with several benefits, such as:
• Restoring your ability to have a beautiful smile.
• Giving you the ability to chew and speak well.
• Keeping your face the correct shape.
• Your bite remains the same because you’ve replaced missing teeth.
• Your existing teeth stay in their proper positions.
Types of Dental Bridges
Three basic types of bridges exist today. These three types of bridges are:
• Traditional bridges. When using traditional bridges, a crown is created to replace missing teeth. They remain made of porcelain or ceramic crowns fused to metal or ceramics. These traditional type of bridges remain the most frequently used style of bridges chosen by people who need their teeth replaced.
• Cantilever bridges become used when you have remaining natural teeth on which to attach the teeth. These type of bridges are not used much anymore, because they put too much force and pressure on the neighboring teeth and damage them.
• Maryland bonded bridges remain created of porcelain or porcelain fused to metal. Sometimes this apparatus is made of plastic teeth and gums supported by a porcelain or metal framework. Wings on either side of the bridge get bonded to existing healthy teeth.
How Bridges are Made and Placed in Your Mouth
Two appointments to the dentist are needed to have a bridge created and fitted to your mouth. During the first visit, your dentist prepares your abutment teeth by removing a part of enamel that allows for a crown to be placed over the abutment teeth. When this process is done, your dentist takes a model of your teeth from which to create the pontic, crowns and bridge base. The bridge gets built in a dental lab. A temporary bridge will protect your existing teeth and gums until the permanent bridge is created.
During your second appointment, you get your new bridge. Your dentist adjusts this bridge to ensure a proper fit. You may need more additional appointments to get your bridge to fit perfectly. The bridge gets temporarily cemented into your mouth until the placement is correct. Then the bridge is permanently cemented into your mouth. From that point, you'll have a lovely, natural looking smile and teeth that work well for eating and talking.
Ever wonder what a dental seal is- learn all about it here. |
These five programming languages have flaws that expose apps to attack
Securely-developed apps may be at risk due to security issues in popular interpreted programming languages.
Apps at risk from program language flaws, researcher tells Black Hat Europe Securely-developed apps may be at risk due to security issues in five popular interpreted programming languages.
IOActive researcher Fernando Arnaboldi revealed at last week's Black Hat Europe conference that serious flaws in interpreters for five popular programming languages put applications parsed by them at risk.
Arnaboldi found, for example, that Python has "undocumented methods and local environment variables that can be used for OS command execution".
TechRepublic: 7 programming languages that every developer should learn in 2018
NodeJS, a JavaScript interpreter, meanwhile could leak file contents through error messages it outputs, while JRuby, the Java implementation of Ruby, "loads and executes remote code on a function not designed for remote code execution".
For Perl, Arnaboldi cites the ability of its typemaps function, included in its default set of modules, to execute code. While in PHP, certain native functions can be passed a constant's name to perform a remote command execution.
The language vulnerabilities are suspected of having been caused by attempts to simplify software development.
Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto
"The vulnerabilities ultimately impact regular applications parsed by the affected interpreters; however, the fixes should be applied to the interpreters," he noted.
The researcher discovered the flaws using the XDiFF, a 'differential fuzzer' he created and targeted at several interpreters for different languages.
For JavaScript, targets included Google's v8 JavaScript engine, and Microsoft's ChakraCore equivalent, Mozilla's SpiderMonkey, and NodeJS, and Node-ChakraCore.
Previous and related coverage
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Find out how much your skills are worth in North America and Europe.
Read more developer stories |
An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک
M. Heydari-Malayeri - Paris Observatory
<< < D l dar dat DB dea dec dec dec def def deh Del den dep des det dev dia dif dif dig Dio Dir dis dis dis dis dis diu doc dop dou Dra dua dus dwa dyn > >>
Number of Results: 737
Dione (Saturn IV)
Fr.: Dioné
The fourth largest moon of Saturn and the second densest after Titan. Its diameter is 1,120 km and its orbit 377,400 km from Saturn. It is composed primarily of water ice but must have a considerable fraction of denser material like silicate rock.
Discovered in 1684 by Jean-Dominique Cassini, Italian born French astronomer (1625-1712). In Gk. mythology Dione was the mother of Aphrodite (Venus) by Zeus (Jupiter).
dioptr (#)
Fr.: dioptre
A unit of optical measurement that expresses the refractive power of a lens or prism. In a lens or lens system, it is the reciprocal of the focal length in meters.
L. dioptra, from Gk. di-, variant of dia- "passing through, thoroughly, completely" + op- (for opsesthai "to see") + -tra noun suffix of means.
Dioptr loanword from Fr.
Fr.: dioptra
An instrument used in antiquity to measure the apparent diameter of the Sun and the Moon. It was a rod with a scale, a sighting hole at one end, and a disk that could be moved along the rod to exactly obscure the Sun or Moon. The Sun was observed directly with the naked eye at sunrise or sunset in order to prevent eye damage. Aristarchus (c.310-230 B.C.), Archimedes (c. 290-212 B.C.), Hipparchus (died after 127 B.C.), and Ptolemy (c.100-170 A.D.) used the dioptra. The instrument could also serve for measurement of angles, land levelling, surveying, and construction of aqueducts and tunnels.
Fr.: dioxyde
Any → oxide containing two → atoms of → oxygen the → molecule.
di-; → oxide.
našib (#)
Fr.: inclinaison
1) Navigation: The angular difference between the visible horizon and the true horizon. Same as → dip of the horizon.
2) Geodesy: The angle between the horizontal and the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field at any point. → magnetic dip.
3) Aviation: The angle between the true and apparent horizon, which depends on flight height, the Earth's curvature, and refraction.
O.E. dyppan "to immerse," cognate with Ger. taufen "to baptize," and with → deep.
Našib, → depression.
dip angle
زاویهی ِ نشیب
zâviye-ye našib
Fr.: angle d'inclinaison
The angular difference between the → visible horizon and the → true horizon. Same as → dip of the horizon.
dip; → angle.
dip of the horizon
نشیب ِ افق
našib-e ofoq
Fr.: inclinaison de l'horizon
The angle created by the observer's line of sight to the → apparent horizon and t he → true horizon. Neglecting the → atmospheric refraction, dip of the horizon can be expressed by θ (radians) = (2h/R)1/2, where h is the observer's height and R the Earth's radius. An an example, for a height of 1.5m above the sea, and R = 6.4 x 106 m, the dip angle is about 0.00068 radians, or 0.039 degrees, about 2.3 minutes of arc, quite appreciable by the eye. See also → distance to the horizon. Same as → dip angle.
dip; → horizon.
Diphda (β Ceti)
Fr.: Diphda
The brightest star in the constellation → Cetus; a → red supergiant (K0 III) of visual magnitude 2.04.
Diphda, from Ar. zafda' (ضفدع) "frog." It is also designated as Deneb Kaitos, from zanab al-qaytusذنب القیطس "tail of Cetus."
Mid.Pers. wazaγ, vak; Av. vazaγa- "frog," → tadpole orbit.
Fr.: diphthongue
Phonetics: A → vowel sound produced by a blended sequence of two separate vowels in a single syllable, where the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in loud, light, and lair).
From M.Fr. diphthongue, from L.L. diphthongus, from Gk. diphthongos "having two sounds," from → di- "double" + phthongos "sound, voice."
Dovâké, from do "two, → di-" + vâké, vâk, → voice.
dobini (#)
Fr.: diplopie
A pathological condition of vision in which a single object appears double because the eyes are not focusing properly. Same as → double vision.
From L. diplo- "double, in pairs," from Gk., combining form of diplos "twofold" + -opia, from Gk. -opia, from ops "eye."
Dobini, from dotwo + bini "vision, seeing," from bin "to see; seer" (present stem of didan; Mid.Pers. wyn-; O.Pers. vain- "to see;" Av. vaēn- "to see;" Skt. veda "I know;" Gk. oida "I know," idein "to see;" L. videre "to see;" PIE base *weid- "to know, to see").
دیپلی، دیقطبی
dipoli, diqotbi
Fr.: dipolaire
Of or relating to a → dipole.
dipole; → -ar.
dipolar magnetic field
میدان ِ مغناتیسی ِ دیپلی، ~ ~ دیقطبی
meydân-e meqnâtisi-ye dipoli, ~ ~ diqotbi
Fr.: champ magnétique dipolaire
A → magnetic field produced by a system possessing a net magnetic → dipole moment.
dipolar; → magnetic; → field.
دیپل، دیقطبه
dipol, diqotbé
Fr.: dipole
dipole anisotropy
ناهمسانگردی ِ دیپل، ~ دیقطبه
nâhamsângardi-ye dipol, ~ diqotbé
Fr.: anisotropie dipolaire
dipole; → anisotropy.
dipole antenna
آنتن ِ دیپل، ~ دیقطبه
ânten-e dipol, ~ diqotbé
Fr.: antenne dipôle
dipole; → antenna.
dipole moment
گشتاور ِ دوقطبه
gaštâvar-e doqotbé (#)
Fr.: moment dipolaire
dipole; → moment.
dipole radiation
تابش ِ دوقطبه
tâbeš-e doqotbé
Fr.: rayonnement dipolaire
dipole; → radiation.
Fr.: diproton
An → isotope of → helium that consists of two → protons, without any → neutrons. It is extremely → unstable.
di-; → proton.
Fr.: Dirac
Paul A. M. Dirac (1902-1984), English theoretical → physicist, one of the founders of → quantum mechanics and → quantum electrodynamics, Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933. → Dirac annihilation, → Dirac equation, → Dirac function, → Dirac constant, → Fermi-Dirac statistics .
Dirac annihilation
نابودی ِ دیراک
nâbudi-ye Dirac
Fr.: annihilation de Dirac
Same as → pair annihilation.
Dirac; → annihilation.
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Tips how to stop absorbing someone else's negative
Мотивационные привычки, которые изменят твой мир
There are so many different emotions. Some influence us positively, while others negatively.
All people are able to “absorb” emotions, but some may be in the midst of the negative without feeling uncomfortable.
For others, it can result in depression or mental disorder.
If the emotions and experiences of others greatly affect you, then most likely you are an empath.
You feel the pain of others as your own, and the problems of others become yours.
Stop absorbing other people's emotions!
These 8 rules will help you get rid of negativity.
1. Determine the impact
You are empathic if you are very receptive. You physically feel the fear and feelings of other people. And also quickly get tired of a large number of people. You are constantly thinking about your experiences. This is not bad, but try to minimize the impact on yourself of people with whom you are not close.
2. Look for a source of concern
Try to determine where or in whom is the source of concern.
3. Try to avoid sources of anxiety.
Think a little about yourself. Selfishness in some cases is useful when viewed from the point of view of psychology. If there are sad people in the transport, sit down. Communicate with people unpleasant to you only in the case. Do not be afraid to hurt someone.
4. Concentrate on breathing.
If negative emotions have washed over you, then try to concentrate on breathing. Breathe calm and exhale negative. Clear your head from fear and other negative emotions.
5. Protective shield
Every time you will be in a society with people who are unpleasant to you, mentally imagine a sheet of paper in front of you. Think of him as a shield that reflects all the negative.
6. Do not be dependent
In any situation, you should not depend on other people and owe them. Leave money on a taxi and pay bills. If you want to leave the holiday early, go. Do not wait for anyone.
7. Look for the source of positive
Call and meet a person, communication with which you cause positive emotions. Absorb their positive and self-confidence. Also watch exciting and positive movies. In no case, do not listen to depressive music.
8. More often on nature
If you want to be alone, then there is no better place than in nature. It can be a forest, a city park or a beach. This is great to help you relax.
Compassion and experience is good, but only in moderation. If you follow these rules, your life will become much easier.
Share with your friends this interesting information about how to learn to resist the negative. |
How you can Study Effectively for Organic Chemistry
A lot of my organic chemistry tutoring students let me know they studied and studied and studied, did each and every issue in the book and have difficulty comprehending the information and applying concepts towards the problems. After I review practice issues with these students, I recognize the reason they are fully aware the solutions is they looked up and finally memorized how to proceed without really learning how to apply concepts towards the questions.
In organic chemistry, if you fail to use a concept to some question, you won’t be in a position to use the information to some problem that’s provided in a fashion that you don’t know.
Then when you study organic chemistry, you constantly need to think about Why and just how. How come this reaction happen? How did these electrons attack? How come this molecule attract and attack and just how did the electrons form a bond? All of the concepts and mechanisms boil lower towards the why and just how.
Then when you need to do the issue, it isn’t that the would go to B and that is the finish of problem. Rather, think about what it’s in regards to a which makes it reactive. Do you know the functional categories of A? Do you know the qualities of molecule A? How can the electrons, the bonds, the orbitals, and other things provided, lead towards the overall chemistry of the molecule?
Then perform a similar analysis for molecule B. Whenever you evaluate the 2 molecules together, you will be able to or attempt to visualize the reactions between both of these molecules. A lot to be able to comprehend the specific interactions which make the two to have interaction because they do
After the initial step or attack of electrons, you receive medium difficulty. How about the intermediate causes it to be stable or unstable? Important favorable? Important form?
If you’re able to understand these concepts, you’ll be able to generate this intermediate after which absorb it the next phase. If you know the way the intermediate reacts, then you’ll understand how to obtain the final product.
When you are confronted with an issue that you can’t answer, go ahead and, investigate the correct answer. Look into the solutions manual and find out the way they solved it. Try not to let it rest at this. Return to the issue. Attempt to evaluate the facts in line with the information given and try to recreate not only the mechanism however the way of thinking and also the logic behind this issue.
Once it seems sensible, try the issue again. It might be difficult the very first couple of occasions however if you simply repeat the process and again, you will notice that you receive a lot at ease with the fabric. Should you consistently do problems in this way, you will notice that even if you have to face an issue that you don’t recognize or perhaps a molecule that’s completely unfamiliar, you still have the ability to use the reasoning and also the logic acquired inside your studies and really have the ability to answer damage that is past the difficulty level you have practiced. The reason behind this is because you realize instead of getting memorized the data.
With plenty of chemistry tuition centers around, finding the right one is confusing. More than anything else, you need to check the background and experience of the tutor, along with the batch size. Smaller batches ensure assured attention from tutors. |
Asmara: Unlikely home to Modernist Architecture
Asmara, a city in Eritrea in North East Africa, is an unlikely treasure trove of standing modernist architecture.
Asmara, a city with just over half a million people in the country of Eritrea on the North Eastern Coast of Africa, is a secret treasure trove of standing modernist architecture.
Recently proposed as an addition to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Asmara, approximately the size of Port Elizabeth, has over a thousand buildings featuring paradigm examples of modernist and art deco architecture in the world.
Also known as "Little Rome", Asmara was occupied by the Italians under the rule of Benito Mussolini in the late 20th century. Under his rule, the Italians experimented with futuristic designs in architecture and town planning. This lead to construction in a variety of architectural styles such Art Deco, Futurism and Novecento in this African country. Most of the structures were built between 1935 and 1941, which ultimately means this city was built in six years.
Some of the more famous sites include the Art Deco Cinema Impero, considered one of the best examples of Art Deco architecture in the world, and the Fiat Tagliero building, which is petrol station based on the shaped of an aeroplane.
The city of Asmara is considered one of the safest and cleanest cities on the African continent with an almost peaceful and crime free environment. |
The fully rehabilitated Plucker Barn painted in “Heritage Red.”
By Ron Plucker
Washington State’s Heritage Barn Initiative has helped many families in the state save what is arguably the most historically significant structure they have. One superb example is that of the Plucker Family Farm barn in Walla Walla County. The farm was homesteaded by Charles Plucker in 1875. Charles had immigrated to the United States in the 1850s, joined the U.S. Army, and was sent west to Fort Simcoe near what is now Yakima. Upon his discharge in 1861, he settled in Walla Walla and became one of the city’s founding fathers, operating a successful painting business before finally settling on the homestead, 12 miles north of Touchet on the Touchet River.
The Plucker Homestead property includes the sites of a number of historically significant events. On April 30, 1806, on their return to the east after a winter on the coast, Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, and the rest of the Corps of Discovery traversed through what is now the property on an old Indian road. Clark’s journal for the day’s travels states, “we took leave of these friendly honest people the Wollahwollahs . . . and . . . continued our rout through an open level sandy plain to a bold Creek [now called the Touchet River] 10 yds wide . . . there are many large banks of pure sand . . . drifted up by the wind to the height of 15 or 20 feet, lying in many parts of the plain through which we passed today [sic].” These banks of sand are still visible today, referred to by the Plucker family as “the dunes.”
In 1855, according to journals of the U.S. Army, on a hillside on the farm overlooking the Touchet River, Chief Peopeomoxmox of the Walla Walla tribe gave himself up under a white flag of truce to troops of the Oregon Mounted Volunteers to allow his encamped tribe time to escape. Days later, the soldiers and Indians began the four-day Battle of Walla Walla/Frenchtown, leading to the Chief’s unfortunate and infamous death.
The Plucker Barn under construction.
In about 1920, after the original barn had burned down, Charles’ son, Fritz, built the current barn to house the workhorses and store the feed, hay, and tack needed to support the teams required for all of the pull-machinery. Robert, the third-generation owner and patriarch of the family, remembers having to wake early and feed the animals and milk the cows in the barn, and couldn’t wait until his dad, Fritz, “modernized” with self-propelled machinery. Robert’s boys and daughter grew up stacking hay bales in the barn and tending to 4-H horses and cows. In the early 1980s, however the barn became more of a place to store “stuff,” filling up with old parts, discarded appliances, lumber—basically, anything and everything under the sun. Despite this, it was still a place for the fourth and fifth generations of Plucker kids to explore in hopes of finding “treasures.”
The Plucker Barn in 2015, prior to receiving a Heritage Barn Grant.
In 2015, with the barn nearing 100 years in age and becoming more and more dilapidated, Robert applied and was accepted for a Heritage Barn Grant in the 2015-2017 biennium of the Washington Capital Budget. As the bids to do the work came in from various sources, it became apparent as to the size and scope the project would entail. One-half of the siding of the 90×60-foot barn would need replaced, window frames and sashes would need to be rebuilt, all original hardware would need to be refurbished or replaced, and all of the doors would need to be rebuilt. Despite what appeared to be a daunting task, the family realized that they could do the work better and for less money if they did the work themselves. Extensive research led to Eric Sederburg of Eastern Oregon Custom Milling. He was able to source and mill the same vertical grain wood siding they used a century ago and rebuild the windows. The original metal hardware for the barn rails, handles, and rollers, all rusted to what appeared to be complete disrepair, was sandblasted and painted by Custom Coat in Pasco, to appear as new as they were 100 years ago. With the grant and needed materials secured, it was then up to the family to do the hard work.
Cooper, Scott, and Cober Plucker at work on the south side of the Plucker Barn in Walla Walla County.
In April 2017, no fewer than 12 family members, including brothers, sisters, grandkids, cousins, and spouses, took up the task to tear out the old and put up the new. Lessons were learned and treasures were found. While tearing out one side of the barn, up to 12 “petrified” chicken eggs were found in perfect condition surrounded by old hay, presumably placed there by a pack rat over six decades ago. All of the missing door handles and rollers were found hidden beneath years of dirt and old, hard cow- and horse-pies. A jig was built to build the doors and fit them in place. The old nails were placed in an old wash pan, and by the end of the project it was filled to the brim. The nails are now used by all the great-grandkids to practice their nailing into an old stump. Half-round period gutters were installed to prevent water damage to the foundation, snow-guards were added to the roof to prevent snow slides along the sides of the barn, and new period-style lighting was added to make the barn workable at night.
Family photo op after the first barn door was installed with Nick, Ron, Robert, Scott, and Cathy Plucker.
After three months of work, the barn was ready for a fresh coat of paint. Worried that the original paint might have lead properties, testing determined it to be lead free, saving time and money. Through expert consultants from the Spokane area, it was determined to use a slow-dry primer and paint suitable for both old and new wood. With the family settling on Sherwin Williams’ “Heritage Red” and “Extra White,” the barn now stands in all its past glory. Finally, the entire inside of the barn was cleaned out, with only the old horse-drawn tack, antique farm equipment and memories remaining, with new memories of future generations to come.
For Robert, as huge as the barn project was for the family, and as dramatic as the change of the barn from a dilapidated structure to again the centerpiece of the farm, it was how the family came together during that time that made the project worth every effort. Every minute of work on the barn was looked forward to by every member of the family. In fact, Robert’s youngest grandson, three-year-old Cooper, learned a valuable lesson: while pounding an old nail back into the framework of the barn, much to the chagrin of his father trying to remove the nails, he observed, “If you work hard you make money.” And in this case, you make memories.
Interior of the Plucker Barn which now houses farm equipment, including some antique pieces.
A restored window on the Plucker Barn. The slight variation in the texture of the siding differentiates the old from the new. |
A few days ago I explained how the concept of the company had evolved over time and to complement this article I have no better idea than to publish a new one analyzing the historical evolution of the figure of the entrepreneur.
The concept of entrepreneur has undergone major changes since the era of mercantilist capitalism to the present day. From being the owner of the company and the decision maker, it has become a much more complex figure, which does not necessarily have to be a natural person or the owner of the company.
18th-19th centuries: the sedentary merchant
At the time of the Industrial Revolution, the entrepreneur is an individual. According to classical school economists such as Adam Smith or Ricardo, the entrepreneur was a sedentary merchant in whom the figures of capital owner and controller of the means of production coincided.
It was not until a few years later that R. Cantillon (1680-1734) first understood the figure of the entrepreneur as a businessman, as he was the agent who bought the means to produce and then resold at an uncertain price. The entrepreneur, therefore, was a figure who took risks because he did not know whether he would recover the disbursement made.
19th century: the organizing entrepreneur
Thanks to the technological advances of the time, the expansion of markets and the emergence of large capital requirements, the large companies, in which several owners jointly finance the company, are emerging for the first time. With the advent of this corporate form, the objectives of the entrepreneur and the capitalist begin to separate for the first time, thus giving rise to what economist Marshall called the organizing entrepreneur.
Capitalism reaches a stage in which capital is divided among a large number of shareholders and the entrepreneur is chosen according to his or her ability. This new entrepreneur is now facing a professional rather than an asset risk since it is not his money he is risking, but his job. The functions of this professional entrepreneur are, therefore, to organize, plan and direct factors in the pursuit of shareholder benefit.
20th century: entrepreneur as a risk-taker
We are referring, as some experts may have anticipated, to the economic theory of economist Knight, according to which the entrepreneur is the person who assumes the risk derived from economic activity since he advances a certain amount of real money with the aim of reaping an uncertain profit.
Knight continued to differentiate between the professional entrepreneur, who was the one who gave the orders for the management of the company and carried out the organizational function, and the estate entrepreneur, who was the one who disbursed the money and therefore assumed the risk.
20th Century: Entrepreneur as an innovator
According to Schumpeter, another economist of the time, it did not risk that explained the entrepreneur’s profits, but innovation and technical progress. According to him, there were three phases of technological change: invention, innovation, and imitation.
For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur was the figure who invented and innovated in the market, in such a way that he forced his competitors to imitate his discovery. While this was happening or not, the benefits to the company were enormous. The aim of the entrepreneur, therefore, was none other than to invent and innovate in order to achieve extra profits that would end up disappearing when competitors imitated him.
20th century: technocratic entrepreneur
The separation between ownership and control of the company that we have already seen means that the size of many organisations and the complexity of the decisions that have to be taken in them are such that many companies cannot be managed by a single person, but by a collegiate body that can be called a technostructure, formed by a group of experts in the different areas of activity of the company. This term was coined by economist Galbraith.
We can say that this management shared by technicians is carried out in large companies, where shareholders are only investors whose sole function is to obtain a return on their invested capital. However, an individual or family businesses, small and medium-sized enterprises, the primitive power of the capitalist or owner remains.
The entrepreneur today
The entrepreneur today has to be an innovator, as well as a good leader and a good strategist to choose the right paths to achieve the objectives. The new figure of the entrepreneur has the following characteristics:
The entrepreneur is no longer necessarily the owner of the business, although in small businesses this is still the case. This is due to the separation of ownership and control.
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4 Tips For Implementing Smart City Technology
When it comes to urban planning, construction technology innovations are genuinely beautiful. Aside from the fact that it helps in boosting productivity for design, it also promotes better collaboration, attention to detail, civic engagement, and most importantly, accuracy. Here are some construction technology innovations that improve urban planning.
1. Asset Mapping
Asset mapping concentrates on operational equipment, such as air conditioning, heating, security systems, and lighting. Collection of data from firmware, serial numbers, and engineering notes are also part of this. Furthermore, this system is also capable of showing engineers a real-time map of where the equipment should be installed.
Assets are also connected to the real-time system using IoT. All of these can be monitored using an app, website, or various remote devices. Basically, it’s something that could help customers build a database of asset performance, which includes proactive building maintenance, and it also reduces not only insurance costs but building procurement as well.
1. Predictive Software
Most experts would tell you that the structural integrity of any building is as vital as its individual parts. That means it’s essential to pay attention to how these parts fit together, as well as the materials being used, and the current state.
All of these plays a crucial role in how the building would perform— during normal conditions, and even extreme conditions. As for civil engineers, it’s their responsibility to come up with a wide range of building designs while being able to comply with municipality rules and regulations.
1. Cloud Collaboration
There’s a great deal of buzz regarding various technological innovations, such as the Internet of Things, drones, virtual reality, augmented reality, and so on. All of these would eventually provide ample benefits on job sites, helping the construction industry improve further. It’s also worth noting that efficiently capturing data is not enough, and this is where cloud collaboration enters the scenario.
Cloud collaboration makes it possible to perform remote sharing of data on a construction site in real time. This serves as a review tool for architects and engineers, where the review process for construction projects is being digitized, and this allows better collaboration.
Basically, the cloud-based collaboration tool focuses on overall installation, and the system is utilized to include “snags,” as a way of preventing issues that might occur later.
1. Sharing Economy
The latest innovations in technology have opened doors to platforms perfect for sharing and collaborating. These became powerful concepts and are gaining traction in part through open governments, open data, and in part through the increase in remote work. Gone are the days when you must settle in one location.
New technologies and applications make it possible to enjoy collaborative platforms that planners can utilize wherever they are. Through this, the construction industry has been experiencing dramatic improvement leading to overall success.
Aside from that, it’s also worth noting that with the help of technology, overall safety can be guaranteed. Back in the days, protection is limited to barriers, such as plastic Jersey Barriers, and PPE wearables. Now, with technology, it has brought overall safety to the next level. |
As global energy shortage threats linger, oilfield efficiency is key
It’s important for oil producers to keep up with global needs
In uncertain economic times, the thought of a worldwide oil shortage has many people on edge. Without enough energy to sustain daily operations, the global economy would be in a tremendous amount of trouble. That's why it's important for oil companies to formulate effective strategies for building efficiency into oilfield production.
According to a report from the International Energy Agency (IEA) the chances that a global oil shortage will occur by 2017 remains incredibly high, as do the risks of increasingly inflated prices.
In a recent review, oil analyst Matthew Hulbert wrote that one problem area was the United States' delusions of energy independence.
"Lulled by dreams of energy independence, the US thought it could slap sanctions on Iran without having to pay a price at the pump," Hulbert wrote. "Now, rather than abandoning its Iran policy, the US is relying on Saudi Arabia and the Paris-based International Energy Agency to bring down oil prices and prevent the world economy from going under. This is a highly risky policy which could seriously hurt the credibility of both Riyadh and Paris."
Ultimately, the best way to mitigate energy shortage concerns is by using proper oilfield equipment. Tools such as artificial lift can build efficiency into a producer's extraction efforts and help ensure that increasing energy demands are met. As emerging markets and technology continues to grow, society's need for energy will remain high. But with global shortage on the horizon, it is crucial that we combat the impending risks with effective strategies on the oilfield.
Companies looking to bolster their extraction efforts should contact an oilfield solutions provider. These professionals can help producers acquire the best tools that fit their needs. |
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Buildings collapse into a fiery abyss. Due to the spread of open pit mining in areas where underground mines were previously operated, thousands of uncontrolled coal fires have broken out as oxygen has access to formerly covered seams of coal. The fires also ignite newly exhumed coal resulting in an estimated 30% loss before the coal can be transported away from the mines. Anti-mining activists claim that the coal companies are deliberately letting these fires spread in order to force people off the land and out of the areas where they want to excavate more open pit mines. The government has issued a moratorium on more open pit mines until existing fires can be brought under control, but in the race for quick profits, and with the cost and difficulty of putting out the fires, some of which have been burning for 100 years, most mining operations are ignoring this. .. |
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Most of the acetyl-CoA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates via the glycolytic pathway. The glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine (by means of ester bonds) to form triglycerides (also known as "triacylglycerols", to distinguish them from fatty "acids" - or simply as "fat"), the final product of the lipogenic process. When only two fatty acids combine with glycerol and the third alcohol group is phosphorylated with a group such as phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid is formed. Phospholipids form the bulk of the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes and surround the organelles within the cells (e.g. the cell nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus etc.)
Straight-chain fatty acids
Straight-chain fatty acids occur in two types: saturated and unsaturated.
Saturated straight-chain fatty acids
Synthesis of saturated fatty acids via Fatty Acid Synthase II in E. coli
Much like β-oxidation, straight-chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurring reactions shown below, until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced.[1][2]
The diagrams presented show how fatty acids are synthesized in microorganisms and list the enzymes found in Escherichia coli.[1] These reactions are performed by fatty acid synthase II (FASII), which in general contain multiple enzymes that act as one complex. FASII is present in prokaryotes, plants, fungi, and parasites, as well as in mitochondria.[3]
Step Enzyme Reaction Description
(a) Acetyl CoA:ACP transacylase
Activates acetyl CoA for reaction with malonyl-ACP
(b) Malonyl CoA:ACP transacylase
Activates malonyl CoA for reaction with acetyl-ACP
(c) 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase
Reacts priming acetyl-ACP with chain-extending malonyl-ACP.
(d) 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase
Reduces the carbon 3 ketone to a hydroxyl group
(e) 3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase
Removes water
(f) Enoyl-ACP reductase
Reduces the C2-C3 double bond.
Abbreviations: ACP – Acyl carrier protein, CoA – Coenzyme A, NADP – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Note that during fatty synthesis the reducing agent is NADPH, whereas NAD is the oxidizing agent in beta-oxidation (the breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA). This difference exemplifies a general principle that NADPH is consumed during biosynthetic reactions, whereas NADH is generated in energy-yielding reactions.[6] (Thus NADPH is also required for the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA; while NADH is generated during glycolysis.) The source of the NADPH is two-fold. When malate is oxidatively decarboxylated by “NADP+-linked malic enzyme" pyruvate, CO2 and NADPH are formed. NADPH is also formed by the pentose phosphate pathway which converts glucose into ribose, which can be used in synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids, or it can be catabolized to pyruvate.[6]
Glycolytic end products are used in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids
In humans, fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as in the mammary glands during lactation.
The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is an important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol.[6] This occurs via the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion. However, this acetyl CoA needs to be transported into cytosol where the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol occurs. This cannot occur directly. To obtain cytosolic acetyl-CoA, citrate (produced by the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate) is removed from the citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol.[6] There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate can be used for gluconeogenesis (in the liver), or it can be returned into mitochondrion as malate.[7] The cytosolic acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by acetyl CoA carboxylase into malonyl CoA, the first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids.[7][8]
Animals cannot resynthesize carbohydrates from fatty acids
The main fuel stored in the bodies of animals is fat. The young adult human’s fat stores average between about 10-20 kg, but varies greatly depending on age, gender, and individual disposition.[9] By contrast the human body stores only about 400 g of glycogen, of which 300 g is locked inside the skeletal muscles and is unavailable to the body as a whole. The 100 g or so of glycogen stored in the liver is depleted within one day of starvation.[10] Thereafter the glucose that is released into the blood by the liver for general use by the body tissues, has to be synthesized from the glucogenic amino acids and a few other gluconeogenic substrates, which do not include fatty acids.[11]
Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA by means of beta oxidation inside the mitochondria, whereas fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA outside the mitochondrion, in the cytosol. The two pathways are distinct, not only in where they occur, but also in the reactions that occur, and the substrates that are used. The two pathways are mutually inhibitory, preventing the acetyl-CoA produced by beta-oxidation from entering the synthetic pathway via the acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction.[11] It can also not be converted to pyruvate as the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction is irreversible.[10] Instead it condenses with oxaloacetate, to enter the citric acid cycle. During each turn of the cycle, two carbon atoms leave the cycle as CO2 in the decarboxylation reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Thus each turn of the citric acid cycle oxidizes an acetyl-CoA unit while regenerating the oxaloacetate molecule with which the acetyl-CoA had originally combined to form citric acid. The decarboxylation reactions occur before malate is formed in the cycle. This is the only substance that can be removed from the mitochondrion to enter the gluconeogenic pathway to form glucose or glycogen in the liver or any other tissue.[11] There can therefore be no net conversion of fatty acids into glucose.
Only plants possess the enzymes to convert acetyl-CoA into oxaloacetate from which malate can be formed to ultimately be converted to glucose.[11]
Acetyl-CoA is formed into malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, at which point malonyl-CoA is destined to feed into the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the point of regulation in saturated straight-chain fatty acid synthesis, and is subject to both phosphorylation and allosteric regulation. Regulation by phosphorylation occurs mostly in mammals, while allosteric regulation occurs in most organisms. Allosteric control occurs as feedback inhibition by palmitoyl-CoA and activation by citrate. When there are high levels of palmitoyl-CoA, the final product of saturated fatty acid synthesis, it allosterically inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase to prevent a build-up of fatty acids in cells. Citrate acts to activate acetyl-CoA carboxylase under high levels, because high levels indicate that there is enough acetyl-CoA to feed into the Krebs cycle and produce energy.[12]
High plasma levels of insulin in the blood plasma (e.g. after meals) cause the dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, thus promoting the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, and consequently the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids, while epinephrine and glucagon (released into the blood during starvation and exercise) cause the phosphorylation of this enzyme, inhibiting lipogenesis in favor of fatty acid oxidation via beta-oxidation.[6][8]
Anaerobic desaturation
Many bacteria use the anaerobic pathway for synthesizing unsaturated fatty acids. This pathway does not utilize oxygen and is dependent on enzymes to insert the double bond before elongation utilizing the normal fatty acid synthesis machinery. In Escherichia coli, this pathway is well understood.
Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids via anaerobic desaturation
Most bacteria that undergo anaerobic desaturation contain homologues of FabA and FabB.[15] Clostridia are the main exception; they have a novel enzyme, yet to be identified, that catalyzes the formation of the cis double bond.[14]
This pathway undergoes transcriptional regulation by FadR and FabR. FadR is the more extensively studied protein and has been attributed bifunctional characteristics. It acts as an activator of fabA and fabB transcription and as a repressor for the β-oxidation regulon. In contrast, FabR acts as a repressor for the transcription of fabA and fabB.[13]
Aerobic desaturation
Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids via aerobic desaturation
Aerobic desaturation is the most widespread pathway for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. It is utilized in all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. This pathway utilizes desaturases to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids from full-length saturated fatty acid substrates.[16] All desaturases require oxygen and ultimately consume NADH even though desaturation is an oxidative process. Desaturases are specific for the double bond they induce in the substrate. In Bacillus subtilis, the desaturase, Δ5-Des, is specific for inducing a cis-double bond at the Δ5 position.[7][16] Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains one desaturase, Ole1p, which induces the cis-double bond at Δ9.[7]
In mammals the aerobic desaturation is catalyzed by a complex of three membrane-bound enzymes (NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome b5, and a desaturase). These enzymes allow molecular oxygen, O2, to interact with the saturated fatty acyl-CoA chain, forming a double bond and two molecules of water, H2O. Two electrons come from NADH + H+ and two from the single bond in the fatty acid chain.[6] These mammalian enzymes are, however, incapable of introducing double bonds at carbon atoms beyond C-9 in the fatty acid chain.(For the numbering of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid see Foot Note [nb 1].) Hence mammals cannot synthesize linoleate or linolenate (which have double bonds at the C-12 (= Δ12), or the C-12 and C-15 (= Δ12 and Δ15) positions, respectively, as well as at the Δ9 position), nor the polyunsaturated, 20-carbon arachidonic acid that is derived from linoleate. These are all termed essential fatty acids, meaning that they are required by the organism, but can only be supplied via the diet. (Arachidonic acid is the precursor the prostaglandins which fulfill a wide variety of functions as local hormones.)[6]
In B. subtilis, this pathway is regulated by a two-component system: DesK and DesR. DesK is a membrane-associated kinase and DesR is a transcriptional regulator of the des gene.[7][16] The regulation responds to temperature; when there is a drop in temperature, this gene is upregulated. Unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity of the membrane and stabilize it under lower temperatures. DesK is the sensor protein that, when there is a decrease in temperature, will autophosphorylate. DesK-P will transfer its phosphoryl group to DesR. Two DesR-P proteins will dimerize and bind to the DNA promoters of the des gene and recruit RNA polymerase to begin transcription.[7][16]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
In general, both anaerobic and aerobic unsaturated fatty acid synthesis will not occur within the same system, however Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio ABE-1 are exceptions.[17][18][19] While P. aeruginosa undergoes primarily anaerobic desaturation, it also undergoes two aerobic pathways. One pathway utilizes a Δ9-desaturase (DesA) that catalyzes a double bond formation in membrane lipids. Another pathway uses two proteins, DesC and DesB, together to act as a Δ9-desaturase, which inserts a double bond into a saturated fatty acid-CoA molecule. This second pathway is regulated by repressor protein DesT. DesT is also a repressor of fabAB expression for anaerobic desaturation when in presence of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids. This functions to coordinate the expression of the two pathways within the organism.[18][20]
Branched-chain fatty acids
Branched-chain fatty acids are usually saturated and are found in two distinct families: the iso-series and anteiso-series. It has been found that Actinomycetales contain unique branch-chain fatty acid synthesis mechanisms, including that which forms tuberculosteric acid.
Branch-chain fatty acid synthesizing system
Valine primer
Leucine primer
Isoleucine primer
Synthetic pathways of the branched-chain fatty acid synthesizing system given differing primers
The branched-chain fatty acid synthesizing system uses α-keto acids as primers. This system is distinct from the branched-chain fatty acid synthetase that utilizes short-chain acyl-CoA esters as primers.[21] α-Keto acid primers are derived from the transamination and decarboxylation of valine, leucine, and isoleucine to form 2-methylpropanyl-CoA, 3-methylbutyryl-CoA, and 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA, respectively.[22] 2-Methylpropanyl-CoA primers derived from valine are elongated to produce even-numbered iso-series fatty acids such as 14-methyl-pentadecanoic (isopalmitic) acid, and 3-methylbutyryl-CoA primers from leucine may be used to form odd-numbered iso-series fatty acids such as 13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid. 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA primers from isoleucine are elongated to form anteiso-series fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms such as 12-Methyl tetradecanoic acid.[23] Decarboxylation of the primer precursors occurs through the branched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylase (BCKA) enzyme. Elongation of the fatty acid follows the same biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli used to produce straight-chain fatty acids where malonyl-CoA is used as a chain extender.[24] The major end products are 12–17 carbon branched-chain fatty acids and their composition tends to be uniform and characteristic for many bacterial species.[23]
BCKA decarboxylase and relative activities of α-keto acid substrates
The BCKA decarboxylase enzyme is composed of two subunits in a tetrameric structure (A2B2) and is essential for the synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids. It is responsible for the decarboxylation of α-keto acids formed by the transamination of valine, leucine, and isoleucine and produces the primers used for branched-chain fatty acid synthesis. The activity of this enzyme is much higher with branched-chain α-keto acid substrates than with straight-chain substrates, and in Bacillus species its specificity is highest for the isoleucine-derived α-keto-β-methylvaleric acid, followed by α-ketoisocaproate and α-ketoisovalerate.[23][24] The enzyme’s high affinity toward branched-chain α-keto acids allows it to function as the primer donating system for branched-chain fatty acid synthetase.[24]
Substrate BCKA activity CO2 Produced (nmol/min mg) Km (μM) Vmax (nmol/min mg)
L-α-keto-β-methyl-valerate 100% 19.7 <1 17.8
α-Ketoisovalerate 63% 12.4 <1 13.3
α-Ketoisocaproate 38% 7.4 <1 5.6
Pyruvate 25% 4.9 51.1 15.2
Factors affecting chain length and pattern distribution
α-Keto acid primers are used to produce branched-chain fatty acids that, in general, are between 12 and 17 carbons in length. The proportions of these branched-chain fatty acids tend to be uniform and consistent among a particular bacterial species but may be altered due to changes in malonyl-CoA concentration, temperature, or heat-stable factors (HSF) present.[23] All of these factors may affect chain length, and HSFs have been demonstrated to alter the specificity of BCKA decarboxylase for a particular α-keto acid substrate, thus shifting the ratio of branched-chain fatty acids produced.[23] An increase in malonyl-CoA concentration has been shown to result in a larger proportion of C17 fatty acids produced, up until the optimal concentration (≈20μM) of malonyl-CoA is reached. Decreased temperatures also tend to shift the fatty-acid distribution slightly toward C17 fatty-acids in Bacillus species.[21][23]
Branch-chain fatty acid synthase
This system functions similarly to the branch-chain fatty acid synthesizing system, however it uses short-chain carboxylic acids as primers instead of alpha-keto acids. In general, this method is used by bacteria that do not have the ability to perform the branch-chain fatty acid system using alpha-keto primers. Typical short-chain primers include isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methyl butyrate. In general, the acids needed for these primers are taken up from the environment; this is often seen in ruminal bacteria.[25]
The overall reaction is:
Isobutyryl-CoA + 6 malonyl-CoA +12 NADPH + 12H+ → Isopalmitic acid + 6 CO2 12 NADP + 5 H2O + 7 CoA[21]
The difference between (straight-chain) fatty acid synthase and branch-chain fatty acid synthase is substrate specificity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of acyl-CoA to acyl-ACP.[21]
Omega-alicyclic fatty acids
Omega-alicyclic fatty acids typically contain an omega-terminal propyl or butyryl cyclic group and are some of the major membrane fatty acids found in several species of bacteria. The fatty acid synthetase used to produce omega-alicyclic fatty acids is also used to produce membrane branched-chain fatty acids. In bacteria with membranes composed mainly of omega-alicyclic fatty acids, the supply of cyclic carboxylic acid-CoA esters is much greater than that of branched-chain primers.[21] The synthesis of cyclic primers is not well understood but it has been suggested that mechanism involves the conversion of sugars to shikimic acid which is then converted to cyclohexylcarboxylic acid-CoA esters that serve as primers for omega-alicyclic fatty acid synthesis [25]
Tuberculostearic acid synthesis
Mechanism of the synthesis of Tuberculostearic acid
Tuberculostearic acid (D-10-Methylstearic acid) is a saturated fatty acid that is known to be produced by Mycobacterium spp. and two species of Streptomyces. It is formed from the precursor oleic acid (a monosaturated fatty acid).[26] After oleic acid is esterified to a phospholipid, S-adenosyl-methionine donates a methyl group to the double bond of oleic acid.[27] This methylation reaction forms the intermediate 10-methylene-octadecanoyal. Successive reduction of the residue, with NADPH as a cofactor, results in 10-methylstearic acid [22]
See also
Foot note
1. Numbering of carbon atoms
The position of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid can be indicated from the COOH- (or carboxy) end, or from the -CH3 (or methyl) end. If indicated from the -COOH end, then the C-1, C-2, C-3, ….(etc.) notation is used (blue numerals in the diagram on the right, where C-1 is the –COOH carbon). If the position is counted from the other, -CH3, end then the position is indicated by the ω-n notation (numerals in red, where ω-1 refers to the methyl carbon). The positions of the double bonds in a fatty acid chain can, therefore, be indicated in two ways, using the C-n or the ω-n notation. Thus, in an 18 carbon fatty acid, a double bond between C-12 (or ω-7) and C-13 (or ω-6) is reported either as Δ12 if counted from the –COOH end (indicating only the “beginning” of the double bond), or as ω-6 (or omega-6) if counting from the -CH3 end. The “Δ” is the Greek letter “delta”, which translates into “D” ( for Double bond) in the Roman alphabet. Omega (ω) is the last letter in the Greek alphabet, and is therefore used to indicate the “last” carbon atom in the fatty acid chain. Since the ω-n notation is used almost exclusively to indicate the positions of the double bonds close to the -CH3 end in essential fatty acids, there is no necessity for an equivalent “Δ”-like notation - the use of the ”ω-n” notation always refers to the position of a double bond.
1. 1 2 Dijkstra, Albert J., R. J. Hamilton, and Wolf Hamm. "Fatty Acid Biosynthesis." Trans Fatty Acids. Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2008. 12. Print.
2. "MetaCyc pathway: superpathway of fatty acids biosynthesis (E. coli)".
3. 1 2 "Fatty Acids: Straight-chain Saturated, Structure, Occurrence and Biosynthesis." Lipid Library – Lipid Chemistry, Biology, Technology and Analysis. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/fa_sat/index.htm>.
4. "MetaCyc pathway: stearate biosynthesis I (animals)".
5. "MetaCyc pathway: very long chain fatty acid biosynthesis II".
6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry. (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 559–565, 614–623. ISBN 0 7167 2009 4.
7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ferre, P.; F. Foufelle (2007). "SREBP-1c Transcription Factor and Lipid Homeostasis: Clinical Perspective". Hormone Research. 68 (2): 72–82. doi:10.1159/000100426. PMID 17344645. Retrieved 2010-08-30. this process is outlined graphically in page 73
8. 1 2 Voet, Donald; Judith G. Voet; Charlotte W. Pratt (2006). Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 547, 556. ISBN 0-471-21495-7.
9. Sloan, A.W; Koeslag, J.H.; Bredell, G.A.G. (1973). "Body composition work capacity and work efficiency of active and inactive young men". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 32: 17–24. doi:10.1007/bf00422426.
10. 1 2 Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry. (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 581–602, 613, 775–778. ISBN 0 7167 2009 4.
11. 1 2 3 4 Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Fatty acid metabolism.". In: Biochemistry. (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 603–628. ISBN 0 7167 2009 4.
12. Diwan, Joyce J. "Fatty Acid Synthesis." Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) :: Architecture, Business, Engineering, IT, Humanities, Science. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/fasynthesis.htm>.
13. 1 2 Feng, Youjun, and John ECronan. "Complex binding of the FabR repressor of bacterial unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis to its cognate promoters." Molecular microbiology 80.1 (2011):195–218.
14. 1 2 Zhu, Lei, et al. "Functions of the Clostridium acetobutylicium FabF and FabZ proteins in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis." BMC microbiology 9(2009):119.
15. Wang, Haihong, and John ECronan. "Functional replacement of the FabA and FabB proteins of Escherichia coli fatty acid synthesis by Enterococcus faecalis FabZ and FabF homologues." Journal of biological chemistry 279.33 (2004):34489-95.
16. 1 2 3 4 Mansilla, Mara C, and Diegode Mendoza. "The Bacillus subtilis desaturase: a model to understand phospholipid modification and temperature sensing." Archives of microbiology 183.4 (2005):229-35.
17. Wada, M, N. Fukunaga, and S. Sasaki. "Mechanism of biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas sp. strain E-3, a psychrotrophic bacterium." Journal of bacteriology 171.8 (1989):4267-71.
18. 1 2 Subramanian, Chitra, Charles ORock, and Yong-MeiZhang. "DesT coordinates the expression of anaerobic and aerobic pathways for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Journal of bacteriology 192.1 (2010):280-5.
19. Morita, N, et al. "Both the anaerobic pathway and aerobic desaturation are involved in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1." FEBS letters 297.1–2 (1992):9–12.
20. Zhu, Kun, et al. "Two aerobic pathways for the formation of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Molecular microbiology 60.2 (2006):260-73.
21. 1 2 3 4 5 Kaneda, Toshi. "Iso- and Anteiso-Fatty Acids in Bacteria: Biosynthesis, Function, and Taxonomic Significance." Microbiological Reviews 55.2 (1991): 288–302
22. 1 2 "Branched-chain Fatty Acids, Phytanic Acid, Tuberculostearic Acid Iso/anteiso- Fatty Acids." Lipid Library – Lipid Chemistry, Biology, Technology and Analysis. Web. 1 May 2011. http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/fa_branc/index.htm.
23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Naik, Devaray N., and Toshi Kaneda. "Biosynthesis of Branched Long-chain Fatty Acids by Species of Bacillus: Relative Activity of Three α-keto Acid Substrates and Factors Affecting Chain Length." Can. J. Microbiol. 20 (1974): 1701–708.
24. 1 2 3 Oku, Hirosuke, and Toshi Kaneda. "Biosynthesis of Branched-chain Fatty Acids in Bacillis Subtilis." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 263.34 (1988): 18386-8396.
25. 1 2 Christie, William W. "Fatty Acids: Natural Alicyclic Structures, Occurrence, and Biochemistry." The AOCS Lipid Library. 5 Apr. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/fa_cycl/file.pdf>.
26. Ratledge, Colin, and John Stanford. The Biology of the Mycobacteria. London: Academic, 1982. Print.
27. Kubica, George P., and Lawrence G. Wayne. The Mycobacteria: a Sourcebook. New York: Dekker, 1984. Print.
External links
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What’s that you say?
What’s that you say?
A few years back, while fact-checking an article about the Purim gifts known as mishloah manot, I came across this paragraph at a website written by and for Orthodox Jews:
The Binyan Tzion, Rav Yaakov Etlinger, is Misupak if you are Yotzei the Mitzva of Mishloach Manos if you present it yourself, since Mishloach implies that you must send it with a shaliach.
The passage is a beautiful example of Yeshivish, the Yiddish-Hebrew-English patois spoken wherever observant Jews gather to talk Torah. I’m no yeshiva bucher, but between my intermediate Hebrew and excellent Google skills I was able to decode the paragraph. To wit: A legal authority known as the “Builder of Zion” doubts that you fulfill the commandment of delivering Purim gifts if you do it personally — because the Hebrew word for such gifts implies that they must be sent by an emissary.
Yeshivish is probably the starkest example of the ways “Jewish” vocabulary shapes the English language. But we all do it, whether we drop a Hebrew word into a sentence or shape an English phrase with a Yiddish construction (“From this he makes a living?”). Such expressions not only announce that we are Jews, but what kind of Jews we are.
That’s why I’ve become addicted to the Jewish English Lexicon (jewish-languages.org/jewish-english-lexicon). Creator Sarah Bunin Benor calls it “a Wikipedia-style database of Hebrew and Yiddish words used in Jewish English.” I’ve written about Benor before. An associate professor of contemporary Jewish studies at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, she was the coauthor, with Steven M. Cohen, of a survey called “American Jewish Language and Identity.” “Jews wear their identities on their tongues,” they concluded.
The lexicon asks people to go on-line and suggest “Jewish” words and definitions; the last time I checked, there were 790 entries, from Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, English, Ladino, and Arabic.
The lexicon includes words you’d expect (chutzpah, plotz, mishegoss), the more esoteric vocabulary of religious Jews (chumrah, tsniusdik, emunah), and the Hebrew expressions that are regularly used by frequent visitors to Israel (b’tayavon, ruach, beseder).
Like Benor’s survey, the lexicon suggests that the Members of the Tribe are really Members of the Tribes. “Some are Yiddish lovers,” Benor writes, “some are engaged in religious life and learning, some have a strong connection to Israel, some have Sephardi heritage, and some are all of the above.”
Some of these tribes within the Tribe are well-documented; Benor herself has just published a book, Becoming Frum (Rutgers University Press), about the ways newly Orthodox Jews acquire a new vocabulary and break with their non-Orthodox pasts. Another tribe includes kids who have been to day school or Jewish summer camp and toss around Hebrew expressions like “davka” and “sababa.”
Playing around with the lexicon, I realized I am part of my own tribe: the Jewish Professional. In fact, I contributed “Jewish professional” to the lexicon, defining it as “an employee, excluding support staff, of an institution specifically or largely devoted to a Jewish cause or agenda.”
Hang out with other people who work for Jewish institutions and you forget that not everyone knows what you mean by words like “chosenness,” “continuity,” “engagement,” “unaffiliated,” and “peoplehood.”
So here’s a little game: Translate the following paragraphs, and match them to the websites or author I got them from. It may or may not tell you what tribe you belong to, but it just may get you to consult the Jewish English Lexicon.
B. Following WFA training, the tzevet embarked on a three-day tiyul. On this tiyul, they went canoeing, biking, hiking, and rock climbing! The tiyul was led by a former Moshavah madrich and sgan. The tzevet loved having Scott on the tiyul, especially because he was their Moshavah madrich when they were chanichim!
C. With gratitude to HKBH, I announce the publication of an English-language treatment of Nesivos Shalom by the Slonimer Rebbe. Like my sefer on Maharal, this is not a strict translation, but a distillation and adaptation of parts of the Rebbe’s sichos on the parshah.
D. Oy gevalt, I’m so ferklempt that I could plotz!
So grab your yarmulka —
The one you got for Chanukah —
Let’s put on our yarmulkas and —
Hey! Hey! Do that Hebrew thing!
1. “Weird” Al Yankovich
2. Rabbi Yitzhok Adlerstein
3. Koret Foundation
4. Union for Reform Judaism
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By September 3, 2018Recent
In Australia estimates of snake bite have reduced from around 3000 to 1000 bites per. This
is largely a result of the increasing public awareness about snakes. As 95% of people who
are bitten are trying to catch or kill the snake it seems obvious that the more we leave
snakes alone the more the annual bite rate will continue to decline. Of the previously
mentioned 1000 people who are bitten each year only around 200-300 require
hospitalisation and anti-venom, out of that only 1-4 people die annually from a snake bite.
This is a very low mortality rate for a country with over 24 million people.
Statistically you
are more likely to die from Bee’s, Horses or drowning as the below statistics illustrate.
• About 20 people a year die from horse riding accidents.
going into anaphylactic shock.
• Around 300 people a year drown.
Reducing the risk of snake bite
1. Don’t try to catch or kill snakes – You will reduce your chance of being bitten by 95%
2. Know what to do when you encounter a snake and teach your children. If you are of
the belief that you need to catch or kill the snake to keep your family safe then there’s
a good chance the opposite will happen. Children imitate their parents and if you don’t
set a good example to stay away from snakes then your children won’t either.
3. Wear long pants and enclosed shoes when walking in bushland or working in your
yard. Wear gloves if you’re gardening.
4. When outdoors at night use a torch to see where you are walking, especially on hot
nights when snakes become more active.
5. Always lift objects such as corrugated iron so they face away from you. This reduces
the likelihood of putting your self in a dangerous situation if a snake is sheltering
beneath it. Preferably stack objects such as this upright or off the ground.
6. When walking in bushland stick to formed paths so you can see and avoid snakes
7. Every Australian should own a first aid kit stocked with pressure bandages or
alternatively a snake bite first aid kit. Even our busiest cities can be home to some of
Australia’s most venomous snakes.
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'Star Wars' Languages Owe to Tibetan, Finnish, Haya, Quechua, and Penguins
Yes, the alien languages in the space saga are made up -- but Earth spoke it first.
The secret key to the success of Star Wars in 1977 was its fully realized world. Its universe felt old, lived-in, with a wide diversity of alien species who spoke their own languages. Most of the non-English languages heard in Star Wars aren’t fully realized linguistic creations like Elvish from Lord of the Rings or even Klingon in Star Trek. But some languages used in George Lucas’ saga were fully or partly based on real-life languages and dialects. Here are some of the languages that fans in Central America, Africa, the Himalayas, and Scandinavia might already have noticed.
Quechua - Huttese
Probably the richest language in the saga, Huttese is reserved for baddies like Jabba the Hutt and his cronies. Legendary sound designer Ben Burtt based Huttese on Quechua, a native Peruvian language spoken in the Andes region of South America. Huttese isn’t fully Quechua, as Burtt simply had voice actor Larry Ward listen to recordings of the real-life language to improvise an on-screen language for Jabba and characters like Greedo to speak.
When I talked to Howard Tsai, a lecturer of South American Anthropology and coordinator for the Indigenous Languages program at the Center for Latin American & Caribbean Studies at the University of Michigan, he said he’d heard about the language’s inclusion in the movie. “It seems like languages are quite difficult to generate without sounding like gibberish, which speaks to the complexity and systemic nature of human language,” he said. “And we’re able to detect that complexity as soon as we hear something that doesn’t resemble real grammar or syntax.”
Tsai also admitted Quechua was used most likely because it seemed obscure, which he pointed out is not the case. “Quechua is the most widely spoken indigenous language of the Americas, spoken by some 8.5 to 10 million people,” he said. “It’s a living language that has evolved and changed through time, so modern spoken Quechua is not ‘ancient;’ it’s as recent and contemporary as the English we speak.” So any Star Wars fans with good ears visiting Cuzco might pick up on some Huttese as well.
Haya - Sullustese
Any Tanzanian fans of Return of the Jedi probably have a favorite character in Nien Nunb, the co-pilot of the Millennium Falcon that helps Lando Calrissian blow up the second Death Star, who spoke the language of the Haya people native to the east African country. It’s called Sullustese in the Star Wars universe.
Kipsang Rotich, the Kenyan actor who voiced Nunb in the movie, became a minor celebrity in his home country after his voice was heard in what was then the final movie of the Star Wars saga. Rotich was recently tracked down to potentially voice Nunb again in The Force Awakens. Expect to hear some more Haya language in Star Wars again very soon.
##Finnish - Sebulba and Watto
Both characters from The Phantom Menace are technically two different species altogether — Watto is a Toydarian and Sebulba is a Dug — but they both manage to speak a little Finnish in the much-maligned prequel. In an exchange during the podrace sequence, Watto exclaims, “Kiitos!” The sniveling podracer Sebulba then answers back, “Ole hyvä!” This must have puzzled Finns, as the aliens just said, “Thank you” and “You’re welcome” in the Nordic language. That banter even extends beyond the movies, as a 1997 Star Wars video game called Masters of the Teräs Käsi translated to “Masters of the Steel Hand” in Finnish.
Ilmari Ivaska, a lecturer in the Department of the Scandinavian Studies at the University of Washington, told me this isn’t the first time Finnish has snuck its way into pop culture.” J.R.R. Tolkien studied Finnish and used it as an inspiration when creating the Elvish languages,” he told me. “It’s an exemplary case for real languages influencing artificial ones in art.”
But why would the filmmakers want to drop it into Star Wars? “You would want a language that has a relatively small native speaker community and that would still be documented well enough to have accessible resources and grammatical and lexical descriptions,” Ivaska said. “Finnish all of a sudden is not such a bad bet.”
Helena Halmari, a professor of English and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Finnish Studies at Sam Houston State University agreed. “Finnish has an extremely rich inflectional system,” she said. “Its vowel count within words is also very high in proportion to the number of consonants, which makes its phonological quality different from languages that are richer in consonants.” She added that she hoped its inclusion in Star Wars could get people interested in learning more about the language. Otherwise, she said, “I’ve met young people who have started to study Finnish just because of their interest in Finnish heavy metal bands.”
Xhosa - Geonosian
While the actual language of the bug creatures from Attack of the Clones isn’t technically word-for-word based on a real-life language (sound editor Matthew Wood invented it from recordings of penguin mating calls), the clicks they use to speak are at least familiar to scholars of southern African languages and dialects. Xhosa, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, spoken by an estimated 8.1 million people, is memorable for its consonants being expressed via clicking sounds. In fact, the “X” in Xhosa is pronounced using a click.
“Although click sounds are found in only a small number of languages, mostly concentrated in Southern Africa, other languages — including English — also use clicks,” explained Andries Coetzee, an associate professor of linguistics at the University of Michigan and a native South African. “English, for instance, uses the ’lateral click,’ which is formed with the tongue pushed sideways against the inside of the teeth on one side of the mouth, to either indicate disapproval or to encourage a horse to start moving. It’s often transcribed as ‘tsk-tsk.’” He continued: “In Xhosa and other Southern African languages, however, these clicks are used as real consonants.”
Kalmyk - Ewokese
Similar to his work on Quechua, Burtt was inspired to create the language of the sentient teddy bears called Ewoks in Return of the Jedi after watching a BBC documentary about Tibetan, Nepali, and Kalmyk languages spoken in Asia. He later interviewed native speakers and played it back to the Ewok voice actors to phonetically capture the style of the language for the little creatures who helped defeat the Empire on Endor.
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How to Cut Costs in a Laboratory
How to Cut Costs in a Laboratory
cut costs in a lab
Science is vitally important to society, but many labs work with seriously limited budgets and controlling costs is an essential concern. Cutting costs in the lab can help to maximise productivity and profit, and ensure lab resources aren’t wasted. This guide contains some ideas on how lab managers can cut costs by making a few little changes to how the lab is run.
Keep Track of Your Costs
If you’re wanting to cut back on your costs, it’s time to get in accountant mode and start keeping track of all your expenditure. Write down all your lab’s overhead costs, salaries, necessary supplies and equipment, and any fees or fines that must be paid. This will help you identify where your money is going, as well as any areas where expenditure is significantly higher. Often, this can highlight areas where spending can be cut down, whether it is maximising equipment efficiency or simply reducing the cost of the communal biscuit fund.
With your new-found insight into the lab’s spending, it is easier to develop strategies for cutting costs. Keeping track also means you can identify which cost-cutting strategies are effective and which aren’t, maximising the efficiency of the lab.
Cut Back Less Productive Work
Calculating how much each procedure is costing is a great way to identify activities that are unproductive financially. Jobs which aren’t financially viable can then be limited to when absolutely necessary, rather than being performed routinely. Once you’ve calculated the costs, it should be pretty obvious which procedures are more expensive than they are effective.
cut costs lab
Maintain Your Equipment
Labs are full of equipment, from the everyday essentials like centrifuges to niche specialist equipment for performing complex tasks. All this equipment tends to use a lot of energy, especially things like freezers that operate at ultra-low temperatures. Maintaining a lab’s equipment is key to ensuring that it runs efficiently, using as little energy as possible. Whilst it might be tempting to simply upgrade to a newer model, maintaining equipment makes it work effectively for longer, meaning less financial investment is needed.
Consider Equipment Upgrades
As lab equipment accounts for such a high proportion of energy usage, having efficient equipment can have a huge impact on overall running costs. Upgrading freezers, centrifuges and other equipment that is in regular use to more energy efficient models can create significant savings. When deciding whether to upgrade your equipment, it is worth working out whether the initial outlay will be offset by the energy savings achieved. For broken or outdated equipment, using energy efficiency as a selection factor is a good way to ensure that the lab runs as cost efficiently as possible. Many manufacturers are now moving towards a more ‘green’ approach, so it is relatively easy to find clear information about energy use on modern lab equipment.
Order in Bulk
Bulk ordering non-perishables is a reliable way to save money in all walks of life, and science labs are no different. You can often secure a lower price when ordering a large number of items, and having everything delivered at once saves on delivery costs. Don’t be afraid to shop around from your usual supplier to make sure you’re getting the best deal. For items with a use by date, make sure the lab’s requirements mean they will get used before they expire to avoid unnecessary wastage.
cut costs in a lab
Train Staff in Efficiency
Staff training in efficiency is a really effective way to cut costs in the lab, as it reduces wastage and energy use. Simply setting laboratory rules about keeping fume hoods closed when not in use, for example, can save hundreds of pounds a year in energy costs. Turning equipment off when it is not in use can also be effective, although only where this is possible without reducing efficiency. Organising freezer space, using no more of products than is required and turning lights off are all ways that staff can help to reduce laboratory costs.
Consider Sharing
Lots of university labs are now beginning to share lab space and equipment between different departments, and this is something that can also be effective in the wider community. With many scientists now spending as much time at the computer as at the lab bench, it might be possible to share your lab space with another team when you are not using it. This is a really easy way to split costs between two teams and therefore significantly reduce outgoings. It is not possible for all research teams, but it is well worth considering whether it would suit your lab.
If your laboratory could do with an upgrade to make sure it is running at maximum efficiency, then the team at InterFocus can help. For more information about our bespoke fitted labs, visit our homepage or call our team on 01223 894 833.
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Australian Water-Rat
Courtesy of: The Australian Platypus Conservancy
Australian Water-Rat (Hydromys chrysogaster). Return to Platypus Page
Like the platypus, water-rats are most often glimpsed swimming on the surface of lakes or rivers in the early morning or evening. Although generally similar in terms of size and colour, the two species can be distinguished by examining either end of their body - the water-rat lacks a bill, and has a distinctive white tip to its tail.
Unlike platypus, water-rats often emerge from the water to eat (sitting up and holding their meal in their forepaws) or run along the bank searching for food. On land they strongly resemble a miniature otter, with a thick coat of soft fur; densely bewhiskered, blunt muzzle; broad, partly webbed hind feet; and furry, tapering tail.
Radio-tracking studies undertaken by Australian Platypus Conservancy staff in the upper Yarra River catchment have shown that platypus and water-rats will use the same burrows, though not at the same time. On one occasion, an adult female platypus occupied a burrow a few weeks after it served as a nursery for a female water-rat with a litter of young. Such behaviour is not especially surprising - platypus and water-rats are about the same size and both animals make use of many different burrows over time. However, it remains unknown whether the two species are equally likely to dig a new burrow in the first place.
Platypus and water-rats both function as top predators in Australian freshwater systems and probably compete to some extent for food. Both are known to eat aquatic insects, spiders, crayfish (yabbies), freshwater mussels, shrimps, and frogs. However, the size of prey that can be consumed by an adult platypus is limited by the fact that its bill is equipped only with rough grinding pads to help process food. In contrast, a water-rat has a formidable set of teeth which can be used to kill and eat fish, tortoises and water birds - sometimes up to the size of ducks. Interestingly, the grinding surfaces of water-rat molar teeth are quite smooth. Like the grinding pads of the platypus, this adaptation may be particularly effective at dealing with the hard, encased bodies of many aquatic invertebrates.
Although water-rats are widely distributed in Australia, the animals appear to be relatively uncommon along many waterways. For example, in the course of platypus surveys recently undertaken by the Conservancy in collaboration with Melbourne Water, water-rats were encountered at just 13 of 82 sites sampled in the middle Yarra catchment. Similarly, the results of earlier studies in the upper Yarra catchment indicated that only a single pair of adult water-rats occupied 3 kilometres of relatively pristine stream. However, almost nothing is known of the factors which limit the number of water-rats occupying various habitats.
Additional Information: Courtesy of Naturalist Guide Damon Ramsey
Water-rat: Hydromys chrysogaster
This is Australia's largest rodent (Cronin 2000). It's most distinguishing feature is the long tail which is pale for it's last third. The colour of the body varies from blackish to brown to grey, with paler underparts, and sometimes the fur has a golden tinge. The fur is dense and water-repellent (Olsen 1998), and always seems sleek and wet from it's swimming habit. This habit has also resulted in the animal evolving large, partially webbed back feet. As the common name suggests, it is usually found in water, including creeks, wetlands and estuaries throughout eastern and tropical Australia and New Guinea (Olsen 1998). It is often mistaken for a platypus in freshwater creeks, for it shares similar habitat and habits; it is the only other aquatic mammal in Australia, it can often be seen hunting during daylight hours, and it also often lives in a burrow dug into the side of a creek bank (Cronin 2000). In the water and on the edge, it feeds on various prey, including invertebrates, fish, frogs and waterbirds (Cronin 2000). The food is often taken to 'feeding platforms' (Triggs 1996). The resulting scat is often full of scales and bones and has a fishy smell (Triggs 1996). But it is also hunted as well as being a hunter; by birds of prey, snakes, cats, and by humans for it's pelt (Olsen 1998).
Rats and Mice: Family Muridae
This is the biggest family of all mammals, with over 1100 species (Emmons and Feer 1990). It includes the familiar house mouse and the pest rats, but there are also many native, harmless species all over the world. Because of the large size of the family, the group is divided into many subfamilies, which are then further divided into tribes.
'Rats' and 'Mice' in Australia
The huge family that contains the true rats and mice has been quite successful in Australia, with several unique species having subsequently evolved here. Currently, there are at least 60 species in Australia, which is almost a quarter of the mammals of the continent (Strahan 1998). However, some of our native rats and mice have suffered just as much as the marsupials since European settlement of the country, and several have gone extinct (Strahan 1998).
Subfamily Hydromyinae
This is a sub-family basically restricted to Australia (Strahan 1998). It comprises a group of rats that reached Australia millions of years ago and has subsequently evolved into a distinctive group of species in the region. It includes the sometimes quite large 'tree rats', the rare 'stick-nest' rats, the 'pebble-mound' mice, the cute 'hopping-mice', the water rat', and the melomys, amongst other interesting rodents.
Subfamily Murinae
This is the group of rodents that includes the familiar house mouse and the two pest rats. It also includes over 400 other species found throughout the world (Strahan 1998).
Subfamily Murinae in Australia
In Australia, this group of rats is known as the 'new endemics' as they are thought to be a second, very distinct group of rodents that 'invaded" the continent much later than the other subfamily of the so-called 'old endemic" rodents (Straban 1998). The group includes the three introduced 'pest' species that are familiar all over the world, but also includes several native species.
Rodents: Order Rodentia
In many ways, the rodents can be considered the most successful groups of mammals alive today. With about 2000 species, some authors calculate that there are close to more types of rodents than all the other mammals combined (Emmons and Feer 1990, Archer et a12000). Rodents have also been successful in colonising every practically every corner of the plant, and within these areas have seemingly evolved to occupy every niche. Several specific species are the most widespread of all animals, having accompanied humans all over the world.
Rodents are perhaps most distinguished by their teeth. Their two large pairs of incisors, one upper and one lower, are long, tough, designed to wear out as a chisel edge, and grow continuously throughout their life.
Rodents in Australia
Rodents are relative late comers to the Australian continent. Estimates of when they 'invaded' Australia vary between 6 about 15 million years ago (Egerton 1997, Strahan 1998) with fossil evidence favouring the younger estimate (Archer et a12000). So far, only the family Muridae, the true rats and mice, has crossed into the continent from their Southeast Asian origins.
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The term "Green Energy" is used to define power generated from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, geothermal, hydro power and various forms of biomass.
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Staph Infection Boils
Can become extremely dangerous if they are not caught and treated very early
Staph infection boils are perhaps the best known and common form of this very dangerous infection; but they are by no means the only form.
If you can treat and defeat these boils as soon as they are identified, they may never have the chance to advance to the next stages.
These could include impetigo, cellulitis, or scalded skin syndrome.
However, if you do not, and this very dangerous infection enters into your blood stream, it can very easily become a life-threatening situation.
In fully understanding exactly what they are, it is very helpful to understand why these skin infections occur, what causes them,as well as the various means of transmission.
It also helps to understand what natural treatments or precautions you can take to prevent them from occurring.
These sores, like all forms of this infection, are caused by a bacterium referred to as staphylococcus bacteria.
This is a germ that is commonly found on or around your nose regardless of your overall health.
It is a huge misconception that this bacterium only develops in people with a weakened immune system for one very simple reason; it develops in everyone without exception.
In the vast majority of cases it will either cause no problems at all, or the skin infections that it does cause will be so minor that you may never know that you have them.
However, these bacteria can also spread very rapidly into the deeper layers in your body where it can easily enter into your bloodstream, lungs, and joints,.
However, it can also reach your heart, where it can turn rapidly into a life threatening situation.
Staph infection boils are by far and away the most common of all the skin infections caused by these bacteria.
It is for this reason that any type of boil that attacks you needs to be taken very seriously.
Even if you are prone to boils and cysts on a regular basis, it can very easily mean that this germ is much more prevalent in your system than most people.
Staph infection boils are so similar to a regular boil that it can very easily be mistaken for a cyst, as both will have a pocket of pus that develops in one or more of your hair follicles or oil glands.
Once this occurs, this infected area will become extremely red in color as well as very swollen.
Once it reaches a head and bursts or breaks open, it can very easily drain pus, blood, as well as a tan like color liquid that can very easily affect other areas of your skin.
Staph infection boils also have one other very common characteristic to cysts and regular boils in that they will in most all cases develop under your arms, your neck, groin, or buttock areas.
BoilsThere are several natural treatments for staph infection boils
However, what makes this particular infection much more dangerous is that it can also develop into other skin conditions.
These include impetigo, cellulitis, as well as scalded skin syndrome.
Impetigo may look like staph infection boils at first, as it will also develop very large blisters that can easily leak or ooze fluid but there is one major difference.
It will quickly develop into an almost honey or brown tone crust over your skin.
Once this occurs, it is a full-fledged rash that is very painful and it most all cases occurs around the mouth and nose area and generally affects children as well as infants.
Cellulites may also appear as staph infection boils but it is actually an infection that is much deeper in the layers of the skin, and will cause ulcers to develop.
The major difference between the two is that they will affect your lower legs and feet, and it is very rare for any type of boil to affect these areas.
The final form of skin infection is referred to as scaled skin syndrome which is the result of toxins that are produced as the result of the infection and will primarily affect newborn infants.
Extreme Dangers & Symptoms
All boils and cysts should be taken very seriously, but these boils should never be ignored for one very simple reason: blood poisoning.
If this bacterium for any reason reaches your bloodstream, it can become a life threatening situation.
If this does occur, there are several symptoms that you need to watch for that may be your only chance of catching and stopping it with professional help or naturally.
These symptoms include a very high and persistent fever, vomiting and nausea, confusion, as well as severe headaches.
Other symptoms include a rash on the palms of your hands or the soles of your feet that looks like sunburn.
However it is almost impossible for these areas of your body to experience sun exposure, let alone burns.
Although staph infection boils are most commonly associated with hospital patients with a weak immune system, serious burns, or surgical wounds, these are not the only risk factors.
Other risk factors include dialysis, feeding tubes, breathing intubation, as well as intravascular catheters.
However, there is one other risk group that are especially prone to this infection; athletes.
This bacterium can very easily be spread by cuts and abrasions with skin to skin contact, as well as by sharing razors and towels.
Uniforms that come into contact with this infection as well as shared towels can also spread this infection.
Antibiotics can very easily treat this infection, but there is some growing concern that this bacterium may become resistant to this form of treatment.
Because of this, there are three nutrients that are rapidly emerging as not only treatments, but also preventive measures. These nutrients include vitamin C, E, and the mineral zinc.
All three of these nutrients have shown to be very effective in not only building your immune system, but also helping your skin to recover from infections, including staph infection boils.
However, if all three are combined, they become a very strong natural method of treating and preventing this very dangerous infection.
There are also two other natural treatments that may help with these infections; tea tree oil and Homeopathic Sulfur.
Tea tree oil has very strong anti fungal and antibiotic properties that will never be compromised by an anti-immune reaction.
Homeopathic sulfur has been used for hundreds of years to treat the worst of skin infections and bacterial attacks.
The key to protecting yourself form staph infection boils is to build up your immune system in a pre-emptive defense, and then never take any boil or cyst lightly.
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Brain Produces Natural Painkillers When Socially Rejected
By Phineas Upham
We know what happens to our feelings when someone rejects us; they get hurt. But what happens in our brains when someone rejects us? A new study reveals that the brain produces natural painkillers when an individual is socially rejected, Science Daily reports.
According to a study published in Molecular Psychiatry by a team from University of Michigan Medical School, the brain not only produces natural painkillers during social rejection, it produces more of it if the individual has more resilience. According to the article, the team used a brain scanning system to track the release of a chemical in the brain during social rejection while online dating. The article states that the study focused on the same area of the brain that responds to physical pain. Prior research has shown that when an individual experiences physical pain, their brain dampens the pain signals by releasing chemicals called opioids into the area between neurons.
“This is the first study to peer into the human brain to show that the opioid system is activated during social rejection,” David T. Hsu, Ph.D., a research assistant professor of psychiatry and lead author of the paper, told Science Daily. “In general, opioids have been known to be released during social distress and isolation in animals, but where this occurs in the human brain has not been shown until now.”
Hsu also told the paper that the personality of the participants had a lot to do with how much opioids were produced by the brain. According to the article, the people who scored high on the resiliency trait test were able to produce more of the chemical during social rejection. What’s more, participants with the most opioids produced in the brain reported being in a better mood than the other participants.
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• 190. Sir Henry Hawkins - Judge of The Queen's Bench 1876-1898
Sir Henry Hawkins - Judge of The Queen's Bench 1876-1898
• Category(s): Death Penalty Essays
• Created on : 25 May 2015
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• Author: Richard Michael Lamb
The guiding hand of the Honourable Mr Justice Henry Hawkins later Lord Brampton is still felt in his beloved English Criminal Justice to this day – follow precedent and mercy and the Lord Chief himself.
1. His Character
This Judge loved the Turf and the Sporting Life including Fox Hunting, prize fighting and cricket before the days of television and the abolitionists. He was ennobled Lord Brampton by Queen Victoria on 1 January 1899, and became a member of the Privy Council (the Final Court of Appeal) which he attended for two years: 1899-1901. He had his own Jack Russell (named Jack) who perched on the Judicial Desk when he was sitting as a Judge, and so Sir Henry said Jack would bark if the witness or defendant lied! He must have picked upon his master’s response to that false testimony.
He was an old fashioned High Court Judge who came of the old school and was fiercely independent. He knew immediately if the civil party was “pulling the wool over his eyes”. No one could get past Sir Henry “Orkins” and his brother Judges. In those days the High Court Bench was united as it is today.
2. His Career before his High Court Judgeship and his Judicial Story
He was called to the Bar on 3 May 1843 by the Middle Temple. Sir Henry was an advocate first and foremost in his Bar years rather than a pleader on paper, but he studied under the famous Special Pleader Frederick Thompson and later George Butt who became a Queens Counsel but never an advocate. There was no Bar School for Sir Henry in the early 1840’s. He did go to the well known Public School: Bedford. His father was a leading Hertfordshire Solicitor and his mother a daughter of the Clerk of the Peace (Magistrates) for Bedfordshire. He had a good legal pedigree. He had no interest in the dead languages taught at Bedford School (the Classical education). It was modern Criminal and Civil Justice which enthused Sir Henry as a young man. These were the days in the early 1840’s when an accused could be hung for setting fire to a stack of corn aged 17 years. Sir Henry saw the tragic coffin of that deceased.
In the course of Sir Henry’s long Judicial and Barristerial career, justice was humanised and the law’s cruel severity mitigated as he admitted in his own words toward the end of his active life. Sir Henry Hawkins abhorred pomposity all his long life. He desired to protect innocent persons and explode hypocrisy. His sense of fairness was legendary amongst the English people who knew his, and those who feared the power of the English & Welsh Judiciary. Moreover Sir Henry had a quiet and subtle sense of humour, and was capable of gentleness and kind-heartedness. This was learned from Judges such as Baron Thesiger of the Exchequer Court. In those days several Senior Judges cultivated austerity. Sir Henry was more down to earth and of the people.
3. Trial by Jury
In Sir Henry’s day all significant civil actions and criminal cases at first instance were tried by Jury unless they were before the Justices of the Peace or the Quarter Sessions. I do not believe there was any County Court jurisdiction in the mid-19th Century. Thus all Sir Henry’s work at the Bar was as a Jury trial Counsel. He excelled and knew the exclamation: Such are the chances of trial by Jury!
Sir Henry Hawkins gives the example in his reminiscences of a case where the Jury refused to convict a man who had plainly murdered his parents (a most terrible murder as Sir Henry put it). When asked by the trial Judge why they acquitted, knowing the culprit was guilty and ought to have been hanged – the foreman said;
“That’s just it my lord – I assure you we had no doubt about the prisoner’s guilt, but we thought there had been deaths enough in his family lately, so gave him the benefit of the doubt.”
Few modern day Judges would dare to ask that question of the foreman or forewoman of the Jury even if the verdict demanded that enquiry.
4. The Sentence of Death
Even in Sir Henry’s day there were those arguing for the abolition of the Death Sentence. I quote from the sentences at the end of his reminiscences:
“Lastly I am strongly averse from abolishing the sentence of death in cases of deliberate murder. Even when the crime is committed under the influence of jealousy. I should take little pains to save the life of one who had cruelly and deliberately murdered another for the gratification of revenge or the purpose of robbery.”
R.M. Lamb Esq. says Hear! Hear! What refreshing clarity and honesty of thought. Sir Henry was on the High Court Bench trying Capital cases as a puisne Judge for 22 long years – He knew his task and carried it out properly during the seminal Disraeli and Gladstonian Administrations. The inhumane laws he never administered as the brutal transportations and hanging for stealing the likes of sheep, were phased out in the penal and social reforms 1840-1875. e.g. Earl Shaftesbury and the Quaker prison reformers such as Elizabeth Fry. We will never go back to those awful days. Sir Henry comes out strongly in favour of commutation and very limited periods of imprisonment for those “poor creatures who make away with their illegitimate offspring in the agony of their trouble and shame.” (Infanticide)
5. Conclusion
For Sir Henry Hawkins, and this is fundamental, some things do not alter: murder is murder and always will be murder. Do we go soft on those who kill wantonly? Do we support our Judges to sentence these men and women to death properly and justly? It is a crisis of will power. We are being put to the test by the party for shilly shallying. I draw upon the strength of Sir Henry’s career at the Bar as Queens Counsel in Capital Cases and his mastery of the role of a Queens Bench trial Judge in the assizes to reinforce my moral and social case for the return of hanging in our murder trials. If the trial Judge so decides on the death penalty in his discretion the defendant will pay that final penalty have no doubt.
Sir Henry was no “hanging Judge” nor will our 21st Century Judges of murder cases ever deserve that epithet. A true Judge in the line and spirit of Sir Henry must have the Death Sentence in his armoury, or he will have no breast plate or shield: Then he will go into “battle” without protection or guard. Some 130 years on from 1885 we should recover the mantle of the late 19th Century regime of Capital Punishment for murder and related crimes, but subject to these improvements of our modern practice:
Trial by Judge alone for these offences.
Discretionary sentences of death for murders and associated crimes alone.
An automatic right of Appeal to the full Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), if sentence of death is passed on that sentence itself.
The executive may not interfere once sentence of death is passed, I argue and propose.
We should give back to our Judges the ultimate sentence removed from them in 1968. To neglect to do so over the next 5-10 years would be to leave our Criminal Judiciary gravely exposed to passing sentences of no real effect on murderers and their lackeys. Sir Henry and his fellow Judges never faced such judicial imprecision and lack of impact. If we do not empower our Judges of England & Wales our own peoples will be at the mercy of these murderers, lawbreakers and their henchmen.
I for one will not stand for such arrogant purveyors of disarray ruling the roost. Those who heed my rallying cry and follow my lead will not be dismayed. I say do not doubt the resolve of our English & Welsh people. |
Pupils meet with kitchen staff to discuss their role in saving energy
10 Spreading the message KS1, KS2, KS3
School kitchens are a major energy consumption area. When you meet with the kitchen staff you could discuss the following actions to help save money and energy:
1. When do they switch on ovens and hobs? Most modern catering equipment reaches cooking temperatures quickly. Discuss labelling equipment with its preheat time and encourage staff to switch on only when required
2. Do they ever use ovens or hobs to heat the kitchen? They should avoid using kitchen equipment to warm the space – the school’s heating system should do this effectively. If it does not, find out why.
3. Do they switch off ovens, grills, fryers and hobs immediately after use?
4. Do they use lids on saucepans?
5. Do they use hot plates for keeping food warm? If so, when are these switched on and off, and how long do they take to warm up?
6. Do they always close fridge and freezer doors?
7. How often are freezers defrosted? Freezers should be defrosted regularly to save energy and prolong equipment lifetime
8. Do they switch off other kitchen equipment, lights and extraction fans when they are not being used?
9. Does the dishwasher have an eco-cycle? Do they use it? If not, why not?
10. Do they use sterilisers? If so, how do these operate? Open boiling water steriliser systems are dangerous and wasteful of energy.
Compare the responses received with the Energy Sparks usage charts. Can you see the changes in energy use as kitchen appliance are switched on and off?
Refrigerators and freezers consume significant amounts of energy as they are on 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Regular maintenance checks are important as is careful monitoring of consumption. Suggest the following actions to make sure refrigerators are as efficient as possible:
• Position fridges/freezers away from heat sources (such as cookers)
• Set the thermostat at the right level for the fridge’s contents. Settings may need adjustment when the fridge is empty. Note that freezers operate more efficiently when full
• Check the seals are intact so cold air is not escaping
• Encourage students and staff not to open doors unnecessarily
• Defrost regularly
• Turn off fridges during holiday periods, where appropriate. If it is not possible to switch off all fridges, consolidate the contents of fridges so that some can be turned off.
After your meeting feedback results to the School Business Manager and Head Teacher to create an overall picture of the school kitchen’s energy use, and any improvements that could be made.
Complete this activity at your school
This activity will score your school 10 points!
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The Typecaster’s Toolkit
The word type comes from an Indo-European root meaning “to mark,” “to stamp,” “or to make an impression.”
This is precisely how the practice should be understood in the many ways we continue to implement it as a vast “technological” civilization, up to the present day.
Typecasting is simply the scaling up of the outputs from a given workflow system, usually a manual one.
The internal steps of casting any given type in a given type system can be broken down into any number of stages, which is just a set of ordered steps.
Each internal stage type can then be broken into at least two substages: with at least one being analytic, the other synthetic. One of evaluation. or typing, the other of assertion, or casting.
The evaluative and assertive substages can then be split up and broken out across the typecaster’s overall type system, which then executes them in the specified order.
To outside observers, the casting (or “printing” or “output”) of a given object of a given type in that type system will always appear as one item or unit. A singular object, produced out of whole cloth.
Only the typecasters themselves know all the tricks and turns, all the stages and steps that click and flow together in order to make everything work underneath.
(Aside: you can also substitute the given type systems within an entire type flow, or surject entirely different type flows in their place! But of course, this level of abstract typecasting is only for highly advanced typecasters.)
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A Writer’s Guide to Horses V
In which I pontificate about brushing and tacking up horses, and you learn something (hopefully):
(Post image is from pixabay, showing Western tack typical of a working cow horse)
Grooming or brushing a horse
There’s a right way to brush a horse, then there’s the way(s) that everybody actually does it. The point of brushing a horse is to make it cleaner than it was when you started. Horses like to roll in the dirt, to scratch itches they can’t reach, and bits of dirt under the saddle or bridle can be very uncomfortable. So it’s important to brush the horse before saddling up. It’s also a comfortable, relaxing activity that promotes bonding between horse and rider. Horses groom each other with their teeth for much the same reason.
According to the manuals, a full set of brushes and combs are absolutely necessary, but most riders get by with the basics. A rubber (or, occasionally, metal; those were more common a few decades ago) curry comb to loosen caked dirt, a soft dandy brush to sweep away the dirt, a hoof pick to clean out the horse’s hooves, and a comb or hair brush for the mane and tail. Usually used in that order, working from the horse’s head to its tail and brushing in the direction the hair grows, except for the curry comb, which is used in a circular motion on the muscled parts of the horse.
These tools, combined with a bit of elbow grease, will make most horses presentable in only a few minutes. But sometimes more is needed. A body brush has harder bristles than a dandy brush, and can be used between rounds with the curry comb and dandy brush to sweep away half-dislodged dirt. A shedding blade is a long strip of flexible steel with teeth, like a serrated knife. The teeth grab onto loose hair, and can help in making a horse look neat in the early spring when it’s shedding its winter coat. Soft cloths or sponges can be used to wipe the eyes, ears, and muzzle, and get rid of surface dust.
If you must use a metal curry on the horse’s face or lower legs, be gentle. Horses have thicker skin than humans, but they can feel a fly landing on them, so there are sensitive nerve endings just under the surface. Use a shedding blade only on the muscled parts of the horse- neck, shoulders, barrel, and rump; the way you hold it produces more force on the horse’s skin than a metal curry.
Preparing a horse for competition is another kettle of fish altogether. Most people bathe their horses before a show; there are horse shampoos on the market, but human shampoo combined with a bit of conditioner usually does the trick for much less money. A horse is bathed somewhat like a dog- get it wet with a hose (warm water is more comfortable for the animal) then rub shampoo into its coat, mane, and tail, avoiding the eyes, and rinse. A sweat scraper, which can be made of steel or rubber, is used like a squeegee to remove excess water. Then a bit of diluted hair conditioner can be sponged over the horse’s coat- again, avoiding the eyes- and the horse can be left to air-dry. Be careful; many horses will try their hardest to roll in the dirtiest place they can find if left to their own devices after a bath; to avoid this, tie up the horse or leave it in a clean stall.
Some horses have their hair clipped before a show, or to keep them neat. This is accomplished by using hair clippers, which are familiar to most of the bearded gentlemen in the audience; they’re a larger version of double bladed beard trimmers. Some parts of the horse are more frequently clipped than others. A clipped bridlepath is very common; it’s a stretch of the horse’s mane beginning between the ears and going between three and eighteen inches down the neck. This hair is trimmed very short, almost to the point of shaving it, to prevent the halter or bridle from getting tangled in the mane. Some breed standards, like those for Arabians and Morgans, emphasize the leanness of the horse’s neck, and so these horses are often given a longer bridlepath to show off the shape of their necks.
The feathers (long hair on the horse’s fetlocks), muzzle, underside of the jaw, and inside the ears are also clipped on many show horses. And horses that work hard in the wintertime, or get ridiculously fuzzy, are occasionally body-clipped, where all of the hair is clipped short except for the mane, tail, head, and lower legs. There are pros and cons for clipping. The horse looks very neat, and will cool down faster after a hard workout. But the loss of the hair makes the horse prone to minor injuries like scrapes and fly bites. Also, a horse uses its whiskers like a cat; the temporary loss of these can make it difficult for the horse to feel what’s happening near its nose. And body clipped horses usually have to wear blankets when the temperature drops below 45-50 degrees Fahrenheit, because all of their insulation is lost.
Show horses often have their manes braided or banded, and their tails braided. Horses ridden English or dressage usually have individual braids in their mane and forelock, that are then tied up into little knots. Their tails are partially French-braided, with the braid extending down the tailbone, and then much of the hair left to fall freely. These conventions are derived from the foxhunting field, where manes and tails were braided so they didn’t snag in the bushes. Saddleseat or park horses- think of the high-stepping ones like Saddlebreds- often have their forelock and one lock of mane braided with a red or white ribbon entwined in the braid. Some draft horses also have their manes braided with ribbon for the show ring. It’s also possible to French-braid a horse’s mane, and some very talented people make works of art out of their horse’s mane, when it’s appropriate for that breed or riding style.
Western show horses can have their manes left loose, or sometimes they are banded. Bands are a series of tiny ponytails down the horse’s neck, usually between thirty and fifty of them. Like braids, they keep the horse looking neat and show off the shape of its neck. The forelock is also banded; there are a few techniques to make it lie flat. A Western horse’s tail is left to fall freely. No self-respecting cowboy of the 1800s would ever band his horse’s mane; it’s a practice for the show ring only.
Show horses that are known to kick at other horses will have a small red ribbon tied into their tail near the top, as a signal to other riders that they should keep a safe distance. The ribbon should be discreet but visible; usually, a thin bow three or four inches wide is all that’s needed.
Polo horses have their tails tied up, usually with a lashing of gaffer’s or electrical tape so the knot doesn’t fall out in the middle of the game. This keeps the tail from getting tangled in the player’s mallet. High level players will usually coordinate their horses’ tail tapes with their saddle pads, leg wraps, and the player’s jerseys; for the rest of us, black or white tape is appropriate.
Most riders don’t comb the mane every time they brush their horse, and almost no one combs their horse’s tail unless it’s really disgusting or they’re going to a competition. A tail hair takes about six years to grow to full length, so it’s possible to thin a horse’s tail very easily and have to wait a long time for it to grow back. There are a zillion types of detanglers for sale, but most people prefer to let the horse’s tail grow naturally and only detangle it for shows and competitions. It’s usually enough to pick out all the bits of bedding, twigs, or other debris that gets tangled in the tail, and occasionally trim the bottom straight across with scissors if it starts to look ragged- this is called ‘banging’ a horse’s tail.
Some people like to roach, hog, or clip a horse’s mane. Polo horses are obliged to have roached manes; it makes them look neat and stops the many parts of a polo bridle from getting tangled in the hair. A roached mane is shaved close to the skin with clippers, leaving only a patch of mane about four inches long over the withers. The forelock is also shaved off. A polo horse with a three or four inch wide lock of mane half way up the neck is a green or partially trained horse. Any horse can have its mane roached, and if the mane grows very unevenly or the horse has rubbed off part of it due to dry skin, roaching may be the only way to keep the horse looking neat until the mane grows back. The mane tends to grow back vertically, like a Mohawk haircut, until it’s four to six inches long, then it begins to gradually fall to the sides of the horse’s neck.
Care of the hooves is an important part of casual grooming and prepping for a show. A hoof pick is used to dislodge dirt and stones from the underside of the hoof, which is concave and textured- perfect for trapping debris. There will be more on hoof health and anatomy in a later installment, but you should know that it’s good practice to pick out the horse’s hooves before and after every ride. Horse’s hooves aren’t as sensitive as your feet, but you wouldn’t want to walk around on a pebble that was stuck in your shoe, would you?
Show horses often have their hooves polished. Some people use a bit of sandpaper to even out the surface and get rid of stains on white hooves, then paint the hoof with black or clear polish. Colored and glittery hoof polishes are also sold, usually for children’s ponies and parade horses. Hoof polish is very like fingernail polish; it stains clothing and hands, but can be removed with acetone.
White socks are the bane of every competitor’s existence. Most stains can be removed with soap and a bit of scrubbing, but hard-core show riders also use talcum powder or spray-chalk (it comes in an aerosol can) to make the horse’s markings look truly white.
As a writer, you probably won’t show much of the above. In terms of a story, brushing a horse is sort of like getting dressed and putting on makeup. Unless an alien bursts out of the closet while it’s happening, there’s not much point to adding detailed descriptions into the book. But there are a few aspects of grooming that might be worth mentioning. The rider might pick out his horse’s hooves and discover a loose shoe, for instance. Or he might not, and be surprised when the shoe falls off and the horse goes lame later in the book. Or the horse might be agitated while being brushed, pinning its ears and stomping its hooves, to show that it’s going to be a rough ride for the hero. But unless you’re writing specifically for a horse-oriented audience (little girls love this stuff; adults just want to get to the story), you can probably get by with a very brief mention of the basics.
Now that you know how to make a horse passably clean for a casual ride, or sparklingly clean for a show, let’s talk about the basics of saddling.
Saddling a horse
Once the horse is brushed to a presentable standard- for casual riding, it only needs to be free of dirt in the places that will be covered by the saddle and bridle, and its hooves picked out- it’s time to saddle up.
Start with the saddle pad, occasionally called a saddle blanket. English saddle pads are a rectangle of quilted cloth- usually cotton- about 24 by 36 inches. It often has rounded edges; orient the pad so the less-rounded edges are at the back. There’s usually a seam down the middle; this is placed over the horse’s spine. There may also be strips of nylon webbing at opposite ends, running parallel to the seam; these are to hold the pad in place and should be near the front of the pad, close to the horse’s shoulder. Some horses, because of the shape of their backs, need additional padding; put the larger pad on first, and the smaller one on top, so it’s less likely to shift.
Some English disciplines don’t use a saddle pad, namely, saddleseat; these saddles have to be very carefully fitted to the horse and cleaned regularly, since the saddle pad is used to absorb sweat and prevent chafing on the horse’s back. Some saddleseat riders will use a regular English saddle pad when practicing, and only forego it during shows. Some British (UK) riders also forego a saddle pad when showing, even though they might be showing hunt seat. Riders in regency England also didn’t use saddle pads, as you can see in paintings from that era.
Once the saddle pad is placed- the front of the pad should rest just barely in front of the withers- it’s time for the saddle. An English saddle is carried with its stirrups run up, that is, the stirrups are slid up the leathers and the leather threaded through the stirrup iron. Place the saddle squarely on the saddle pad- it should land equally distributed on either side of the horse’s back, with the pommel an inch behind the front of the saddle pad- and slide it back about two inches. This helps the hair lay flat underneath, which is more comfortable for the horse. Next, pick up the girth and attach it to the billets; these are the leather straps that lay under the saddle flap on both sides. An English girth has two buckles on each end. Attach the buckles to the first and third billets (or first and second if the saddle has only two). Do the same on the other side, keeping the saddle relatively loose. You should be able to just barely slip your hand between the girth and the horse’s belly at this point.
The bridle is next. Remove the horse’s halter and either throw the reins over its neck or buckle the halter around its neck like a collar, so the horse is restrained. Stand on the horse’s left side, with your shoulder at its throatlatch (the juncture of head and neck). Hold the bridle’s crownpiece in your right hand and rest the bit on the palm of your left hand. Bring your right hand up to the horse’s forehead, so the bit and your left hand are resting against the horse’s muzzle. A well trained horse will open its mouth automatically to accept the bit, but many require a little extra encouragement. Slip your left thumb between the lips and press on the horse’s gums. Don’t worry, there’s a gap between the incisors and the molars; it’s called the bars, and the bit rests there. You can stick a few fingers in that gap without hurting you or the horse.
Once the horse opens its mouth, slide the bit in so it rests on the bars and slip the crownpiece over the ears. You’ll have to bend the horse’s ears forward to do this; use your left hand. Buckle the throatlatch and the cavesson. You should be able to slip two or three fingers under each. The bit should sit level in the horse’s mouth, not pulling up one side of the mouth further than the other, and you should be able to see two wrinkles at the corners of the mouth. If the bit it too tight or too loose, adjust the cheekpieces accordingly. If the bridle is used only for that horse, it should fit the same from day to day.
Some English bridles include specialized tack like a breastplate or martingale. A breastplate keeps the saddle from sliding backward, and is most commonly used for sports like jumping, three-day eventing, hunting, and polo. English breastplates come in a few different types and attach to the saddle in similarly eclectic ways. It can also be padded so it doesn’t rub on the horse’s shoulders. A martingale keeps the horse’s head low, so it can’t avoid the pressure of the bit, and if it throws its head up, the rider doesn’t have to worry about getting his nose broken. A horse’s head weighs about 50 pounds; no one wants that to smack into his face.
Martingales come in two basic types, with some variations. A standing martingale attaches to the cavesson/noseband of the bridle, and to the saddle girth, passing between the horse’s front legs. It doesn’t stretch or give, but can be adjusted to accommodate the horse’s size and natural head carriage. A running martingale attaches to the girth and has two o-rings that the reins pass through. When the horse throws its head up, the running martingale applies downward pressure to the bit. Running martingales are more common when training horses; standing martingales are common in the show ring. Polo horses must wear a standing martingale, for safety reasons. A polo bridle also includes a breastplate and sometimes draw reins, which are long reins that loop through the rings of the bit and attach to the girth, making a pulley system that allows for greater control.
Now your horse is almost ready to ride. Tighten the girth gradually- the exact amount depends a little on the horse, but in general you should be able to slip one finger between the girth and the horse’s belly.
As a writer, you probably won’t show a character tacking up his horse, unless you want to foreshadow shenanigans. Some horses don’t like being tacked up, and though many of them settle down when the rider is aboard, there are a few who continue to be reluctant. Some horses are cold-backed, which means they will pin their ears and hump their back when the saddle is first put on or the girth tightened. They usually settle down once they get moving and their muscles warm up. Some horses bloat; they take a big breath when the girth is being tightened and let it out later, so the saddle is loose and will slip at an inopportune moment. If you encounter a horse like this, be sure to tighten the girth gradually and check it three or four times before riding. Horses can also stick their tongue over the bit (the bit is supposed to rest on top of the tongue) and this prevents them from feeling the pressure of the bit as effectively. There are types of cavessons to prevent this, like drop-nosebands, which are common in England and are used for polo horses around the world.
You might encounter some of the same problems in tacking up a Western horse, and the order of operations is the same, but the tack is very different, so it’s worth explaining. And of course, if you want a more visual explanation, YouTube is a good resource. After reading these articles, you’ll know what to type into the search box.
A Western saddle pad is bigger than the English version, and comes in two varieties. There are saddle blankets, which are thinner, made of wool, and designed to be folded in half with the seam placed over the horse’s withers. Some are actually big enough to be used as a blanket, so if your cowboy hero is sleeping rough, he might drape his horse’s saddle blanket over him and use the saddle for a pillow- horse sweat and crud notwithstanding. The other type is a saddle pad, which is a two-inch-thick pad of wool about 30 inches square. If the pad has leather trim (usually three pieces on the sides of the pad) orient the pad so the trim is over the horse’s withers and on either side of the horse; it protects the wool from being worn away by the girth.
The saddle is placed in the same way as an English saddle, but it’s much heavier. A Western saddle weighs 30 to 40 pounds; an English saddle weighs about ten. Before you throw the saddle onto the horse, drape the girth (attached to the right side of the saddle) over the seat, do the same with the breastplate if there is one, and hook the right stirrup over the horn (some people, like me, hook the breastplate over the horn because it’s less likely to slip). This keeps them out of the way. Once the saddle is on the horse’s back, unhook everything and allow it to fall straight down. Twisted tack is a Very Bad Thing; it’s uncomfortable for the horse and can come loose at exactly the wrong moment (hint, hint, to all you writers out there who need to give more problems to a character).
A Western girth or cinch is very different than the English beast. There are no billets on the left side of a Western saddle, only a palm-sized ring in front of the fender (stirrup leather). This ring has a leather cinch strap attached; this strap is threaded through the girth ring and tied in a knot. Everyone has their own favorite cinch knot; mine looks rather like a very simple necktie. This gave me trouble as a child because I’m left-handed, and the knot is exactly backwards from the same knot when used by a right-handed person. So I really had to think about how to tighten the cinch (my spatial reasoning wasn’t very good at that age, either). But a good cinch knot will hold all day and is easily adjustable without untying it. Tighten it gradually, making sure the horse can still breathe. Buckle the breastplate if there is one; it’s y-shaped and attaches to the saddle on each side just below the pommel and to the girth between the horse’s forelegs.
If there is a back or rear girth, buckle it now. Loosely. This cinch attaches behind the fender, and goes around the horse’s belly. But it falls on spots that are ticklish, and many horses will turn into bucking broncos if the back girth is too tight. You should be able to put a closed fist between the back girth and the horse’s belly.
A Western bridle is put on the same as an English bridle, except that it usually lacks a cavesson, unless one is used in conjunction with a standing martingale. A Western standing martingale is called a tie-down. A running martingale is called training forks, and is used almost exclusively on young and partially trained horses. Tie-downs are used almost only when roping cattle in the modern era or competing in a rodeo. Most other western horses don’t wear any sort of martingale; your cowboy hero in the 1800s will not use one, nor are they used in non-rodeo competitions.
Some Western bridles have ear slits or loops instead of a browband. They serve the same function- keeping the crownpiece from sliding too far back. Gently slip the horse’s ear into the loop or slit, taking care to bend the ear forward rather than back if possible.
Australian saddles use a combination English/Western girth- seriously; it looks like someone laid one of each side by side and mashed them together. The breastplates are similarly schizophrenic; they are halfway between the two in thickness (English tack is usually less robust than Western), attach to the saddle like an English breastplate, and attach to the girth like a Western one.
Historical saddles, because they were made to individual specifications, do not have standard rigging (rigging is the way the girth attaches to the saddle). Many medieval saddles have the addition of a crupper, a long strip of leather that attaches to the cantle of the saddle and loops around the base of the horse’s tail; it prevents the saddle from sliding forward. Some Western and Australian saddles have cruppers, but they’re used only when riding in rough terrain. Modern sidesaddles can have English or Western rigging, depending on the type of sidesaddle.
Now you’re ready to ride. I think I’ll do a later installment about harnessing and driving, after the one on basic riding; I feel like I’ve been testing everyone’s patience with the length of these posts.
The previous installments can be found here:
Part I (Basic Terminology and Tack)
Part II (Colors, Markings, and Breeds)
Part III (Behavior)
Part IV (Basic Safety and Handling)
Mane ‘n Tail is about $6/quart at Walmart (sold as separate shampoo and conditioner), about half the price of basic human products. Also superior for use by humans with dry or brittle hair.
Most comfy saddle I ever sat in was an antique Mexican roping saddle. High fore and aft, padding in all the right places; too bad I didn’t have a horse to go with it, or I’da bought it.
September 19, 2018
• Blake Smith #
I can’t say where you buy shampoo, but I was thinking along the lines of Suave or V05- the stuff that costs a dollar a bottle. But you’re right about Mane ‘n Tail; that stuff is great for humans and horses. Cowboy Magic works pretty well, too.
September 19, 2018
2. In case anyone ever wondered, saddle mules require more tack, especially if you are in rough terrain. Since their shoulders are narrower, the saddle “likes” to slide forward when the animal points downhill, making the mule cranky and off-balance, and making the rider prone to being removed by said mule. A crupper and breast-strap are used. The crupper is a strap that goes under the tail and helps hold the saddle back when it tries to slide forward. Be very careful when putting on the crupper. (I watched someone get kicked that way. Fortunately, they were very close to the leg so the mule could not “wind up” and they just got a large bruise instead of flying lessons.)
The site has pictures of mules “tacked up” in various ways:
September 19, 2018
• *chuckles at flying lessons*
Tangential thought; are mules, donkeys, burros, etc ‘cheaper’ to keep than horses? Some stuff I read when younger gives that impression; more recent example would be a scene in Otoyomegatari where twin girls are looking over various men (and discussing whether or not they’d be wealthy and handsome enough to consider being married to) and they spot a good looking young man, but then dismiss him because he’s riding a donkey, not a horse.
September 20, 2018
• BobtheRegisterredFool #
Donkeys are smaller, hence probably cheaper to feed. Donkeys have a reputation for being smarter than horses. (The animals symbolizing the major American political parties are elephants for the GOP, and donkeys for the Democrats.) I think they also have a reputation for toughness and hard work. If costs were the same, someone who worked with their animal and had a limited budget might use a donkey. A young man with the budget for many animals would want a horse, because of speed and perhaps the military utility. Like buying a sports car for speed, or a hummer as a status symbol. Plus, I think the high end of the market for horses goes higher than donkeys, so more value in ownership for status.
September 20, 2018
3. agesilaus #
Interesting posts. We were up in Iowa this summer and visited a historic US Calvary post. Going thru the stables they had a poster listing what each horse was fed each day and it was a lot of food, multiple quarts of several different grains, oats, corn ect. Just guessing it was 10 or 15 pounds of grains a night. Plus a fair amount of hay. Nothing like the stories where you read about the horse getting a quart of oats at night and allowed to graze hobbled during the night. Don’t horses sleep BTW?
I had heard before that one huge advantage the US Calvary had over the Indians was that the Calvary could ride their horses in the winter, they were grain powered. The Indian horses were worthless during the winter since they only got what hay the Indians managed to cut during the summer.
And the other day I happened on a site which mentions hoof care, which I see you are going to cover in detail, and they said a horse needed to be reshod every 4-6 weeks and/or have it’s hooves trimmed monthly. Not to mention having their teeth filed down. Geez, horses are a lot more work than any books let on…heh.
September 19, 2018
• Horses sleep three or four hours a night. Once grown, most horses sleep standing up.
September 19, 2018
4. Second the Mane ‘n Tail remarks. It’s my regular shampoo. It smells good, too.
September 19, 2018
Comments are closed.
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Installing Solar Panels for Summer
Installing Solar Panels For Summer
Solar Panels line many of the roofs of homes in South Australia these days. With energy prices soaring, home owners are now making solar panels a default addition to their new home construction.
How Solar Panels Work
Solar panels contain photo voltaic cells that capture sunlight and transforms it into DC currents. A solar inverter than transforms that into AC current which is used to power home appliances, such as television, air conditioning, dish washers, etc.
With solar panels, a household could significantly reduce it’s power bill, and also do their bit for the environment. Solar energy is considered clean energy which does not damage the ozone layer or result in deforestation.
Why Install Solar Panels in Summer
Summer is the best season to install solar panels for your home. Solar panels produce the best yield during summer due to the a variety of factors that are outlined below.
Longer Day Times
As we all know, the day time during summer lasts longer. With the sun rising earlier and setting way past 7pm, it is the ideal season to capture the maximum amount of sunlight. Solar panel yields are optimal during the summer period.
An average 5kw solar panel system can yield between 15-20kWh of electricity minimally per day during summer. This would vary depending on your location and also the facing of your solar panels. North facing panels would catch the most amount of sunlight and hence generate the best yields.
Stronger Sunlight & Clear Skies
Needless to say, stronger sunlight and clear skies, which happens most days during the summer, are ideal for solar yields. In winter, frequent showers and overcast severely reduces the amount of sunlight that can be captured by solar panels.
Summer time is quite the opposite. The day stays clear mostly with little overcast – and the sunlight is good throughout the day. This is why solar panels generate the best yields in summer.
Heavy Day Consumption
During summer is also when most households consume the most electricity. This is due to the heat waves that scour across South Australia. With temperatures hitting 46° in summer, many homes blast their air conditioning throughout the day. This consumes a lot of power in the day.
A solar panel system will be able to generate electricity to offset this sudden spike in power consumption. While solar panels may not completely eradicate your power bill, it can and often does, offset a significantly portion of the bill. This makes it easier on home owners. Your family can stay comfy without your power bill skyrocketing.
Summer is the best season to install solar panels. And if you plan on installing solar panels, you should do it ahead of the summer. Why wait when every minute of sunlight translates into power savings for you?
Contact Rite Price Solar today at (08) 8343 5988 to discuss the best system size for your household. |
Types & Species of Dolphins
Instructor: Wendy McDougal
Dolphins are some of the most recognized marine mammals in the sea. It is a unique group, with a wide variety of appearances and habitats. Read on to learn more about the many different species of dolphin.
Dolphins: A Diverse and Unique Group
Of all the water-dwelling mammals, there is one that stands out for its intelligence, playfulness and complex social behavior. It is the dolphin, a mammal belonging to the order Cetacea. Dolphins are closely related to the whale. We tend to picture dolphins as sleek and gray, leaping from the water with a clever grin. However, with over forty different species, this is an extremely diverse group. Let's take a closer look at the many species of dolphin.
When we picture a dolphin, we often imagine one such as this bottlenose
Dolphin Families
When classifying dolphins, there are several groups and subgroups. As previously mentioned, dolphins belong to order Cetacea, which includes whales. They are further classified into suborder Odonotoci, literally meaning ''toothed whale.'' Characterized as having a blowhole, teeth and a fatty melon in their foreheads for echolocation, this group includes both dolphins and porpoises.
Further narrowing it down, family Delphinidae is made up of marine dolphins. Members of this family usually have a prominent beak, large dorsal fin and conical-shaped teeth. However, these characteristics vary greatly among the species. Two other families, Iniidae and Platanistidae contain the lesser known river dolphins. These dolphins are found in freshwater and tend to have longer beaks and smaller dorsal fins than their marine cousins.
Marine Dolphin Species
The ocean-dwelling family of dolphins contains about 37 different species. When you imagine a dolphin, you are most likely picturing one of two species belonging to genus Delphinus. These are the long-beaked and short beaked common dolphins. Bottlenose dolphins, two species belonging to genus Tursiops, also fit the portrait of the traditional dolphin.
Genus Cephalorhynchus includes four species that have quite different appearances from common dolphins. All are found in the Southern hemisphere. Commerson's, Chilean, Heaviside's and New Zealand dolphins are relatively small and stocky. Some are even black and white in color. Genus Lagenodelphis contains a species known as Fraser's dolphin with a similar stocky body type.
Genus Lagenorhynchus represents a large group, with six dolphin species: Atlantic white-sided, white-beaked, Peale's, hourglass, Pacific white-sided and dusky. These dolphins lack the prominent beak of common dolphins, having instead more of a snub nose. They are often found in colder waters, unlike many other dolphins.
In genus Stenella is a unique group characterized by five species that are spotted or striped, and quite talented. The pantropical spotted, Atlantic spotted, clymene, striped and spinner dolphins are all included here. The spinner dolphin is acrobatic and entertaining as it leaps from the water and spins quickly.
You may have heard of humpback whales, but did you know there are also humpback dolphins? Genus Sousa contains the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and the pantropical spotted dolphin. Speaking of whales, there are a number of dolphins that have ''whale'' in their name. Genus Lissodelphis contains two species, the northern right-whale dolphin and southern right-whale dolphin. The northern variety is the only dolphin that completely lacks a dorsal fin.
Continuing with the dolphins that quite look like whales, we find six dolphin species that are often referred to as ''blackfish.'' In genus Globicephala we find the short-finned pilot whale and the long-finned pilot whale. And genus Peponocephala is the melon-headed whale, which is actually a dolphin. These are tricky animals to identify in that they truly look like whales, lacking the traditional beak of the dolphin.
The orca is not a whale at all, but a dolphin
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Keeping Snakes Away From Your Home
By September 3, 2018Recent
What might attract snakes to my home?
Snakes are often attracted to yards and houses, where food and shelter are unknowingly
provided by the human inhabitants. Some snakes such as the Eastern Brown feed on
rodents and are attracted to farm sheds and suburban backyards to hunt rats and mice.
Carpet Pythons regularly find their way into bird aviaries and chicken pens to prey on the
roosting occupants. They are also found in roof cavities hunting for rats and possums.
Brown Tree Snakes are specialists at invading outdoor birdcages, often becoming trapped
inside after they have consumed the bird. These snakes can also be found at night hunting
geckos around window sills in the home. Common Tree Snakes actively hunt frogs and
lizards during the day and are often seen around the house and garden where they occur.
Houses and yards can also provide snakes with a good source of shelter. Carpet Pythons
are regularly found curled up in ceilings, enjoying the security and warmth. A variety of
snake species are often encountered in places such as timber piles and under sheets of
corrugated iron.
How can I deter snakes or keep them out of my yard?
Firstly DO NOT purchase “snake repellants” they are a waste of money and DO NOT
work. You can employ measures to decrease the attractiveness of your yard or house to snakes.
Rock walls or other similar structures have the potential to house frogs, lizards and rats,
thus attracting snakes. Discourage this by blocking holes or finding an alternative material to
build retaining walls. Avoid creating habitat for snakes by keeping a tidy, well-maintained
yard and shed. Things to avoid include long grass, unmaintained gardens, green waste,
woodpiles and leaving materials such as sheets of tin or corrugated iron lying around.
Keeping pet food in sealed containers ensuring that food scraps are disposed of properly
will discourage rats and mice, remember snakes are attracted to places where they can
obtain food. Bird owners can discourage rodents by ensuring that aviaries are kept clean
and free of fallen seed. Mesh and wiring should be small enough to stop snakes entering.
What can be done to snake proof my house?
Snakes cannot generate their own body heat and thus need to regulate their temperature
by moving into warm or cool places during the hotter or colder extremes of the day, as a
result they are attracted to the stable climate provided by your home.
Stop snakes entering your home by installing screens on your doors and windows. In
addition to this keep doors and screens closed and seal up all potential entry points. Cat/
Doggy doors also provide a potential way into your home. If you are especially worried or
have a property where this measure is suitable you could dig your fence into the ground or
border your entire boundary using materials snakes cannot pass through up to 1m high.
This will offer some added protection as terrestrial (ground dwelling) snakes will generally
opt to go around instead of up and over.
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Flu season is just around the corner which means you’ve likely seen ads, signs, and internet posts about the flu vaccine. Many people chose not to get the flu shot each year merely because they don’t understand the importance of the shot, but we’re hoping to change that this year! Let’s take a closer look at who should get vaccinated, why it’s so important, and what the vaccination does to protect yourself and those around you.
Who Should be Vaccinated?
Anyone over the age of 6 months is eligible to receive the flu shot. People 65 and older receive a different version of the shot, but they should still get one. Pregnant women are encouraged to get the shot as well, especially since you’re more likely to contract an illness while pregnant. If you’re afraid of needles, there’s a needless nasal option for those aged 2-49 years old. Insurance companies cover the cost of the vaccine in full, but there are also programs in place in each county for free flu vaccines. What does all of this mean? To put it just, there’s no reason not to be vaccinated! Nearly everyone is eligible, and the quick shot or nasal spray will protect you all season long.
Why Should You Be Vaccinated?
The better question to ask is why shouldn’t you be vaccinated? The flu shot has no side effects for most people, but those who do report symptoms only suffer from a sore throat or a runny nose for 1-2 days. Vaccination leads to less sick days from work and school, fewer trips to the doctor, and fewer cases of the flu nationwide. Getting vaccinated not only protects yourself but everyone around you. Your friends, family members, coworkers, and even people you come in contact with in the outside world, will all be thankful that you received your vaccination this year. It’s important to encourage those around you to receive their flu shot as well to further protect everyone around them as well.
The flu becomes an epidemic each year in the US, and the only reason for that is the lack of people receiving vaccinations. If we all educate ourselves and make the short trip to the walk-in clinic, doctors office, or pharmacy, we can put an end to the spread of such an easily preventable virus. If you have any questions or hesitations about receiving your flu shot, your doctor or another medical professional will be glad to answer them. |
fly pest controlDrain flies are a species of fly from the nematoceran family, also known as psychodidae. These flies hail from the diptera order. Some may know them as moth flies. They can be found almost anywhere in the United States or the world, as long as there is a standing water supply that has accumulated for at least a week. Drain flies have a distinctive appearance, thanks to their hairy, short bodies that are equipped with wings.
Adult drain flies have leaf shaped wings and long antennae. They range in size from one fifty of an inch to one sixth of an inch and have a negligible weight. Drain flies are considered to be weak fliers, only able to travel a few feet at a time. They prefer to move from place to place by hopping and jumping.
About Drain Flies
The drain fly has a very short life cycle, only lasting from one week to three weeks, depending on the temperature of their habitat and availability of food. When they die, there are usually brand new adult drain flies ready to replace them. They thrive in standing water, so homes where water is circulating through drainage systems on a regular basis are less susceptible to outbreaks. Due to this fact, your home is most vulnerable to drain fly outbreaks after extended traveling periods
Their predators include spiders and their webs, so their wings are equipped with scales to protect them. Due to their tiny size and ability to hide within pipes and drains, they are not typically susceptible to predators. Their short life span and nocturnal habits serve to keep them safe.
Drain Fly Living Habits and Diet
In the daytime, adult drain flies take care to stay in shady areas. They also spend a fair amount of time on the walls adjacent to your plumbing fixtures and perch themselves on the sides of your tub and shower. A nocturnal creature, drain flies are usually seen fluttering over your sinks and drains during the nighttime hours.
Drain flies also live outdoors, finding homes in shallow swimming pool water, inside of air conditioners, sewers and even your sump pump. Clogged gutters are another favored area. Adult drain flies are small enough to enter your home through even the tiniest crack in the window or a door left slightly ajar.
The openings of your drainpipes are another common entrance. If you have toilet bowls that do not receive frequent usage or a drainage pan beneath the refrigerator, these can areas of concern. Due to the larvae's minuscule size, homeowners won't even notice them swimming in the water.
Drain fly larvae feed on organic matter that has begun to decay, algae and sediment that they find. They also locate dying organisms within the sediment in which to feed upon, in addition to microscopic animal and plant life. Any vegetation that has begun to experience decay is a key part of their diet.
Adults consume mostly liquid matter. They do not bite or feed on human hosts. Even more surprisingly, drain flies are not the transmitters of any diseases. When their bodies begin to decay, drain flies may cause allergic reactions in those who are susceptible. Those who suffer from bronchial asthma are especially vulnerable. They prefer sweeter liquids, such as fruit juices, nectar, and any sugary substances. This is why they make their home in your drain, so that they may feed on all of the beverages you absentmindedly pour down the sink.
Adult drain flies can only survive for three or four in the absence of food, but if nectar or other sugar based liquids are available, they can live for up to three weeks without a meal.
Reproduction and Hibernation Habits
Drain flies are able to reproduce in pools of shallow, standing water. When slime, goop and film accumulate on the sides of drains, gutters, swimming pools, toilets, and the like, that's where larvae begin to populate. Females can lay eggs whether they are mated or not. Eggs are laid in large masses, ranging from 30 to 100 at a time.
These eggs hatch into larvae within a mere 48 hours. The larvae and pupae then make their home where they can locate the film inside of your drains and standing water supplies. While they can live on fungi and algae found in these places, drain flies can turn on each other and resort to cannibalism when food supplies run low.
Drain flies thrive in moist, warm conditions. Their preferred hibernation temperature is 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Drain flies are typically only found in the summertime or in places with moderate year round climates. Cold weather kills off more drain flies than any of their predators.
If drain files are able to find a home indoors, they can continue their development throughout the year, even during the winter. However, even when a suitable indoor hibernation spot is found, colder temperatures are still able to stunt their reproductive habits. Drain flies will remain hidden during colder periods, only emerging once warmer temperatures become the norm.
Controlling Drain Flies
Homeowners, if you believe that you have begun to develop a drain fly infestation in and around your home or on your property, Alliance Pest Services is here for you. We are the local standard when it comes to pest removal and ensuring that your home is free of all bugs. |
How do you safely discharge a capacitor?
• Thread starter AJKing
• Start date
I hear of people discharging them with screwdrivers, but is that the best call for 10000+μF capacitors?
I would think you can discharge them with a resistive load depending on the voltage it's charged to.
Science Advisor
Gold Member
yes a resistive load discharge is much better
a few k Ohms say ~ 4k7 and 1/4 Watt would be ideal
will give a slower discharge than just shorting the terminals
The answer would depend on exactly what the situation is with the capacitor. There are a few questions you should answer first:
1. What type of capacitor is it? I'd guess it's polarized electrolytic since it's 10000uF.
2. What is its rated voltage, and what voltage are you discharging it from?
3. What are its internal resistance and ripple current ratings?
And even before we discuss anything else, I will warn you that capacitors can be extremely dangerous. So I have one final question to add to the list:
4. How much do you know about applied electronics / physics? What else have you done before now?
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
Ideally, you have a discharge resistor permanently built into the circuit, so the problem doesn't exist. But check the time constant of the discharge circuit. a 1K resistor and a 10,000 μF cap has a time constant of 10 seconds, and will take about 5 times that long to fully discharge.
Just to add that large caps can "hide" some of their charge in the dielectric material, so even if you think you have fully discharged them, they don't necessarily stay that way.
The "screwdriver method" is definitely NOT recommended, though we all learn some things by experience!
Another problem with the screwdriver method is that you'll likely get a spark that will corrode the cap terminals and probably the screwdriver as well. This happens because the discharge starts as soon as there is the tiniest contact between the screwdriver and the cap terminal and the small area isn't enough to handle the resultant current (this is assuming a pretty large cap). I've seen this happen.
A proper circuit with large capacitors and high voltages should have a designed in bleeder resistor.
When I have worked on my linear amplifier - which uses 4 cx350a tubes at 1500V ( it has a built in bleeder at 470K ohm but it takes a while to bleed down )
So to speed it up I use a short 15KV insulation rated cable with well insulated alligator clips with a 4.7K ohm 1/2 watt resistor connected between one of the clips and the wire. Clip on and wait a minute.
no big sparks as the resistor limits the inrush current and safely bleeds the capacitors in the power supply
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Thyroid Cancer
Maggie Sullivan
Thyroid Cancer in the Thyroid & Types of Thyroid Cancer
There are two types of cells in the thyroid; the follicular cells and c cells. Different cancers come from the different cells. The different cells determine the type of cancer, the extremity, and the type of treatment needed.
• Papillary - most common - usually cured
• Follicular - usually cures
• Medullary - usually cured
• Anaplastic - hard to cure
Big image
What is a Thyroid?
A butterfly shaped gland in your neck, right above the collarbone. It creates hormones that help the the body function normally, for example, it regulates heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.
Is it common?
You are at a higher risk of thyroid cancer if you are Asian, a woman, 25-65 years of age, a family member has had thyroid cancer or disease, or if you have had radiation treatments to head or neck.
It is the 8th most common cancer in the United States.
Factors which cause the cancer.
Some of the factors that may put you at a higher risk include, being a female, exposure to radiation, and genetics (cancer can be inherited).
List of Effects
• Lump in neck - growing quickly sometimes
• Swelling in neck
• Pain in neck, sometimes going up to ears
• Voice changes that do not go away
• Trouble swallowing and breathing
• Constant cough not caused by a cold
What are the tests that are done?
The tests for diagnosis are physical exams, blood tests, imaging tests, and removal of sample of thyroid tissue. Imaging tests and removal of tissue are done with ultrasound scans.
List of Treatment
• Surgery
• Radioactive iodine
• Hormone treatment
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy - uses a substance that only attacks cancer cells, and not normal cells
• Treatment depends on the type of cancer and how far it has spread
• Many patients receive combination of treatments
Environmental Risks
You're at greater risk for thyroid cancer if you are female, have been exposed to radiation, or it is in your genetics.
There are several different tests a doctor can give to diagnose someone with thyroid cancer. There are physical exams, blood tests, imaging tests, and removal of a sample of thyroid tissue. The imaging tests and sample removal require ultrasounds.
Doctors aren’t sure what causes most cases of thyroid cancer, so there’s no way to prevent people who have an average risk for the cancer.
Big image |
A food web with 4 trophic levels
Wiki: Food web - upcScavenger
Begin the lesson by reviewing the definitions of food web, food pyramid, and trophic levels with your students.The above image displays a simple food web of the African Savanna.
Food Web - The Coral Reef
Energy flow is directional, which contrasts against the cyclic flows of material through the food web systems.The secondary consumers are the carnivores which eat the herbivores.
What are four trophic levels in a food chain - Answers.com
Food Chains and Webs Educator Materials CREATING CHAINS AND WEBS TO MODEL ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS. describe a possible benefit that one trophic level in your food.Learn about primary productivity, the (in)efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels, and how to read ecological pyramids.Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels.Basal species, such as plants, form the first level and are the resource.How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next trophic level.
Estuary Food Pyramid - NOAA Office for Coastal Management
What are two differences and two similarities in food
Food Chains and Webs - Qld Science Teachers
BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology (Single Science) - Food chains
Energy flow in ecosystems FOOD CHAINS + WEBS: WHAT S FOR
Fishing Down Marine Food Webs | Science
Where on the food chain...
LESSON- Building An Energy Pyramid
Biomass And Trophic Levels Basics
Simple food chains are. in real life food webs. at a given trophic level,.
Lake Ecology | The Food Web - Water on the Web
The next trophic level in the marine food web is the herbivore zooplankton which consumes phytoplankton.Food webs can support food chains that are either too long and complicated.
4.08 Food Webs by Taylor Poirier on Prezi
The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels.Trophic level definition, any class of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain, as primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. See.On each level, identify the organisms that belong to that level.
The source of all energy comes from the green plants changing sunlight.The food chain is the sequence in a food web, starting from aspecies called producers and ending in a species calleddecomposers.Difference between Food Chain and Food Web. usually member of high trophic level feed upon a single type of organism of lower trophic level while in food web. |
Image: Simulated turbulence
Marc Avila, MPI - DS
Intermittent turbulence is shown receding in a simulation of water flowing through pipes as additional turbulence is added. Scientists have discovered by injecting puffs of water into a water pipe, turbulence was completely eliminated.
updated 3/19/2010 5:58:56 PM ET 2010-03-19T21:58:56
In an effort to help lower the cost of pumping fluids through pipelines, U.S. and German scientists have discovered an unlikely solution: adding more turbulence.
By injecting puffs of water into a water pipe, the team completely eliminated turbulence in the pipe.
The research could have huge implications in a wide variety of fields. The most immediate beneficiaries could be water utilities and oil companies, but aerospace and ship engineers could use the method to make vessels more fuel efficient. Cardiologists could even tap the findings to keep arteries clear and save lives.
"There is a way to completely destroy turbulence for a minimal cost in energy," said Tobias Schneider, a scientist from Harvard University and co-author of a study about the research in the current issue of the journal Science. "I hope it has implications in other fields where people want to reduce turbulence."
The idea to eliminate turbulence was somewhat counter intuitive: To destroy turbulence they would add more. The idea was that the two areas of turbulence would annihilate each other.
To test their theory, the scientists pumped in a stream of water into a nearly 20-foot, clear Plexiglas pipe. As turbulence traveled down the pipe, it encountered another area of turbulence, provided by a a jet of water piped in downstream.
The second area of turbulence acted like a wall. When the original area of turbulence struck the second, the two canceled each other out. Instead of a series of localized, chaotic currents, the water became smooth.
Less energy to pump
The benefit of smooth flow is that it requires less energy to pump than chaotic, turbulent water — a lot less energy. Other experiments had previously shown that turbulence could be eliminated, but it took more energy to cancel the turbulence than it saved in pumping costs. The U.S. and German research is the first to show a net savings in energy by canceling turbulence.
The energy savings were significant in even narrow pipes. The bigger and wider the pipe and the faster the flow, the more energy will be saved, said Schneider and Beverley McKeon, a scientist at the California Institute of Technology who wrote an accompanying article in Science. For the large, buried pipes that supply clean drinking water to cities across the world, the energy savings would be huge.
Other beneficiaries
Water utilities could be the first beneficiary of the technology, but they won't be the only industries that could benefit from the research.
Oil and liquefied natural gas companies also pump large amounts of liquids in large pipes over long distances. Eliminating turbulence in oil and liquefied natural gas will help these companies save money, which should lower the price of oil and gas for consumers.
Even cardiologists could be interested in the research, said Schneider. Smoothing out the flow of blood around blocked arteries could reduce the number or severity of heart attacks.
The same research that eliminates turbulence inside a container should also eliminate, or at least reduce, turbulence around containers, said Schneider and McKeon. Ships and aircraft consume huge amounts of energy pushing their way through air and water. If the friction on oil freighters was reduced by 10 percent, an estimated $10 billion in fuel costs could be saved each year (at a cost of $50 per barrel), said McKeon.
"From faucets to intercontinental pipelines, reducing turbulence has a direct impact on economics and energy issues," said McKeon.
© 2012 Discovery Channel
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• Research
• Open Access
Contributed equally
Biotechnology for Biofuels201710:257
• Received: 5 July 2017
• Accepted: 21 October 2017
• Published:
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an ideal model organism not only for the study of basic metabolic processes in both plants and animals but also the production of biofuels including hydrogen. Transgenic analysis of C. reinhardtii is now well established and very convenient, but inducible exogenous gene expression systems remain under-studied. The most commonly used heat shock-inducible system has serious effects on algal cell growth and is difficult and costly to control in large-scale culture. Previous studies of hydrogen photoproduction in Chlamydomonas also use this heat-inducible system to activate target gene transcription and hydrogen synthesis.
Here we describe a blue light-inducible system with which we achieved optogenetic regulation of target gene expression in C. reinhardtii. This light-inducible system was engineered in a photosynthetic organism for the first time. The photo-inducible heterodimerizing proteins CRY2 and CIB1 were fused to VP16 transcription activation domain and the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, respectively. This scheme allows for transcription activation of the target gene downstream of the activation sequence in response to blue light. Using this system, we successfully engineered blue light-inducible hydrogen-producing transgenic alga. The transgenic alga was cultured under red light and grew approximately normally until logarithmic phase. When illuminated with blue light, the transgenic alga expressed the artificial miRNA targeting photosynthetic system D1 protein, and altered hydrogen production was observed.
The light-inducible system successfully activated the artificial miRNA and, consequently, regulation of its target gene under blue light. Moreover, hydrogen production was enhanced using this system, indicating a more convenient and efficient approach for gene expression regulation in large-scale microalgae cultivation. This optogenetic gene control system is a useful tool for gene regulation and also establishes a novel way to improve hydrogen production in green algae.
• Optogenetic
• Light-inducible system
• MicroRNA
• Bio-hydrogen production
• Microalga
• Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Bio-hydrogen production by green algae has been known since the 1940s [1] and has many advantages; for instance, it is energy-saving and environmentally friendly. However, the industrialization of hydrogen production by green algae has progressed slowly. Because oxygen induces inhibition of hydrogenase activity, green algae produce hydrogen for only a few seconds to a few minutes. To circumvent this limitation, a two-stage method based on sulfur deprivation was developed [2]. Sulfur deprivation relieves oxygen-induced inhibition of hydrogenase by reversibly reducing the rate of oxygenic photosynthesis. In the two-stage process, green algae are cultured in sulfur-replete medium until reaching a density of 3–6 million cells ml−1; the algal cells are then separated from the medium and cultured in sulfur-deprived medium to activate hydrogen production [3]. Since free algal cell separation and medium replacement are costly and inconvenient in large-scale culture, hydrogen photoproduction research has focused on extending the duration of hydrogen production in green algae without replacing the medium. The mRNAs [4, 5], proteins [6], miRNAs [7, 8], and lncRNAs [9] of sulfur-deprived algal cells have been studied to monitor the changes induced by sulfur deprivation. Our group previously constructed an artificial miRNA targeting the photosystem II (PS II)-related protein OEE2 (oxygen evolving enhancer 2), which is down-regulated after sulfur deprivation. Transgenic alga expressing the artificial miRNA produced hydrogen sustainably for 2 days, and had higher hydrogen yield, because oxygen consumption occurred more rapidly [10].
Although the artificial miRNA successfully extended hydrogen production time, its expression was based on a heat-inducible system of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which affects algal cell growth. C. reinhardtii is a photosynthetic unicellular alga and has features inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals that were subsequently lost in land plants. It is an ideal model organism for studying many basic metabolic processes, such as chloroplast-based photosynthesis; the structure and function of eukaryotic flagella; and biofuels production [1113]. Although transgenic technology in C. reinhardtii has been thoroughly developed [14, 15], inducible exogenous gene expression systems in C. reinhardtii remain limited. A popular system is one that employs the heat-inducible HSP70A-RBCS2 promoter, which is the system we used previously to express artificial miRNAs. It can be activated by both light and heat shock [16], but the effect of light induction is limited, and heat shock compromises algal cell growth. We therefore engineered a blue light-inducible expression system into alga in the present study.
Light-inducible systems have been established in bacteria [17], cyanobacteria [18, 19], yeast [20], and mammalian cells [21, 22] but not in plants including green algae. Compared to heat shock in large-scale green algae culture, light-inducible systems would allow for faster induction, and the control of exogenous gene expression would be more uniform and more efficient. Moreover, light would not have the same detrimental effect on algal cell growth activity as heat shock, and energy consumption would be reduced in industrialized cultivation.
We developed the blue light-inducible gene expression system based on two-hybrid protein interaction. Specifically, Arabidopsis CRY2 (cryptochrome 2) and CIB1 (cryptochrome-interacting basic-helix-loop-helix) proteins [23] were fused with VP16 transcription activation domain and the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (GAL4 BD), respectively. CRY2 and CIB1 dimerize in blue light and dissociate within minutes in the dark. GAL4 BD recognizes and binds a specific DNA upstream activation sequence (UAS), while VP16 activation domain activates downstream gene expression. In blue light, the CRY2/CIB1 interaction therefore brings VP16 activation domain and GAL4 BD into close proximity. The UAS was bound by GAL4 BD, and the downstream gene was activated by VP16 activation domain; in the dark, CRY2-VP16 dissociated from CIB1-GAL4 BD, and the activation of the gene was reversed [20].
In this study, we used the blue light-inducible expression system to optogenetically regulate an artificial miRNA (amiR-D1) targeting the PS II reaction-center protein D1 (encoded by psbA) in green microalga C. reinhardtii. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the transcription level of amiR-D1 was up-regulated and its target gene psbA was down-regulated after blue light treatment. Moreover, an improved hydrogen yield following the blue light irradiation was observed in these transgenic algae.
Algal strain and culture conditions
Cell-wall-deficient C. reinhardtii strain CC-849 was obtained from the Chlamydomonas Genetic Center of Duke University (Duke University, Durham, NC, USA) and served as the receptor strain and negative control. Algal cells were cultured in TAP (Tris–acetate-phosphate) medium at 22 °C under continuous cool-white or blue light fluorescent lamps or in a custom-built LED red light incubator with continuous illumination (see Additional file 1: Figure S1 for the red light wavelength distribution). The light intensities of red, blue, and white light were adjusted to similar intensity, which was about 30 μmol photons m−2 s−1.
Blue light-inducible system vectors construction
The expression vector pH124, which was used as the expression vector backbone, contains the heat-inducible HSP70A-RBCS2 promoter and the ble gene, which leads to algal zeocin resistance. To express the target gene constitutively, the HSP70A-RBCS2 promoter and RBCS2 3′ UTR were replaced with the PsaD 5′ and PsaD 3′ UTR sequences, respectively. The ble gene was replaced with the aph7″ gene to confer hygromycin B resistance. The artificial mature miRNA sequence was integrated into the backbone of cre-miRNA1162, a highly expressed natural miRNA precursor. The constructed miRNA precursor sequence was commercially synthesized in vitro and cloned in plasmid pUC57.
The full-length coding sequences of CIB1 and CRY2 were amplified from Arabidopsis cDNA. The GAL4 BD was amplified from the yeast two-hybrid system vector. The miR-D1 fragment and tandem fragments of VP16 and UAS were synthesized in vitro. All of the fragments were digested and ligated step by step into the two vectors (Figs. 1, 2).
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic of the blue light-inducible exogenous gene expression system in C. reinhardtii. The GAL4 BD domain and VP16 activator are fused with CIB1 and CRY2, respectively. Blue light enables CIB1 and CRY2 heterodimerization and brings GAL4 BD and VP16 together to activate downstream gene transcription. The absence of blue light reverses the interaction. UAS upstream activation sequence
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Construction of vectors in the blue light-inducible exogenous gene expression system. The top portion of the figure diagrams the promoter and resistance modification elements of the vector backbone. The bottom portion diagrams the fusion protein fragments. The middle portion shows the construction of the two vectors used in the blue light-inducible exogenous gene expression system. Red and black arrows indicate the replacement and insertion of fragments, respectively
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transformation
Algal cells (2 × 106 cells ml−1) were centrifuged and resuspended to a final concentration of 2 × 108 cells ml−1. A 300 μl volume of algal cells was transformed with 1 μg plasmid DNA using the glass bead vortexing method. The cells were placed in 10 ml fresh TAP medium under white light and selected by antibiotics in TAP agar medium plates.
Screening of transgenic alga with the blue light-inducible expression system
Algal cells were transformed and screened through two steps with different antibiotics. First, the cell-wall-deficient C. reinhardtii strain was transformed with the pDb124-Gal4 BD-CIB1 vector and screened with zeocin. Second, transgenic algal strains obtained in the first step were transformed with the pDh124-VP16-CRY2-UAS-amiRNA vector and screened with hygromycin B (Fig. 3). Positive clones were purified and verified by sequencing. These results showed that the alga transformation was successful and that the transgenic algal strains contained both vectors required for the blue light-inducible exogenous gene expression system.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Algal transformation and screening. Step 1: the pDb124-Gal4 BD-CIB1 vector was transformed into CC-849, and the algae were screened with zeocin. Step 2: the pDh124-VP16-CRY2-UAS-amiRNA vector was transformed into transgenic algae from step 1, and the algae were screened with hygromycin B. Red arrows in the picture indicate positive clones, i.e., transgenic algal strains containing the blue light-inducible exogenous gene expression system
Genomic DNA PCR verification
Transgenic algal strains screened by antibiotics were verified using genomic DNA PCR analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from CC-849 and transgenic alga using Universal DNA Extraction Kit Ver.3.0 (Takara). PCR was performed with Phanta® Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Vazyme) according to the user manual. All of the amplified products were verified by DNA Sanger sequencing (IGE Biotech., Guangzhou, China).
Small RNA extraction and reverse transcription
Small RNAs were isolated from CC-849 and transgenic alga using the small RNAiso reagent (Takara) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Polyadenylation and small RNA reverse transcription were performed using the PrimeScript™ RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Perfect Real Time) kit (Takara) according to the user manual.
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)
To detect the expression levels of miR1166.1 in CC-849 and transgenic alga, qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ II (Takara) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and the Applied Biosystems 7300 Real-Time PCR System (Framingham, MA, USA). U4 snRNA was used as the reference gene for miR1166.1 qRT-PCR detection, and ACTIN was used as the reference gene for psbA mRNA detection. The primer sequences are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. Data were processed using the 2−ΔΔCt calculation method, and then were analyzed using F test to test the homogeneity of variance and t test to determine difference significance.
Hydrogen detection
CC-849 and transgenic alga (250 ml) were cultured in 500-ml culture bottles sealed with rubber sheet septa until exponential phase in a red light incubator, followed by irradiation with continuous white or blue light to detect hydrogen production. A gas chromatograph was used to detect the concentration of H2 (Agilent 7890A; Agilent Technologies Inc., USA). H2, O2, and N2 in the gas samples were separated by a molecular sieve column (type 5 Å; mesh size 60/80; 6 ft. × 1/8 in. × 2.0 mm), and argon was used as the carrier gas. Data were analyzed using F test to test the homogeneity of variance, and then using t test to determine difference significance.
Blue light-inducible exogenous gene expression system
The GAL4 BD domain and VP16 transcription activator were fused with full-length CIB1 and CRY2, respectively. Upon blue light irradiation, CIB1 and CRY2 heterodimerization brought the GAL4 BD and VP16 activator into close proximity, resulting in transcription activation of the gene downstream of the UAS. The absence of blue light reversed the interaction and stopped gene transcription (Fig. 1).
The effect of blue light on H2 photoproduction in transgenic alga
Transgenic alga and CC-849 were cultured in red light until exponential phase and then treated with blue light for 8 h, and the hydrogen production was measured. Hydrogen production was significantly higher in the transgenic alga compared to CC-849 after blue light irradiation (Fig. 4), indicating that blue light induction of amiR-D1 expression affected the hydrogen photoproduction process in C. reinhardtii. In the following experiments, we investigated the effects of blue light and white light on target gene transcription activation, and explored the possibility of sustained hydrogen production by repeated induction.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
H2 production of CC-849 and transgenic alga in continuous red light and after 8-h blue light illumination. 250 ml algal cells were cultured in TAP (Tris–acetate-phosphate) medium at 22 °C, and the Y-axis is the total H2 yield in the culture bottle
Blue light irradiation activates artificial miRNA transcription
Since algal cell growth mostly relies on energy from photosynthesis, complete darkness would compromise the algal growth rate. We therefore used red light instead of darkness to reverse CRY2/CIB1 interaction (Additional file 1: Figure S1). The algae were cultured in a red light incubator until exponential phase and then placed under blue light. The transcript levels of amiR-D1 in CC-849 and the transgenic algal strain were analyzed by quantitative PCR before and after blue light irradiation. amiR-D1 transcripts in CC-849 were not detected or very low (due to unspecific binding), while in the transgenic alga, amiR-D1 was up-regulated by more than 14-fold after blue light treatment (Fig. 5a). After blue light irradiation, the psbA gene encoding D1 was up-regulated in CC-849 and almost unchanged in amiR-D1 transgenic alga (Fig. 5b). The results demonstrated the successful application of our blue light-inducible expression system in C. reinhardtii and the activation of amiR-D1 expression.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Quantitative transcript analysis of amiR-D1 (a) and psbA (b) in CC-849 and the transgenic algal strain before and after blue light irradiation. U4 and ACTIN were used as the reference genes. ND not detected
Blue light induces hydrogen production by optogenetically regulating amiR-D1
Hydrogen production of CC-849 and amiR-D1 transgenic alga in red light, blue light, and white light conditions were measured by gas chromatography (GC). The algae were cultured in red light until exponential phase, irradiated with blue light for 8 h, and then returned to red light before the white light irradiation. The first 4 h of blue light irradiation activated hydrogen production significantly in amiR-D1 transgenic alga but not in CC-849. The subsequent 4-h blue light treatment and the white light treatment on the second day only enhanced hydrogen production very slightly. Neither blue light nor white light irradiation showed any effect on CC-849 (Fig. 6). The increased hydrogen production clearly demonstrated that blue light enhanced hydrogen production through optogenetic activation of amiR-D1.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
H2 production of CC-849 and transgenic alga in blue light, red light, and white light. The column chart shows the total H2 yields of equal culture volumes of CC-849 and amiR-D1 transgenic algae in the culture bottles; yield was calculated from the H2 peak areas detected by gas chromatography (GC). The diagrams beneath the column chart summarize the blue light-induced transcription mechanism
Light-inducible systems have been used in diverse organisms, such as bacteria [17], cyanobacteria [18, 19], yeast [20], and mammalian cells [21, 22], but not in plants including green algae. This may reflect the fact that light is essential to photosynthetic organisms, and light deprivation has detrimental effects on many physiological processes. One exception is cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic and prokaryotic microorganisms. However, the green/red light-regulated gene expression system used in cyanobacteria relies on cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs), photoreceptors unique to these organisms [18, 19]. Although CBCRs are promising, they have not yet been shown to be applicable in eukaryotic cells. For this reason, we chose the CRY2/CIB1 system, which has already been successfully applied in many species without requiring any cofactors. To resolve the contradiction of using a light-induction system in a photosynthetic organism, algae were cultured in TAP medium under red light before blue light induction. Unlike darkness, red light can support algal cell photosynthesis. Additionally, the red light was produced using a red LED, which radiates light in a very narrow wavelength range and therefore cannot activate exogenous gene expression. TAP medium contains acetic acid, which provides algal cells energy as the carbon source. These two measures ensured the approximately normal growth of algal cells (Additional file 1: Figure S1B, C).
Full-spectrum white light has been reported as a light source for the CRY2/CIB1 system because no light wavelength has been found to reverse CRY2/CIB1 dimerization [20]. We used both blue light and white light to induce exogenous gene transcription, and both exhibited significant activation effects. Continuous light exposure causes cumulative stress in cultured mammalian cells [24], but we supposed that green algae cells may have better blue light tolerance because it is a photosynthetic organism. The results showed that both blue light and white light could induce hydrogen production, and they did not exhibit different effects. Thus, this blue light-inducible system can be activated by natural light, which is advantageous for industrialized cultivation because natural light is much more convenient and economical.
The blue light-inducible system altogether expressed three exogenous genes: CRY2-VP16, CIB1-GAL4 BD, and the target gene. To make the system easier to use, the three DNA fragments were arranged into two vectors in light of previous reports that a binary GAL4-VP16–UAS transactivation system was successfully applied in the higher plant Oryza sativa L. [25, 26]. Accordingly, we tandemly connected CRY2-VP16, UAS, and the target gene together in pDh124, with the following advantages: firstly, transformation is done twice instead of three times; secondly, only two antibiotics have to be added into the medium.
Sulfur deprivation can lead to sustained hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas, since the absence of sulfur inhibits photosynthetic activity and results in anaerobic environment in algal cells. Then hydrogenase is released from oxygen inhibition to produce hydrogen. Biochemical characterization of sulfur-deprived alga found that D1 protein is declined significantly. D1 is the reaction-center protein in the PSII complex, and is encoded by psbA gene. Accordingly, we chose D1 as the target and designed artificial miRNA to regulate hydrogen production [27, 28].
Hydrogen production in green algae requires electrons from the photosynthetic electron transfer chain to reduce H+, so we integrated a recovery time between the activating light irradiation treatments. During the recovery period, algal cells were cultured in red light for 12 h without amiR-D1 expression. We hypothesized that algal cells could produce electrons required for hydrogen production under white light irradiation on the second day, resulting in sustainable hydrogen production. However, the results showed that only the first blue light irradiation induced a significant increase in hydrogen yield, and the second round of white light irradiation did not have an ideal effect. One possible explanation is that cell growth and division had exhausted the available nutrition in the medium, and the cells in a poor growth state could not generate enough electrons. This situation may be improved by continuous culture with sustained fresh substrate feeding in industrialized cultivation.
The blue light-inducible exogenous gene expression system is highly versatile because all of the components in the system can be replaced. The target gene can be conveniently cut and replaced via restriction enzyme cleavage or homologous recombination to express protein coding genes, natural or artificial miRNAs, RNAi sequences, etc. Applicable DNA-binding components include GAL4 BD, zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs), transcription-activator-like effectors (TALEs), the CRISPR–Cas system, and the catalytically inactive dCas9. Possible light sensors include CRY2/CIB1, Phy/PIF, FKBP-FRB, and Magnets. The functional components can have various effects, including recombination (using endonucleases), transcription activation (using transcription activators such as VP16), transcription repression (using transcription repressors or DNA-binding proteins that block the target gene locus), or epigenetic modification (using enzymes such as histone modifiers) [21, 22, 29]. This highly versatile blue light-inducible system has potential as a powerful genome programming tool to control gene expression in green algae and possibly in higher plants, with the effects easily reversed by removing the blue light.
Previous studies have used nutrient-starved medium or heat treatment to improve hydrogen production by green algae; however, both methods affect algal cell growth and reduce the viability of large-scale algae culture. In this study, we described a blue light-inducible system in C. reinhardtii that achieved optogenetic regulation of an artificial miRNA and improved hydrogen production. This system activated amiRNA transcription and consequently suppressed target gene expression in blue light, and the activation was reversed without blue light. Transgenic alga were grown in red light to improve biomass accumulation and transferred to blue or white light to express the amiRNA targeting D1 protein and thus enhance hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield of transgenic alga with the light-inducible system was double that of the control group.
Authors’ contributions
ZH and HL guided the study. YW designed the vectors and drafted the manuscript. YW, XJ, and TS performed vector construction. XJ and CH performed algal transformation and quantitative PCR experiments. XJ, CH, ZZ, and XC performed hydrogen detection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
All data supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and the additional files.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470431), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation for Major cultivation project (2014A030308017), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (2016A030313052), Project of DEGP (2015KTSCX125), Shenzhen special funds for Bio-industry development (NYSW20140327010012), and Shenzhen Grant Plan for Science & Technology (JSGG20130411160539208, CKCY2016042710211071).
Publisher’s Note
Authors’ Affiliations
Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People’s Republic of China
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People’s Republic of China
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© The Author(s) 2017 |
A few years ago, my mother gave me a silk scarf. It is a singularly satisfying thing to touch: as light as a breeze, as smooth as water. It’s difficult to believe that the threads that make up the cloth were woven by little white worms, extracted from the fortresses they spun as they embarked on the metamorphosis from larva to moth. Silk is wonderful. But for centuries, people have been captivated by the quest for even stranger and more elusive fabric: spider silk.
Why weave silk out of spider webs? For one thing, spiders are more common than silkworms. They live pretty much everyone on earth (including my apartment). And everywhere they go, they spin their webs. For another, spider silk is a true wonder of nature—as strong as steel, as light as a feather. Imagine the cloth you could weave with those tremulous, gossamer threads. Spiders are certainly able to make good use of it: for cocoons, nest-linings, pheromone trails, sticky capture-spirals, and lifelines, among other purposes. Some spiders can even balloon on silk, floating for miles on twirling plumes. There is even one species of spider that lives underwater. It encases an air bubble in its web, and returns to it from its hunting to snatch an occasional breath.
Humans, too, have long made their own use of spider silk. In the Solomon Islands, indigenous people use an ingenious setup involving a kite, a line, and a spider-silk lure to catch the elusive needlefish, whose mouth is too narrow to be snagged on a traditional hook. In antiquity, the Greeks and Romans stopped up their battle wounds with spider-silk poultices.
Despite all this, the spider stays off our looms. No one has yet succeeded in recruiting the archetypal weaver as an agent of the textile industry. This isn’t for lack of trying. In the 1700s, French naturalist Bon de Saint Hilaire presented a set of spider-silk gloves and stockings to the French Academy. He was able to gather enough material by promising his neighbors to pay the price of silk, pound for pound, for the spider egg sacs abandoned in the corners of their cottages. (No doubt the neighbors were delighted at the chance to profit from his folly.)
The amateur weaver was quite satisfied with his results: “And by getting together a great many of these Bags, it was that I made this new Silk, which is in no ways inferior in beauty to common Silk. It easily takes all sorts of Colours; and one may as well make large pieces of it, as the Stockings and Gloves which I here present you.” Bon was convinced that he was at the forefront of a new industry. Soon spiders would replace silkworms, and France would lead the way.
When Louis XIV was presented with a spider silk garment, however, he was not nearly so impressed. Apparently, the material quickly tore in every direction, a royal wardrobe malfunction that humiliated the king.
In the 1800s, France made another attempt to turn spider silk into an industry. This time it was the Jesuit missionary Paul Camboué’s obsession that led the way. Proselytizing in Madagascar, he became fascinated with the Golden Orb Weaver.
The Golden Orb Weaver is a striking creature. With its legs extended, it’s the size of a human hand, and its webs are sized to match. Its silk shines saffron yellow in the sunlight. Camboué invented a device to reel the spider’s butter-yellow silk right out of its abdomen. The contraption, grimly termed “the guillotine,” looked like a bite-sized version of the medieval stocks: the spider is placed in a wooden yoke, with its abdomen protruding out one side, and its legs and head the other. With a light touch to the arachnid’s spinnerets, the dragline adheres to your finger, ready to be reeled out. Although spider-silk weaving is a long-standing idea, this odd device represents the first real attempt to industrialize the process, to graft the living creature into a machine.
Camboué’s work led to the establishment of a small spider-silk farm at the Professional School in Tananarive. Malagasy girls were employed to capture the spiders in baskets, lock them into the machines, and reel out their golden threads. A bed-canopy woven of these threads was shown at the 1900 Paris Exposition. It was an explicit symbol of how the French had exploited the resources of its new colony, both the product of its animals and the labor of its people.
But the spiders, by their very nature, resisted being converted into industrial drudges. Forced into close proximity, they “spun their webs over the walls of their prison until it was so completely covered, that no mosquitos or other insects could get in. Thus deprived of food, on the principle of the survival of the fittest, the stronger went on devouring the weaker until only a few were taken out alive, but these had attained an enormous size.” Perhaps this is why spiders have failed to supplant silkworms: they are too factious to be farmed.
Nonetheless, the allure of spider silk continues to draw in new obsessives. Just six years ago, a spider-silk cape was unveiled at the Victoria and Albert museum. It represents the work of eight years, eighty people, and one million Golden Orb Weavers. The cape is a sunny gold and adorned with images of web-casting spiders—a nod from the artisans to the weavers.
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Scientific American, Vol. 97, No. 7 (AUGUST 17, 1907), p. 118
Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
Scientific American, Vol. 83, No. 9 (SEPTEMBER 1, 1900), p. 133
Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
The Journal of the Society of Arts, Vol. 53, No. 2735 (APRIL 21, 1905), pp. 597-622
Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce |
Translation:There are not many people on the street.
June 7, 2018
This is a small thing, but "on the street" sounds strange to me (though not necessarily wrong). I would almost always use "in the street" for people or things literally in the roadway (which I assume the Chinese means). I would "on the street" to refer in a slightly figurative way to homeless people, back alley drug dealers, etc.
June 7, 2018
I think this comes down to colloquial preference; where I'm from, "on the street" sounds perfectly natural and "in the street" sounds a bit strange, haha....
June 13, 2018
There are a few people on the street. This should be accepted
June 25, 2018
Marked the word aren't incorrect for are not!
July 25, 2018
The sentence sounds to me like 'in the streets' should be accepted as well.
August 11, 2018
The Chinese sentence sounds a little awkward to me (native speaker). A more natural way to put it is 街上人不是很多 (or simply 街上人不多).
January 31, 2019
Learn Chinese in just 5 minutes a day. For free. |
Vulcan Personal Names (Part 7)
Some of Vulcan’s oldest and most revered occupations are reflected in the names of its people. A similar custom exists in many of Earth’s cultures. Surnames such as Smith, Cooper, Taylor, Weaver, and Wright all come to mind from the English tradition. From the Vulcan fishing villages on the coasts of the Voroth and Thanor Seas, names such as T’Pavis (t’sai pa’visu = “lady around the nets”) and T’Velar (t’sai fel-ar’kadan = “lady rower”) were popular.
Other names sprang from markets and bazaars: Prisu (prisu = “braider”), Oratt (oradasu = “honorable spinner”), T’Mor (t’sai mor = “lady of the leaf”),1 T’Mar (t’sai mahr = “market lady”), and T’Kiha (t’sai ki’haf = “basket lady”). One name of particular interest that has survived from the great desert bazaars is T’Neithan (t’sai nei-pseth-thon = “lady of the dry-seed measure”). The weight of one hundred cholla seeds was used as a standard measure up until the First Dynasty. The precise and fair weighing of trade goods was regarded as a sacred occupation, as was farming. One who could bring forth food from barren soil was highly regarded indeed. Solor (solek-tor = “one who works the soil”) is one of the names that comes to us from the farming traditions.
Those who could build sound structures and keep encroaching dunes at bay were also well respected. Kovar (kov ar’kadan = “stone-worker”), Suvok (su-vok = “person of the level/a mason’s apprentice”), Sefor (sef + tor = “dune-maker/shaper”), and Varen (aber + in = “one who raises up/a builder”) are some of the oldest names from the construction trades. T’Vish (t’sai vishizhukel = “lady of the foundry”) is likewise a popular name from the skilled trades.
From the courts of kings and warlords come names such as Lhai (leshu hai-fan = “standard bearer”), Vareth (var ithag = “story expert”), Suter (su-terseht = “insignia-person/a herald”), Stepn (svep-dvinsu = “doorkeeper”), Sarissa (s’a’rs’a = from the dance/a dancer”), Sybok (svai-bah-ker = “master of the bloom-garden”),2 and Vorealt (vohris-ryll-torsu = “slow ryll-player”).3
Temple traditions have yielded an equally impressive array of personal names. A few examples include T’Rel (t’sai reldai = “lady of the priestess”), T’Ra (t’sai ho-rah = “lady of ritual”), Sarda (sa-reldai = “priest”), and Ladok, an interesting name from a phrase that means “here serves honorable god,” la dvin-tor oekon.
Perhaps the most fascinating of what could be considered occupational names is one which survives from Surak’s time: Skamandros (skamau mamut-rushan = “attracts conversion aid”). The “conversion” in reference here is the reformation begun by Surak. Skamandros was one of Surak’s confidents and often served as his bodyguard. He took the name in honor of Surak. His given name was Ayhan (vai yon = “holy fire”).4
And speaking of Surak’s time, there are many Vulcan names which bear witness to troubled times. I’ll take a look at those in my next post.
1”Leaf” is thought to be a reference to tea or herbs.
2 Literally “bloom-garden;” “master” is implied.
3 Ryll is another word for ka’athaira, the traditional Vulcan lute.
One response to “Vulcan Personal Names (Part 7)
1. Wow, what a rich culture. I was always fascinated by nomenclature etymology. A name can say much about a person whether it was given on purpose or accident.
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Why Do Cat Sleeps With Eyes Open?
Surely, we have observed our cats in their sleep more than once. After all, cats like to sleep with their owners. We see them make the most absurd sleeping position – unimaginable, and perhaps a human body is incapable of.
Let me guess, you were fascinated and curious at the same time about the large variety of adorable antics and weird quirks our cats have as they sleep, such as why do cats sleep with eyes open; and that is the very reason why you are here right now!
Are they sleeping or not? Why are their eyes open?
Their eyes may be open but they are surely sleeping alright! Do not be surprised by this ability of theirs. Remember how we established that it is important to specify the kind of sleep our cat is in to answer our question? Well, cats may choose to sleep with their eyes open when they are in a light sleep.
1. Because they are in a light sleep
When a cat is in a light sleep, he or she is in resting mode but can easily react to anything that may happen in their surroundings as they sleep. In a light sleep, they are still highly aware of what is going on in their surroundings. Their ears would also twitch and point towards the direction of something that might have caught their attention.
2. They are simply trying to still keep track of their surroundings
Sleeping with eyes open will allow your cat to become more comfortable with their environment. Although your home is a safe one and no one can hurt your cat, they are still wired to behave that way. It is a behavior necessary for the preservation of life.
How do they do it?
Not only is their psychology telling them that it is the correct way of doing things – their physiology and other characteristics are also aligned with being crepuscular. They can easily sleep with their eyes open because their bodies allow them to.
They simply seek the most comfortable position for them and start dozing off. They would either choose to open both their eyes or keep only one eye open, usually only half-lidded. You will notice a dazed look that will somehow indicate that they are actually in light sleep.
Is it bad?
It is not bad at all! There is nothing to worry about why cats sleep with eyes open. It is a completely normal behavior and is part of how they preserve themselves from harm and other dangers that may be present in the surroundings.
So if you are wondering if you should be doing something about it, or maybe thinking that it is some kind of illness, then you can calm down now! It is completely normal and you should be happy that your cat is able to sleep that way.
Cat sleep chit-chat
We all know how a cat is capable of snoozing all day long! There is no question in how much they sleep – they are capable of sleeping for a very long time. It can be in terms of a series of light, quick naps or of deep, long sleeps.
This is due to the fact that they are crepuscular. Crepuscu-what? Well, in other words, this just means that cats are most active during the night to twilight. They aren’t lazy! They are just wired to be that way.
One thing is for sure, there are two states of sleep that a cat have. They could either be in light sleep or deep sleep. It is very easy to differentiate the two. A light sleep would mean they can easily wake, while it is the other way around when they are in deep sleep. Cats would spend most of their time sleeping in light sleep, and the rest in deep sleep. This is instinct working its magic.
It is important to identify this because the answer to our question involves the type of sleep our cat is in.
Round Up
Now that we have found out why our cat sleeps with eyes open, I bet you are wishing we have the same ability! After all, who does not want to feel like resting and then be able to easily revert back to being awake? It is just the one thing we need in the everyday hustle-bustle of our lives. And at the same time, it is an ability, which makes cats unique and fascinating!
Why Do Cat Sleeps With Eyes Open?
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29 terms
SS7CG5 - Middle East Government
Terms in this set (...)
United Nations
they partitioned the area of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states
a Jewish state
Israel's type of democratic government
unitary system
the central government in Jerusalem (Israel) handles most government functions
Israeli chief of state, who has little real power
prime minister
head of government in Israel
Israel's legislative branch of 120 seats
personal freedoms to improve in Israel
discrimination of Arab-Israelis, domestic violence against women, unequal education opportunities
a government controlled by religious leaders (like in Iran)
primary religion of Iran
also called the Islamic Republic of Iran
Supreme Leader
a religious position in Iran that last a lifetime unless the Assembly of Experts decides he is no longer fit for office
Assembly of Experts
the group in Iran that appoints the Supreme Leader
Supreme Court; High Council of the Judiciary
supervise enforcement of all the laws and establish legal policies
arrested for treason
If a person disagrees with the the government in Iran
they have fewer rights than men in Iran
the government of Saudi Arabia
government headed by a king or queen
Islamic Law
this governs the people of Saudi Arabia, not a constitution
Human Rights Watch
views the Saudi justice system as highly secretive and wants it open to the public
to divide land (like the area of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states)
Parliament (Grand National Assembly of Turkey)
Turkey's unicameral legislative branch
He is chief of state, directly elected by absolute majority of popular vote, & serves a 5 year term in Turkey
prime minister
head of government that is appointed by the president from members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
has limited freedom of expression through constitutional restrictions and laws
Saudi Arabia
has an autocratic monarchy government
Saudi Royal Family
also called the "House of Saud" claims their rule is divinely ordained
criticizing government
people can be jailed by committing this action in Turkey
private property
Laws protecting ______ are subject to Islamic practice in Turkey. |
Do Shoe Inserts Work for Over Pronators?
Over pronation is one of the most common causes of foot pain. You may have heard of over pronation – particularly if you spend any time with runners – but you may not know what it means.
What is Over Pronation?
Pronation refers to a part of the gait cycle. When a person walks or runs, they experience a gait cycle. This begins when you lift your foot up off the ground to take a step, and it ends when the foot returns to the ground. During that cycle, you experience pronation. Pronation refers to the fact that the foot rolls inward somewhat as it makes contact with the ground. A certain degree of pronation is normal and expected.
However, many people experience over pronation. Over pronation means that the foot rolls inward excessively when it strikes the ground, which causes the arch of the foot to flatten against the ground. This can cause the soft tissues in the bottom of the foot to stretch and the arch to collapse. It creates unnatural angles among the joint surfaces, and the joints become flexible and loose. The foot loses its stability.
If you over pronate, you may experience fatigue, muscle strain, foot and leg pain, and even foot deformities.
What Does Over Pronation Look Like?
If you over pronate, your heels may lean inward when you stand. Your knee caps might also turn inward when you are standing. You might develop flat feet or bunions. When you are being active, you may experience knee pain that resolves when you rest. You might also notice that the soles and heels of your shoes wear out very quickly.
Do Shoe Inserts Work for Over Pronators?
A single cause of over pronation has not been identified, but researchers believe it may be caused by anatomical factors such as leg length discrepancy, arch height, or muscle weakness. Environmental factors can also affect pronation. The type of shoe that a person wears can distinctly affect pronation.
There are several modifications that can be made to deal with over pronation. One of the most popular ways to cope with over pronation is to wear orthotic devices in the shoes. The large majority of runners who use orthotic devices to correct their pronation find that their pain is relieved and they are able to continue in their activities.
Certain types of shoes are also better for particular types of pronation. Motion control and stability shoes help to reduce the amount of force that is placed on the inside of the foot when a person is running. This also helps to make the foot, ankle, and leg more stable.
Some runners also find that taping their feet and legs or lacing their shoes in a particular manner helps to correct their pronation. There are many different lacing patterns that you can try to find a style that best suits you.
Shoe inserts can be a great source of relief for over pronators. They align the lower body and provide a support system for the feet. Shoe inserts can reduce pronation, which helps to prevent injuries and treat existing injuries. They are a simple and effective way to reduce pronation and relieve pain.
If you experience foot pain caused by over pronation, stop by Foot Solutions. We can help you to identify your style of pronation and find the shoes that will best suit you. We can also provide you with shoe inserts or order custom arch supports for you. These minor adjustments can greatly improve your comfort level so that you can continue your activities and be pain-free. Visit Foot Solutions today. |
Banana, fiber, manufacturers Suppliers Directory
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Its unique taste and texture, and the fact that it can be obtained year round, makes it very popular.Each pseudostem produce a bunch of yellow, green, or even reddish bananas before dying and being replaced by another pseudostem.
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of land, clean environment, large production capacities, large storage area and green lawns. Cooking bananas are very similar to potatoes in how they are used. Southeast Asia, the Malay
Archipelago, and, australia. Some recent discoveries of banana phytoliths in Cameroon, dating to the first millennium.C.E. Even though it is no longer viable for large scale cultivation, Gros Michel is not extinct and is still grown in areas where Panama Disease is not found. Women in Belize sorting bananas and cutting them from bunches. Unripe or green bananas and plantains are used for cooking various dishes and are the staple starch of many tropical populations. Some researchers have shown that the use of refrigeration is no longer essential to extend the life of bananas after harvest (Scott. In 2003, India led the world in banana production, representing approximately 23 percent of the worldwide crop, most of which was for domestic consumption. Bananas are refrigerated to between.5 and 15 C (57 and 59 F) during transportation. Bananas and plantains constitute a major staple food crop for millions of people in developing countries. After ripening, some bananas can be held for a few days in the home refrigerator. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 51: 23-26. Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea. This sophisticated technology allows storage and transport for 3-4 weeks at 13 degrees Celsius. Cavendish bananas in a grocery store The most important properties making Cavendish the main nyu export banana are related to transport and shelf life rather than taste; major commercial cultivars rarely have a superior flavor compared to the less widespread cultivars. Usda Regional IPM Centers Information System. Effect of temperature on the storage life of bananas held in polyethylene bags with an ethylene absorbent. For a healthy treat that children, especially, will love, peel one and push a wooden stick into one end. In the Japanese system, leaves and shoots are cut from the plant periodically to ensure softness. The leaves of the banana are large, flexible, and waterproof; they are used in many ways, including as umbrellas and to wrap food for cooking, including carrying and packing cooked foods.
Phd vacancy at lund university Banana fiber paper bags
paper Hybrids, cavendish which accounts for the vast bulk of bananas exported from the tropics. Bunches are harvested before the fruit is fully mature. There are suckers that grown around the main plant. And to a lesser extent for the production of fiber and as ornamental plants. In addition to being eaten. Costa Rica, by far the most important of these banana cultivars bags is" Production has fallen to only six tons per hectare. Del Monte, with this process continuing indefinitely Morton 1987. Or even grilled, the baby banana can be baked. Dip it into chocolate syrup and sprinkle with chopped nuts.
Small pieces dissertation of which are subjected to a softening process. Banana pudding The tender core of the banana plantapos. The trunk of the banana plant is harvested instead. In addition to the fruit, aeon overseas is an organization with purpose. Mechanical extraction of the fibers, bleaching, this involves removing and transplanting part of the underground stem called a corm. Gallery Traditional offerings of bananas and coconut at a Nat spirit shrine in Myanmar Bananas are often sold in bundles. Refrigerating bananas will retard the ripening process. The flower of the banana plant also known as banana blossom or banana heart is used in Southeast Asian.
Banana output in 2005 The United States has minimal banana production.Most banana farmers receive a low unit price for their produce as supermarkets buy enormous quantities and receive a discount for that business.
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Health of world's last male northern white rhino in decline In this Friday, July 28, 2017 file photo, wildlife ranger Zachariah Mutai takes care of Sudan, the world's last male northern white rhino, at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Laikipia county in Kenya. (AP Photo/Joe Mwihia, File/Make It Kenya/Flickr)
Health of world's last male northern white rhino in decline
Sudan and the females Najin and Fatu, along with a second male from the same subspecies that since died, arrived at Ol Pejeta from a Czech zoo in 2009.
San Diego's zoo had some northern white rhinos, but the last one died in 2015.
Northern white rhinos once roamed parts of Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic, and there were more than 2,000 remaining as recently as 1960, according to Save the Rhino International, a London-based group.
There are roughly 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa after efforts to save them from extinction began in the 1950s. Their numbers had dwindled to fewer than 100 in the late 19th century because of uncontrolled hunting.
African rhinos remain under intense pressure from poachers who kill them to meet demand for their horns in illegal markets, primarily in Vietnam and China. There are about 5,000 critically endangered black rhinos.
In Asia, the greater one-horned rhino species has been recovering and has a population of several thousand. The Sumatran and Javan rhinos are in extreme peril, with fewer than 100 of each species remaining.
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Assigned 47 times
Why is there only one?
Write your answers in the comments section below
• MarianaG-del
3/08/2018 - 04:23 p.m.
This article is about the last northern white male rhino his name is Sudan. He lives with the final 2 female northern white rhino in Kenya's Ol Pejeta Conservancy. His health is failing after he had an infection on his leg. The people are hoping to preserve this critically endangered subspecies before its too late.
• EliS-dec
3/12/2018 - 11:04 a.m.
There is only one northern white rhino left because of the long history of poaching in Africa. While in the past hunting of rhinos was considering to be ok. In this day an age Humans without regulation have the ability to be able to wipe out a species with our modern weapons.
• AllenH-dec
3/15/2018 - 01:36 p.m.
This article is legit i feel bad for the poor white rhino.
• SavanahC-dec
3/15/2018 - 01:41 p.m.
There is only one left because of poachers.
• CameronP-dec
3/15/2018 - 01:41 p.m.
Why would people even hunt this subspecies of these elegant white rhinos?
Take the Quiz Leave a comment |
Hearings needed on cell phones
September 17, 2007
Last month, police in suburban Phoenix blamed a teen's text-messaging for a head-on crash that killed two people.
In June, a head-on wreck in New York killed five teens. The crash happened only moments after the 17-year-old driver had sent and received text messages.
A 2001 report by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration found 16-year-old drivers have a crash rate three times higher than that of 17-year-olds, five times greater than 18-year-olds and almost 10 times greater than drivers ages 30-59.
California now requires teens to put down all cell phones and other electronic devices while driving.
At least 11 other states are considering bills banning teens from using electronic equipment. At least 15 states have passed bans.
Throw all this together and it points to a national dialogue about cell phones and driving.
Michigan is flirting with it: multi-pronged approaches have yet to yield any final votes.
- House Bill 5133 from 2005 prohibited cell phone use by new young drivers. It passed the House, but died before the Senate considered it. It has not yet been reintroduced. Singling out young drivers, when all drivers are distracted by such devices, was an opposition point.
- Senate Bill 449 would ban cell phone use by school bus drivers. It is sitting in the Education Committee
In late June, Gino Polidori, D-Dearborn, introduced House Bill 4982. It does the following:
- Forbids the use of cell phone while driving, including making or receiving phone calls or text messaging.
- Provides an exception for individuals using hands-free devices (such as Bluetooth), or individuals reporting road hazards or other emergencies.
- Creates a violation as a secondary offense. A driver would have to be pulled over for another offense before a ticket could be issued.
- No points would be added to a driver's record, but it's a $100 fine.
The bill is sitting in the House Transportation Committee, and no hearing is scheduled - the Legislature is busy not passing a budget.
The Legislature has political cover to pass some type of cell phone/driving restrictions law, at least when it comes to constituents A University of Michigan study issued in May 2006 found that in a survey, 65 percent said state government "should" pass a law making it illegal to use a cell phone when driving. The survey found 29 percent said government "should not" pass such a law.
One might argue that cell phone use is a matter of choice, and to prohibit it would invade privacy, smack of over-regulation.
Is cell phone behavior a matter of privacy? Given the intrusions the devices make on everyone around them, one might argue that cell phone use is within the public domain. But inside a car, isn't the call itself clearly a private matter?
Current Michigan careless/reckless driving statutes would cover punishment for drivers who cause accidents where phone use is a contributing factor. Like motorist who have a wreck eating a cheeseburger or fiddling with the radio, distracted drivers can be held accountable today without a new law.
But we argue that Michigan needs something to pound this point home. We' re not saying to ban cheeseburgers. The ubiquitousness of cell phone use and the distractions they have become represent a clear danger to everyone, not just motorists, but pedestrians as well… to your children and other innocents.
Polidori's bill is a start, though we'd like a law with more teeth, more enforcement options, and a broader scope addressing potential problems with other electronic devices including GPS systems, in-car theaters, etc.
Regardless, we don't want the Legislature to hang up on these bills before they get hearings and bicameral votes.
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Palestine Liberation Organization
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The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), of which Fatah is a part, formally recognized Israel in 1993. The PLO is an umbrella group effectively acting as the name of a coalition of parties in the Palestinian Authority, the significant exception being Hamas and other Islamist groups.[1] Fatah, however, never recognized Israel.
First established in 1964, notably before the capture of the West Bank and Gaza, its founding declaration declared the "right of the Palestinian Arab people to its sacred homeland Palestine and affirming the inevitability of the battle to liberate the usurped part from it, and its determination to bring out its effective revolutionary entity and the mobilization of the capabilities and potentialities and its material, military and spiritual forces". [2] In other words, its initial focus was on regaining the land assigned to the State of Israel, by UN General Assembly Resolution 181, which partitioned the British Mandate of Palestine.
Beginning of warfare
Fatah had existed as an underground since the mid-1950s. On January 1, 1965, its Al-‘Asifa military wing began guerrilla warfare against Israel. After the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, many of the PLO elements moved into Jordan, and to a lesser extent Syria.
Fatah proposed a one-state settlement in January 1968,[3] which would, however, have not preserved the Jewish identity of Israel. Israel took military action against PLO bases in Jordan in June. The PLO charter was changed at a Palestine National Congress in Cairo, to adopt a more militant approach.
Black September
Yasser Arafat became Chairman in 1969. In September 1970, the military forces of Jordan, in an action called "Black September" by the PLO, drove their forces out of their bases. The leadership moved to Beirut, Lebanon.
Fatah formed a deniable special operations unit, named Black September, not simply to carry out terror operations, but operations that would catch media attention. [4] Its first operation was first operation was the "assassination, in November of 1971, of Jordan's Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tal, who was gunned down as he entered the lobby of the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo. While Tal lay dying, one of the assassins knelt and lapped with his tongue the blood flowing across the marble floor. That grisly scene, reported in The Times of London and other major newspapers, created an image of uncompromising violence and determination that was exactly what Arafat both wanted and needed."
Subsequently, at the 1972 Munich Olympic games, it took members of the Israeli team hostage. All were killed.
Expulsion from Lebanon
In 1982, Israel moved against the Lebanese bases, and Arafat moved the headquarters to Tunisia. He returned the next year, but left afterwards.
While it had been believed that Tunisia was out of Israeli range, they flew an exceptionally long mission and bombed facilities there in 1985.
Elections in Palestine
1. Introduction, Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations
2. Statement of Proclamation of the Organization, Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations, 28 May 1964
3. Important Events of the Last 100 Years 1961 - 1985, Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations
4. Bruce Hoffman (December 2001), "All You Need Is Love", Atlantic Monthly |
HANS BERGER Biography - Theater, Opera and Movie personalities
Biography » theater opera and movie personalities » hans berger
The German psychiatrist Hans Berger was the first person to prove the existence of electric potentials (voltage fluctuations) in the human brain using an amplifying machine (an electroencephalograph). He recorded the first human Electroencephalogram (EEG).
Hans Berger
Hans Berger was born in May 21st, 1873, in Neuses near Coburg, Thuringia, Germany. He was the son of the physician Paul Friedrich Berger and Anna Ruckert. One of his grandfathers was Friedrich Ruckert (1788-1866), professor of Oriental languages and a much-quoted poet, whose work is still alive.
Berger graduated from the Gymnasium in Coburg and then entered the University of Jena. After one semester in astronomy he transferred to medicine. In 1897 he received his doctorate and became assistant to Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852-1929) at the university’s psychiatric clinic. Oscar Vogt and Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) were also assistants in the same clinic and encouraged young Berger to join in their work on cerebral localization.
Hans Berger was habilitated in Jena in 1901 and was appointed ausserordentlicher professor in 1906, 1912 physician-in-chief at the clinic, and in 1919 became director of the clinic and succeeded Binswanger in the chair of psychiatry and neurology. He was rector of the university 1927-1928, and prorector 1935 to 1938, when he was emerited. His appointment at Jena was the beginning of an illustrious scientific career. Hans Berger lived in Jena for 41 years until he became Professor Emeritus in Psychology in 1938.
The central theme in Berger’s work was the search for the correlation between objective activity of the brain and subjective psychic phenomena. In his work on blood circulation in the brain (1901) he described his efforts to gain insight into this correlation through plethysmographic registration of the brain pulsations. He investigated the influence of the heartbeat, respiration, vasomotor functions, and position of the head and body on brain pulsations, which were measured through an opening, made by trephination, in the skull.
After series of disappointing experiments measuring the blood circulation and temperature of the brain during the first two decades of the century, Berger following his return from World War I devoted himself mainly to the measurement of the brain’s electrical activity. In 1902 he had taken measurements of electrical activity above skull defects with the Lippmann capillary electrometer (Gabriel Lippman, 1845-1921), and later with the Edelmann galvanometer.
In 1910, however, Berger mentioned in his journal that the results of these measurements were not satisfactory. Therefore, until 1925 he followed two methods of research: stimulation of the motor cortex through a defect in the skull, measuring the time between stimulus and contralateral motor reaction, and registration of the spontaneous potential difference of the brain surface.
After 1925 Berger no longer used the stimulation method. He specialized, with ever increasing skill, in registering the spontaneous fluctuations in electrical potential that could be recorded through the skull from the cortex. In his first publication on electroencephalography (1929), he called July 6, 1924 the date of discovery of the human electroencephalogram, which he called “Elektroenkephalogramm.”
He did this not only in normal subjects but also in the brain-injured, thereby laying the foundation for the application of the technique to clinical technology. In the following year, using a Siemens double-coil galvanometer, he found a decrease in activity on sensory stimulation - thus duplicating the results obtained by Beck and Pravdich-Neminski in animals and he also found the counterpart of two of Pravdich-Neminski’s categories of waves, the alpha and beta ranges.
Electroencephalography (EEG) uses electrodes (made of lead, zinc, platinum, etc.) attached to the intact skull and connected to an oscillograph. The result is a visual picture of brain wave rhythms. Berger made seventy-three EEG recordings from his fifteen-yeasr-old son, Klaus.
The first frequency he encountered was the 10-hertz range, (8 to 12 Hz) which at first was called the Berger rhythm, currently called Alpha rhythm brain wave. After five years of investigation and re-examination of his results, he published his findings. He reported that the brain generates electrical impulses or ‘brain waves’. The brain waves changed dramatically if the subject simply shifts from sitting quietly with eyes closed (short or alpha waves) to sitting quietly with eyes opened (long or beta waves).
Furthermore, brain waves also changed when the subject sat quietly with eyes closed, “focusing” on solving a math problem (beta waves). That is, the electrical brain wave pattern shifts with attention. The publication of Hans Berger’s “On the Electroencephalogram of Man” in 1929 changed neurophysiology forever. Hans Berger thus earned the recognition of “Father of Electroencephalography.”
In developing electroencephalography, Berger was fully aware that Richard Caton (1842-1926), a Liverpool surgeon, had succeeded in 1875 in measuring electrical potentials on the exposed cortex of experimental animals (rabbit and monkey), and that he was thus the discoverer of the electrical activity of the brain. Berger also knew about the further successes along this line achieved by the Polish physiologist Adolf Beck (1863-1939) in 1891, and of the findings of Russian workers.
In 1912 a paper by the Russian physiologist Pravdich-Neminski (1879-1952) for the first time illustrated a photographic record of the electrical activity of the brain. He called it an “electrocerebrogram.” Pravdich-Neminski’s electrocerebrogram was made on dogs with the skull intact by means of the string galvanometer (Willem Einthoven, 1860-1927. Having suffered many setbacks in his experiments, Berger’s reaction to this demonstration was that he should work harder.
Berger’s experiments were carried on in his spare time and in utter secrecy. Never did he mention what he was doing, nor would he ever admit anyone to the laboratory located in a small building on the grounds of the clinic in which he worked.
As a diversionary measure he would give public discourses on telepathy, in which he was a firm believer, offering hypotheses of wave propagation to explain it. Increasing inflexibility in his attitude towards his assistants went hand in hand with his increasing isolation, so that people began to shun him.
Berger’s paper announcing that variations in voltage could be recorded through the intact cranium appeared in 1929, five years after he had conceived the idea. The others that followed were also epoch-making.
Recognition came late to Hans Berger, but in 1937 he was invited to preside with Adrian at the symposium on electrical activity in the nervous system at the Congress of Psychology in Paris. They hailed Berger as the most distinguished of all the visitors.
Tears came to his eyes as he said: “In Germany I am not so famous.” Plans were made to have him visit the United States to inspect laboratories where electrical studies on the brain were in progress and to lecture on his work. He began to polish his English and wrote: “I will come as soon as the international situation permits.”
Berger’s associates described him as punctual, strict, demanding, and reserved. Both for work and for leisure the synchrony of his days was phased to the exact minute.
He retired in 1938. As a front-row witness of the rise of Hitler and World War II, and forced by old age merely to wait and watch, he decided in a fit of melancholia - to which he was subject - that he had seen enough and on June 1, 1941, ended his life. He had entered the hospital on the medical service in Jena, and hanged himself.
After his findings were confirmed, the electroencephalogram was launched into use for the study of normal and abnormal human brain activity. The EEG revolutionized neurological and psychiatric diagnosis and made possible specialized research in the neurological sciences. Today, the EEG is used in the clinical diagnosis of serious head injuries, brain tumors, cerebral infections, epilepsy, and various degenerative diseases of the nervous system. |
The date is June 24, 1859. Suddenly, there he is, atop a hill overlooking the plain of Solferino. Napoleon's troops prepare for battle with the Austrians below, and Henri Dunant has a box-seat view from his place on the hill.
Trumpets blare, muskets crack and cannons boom. The two armies crash into each other, as Henri looks on, transfixed. He sees the dust rising. He hears the screams of the injured. He watches bleeding, maimed men take their last breaths as he stares in horror at the scene below.
Henri doesn't mean to be there. He is only on a business trip -- to speak to Napoleon III about a financial transaction between the Swiss and the French. But he arrived late and now finds himself in a position to witness first-hand the atrocities of war.
What Henri sees from his hill, however, pales in comparison with what he is soon to witness. Entering a small town shortly after the fierce encounter, Henri now observes the battle's refugees. Every building is filled with the mangled, the injured, the dead. Henri, aching with pity, decides to stay in the village three more days to comfort the young soldiers.
He realizes that his life will never be the same again. Driven by a powerful passion to abolish war, Henri Dunant will eventually lose his successful banking career and all his worldly possessions only to die as a virtual unknown in an obscure poorhouse.
But we remember Henri today because he was the first recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (in 1901). We also remember him because of the movement he founded -- the Red Cross.
Act One of Henri Dunant's life closed June 24, 1859. Act Two opened immediately and played the remainder of his 81 years.
Many people's lives can be divided into Act One and Act Two. The first performance ends when one decides to ultimately follow a new direction or passion. Henri Dunant's old life, driven by financial success, prestige and power, no longer satisfied. A new Henri Dunant emerged in Act Two; one who was motivated by love, compassion and an overriding commitment to abolish the horrors of war.
For some, Act Two may begin with a conversion, or a turning point. Others speak of a defining moment. However it is understood, the "old self" is laid to rest and a new self is born -- one governed by principle, spirit and passion.
You may be ready for Act Two. It may be the next scene of a life that counts. |
Lesson_51_John_12:34-43
Welcome Valley Bible Studies
Lesson 51
John 12:34-43
[34] The people answered him, We have heard out of the law that Christ abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of man? [35] Then Jesus said unto them, Yet a little while is the light with you. Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness come upon you: for he that walketh in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. [36] While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the children of light. These things spake Jesus, and departed, and did hide himself from them. [37] But though he had done so many miracles before them, yet they believed not on him: [38] That the saying of Esaias the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, who hath believed our report? and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? [39] Therefore they could not believe, because that Esaias said again, [40] He hath blinded their eyes, and hardened their heart; that they should not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted, and I should heal them. [41] These things said Esaias, when he saw his glory, and spake of him. [42] Nevertheless among the chief rulers also many believed on him; but because of the Pharisees they did not confess him, lest they should be put out of the synagogue: [43] For they loved the praise of men more than the praise of God.
Background Information
“Esaias” is the same as “Isaiah” in the Old Testament. The difference comes from the way the Greek and Hebrew forms are transliterated into English.
The difference between the quotations found in the New Testament and their Old Testament originals may also be due partly to the fact that some of the New Testament quotes are from the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Old Testament. When these are translated into English, the differences in the Greek and Hebrew (Old Testament) wording show up. There are probably other reasons as well, such as indirect quotations.
The idea of God blinding the eyes of some people proves troublesome to many. In addition to the passages in Isaiah, the book of Romans deals with this question in chapters 10 and 11. The theological debate over whether God chooses to save some people and condemn others or whether He allows us to choose for ourselves is beyond the scope of this study. It should be noted, however, that God truly wants to save everyone (2 Peter 3:9). We also need to keep in mind that had the Jewish people not rejected Jesus while He was on earth, they would not have crucified Him. Then, the plan of salvation would be out of reach for us all. However we understand God’s role in their rejection, we must recognize that today He wants to save everybody, Jew and Gentile. Also, keep in mind that many Jews did come to believe in Jesus shortly after His death and resurrection (Acts 6:7).
Related Scriptures
Isaiah 6:10
Isaiah 53:1
1 John 1:6-7
1. What had Jesus done that should have convinced people to believe in Him?
2. What happened to those who refused to walk in “the light” of Jesus’ teachings?
3. In what ways might the people of Jesus’ day have contributed to their own hard hearts?
4. Verse 40 says their eyes were blinded and their heart hardened. Each person has two eyes and one heart. Is it possible that Jesus is referring to the collective “heart” of the nation rather than the hearts of individuals?
5. Why didn’t the rulers who really believed in Jesus admit to it?
6. In what ways are you tempted to love the praise of men more than the praise of God?
This study is in the public domain and may be copied and distributed freely. |
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Dogs Recognize Familiar Faces from Images
So far, the specialized skill for recognizing facial features holistically has been assumed to be a quality that only humans and possibly primates possess. Although it’s well known that faces and eye contact play an important role in the communication between dogs and humans, the study described here is the first in which facial recognition of dogs was investigated with eye movement tracking. The work was reported in the December 2013 issue of Animal Cognition. Typically, animals’ ability to discriminate between different individuals has been studied by training the animals to discriminate between photographs of familiar and strange individuals. The researchers, led by Professor Outi Vainio at the University of Helsinki, tested dogs’ spontaneous behavior towards images – if the dogs are not trained to recognize faces, are they able to see faces in the images and do they naturally look at familiar and strange faces differently? “Dogs were trained to lie still during the image presentation and to perform the task independently. Dogs seemed to experience the task rewarding, because they were very eager to participate,” says Professor Vainio. Dogs’ eye movements were measured while they watched facial images of familiar humans and dogs (e.g., dog’s owner and another dog from the same family) being displayed on the computer screen. As a comparison, the dogs were shown facial images from dogs and humans that the dogs had never met. The results indicate that dogs were able to perceive faces in the images. Dogs looked at images of dogs longer than images of humans, regardless of the familiarity of the faces presented in the images. This corresponds to a previous study by Professor Vainio’s research group, where it was found that dogs prefer viewing conspecific faces over human faces. Dogs fixed their gaze more often on familiar faces and eyes rather than strange ones, i.e., dogs scanned familiar faces more thoroughly. In addition, part of the images was presented in inverted forms i.e., upside-down. The inverted faces were presented because their physical properties correspond to normal upright facial images e.g., same colors, contrasts, shapes. It’s known that the human brain process upside-down images in a different way than normal facial images. Thus far, it had not been studied how dogs gaze at inverted or familiar faces. Dogs viewed upright faces as long as inverted faces, but they gazed more at the eye area of upright faces, just like humans. This study shows that the gazing behavior of dogs is not only following the physical properties of images, but also the information presented in the image and its semantic meaning. Dogs are able to see faces in the images and they differentiate familiar and strange faces from each other. These results indicate that dogs might have facial recognition skills similar to those of humans. [Press release] [Animal Cognition abstract] |
Designing Pandemonium: An Art History of Mardi Gras in New Orleans
By D. Eric Bookhardt
Design for Proteus Parade Float, 1906, by Bror Anders Wikstrom
Click Images to Enlarge
Mardi Gras has long existed as a multi-dimensional phenomenon that reflects both the street and the elite, the mainstream and the esoteric, dark and light, Apollonian and Dionysian--although with Mardi Gras, as with all carnival celebrations, the Dionysian has always held a distinct advantage. Forever skirting the margins between the officially celebrated and the outré or forbidden, it has always been propelled by a spirit of creative anarchy that harks to its origins in the myths and mysteries of pre-Christian antiquity.
Carnival Colorplate, March 1, 1892 Picayune Newspaper
Click Images to Enlarge
The carnival tradition that the French originally brought to New Orleans in the form of Mardi Gras has roots in the ancient Roman winter rites of the Lupercalia and Saturnalia, which over time became orgiastic exercises in excess, as well as in the early Druidic version of carnival in which the kings were chosen by drawing lots (a ritual replicated with our "king cake babies" today) and then sacrificed at the end of their year-long reign. This human sacrifice component was eventually replaced with animals such as Le Boeuf Gras, the fatted ox still seen in the Paris and New Orleans carnivals and from which the name, Mardi Gras, or "Fat Tuesday," is derived. Initially opposed by early Roman Catholicism, carnival was too deeply rooted to defeat, so the Church incorporated it as the prelude to Lent. All of which makes it very difficult to explain or comprehend in the context of an America defined by Calvinist and utilitarian rationalist traditions.
Signum Salutus, Hermes 2011
But Mardi Gras does express a psychically atavistic and dreamlike spirit of creative abandon that has artistic parallels in movements such as surrealism and the French symbolists who preceded it. A cursory look at the float and costume designs of the 19th century New Orleans Mardi Gras and their modern equivalents reveals clear correspondences with the work of French symbolists such as Gustave Moreau (left: Jupiter and Semele, 1894) and Odilon Redon, himself a son of Louisiana parents who returned to their native France only after he was conceived. And while carnival has been celebrated here from the settlement's early 18th century beginnings--its earliest name was Point du Mardi Gras--it was only in the latter 19th century that it came into its own in the creative efflorescence that was its golden age, and spawned the gaudy organized parades for which it is known today.
By far the biggest, richest and most diverse city in the South, with a large free black professional class and immigrants from all over the world, antebellum New Orleans attracted characters as varied as Walt Whitman, who wrote for what is now the Times Picayune, and the Afro-Parisian expatriate Jules Lion, whose New Orleans Daguerreotype studio became the first in the South while making him the first African-American professional photographer. He may have even created the first photograph of Whitman, but was also a portrait painter popular with prominent New Orleanians such as the wealthy merchant Asher Moses Nathan (above left, with son), and his subjects included such eminent figures such as Andrew Jackson, among others. By all rights, the Civil War's economic devastation should have put an end to the city's vaunted cultural ferment, yet implausibly it became an even bigger magnet for artists from all over the world in much the way that artists moved here in numbers in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. It was a time when local families maintained second homes in Paris and the Creole femme fatale Virginie Gautreau (immortalized in John Singer Sargent's portrait, Madame X) scandalized that city's salons, even as Edgar Degas, Louisiana Haitian-French on his mother's side, drew inspiration from his origins in a visit that ultimately proved catalytic to the evolution of his style. All of this coincided with carnival's creative renaissance--but only after a period of decline during which it almost had to die in order to be reborn.
Degas' New Orleans Cotton Exchange features his brother, Achille, extreme
left, and his uncle Michel seen polishing his spectacles in the foreground.
The original carnival celebration of the self-designated "Creole" descendants of the early French and Spanish settlers was processional in public yet defined by elaborate private bal masques. Decorous and exclusive, if notoriously hedonistic, they posed a distinct contrast to the laissez-faire celebrations on the streets, where everyone else participated however they could. By the 1850s, the public festivities had been tarnished by the overly aggressive antics of prostitutes and petty criminals to such an extent that ordinary citizens increasingly stayed home. The need for more structured public events was addressed in 1857 when some young American businessmen from Mobile, Alabama, founded the Mistick Krewe of Comus, the first organized Mardi Gras parade with floats and coordinated costumes. Building on an old Mobile New Years parade tradition, the Mistick Krewe took its name from John Milton's literary character, Comus, the sorcerer son of Bacchus and Circe "whose hedonism was equaled only by his guile." The occult demeanor of its first parade, The Demon Actors in Milton's Paradise Lost, set the tone as new parades based on related themes proliferated and the medieval term "krewe" was applied to those organizations as well. From then on, New Orleans' carnival season was marked by a celebration of pagan gods and myths rarely seen since antiquity. (Above: Ishtar figurehead, Hermes 2011)
This love of the fantastic even extended to scientific discoveries, which Comus repurposed to parody public figures in its 1872 pageant The Missing Links to Darwin's Origin of Species, inaugurating a tradition of satire that continues in parades such as the bawdily boisterous Krewe du Vieux today. Carnival's underlying spirit was always inherently inclusive, so beyond the formal pageants of the social and business elites, the Mardi Gras renaissance also spawned masking and parade societies across social, cultural and racial lines. The first formal black Mardi Gras parade, Zulu, right, was founded in 1909 although published reports of spirited black carnival processions date to at least the early 19th century. Some less formal organizations ranged from the black Mardi Gras Indian "tribes," Skull and Bone Men and Baby Doll societies to a varied roster of ethnic and neighborhood groups, gay balls, drag queen pageants, even the all-canine Krewe of Barkus.
Underlying and uniting all this was an indigenous strain of distinctly surrealistic creativity that seemed to arise from unknown origins. Beyond their Milton-inspired demonology, early Comus costume designs featured such iconic figures as the Female Eye, left, seen in its 1869 pageant, The Senses, reflecting the inspiration of an anonymous artist while presaging Odilon Redon's Cyclops studies such as his 1882 Les Origines, right. But many of the later and better documented Mardi Gras parades were designed by known artists, as carnival historian Henri Schindler, a celebrated designer in his own right, has chronicled in a series of sumptuous and scholarly books beginning with his landmark Mardi Gras New Orleans (Flammarion, 1997). Of that pantheon of inspired artists--a group that included Charles Briton, Carlotta Bonnecazze and Jennie Wilde--the most emblematic was Bror Anders Wikstrom. A founder of the Art Association of New Orleans, Wikstrom was a noted maritime and landscape painter active in his native Sweden as well as Paris and New Orleans, where he created legendary Rex and Proteus pageants from 1885 until his death in 1909. Just as Comus' Female Eye presaged Redon, Wikstrom's designs often appeared to anticipate legendary surrealists such as Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning.
Bror Anders Wikstrom: Proteus Float Design, 1907
Despite its illustrious history, much of Mardi Gras became fairly predictable over the course of the twentieth century, and in 1969 Henri Schindler and two other young artists, Paul Poche and Jon Newlin, founded the Societe' de Ste. Anne to recreate the processional artistry ascribed to the early Creoles.
Societe' de Ste. Anne Parade, 2009
Borrowing as well from the baroque extravagance of the Venice carnival, Ste. Anne and its ever-expanding band of artist activists was noteworthy for its success in helping to return Mardi Gras to its proto-surrealist roots. Schindler went on to become the designer of the Comus, Rex and Hermes parades, although Comus ceased parading in 1991 after the city passed an ordinance banning anonymous groups and secret societies from carnival processions. But Rex remains the emblematic Mardi Gras parade and Schindler, below, its legendary designer.
Henri Schindler with The Great Mogul on His Birthday, Hermes 2011
Another benchmark in the art history of Mardi Gras was the Krewe of Clones. Founded by Denise Vallon in 1978 and sponsored by the Contemporary Arts Center as a performance art spectacle, Clones disbanded in 1988 after years of conflict with City Hall over its provocative antics on the streets of the business district. But before long Clones regrouped as the Krewe du Vieux in Faubourg Marigny and the French Quarter, where provocative antics were de rigueur, and where its bawdy and parodic parades continue today. Like the Societe de Ste. Anne, Clones marked an attempt by artists to return Mardi Gras to its freewheeling processional roots, a goal shared by numerous smaller if no less laissez faire groups such as the Krewe of Kosmic Debris. Ultimately, much of Krewe du Vieux's appeal is rooted, like Clones, in its role as an ambulatory performance art troupe with a very visceral approach to social and political satire.
Krewe du Vieux, 2011
As a fine arts phenomenon Mardi Gras has had its ups and downs, and much of its allure has historically been ascribed to its nature as an inclusive participatory spectacle, so it is probably understandable that many mainstream parades incorporate the flash and dazzle of the contemporary entertainment industry even as they employ talented artists to create and execute predictable, if popular, designs. That is all well and good, but the more profound magic of Mardi Gras lies elsewhere. In that regard, the contemporary keepers of the flame would have to include designers such as Henri Schindler and his associate artists and craftsmen who preserve the standards of the 19th century carnival's golden age. Accolades must also attend those anonymous maskers whose imagination appears boundless and whose costumes spare no detail. On a group level, this description must certainly apply to the Mardi Gras Indian tribes whose outfits have only become more gorgeous and elaborate over time. Once street gangs who greeted rival tribes with occasional violence, the Indians evolved over time to give us such enlightened leaders such as the late Tootie Montana, the Big Chief of the Yellow Pocahontas tribe, and Victor Harris, the Big Chief of the Fi Yi Yi tribe, men who inspired not only great designs but also a civic minded and compassionate worldview. (Above left: Fi Yi Yi Mardi Gras Indian suit, 2009.)
Inside the Rex Den: The Royal Barge and Ganesh, Rex 2011
All of which begs the question: what exactly is carnival as a creative idiom, and why is it important? Although its resonance is obviously atavistic and archetypal, harking to the ancient rituals and mythologies that linger in the recesses of collective memory, there is scant understanding of its true nature and function as an art form. One scholar who has devoted much time and energy to advancing this discussion is Claire Tancons, a native of the French Caribbean department of Guadeloupe. An internationally active New Orleans-based curator who co-curated the Prospect.1 Biennial, Tancons describes the carnival procession as "the opera of the streets, a form of structured and driven psychogeography. It is a prime unifying display mode of creative acts in public space. Processions are to streets what exhibitions are to museums and plays to theatre, and beyond their obvious artistic content, they speak to an aesthetics of the commons." And that sums it up. For cities still inhabited by the spirits of place, as New Orleans clearly is, Mardi Gras is a quintessential mode of expression. (Above Left: Costume for Proteus 1907 by Bror Anders Wikstrom. Below: The Temptation of St. Anthony by Max Ernst, 1945.)
Note: The title, Designing Pandemonium, refers to the inspiration for the first Comus parade, Milton's Paradise Lost, in which "Pandemonium" appears as the capital of hell.
Related: Tulane's Carnival Collection |
Sentence Outline Example Essay
Types of Outlines and Samples
Alphanumeric Outlines
This is the most common type of outline and usually instantly recognizable to most people. The formatting follows these characters, in this order:
• Roman Numerals
• Capitalized Letters
• Arabic Numerals
• Lowercase Letters
If the outline needs to subdivide beyond these divisions, use Arabic numerals inside parentheses and then lowercase letters inside parentheses. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.
What is the assignment?
Your instructor asks the class to write an expository (explanatory) essay on the typical steps a high school student would follow in order to apply to college.
What is the purpose of this essay?
To explain the process for applying to college
Who is the intended audience for this essay?
High school students intending to apply to college and their parents
What is the essay's thesis statement?
When applying to college, a student follows a certain process which includes choosing the right schools and preparing the application materials.
Full Sentence Outlines
The full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the Alphanumeric outline. The main difference (as the title suggests) is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline. This outline is most often used when preparing a traditional essay. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.
Decimal Outlines
The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline. The added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline relates to the larger whole. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.
3. Creating a Thesis Statement & Outline
I.What is a thesis statement?
III. How do I create a thesis statement?
Example: youth gangs + prevention and intervention programs
2. Make a claim or argument in one sentence.
Example: Prevention and intervention programs can stop youth gang activities.
3. Revise the sentence by using specific terms.
VI. How do I make an outline?
Next Chapter: 4. Choosing Appropriate Resources
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Nutrition chapter 5-7
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A family of organic compounds including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
The chief form of fat in foods and in the human body.
What is made up of 3 units of fatty acids and 1 unit of glycerol?
What are present in all cell membranes?
What has a structure similar to that of cholesterol?
What is waxy, present in food and part of hormone production?
What can be moved in or out of a cell?
What is the cause of high cholesterol?
saturated fat
Fatty acids that the body needs but cannot make in amounts it needs?
essential fatty acids
What is the functions of fat?
1.chief storage form for energy
2.provides energy
3.surrounds vital organs
5.absorption of phytochemicals
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A,D,E, and K
What is rich in monounsaturates?
vegetable oils, olive oil, and canola oil
What is the most saturated fat?
lard and animal fat
What are some hidden fats?
biscuts, cake, ice cream
What are the 3 major lipoproteins?
What carries tyiglycerides and other lipids made in the liver to the body cells for their use?
What transports cholesterol and other lipids to the tissues?
What are critical in the process of carrying cholesterol away from the body cells to the liver for disposal?
What lipoprotein is larger, lighter, and richer in cholesterol?
What lipoprotein is smaller, denser, and packaged with more protein?
If elevated, what lipoprotein concentrates in the blood and is a sign of high risk of heart attack?
What triggers a rise in LDL cholesterol in the blood?
saturated and trans fat
Most people are wise to choose a diet that provides?
20-35% of its calories from fat
What is the best diet for heart health?
fruits, veg, nuts, and whole grains
What foods provide Omega 3?
grains, seeds, nuts, leafy veg, oils, and fish
What food can be eaten 2 or 3 times a week?
What are the 2 polyunsaturated fatty acids?
omega 3 and omega 6
What process of fats make food stay fresher longer and change their physical properties?
Vegetable oils becomes more saturated when they are?
A vitamin that serves as an anitoxidant is?
vitamin E
Good sources of vitamin C include?
strawberries, cirtrus fruits, and broccoli
A vitamin that can be synthesized from intestinal bacteria is?
Vitamin K
Water-soluble vitamins have the following characteristics except that?
they are stored in fatty tissues of body
Beta-carotene is a precursor for what vitamin?
Vitamin A
An individual with a problem with excessive alcohol ingestion may develop a deficienct of?
To prevent birth defects of the neural tubes, a woman should consume sufficient amounts of?
Pellagra is the deficiency disease of?
Vitamins that act as part of coenzymes include?
B vitamins
Rickets is the deficiency disease in children who lack what vitamin?
Vitamin D
What functions with vitamin E as an antioxidant?
Water makes up what percent of the body's weight?
What is a way to absorb more dietary iron?
consume a source of vitamin C at the same meal
A zinc deficiency in children reduces the body's ability to?
taste foods and grow
What maintains the volume of fluid outside of cells?
What works with insulin to control blood glucose levels?
The most abundant mineral in the body is?
Sources of iodine include the following except?
sea salt
The principle positively charged ion inside cells is?
Most of the magnesium of the body is fount in the?
What is the most essential nutrient the body needs?
How much water is needed a day?
6-8 cups
Loss of water
What is the first sign of dehydration?
What is a symptom of dehydration?
Water with high calcium and magnesium concentrations.
hard water
Major minerals form what that dissolve in the body fluids?
What mineral is stored in the bones and teeth?
What are the 2 important roles calcium plays? is an integral part of bone structure
2.serves as a bank that can release calcium to the body fluids if even the slightest drop in blood calcium concentration occurs
What 2 minerals are essential to bone formation?
calcium and phosphorus
What is the second most abundant mineral?
What mineral helps maintain normal blood pressure?
A person whose calcium savings account is not sufficient is more likely to develop fragile bones which is called?
What is the recommended intake of calcium in adults?
1,000mg a day
What mineral is part of the DNA and RNA of every cell and is essential for growth and renewal of tissues?
What is the recommended intake of phosphorus in adults?
What is the recommended intake of sodium in adults?
What mineral plays major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity, and is critical to maintaining the heartbeat?
Dehydration leads to a loss of what mineral from inside cells?
What is the recommended intake of potassium in adults?
4700mg / daily
What are sone food rich with potassium?
whole foods, orange juice, bananas, lima beans, avocado
What are trace minerals?
1. Iodine
2. Iron
3. Zinc
4. fluoride
What are the major minerals?
1. calcium
2. phosphorus
3. sodium
4. potassium
What trace mineral is part of the hormone thyroxine, which influences energy metabolism?
What trace mineral in the body is contained in hemoglobin and myaglobin or occurs as part of enzymes in the energy-yeiding pathways?
What trace mineral is required for cellular energy metabolism?
What is the best source of food that is rich in iron?
red meat
What mineral helps to regulate gene expression in protein synthesis?
What mineral assists in immune functions, wound healing, sperm production, taste perception, fetal development, and growth and development in children?
What mineral assists enzymes in all cells?
What are some food sources of zinc?
meat, shellfish, poultry, milk, milk products
What mineral stabilizes bones and makes teeth resistant to decay?
A deficiency of what mineral is a leading cause of mental retardation worldwide?
What factors hinder iron absorption?
tea, coffee, caffinated beverages
What is a symptom of a person lacking iron?
unable to concentrate
How is calcium intake determined?
by person's age and vitamin D status
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
C and B
What is the functions of vitamin A?
gene expression, vision, maintenance of body linings and skin, immune defenses. growth of bones and normal develp of cells
What vitamin is rich in beta carotine?
vitamin A
What are some food sources of vitamin A?
liver, fish oil, milk, milk products
What is a deficiency in adults who lack vitamin D?
Which vitamin is known as the toxic vitamin?
vitamin D
What vitamin is an antioxidant and serves as one of the body's main defenders against oxidative damage?
What is the main function of vitamin K?
help synthesize proteins that help clot the blood
What are some food sources rich in vitamin K?
cauliflower, canola oil, spinach
What is the function of vitamin C?
antioxidant, restores vitamin E to active form, supports immune system, boosts iron absorption
What are the food sources of vitamin C?
orange juice, broccoli, strawberries, sweet potatoes, grapefruit, brussels sprouts
People who lack alot of fruits and veg have a greater chance of suffering what?
muscular distrophy and blindness
What vitamin acts as part of coenzymes?
vitamins B
What vitamin helps the body metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids?
vitamin B
What vitamin B is only found in animal source?
Describe fat-soluble vitamins?
they are stored extensively in tissues
What is the best food source of folate?
Why does minerals act as a laxicitve?
to rid of all fat-soluble vitamins
When eating at a fast food resteraunt, what would be the best food item to order that is rich in beta-carotene?
salad with carrots
What governs water intake?
by thirst and satiety
What regulates water excretion?
brain and kidneys
What is the function of water?
carries nutrients throught the body, cleanses tissues and blood waste, participates in chemical reactions, lubricant for joints, maintains body temp
What is the purpose of water in the body?
to keep cells alive
What synthesizes protein?
carbohydrates and fats
Do people need adequate protein in their diets?
Do people need amino supplements?
What happens when you get to much protein?
may pose health risks for the heart, weakened kidneys, and bones. but otherwise offers no benefits
Over emphasized protein rich foods
loose out folate
loose out vitamin C
loose out vitamin B
A person who is a vegetarian and eats a soy diet will develop what?
iron deficiency
A soy protein diet is low in?
Protein digestion begins in the?
DRI recommends protein intake for healthy adults?
0.8 gram per kilogram of body weight
An athlete should consume an excess of what?
What coating of what secreted by the stomach wall protects its proteins from attack by either acid or enzymes?
What is the functions of protein?
1.growth and repair
2.enzymes and hormones
Deck Info |
Although the term ‘xeriscape’ may conjure up a bleak and lifeless landscapes, the practice of xeriscaping is a highly desirable landscaping endeavor in arid or semiarid regions that can result in lush and beautiful gardens. Denver, Colorado supported xeriscaping when there wasn’t a name for it. Denver Water, the city’s water municipality, coined the phrase by combing “landscape” with the Greek word xeros which means “dry” back in 1981. A concerted effort was made to encourage homeowners to lower their use of city water for lawns and gardens and to incorporate xeriscaping principles into their landscaping.
However, xeriscaping didn’t start in the 1980s, but has been in use for centuries by farmers and gardeners.
Water is a precious commodity, especially in regions of the United States that have experienced prolonged droughts or receive minimal annual precipitation. In the United States, xeriscaping has caught hold mostly in western states with dry climates, high water rates, or in areas with an eye towards water conservation. Irrigation water is mainly put to use growing crops, but the agricultural community has also embraced water-saving concepts or equipment to minimize waste. Incorporating a drip irrigation system into a landscape project is one of the key aspects of xeriscaping, but not the only key.
At its core, xeriscaping incorporating water-saving techniques through the use of specialized drip irrigation equipment and incorporating drought-tolerant plants and soil amendments. Instead of picking a fight with Mother Nature, gardeners can utilize basic landscaping techniques and work with the local climate to create award-winning colorful gardens that are the envy of the neighborhood.
Xeriscaping Principles
Birds eye view of diverse potted cacti
There are several aspects to xeriscaping that include: appropriate vegetation such as drought tolerant or native species, efficient water-delivery systems that minimize waste, enhancing soil conditions, group plantings with similar water needs, or using alternative ground covers such as rocks or gravel that don’t require any irrigation. A lush-looking lawn may be a typical addition to a home garden but it may be impractical in terms of the maintenance and cost needed to keep it green.
Plant Selection
Selecting appropriate plants to include in a xeriscape garden will rely upon choosing from species native to the area or those that are drought tolerant. Native plants have an advantage in that the are already adapted to local environmental conditions such as soil type, hardiness, or drought resistant. Mother Nature has provided years of testing and many of these species produce beautiful flowers, colorful fall foliage, or structure that other plants do. Many native plants have reduced leaf sizes, waxy cuticles on the leaves to prevent moisture loss, shallow root systems to absorb rainfall, or no leaves at all such as cacti.
Nurseries and garden centers either specialize in plants native to a region or have sections that include plants from other regions or countries that would be suitable to include in your particular zone. These plants may be selected for their drought-tolerant nature, as well as showiness. One example would be Russian sage or Perovskia atriplicifolia. Native to Central Asia, this member of the Mint family is a low maintenance drought- and heat-tolerant shrub that produces beautifully fragrant bluish flowers. Often incorporated into xeriscape gardens, the plant is also deer-tolerant and attracts butterflies.
Alternative Ground Covers
Stone Ground Cover Edge
Lawns can require a lot of maintenance and resources to keep them looking good. They can also be removed and replaced with alternate ground covers to create an attractive and practical alternative. Crushed rock, cobblestones, or volcanic rock may replace a typical lawn and include the installation of a drip system to provide water to any plantings. In areas like Phoenix, Arizona where traditional irrigation systems are too expensive or impractical to operate, rethinking the idea of a lawn has led to water conservation and financial savings for homeowners.
Appropriate addition of soil amendments or surface mulches can also contribute to retaining moisture, lowering surface temperatures, and providing nutrients to root systems that spread laterally versus the deep tap rooted species.
Watering Systems
Drip Irrigation Tubing with a Bead of Water
Planning is a key component when installing a new xeriscape garden or altering a current site. Grouping plants with similar water and soil needs helps determine the type of delivery system needed. Removing a lawn to install a wildflower meadow could utilize any underground sprinkling system already in place. Adjusting the amount of water needed to keep the wildflowers growing can be accomplished with a water timer to provide a predetermined water amount, as well as delivery during cooler hours of the day or night to minimize evaporation losses.
Installing a row of shrubs could benefit from a drip irrigation system. Although drip irrigation systems have been used for centuries, modern-day systems that incorporate plastic pipe and emitters was developed within the last 75 years in Germany, Australia, and Israel. These systems provide water close to the root zone to minimize waste. Drip or spray emitters deliver a pre-determined amount of water, such as 1 gallon an hour, to the plants. Connectors and microtubing allow gardeners to deliver water to widely-spaced plants or those in a cluster.
Drip systems may require some long runs of ½” flexible black tubing that emitters can be attached directly into or that will accept smaller connectors to be used with ¼” or ⅛” micro tubing. The tubing comes in rolls and can be easily cut with garden scissors or a specialized knife for a nice clean edge. Connecting the tubing to the fittings can sometimes be a challenge because the fittings have a flared lip that helps hold the tubing to the fitting. Softening the end of the tubing with heat allows the now more pliable tubing to slip over the flare. Sprayers and other drippers can then be connected to the end of the micro tubing. Like irrigation sprinklers, the sprayers come in full circle, 180 degrees, 90 degrees, or adjustable to direct water where needed.
Determining the water needs of plants is a bit of a challenge, but perennials need about 2 gallons per week. Trees and shrubs have higher water needs and require water to be delivered over a wider area that just at the base. Several rows of tubing and emitters may be required to deliver water to trees and shrubs with extensive root systems; trees taller than 25 feet will probably require some other or additional water deliver to meet their growing needs.
Another aspect of these drip systems is the incorporation of soaker hoses or emitter tubing where the emitters are already placed into the tubing. Just lay out the tubing before planting so that the water is going directly to the plants and not the spaces in between.
Depending upon the extent of a xeriscape garden, water savings may be 50 to 75 percent. Some municipalities offer residents incentives like lower bills to conserve water. Just think about how much water a lawn requires through the summer. In the Southwest, that may translate to 60 to 80 percent of a monthly water bill. Plus, there is less time spent fertilizing, mowing, and irrigating a lawn or water-intensive landscape.
Gardeners don’t have to live in an arid western state to take advantage of xeriscaping principles. With a little change in the mindset of what a landscape should look like, along with some planning and research, gardeners anywhere can take advantage of xeriscaping ideas to enhance their gardens and save some time and money in the process. |
Inside Unmanned Systems
OCT-NOV 2018
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Page 63 of 67
64 October/November 2018 unmanned systems inside AIR EMERGENCY RESPONSE A few years ago, Bob Goldstein, CEO of US Nuclear Corp., came to FlyCam UAV with an idea. He wanted to mount his ra- diation detection devices to unmanned aircraf t systems (UA S), enabling hazmat teams to detect radiation in real time without ever being put into potentially dangerous situations. It didn't take long for FlyCam UAV CEO Jeri Donaldson and her team, along with Goldstein, to make that happen. Now, the Neo Octo Drone and the Zoe Quad Drone, manufac- tured by Acecore Technologies in the Netherlands, have the ability to carry two radiological sensors from US Nuclear. The first is a plume sniffer and the second an alpha beta gamma search tool used for f ixed sources other than a plume. The all-weather drones are typically f lown with these sensors, know n as the DroneRad system, to survey f ixed points and to determine if radioactivity at those points has changed. The FlyCam UAV team demonstrat- ed the benefits deploying these sensors on a drone can bring during Urban Shield, a full-scale regional prepared- ness exercise for first responders and others who are instrumental during critical events. The Neo f lew 12 times over two days, showing local fire crews Photos courtesy of FlyCam UAV. how this technology can help them save time and lives. "In our exercise, our role was to help with radiation detection," Donaldson said. "A car bomb exploded and we used our system to help firefighters determine if they were dealing with a radioactive situation." THE DEMONSTRATION Hazmat teams in Northern California, which is where Urban Shield takes place, have what they call the first 100 minutes during a radioactive event, Donaldson said. During this time, re- sponders suit up and take a detection device into the area in question to de- termine if they're indeed dealing with a radiological event. If the answer is yes, they conduct a 10-point transect to identif y where the highest con- centration of radiation is, where the source is located and what direction FlyCam UAV has experience creating custom solutions including an airborne radiation detection system for first responders and a small-payload drop o capability to convey emergency supplies. Spotlight on: FlyCam UAV by Renee Knight the wind is coming from. With this information, responders can conduct evacuations as needed. In every demonstration, the Neo determined if there was radiation in the area before the team even finished suiting up, Donaldson said. "This takes people out of harm's way," FlyCam UAV Operations Manager Jeff Barnett said. "It took them 40 minutes just to get into their suits and walk out. It took me less than two minutes to get the copter in the air, circle the car, zone in on the surface and f ly back. They would also need to download the data collected. We can do that in real time without them ever having to leave their trucks." While FlyCam didn't complete a transect during the demonstration, they were able to immediately verify radioactivity, Donaldson said, saving a significant amount of time—and that got the firefighters' attention. "They were all blown away by how they could look at the screen in real time and see the counts per second as we got closer to the source. The path of the UAV shows on the laptop and goes from green to red as we get closer to the source, and it's all done without anyone being exposed to radiation," Donaldson said. "The wheels started really spinning for them on how this "THE ZOE IS POPULAR BECAUSE IT CAN LIFT ALMOST TWICE ITS OWN WEIGHT. IT'S PORTABLE AND SCALABLE, SO IT'S EASY FOR POLICE OFFICERS AND FIREFIGHTERS TO TRANSPORT. AND ITS ALL-WEATHER AND HIGH WIND CAPABILITY MEANS IT'S NEVER GROUNDED." Jeri Donaldson, CEO, FlyCam UAV FlyCam UAV recently performed demonstrations during Urban Shield in California. During the demos, the Neo was used to help detect radiation after a car explosion.
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Headmaster’s Blog – Internet
Headmaster’s Blog – Internet featured image
Why the internet is making us all sad, mad and bad…
I cannot imagine life without the internet, and I cannot honestly remember what life was like before it came along. I purchase books on Audible and keep a library of songs on my phone. I book holidays, plan journeys, download articles and, increasingly, watch films and programmes online. So, am I glad that Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the internet?
In a word, no. The internet has, for me, as for millions of other people, made life as a consumermore convenient. That is a real benefit, and a considerable one. But has the internet done anything else of value to outweigh its many dangers and downsides? No.
This may seem like an extreme position. Surely, many would argue, the liberating and enlightening possibilities of the internet outweigh its drawbacks and dangers. Let us consider the balance sheet.
The dangers and drawbacks are all too obvious to any parent. There is the danger of readily available hard-core pornography and of websites espousing irrational, paranoid and hate-filled worldviews, and lurking beyond these evils are the horrors of the dark web. On a more banal and everyday level there is the considerable contribution the internet plays in exacerbating the age old teenage issues of loneliness, bullying, addictive behaviour and alienation. If we view adolescence as an emotional obstacle course on the way to the relative sanity of adulthood, the internet has unquestionably helped make many of the obstacles that much more challenging to surmount.
But, surely, balanced against all this, there are the two overwhelming goods of universally available information and of the free discourse of people across cultures. When the utopian and liberating possibilities held out by these two factors are considered, surely the downsides of the internet are a price more than worth paying?
Sir Tim Berners-Lee certainly thinks so. He was, and – remarkably – remains, an optimist. He has stated that, ‘I hope we will use the net to cross barriers and connect cultures.’ This highlights the basic problem with optimism, it tends to ignore the uncomfortable things like facts.
Is the internet a tool for enlightenment? Sadly, no. The assumption that it is rests on a confusion between information and knowledge. Information is thrown at us from all angles and is, in itself, largely useless. Knowledge emerges from the ability to weigh information, sort truth from falsehood, and then work out who you need to be and what you need to do. The internet has vastly multiplied the volume of information we are exposed to and, if anything, significantly reduced our chances of turning information into knowledge. As Roger Scruton has put it, “The effect of information technology is to give images precedence over thought and to multiply a thousand-fold the space in which ideas are conceived and brokered.”
Likewise, is the internet a tool for liberation? Again, the facts suggest not. Let’s take the example of the Arab Spring in 2011. At the time this was lauded as the first large scale example of modern information technology fuelling a movement of mass political liberation and progress. Sadly, back in the real world (or “the meat world” as apostles of the new technologies derisively refer to it) power still flows from the barrel of a gun. Seven years after the Arab Spring, what do we have to show for the first internet inspired mass movement of human liberation? Tens, if not hundreds, of thousands dead; several failed states; Islamism and the Iranian state stronger than ever, and the entire Middle Eastern region in worse shape than at any time in the last century, which is really saying something! Of course, the internet cannot be seen as the cause of these many calamities, but it certainly didn’t do anything to stop them.
In fact, the evidence seems to suggest that – far from knocking down walls of prejudice and broadening peoples’ minds – the explosion of choice represented by the internet is allowing people to retreat into ‘thought ghettos’ wherein every viewpoint they are exposed to (along with every purchase they make) is designed to reinforce their existing habits and prejudices. There is little doubt that in the last few years the political climate has become more aggressive, less rational and more sharply divided than at any time in living memory. Again, I am not claiming that the internet is the sole cause of this. But I am convinced that the way in which we all increasingly live and consume within ‘ghettos’ of thought and preference has played a part in creating this menacing situation. Social interactions within the ‘meat world’ are far more likely to broaden your mind than online interactions.
Reaching the obvious conclusion that something as huge, life transforming and apparently progressive as the internet has actually turned out to be a very bad idea is instinctively counter-intuitive. It is as counter-intuitive as facing the uncomfortable truth that the pursuit of ever-rising living standards may well lead to our environmental demise. The reason for this is simple. For countless generations our ancestors struggled against the privations of nature and the darkness of ignorance. Throughout these countless generations any human triumph over nature, and any advance in the production and sharing of information, was a genuine and unqualified triumph. This has formed deep habits and prejudices within us as to what constitutes ‘progress.’ But the game has changed and, sadly, our instincts have not yet changed with it. Just as the natural world now badly needs less human production and consumption, so the human world actually needs less speed and volume of communication and information. If we don’t find a way to turn down the noise then, before long, human nature itself may be irreversible altered for the worse.
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Night drivers face a lot of challenges driving in the dark. The absence of light, the glaring lights from opposing vehicles and reckless drivers means you must be extra careful on the road. A good pair of night guide eyewear can increase your night vision, or at least blur the bright light displayed by oncoming vehicles.
Night guide glasses aren’t for people with night blindness alone. Any driver that experiences trouble driving at night can benefit from a pair of glasses.
How do they work?
Although they all do the same thing, these glasses work differently as the technology behind them are different.
Tinted glasses
Like your average sunglasses, these eyewear use tint to block and reflect oncoming light away from your eyes. But unlike daytime sunglasses, night guides are specially made to block artificial light. Most of them will have amber or yellow tint to reflect the similar colors produced by oncoming vehicles.
Polarized filter glasses
Polarized filter glasses are nowadays more popular than their tinted counterparts. The glasses use chemical films to absorb the light molecules from oncoming vehicles. Most of them are matched in the usual amber and yellow colors and are more effective than tint-based glasses.
While tinted glasses may be effective while cycling, they have often disappointed car drivers. They don’t reflect away enough night and may be helpless at times. By contrast, filter-based glasses are effective in blocking all sorts of artificial lights on the road. Whether it’s light from oncoming vehicles or from street lights, you are better protected driving with them.
Blocking glare
The most dangerous type of light at night is the light traveling horizontally toward you. You probably already know that. Light from street lights will rarely ever affect your driving. That’s because light from the street lights travels vertically to you.
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When driving at night, light emitted by other cars first hit your car’s hood before hitting your eyes in a horizontal manner. By the time the light hits your eyes, your vision is impaired and the risk of having an accident increases.
Night guide glasses block the glare, allowing only vertical light to come your way. Images will often appear darker with the eyewear, but not too dark to prevent you from driving. If anything, the guides protect your eyes by reducing strain and harmful UV ray during the day.
Who needs night guide eyewear?
If you are able to drive at night without being affected by light glares, count yourself lucky. However, some people find it difficult without these glasses.
You experience night blindness
When you can’t read street signs at night and oncoming lights blur your vision, you probably need eyewear. Visit a doctor if you suspect your problem is serious but start off by using protective night glasses. If your windshield is clean, the glasses should help you block glare at night.
If you have cataracts or any other eye-related illnesses, visiting a doctor is the best decision. Cataracts clog your vision so that everything looks blurred to you. The problem worsens at night and can get extreme when glare is involved.
Eye fatigue at night
Glaring at the lights and struggling to see through the dark strains your eyes. They are forced to work harder than during the day. The risk of accidents increases the longer you drive at night because your pupils shrink more, allowing less light to penetrate your eyes.
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You can prevent eye strain when it happens to you. If you don’t have protective glasses, you may take a break from driving or slow down your speed. With the best night guide HD glasses, the eye strain problem is prevented.
You wear sun glasses a lot
Wearing sunglasses weakens your natural eyesight. Surprised? Medically prescribed glasses often have no harm to your eyes but sunglasses do. They may protect you from harmful UV rays but in the long run, they can have a negative impact on your eyesight.
If you are fond of wearing sunglasses, you will probably struggle with night vision more than people who don’t. Your eyes are not used to sharp light, which affects how different parts of your eyes work. As many studies have revealed, sunglasses aren’t bad and don’t always affects your eyesight. But if you constantly have to wear sunglasses because of your sensitive eyes, consider buying night guides as well.
Choosing Proper Night Guide Eyewear
Without proper knowledge about night guides, they will all look the same to you. Frankly speaking, most of the glasses have the amber color on their glasses. They have frames like medically prescribed glasses and cost almost the same. Here are features to look out for when buying the glasses.
• Polarized Filters
Not all night guide glasses are made using polarized filters. Some simply have yellow taint and nothing more. Polarized filters block the horizontal lights that are most dangerous when driving at night. They are even more effective during bad weather conditions because there are more distractors.
• Durability
While they are not overly expensive, you want your eyewear to last as long as possible. The best glasses have frames made from stainless steel but lightweight for comfort. The lenses are usually plastic made or glass made but strong enough to withstand accidental falls.
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Having high optical lenses offers more than just durability. They reduce strain on your eyes. They are more effective in blocking UV rays and will often block harmful rays better. Of course, they must contain the proper anti-reflective materials to work well.
• Right Amount of Tint
In addition to having polarized filters, the lens should have enough tint to block all unwanted waves of light. You can usually measure that based on the width and length of the lens as well as viewing the lens. Shallow tint will usually mean the glasses won’t block all the glare you encounter at night.
To Conclude
Driving at night is a nightmare for millions of drivers around the world. If you are one of them, consider buying high optical night guide glasses. The best eyewear contains tint and anti-reflective chemicals meant to block glare at night. They are affordable and have been proven to work.
Shop around for the best glasses by comparing their features, durability, and prices before settling on the proper product. News |
Socialist Worker
Chernobyl: The day we almost lost Europe
Issue No. 2247
The world’s worst nuclear disaster took place 25 years ago when a nuclear reactor exploded at Chernobyl, in Ukraine, on
26 April 1986. The word has become synonymous with nuclear nightmare.
The impact of Chernobyl is something that George Monbiot chose to downplay in his recent Guardian article.
But the devastating effect of the disaster is well documented.
The explosion released 400 times more radioactive material into the atmosphere than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima at the end of the Second World War.
Some five million people across Russia, Ukraine and Belarus were exposed to radiation.
Leading scientists and doctors published reports in 2006, based on 50 published scientific studies, suggesting that hundreds of thousands of people people had died by that point.
“At least 500,000 people—perhaps more—have already died out of the two million people who were officially classed as victims of Chernobyl in Ukraine,” said Nikolai Omelyanets, deputy head of the National Commission for Radiation Protection in Ukraine.
“[Studies show] that 34,499 people who took part in the clean-up of Chernobyl have died. The deaths of these people from cancers was nearly three times as high as in the rest of the population.
“We have found that infant mortality increased 20 percent to 30 percent because of chronic exposure to radiation after the accident.”
Some 7 percent of Ukraine’s population suffered illnesses that are linked to radiation.
Doctors in the Rivne region of Ukraine report unusual rates of cancers and mutations. Rivne is 310 miles from Chernobyl.
Alexander Vewremchuk, from the Special Hospital for the Radiological Protection of the Population, said, “In the 30 hospitals of our region we find that up to 30 percent of people who were in highly radiated areas have physical disorders, including heart and blood diseases, cancers and respiratory diseases.
“Nearly one in three of all the newborn babies have deformities, mostly internal.”
Monbiot’s answer to doctors like Alexander is to say there is no “proof” that these deformities result from exposure to radiation. But what does he suggest causes such high rates of unusual deformities?
And how does he explain the fact that unusual levels of deformities have been reported in other areas exposed to radiation?
Most of the radiation from Chernobyl hit Belarus. Almost a quarter of its farmland is permanently unusable—and 1,000 children die every year from thyroid cancer.
Figures for the deaths resulting from the Chernobyl explosion are disputed. Some of those disputing them have a clear interest in doing so.
The United Nation’s International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has claimed that only 50 deaths can be directly linked to the disaster.
The IAEA promotes nuclear power. It says the maximum related deaths will be at most 4,000. But report after report contradicts this claim.
Chernobyl showed the disdain that our rulers have for ordinary people. The Russian government suppressed information about the disaster for days.
A report in 2005 said that the French state-run Central Service for Protection against Radioactive Rays (SCPRI) hid the fact that the radiation cloud from Chernobyl was causing high levels of contamination in Corsica and south-eastern France.
The nuclear industry and the governments that back them up regularly try to cover up the dangers of nuclear power because they are committed to continuing and expanding it.
We should never trust them.
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Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
Simply Put
The focus of Myositis Support and Understanding is chronic muscle diseases called Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIM). In general, these are referred to as Myositis.
The prefix ”Myo” means muscle, the suffix “itis” means inflammation, and Idiopathic means the cause is unknown. When we put that together it simply means “inflammation of the muscle with an unknown cause.”
About Myositis
Myositis can be a temporary condition, such as with exercise that improves with rest. The sore muscles you feel after a workout is an example of this temporary form of myositis.
Myositis can also be a symptom of a disease that presents with muscle inflammation or swelling. An example of this could be a diagnosis we see a lot of “myalgia and myositis” which means pain and muscle inflammation.
Others types of myositis may be caused by injury, certain medications, or electrolyte imbalances.
In our case, myositis is a rare, thought-to-be autoimmune disease that causes chronic muscle inflammation leading to muscle weakness, along with other symptoms, and is also known as Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIMs).
The IIM’s have been classified into sub-types. Myositis is a highly variable disease in that each patient presents differently and responds differently to available therapies.
About Myopathies
There are many different types of myopathies. Myopathies may be divided into two main categories: inherited and acquired. Lack of family history and patterns of weakness can help distinguish between the two.
Furthermore, an early age of onset with a relatively longer duration of disease may suggest an inherited myopathy, and a sudden (subacute) presentation at a later age is more consistent with an acquired myopathy like myositis. Inherited myopathies can be further subclassified as muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic myopathies. Acquired myopathies can be subclassified as inflammatory myopathies, toxic myopathies, and myopathies associated with systemic conditions.
More about Myopathy
Simply Put
“Simply Put” is a service of Myositis Support and Understanding, to provide overviews of Myositis-related medical and scientific information in understandable language.
MSU volunteers, who have no medical background, read and analyze often-complicated medical information and present it in more simplified terms so that readers have a starting point for further investigation and consultation with healthcare providers. The information provided is not meant to be medical advice of any type.
The above information is provided as a basic overview of a complicated group of diseases. For more in-depth information, you are encouraged to explore the individual topics covered in the MSU website.
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College Algebra (1st) edition 0495387894 9780495387893
College Algebra (1st Edition) Edit edition
We have solutions for your book!
Chapter: Problem:
Step-by-step solution:
Chapter: Problem:
• Step 1 of 4
Give an example of a natural number.
Natural numbers:
The set of natural numbers are
The natural numbers are located to the right of 0 on the number line.
Picture 2
Example: 3 is a natural number.
• Step 2 of 4
Give an example of an integer that is not a natural number.
Integers consist of the natural numbers together with their negatives and 0.
For each natural number, replace a corresponding number to the left of 0, labeling the points and so on, as shown in below figure. Each is the opposite, or negative, of a natural number. The natural numbers, their opposites, and 0 form the set of integers.
Examples: is an integer that is not a natural number.
• Step 3 of 4
Give an example of a rational number that is not an integer.
Rational numbers:
The set is the set of rational numbers.
Examples: are rational numbers that are not integers.
• Step 4 of 4
Give an example of an irrational number.
Irrational numbers:
The numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers are called irrational numbers.
Corresponding Textbook
College Algebra (1st) edition 9780495387893 0495387894
College Algebra | 1st Edition
Alternate ISBN: 9780495387909, 9780495387916, 9781111780708
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When you go to your dentist, how do you address them? Do you call them Doctor or just say ‘Ms. or Mr. Smith’? Is addressing your dentist correctly a big deal for you? Well, apparently, some really take it seriously. Let us answer a common question people think about when they visit a dentist: are dentists doctors too?
Are dentists doctors: The title topic
It has been a customary gesture for patients to call their dentists Doctor A or Doctor B. It may be because people are used to addressing someone who checks up on them as a doctor. But how did this habit started?
In dental school, a student can either finish a degree in DDS (Doctor of Dental Surgery) or DMD (Doctor of Medicine in Dentistry or Doctor of Dental Medicine). Both courses mean the same thing; they studied the same curriculum, and they have the same education an aspiring dentist should have. It is only the universities’ prerogative who offers these degrees which title to choose and give their graduates. This fact is the reason why some dentists have a DDS in their names, and some have DMD. But, again, both are the same.
These two titles also gave rise to the notion that dentists should also be called doctors. They finished a degree with a Doctor on it, so they are entitled to use that title as well.
Are dentists doctors: The confusion
Some people who look down at dentists say that they should not be called doctors because:
a. Dentists did not study as much as doctors did.
b. Dental procedures are less invasive than medical procedures.
c. There are no life-threatening procedures dentists perform, so they do not ‘save lives’ as doctors do.
The question “are dentists doctors?” is becoming a big issue in the professional world, which are also aggravated by the launch of the movies “The Hangover” and “Roadies.” In fact, the Advertising Standards Authority now prohibits dentists to use the title Dr. in their advertisements because it is somewhat ‘misleading’.
Are dentists doctors: Australia’s take
While people are confused if calling their dentists as doctors as well is no big deal, for the Australian Dental Board. In a document titled ‘Obligations of dental practitioners regarding use of title’ published in October 2012, it states“Only dental practitioners who are dentists or specialist dentists should use the title ‘doctor’ in advertising and a dental practitioner who proposes to use the title ‘doctor’ should make it clear that they are not registered as a medical practitioner or in a division of the dental practitioner register which they are not.” The regulatory board also stated that there is no prohibition stated under the National law from the use of the title Doctor for dentists. This information allows dentists to be addressed as Doctor as a common honorary title.
So, are dentists doctors?
Well, the answer is yes and no. Yes, they can be addressed as doctors as a sign of respect for their profession and their services that help maintain our dental health. Because, isn’t your dental cavity part of your body and your overall general health?
However, dentists should not be confused with medical doctors. Their fields of expertise and experience are very different from each other. We should just give them the same honour as a sign of courtesy and respect for their professions.
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Darkest Hour
The movie “Darkest Hour” is a dramatic re-creation of the real life story of Winston Churchill’s rescue of Western Civilization. If that seems too strong a sentiment, one might recall the state of world affairs as he was called to duty.
Beginning in the early 1930’s, Hitler had reconstituted German armies and reoccupied the Rhineland in violation of the peace treaty ending World War I. Germany then annexed a mostly-willing Austria and in 1938 did the same to an unwilling Czechoslovakia. Recalling the horrors of WW I, British Prime Minster Neville Chamberlain agreed to expansions of German sovereignty in a policy of “appeasement” in return for a promise of “peace in our time.”
The futility of this moral capitulation was never more apparent, than when in September of 1939 German armies attacked and overran Poland. It was only at this point, that Britain and France finally declared war. Formal hostilities were, however, restrained until April of 1940 when Germany successfully invaded Denmark and Norway in a Blitzkrieg or “lightening war.”
This last in an unbroken chain of defeats was too much to bear and the movie opens in May of 1940 as Winston Churchill is asked to replace Chamberlain as Prime Minister. From there things go from bad to worse. Almost immediately Hitler unleashes a pre-planned attack on British and French armies across the European continent quickly conquering Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg.
Although the Allies have more and better tanks, German tactical doctrine is so much superior they will utterly defeat the British and French in a paltry six weeks. And this will be aided in no small part by the utter defeatism of the French General Staff who Churchill vainly tries to rally. The contrast in leadership was never more striking or on trial or consequential.
In short order, the entire British expeditionary force of hundreds of thousands of men are surrounded and in danger of being annihilated at Dunkirk. Nor are things easier on the home front as Chamberlain and his preferred successor, Lord Halifax, plot to effect a truce and to rally the British nation to a negotiated surrender. But Churchill is made of sterner stuff and is one of those rarest of world figures having the moral courage to realize that the easy way out would ultimately prove to be the most costly and painful path possible.
To some extent the movie falters as the vindication of decisions in hindsight blinds us to the desperate uncertainty of the moment. But what puts us back on the edge of our seats is the less well remembered choice to abandon thousands of men at Calais, who might have been evacuated or who might have saved their lives by surrendering. Ordering their sacrifice bought perhaps essential time for the Dunkirk evacuations and brought the fog of war back into perfect focus.
While the action scenes could have been better rendered or made more exciting, that would not have benefited the central theme, which is a case study in the leadership necessary to mobilize a war-weary nation to squander enormous treasures and to endure millions of deaths.
For those preferring lighter fare or not congenitally inclined to fret over great concerns, the plot may seem a little tiresome. Recognizing this difficulty, the screen writers ineffectually tried to lighten the mood with a vignette of Churchill asking average people to express their honest and heartfelt concerns.
Unfortunately, this self-serving cop-out only served to distract from the import of the issues. The movie had already presented ample evidence that people have a great capacity to recognize the truth and will plumb the depths of their souls for the courage to follow morally steadfast leaders.
The final scene, in which Churchill casually and conversationally commits the British nation to defend its values and to confront the barbarity of Nazi terror, because that is the lesser of two great evils, is breathtaking, and uplifting, and inspiring. As his opponents wryly noted, “Churchill alone in the moment of crisis was able to mobilize the English language and to pit it resolutely and unalterably against the foe.” Nothing could stand against that.
This is clearly not the movie for everyone but is one, from personal preference, I can recommend. |
Robots: they?ve already taken over mundane manufacturing tasks, helped humans search for signs of life on Mars and have even helped save budgies from collapsing apartment blocks. Colin Angle, the chief executive officer and co-founder of robotics company iRobot Corporation, hopes to see a world in which robots might help the elderly live longer and even take charge of home maintenance and the cooking. But in the meantime, he would really like one to perform his most disliked household chore, the laundry. Ella Smith reports.
Q. So far, robotics technology has seen the creation of robotic products to carry out household tasks such as vacuuming or grass cutting. What do you think the role of robotics in the home is today and why? What other domestic chores could one day be managed by a robot?
A. We are seeing the beginning of a new industry, where robots play a growing role in our lives by simplifying routine maintenance of our homes. These tasks might one day include cleaning windows, bathrooms and basements, mowing lawns, doing laundry and making freshly cooked meals.
Q. Microsoft?s Bill Gates had a vision for every home to have a PC. What?s iRobot?s vision for robotics in the home? And elsewhere?
A. I think we are less than 10 years away from the day where everyone interacts with a robot of some kind every day. Whether it is a domestic robot or a service robot at work, robots will be developed to help handle the routine tasks in a cost-effective fashion.
Q. What?s the most intriguing use of robotics you have seen at iRobot and why?
A. I would say that the most intriguing work at iRobot is our work on physical avatars. A physical avatar is a robot that can be controlled remotely and allows the user to project himself or herself physically to where the robot is. Imagine being able to visit your factory in another country and directly interact with the people there as you move about the factory floor. Imagine a house call from a doctor, where the doctor was performing the work using a robot in your home, while he remained at the hospital. The ability of a physical avatar to fundamentally alter what it means to be somewhere will change things.
Q. How can robotics change the way we live (both in and out of the home)? How has robotics already changed our lives? Can you provide an example?
A. At iRobot, we design practical robots that help people. For example, the iRobot PackBot robot being used worldwide, especially in Iraq and Afghanistan, has changed the way our soldiers deal with explosive devices. These robots are credited with saving many lives in the process. The iRobot Roomba Vacuuming Robot is also giving people more time to devote to other aspects of their lives. And ultimately home robots will allow our elderly to live independently longer.
Q. In an old US cartoon the Jetsons, robotics played a much larger role in people?s homes and working lives. Why don?t you think the Jetsons? lifestyle has become more of a reality today? Or has it? Why?
A. The challenge is we cannot afford to build a robot as capable as Rosie at the current time, and I think doing so is a long way off. We will see teams of affordable single-purpose robots tackling problems ? perhaps all controlled by a single Human Interface Robot.
Q. How far have robotics in the home come since the 1980s and can you give me an example of a recent development in robotics technology that may change the way we live?
A. Robots have progressed from being a dream to being a practical reality. It is as significant a change as they come. From a technological standpoint, the increases of power and decreases in cost of highly integrated micro-controllers have enabled practical robots to be simple to use and effective in their tasks. Emerging technologies like WiMax will allow the physical avatars I?ve described above to become reality as well.
Q. How much is the robotics industry valued at today: in the US/ worldwide? In what areas of society are robotics having the most impact and why?
A. According to Future Horizon, the worldwide robotics market will be about $40 billion by 2010. I believe the most impact is in manufacturing, military and domestic cleaning markets because that is where manufacturers have found ways of making robots that deliver more value than they cost.
Q. What other human tasks do you think robots will be used for in the next 20 years and why?
A. Robots will take on a more prominent role in our lives in the next 20 years. In fact, within a decade, I think we?ll all use some kind of robot on a daily basis, whether it is at home, at work or both. Practical and cost effective robots will continue to simplify our lives by performing routine tasks, such as home maintenance. Robots will also be used increasingly in health care ? to dispense medicine and let the elderly live independently longer, for example.
Q. What?s the most sophisticated robot iRobot has created so far and what was it designed for?
A. Our most sophisticated robot is the iRobot PackBot. PackBot is a rugged, lightweight robot used for reconnaissance and bomb disposal. More than 800 PackBot robots are deployed worldwide, mostly in Iraq and Afghanistan. PackBot can be carried and deployed by a single soldier and is nimble enough to climb stairs and traverse rugged terrain. The robot has a new hand controller that is modelled after a video game controller for faster training and easier operation in the field.
Q. What are the most challenging aspects of applying robotics within the home? Have any major hurdles been overcome in recent years and why?
A. The home represents an incredible challenge because there are millions of them, and they are all different and they change in important ways nearly every day. This makes navigation and obstacle detection/avoidance huge challenges. In recent years, there have been significant advances in machine vision, though as of yet no one has demonstrated a vision system embedded in a practical robot.
Q. What robotic projects/products around the world, available today, do you most admire/think are useful and innovative, and why/why not?
A. There are some very interesting research development efforts in human interaction and manipulation going on primarily at companies and universities in the U.S. and Korea. I believe that there are millions of dollars being wasted on humanoid robots: walking robots are unnecessarily complex and thus far too expensive and unreliable to be practical.
Q. If you could build the ultimate robot for your personal use, what tasks would it perform and why?
A. It would do my laundry and put it away. I?m a neat freak wannabe. I am not happy unless things are put away. I?m just too busy to do it myself. Laundry is the worst offender, and a robot that could handle that task for me would significantly improve my quality of life!
Q. Today, robotic products for the home are generally quite expensive. When do you see robotic products becoming highly affordable, must-have gadgets for the home and why/why not?
A. I disagree. Today, robot vacuum cleaners are priced competitively with good quality upright vacuums. While I cannot speak for other company?s robots, iRobot Roomba owners are nearly fanatic in their appreciation of their robots. What is keeping this from growing quicker is that people who do not own a Roomba are nearly universally sceptical of the robot?s ability to clean their home. What needs to happen is not related to price, it is related to perception of these very useful machines. |
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