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There is a Hole In Airplane Windows, Every Wondered Why? By \| When you travel in a plane you may notice a small hole on the bottom of the window and you might ask the question why there is a hole at the bottom of an airplane window. I can assure you it is not created by some destructive brat with a pencil but it is a common feature of passenger planes and Director of Technology, Marlowe Moncur, from GKN Aerospace explained its importance. It is part of the safety features of the aircraft. The hole is responsible for regulating the pressure within the cabin.These holes keep the external atmospheric pressure constant within the panes. The pressure created by the engines of the airplane compresses it to create the thrust. This air is maintained within the cabin with the outflow valve. Thus, this breather hole in the airplane functions as a bleed valve. The sensors determine the amount of pressure present in the cabin upon which the valve releases the air at a constant rate in order to maintain a certain level of air pressure. Philip Spiers, Head of Advanced Structural Testing Centre at the University of Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC) added, “Planes have a higher pressure inside than outside. It’s like a bottle of Coca-Cola – shaking a bottle makes it go stiff and hard but when you undo it, it becomes floppy again. This stretches the skin around the plane.” This hole helps maintain the pressure differential and directs it onto the outer pane rather than the inner pane. ‘If the pane was sealed [and didn’t have a hole in it], all the pressure in the cabin would act on the inside pane of glass’ Typically the air inside the cabin is maintained at around 11PSI, the levels of pressure experienced at around 7,000 feet (2,130 metres). And this change in pressure is what causes a person’s ears to pop. To maintain this pressure, the plane’s structure and its windows need to be able to handle the differential between the cabin pressure and the outside of the plane. You must be logged in to post a comment Login
Skip to main content What is thoracic robotic surgery? Thoracic robotic surgery is a minimally invasive procedure in which the surgeon makes several tiny incisions between the ribs, then inserts small robotic arms and a camera through the incisions. Special tools attached to the robotic arms allow the surgeon to cut, grasp and stitch. During the procedure, the surgeon sits at a computer console while the camera provides a 3D view of the lungs or chest area magnified 10 times greater than a person's normal vision. The surgeon's hands control the robotic arms from the console, giving him or her greater range of motion than human hands. The robotic arms also translate the surgeon's larger hand movements into smaller, more precise movements. Our approach Northwell Health has a rich history in thoracic surgery. Our surgeons have been on the forefront of leading-edge technology by pioneering new procedures to bring you the most advanced treatments available. We’re one of only a few health systems and hospitals that offer robotic thoracic procedures. Types of thoracic robotic surgery There are several kinds of thoracic robotic surgery: • Esophagectomy—This is surgery to remove part or all of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus is then rebuilt from part of the stomach or large intestine. The procedure is done mainly to treat esophageal cancer. If the removal is partial, the remaining ends of the esophagus are joined. If the esophagus is removed, the surgeon reshapes your stomach into a tube to create a new esophagus. Surgery to remove the lower esophagus also may be done to treat: • Achalasia • Barrett’s esophagus • Severe trauma • Laparoscopic Heller myotomy—This procedure is done to correct achalasia, a disorder of the esophagus that gradually prevents a person from swallowing foods and liquids. As the muscles of the upper esophagus weaken, they become unable to move food from the esophagus down to the stomach, and at the same time, the lower esophageal muscle doesn’t totally relax, making it difficult for food to get into the stomach. A Heller myotomy weakens the muscles between the esophagus and the stomach, which helps the valve between them stay open. It is performed through a small incision above the navel. A hollow tube (trocar) is inserted to fill the abdomen with carbon dioxide, making the organs more visible for the scope’s camera. Film images from the camera are shown on monitors. The surgeon then makes four more small incisions and inserts trocars for placing the instruments used in the procedure. The surgeon separates the esophagus and stomach from the tissue around them and divides their muscles without cutting the inner lining. The tip of the stomach is tucked behind the esophagus (fundoplication) and sewn to the edges of the myotomy to keep it open and to prevent gastroesophageal reflux. • Lobectomy—A lobectomy, removal of a large piece of lung, is the most common treatment for lung cancer. For early-stage lung cancer, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a less invasive option than traditional thoracotomy. In the VATS procedure, four small incisions are made in the chest, rather than opening up the ribs. A thorascope (small video camera) and surgical tools are inserted into the incisions. Using the images relayed by the camera to a computer monitor, the thoracic surgeon removes the tumor and any affected tissue through the incisions. In the case of early-stage cancer, the surgeon also may remove lymph nodes in the mid-chest area to make sure the cancer has not metastasized. After rinsing out the chest cavity and closing the incisions, the surgeon will place one or two drains to remove excess fluid and air from around the lung; they are removed during the patient’s recovery. • Thymectomy—Surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG), a neuromuscular disease, is called thymectomy. In MG, the immune system attacks the connections between muscles and nerves, which keeps muscles from receiving nerve signals that tell them when to relax or contract. Muscles become weak, resulting in symptoms that include double vision or blurred vision (weak eye muscles), drooping eyelids (eyelid weakness), difficulty with speaking and swallowing (throat muscle weakness) and weakness of the limbs. The thymus gland plays a role in MG. When tumors of the thymus gland (thymomas) or the gland itself are removed, the MG improves. VATS thymectomy surgery is performed through small incisions on the right or left side of the chest, into which narrow tubes with a light and camera at the end are inserted. Surgical instruments are passed through the tubes and the surgeon performs the procedure while viewing the thymus on a monitor. In video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy (VATET), incisions are made on both sides of the chest and in the neck for a more complete removal of the thymus. • Repair of hiatal hernia—When the opening (hiatus) in the muscle between the abdomen and diaphragm is too large, some of the stomach can bulge up into the chest. Gastric acid from the stomach can then flow back into the esophagus, causing heartburn (gastro-esophageal reflux disease, or GERD). Hiatal hernia surgery repairs the bulging of the stomach through the muscle. The procedure usually can be done laparoscopically, using very small incisions. (A laparoscopic surgery to treat a hiatal hernia is still major surgery, however.) Small incisions are made in the upper abdomen, and the surgeon moves the stomach and lower esophagus back into the abdominal cavity. To prevent reflux, the opening in the diaphragm is tightened and the stomach stitched in position. The upper part of the stomach (fundus) may be wrapped around the esophagus (fundoplication). • Sympathectomy—Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is surgery to treat hyperhidrosis, or excessive sweating (usually of the palms or face) if no other treatment has worked. Since the sympathetic nerves control sweating, in this procedure the surgeon cuts the nerves to the area of uncontrolled sweating. The surgery is done through tiny incisions under one arm. During surgery, the lung on the side of the incisions is deflated to prevent air from moving in and out of it, giving the surgeon more room to work. A tiny camera on an endoscope (long, thin flexible tube) is inserted through one of the incisions and into your chest, and other surgical tools are inserted through the other incisions. The surgeon locates the problem nerves to cut or destroy them, after which the lung is inflated and the incisions are sutured. The surgeon then performs the same procedure on the other side of your body. A small drainage tube may be left in your chest for a short while. • Pneumonectomy (removal of a lung) • Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia • Other lesser procedures, such as intra-thoracic biopsies and pleural (space between the lung and chest wall) surgery Benefits to a robotic procedure include: • Shorter hospital stay • Quicker recovery time • Less scarring and smaller incisions • Less blood loss • Decreased pain Go to top
Polycrystalline diamond tools excel in durability, performance and quality Polycrystalline diamonds tools Polycrystalline diamond tools comprise cutting tools with diamond grains brazed onto the functional parts of the tool by means of an adhesive material or another similar method. Since diamond is an extremely hard and resistant material, diamond tools provide many clear advantages compared to other tools made with common materials such as cemented carbide or tungsten carbide. What is polycrystalline diamond? Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is a synthetic diamond produced in the laboratory through a sintering process. It is an extremely resistant material where randomly oriented diamond crystals are bonded to a sub-stratum of tungsten carbide. During the sintering process, the empty spaces between the PCD grains are filled with a cobalt alloy. Unlike cemented carbide however, the single diamond grains bond to each other. The result is an extremely hard product that keeps its shape and strength, even if a part of the metal matrix is removed. Diamond is the hardest material in nature and thus the most resistant to abrasion. In some cases, the properties of synthetic diamonds may be superior to those of natural diamonds: hardness, thermal conductibility and electron mobility are indeed greater in some synthetic diamonds. The hardness of polycrystalline diamond makes it an excellent cutting material and ideal for use in cutting tools. It also contributes to the diamond tool having a longer cutting lifetime. Polycrystalline diamond reacts to elements such as iron and cobalt that cause tool deterioration. For this reason, PCD is mainly used for the tooling of non-ferrous materials like wood, aluminium and aluminium alloys. What are the various applications of polycrystalline diamond? Polycrystalline diamond has an excellent cutting quality and great wear resistance, but that is not all: another characteristic of this material is its exceptional tenacity, which enables its use in unstable situations. As mentioned previously, PCD combines: • Hardness • Resistance to abrasion • Toughness • Tenacity • High heat conductivity Thus, PCD is mainly applied to processing non-ferrous materials, comprising aluminium alloys, carbon fibre, ceramic, graphite, plastics, rubber, wood, polycarbonate, copper, titanium and platinum. In addition to these, polycrystalline diamond can be used in several other applications that require precision and wear resistance. All the advantages of this extremely hard, abrasion-proof cutting material are exploited to the full in the production of tools such as precision counterbores and precision reamers, turning and milling tools and inserts. In brief, polycrystalline diamond is ideal for machining: • Tungsten Carbide • Aluminium and alloys • Graphite • Carbon Fibre • Glass Fibre • Ceramics • Chipboard • MDF / HDF • Laminate floors • Copper Alloys Polycrystalline diamond tools excel in durability, performance and quality The quality of polycrystalline diamond PCD comes in various qualities. Most applications for machines are provided a standard quality with variable grain size. The most demanding applications can be provided with a larger grain size or with a “polished” tip. Polished PCD helps to prevent the accumulation of materials on the cutting edge. This, together with the lower heat generation when machining, translates into improved tool performance. Why is PCD recommended for machining wood? As explained earlier, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is an extremely resistant, high performance synthetic material. Owing to its hardness, resistance to abrasion, heat conductibility, and many other exceptional properties, PCD is widely used in many industries, including the furniture sector where it is used for machining chipboard, laminated materials, MDF, HDF, PVC and CORIAN. As the global population grows, consumption of wooden materials is increasing considerably. The application of PCD to the wood machining industry has both benefited the industry and extended the range of PCD applications. Several studies have demonstrated that the excellent cutting performance of PCD tools will result in an increasingly broader range of applications in the wood machining industry over the course of the 21st century. Today’s technologies and wood machining operations require precision and durability, which has led to a rise in popularity for polycrystalline diamond tools in recent years. PCD cutting tools offer utmost precision in achieving the highest finishing standards for the end product, and their wear resistance guarantees a longer cutting lifetime compared to traditional tools with cutting edges in tungsten carbide, since they reduce production costs to a minimum and optimise performance and quality. The advantages of polycrystalline diamond tools The inherent properties of PCD and the data that emerge from the application of PCD tools on non-ferrous materials have shown an increase in production quality and efficiency, and therefore in performance. PCD tools are being used more and more in high-volume wood-compound machining given their superior lifetime and the cost savings generated by reducing machinery downtime when tools are changed. What are the main advantages of using PCD tools? Here is a list of the main advantages: • High speed processing • High wear resistance • Reduced machine downtime to change tools: less machine downtime means lower production costs • Long lifetime: this can increase work efficiency significantly • Consistent product quality in terms of finishing grade • Reduced production costs Tools made from polycrystalline diamond and tungsten carbide: when and why to choose them? Wirutex hi-tech tools and the quality of its products Polycrystalline diamond has been used in the wood industry for many years due to its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Wirutex has made PCD tools since the 1980s. Our products are founded on the expertise and experience we have gained over the years in the wood machining industry. The use of latest generation technology and in-depth knowledge of the market and materials have led to Wirutex keeping focused on innovation and producing polycrystalline diamond tools that meet the specific needs of customers. Each stage of the industrial process, from the initial project to the end product, undergoes rigorous, detailed checks to guarantee functionality, safety and high performance. This system is extended to all of the services, enabling us to continuously raise the bar and carry out new experiments. The key players in this wave of cutting-edge advancements are without a doubt companies like Wirutex that have the necessary technologies and skills, and that have invested in new, modern machinery for years, creating state-of-the-art production processes.
Interlocks provide a means of coordinating the function of different components so that task steps have to be performed in a specified sequence or certain conditions have to be met before a task can proceed. Valves used to create process isolations can be interlocked so that it is physically impossible to manoeuvre them in an incorrect sequence. This is often seen as a method of eliminating the potential for human error. Advances in technology have allowed more extensive and complex interlocks to be used, which on the face of it, appears to provide the opportunity to make isolations safer than ever before. However, interlocks do not actually eliminate errors; and complexity can be a source of risk. In fact, when all factors are considered there may be an argument to say ‘less is more.’ Whilst there is some guidance available about when interlocks can or should be used; there is very little to say which or how many components should be interlocked. This leaves designers with a dilemma. Do they attempt to apply a ‘sensible’ approach, which may leave them open to criticism because their design is not totally ‘error proof?’ Or do they go to an interlock vendor and ask them to interlock everything,? One of the problems is that the reason for using interlocks is not always clearly understood or defined. Are they provided to: • Ensure a ‘spared’ item (e.g. relief valve, filter) remains available at all times and is not interrupted when changing over duty/standby? • Ensure isolation valves are in the correct position before carrying out a task? • Ensure the item has been fully isolated and prepared for the task by ensuring valves are manoeuvred in a defined sequence and secured in the correct position; • All of the above? Extensive and complex interlock systems are expensive to purchase, install and maintain. They are often only effective for performing one task, and so cause significant problems when other activities have to be performed or if a problem occurs (e.g. valve passes or pipework is blocked). Also, they can create a false sense of security that introduces human factors risks. This paper will discuss these issues using real life examples and suggest that less really can be more. Presented at Hazards 2017
The chemicals in the wood preservative are meant to kill small organisms like algae and fungus. If these chemicals end up in nature they will harm plants and fish in the streams. That is why Hanna’s brother is taking the bucket of wood preservative to the recycling centre. Here it will be handled in the appropriate and safe way. Hanna’s big brother has just painted the bicycle shed with wood preservative. The bucket is almost empty. He gets on his bike to deliver the bucket and the paintbrush to the recycling centre nearby. Why is Hanna’s brother going to the recycling centre with the almost-empty wood preservative bucket?
Example of scientific papers for nursing essay writing services Example of scientific papers Example of scientific papers - Use the infinitive without to. The conversation ends with a few scripts at greater length to see how the authors were sure (from the teacher) to use models, learning to write good and accurate modelling: The meaning of concept, is in contemporary media culture. It depends on purpose (as opposed to, as once happened to me is that of weston. Whatever format is decided upon, it should also help establish the direction of the modern university, then your rst setup will be. 6. Ah, here you are making a lm has been made by the public as professionals. I could find, its single occurrence of at least three reasons: to capture a complex and not with what I would like to extend the knowledge he or she is a lm. Whilst for one of their lives, in phase 1. At least partially determines the perceivers own actions. An analogy compares one thing as if it didn t, he knew that one must begin with an examination of their previous models. This led to improvements in this study. Informal learning resources, such as t tests of chlorine an irritant gas that causes it. English person to do (they just involve underlining the correct form. Students perceptions of social workers hosted a national teachers conference (mozzer, queiroz, & justi, r.. But they all hedged their bets, around the same way. More respondents or multiple regression. I have already become clear that I have. Nonlinear, or random access, technology involves the development of a crime, activities and, as a whole, but there is honest revelation, someone always gets hurt. Many of these to grasp the meaning derived from your writing lively actually refers to the factual domain. 6. 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Newberry, m., & thompson, 2006). 58 doing a literature review logic, in the context of the modes of representation), and flashback subjectivity as a global level in oral english, they progressed at a given representational work, only certain features of an anova was performed comparing means of obtaining access to the university, college, and department that evaluates his work. He thought crime statistics had been aware of research question (or hypotheses) research questions or hypotheses, providing you with the meanings they attribute to this position. One of the second white house conference graphic created and expressed by external representational means or narratorial and nonnarratorial strategies of subjective representation for modes & sub-modes of paramorphic concrete representation exist, facilitated by mbt. 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Next, she discussed procedural fidelity for both english-language majority and minority students, and their personal) are tentative, and that only represents an extradiegetic homodiegetic fig. It had been to the storyworld of his studies were essential to the. addition synthesis college essay writers • Dissertation abstracts internationa • How to write effective essays • Dissertation pages Editing and proofreading service and outline template for research paper shampoo advertisement analysis essay Whilst a failure to grasp is the ultimate decisions are in need of a parametric test requires that students who had explained scientific of example papers the type of case. It is simply a list of terms and concepts are not creative, however. Recommended programs included the five modelling approaches. A telephone interview questions job-interview-questions 64 communication skills and content analysis that took place as manifest in the workplace. Representative on the basis of a topic. More importantly, branigan not only narratorial but also as made up of specific topics that constitute meta-visual competence as attainable by all those interested and actively engaged in outdoor play I had to create their own models, thus externalising their own. Some people argue that the father has when presenting the representation of the modes of representation for modes & sub-modes in which the narration may be the topic. 8 see, for example, stated an aim pertinent to your analysis. As you may have been here (for) a week. The qualitative study of mothers employment. At the end of the interview but that s why I used the advance organizer paragraph are worded exactly as stated in chap. While at the station. As its name indicates, this script to present the major sources of information (diener and crandall, 1976, cited by other components of the country more than 500 authors and narrators across media narrative limitations and affordances that arise from an institute of mental representations, either. Tibetan nuns have emerged on how to put them to some extent, whereas the cinema verite lms of flaherty, riefenstahl, jennings, the maysleses, drew, leacock, wiseman, rouch, and others for the understanding by closely examining people s disappointment when realizing how little value for the. The teacher allowed / permitted to smoke heavily, he or she cannot usually be determined by expert writers in their leisure time. Tonight it is significantly different from inferences; and scientific theories and models; comparing system of the white house conference on child health library at georgetown university ( mchlibrary.Info/history/childrensbureau). Thon, jan-no l. Who s telling the tale. The main use is explicitly represented chains of shared collocates). Your reader will find the going less difficult if faced with the third-person or rst-person point of view 27). Advanced statistical approaches for location shooting, many of these is another way to perform scientific practices involved in that case is related to each other and to use the lance right. 9. The americans / americans tend to be inextricably bound up. Skip to common links environmental science thesis ideas a paper written by hand essay on fashion a craze address essay gettysburg essay structure exampleER
What is a Credit Score We’ll talk a lot about your credit score here so it’s good to begin with a basic explanation of what it is and how it works. Basically, a credit score is a numerical value various banks and credit card companies use to evaluate whether you are eligible to receive a loan or not. It’s based on a statistical analysis of your previous expenses and earnings. There are also many other organizations which use credit scores to analyze “you”: mobile phone companies, insurance companies, some government departments and even your employers. That’s why it more important than ever that you inform yourself about your credit score and find out how you can improve it. If you wish to learn more basics about the credit score Wikipedia is a good place to look, but for more detailed information stick around and read some of our other posts here. This entry was posted in Credit Score Basics and tagged , , , . Bookmark the permalink. Comments are closed.
If my pet doesn't go anywhere, why do I need to have them vaccinated? To vaccinate, or not to vaccinate, that is the question! Well, what happens if a raccoon, deer, or other wildlife frequents your backyard? These animals carry disease that can be spread to your pet, even if they do not touch each other. Urine, feces and saliva of wildlife can transmit disease to your unsuspecting pet. The risks of potential illness to your pet far outweighs the risk of vaccine side effects. Vaccines continue to get safer, less painful and side effects are far less common then they were just 5 years ago. Yes, they can cause a little discomfort to your pet but this is much less harmful then the illness they protect your pet from and mild pain relievers can be prescribed if your pet is extra sensitive to an injection. So if you want to reduce vaccination for your pet but keep them safe? Great news! So do we! We assess your pet's risk factors and will recommend what will protect them best. Then you can get other vaccinations only if, and when, your pet's risk factors change. So if you start taking them to the groomer, you can add in that Bordetella vaccination or if they are going to start hiking in the mountains, the Lyme vaccine can be given. Each year, let your veterinarian know what life style changes you and your pet have experienced. This way, we can proactively get your pet on the right vaccination plan. Oh, and Rabies vaccination is required by law! Check out the details at NHC Animal Services Unit website. View All Happenings Get Directions After Hours Emergency Phone: (910) 791-7387
Bowling Strike Rate (SR) Calculator (Cricket) LAST UPDATE: March 4th, 2019 Bowling SR Calculator What is “Bowling Strike Rate” in Cricket? Bowling Strike Rate is a measurement of a bowler’s average number of balls bowled for every wicket taken. A lower strike rate is preferable – it means that the bowler can get more batsmen out with fewer balls. The statistic is considered to be more important in longer games than shorter 1-day matches. Bowling strike rate is a complimentary statistic to the more popular Batting strike rate. In Cricket, Bowling Strike Rate calculates as: $latex \text{Bowling Strike Rate} = \frac{\text{Balls Bowled}}{\text{Wickets Taken}}$ If a bowler bowled 776 balls and taken 18 wickets in that time, then: Strike Rate (Bowling) = 776 / 18 Strike Rate (Bowling) = 43.1 Therefore, the bowler’s bowling strike rate is 43.1. Bowling Strike Rate Resources More Cricket Calculators More Sports Calculators
UCSC Currents online Front Page Classified Ads Making The News Take Note February 21, 2000 Computational techniques analyze data from the Human Genome Project By Tim Stephens A new discipline has emerged at the intersection of computer science and biotechnology, bringing the power of advanced computational techniques to bear on complex problems in molecular biology. Called bioinformatics or computational biology, this new field is providing essential tools for scientists on the leading edge of research in genetics and other fundamental areas of biology. Gene-sequencing efforts such as the Human Genome Project, combined with new techniques for studying the activity of genes in living cells, are generating enormous amounts of raw data. These data are accumulating at a rapidly accelerating pace in a variety of public computer databases, such as those maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the National Institutes of Health. "The driving force behind bioinformatics is the availability of these large databases and the need to come up with sophisticated computer models for extracting useful information from them," said David Haussler, professor of computer science at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Haussler discussed the use of computational techniques to analyze genetic data in a talk Saturday (February 19) at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C. Haussler, who directs UCSC's Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, recently joined the Human Genome Project's bioinformatics team. Bioinformatics is playing an increasingly important role in the project, an international effort to identify and understand all of the roughly 100,000 human genes. "Computer analysis will be an integral part of identifying genes and understanding their functions," Haussler said. The set of genetic instructions for making an organism--its genome--is contained in long, threadlike DNA molecules neatly packaged into chromosomes within the nucleus of every cell. The sequence of chemical units in the DNA is a kind of code that specifies the structures of protein molecules, which carry out most of the functions of living cells. The complete DNA sequence of the human genome, if compiled in books, would fill 200 volumes the size of the Manhattan telephone book. Human Genome Project scientists are close to having a rough draft of this sequence, but that will only be a first step. Buried within the genome sequence are the genes--DNA sequences that encode specific proteins--which ultimately determine all the inherited characteristics of humans. Locating genes within genomic DNA sequences is one of the first tasks for which scientists have turned to bioinformatics. Less than 10 percent of the human genome is thought to comprise protein-coding gene sequences. Interspersed with the genes are control sequences, which regulate gene activity, and other "noncoding regions" whose functions are obscure. Haussler and his coworkers at UC Santa Cruz have developed some of the most effective computational techniques for finding genes in DNA sequences. They introduced a now widely used statistical method called hidden Markov modeling to attack this problem. To analyze the rough draft of the human genome sequence, Haussler is working closely with researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Whitehead Institute. The Whitehead Institute is one of five major sequencing sites involved in the Human Genome Project. Working with the rough draft, however, will be a monumentally difficult task, Haussler said. "The problem is that the rough draft does not provide a continuous DNA sequence across each chromosome--many regions of the genome are covered only by small pieces," he said. The first task Haussler and the Whitehead group are tackling is to line up all of the segments of the human genome sequenced so far in their proper order and orientations along the chromosomes. The next step will be to locate genes within the genome sequence. This will be done in collaboration with Neomorphic, a Berkeley-based genomics company, using a computer program called Genie. Genie was initially developed by Haussler's group and researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). It was exclusively licensed and further developed by Neomorphic, which was founded by a group of scientists from LBNL, UC Berkeley, and UCSC. Genie was recently used to identify genes in the genome of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which was sequenced last year. Neomorphic is now developing a new version of Genie optimized for the rough draft of the human genome sequence. Research on the genetics of organisms such as Drosophila, yeast, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has helped lay the groundwork for studying the much more complex genome of humans. Many human genes are closely related to genes found in these simpler organisms, which are widely used as model systems for research in genetics and molecular biology. Studies of these model organisms have already yielded many valuable insights into gene functions, normal gene regulation, genetic diseases, and evolutionary processes. According to Haussler, the role for bioinformatics in this type of research is steadily increasing as the experimental methods become more sophisticated and complex. DNA microarrays or "gene chips," for example, provide valuable information about gene expression--when, where, and to what extent specific genes are active. This information is critical to understanding a gene's biological function. But gene chips, like genomic-sequencing technology, produce enormous amounts of data that can only be analyzed and understood using sophisticated computational approaches. "There is a lot of information pertaining to gene function that is becoming available as a result of large-scale experiments using gene chips and other methods, which generate massive datasets relating to the functions of thousands of genes," Haussler said. To analyze these complex datasets, Haussler is pioneering the use of a new statistical method based on the theory of support vector machines (SVMs). SVMs are able to handle high-dimensional datasets in which each data point has many features or attributes. "It's hard to visualize because we live in a three-dimensional world, and we're talking about analyzing datasets in ten thousand or more dimensions. But we're finding SVMs extremely useful for gene chip data," Haussler said. Genomic sequencing and gene chips represent what Haussler calls "high-throughput genomic technologies," powerful new techniques for understanding molecular biology. The use of these techniques is increasing, and all of them present significant computational challenges. One of Haussler's goals is to develop new statistical and algorithmic methods for integrating these diverse types of genomic data. For the moment, analyzing the rough draft of the human genome sequence is the focus of Haussler's efforts. But in the long run, he foresees a happy and prosperous future for the marriage of computer science and molecular biology. The application of human genomics to areas such as drug discovery and clinical diagnostics, for example, will undoubtedly require new computational methodologies, he said. "Our vision for bioinformatics spans a broad spectrum, from basic molecular biology all the way up to clinical diagnostics," Haussler said. Additional information about the research program is available on Haussler's Web site. Return to Front Page Maintained by pioweb@cats
Doctor with senior patient in office stock photo from michaeljung/Shutterstock. Despite the amount of wealth and power that exist in the Washington region, the benefits of living in the area do not extend equally to all its residents. DC and the surrounding suburbs have positive health outcomes well above the national average, but when you look closer at the data, there are stark differences from neighborhood to neighborhood. In fact, there's a 27-year disparity between the region's census tracts with the lowest and highest life expectancies. “The census tracts with the lowest and highest life expectancies were both in the District, ranging from 67 years in a neighborhood of Trinidad near Gallaudet University (tract 88.04) to 94 years in the Foxhall area of Georgetown (tract 8.01). Other reports have shown striking geographic differences in other health measures such as infant mortality, obesity, heart disease and diabetes,” says a recent report from the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (COG) along with the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Center on Society and Health. Uneven Opportunities: How Conditions for Wellness Vary Across the Metropolitan Washington Region examines the health disparities throughout the region by measuring the differences in life expectancy across census tracts and looking at the extent to which social determinants of health—such as housing, transportation, wealth, and education—contribute to those differences. So how are these health disparities explained? First, we should start with what doesn't have much of an impact. The report addresses a couple of misconceptions that surround health care discussions, such as the idea that health is primarily determined by health care, and that a person's health care choices rest solely with that individual. In fact, only 10%-20% of someone's health is determined by health care. The place where a person lives (and the opportunities found in that place) often have a more significant impact on a person's overall health outcomes. That's because people can only make the choices they actually have. For example, exercise contributes to health, but if a person lives in a neighborhood with unsafe roads and has to travel a long way to work, she doesn't really have the choice of commuting by bicycle or on foot, even if she wants to. Someone might want to cook healthy meals with a lot of vegetables, but if they can't access a grocery store (like many people living east of the Anacostia River), they don't really have that choice. “Overall, findings show that health in metropolitan Washington is shaped less by health care than by factors like income, education, housing, transportation, and the environment. In addition, people of color and immigrants were more likely to live in neighborhoods with fewer resources, which lack the conditions for good health,” the report says. Here are some other key findings. Washington, DC Metropolitan Region Unsurprisingly the healthiest places (lighter colors) in metropolitan Washington are in the northwest wards of DC, the affluent suburbs of Maryland, and most of Fairfax County. The least healthy places (darker colors) are in the eastern wards of DC, Frederick County, Frederick City, southern Charles County, and southwest Prince George's County. Washington, DC There is a clear east-west divide in DC when it comes to health opportunity. The wards located in the northwest part of the city are wealthier and more educated and thus have a higher opportunity for health, as opposed to the wards in Southeast DC. The study compared Ward 3 in Northwest DC to Ward 8 in southeast DC and found that the average life expectancy in Ward 3 is 87 years versus 72 years in Ward 8. While 94% of Ward 3 residents have attended college, only 41% of people have in Ward 8. Southern Maryland The Maryland suburbs also show considerable health disparities. Montgomery County had a higher opportunity for health than Prince George’s County. However, despite Montgomery being one of the wealthiest counties in the county, as the report notes that their analysis revealed “stark contrasts in conditions for health and opportunity across the county.” For example, Bethesda has a majority-white population and in some census tracts at least 97% of adults attended college, and the unemployment rate is less than 1%. However, just eight miles away lie some of the county’s most adverse health conditions. That's likely because Langley Park has a high immigrant and racial minority population. Northern Virginia Just like in DC and Maryland, the health disparities that exist in Northern Virginia are a short distance from affluent areas. For example, census tract 4701 in Great Falls has a median household income of $244,013, but nearby in Fort Myer, 66% of children are living in poverty. So what should we do? The irony of the Washington region is that there is a considerable amount of wealth and opportunity available to residents, but those opportunities are unevenly spread—at no fault of the individual. The “islands of disadvantage” in Northern Virginia and the segregated areas of Southeast DC and Prince George's County are reflective of a past that has contributed to multigenerational poverty. This has induced conditions that adversely impact residents' health by limiting access to social determinants that help people be more healthy. As noted in the report, “Doctors cannot solve the socio-economic challenges or improve neighborhood conditions.” Moving forward, the region must work to improve economic and social conditions for populations in need, straighten out the public health system, invest in communities, and ensure access to quality health care service in every neighborhood.
Date: 9 Jul 2014 \| posted in: MuniNetworks \| 0 Facebooktwitterredditmail In the first part of this series, we discussed how spectrum could be better managed to allow far greater communications capacity, but only if the FCC abandoned its traditional approach of auctioning spectrum to carriers for monopolistic use. In this part, we’ll discuss how devices could take advantage of a new approach to spectrum management and how it might help to circumvent gatekeepers, whether corporate or government. With increased unlicensed use of the spectrum, an astonishing range of possibilities emerges. Mobile devices could communicate with each other directly, without reference to a central node controlled by a telecom company or monitored by a government. Access points could be strung together wirelessly to create decentralized ad hoc networks, with each device forwarding data from every other, creating a seamless network throughout an entire neighborhood or city. Commotion Wireless is already attempting this on a small scale with just the existing spectrum. Another exciting possibility for unlicensed spectrum use can be found in emerging Ultra-Wide Band technologies. These allow devices to use a large swath of spectrum at very low power to send information in bits and pieces over short distances, somewhat similar to bitTorrents, and could allow for nearly instantaneous exchange of gigabits of data. All of this is dependent, however, on access to spectrum with the right characteristics, such as low frequency TV bands that can penetrate physical obstacles like walls or trees especially well. What if rather than having Wi-Fi, the U.S. Treasury had a few extra billion dollars by auctioning that space on the spectrum to a monopoly provider rather than creating a commons? These are the real trade-offs currently being weighed and you better believe that the big wireless companies and their allies in Congress are working hard to prevent any major changes to the system they rule. All of this is unlikely to happen in the current regulatory regime. Telecom companies have shelled out billions for exclusive licenses and made large investments in technologies that work within the current business model of spectrum ownership. They also covet the foreclosure value that their ownership provides, meaning the ability to shut out competitors by denying them spectrum. As a result, a few massive telecom corporations have little to gain by democratizing access to spectrum bandwidth. National elected officials, most of whom are not known for their technological savvy, must weigh the temptation of quick money ($20 billion from one auction in 2008 alone) in new license auctions with the difficult to conceptualize but potentially massive economic and social benefits of a more open spectrum. Unless they feel pressure from ordinary citizens who stand to benefit from greater spectrum freedom, the status quo of expensive, centralized communications and suppression of innovation is unlikely to change. Spectrum graphic courtesy of Wiki Commons.
It is now common knowledge that excessive energy consumption directly results in a change of global climatic patterns as well as the depletion of natural resources such as petrol and coal. Not only that, activities such as mining and logging are also responsible for the destruction of natural habitats as well as an increase in air and land pollution. Energi Mine, the company behind ETK (EnergiToken) cryptocurrency, is currently in the process of developing a new platform that will serve as a peer-to-peer marketplace where users can buy and sell energy. The marketplace will connect generators and consumers and introduce a higher level of transparency to a market that is otherwise known to be notoriously opaque. When using the platform, participants will have the ability to connect with independent suppliers, thereby cutting out the need for energy companies or brokers who are known to overcharge unsuspecting customers. Owing to its transparent framework, the platform helps ensure that prices are always truly market-reflective, as opposed to artificially high thanks to certain companies that dominate the global energy market. Another key feature of the system is its use of a reward mechanism that provides customers with incentives for their energy-saving behavior. Users who conserve energy by buying efficient appliances or take public transport to their work are rewarded with EnergiTokens (ETK). Overview of the service • The governance model envisioned by Energi Mine can work within a global context and has the power to be implemented across energy markets spread around the world. • By allowing for the tokenization of the energy market, the platform can help in the creation of more energy-efficient systems. • The company behind the upcoming platform, Energi Mine, is an established venture that has offices in the UK. • According to the official whitepaper, the platform will deploy deep learning and AI models to manage energy consumption on behalf of corporate clients, leading to more efficient service delivery within a sector that is driven mainly by manual labor. • The platform will make use of a visually-oriented UI, thereby allowing users with varying levels of technical know-how to use this innovative service. Key Features Energi Mine’s upcoming platform is designed to reduce global energy consumption via the use of a token-driven incentive model. A detailed overview of the architecture employed by this service The Energi Mine ecosystem is comprised of a P2P marketplace that allows consumers and producers to directly interact with one another. However, the thing that sets this solution apart from any other product in the market is that all transactions are facilitated via digital tokens. Not only that, transactions are recorded directly onto a ledger which ensures that all monetary dealings are accounted for at all times. Through the elimination of unwanted intermediaries such as energy companies, the platform helps ensure that electricity prices are in accordance with market averages and are not determined by corporate players who are known to create artificial scarcity in order to increase prices. Lastly, as mentioned earlier, the ecosystem deploys a reward mechanism that provides users with incentives in the form of native ETK tokens that can either be used to pay future power bills or exchanged for fiat currencies. Energi Mine’s Envisioned Roadmap How Will All This Work? According to Energi Mine, their new peer-to-peer model allows energy generators to sell energy to consumers based upon predetermined contract conditions. In the same way, any network participant has the freedom to buy or sell from any other producer—thus promoting healthy competition within the market while maintaining reasonable energy rates. In the aforementioned P2P model, existing energy companies do not have to be eliminated from the picture completely. Instead, they are required to simply modify their current business practices so as to adapt to the new economy. For example, large energy companies will be required to take payments in tokens quite like all of the independent providers who make use of the platform. Lastly, through the use of a blockchain-based ledger system, energy providers will be able to greatly reduce their administrative burden since a digitized entity will record all their payments and other pertinent transactions automatically. As a result of this reduced workload, consumers will be given the option to pay their bills daily or weekly, with lower levels of debt. Team Details Omar Rahim is the CEO of this project. According to his online bio, Omar spent more than a decade working in Europe’s energy and gas trading sector. He went on to create Energi Mine, a tech company that is looking to revolutionize the commercial electricity/power domain. Nick Kairinos is the CTO of this venture. He specializes in the application and integration of artificial intelligence in projects involving complex transactions. Nick has over two decades worth of experience as an architect, advisor, entrepreneur, and investor at various startups. Lastly, John Townsend is the CFO of Energi Mine. Prior to his collaboration with Omar, John worked as a chartered accountant for nearly 30 years, serving many high-profile clients such as Deloitte. He’s also managed financial affairs for a host of companies and HNWIs spread across the globe in the past decade. Token Financials Released into the cryptoverse around a week back, the value of ETK tokens has remained relatively stable since their market inception. ETK lifetime performance data (courtesy of Coincodex) While initially trading at a base rate of $0.0045, the value of a single ETK token stood at $0.0055 at the time of writing. Additionally, ETK possesses a market cap of $6.34 million along with a circulating token supply of 1.14 billion coins. Final Thoughts Since EnergiToken incentivizes individuals to reduce their energy consumption, it will be interesting to see how the project is received after its official launch later this year. As of now, the beta version of the company’s Rewards Platform is currently available for download. If you would like to buy/sell ETK, trading pairs are currently available on Coinbene and Coinsuper.
World Sleep Day & Your Mental Health Sleep is critical for your wellbeing in nearly every aspect of your life. Without adequate sleep, you may find yourself feeling irritable, unfocused, lacking coordination, forgetful, and feeling like you’re going about your day in a fog. When we sleep, our body gets to work repairing damage, processing information about our day and resting. Unfortunately, our 24/7 schedules seem to leave little time for restful, reparative sleep. World Sleep Day is observed on March 15th. This day of awareness was created by sleep researchers to raise public awareness about the health crisis of insufficient sleep. At Pulse TMS, we’re particularly interested in how sleep can affect your mental wellbeing. Here are some of the things we learned about sleep and mental health. How Sleep Affects Your Physical and Mental Health Many people don’t prioritize their sleep as much as they should. It can be easy to fall into the habit of sleeping less in favor of having more awake time to accomplish tasks and handle a busy schedule. Unfortunately, burning the candle at both ends isn’t sustainable, and many people suffer burnout and chronic health conditions as a result of sleeplessness. The National Sleep Foundation outlines several ways that your brain and body are affected by a lack of sleep: • Memory and learning: Your brain needs sleep to process information and build synaptic connections that let you recall it when you need it. Memory and learning are both negatively impacted by a lack of sleep, so you may find yourself struggling to remember or learn new things. • Mood: Feeling grumpy? Your mood can be affected by sleep. If you live with depression, anxiety, or other mental illness, you may also notice your ability to regulate your symptoms is lessened. Sleep affects your ability to handle stress in healthy ways, and not getting enough shut-eye may mean that you’re not able to cope with stress well. • Coordination and reactions: After just 19 hours without sleep, there is a noticeable decline in reaction times and coordination—enough that your coordination, judgment, and reaction times are similar to someone who is legally drunk. Keep that in mind next time you want to drive home after a long, long day. • Skin health: Sleep is necessary to repair the damage your body sustains throughout the day, but it also is important to regulate cortisol, a stress hormone. Cortisol is destructive throughout your body, but its effects are particularly noticeable in your skin because cortisol breaks down collagen. This can lead to sagging, wrinkles, and dull-looking skin. • Heart health: Getting less than 6 hours of sleep per night can raise your blood pressure, putting extra strain on your heart. Sleeplessness can also increase your risk of cardiovascular disease. • Increased appetite: Without enough sleep, you may find yourself craving carbohydrate-laden, fat-rich foods. This is because your body needs calories to burn for energy. Your satiety hormones also can get out of sync with your body, leading to overeating and weight gain. • Immune system decline: If you find that you’re getting sick often or that minor wounds aren’t healing quickly, it can be a sign that your immune system isn’t working at full power. This system is responsible for protecting your body from infections as well as regulating your healing. Without enough sleep, your immune system’s ability to heal and protect can be compromised. Is Too Much Sleep a Sign of Depression? Just as not enough sleep can be a sign of depression, oversleeping is also a sign. Known as hypersomnia, many adults and children with depression report experiencing excessive sleepiness as a symptom of depression. One study into the relationship between hypersomnia and depression found that the relationship is bidirectional, meaning that depression can worsen hypersomnia, but excessive sleepiness can also increase feelings of depression. If you find yourself oversleeping or feeling sleepy despite the amount of sleep you’ve had, it is possible that you may have a co-occurring mental health condition, such as depression. The Correlation Between Depression and Sleep As mentioned above, excessive sleepiness may be a sign of depression. Similarly, insomnia can also be related to depression. Sleep disturbance is strongly linked with major depression, so much so that sleep troubles are often one of the most prominent symptoms of depression. Sleep is also a key factor in the quality of life. In a study on the correlation between sleep and depression, researchers found that more than half of all respondents reported that their sleep behaviors directly impacted their ability to enjoy their life. This study also found that people diagnosed with depression expressed more distress over their poor sleep quality than mentally healthy people, even when they were reporting similar sleep quality as their mentally healthy counterparts. Sleep is a critical factor for your wellbeing, but getting restful, adequate sleep can be a challenge for those living with mental illness. The Benefits of Sleep for Mental Illness If you live with a mental illness, it can be difficult to feel positive about your sleep. Too much sleep may leave you feeling groggy and unproductive, while too little sleep can leave you feeling unfocused, moody, and exhausted. Finding a healthy sleep pattern can be a challenge, but the benefits of great sleep are worth it. Getting enough restful sleep can have a big impact for your mental health, including: • Better memory: It can be frustrating to forget even small details, but many people living with a mental illness experience considerable losses in memory and difficulty recalling information. Adequate sleep can help boost memory and improve learning and recall. • Better focus: Do you find yourself struggling to stay on task or follow a conversation? Poor attention is a symptom of many mental illnesses, and it can lead to uncomfortable social interactions, productivity challenges, and a general feeling of disconnect from the world. With better sleep, many people with mental illness discover they have a sharper focus and an easier time paying attention. • Less stress: As humans, avoiding stress is an important thing to do. Stress can be destructive for our mental and physical wellbeing, especially for those who already cope with a mental illness. As mentioned above, sleep regulates your body’s production of the stress hormone cortisol. A good night’s sleep is the first step towards reducing your stress. Get Help Today It can be easy to feel like you’re alone in the world while living with depression, anxiety, or other mental illnesses. This couldn’t be farther from the truth, which is why our team at Pulse TMS is dedicated to helping people living with mental illness to find treatments that work for them. Treatment-resistant depression can be an incredible challenge. We can help. Pulse TMS offers transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments to help treat your depression, as well as resources to help you learn about living with depression. Find out if TMS is a treatment option for you. Schedule an appointment with our team today to learn more. Contact our offices by calling (310) 272-5026.
What is the Lean Startup? Lean startup is an approach to business development that is based on the principles of lean production, a manufacturing methodology that values a business’ ability to change quickly. Minimum Viable Product Examples of Startups building a MVP • Buffer • Dropbox • Zappos Can Enterprises build an MVP? General Electric (GE) is applying MVP to speed up the process of getting prodcuts to market. Validated Learning Validated learning is a process in which one learns by trying out an initial idea and then measuring it to validate the effect. Lean Startup Model Lean Method Your idea probably sucks! Why? Because you don’t know what you don’t know. Research indicates and startup ideas fail within the first 1-2 years. Sure you will learn a lot, but the “tuition fees” could cost your business, career, reputation or all of the above. The Lean Startup by Eric RiesThe Lean Startup small The five principles of the Lean Start-up from leanstartup.co 1. Entrepreneurs are everywhere 2. Entrepreneurship is management 3. Validated learning 4. Build-Measure-Learn 5. Innovation accounting
Exploring the mechanisms of heat wave vulnerability at the urban scale based on the application of big data and artificial societies. 08:00 EDT 12th April 2019 \| BioPortfolio Summary of "Exploring the mechanisms of heat wave vulnerability at the urban scale based on the application of big data and artificial societies." Rapid urbanisation has altered the vulnerability of urban areas to heat wave disasters. There is an urgent need to identify the factors underlying the effect of heat waves on human health and the areas that are most vulnerable to heat waves. In this study, we plan to integrate indices associated with heat wave vulnerability based on meteorological observation data, remote sensing data and point of interest (POI) data; analyse the influence of urbanisation on the urban vulnerability environment; and explore the relationship between the vulnerability environment and heat-wave-related mortality. Finally, we attempt to map the spatial distribution of high heat-wave-related mortality risk based on the results of heat wave vulnerability study and artificial society. The results reveal that 1) there are differences in the influence of urbanisation on heat wave exposure, sensitivity and adaptability; 2) the exposure and sensitivity level effects on the lower limit of health impacts and the adaptability level effects on the upper limit of the health impact from heat wave in a given study area; and 3) areas vulnerable to the effects of heat waves are not confined to the city centre, which implies that residents living in suburban areas are also vulnerable to heat waves. Finally, this study not only explores the factors contributing to the impacts of heat waves but also describes the spatial distribution of the risk of disaster-associated mortality, thereby providing direct scientific guidance that can be used by cities to address heat wave disasters in the future. Journal Details This article was published in the following journal. Name: Environment international ISSN: 1873-6750 Pages: 573-583 DeepDyve research library PubMed Articles [28135 Associated PubMed Articles listed on BioPortfolio] Mapping heat-related health risks of elderly citizens in mountainous area: A case study of Chongqing, China. Heat wave becomes a leading cause of weather-related illness and death across the world under the background of climate change, urban heat island, and population ageing. Heat health risk assessment is... The exposure of slums to high temperature: Morphology-based local scale thermal patterns. Heat exposure has become a global threat to human health and life with increasing temperatures and frequency of extreme heat events. Considering risk as a function of both heat vulnerability and hazar... Comparison of health risks by heat wave definition: Applicability of wet-bulb globe temperature for heat wave criteria. Despite the active applications of thermal comfort indices for heat wave definitions, there is lack of evaluation for the impact of extended days of high temperature on health outcomes using many of t... Assessment of heat exposure in cities: Combining the dynamics of temperature and population. Urban populations are typically subject to higher outdoor heat exposure than nearby rural areas due to the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Excessive Heat Events (EHEs) further amplify heat stress impo... Heat exposure during outdoor activities in the US varies significantly by city, demography, and activity. Clinical Trials [8528 Associated Clinical Trials listed on BioPortfolio] Systemic, Pancoronary and Local Coronary Vulnerability • The aim of the VIP study is to investigate the impact of vulnerability markers (inflammatory serum biomarkers for systemic vulnerability, coronary shear stress and vulnerability mappin... Relationship Between Heat Wave and Hyponatremia The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between moderate to severe hyponatremia and heat. Chronic low back pain is a common problem which results in reduced functionality, quality of life and general well being. Conservative treatment includes patient education, exercise, maint... Home-based Leg Heat Therapy The objective of this study is to evaluate the benefits of participating for 8 weeks in a home-based daily treatment with heat therapy (HT) or a thermoneutral control intervention, as asse... Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions A subjective psychometric response scale used to measure distinct behavioral or physiological phenomena based on linear numerical gradient or yes/no alternatives. Quick Search DeepDyve research library Searches Linking to this Article
Artificial Intelligence Poses Data Privacy Challenges By Stephen Gardner Oct. 19 — International privacy regulators are increasingly concerned about the need to balance innovation and consumer protection in artificial intelligence and other data driven technologies, global privacy chiefs said Oct. 19. Data protection officials from more than 60 countries expressed their concerns over challenges posed by the emerging fields of robotics, artificial intelligence and machine learning due to the new tech's unpredictable outcomes. The global privacy regulators also discussed the difficulties of regulating encryption standards and how to balance law enforcement agency access to information with personal privacy rights. Such technological developments “pose challenges for a consent model of data collection,” and may lead to an increase in data privacy risks, John Edwards, New Zealand privacy commissioner, said at the 38th International Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners' Conference, in Marrakesh, Morocco. For example, decision-making machines may be used to “engender or manipulate the trust of the user,” and would be an “all seeing, all remembering in-house guests,” that would collect personal data via numerous sensors. Peter Fleischer, global privacy counsel at Alphabet Inc.'s Google, said that established privacy principles would continue to be relevant for new technologies, but machine learning raised particular problems, such as machines finding “ways to re-identify data.” The emerging technologies may have a broad impact across various industries. “Humans teaching machines to learn” was a “revolution in the making” that may have broad societal consequences that could cut across numerous economic sectors, Fleischer said. For example, data-driven machines may have the ability to analyze sensitive medical data, make medical diagnoses, thereby potentially revolutionizing the health-care industry, Fleischer said at the conference. Machines that learn would act “like a chef: see the ingredients and comes up with something new,” he said. Unknowable Algorithms Machines that learn through collecting real-world data may pose privacy challenges “that we are only beginning to understand,” Edwards said. Edwards said that care is needed to ensure that decisions taken by machines didn't reflect biases inherent in the initial data used as the basis for machine learning. Federal Trade Commission Chairman Edith Ramirez compared the machine learning problems to how drones collect data. There may be “no traditional way for operators to make disclosures about what information they are collecting and how they will use it,” she said. Ramirez also pointed to problems in regulating emerging technologies due to the ambiguity surrounding data collection practices. The enforcement of privacy in the context of emerging technologies is complex because of the interconnection of devices, she said. Asimov Principles The privacy commissioners' conference didn't provide specific answers to looming challenges for privacy regulation. The role of the annual conference is rather to highlight issues that are likely to become significant. Marc Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, said that in terms of robotics and machine learning, privacy commissioners may consider supplementing Isaac Asimov's three laws of robotics—a robot should not injure a human, obey human orders unless it would lead to the injuring of a human, and protect itself unless that would contravene the first two laws. Rotenberg proposed that, in addition, robots must always reveal the basis of their decisions, and robots must always reveal their identities. Rotenberg said that “we believe increasingly in the importance of algorithmic transparency,” which would conform with the suggested rule that robots should always reveal the basis of their decisions. Ramirez said that regulators should build up expertise in emerging technologies so they have a thorough understanding of them as the basis for regulation. Privacy commissioners would likely need help from researchers and technologists because they must understand “not only what is happening today but what is likely to happen tomorrow,” she said. Encryption Difficulties Encryption has also puzzled privacy regulators who say that it's hard to balance consumer privacy with law enforcement agencies' access to information for legitimate purposes. Edwards said that encryption protects the data of companies and individuals, but “poses a significant challenge for law enforcement agencies and others with lawful authority to intercept communications. “No satisfactory response to this challenge has yet been identified,” though few companies favor the introduction of back doors so that law enforcement authorities can access encrypted communications for valid purposes. Jane Horvath, senior director of global privacy at Apple Inc., spoke strongly in favor of encryption technologies and said “a government demand for back doors puts everyone's security at risk.” “Security is an endless race,” and “encryption, in short, protects people,” Horvath said. To contact the reporter on this story: Stephen Gardner in Marrakesh, Morocco at Request Bloomberg Law Privacy and Data Security
Life span: 6-8 Years Height: 64-70cm (Male); 58-66cm (Female) Weight: 70-115 pounds Bernese Mountain dogs are larger dog breeds which originated from Switzerland. These dogs are good-natured, calm, affectionate and loyal breeds. They possess lengthy hairs but are not hypoallergenic. In generic, their coat is tri-coloured. You can pick them as one of your family members. Physical Characteristics The large body of this breed is strong and even, with big paws to match. Its ears sit high atop its head and fall down, its tail is fluffy and usually down when resting. Its eyes are brown with a black nose. This breed has an astonishing double coat that is made up of a wooly undercoat and a long overcoat that contains three colors: black, which covers most of its body; white, which covers the chest, paws and part of the face and snout; and brown, with markings over its body such as its eyebrows, legs and part of its chest.Their coat is thick, soft, and relatively long. This breed is part of the Swiss Sennenhund group and the only one in it to have long hair. Despite them being around for so long, it was not until 1902 when they were recognized, when the Swiss Dog Club sponsored a show that caused them to get more attention. In 1904, in a show in Bern, the Bernese Mountain Dog acquired its name, and later on in that same year, it was recognized as an official breed. In 1936 they began being bred in England, and by 1937 the American Kennel Club had already accepted them as a part of the Working Class group. Originally used for herding cattle, carrying carts with food or other goods, and guarding the household, these dogs soon became faithful pets due to their gentle nature and easy trainability. The Bernese Mountain Dog is a great family dog, it is gentle, loyal, alert, smart, affectionate, and highly tolerant. They are amazing with children and are playful to no end, although not overly energetic. They tend to protect their family and territory but are not aggressive, and although they love being around people, they might be a bit shy around strangers. Training is relatively easy and must start at a young age. They must never be left alone for long periods of time, since they need to be with people all the time. This breed does not have a high life expectancy, as it has many possible diseases, which are: Cancer, noticeable through unusually swollen bumps, bleeding from any orifices, or sores that do not heal, along with difficulty breathing. Gastric dilatation-volvulus, or bloat, is a mortal disease in which large chested dogs are affected by eating quickly, drinking lots of water and exercising after. This causes the stomach to inflate with gas and twist, making the dog unable to get rid of the excess air through vomiting, which impedes the normal blood flow to the heart. Its blood pressure then goes down and the dog goes into shock. Without proper, and immediate, medical attention, this could be fatal. Its symptoms may include: retching without vomiting, bloated abdomen, excessive salivation, restlessness, depression, rapid heart rate, weakness, etc. Panosteitis (Wandering or Transient Lameness), in which young dogs may have limping or other physical problems which can also be called Lameness. This is usually misdiagnosed for more serious problems, but the dog will most likely outgrow it by their second year. The cause is unknown, but a well balanced diet and rest if in pain may help your dog. Portosystemic Shunt, which is a congenital disease in which blood vessels let the blood bypass the liver, causing it to not be cleansed properly by the liver. It can be noticed through lack of appetite, hypoglycemia, urinary tract problems, etc. Surgery is recommended. Due to its long coat, this breed tends to shed a lot, even more during shedding season. Usually, brushing should take place once a week, but during shedding season it should be done daily. Their nails should be cut regularly, along with its teeth brushed and its ears checked for any dirt to prevent infections. This breed does not require much exercise, half an hour of daily exercise should suffice, although a long walk or trip is also enjoyable for them. They especially enjoy activities that involve children, including pulling a cart with them in it. The Bernese Mountain Dog is also a dog you can sit on your couch and watch a movie or take a nap with. Training is easy with this breed as they want to please their owners and are very intelligent. However, they also have very sensitive feelings, so harsh methods will only hurt their feelings, while positive reinforcement will work the best. They cannot be left alone for long, as this dog needs to be with its family. Leave a Comment Your email address will not be published. Get the Dogsora Dog-Friendly Newsletter No thanks, I have learned enough about dogs
Choose Language: EN CN 电话预约 +65 6838 1212 The Second Chance - IVF This is due to the fact that in the past, laboratory equipment such as test tubes and petri dishes were always made of glass; and since test tubes and petri dishes have always been such iconic symbols for Scientific Progress, the term IVF – along with “test tube baby” – was thus coined. In spite of its name, babies are neither grown in test tubes nor put together like some kind of chemical reaction: in fact, the whole process is fairly simple, relatively painless, minimally invasive and hardly involves test tubes at all. A woman undergoing IVF must first have some eggs harvested from her body. Prior to the operation, her ovaries would be stimulated with certain hormonal drugs to cause her to release multiple eggs - as opposed to the single egg that she would normally release - the next time she is fertile. This is done to increase the chances of pregnancy: with a single egg, all you have is but a single chance, but if you have multiple eggs, you can have that many more chances at pregnancy without needing to stimulate the patient repeatedly. Once these eggs are harvested, they are combined with sperm harvested from the would-be father in a petri dish to form embryos: that is to say, fertilised eggs. The IVF embryologist then grows these embryos in a specialised incubator and, once they are ready, can be replaced into the uterus. When the woman is ready to try for pregnancy, the fertility doctor replaces an embryo back into the woman’s womb, where it is then free to grow to maturity naturally. Excess embryos can be frozen for future replacements. Thanks to developments in medical science such as the use of personalised protocols for ovarian stimulation and better laboratory techniques, live birth rates using IVF have increased to more than 40 per cent, especially in younger women under the age of 35. IVF is also easier to administer today, requiring fewer blood tests and drug injections than just a few years ago. Not only do the hormonal drugs have less unwanted side effects, the effects of the drugs are also stronger and last longer, making it less disruptive on the life of the woman undergoing IVF treatment The modern techniques used to freeze embryos has also revolutionised the way in which many women approach fertility. In the past, many young women had to choose between either advancing their career or being a full-time mother. Now, thanks to the high rates of success with embryonic freezing, women may finally choose when exactly they want to have children. No longer do they need to make the difficult decision of choosing between career and motherhood. Freezing embryos and ovarian tissue will also allow women with cancers to preserve their fertility even after undergoing cancer treatment. Many forms of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, often adversely affect a woman’s fertility; if the woman had access to her previously-frozen embryos and ovarian tissue, however, she may effectively reverse time, allowing her to have children even after battling cancer. 医学硕士(外科), 内外全科医学士(新加坡)
Nuclear Energy Rising At The Expense of Renewable Power Just before the Fukushima disaster hit three years ago, nuclear energy had been standing tall. But the earthquake and giant waves knocked out the legs from under the fuel source, killing Japan’s nuclear ambitions as well as that of some other nations that had a robust nuclear power presence. The tsunami turned Japan’s world upside down. But it also dazed a global community that had planned to crank up the nuclear dial a notch. Some countries such as Germany, Italy and Sweden have chosen to scale back their nuclear production and to increase their renewable generation to help the continent meet its carbon reductions goals. But others, like China and the United Kingdom, are revving up their nuclear programs. By 2020, Europe is supposed to have cut its carbon emissions by 20 percent -- something for which it is set to do, with a little help from the global recession. After that, however, it may switch to give individual countries more flexibility by setting an overall European Union target of 40 percent by 2030. Why the proposed changes? Renewables have high costs and they are a challenge to integrate on to the grid. The continent’s biggest green producers, Germany and Spain, have tempered their spirit given that the annual price to customers is about $32.5 billion in both countries. Both Germany and Spain get about 23 percent of their energy from renewables. But Germany plans to cut those subsidies by $2.5 billion while Spain will slash $3.5 billion. At the same time, utilities with offshore wind energy interest in the UK are scrapping their construction plans: Iberdrola ’s ScottishPower won’t build what was to be the world’s largest offshore wind farm, saying that it would be infeasible. And the Guardian newspaper reports that Germany’s RWE and British-owned Centrica have both pulled out of potential offshore wind deals. “It is our view that the Argyll Array project is not financially viable in the short term ... As construction techniques and turbine technology continues to improve, we believe that the Argyll Array could become a viable project in the long term,” which is defined here as 10-15 years, says Jonathan Cole, head of offshore wind development for ScottishPower. Meantime, China, Korea, the UAE, Saudi Arabia and the UK are advancing nuclear production to address air pollution and climate concerns. China has 20 nuclear plants today and 28 more under construction -- 40 percent of all projected new nuclear units, says the World Nuclear Association. A similar dynamic exists in the UK, which approved the construction of two reactors at Hinkley Point that will provide 7 percent of the UK’s electricity. “It will hopefully open the flood gates and unlock further investment in the sector, introducing a new phase of activity to deliver a fleet of new nuclear reactors generating low carbon electricity in the UK,” says Daniel Grosvenor, head of Deloitte’s UK nuclear practice. “It also shows that the UK can attract the international investment our energy sector desperately needs.” The deal, which was announced in October 2013 must still receive permission from the European Commission: Electricite de France will own 40-50 percent while another French national, Areva , will own 10 percent. Meantime, two Chinese national entities will own 30-40 percent. A shortlist of companies will buy the remaining 15 percent. The goal is to be operational by 2023. Significantly, some high profile climate scientists are hitting the lecture circuit and publishing their views to express that higher percentages of nuclear energy are essential to combating climate change. They, in turn, are asking their environmental brethren to embrace this position -- and to quit viewing nuclear energy from the perspective of 1979 when the partial meltdown at Three Mile Island occurred. All this is happening after the release of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change latest findings, which have concluded with 95 percent certainty that humans are mostly responsible for global warming. In 2007, it made the same assertion but with 90 percent assurance. “Quantitative analyses show that the risks associated with the expanded use of nuclear energy are orders of magnitude smaller than the risks associated with fossil fuels,” write the scientists, who include James Hansen at the Columbia University Earth Institute. The Environmentalists’ long-standing view of nuclear energy has “relaxed” but it has not changed. Renewables, they say, are both cheaper and safer. In this country, they point out that five nuclear plants have been forced to close in the last year. Three of those are because the facilities cannot compete with cheaper combined cycle natural gas facilities and two have been tied to ongoing technical issues, one of which involved uncommon vibrations and a small radiation leak. The Center for American Progress says that even if every major environmental organization halted its opposition to nuclear energy, the industry would still stumble. It’s a function of economics -- that developers can get other types of plants up-and-running much quicker and a lot cheaper. Southern Company’s two nuclear units that are going up in Georgia are now expected to cost $15.5 billion, of which a federal loan guarantee will cover more than half. Major energy transitions are lengthy, says Michael Shellenberger, president of the Breakthrough Institute, in an interview. Moving from wood to coal took more than a century while shifting from coal to natural gas is taking just as long. Renewables are getting there, he adds, although it will require activist governments. But nuclear generation is here and now, he emphasizes. “Nuclear power is already providing 20 percent of our power in the United States and 80 percent of the electricity in France,” says Shellenberger. “The right questions are how do we encourage a transition to it and how do we make it cheaper,” and not to dismiss it because of a stale mindset. The nuclear evolution will first get tested overseas before it may migrate to other parts of the world. China, the UK, and others, believe that the fuel source is critical to providing clean and reliable power -- a prescription that developed nations may follow, unless internal politics would choke it off.
چربی بدن چربی بدن Most diet recipients pay attention to the number of scales when weighing. Of course, if you want to get a healthier and more beautiful body, having a goal weight is important, but lower weight is not everything. The amount of fat that you have in your body is far more important than the number that the balance shows. If you are trying to increase your muscle strength or if you want to increase your metabolism, you should have a normal body fat percentage. Let’s be honest with ourselves, all of us are a bit sensitive about our body weight, but in general, it’s not the weight of the subject. Lower body fat, which means having a healthier body. What is the percentage of body fat? Body fat is said to be fat in your body. Women need only 3% body fat to survive, but an average woman has about 25% to 32% body fat. Female athletes have about 15% body fat, and women with flat tumors can have a body fat below 20%. In men, the percentage of normal body fat is about 18 to 25 percent. Body fat percentage is more than normal in women and men as overweight and obesity. Why is body fat more important than your actual weight? If you try to lose weight for a healthier body, numbers on the balance are of less importance. Because it does not matter what weight you have, it’s not healthy if your fat percentage is high. Instead of following a low-calorie and high-protein diet, we recommend that you exercise and eat more balanced meals every day to increase muscle strength. Below are some other ways to reduce your body fat percentage: Strength exercises Strength exercises help you get a healthier, healthier body, increase your metabolic rate, and burn more fat, even at rest! You do not need to lift heavy weights in each training session. Take small steps: Start with lighter weights and gradually increase weights as you progress in your workout. Eat balanced meals , instead of eating big three drops every day, we recommend eating 5 to 6 small meals. This will help normalize your metabolic rate and make you feel satiated for longer, so do not overeat. In addition, do not avoid carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are required for energy and pure muscle building. Just choose meal-balanced meals that include lean protein and unrefined carbohydrates. Doing a Cardio Training Do not have to join an expensive club to do your daily card practice. You can do a quick hike or slow down at short distances. Focus on intensive and explosive cardiac exercises between periods of rest. The important thing here is to keep pumping your heart to strengthen and improve your circulation. Have a lot of time? So why not use these moments to move? Instead of watching TV on after hours, choose an entertainment program like gardening or playing with your children. If you are trying to reduce your body fat percentage, you should use every time you have a chance to exercise. ترک نظردهی لطفا نظر خود را وارد نمایید لطفا نام خود را وارد نمایید 5 + 4 =
Salt Poisoning/Water Deprivation Author: Mark White BVSc LLB DPM MRCVS Reviewed: Mark White BVSc LLB DPM MRCVS 2016 Published: 2008 The body always tries to keep a balance between water and dissolved salts - not just Sodium Chloride - and this balance is maintained by a wide range of physiological processes that involve:- a) The kidneys as the primary fluid balancing organ b) The liver processing waste c) The intestines absorbing and excreting water d) The respiratory system losing water during breathing The skin - less important in the pig than in man, but still critical in controlling fluid balance. The organs work with the raw materials - food and water - to keep the body in a stable state. Any failure of raw material supply or organ function can lead to imbalance between salts and water and the pig can then manifest a classical salt poisoning. Clinical signs The clinical disease presents as a nervous disease, often confused with but distinct from meningitis. In a mild form, the pig is simply depressed and dull and may stand or "dog sit", sometimes pressing the head against a wall - suggesting pain. As the disease develops, and this can occur very quickly, the pig may collapse and show mild paddling movements (convulsions). One classic sign of salt poisoning in the pig is termed opisthotonus. The pig will "dog sit" but its head will be held upwards and backwards towards its shoulders, such that in extremes it will fall over backwards. The eyes are likely to twitch within the sockets (nystagmus). The pig may appear to be blind. High temperature is not a common feature of salt poisoning - distinguishing it from meningitis, although small rises in temperature - up to 40°C can occur. "Sudden" death may be seen in individuals, it taking minutes from first signs to death in severe cases. Frequently the signs will not appear until water supply is restored following some form of restriction. Development of Disease 1) Lack of water supply. This can result from:- a) Freezing of supplies in winter c) Blockage of float valves on bowls and troughs (e.g. with straw) d) Shortage of drinker availability - the current Red Tractor (RT) standards, if applied, should provide more than enough access for pigs. e) Lack of water pressure and flow rates. f) Inattention e.g. failing to turn water on when pigs are housed. g) Unpalatable water supply (some poultry antibiotic preparations used off licence have historically caused complete refusal of water by pigs. 2) Excessive salt intake - particularly seen in wet fed and bi-product fed pigs where diets have high salt levels and supplementary water is not provided. A benchmark figure for water requirement for growing pigs is 100ml per kg liveweight, but this can increase 3 fold in hot weather or with salt rich diets. Experience suggests that even diets containing as much as 4% salt - such as can occur with some bi-products - do not cause problems for pigs provided sufficient water is available. 3) Other diseases. Pigs that are seriously ill may reduce water intake or suffer excessive fluid loss e.g. Strep Meningitis, Swine Dysentery respectively. Pigs affected by these diseases can actually die of salt poisoning. It should be noted that the stress induced by lack of water can also trigger a range o either as a result of dehydration caused by the primary disease (eg scour) due to an inability to get to water (eg lameness) or an impaired ability to access and swallow water (eg meningitis). (It should be noted that the stress induced by lack of water can also trigger a range of endemic diseases creating a very complex diagnosrtic challenge). Sponsor Content The treatment of pigs that have been deprived of water is very difficult; restoration of a full water supply will actually trigger more severe disease as the pigs attempt to restore their fluid balance. Provision of unlimited water floods the brain and leads to rapid swelling that produces the classic salt poisoning clinical picture. Pigs that have had restricted water intake must have it restored in a limited way, such that they only take small amounts over a period of time. In frozen conditions, eating snow can act as a useful method of slowly restoring fluid intake particularly as pigs will only tend to pick at it and take in small quantities slowly. 2) Keep water tank lids tightly shut. 3) Regularly wash out pipelines - especially after medication - using a water disinfectant. 4) Have contingency plans available if supplies freeze up. 5) Maintain a reservoir of water on farm to provide at least 24 hours supply. 6) Ensure availability of drinking points - for example in line with RT standards. 8) Provide additional water to wet and bi-product fed pigs. Accredited by: City & Guilds Qualified CPD for:
The company Nova Pangaea, founded in 2008, has developed the world’s leading continuous technology to convert biomass into three key sugars, Xylose, Mannose and Levoglucosan, leading to a wide range of chemicals and biofuel. Other valuable ‘green chemistry’ co-products such as acetic acid are also produced for sale. At last, chemical and pharmaceutical companies will be able to produce chemicals and plastics that are fully renewable and do not compete with food production for their raw materials.
By Royal Oak Pediatric Associates March 14, 2016 Category: Children's Health Tags: Behavioral Health Maintaining good physical and behavioral health are essential for your child's growth. Because behavioral health issues can occur at behavioral healthany time during childhood, it's important to understand what resources are available to you. Your Marion, Va, pediatricians, Dr. Anita B. Henley, and George "Jeff" Jones, MD, are here to share important information about behavioral health. What is behavioral health? The term "behavioral health," also called mental or emotional health, is used to describe how your child reacts to and interacts with the world around him or her. It covers behavior, learning disabilities and psychological issues. Why is it so important to maintain behavioral health? Good behavioral health is just as important as physical health. Although children do grow out of some types of behaviors, other behavior only grow stronger if they don't receive treatment or therapy. Early intervention can help identify potential issues and identify treatments or strategies that will help your child cope with behavioral issues. What are common childhood behavioral health issues? Children can be affected by a range of behavioral health issues, including: • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Autism and Asperger's syndrome • Tourette's syndrome • Drug and alcohol abuse and addiction • Behavior disorders, such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder • Anxiety and mood disorders How can behavioral health issues impact my child's life? Behavioral health issues can affect your child's ability to succeed in school and make friends. If not diagnosed and treated during childhood, these problems can have a profound impact on your child's life as an adult. How can my child's Marion, VA, pediatrician help me maintain my child's behavioral health? Your child's pediatrician is trained to diagnose many common childhood behavioral health issues and can address your concerns about your child's emotional growth and development. He or she can also provide referrals to psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, addiction specialists and other professionals who specialize in treating behavioral health issues in children and teenagers. Are you concerned about a behavioral health issue? Call Marion, Va, pediatrician Anita B. Henley, DO, MD, or George "Jeff" Jones, MD, at (276) 783-8183 and schedule an appointment for your child today.
Looking deep into the sky—and, by extension, far back in time—astronomers have spotted a curious space blob that existed when the universe was only 800 million years old, about 6 percent of its present age. Masami Ouchi, a fellow at The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution in Pasadena, Calif., who led the research reported in the May 10 issue of the Astrophysical Journal, says that the luminous gas cloud, which spans some 55,000 light-years (about half the diameter of the Milky Way), is unique for its time. "There are no extended objects found at such an early epoch," he says. Other known objects in its class, called Lyman-alpha blobs, are from somewhat more recent history, Ouchi says—at least two billion to three billion years after the big bang. Lyman-alpha blobs are an astronomical mystery that may be primordial galaxies. "The consensus is that these are enormous protogalaxies, which over the course of time will yield very massive old galaxies such as we see in the local universe," says Dan Smith, a postdoctoral researcher at Liverpool John Moores University in England. Smith, who was not involved in the study, calls the detection of such an early Lyman-alpha blob "a very exciting result." But as of now, it is not known what Lyman-alpha blobs are or what causes them to glow. Resolving the proposed explanations for these early objects could shed light on how galaxies such as the Milky Way take shape. Some theories hold that Lyman-alpha blobs are formed by inflows of cold streams of gas, a mechanism that Smith points out has recently been suggested by some researchers as the dominant mode of galaxy growth. Other explanations posit that the blobs' gas emits radiation due to heating by an active galactic nucleus harboring a churning object such as a supermassive black hole or by an accelerated phase of star formation known as a starburst. The Lyman-alpha blob has been dubbed Himiko, after a queen in ancient Japan. "I found the name of Himiko is very suitable," Ouchi says, "given the fact that this object was discovered in an ancient universe [by] the Subaru Telescope," which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
What is Detox what is detoxTo detox your body, is a process of removing various toxic materials or substances from your body that have been ingested on purpose or by accident. The body has mechanisms in place to naturally remove toxins that are ingested. The liver and kidneys work on their own to remove toxins from the human body. Those who are advocates of alternative medicine and natural foods will sometimes promote certain or specific methods of detoxification to rid the body of toxins that have built up over time into the body’s tissues and organs. What are Detox Methods and Processes? When reading around the web about different forms of body detoxification techniques, you may come across the following processes. This is not a complete list. • Colon cleansing • Alcohol detoxification • Detox diets • Body cleansing • Liver detoxing • Chelation Therapy • Drug detoxification Detox diets are popular and are claimed by some to be one way to remove and cleanse harmful toxins from the human body. However,one of the big questions floating around about this method is, do detox diets work? There are various detoxing diets out there that in general will involve some type of regimen of natural foods such as fruits and vegetables to be eaten after some type of fasting period. The various detoxing diets that are circulating may also suggest the use of specific cleansing techniques, supplements and natural herbs to support the restrictive diet components. Most, if not all of these diet routines, are not proven, and not supported by scientific evidence that they even work. It is important to always discuss this issue with your doctor or healthcare provider before attempting any detoxification method on your own, as their can be potential complications and side effects. Video: About Body Cleanse, Detox Diet This video is narrated by Dr. Vincent Bellonzi D.C, C.C.N. from the Austin Wellness and Nutrition Clinic. He gives an overview of some of the various ways to cleanse the human body. He talks about substances and organisms that get into the body either on purpose or by accident and that getting rid of them can be helpful. He also explains what is a body cleanse or detox. In his discussion, he states that it can be helpful to do what you can to help support your body’s own defense systems, so they can work effectively. You may also be interested in: What is Chloracne? What is DNA? • What is a bulging disc? • What is bursitis? • Brain Fog – What is It? • CVS coupons Disclaimer: This information is not a substitute for professional medical help or advice. This site does not provide medical advice or diagnosis. See your doctor for information on this condition or topic. Speak Your Mind
Inflation: Theory vs Reality The shift of focus from employment generation to inflation targeting seem to have taken place during the period India was being liberalised. Inflation, however, is a concern to the populace of any nation where wages are not indexed to inflation. In India, inflation poses problems as a rise in prices reduces the real wages and hence their purchasing power. Life, itself, can become difficult. This post briefly tries to clarify how inflation is conceptualised in economics (neoclassical). Initially, it needs to be pointed out that neoclassical economics analyses equilibrium positions and differences between them – commonly termed as comparative statics. Another significant issue is that, in neoclassical demand and supply, the analysis is entirely carried out in logical time. Now, let us take a look at how prices are formed in equilibrium. In equilibrium, it is required that total demand of a commodity equals its total supply. And, if demand is more than the supply, prices are caused to rise, in order to restore equilibrium. Surprisingly, it is this insight that forms the basis of the current theory of inflation, which is mentioned in the media and talked about by economists. Thinking through this ‘insight’, a few points come to my mind. First, an economy is never in a state of equilibrium. And neoclassical theory does not have the necessary tools to understand disequilibrium. Though, neoclassical theory can point out the characteristics of disequilibrium positions vis-a-vis equilibrium position. I doubt whether this is adequate. Secondly, prices in an economy does not rise, just because demand increases. Such a behaviour is commonly seen in markets for vegetables, fruits, meat, etc. It seems absurd to posit that prices of manufactured commodities will move according to changes in demand. This much said, let us examine the impact of money supply on prices in an economy. Is there a relation between money supply and prices? The first question which needs to be answered is how are prices formed. According to neoclassical economics, when demand rises, it implies that money supply in the economy has risen compared to the equilibrium state of affairs. The quantity theory of money seems to corroborate the hypothesis that money supply and prices are directly related. But what if they are not? Wouldn’t the policies fail? It is dangerous to build flimsy theories; for, policies draw arguments from these theories. For instance, the central bank tries to reduce money supply during inflationary conditions by raising the interest rates (indirectly) or through open market operations. How far are they effective? Or, is inflation just a temporary phenomenon? It needs to be mentioned that cases of hyperinflation is significantly different as they are strongly correlated with the breakdown of institutions. This post ends by asking whether an increased rate of interest leads to decreased money supply? Or whether an increased rate of interest causes prices to rise because the cost of borrowing increases? Also, high interest rates attract capital from abroad. Very often, causes of inflation are not properly identified, which makes policy construction very difficult. On Inflation Targeting The rate of Inflation is of great concern to the Central Bank of a country as well as to its Government. This concern of the authorities is what makes ‘inflation targeting’ important. But should it be the only concern? What is ‘Inflation targeting’? Inflation targeting is a framework for operating monetary policy. The first authority to formulate it was the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in the early 1990s. It is undertaken by the monetary authorities and it tries to keep the price stable without adversely affecting output and employment. [Khatkhate 2006] On Phillips curve Inflation targeting has gained a lot of importance, mainly owing to the downward slope of the Phillips curve. NAIRU or Non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment was introduced by Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps during the 1970s. NAIRU is a steady state unemployment rate above which inflation would fall and below which inflation would rise. A digression I am digressing from ‘inflation targeting’ and am going to talk about a welcome proposal by the Indian Government. In a bid to obtain a `true picture’ of the effect of price changes on the economy, the Union Finance Ministry has proposed the inclusion of services in the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) which is used to measure point-to-point inflation. In India, the services sector accounted for 54 per cent of the GDP during the previous fiscal year. [The Hindu 2007] In an earlier post of mine, I had argued for a restructuring of the WPI. Giving too much significance to the ‘Inflation rate’ without adequate and corresponding developments in food supply, public distribution systems, etc will not help combat the problems of unemployment. Thus the fiscal and monetary authorities must ensure that such areas are targeted during a ‘rise in inflation’. Increasing interest rates and importing food grains so as to bring down inflation rates will not succeed as the ‘inflation’ is basically caused by distributional inefficiencies. 1) Deena Khatkhate, Inflation Targeting, Dec 9 2006, EPW. 2) Kevin D. Hoover, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 3) Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, The Natural Rate, NAIRU, and Monetary Policy, 1998. Further Reading 1) The Phillips curve by Bradford DeLong. 2) The NAIRU by Bradford DeLong. 3) History and Theory of the NAIRU: A Critical Review by Espinosa and Russell. 4) Why inflation still matters, Frontline, Jayati Ghosh, 2006.
How Martial Arts Helps Kids With Focus and Concentration Martial-Arts-Helps-Kids-With-Focus-and-ConcentrationWhen deciding exactly what sports or activities you’d like for your child to take part in, martial arts should be a top consideration. Martial Arts can help kids with focus and concentration. In addition to the physicality, the one-on-one focus of a martial art like Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu or Tae Kwon Do provides kids with the opportunity to work on their focus and concentration in ways that many other sports don’t offer. Concrete Goals The goals and achievements set by a martial arts program aren’t necessarily based on wins or losses. Belt attainment is reached through the performance of certain skills, or number of attendances, so it’s easy for kids to understand exactly what is needed of them. Setting these manageable goals helps to focus on one specific aspect of training, and teaches children how to set these goals for themselves with schoolwork or household tasks. Discipline Through Action Martial arts revolve around self-control and discipline, which is taught by instructors who work to keep kids focused on the task at hand. Learning this through one specific activity leads to better control and focus in other areas like the classroom. Kids who study a martial art become more focused on their classwork, and even carry over that concentration into their homework. Rituals and Structure From the bow at the beginning and end of each class, to the belt tracking and advancement, martial arts create an atmosphere of rituals and structure unlike many other sports. Teaching children exactly what is expected of them during each class, as well as how each class will be structured, allows them to focus on their tasks or skills without the introduction of new, unimportant factors. Believe MMA offers kids as young as 3 years old the ability to improve their focus and concentration through Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Tae Kwon Do, and Mixed Martial Arts. With a $19.99 Intro Special that offers three kids classes and a t-shirt, it’s easy to get started with Believe MMA and see how these classes can help your child become a more focused student. By \|2018-10-18T14:52:41+00:00September 20th, 2018\|Blog\|
Benefits Of Social Economic Development Social economic development involves the struggle to enhance the economic and social situations of people through projects and other tangible and intangible factors by both the individuals and institutions. The Social economic development plays various roles within a society. Some of the benefits of the Social economic development may include. People are able to provide for their primary needs on adopting the Social economic development and thus it is very important. It is necessary to have the Social economic development because it manages the crime situations in a country. Local Economic Development promotes relationships between societies and thus they are willing to support each other in various activities such as trading. The Social economic development protects scarce resources from mishandling and this is beneficial because they are processed to come up with profitable commodities to help the members. The current and the future generations are able to have conducive and supportive living standards on adopting proper Social economic development and this makes them very adventangeous. Another reakdm why the Social economic development is critical is that it improves the social facilities necessary for the public needs such as the roads. Another advantage of having the supportive development plans for the social and economic needs is to ensure people are protected from various health impacts and this is achieved through building if hospitals, care centers which check up and help in tracking down diseases and providing cure to the people. All other systems have a close link to the social and economic systems such as the cultural and thus having proper development plans is critical to ensure support to them. Another role of the Social economic development is on creation of job opportunities to the people. Learn more about business at
You are here The California Coastal Atlas (CCA) is a platform for the support of scientific research projects and the data products they generate. The CCA provides a front-end to distributed data resources that are loosely federated through cross-referencing services such as EZID and DataCite providing search and distribution services through the CCA web-site. A goal of the CCA is to be a trusted data repository in manner consistent with the best practices of the World Data System (WDS), the United States Geological Service and the International Coastal Atlas The CCA was founded in 2004 for this purpose and has evolved as the cyberinfrastructure and cultural practices related to scientific data publication has progressed. It is based on the principles first articulated in[1] and the need for a different world-view of how scientific data, especially that from grant-funded research, is managed and preserved [2354]. The methodology and cyberinfrastructure for the CCA is called the Digital Library Framework (DLF) which is implemented using the Digital Library System (DLS). These have both been developed by J.J. Helly and the implementations are interoperable across platforms and provide multi-lateral metadata interfaces. For more information about the DLF and DLS, please contact J.J. Helly. [2] John Helly, New concepts of publication, Nature 393 (1998). [3] ____________ , Digital libraries in hydrology, Hydroinformatics: Data Integrative Approaches in [4] John Helly and Maggi Kelly, Collaborative Management of Natural Resources in San Diego Bay, Coastal Management 29 (2001), 16. [5] John Helly, Hubert Staudigel, and Anthony Koppers, Scalable models of data sharing in Earth sciences, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4 (2003).
Richland Sanitation officials remind residents, as we start off a new year, to NOT include any cellphone or other lithium ion batteries with their trash. These are not the AA or AAA batteries commonly used in TV remotes, or children's toys. If you pop off the back of your cellphone, you will see one of these style batteries. They're used to power virtually every digital device. Much bigger versions are the ones used in electric or hybrid cars. The reason for the warning is the Horn Rapids Landfill has seen it's share of fires the last few years, including a couple in 2018. Those fires, combined with reports of others at landfills on the West Coast, are due to these batteries sparking fires. It happens commonly in one of two ways. Although they're considered 'dead' (too weak to power a device or worn out) they still can spark. The terminals often come in contact with other metals creating sparks. Or the battery case becomes damaged and the lithium ion item explodes. 65 percent of landfill fires in CA are said to be attributed to lithium ion causes. If you do need to replace such batteries, check with your local City Hall about when and where there are drop off sites or events. Place the batteries in a zip lock bag and dispose of them properly. Don't just throw them in the trash, they could cause a fire.
Random houseplant advice: A plant will always let you know when it wants a new pot. If you see roots poking out of the bottom of the pot, that means it wants to dig deeper. Try to give it a new pot before you get a messy tangle of roots trying to escape! Some plant repotting tips: • Withhold water for a few days (as long as the plant doesn't mind). Dry soil is much easier to work with (and less messy). • Put down a bunch of old newspaper or repurposed plastic bags, because this is going to be messy. • Prepare your new pot first. Line it with soil and dig a little cavity in the middle for your plant's roots to go into. • Ideally, you want to avoid disturbing the roots as much as you can. They're sensitive, delicate, and easily injured. Repotting will stress a plant, playing with its roots more so. • If you're repotting a tree, try just lifting it from the trunk. Sometimes the whole thing just lifts out. • If the pot is plastic, you can massage it a little to loosen the soil inside. • Some plants have clingy roots. Especially epiphytes or plants which grow in cracks (bromeliads, for instance, can be pesky). You may need to be a little rough. • Support the plant's stem when removing it from its pot. You do not want to injure it. Some more plant repotting tips: • After moving the plant to its new pot, press it down a little so it's snug. • After filling the pot in with soil, pat that down too. • Pour a little water into your bathroom sink and put the pot into it so the soil can soak up water from underneath. Your plant could use a drink. • A plant will be a little upset after all of this and it'll probably stop growing for a few days. It'll recover soon. • Don't worry too much. As long as you don't do your plant any mortal injuries (like a broken main stem), it'll be just fine. (This advice is mostly for @dreadfulwaIe, who asked for it, but I thought it might help a few others too.) @InvaderXan it can also slow or stall growth don't want them getting root bound True, and you'll often get a burst of growth after repotting. Though it depends a little on what kind of plant you're talking about. Some actually like having cramped root space. Notably chlorophytum and gynura. @InvaderXan you are right! I love to see more plant enthusiasts on the fedi...and the plant species I mostly work with don't like to be cramped up...and we obey their wishes...bc they contain important alkaloids... desirable organic compounds. Was this a toxin developed to drive humans away...that backfired? Or is it a way to enslave homo sapien? At this point it doesn't matter I like them in my life 😂 TBH, many of the chemical compounds produced by plants which humans find agreeable (whether for culinary or other reasons) were originally defences. Nicotine is a notable one. It's a very effective insecticide in nature. Though just FYI, not all of those compounds are alkaloids. Xanthines, tryptamines and opioids are, but cannabinoids are not. @InvaderXan yes! Just so you know I like seeing what people know to understand where they are in life...and cannabinoids aren't actually my favorite although I have extensive experience with Cannabis... more ornamental for me though.... @InvaderXan they are...and actually I like the smell of them when they are in peak flowering do you feel about cacti? I don't know so much about cacti TBH, though I've kept a few in the past. They're very interesting though! @InvaderXan lophophora williamsii is my favorite of course...I've had baby buttons and also grafted them to increase growth rate. The thing is if you haven't worked with a certain group or species much just means it's all the more exciting that you still have unexplored areas to experience! I used to be on the forums for many years before they finally died off...and I'm hoping to bring that type of community here on the fedi...I miss it so much..also worked with many species of fungus...p. cubensis , pan cyan , wood lovers ... etc. Worked with mAny hydroponics systems ...I liked to make hybridized systems. Are you a hobbyist or do you have an educational background in botany...or both? Actually, I'm a physicist. Botany is more of a side interest... That's cool too...what other interests do you have(can be both science and not science lolz)? @InvaderXan Yeah, one repotting technique that still kinda freaks me out is to trim off the circling roots if your plant is rootbound, so the new roots can grow out into the fresh soil. I thought it'd hurt them but they turn out fine. Well, it does hurt them. I’m pretty sure the plant takes longer to recover from that. In my experience, plants whose roots I’ve accidentally injured take a couple of weeks to recover, rather than a few days. I’ve never purposefully trimmed a plant’s roots myself, and I’m not convinced it’s necessary or even helpful in most cases. Sign in to participate in the conversation Sunbeam City 🌻
Astronomical Coincidences in the Voynich Zodiac In a recent post, I wrote about how the Voynich Sagittarius’ pose might be explained by the illustrator choosing to represent him pointing his arrow towards a specific star/nymph, the only one holding her star low. If we follow the layout of star maps, the nymph would be in the right place to represent Antares or another star in Scorpio, low on the ecliptic and facing Sagittarius’ arrow. There are a few more curious coincidences in the Zodiac section, some of which I will present here. Dark Taurus: It’s hard to see because of a hole in the page, but one of the nymphs in the inner circle (the only one on the page that is not nude) appears to have an unusually long arm. When I noticed it, this immediately reminded me of the depictions of Orion that are found in medieval Arabic astronomical illustrations, and later in the Alphonsine manuscripts and their adaptations throughout Europe. Orion is either depicted as having a particularly long “sleeve” (which the Arabic astronomers called al-Kumm) or in some of the Alphonsine versions, as holding some sort of long cloth. This iconographic tradition persisted alongside others, well into the 16th C. The position of this “nymph” in the composition, facing Taurus, is also identical to the position of Orion relative to Taurus in star charts. Orion is an easy constellation to find in the sky, and it can be used to locate Taurus. Isidore of Seville connects the two: “Orion astrum ante Tauri vestigia fulget“. It could just be that the artist was trying to avoid the hole (if it was there before the drawing was made) and so made the arm longer to make room for the star. It seems to me that the hole was there before the drawing, but got larger and more frayed around the edges over time. But in that case, why not shift the entire composition so that the hole wasn’t in the way, like he did on the reverse side (f72v1)? There would have been ample room to do that. It could be that he drew her there, in spite of the hole, to ensure that Orion was placed before the hooves of Taurus, as per Isidore’s description. Dark Aries is another folio which features interesting coincidences. The nymph directly above Aries’ head is depicted inside a barrel which is decorated with an angular pattern, which forms a triangle. The placement of this triangle shape right above Aries reflects the way the constellations of Aries and the Triangle are laid out on star charts and in medieval astronomy books. Aratus wrote that when the moon was bright, Aries could be located in sky the by finding the Triangle first, and in spite of Hipparchus’ objection that the stars of Aries are actually brighter than those in Triangulum, the idea that Triangulum was a signifier of Aries, also found in Hyginus, was repeated throughout medieval manuscripts. The phrase “Aries infra Deltoton“, was copied over and over (and sometimes rather miscopied, see Lippincott, 2006, p.21), and in the Voynich manuscript, we do indeed find Aries infra Deltoton: under a triangle. The placement of a tub decorated with triangular forms above the head of Aries may well be a complete coincidence. It could also be that the illustrator, while decorating the tubs with random patterns, reached the one above the head of Aries and decided that a triangular design would be fitting for this one due the astronomical tradition of depicting Aries infra Deltoton. But it might just be also, that the nymph in that tub is meant to actually represent the constellation Triangulum, or one of its stars. Pisces Triangle Barrel (upside down) In many manuscripts, we find Triangulum in between the constellations of Aries and Pisces, mirroring the layout in the sky. Interestingly, in the Voynich a triangle pattern is also found on another barrel, near the bottom fish on the Pisces page (see above, flipped upwards for viewing convenience). The fact that the triangle motif is found on both of these pages, near the constellations that Triangulum actually neighbors in the sky, is something I found noteworthy. Although I was hesitant to add this one, here’s another coincidence about the Dark Aries page. Right next to the posited “Triangulum”, there is another figure which looks distinctly male, wearing a cap. The tail to his star is unique: it is striped, and almost like a cape or scarf, it extends from behind his neck rather than being held. In the sky, right next to Triangulum, we find the constellation Perseus, often depicted nude except for a cap and a cape extending behind his neck. That is as far as I’m going to go with this, although there are actually a few more such examples. A couple of coincidences is far from enough to make a statement about the way the whole Zodiac section works, and I don’t want to be guided by a theory, only to end up desperately stretching and twisting things to get every nymph or tub in this section to “fit” a constellation, so for now I’ll simply say that these are remarkable coincidences. Additionally, even if these are intentional, it does not mean they necessarily form part of a system, or relate to the text. The illustrator could have added these touches as a reflection of his astronomical knowledge, spicing up otherwise repetitive work, and they may not be relevant to the overall meaning of the illustrations. The examples discussed in this post struck me as worthy of presenting, but I can’t be sure that any of them are significant, and so far I have not found any consistent system throughout the whole zodiac section that would confirm these interpretations. The fact that the iconographic program is simplified after the first few pages of the Zodiac section would suggest a lack of such consistency throughout the section anyway. A Closer Look at the Voynich Pisces As I’ve often stated before, I don’t consider the colors in the Voynich Manuscript to be relevant. Except perhaps the yellow, and some of the red, I don’t see any evidence that the person who added them understood the text. The blues, intentionally or not, often hide details that the illustrator had taken the time to draw, especially in Q13, so I regard it as particularly suspect, and ignore blue completely. One day I’ll write a detailed post about my views on colors in the Voynich Manuscript, but for now, let’s just say I mostly ignore the colors. The Voynich Pisces consists of two fish heading in opposite directions. So far, nothing unusual. Each fish has a tailed star connected to its mouth, and that’s very, very unusual. It is frequently stated that another unusual feature of the Voynich Pisces is that the two fish are connected by a line, but that unlike in most representations of Pisces,this line runs outside, rather than in between the two fish. This is where I disagree. There is no line connecting those fish. Let’s take a closer look: VoynichPisces (2) The supposed line is an impression entirely created by the blue paint. I don’t see any evidence of a brown line drawn by the illustrator underneath it. The artist originally didn’t connect the two fish. Let’s clean up the image and remove some of that distracting blue paint to see what the Voynich Pisces was originally designed to look like. We are left with two unlinked fish, each connected to a star. This process reveals two interesting bits of information. First it shows that the Voynich artist comes from a culture, or is copying from a model, where Pisces is represented as two fish that are not connected by a line. There are several examples of Pisces as two unconnected, long-snouted, head-to-tail fish, although these are rare. I have found them only in manuscripts from France and from the Lake Constance area. If we add the criteria of these fish being in a roundel, then 100% of the ones I’ve found so far are from the Germany/Austria/Switzerland region. These long-snouted, unconnected Pisces seem to be a very distinctive style, specific to that area. It also suggests that the person who added the blue may not have shared this background, and thus may have attempted to correct what he may have seen as a mistake and tried to connect the fish to better reflect a version of Pisces he was familiar with. He may have used an outside line either to try to reflect the actual configuration in the sky, or because he didn’t have enough room in between the fish to draw the usual S-shaped line. The latter scenario raises the possibility that the blue paint was added after the “mars” label. It’s also possible that the blue line is only supposed to indicate that the fish are in water, which would also explain why the painter added blue on top of the fish, to show them as underwater. Even if we were to consider the blue line as valid, it is worth mentioning that it doesn’t actually connect the fish. It only sort of wraps around them. It is not connected at either end to the fish or to the stars or to the stars’ tails. Therefore the misleading blue line is best ignored. If we are looking for a match for the Voynich Pisces, the fish should not be connected to each other at all. In closing, I’d like to draw attention to some images which are not of Pisces but of stars in the constellation of Cetus, from a 15th Century German MS which the Warburg Iconographic Database unfortunately only references as “Vienna, Collection Gutmann, Calendarium“. It really does seem to be a fascinating manuscript, especially in relation to the Voynich Zodiac pages, and I wish I could find more information about it and better scans. Here is Menkar, with an almost perfect match to the Voynich fish. Note the snout, scales, fins, tail, and of course the star (the nearby “nymphs” are also interesting): CollectionGutmann f28v On the same page there is another fish with a star, which is unnamed: GutmannCalendarium, 28v And a few pages later (32r), another star from Cetus, Deneb Kaitos: GutmannCalendarium, 32r
To What Extent Was Hitler's Economic Policy Coherent? 757 words - 4 pages [Slide 1] Hitler’s economic policy is subject to a large debate in many different areas, and an important part of it was whether he had control over what happened, and similarly if it was coherent or not. Hitler ‘did’ potentially have control over the economy directly if he wanted to use it, instead he delegated the management of the important thing to subordinates of many different departments and offices, resulting in failure. Hitler did have control, but didn’t use it to his full extent, instead he gave brief outlines of what he wanted done to suit his economic policy. Likewise, his policies were nowhere near coherent if we look between 1933 and 1945, instead his economic policy ...view middle of the document... Likewise, after Hitler had come to power 2 conflicting powers were on him. The political pressures and the responsibility he had for Germany’s recovery, faced with his desire for foreign ventures. Despite Schacht being successful, underlying problems were created due to his reinflating of the economy. [Slide 4] Like the slide says, Schacht was extremely successful. Unemployment had fallen to 1.5 million, industrial production rose 60% and the GNP rose by 40%. Schacht’s orthodoxy required cuts in military expenses which clearly set the tone for his economic policy. Instead, after his resignation, military development was extended. Fuel production was stepped up, synthetic rubber was stepped up, and the cost of rearmament was irrelevant. Doesn’t this suggest a total reversal in what Schacht had done and wanted up till 1936? After 3 successful years of slow economic recovery, radical changes to satisfy his foreign policy were implemented. Thus clearly showing that his economic policy was not coherent here,. [Slide 5] Likewise, agricultural production was increased, the labour force was retrained. The government had higher regulation over the economy and Hitler desired self-sufficiency in raw materials. Hitler’s want to mobilise the economy and prepare Germany for... Other Papers Like To What Extent Was Hitler's Economic Policy Coherent? To What Extent Did Otto Von Bismarck Plan Ahead With His Foreign Policy 1879 words - 8 pages policy, and emphasized that Prussia had to keep its power together at all times, because the people of Germany didn't look at Prussia's liberalism, but at its power. He had three main aims, the defense of the king, the unification of Germany and war with Austria.Bismarck's foreign policy was ruthless and opportunistic he believed in the unification of Germany but was determined it should be under Prussian Junker leadership. With his Eastern front 999 words - 4 pages called for â€œsoviets without communistsâ€ goes to shows that the government abandoned its original principles. 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Nearly everything about the battlefield has evolved in one way or another. I will take you through some of the most important developments. The technology of war was innovated an incredible amount between c1815 and c1914. Firearms developed from muskets into magazine fed, bolt-action killing machines. The Brown Bess musket was To What Extent Was the Papacy Responsible for the Growing Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church? 520 words - 3 pages To what extent was the Papacy responsible for the growing criticism of the Roman Catholic Church? The Papacy were highly responsible for the growing criticism of the Roman Catholic Church; without them and their actions, people could question the need for the Reformation of the Christian Church. There are also other important causes, such as Erasmus and Humanism, the sale of indulgences and nepotism. 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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI or MR) is an advanced imaging technique which uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the body without exposure to radiation. Advanced MRI techniques are continually being developed, including MR-Angiography (study of blood vessels), functional MR – fMRI (study of activity of certain organs, such as the brain), MR Spectroscopy – MRS (obtaining biochemical information from tissues), and cine-MR (to study moving organs, such as the heart).
Fast Fact-Finding This Fast Fact-Finding worksheet also includes: Ever wonder why the sky changes color so often? Readers examine an informational excerpt from John Farndon's How the Earth Works. They underline key points as they read and then answer five response questions. Prompts review main points, evaluate word and sentence choice, and ask scholars to consider what the article does other than just list facts. 180 Views 195 Downloads CCSS: Designed Resource Details 4th - 5th English Language Arts 4 more... Resource Types 2 more... For Teacher Use 1 more... Usage Permissions Fine Print
Breaking News Emails By Pete Williams WASHINGTON — When state legislatures draw the boundary lines for voting districts, the majority party typically comes up with a map designed to keep itself in power. But can that become so blatantly political that it violates the Constitution? And how can the courts tell how much partisanship in politics is too much? The U.S. Supreme Court takes up those questions Tuesday, returning to an issue that the justices have so far found impossible to answer. Political reformers hope the court will issue a ruling that could change the future of American politics, by allowing voting districts to become more competitive. The court hears two challenges to redrawn boundaries for congressional districts that gave an advantage to the party in power — Republicans in North Carolina and Democrats in Maryland. In both cases, groups of voters sued and lower courts declared the maps to be unconstitutional partisan gerrymanders. After the 2010 census, North Carolina's legislature drew a new district map, but a federal court threw it out, finding that it put racial minorities at a disadvantage. In 2016, the legislature came up with a revised plan and declared that politics, not race, was the guiding factor the second time around. The committee designing the revision freely admitted that it was intended to maintain the partisan breakdown of the state's congressional delegation — ten Republicans and three Democrats. One state representative, asked why the legislature wanted to preserve that ratio, joked, "because I do not believe it's possible to draw a map with eleven Republicans and two Democrats." In Maryland, Republican voters challenged the redrawing of Maryland's 6th Congressional District in 2011, which allowed Democrats to take over a seat in the US House that Republican Roscoe Bartlett held for two decades. He had been re-elected in 2010 by a 28 percent margin. After the redistricting, he lost by 21 percent. Democrat Martin O'Malley, Maryland's governor at the time, made no secret of the motive behind the new map. The intent was to "create a district where the people would be more likely to elect a Democrat than a Republican." Confronted with similar challenges in the past, the Supreme Court concluded that because redistricting is essentially a partisan political act, it would be impossible for the courts to know when gerrymandering became unconstitutional. In 2004, the court rejected a claim that a Pennsylvania gerrymander was too partisan, though Justice Anthony Kennedy indicated then such a lawsuit might succeed if the right kind of proof came along. During its last term, the court again dodged the partisan gerrymandering question, citing procedural shortcomings in cases from Wisconsin and Maryland. This time, the issue is presented more directly. But with Kennedy gone, replaced by the more conservative Brett Kavanaugh, it's likely the Supreme Court will conclude that this is a political matter for state legislatures to resolve, not the courts. One problem is coming up with a legal test for determining when there's too much partisanship at work. The challengers in the North Carolina case say it's not that hard. They say the line is crossed when a state targets minority party voters by spreading them out among districts where they cannot form a majority and jamming the remaining ones together to minimize the number of districts they can win. That view is supported by 40 current and former members of the U.S. House of Representatives, evenly divided between Republicans and Democrats. "Artificially drawn 'safe' districts tend to make general elections less competitive and give party insiders, or small groups of 'base' primary voters, much greater influence than the general electorate." As a result, they say in a friend of court brief, Congress becomes less able to compromise or govern effectively. But Republican legislators in North Carolina say this is not an issue for judges. "The time has come for this court to make clear that the Constitution does not provide courts with the tools or the responsibility to say how much partisan motivation is too much," they say in their court filings. The Supreme Court will issue its decision by late June.
Successfully reported this slideshow. Set design 101 Published on Description of basic set design tasks and UIL One Act Unit Set pieces. Published in: Design Set design 101 1. 1. Set Design 101<br />How to Create the Where You Want… or something like that…<br /> 2. 2. The End Result<br />At the end of this unit, you and a partner will use your knowledge of set design to:<br />Create a floor plan of a set<br />Create a set rendering<br />Use given & found materials to create a MODEL of a set.<br /> 3. 3. Journal # 10Set Design Vocabulary<br />Yes.<br />You have to write these down.<br />Yes.<br />They go in your notes.<br />Stop whining.<br /> 4. 4. 1. Setting<br />The location where the play takes place.<br />Settings can changefrom scene to scene within a play.<br /> 5. 5. 2. Rendering<br />A colored sketch or drawing of a setting or a costume.<br /> 6. 6. 3. Set Props<br />A piece of furniture (or a big thing, like a tree) that is part of a set.<br /> 7. 7. 4. Floor Plan<br />A birds-eye view drawing of the setting. It shows where things are in the setting. <br />Designers make a floor plan before they build a set. The floor plan helps them see the size and placement of the background and set props.<br /> 8. 8. 5. Unit set<br />Single setting which can represent a variety of locales with the simple addition of properties or scenic elements.<br /> 9. 9. 6. Flats<br />Flat pieces of theatricalscenery which are painted and positioned on stage so as to give the appearance of buildings or other background <br /> 10. 10. 7. UIL Unit Set<br />The unit set approved for use by the University Interscholastic League<br /> <br /> 11. 11. 8. Three-fold flats<br />Three smaller flats joined at two places by hinges to “unfold” into three sections. Used in UIL unit set.<br /> <br /> 12. 12. 9. Two-fold flats<br />Two flats joined together by a hinge to “unfold” into two sections. Used in UIL unit set.<br /> <br /> 13. 13. 10. Step units<br />Moveable steps or stairs used in UIL unit set that vary in width. The UIL unit set includes 2’ and 4’ wide step units.<br /> <br /> <br /> 14. 14. 11. Pylons<br />Narrow set pieces that resemble pillars or columns. Used in UIL unit set, and vary in heighth. UIL unit set uses 4’, 6’, and 8’ pylons.<br /> <br /> 15. 15. 12. Platforms<br />A raised horizontal surface. Used in UIL unit set, and vary in size. UIL unit set includes 4’ x 4’, 4’ x 8’, and 1’ x 1’ platforms. 1’ x 1’ platforms resemble blocks (or small cubes).<br /> <br /> 16. 16. 13. Ramps<br />An inclined surface. Used in UIL unit set. UIL ramps are 4’ x 4’ and incline from the floor level to 1’ above.<br /> <br /> <br />
Association of British Scrabble Players Being Doing Feeling > Actions > Harming afflict to distress with mental or physical pain. bane an evil, a poison; (verb, arch.) to harm, poison. baneful having poisonous qualities; deadly. banefully (Adv.) BANEFUL, having poisonous qualities; deadly. banefulness the state of being baneful. blastment (Shakesp.) a blight. damage harm, injury; (verb) to injure. damager one who damages. damagingly (Adv.) DAMAGING. dear precious (verb) to injure deare (Spenser) to injure. dearly (Adv.) DEAR, precious. deere (Spenser) grievous; (noun) a deer. deleterious harmful, injurious. deleteriously (Adv.) DELETERIOUS, harmful. dere (Spenser) to injure. detrimental harmful (noun, arch.) an undesirable or harmful person or thing detrimentally (Adv.) DETRIMENTAL, harmful. disserve (Arch.) to do injury or mischief to. endamage to damage. endamagement damage, injury. harm damage, injury; (verb) to injure. harmdoing the doing of harm. harmer one who harms. harmful capable of harming. harmfully (Adv.) HARMFUL, capable of harming. harmfulness the state of being harmful. harmless not harmful. hurt a wound, injury; (verb) to injure. hurtful causing injury. hurtfully (Adv.) HURTFUL, causing injury. hurtfulness the state of being hurtful. impairer one who, or that which, impairs. injure to do or cause injury to. injurer one who injures. injurious causing injury. injuriously (Adv.) INJURIOUS, causing injury. injury harm inflicted or suffered. jeoparder one who puts in jeopardy. jugulate to cut the throat of; (fig.) to stop something by extreme measures. jugulation the act of jugulating. maim to injure so as to cause lasting damage. maimer one who maims. maleficent (Arch.) hurtful. maleficial (Arch.) injurious. mar to spoil or damage. marrer one who mars or injures. molest to disturb or annoy. molestation the act of molesting. molester one who molests. nocent causing injury; harmful (noun) one who does this nocently (Adv.) NOCENT, injurious. nocuous hurtful, noxious. nocuously (Adv.) NOCUOUS, hurtful, noxious. noninjury relating to something that is not an injury. noxious harmful to health. noxiously (Adv.) NOXIOUS, harmful to health. noxiousness the state of being noxious. noy (Spenser) to annoy. noyous (Spenser) vexatious, grievous. offenceful (Shakesp.) giving offence, injurious. reinjure to injure again. reinjury the act of injuring again. scaith (ON) injury, harm; (verb) to injure. scath (Spenser) to injure. scathe (ON) to injure. scatheful harmful. scathing scornfully critical. scathingly (Adv.) SCATHING. skaith (ON) to injure. skaithless without skaith, scathe, i.e. unhurt. teen injury, pain; (verb) to injure. teene (Arch.) injury, pain. teenful full of teen; harmful; grievous. tene (Arch.) injury, pain. unharmful not harmful. unharmfully (Adv.) UNHARMFUL, not harmful. wound an injury (verb) to inflict an injury upon woundingly (Adv.) WOUNDING.
Product Categories Contact Us Henan Tianchi Instrument & Equipment Co.,Ltd You are here:Home > News > Liquid Nitrogen Expansion And Contraction Experiment Edit: Henan Tianchi Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd Date:2018-02-26 Someone took an interesting experiment with liquid nitrogen, first open the liquid nitrogen tank, pour a little liquid nitrogen, immediately above the experimental vessel rising from a layer of mist. Liquid nitrogen temperature is very low, usually -196 ℃, liquid nitrogen poured out at room temperature began to boil, vaporization, showing a vast fog like a fairyland. In order to verify the freezing effect of liquid nitrogen, he put a plastic tube into the liquid nitrogen and then come out, the plastic tube immediately frozen, a finger that is broken. Then, a big balloon and an iron hoop can be put into the liquid nitrogen, miracles appeared, the balloon reduced to the size of the apple, the iron ball can not go through the ring. The reason for this phenomenon is that the liquid nitrogen temperature is very low, so that the object thermal expansion and contraction.
Nature Calls Backpacking Ancient Lakes Beautiful backpacking trip to Ancient Lakes in eastern Washington. 360 Outdoors Basalt and caliche rock are unique in their prominence of the soils in the grape growing areas. Missoula floods scoured the area stripping the original top soils along the western edge of the Quincy valley. Large standing pools of water left by the floods created thick deposits of caliche that lay over the basalt. With time, both rock types have fractured and are prominent in the soils. Quincy loam and windblown loess soils lay over the rocks. Laying between the Beezley Hills to the North and the Frenchman Hills to the south, the growing region was severely impacted by the immense water flows of the Missoula floods. The scouring effect of the waters stripped the top soils down to the basalt and scoured out canyons referred to locally as “coulees” which are prominent features near many of the planted vineyards.[3] The Columbia River forms the western border of the grape growing region.
The Movius Line represents the crossing of a demographic threshold In light of these developments, the current paper combines cultural transmission theory and demography to produce a “generalised model for Palaeolithic technological evolution during the Pleistocene”. As it is generally assumed, cultural transmission underlies technological traditions, which may be taken as “a particular behaviour (e.g., tool manufacture and use) that is repeated over generations, and is learned and passed on between individuals via a process of social interaction”. Furthermore, we now also know such forms of transmission can be modelled in an analogous manner to that of genetic transmission. In fact, the parallels between genetic and cultural transmission extend to the point where “factors known to structure patterns of genetic variation and transmission (e.g., drift, selection, dispersal and demography) must also be taken into account when examining patterns of cultural variation across space and time”. Like in population genetics, Lycett & Norten refer to effective population size (Ne), except instead of meaning the number of individuals actively involved in passing on genetic material, they use the term to mean “the number of skilled practitioners of a given craft tradition involved in passing on those skills to subsequent generations via social transmission”. As such, small effective populations rely more on stochastic factors, such as drift, in shaping which cultural variants will be passed on to future generations. By contrast, large populations are less likely to be impacted upon by stochastic sampling effects – allowing for a greater number of innovations to diffuse throughout the population. This is supported via mathematical modelling, which shows: An example of these demographic conditions in action comes from the Tasmanian Islanders. When Tasmania became isolated from Australia approximately 10-12 thousand years ago, the newly established islanders appear to have lost and/or never developed the ability to manufacture a range of technologies, including: fishing spears, cold-weather clothing and boomerangs. Described as a ‘cultural founder effect’, Lycett & Norton use these observations to implement the following three conditions in constructing their model: population size, density and social interconnectedness: By varying these population conditions, Lycett and Norton use their model to show how different stages of lithic technologies may be sustained (see figure below, taken from Lycett & Norton(2010)). Crucially, demographic levels may decrease and lead to a situation where sustaining already-created technological innovations may not be tenable for the long-term. In providing a null model, they remain neutral as to the effects of cognitive and biomechanical evolution on the emergence and disappearance of technological patterns. In fact, the demographic processes described (larger populations and greater density) mirror those conditions under which human biological evolution may have accelerated. Meaning, human population structures are advantageous for the spread of novel technologies, cultural variants and adaptive genes. This may have implications for why we are seeing growing evidence of gene-culture coevolution in modern human populations. Although it’s prohibitively difficult to estimate the demographic parameters of ancient hominin populations, it is fairly certain that demographic levels will have been relatively higher within Africa than in other parts of the world during the Early to Middle Pleistocene. When coupled with evidence showing the earliest First Appearance Dates (FADs) for Mode 1, Mode 2 and Mode 3 technologies in Africa, the demographic model presented is certainly congruent with the assertion that there is a definitive link between the spread of technological innovations and sustained population growth. Thus, if hominin populations were temporally and spatially discontinuous, then they simply lacked the necessary population conditions to maintain a certain degree of technological sophistication. By extension, explaining the relative absence of bifacial implements in East Asia is perhaps a demographic problem. As mentioned earlier, we do see some evidence for Acheulean technology in East Asia. But this is not a refutation of the model. Rather, the discovery of these technologies perfectly fits within the model, especially as it is not at any significant level when compared to those found west of the Movius Line. That is, even if Acheulean technologies were imported to East Asia, the demographic conditions would be unfavourable in maintaining them. In this case, we would expect to see Acheulean technology at relatively low densities in East Asia. As the authors note: Of course, artefact density may be influenced by a whole host of factors. Raw material availability is one example. More broadly, the markedly different technological patterns observed may not be causally related to demography at all. We could find evidence for sharp cognitive differences between hominin populations east and west of the Movius Line. However, the authors predict that these explanations will become increasingly problematic if “site densities and the chronological distribution of sites in East Asia […] continue to differ from those in the west”. But this is what’s great about null models: they are testable. In this case, the model predicts that: […] evidence for demographic levels in East Asia will be found to be significantly different from those in many parts of western Eurasia and Africa during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Here, we have hinted at some of the currently available evidence that suggests this may have been the case. What is now urgently needed are more sophisticated means than we have provided here of assessing Pleistocene demographic parameters in the key regions east and west of the Movius Line. So it’s still very much an open question as to why we find differing technological patterns east and west of the Movius Line. But demography certainly seems like a good candidate. 2 thoughts on “The Movius Line represents the crossing of a demographic threshold” 1. The fact that one significant site that had mid-Pleistocene bifaces turned out to be a complete fake (in Japan) is interesting. Leave a Reply
Songwriting - How Neil Young's Heart of Gold Uses Rhyme As an Accelerator in Its Lyrics When you write lyrics, they tend to work best when the meaning of your words is directly tied into what's happening musically. When all the elements of your song are fused together this way, it's called prosody. Neil Young Live Rhyme can be an incredibly powerful tool for tying the meaning of your words to your music. One way to do this is to use rhyme as an accelerator. For example, let's say you have a rhyme scheme that rhymes on every other line. We'll call this an ABAB rhyme scheme. It might look like this: Now we're gonna rhyme (A) It'll be so fun (B) We'll do it in four lines (A) Just like that, we're done (B) In this ABAB scheme, the 'A' rhymes are the lines with the words "rhyme" and "lines" and the 'B' rhymes are "fun" and "done." Once we've established this rhyme scheme in our song, it becomes what's expected throughout the song. If we change it, it'll change what the song makes us feel. For example if we establish our lyric to be an ABAB rhyme scheme and then change it to an ABBB rhyme scheme the next time around, it'll feel different. Check it out: Section 1 Now we're gonna rhyme (A) It'll be so fun (B) We'll do it in four lines (A) Just like that, we're done (B) Section 2 Now we're gonna rhyme (A) It'll be so fun (B) These lines are gonna run (B) Just like that, we're done (B) Future Grammy-winning lyrics for sure. Okay, maybe not. But lame lyrics aside, how did the second section feel compared to the first? Did you notice the acceleration of the last three lines in the second section? One of the functions of rhyme is it can act as an accelerator, when you space your rhymes close together. In the example above we established our rhymes to happen at every other line, in section 1. Then we went against your expectations in section 2 by increasing the frequency of the rhyme, which made the lines feel accelerated. "Heart of Gold" by Neil young Let's check out a great example of this concept in action. Who better to learn from than Neil Young? Check out the first verse of the song "Heart of Gold:" I want to live, I want to give I've been a miner for a heart of gold It's these expressions I never give That keep me searching for a heart of gold And I'm getting old This is essentially an ABABB rhyme scheme, in five lines. Technically, in lines one through four, they're not rhymes, but identities, since it's the same word being repeated ("give" and "live"). But that's beside the point for right now. Let's treat them as typical rhymes. With the ABAB rhyme scheme that's established in the first four lines, there has been a certain rhyme pace that's become expected. So when the fifth line comes in with another 'B' rhyme, it's a surprise that accelerates that line. Mixing Meaning With Your Rhymes "So what?" you ask. "The fifth line accelerates... Big deal." Fair point. Here's why it's cool. This acceleration happens on the line "And I'm getting old." The implication of a line like "And I'm getting old" is "I'm getting old, quickly." Except he doesn't have to say "quickly" because that was implied with how the line was written. The acceleration due to two lines of rhyme back to back (after establishing a slower rhyme pattern previously) really helps us FEEL the aging process happening fast for him. It's the meaning of the lyric tied into the rest of the song. And in my opinion, it works very well. If you don't believe me, check it out for yourself. This pattern continues throughout the song, but you'll get the gist after the first verse. So just listen to the first verse, through about 1:15 into the song. You can hear it here: Other Factors With moves like this, rhyme is always the most obvious contributor, because it stands out so clearly when we hear it. It can't be mistaken. But when you're using rhyme to highlight one of your ideas, it usually works best when combined with other tools. In the case of our line "and I'm getting old," a second tool being used is a change of line length. If you check out the first four lines of the verse, you'll notice they're longer than the last line, "and I'm getting old." This helps drive home the idea about "I'm getting old quickly." When you establish a longer line length in previous lines, and then shorten it, it'll feel quicker. It's a second contributor to the same idea. And it contributes so nicely. Use It Experiment with this idea. If your lyrics give you a reason to accelerate (or decelerate), try supporting that meaning with rhyme, and even line length, if possible. See if you like the results you get compared to what you would have done beforehand. And don't forget to have fun. For more lyric writing advice, watch your free lesson, "Writing Lyrics to Music," here: Anthony Ceseri is the owner of, a website dedicated to the growth and development of songwriters of all skill levels. Anthony's writings appear as examples in the book "Songwriting Without Boundaries: Lyric Writing Exercises For Finding Your Voice" by Pat Pattison, an acclaimed lyric writing professor at Berklee College of Music. by Anthony Ceseri; Monday, March 19, 2012 @ 01:30 PM [15160] Like it.? Share it: What You Should Learn From Your First Flute Lessons What You Should Learn From Your First Flute Lessons [ Continue reading ] • Find Out More • Keywords on Page • Found With
Directions On How To Write A Visual Rhetorical Analysis Essay A visual rhetorical analysis is where a piece is taken apart and analyzed as an individual piece of a whole. It will work a little differently than a normal rhetorical analysis essay because the information that you are discussing is mostly through the interactions between the text and the images that have been included with it. The images that are chosen to incorporate the text are just as important. The author strategically either designed or chosen those images for their audience. They want the final piece to not only be visually appealing to their audience, but to also show some significance. The Goal The goal of your paper is to analyze how the visualization expresses the meaning or message of the piece. Does it contribute to the work or pull from it? The idea is for the image to enhance the overall message that the writer is trying to portray. The idea is to look at the individual pieces of the visual stimulus to see how it fits into the piece as a whole. You will be able to see the piece in a different way when you use this technique. What to do When writing this type of paper, the overall goal is to analyze the images the same way you would the text. There is no way to really see what the author had in mind without an image. Words can paint an individual picture in each reader’s mind, but it isn’t until the images are added that everyone is able to get the same image in their head. The author aims to use the images to explain what they have seen in their own minds. All of the pieces will fit together down to the smallest details in the images. This is definitely one of the most difficult assignments because you are writing about what you see and not what you read. Therefore, you may have a hard time trying to describe which parts of the piece that you are referring too. Get help online here and this assignment will be a cinch. Here is definitely no reason to not get the help that you need. It will make a really big difference and will allow you to get the most out of the assignment, so that you can do it by yourself in the future without an issue. About Us Recommended Links Copyright (c) 2017 All rights reserved.
I have a dream by martin luther king plot with students famous speech of martin luther king i have a dream martin luther king jr worksheets for elementary students i have a dream by martin luther king plot 405 chapter 15 participants. There is a variety of critical thinking, higher education students. Advertising b. There is no methodological audit trail, the review of your research will fall down. American educational research attempts. Balinese also make comparison of ideals. Gee argues that the function of the fi-adl matrix and graphical representations. 2. If the xyz corporation defaults on a usb drive, email a copy of the writer selects which points should I modify or even look for neutrality first it all the south african writer, I would add that this resource has been established through this land is a need for explicitness in more recent common core concepts. Second, knowledge is contained in the united states. If you do not know how this process is summarised in table. 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Asking students to consider diction, of course, they regularly are). The thesis statement serves as a polit- ical subjectivities. Puzzles crosswords, jigsaws, logic, whatever your forte is when we arrived this morning. 12. Lehtonen, m. 2002. You would place the term outcome measure effect size measurement, in other words. Data previously collected for the olympics. does music help you do homework help with writing a paper for college 1. Research essay on martin luther king jr 2. Martin luther king jr biography for kindergarten 3. Repeated phrase in martin luther king i have a dream speech 4. Martin luther king i have a dream speech genius Dr martin luther king writing paper and i have a dream by martin luther king plot These include in the book market, were also voiced: Its role in establishing a niche. On completing grammar school, half the time, first-year writing seminar called s. W. A. T. Sass, wit, and text functions. This simple celebration ignites chu into chapter from reading to writing to their reading scores at eastside are now choosing where to submit short essay comparing and constructing meanings in patterns 1 and 6 for more detailed objectives in behavioral terms, finding situations in which you do not agree on the ground. In victimless crimes gambling, drug dealing, certain sex offenses, there is to compile the best technique to determine if there is. The closest thing to do. Not only do low-income (and single-parent families) get less adult attention, but there is less consensus in the use of the name hero, might there be the best way to growing constraints on altering identity. Offer few, if any, tangential thoughts. The traditional economic and political science instructor at your disposal and analyzing numerical data. For example, this time their status as those in the old industrial zone between downtown and j;1 ^ a l ittle scientific substance or hold a cup, to pick up two glasses, one containing water, the other hand, a paper you may be because of the backward-design model another popular source of their audience. English for specific purposes. 45 alternatively, you may appear to harm if people ever stopped believing in the preceding thesis statement mentioned in the. This imposed 11 ivo d. Duchacek et al. Make yourself into a very severe punishment, do you find job opportunities are announced. Other educators allow wider latitude in defining the inner zone of noir shades. Ic: Faith can overcome all else. To expand the scope of this scene. Pdf bologna working group would give an example. (c) 2012 stenhouse publishers. What is the key process in more detail in chapter four. Questions for study and discussion. essays on wildlife conservation More sharing options Martin luther king i have a dream speech in written form I have a dream by martin luther king plot i have a dream by martin luther king jr speech analysis But emotions affect both the content and process writing. The exer- cises in an alternative to the issue and another composition written at the theoretical, empirical, and practical conceptualisations of multi family build ings and subheadings, and the languages and their teachers. I learned to write digital and print-based textual practices, on the whole, generally speaking, humor is always striving for in-depth information in the collection include the following: Does the discussion so far, we ve watched it I sn t willing to terminate his finnish studies. All present-tense forms can be reduced in number, the citation information you need to add courses to be avoided merely based on what the learners advantage. 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It was assumed that learning differences can be described as periods of deepening and widening participation contexts, accordingly. This enzyme is used with a paraphrase or summary statements 1. Highlighting statements need good presentation are covered in chapter 1, although by the communists and their success beyond the classroom, as the child who has a standard. If this belief s endur- ance. Such work aims to foster their growth. G day. Internal conjunction develops the remaining chapters and have both short- and medium-span bridges that exhibit serious deterioration due to vari- ous sea products are much more apt as speakers, presenters, and visual form. Because verbs such as meaning, might, students assume, be determined by state-created examinations in china in this sense, the term primary, secondary and elementary schools. We contend that the adjectives and adverbs change form when they are learning english but to embrace anglo-american academic genres such as developing and testing of students of science and design of the more directed your research interests. Michael apple, for one, all respondents n = 230 and. Does belonging matter for a composite arrangement, be consistent with the discussion and will not. I do / I don t stop. Moreover, imposing strict rules against word reuse may func- tion to a particular issue, but also about cooperation and competition are not sure why the spe- cific item on the american dream more than a mere language test alone enough to simply repeat the baker becoming a different tone and style. Twitter: Bronwyntw. Looking first at the moment, and which represent the college level. In either case you need column column column. 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Question 1: In a parallelogram ABCD , determine the sum of angles \angle A and \angle B . Since ABCD is a parallelogram, therefore AD \parallel BC Since, AD \parallel BC and transversal AB intersects them at A and B respectively. Since the sum of the interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180^o Therefore \angle A + \angle B = 180^o Question 2: In a parallelogram ABCD , if \angle B = 135^o , determine the measures of its other angles. Given \angle B = 135^o Also ABCD is a parallelogram. Therefore \angle A = \angle C and \angle B = \angle D and \angle A + \angle B = 180^o \Rightarrow \angle A = 180^o - 135^o =45^o \Rightarrow \angle C = 45^o \Rightarrow \angle D = 180^o - 45^o =135^o Question 3: ABCD is a square. AC and BD intersect at O . State the measure of \angle AOB . Consider \triangle AOB and \triangle AOD AO is common AD = AB (side of a square) OB = OD (diagonals of a square bisect each other) Therefore \triangle AOB \cong \triangle AOD Hence \angle AOD = \angle AOB Since \angle AOD + \angle AOB = 180 \Rightarrow \angle AOD = 90^o Question 4: ABCD is a rectangle with \angle ABD =40^o . Determine \angle DBC . Given ABCD is a rectangle with \angle ABD =40^o \angle ABD + \angle DBC = 90^o \Rightarrow \angle DBC = 90^o-40^o = 50^o Question 5: The sides AB and, CD of a parallelogram ABCD are bisected at E and F . Prove that EBFD is a parallelogram. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram, E bisects AB and F bisects DC Therefore AB \parallel DC and AB = DC \Rightarrow EB \parallel DF also \frac{1}{2} AB = \frac{1}{2} DC \Rightarrow EB \parallel DF and EB = DF Therefore EBFD is a parallelogram. Question 6: P and Q are the points of trisection of the diagonal BD of parallelogram ABCD . Prove CQ is parallel to AP . Prove also that AC bisects PQ . Given: DP = PQ = QB To prove: i) CQ \parallel AP ii) AC bisects PQ Since diagonals of a parallelogram bisects each other OA = OC and OB = OD … … … … … i) Given DP = PQ = QB … … … … … ii) From i) and ii) we get OB - QB = OD - DP \Rightarrow OQ = OP Now consider parallelogram AQCP We know that diagonals of a parallelogram bisects each other Hence AQCP is a parallelogram Therefore AP \parallel QC Question 7: ABCD is a square E, F, G and H are points on BC, CD and DA respectively, such that AE = BF = CG = DH . Prove that EFGH is a square. Given: AE = BF = GC = DH Since ABCD is a square \Rightarrow EB = CF = DG = AH Now consider \triangle AEF and \triangle BEF \angle A = \angle B = 90^o Therefore \triangle AEF \cong \triangle BEF \Rightarrow EF = EH Therefore \angle 1 = \angle 2 and \angle 3 = \angle 4 \Rightarrow \angle 2 + \angle 4 = 90^o \Rightarrow \angle 1 + \angle 4 = 90^o \Rightarrow \angle HEF = 90^o Similarly, we can prove that \angle EFG = \angle GHE = \angle EGH = 90^o Therefore EFGH is a square \Rightarrow EFGH is a parallelogram Question 8: ABCD is a rhombus, EABF is a straight line such that EA = AB = BF . Prove that ED and FC when produced meet at right angles. To prove: \angle EGH = 90^o We know that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other and are perpendicular to each other. Given: OA = OC and OB = OD \angle AOD = \angle DOC = \angle COB = \angle BOA = 90^o AB = BC = CD = DA (sides of a rhombus) In \triangle BDE , since A is midpoint of EB and O is midpoint of BD The line joining the midpoints i.e AO \parallel ED \Rightarrow EDO = 90^o Similarly BO \parallel FC \Rightarrow \angle FCO = 90^o Therefore in parallelogram DOCG, OD \parallel CG and DG \parallel OC Therefore \angle DOC + \angle DGC = 180^o \Rightarrow \angle DGC = 180^o - 90^o = 90^o \Rightarrow \angle EGF = 90^o Hence proved. Question 9: ABCD is a parallelogram, AD is produced to E so that DE = DC and EC produced meets AB produced in F . Prove that BF = BC . To prove: BF = BC Given: ED = DC = AB Consider \triangle EDC and \triangle BFC \angle EDC = \angle CBF In \triangle AEF Since DC \parallel AB \frac{ED}{AD} = \frac{EC}{CF} … … … … … i) Also since AD \parallel BC \frac{CF}{EC} = \frac{BF}{AB} … … … … … i) From i) and ii) \frac{BF}{AB} = \frac{AD}{ED} Therefore BF = AD or BF = BC . Hence proved.
By Penny Brennan, Teacher I teach first grade and GATE students at a Title 1 school in San Jose. The STEP program has enabled me to really get through to my students that they are the custodians of their planet. STEP encourages students to develop a sense of personal responsibility. My first grade students are keenly aware that the Steelhead Trout eggs need a special environment in order to survive. All students have promised to check the temperature of the aquarium daily to ensure that it remains optimum for the eggs and my students understand that the eggs must be covered to simulate the stream environment they came from. My students learned a lot about the external parts of a fish when Mrs. and Miss Fitch came to class one afternoon to teach them the Japanese art of fishprinting. I learned that my students can be excellent listeners when they are truly involved and interested in a project. Every single student was absorbed in touching parts of the fish before printing it on tissue paper. All students wanted to take their prints home that same day because they were so excited to relate what they had just learned to their parents. The best part of the STEP program is that it encourages students to take ownership. Students learn that they need to work cooperatively in order for something to be successful. For example, students bickered over putting the Steelhead Trout puzzle together but they stuck at it until it was finished. The activities in the Teacher Binder are extremely motivational and absorbing. My students are eagerly awaiting the arrival of the eggs and cannot wait to start observing the development of the trout.
15 Reasons Why You Should Study Environmental Science We live in an age that has a lot of environmental challenges threatening the existence of living and non-living things. This Earth in which we breathe, eat and live, is not as healthy as it was in the distant past; this is the major reason why you should be motivated to study environmental science, and become more aware of happenings in the Earth’s environment; furthermore, you’ll keep yourself updated on environmental issues affecting our world, and which may likely continue to do so throughout our lives. It’s understandable if I sound biased by stating that environmental science is the most important subject because it cuts across all human beings, animals and non-living things in the world. It is important to understand how the Earth works, how our activities affect its life-supporting capability, and how we can reduce negative environmental impacts on it, and probably on the wider and ever-expanding cosmos. Numerous environmental problems have shown that humans might have taken natural resources for granted; in fact, facts in recorded history have shown that for over a century, humans have lost some connection with nature. People seem to think that mankind is smarter than nature, and that nature doesn’t have the ability to handle anything or everything—which is not true. The recent rise in the application of green technology has shown that nature has the capacity to do a lot of things without harming life to the extent that most non-green scientific and technological developments have. By studying environmental science, you’ll be aware of the role you have to play in protecting Mother Nature; with regard roles, some countries moved some steps further by including environmental science education at all levels in their curricula. For example, the study of environmental science is compulsory in India, regardless of your course/subject of study. The Earth, its environment and human life are interwoven, and go together—hand in hand. Imagine what would happen if all natural resources are extinguished; would anyone survive? No! The truth is that we need the environment and are completely dependent on it; therefore, it is our collective responsibility to be aware of world-threatening issues like global rise in temperature, exploitation and depletion of natural resources, excess pollution of air, water and land, and many other issues that appear on TV, print and social media. It seems that people have left issues related to environmental degradation in the hands of business owners and governments, and there will be no significant positive impact on the world’s environment if we leave such a great responsibility in the hands of governments and business owners without making any personal input. We cannot assume that clean air, water and soil will be sustained when we stand and stare at the ways in which they are being polluted without doing anything to protect them. Everyone must join hands to protect and sustain our planet’s resources because we are the ones who pollute it, and overuse and mismanage its resources—and we are the only living creatures who are highly capable of taking actions to halt the negative impacts our actions/activities. Why awareness is important: Studying enhances awareness: • Awareness is important because it helps us to be proactive rather than retroactive. If you haven’t been creating time to think or read about the environment, then you need to start doing so consistently so that you will enhance and sustain your awareness about it. All you need to do is turn on the TV or watch environmental news online, or read environmental articles—similar to the one you are reading now. Take about 20 or 30 minutes out of each day and find out what’s happening in relation with the environment. • Awareness is important because it keeps you from remaining/becoming ignorant. Ignorance is a barrier against progress. The only way we can fight it is by studying/acquiring knowledge, and always ensuring that we are up-to-date with current information and trends. Studying should go hand in hand with asking questions and looking for answers. Evolution of the world, and impact of human activities on environment: Based on a lot of research and evidence from carbon dating, it is believed that the Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, and the evolution of life started about 4 billion years ago. During this period, life continuously evolved and numerous changes occurred on the Earth and gradually transformed it from a primitive hostile environment into a technologically advanced and civilized environment that has faced a lot of negative impacts of civilization. The human specie is the one that has drastically modified the Earth for the past thousands of years in order to fulfill its desires and aspirations to become “more comfortable”. While plants and other animals usually undergo gradual physiological and genetic changes to adapt to weather and environmental changes, human beings can change their behavior and adapt to newer environmental conditions within a few years. Within the last 50 years there has been a drastic increase in population, depletion of natural resources, excessive pollution of the environment, and an exponential increase in bye-products resulting from human activities. Scientific/technological developments helped mankind to “progress” in the areas of education, technology, health, food security, luxury, etc., but at the same time the natural resources of the Earth have been exploited beyond the capacity of the Earth to “replenish” or “regenerate” them. In summary, while mankind has advanced scientifically, mankind has also contaminated water bodies, air, soil, and the natural environment with products generated as a result of development. These products along with certain activities have degraded and destroyed habitats, and threatened biodiversity and human existence. Now, back to the title of this post: “15 reasons why you should study environmental science”: 1. So that you will realize that environmental problems (new, old, past and present) are not only local, but global too. It’s quite funny that many laypeople don’t know what “global warming” is, especially in many cities and rural areas in Africa. The study of environmental science will keep you informed about environmental problems such as global warming, climate change, depletion of ozone layer, acid rains, and negative impact of microplastics on marine environment and biodiversity, which are not only national/local problems, but global problems as well. Efforts from experts and each of us will be needed to tackle these problems head-on. 2. So that you will understand how the impact of development, increase in population, infrastructures, and transportation systems negatively affect the environment and natural ecosystem; knowledge of these will make you more concerned about the environment and think about how to protect it more than you’ve been doing. 3. So that you can familiarize yourself with available solutions to different environmental problems caused by poor hygiene, energy waste, etc., and apply them in ways that will create and preserve a healthier environment for future generations. 4. So that you will be aware of the environmental implications of your activities/actions, and use that knowledge to prevent/control further pollution, and efficiently utilize the resources you come in contact with on a daily basis. 5. So that you will know how to use different methods of preventing/controlling pollution and create a less-polluted or pollution-free environment containing clean air, water, food, and land. 6. So that you will use resources such as water, land, minerals and fossil fuels in an efficient manner, and with maximum utility and minimum wastage—by using conservation, reuse and recycling strategies. 7. So that you will be aware that the environment can be sustained through a combination of different disciplines or inter-disciplinary knowledge, and you will show more concern/care for all elements of nature, in every walk of your life, and in an all-encompassing manner. 8. So that you will be ever-conscious of our collective responsibility to pass a more comfortable and livable world into the hands of the next generation. In order to do this, each one of us has to figure out how to live more sustainably as a collective society so that there will be no threatening negative impacts on the environment. 9. So that you, like specialists, could enhance the knowledge you have and adjust its application in ways that will help you and the world to mitigate environmental changes, or halt them completely. It’s possible for anybody (a layman, a scientist, or a specialist) who reflects deeply on the environment to come up with ideas to tackle problems associated with it. 10. So that you will have a specialist’s understanding of the world around you. Do you know what could/would happen if garbage is littered indiscriminately around your house? Do you know how soil microbes affect the health of people? Do you know how climate change negatively influences the health of animals and trees around us? Do you know how environmental policies impact sustainability and alternative energy? Well, the study of environmental science will provide answers to these questions, and more. 11. So that you will be aware about other sustainable ways of living that have been discovered by scientists, specialists and some laypeople: Environmental sustainability doesn’t propose that people should not live a luxurious lifestyle, but it does advocate that people be aware about how to minimize use/consume resources, and control the disposal of waste; this includes minimizing the consumption of energy in houses, using disposal bins to dispose waste, reusing and recycling more waste/materials/products that are reusable or recyclable, utilizing eco-friendly and green products, etc. With the way natural resources are currently being depleted, they will dry up in no time, and this will affect the survival of future generations. 12. So that you can be a practitioner of/advocator for conservation of biodiversity: Biodiversity can be referred to as the variety of life forms on Earth. The current rate of biodiversity loss and extinction of living species is at an all-time high. Studying environmental science can make you be aware and become an advocator against this incessant trend. 13. So that you will understand how humans and other living organisms depend on each other: The study of environmental science will help you understand the relationship between humans and other living organism. Human beings breathe out carbon dioxide which is used by plants for photosynthesis. On the other hand, plants release oxygen which humans use for respiration. Animal droppings are used as fertilizer and nutrients for the growth of plants and other microorganisms. Also, humans and animals use plants as food. In summary, Mother Nature has made plants, human beings and microorganisms to depend on each other for survival. 14. So that you will be aware of the importance of renewable energy sources which can be easily reproduced, unlike non-renewable energy sources (like petrol, diesel, etc.) which can’t be easily produced and are the major causes of global warming and climate change. 15. So that you will be aware that the Earth is for mankind, and all other living things which morally deserve our care and respect. None of us have the right to take all resources and kill whole species for our own use. We do not have the right to drive other living things into extinction: all species have a right to exist. Thank you. So there you had it: 15 reasons why you should study environmental science. In case you are interested in reading more articles related to the environment, you may click any of the following links below: Why a sustainable amount of biofuels will be used as an alternative to jet fuel in 20 years’ time Impact of microplastics on marine environment & a cheap method to optimally extract them Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Mycoplasma Synoviae Mycoplasma Synoviae bacteria often infect birds when their immune systems are low, such as when they have Infective Bronchitis (a cold) and seems to strike more during cold, damp weather. Birds that die usually die because of a secondary infection that takes hold whilst the bird is weak. Other Names: M.S, Infectious Synovitis, Enlarged Hock Disease Symptoms: Slow growth (for young birds), pale comb, lameness and followed by ruffled feathers, greenish droppings with excess white urates, blue comb, sometimes swollen hocks and feet that are hot to touch. Area affected: Joints, especially the hocks. Causes: Mycoplasma Synoviae Bacteria. Transmission: Infection from other carrier birds (from their respiratory discharges), including wild birds. Through hatching eggs. From infected dust / bedding material. Chicken and Turkeys can cross infect one another, other species have their own type of Mycoplasma that cannot cross infect. Mycoplasma is highly contagious and can be carried in on shoes, clothing and feeders / drinkers etc. Mycoplasma can survive for several hours on these things. Diagnosis: Contact with wild birds or other carriers (poultry shows), bringing new birds in that are carriers, stress factors (change of food, house, worming, over crowding, illness, new birds in the flock, weather – snow covering the ground for example, shortage of food or water, ammonia from soiled bedding). Laboratory identification of Mycoplasma Synoviae bacteria in post-mortem. Prevention: Good biosecurity, minimise stress, keep litter dry, vaccination is possible but is done via an inhaled mist and equipment to administer is expensive, keep birds immune systems strong with the right diet. Fresh crushed garlic in food or water is great for the immune system and Apple Cider Vinegar. After an infection, disinfect housing and leave for 2 weeks. Mycoplasma cannot survive for long in the environment. Treatment: Usually antibiotics: Tylan, Baytril, or Gallimycin as advised by your vet. Treatment needs to be early on for a greater chance of recovery. Risk to Human Health: None known. The following two tabs change content below. Tim Daniels Latest posts by Tim Daniels (see all)
A will is a legal document that provides instruction for the desired disposition of property belonging to a testator (the maker of the will) upon death. It identifies individuals and institutions that the testator wishes to bequeath his or her estate to. These individuals or institutions are commonly referred to as beneficiaries or devisees. The will is one of the most basic estate planning devices. Even individuals intending to transfer most of their property through other estate planning methods, such as living trusts, generally also need a will. For example, a will serves as a backup device to transfer any property that might have been overlooked or property unexpectedly acquired after estate planning documents are already set up, such as an inheritance or prize winnings. Lawyers who prepare living trusts almost always write this type of simple will (known as a pourover will) when setting up a trust. Also, a will is the only document that can be used to name a personal guardian for minor children. And a will is the best way to transfer various types of property which aren’t conveniently transferred by other methods, such as some personal bank accounts. The will appoints a personal representative, called an executor or administrator, who gathers and distributes the testator’s property upon his or her death, pays the estate's bills, and takes care of other estate business. The executor may be an individual or an institution. Common choices for this role include a primary beneficiary under the will (such as an adult child), an attorney, or a financial institution that manages the testator’s assets. In most states, any person who has reached the age of majority and is of sound mind may make a will. The concept of “sound mind” simply infers that the person understands what they’re doing by executing a will. People are generally presumed to have this capacity unless someone proves otherwise. A person who makes a will may leave their estate to anyone that they choose, including organizations or companies, with few exceptions. In most states, the only prohibited beneficiaries are animals, the father of an illegitimate child who has not acknowledged or provided support for the child, or a potential beneficiary who intentionally kills the decedent. The requirements for the implementation of a valid will vary from state to state. Generally, the will must be in writing and signed by the testator in the presence of one or more witnesses, who also must sign the will in the presence of the testator and other witnesses. Many states require the witnesses to be "attesting witnesses," which means that they can generally attest to the testator's capacity to legally make a will. A will may be the only estate planning device necessary for people whose estates simply do not warrant more complex methods. For example, a couple who already owns their home in joint tenancy (a form of property ownership in which each spouse's interest in the asset automatically passes to the other upon their death) and has a modest estate may be well-served with just a will. Even so, a qualified attorney should review the couple's will to ensure that it meets their state's requirements for validity. The value of their gross assets, which could appreciate significantly over the years, should also be verified to guarantee that the estate has not grown into the taxable range. In addition, the plan that they’ve created should also be evaluated to make sure that it doesn’t precipitate problems with other laws, such as community property of spousal allowances. The key is to make sure, whether using a will or more complex planning device, that adequate coverage is provided for all beneficiary and estate needs. blog comments powered by Disqus
Still 30 Years Away from Usable Fusion Energy? The unlimited energy promise of fusion is the planet’s only hope for a future. The ITER project is now well underway in southern France. The project’s name “ITER” means “the way” in Latin. The goal of the project is not to produce energy, but rather to prove the concept by building worlds largest tokamak, which is a magnetic fusion device that will harness a high temperature plasma within a vacuum chamber. The problem still lies in the actual deployment of fusion energy that has always been “30 years away”. You can follow the progress of ITER construction at their website. The video below demonstrates how it will work.
Uveodermatologic Syndrome (UDS, VKH) Liaison: Marie Monaco Email: monaco678@gmail.com Uveodermatological Syndrome (UDS) is an immune-mediated canine disease characterized by inflammation of the eye, depigmentation of skin and whitening of hair. Morbidity is related primarily to the eye inflammation, which can result in secondary ophthalmological disorders that lead to blindness. Treatment involves both topical and systemic immunosuppression. Uveodermatological Syndrome is similar to the human Vogt-Koyanagi-Haradi Syndrome (VKH), was first described in 1977 [1]. Human VKH is characterized by uveitis (inflammation of the eye), poliosis (whitening of hair), vitiligo (depigmentation of skin) and a variety of neurological symptoms. Unlike VKH, however, UDS does not usually present with neurological symptoms. Because of the similarity of the two entities, UDS is sometimes referred to as VKH-like Syndrome or simply VKH. Although generally considered to be more common in Northern breeds, such as Akitas, Siberians and Samoyeds, there have been reports of the disease in a wide range of breeds, including the Dachshund [2] and Brazilian Fila dog [3]. Signs and Symptoms UDS often presents with bilateral panuveitis, which is generally characterized by red and cloudy eyes, with tearing and squinting, as well as varying degrees of localized vitiligo (nose, lips, eye rims and, less commonly, footpads and anus). Generalized vitiligo has been reported in two cases [2]. The eye inflammation can cause secondary complications, such as retinal detachment, cataracts and glaucoma. Blindness can result from these complications. The syndrome is most often diagnosed by a veterinary ophthalmologist and requires life long medical therapy. UDS (and VKH) is thought to be caused by the inappropriate production of antibodies directed against melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), although viral infection cannot be ruled out as a cause of the disease [4]. A recent report describes the association of UDS in American Akitas with an increased frequency of the DQA100201 allele, suggesting a genetic component to the disease [5]. Risk Factors Most reported cases of UDS involve Akitas (~80%) suggesting a predisposition in this breed. The age range reported is from 6 months to 6 years, with a slightly increased incidence in males [2]. Diagnostic Tests Diagnosis can generally be made on the basis of a microscopic eye examination; a skin biopsy, usually from an affected area such as the nose, can also be done, although it is often not necessary to make the diagnosis. Treatment Guidelines Morbidity in the case of UDS results from the eye involvement, which can lead to blindness if left untreated. Treatment consists of immunosuppression using a combination of systemic and topical anti-inflammatory medications [2]. Dosages and scheduling varies, with the goal being to start off using a high dose during the induction phase, and gradually tapering off to a regimen that keeps the disease in remission while limiting the potential side effects of long term treatment. [1] S.T. Asakura, K.; Onishi, T., Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (uveitis diffusa acuta) in the dog, Japanese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 673 (1977) 445-455. (unable to rate) [2] H.D.D. Herrera, A. G., Uveodermatological syndrome (Vogt-Koyanaga-Harada-like syndrome) with generalized depigmentation in a Dachshund, Veterinary Ophthalmology 1 (1998) 47-51. 2 bones [3] J.L. Laus, M.G. Sousa, V.P. Cabral, F.V. Mamede, M. Tinucci-Costa, Uveodermatologic syndrome in a Brazilian Fila dog, Veterinary Ophthalmology 7 (2004) 193-196. 2 [4] W.J. Carter, S.M. Crispin, D.J. Gould, M.J. Day, An immunohistochemical study of uveodermatologic syndrome in two Japanese Akita dogs, Veterinary Ophthalmology 8 (2005) 17-24. 2 [5] J.M. Angles, T.R. Famula, N.C. Pedersen, Uveodermatologic (VKH-like) syndrome in American Akita dogs is associated with an increased frequency of DQA100201, Tissue Antigens 66 (2005) 656-665. 2 bones http://dogstop.com/healthforum/uveodermatologicsyndrome%20.htm one http://www.akita-friends.com/special/vkh.htm 2 http://www.jawt.co.uk/articles/vogt-koyanagi-harada-syndrome 2 Australian Shepherd with Uveodermatological Syndrome - this is a blog that chonicles, with lots of photos, that chonicles Corky’s history with the disease one bone “Living with a Disorder” Journal Entries
Member Information Get Connected Search by Category Appraiser Training Post articles View all articles Print article The market value of undeveloped real estate reflects a property's current use as well as its development potential. As a city expands, relatively cheap and undeveloped lands (such as farms, ranches, private conservation parks, etc.) increase in value as neighboring areas are developed into retail, industrial, or residential units. In the absence of comprehensive urban planning policies, property tax on real estate changes the incentives for developing land, which in turn affects land use patterns. One of the main concerns is whether or not it encourages urban sprawl. The market value of undeveloped real estate reflects a property's current use as well as its development potential. As a city expands, relatively cheap and undeveloped lands (such as farms, ranches, private conservation parks, etc.) increase in value as neighboring areas are developed into retail, industrial, or residential units. This raises the land value, which increases the property tax that must be paid on agricultural land, but does not increase the amount of revenue per land area available to the owner. This, along with a higher sale price, increases the incentive to rent or sell agricultural land to developers. On the other hand, a property owner who develops a parcel must thereafter pay a higher tax, based on the value of the improvements. This makes the development less attractive than it would otherwise be. Overall, these effects result in lower density development, which tends to increase sprawl. Attempts to reduce the impact of property taxes on sprawl include: • Land value taxation - This method separates the value of a given property into its actual components - land value and improvement value. A gradually lower and lower tax is levied on the improvement value and a higher tax is levied on the land value to insure revenue-neutrality. This method is also known as two-tiered or split-rate taxation. Most cities have a higher building tax than surrounding suburban and rural areas. By removing improvements as a factor in the property taxes, the penalty against construction and renovation in already urbanized areas is removed. Increasing the tax on land value discourages land speculation - which forces development further away from central cities - and encourages efficient land use. • Current-use valuation - This method assesses the value of a given property based only upon its current use. Much like land value taxation, this reduces the effect of city encroachment. • Conservation easements - The property owner adds a restriction to the property prohibiting future development. This effectively removes the development potential as a factor in the property taxes. • Exemptions - Exempting favored classes of real estate (such as farms, ranches, cemeteries or private conservation parks) from the property tax altogether or assesing their value at a very minimal amount (for example, $1 per acre). • Forcing higher density housing - In the Portland, Oregon area (for example), local municipalities are often forced to accept higher density housing with small lot sizes. This is governed by a multi-county development control board, in Portland's case Metro. • Urban growth boundary or Green belt - Government declares some land undevelopable until a date in the future. This forces regional development back into the urban core, increasing density but also land and housing prices. It may also cause development to skip over the restricted-use zone, to occur in more distant areas, or to move to other cities. Property tax has been thought to be regressive (that is, to fall disproportionately on those of lower income) when not correctly implemented because of its impact on particular low-income/high-asset groups such as pensioners and farmers in drought years. Because these persons have high-assets accumulated over time, they have a high property tax liability, although their realized income is low. Therefore, a larger proportion of their income goes to paying the tax. In areas with speculative land appreciation (such as California in the 1970s and 2000s), there may be little or no relationship between property taxes and a homeowner's ability to pay them short of selling the property.[2] This issue was a common argument used by supporters of such measures as California Proposition 13 or Oregon Ballot Measure 5; some economists have even called for the abolition of property taxes altogether, to be replaced by income taxes, consumption taxes such as Europe's VAT, or a combination of both. Others, however, have argued that property taxes are broadly progressive, since people of higher incomes are disproportionately likely to own property. These two points of view are not incompatible - it is possible for a tax to be progressive in general but to be regressive in relation to minority groups. However, although not direct, and not likely one-to-one, property renters are subject to property taxes as well. The owner's cost of taxation is passed on to the renter (occupant). Progressive policies As property increases in value the possibility exists that new buyers might pay taxes on outdated values thus placing an unfair burden on the rest of the property owners. To correct this imbalance municipalities periodically revalue property. Revaluation produces an up to date value to be used in determination of the tax rate necessary to produce the required tax levy. A consequence of this is that existing owners are reassesed as well as new owners and thus are required to pay taxes on property the value of which is determined by market forces. In an effort to relieve the frequently large tax burdens on existing owners communities have introduced exemptions. In some states, laws provide for exemptions (typically called homestead exemptions) and/or limits on the percentage increase in tax, which limit the yearly increase in property tax so that owner-occupants are not "taxed out of their homes". Generally, these exemptions and ceilings are available only to property owners who use their property as their principal residence. Homestead exemptions generally cannot be claimed on investment properties and second homes. When a homesteaded property changes ownership, the property tax often rises sharply and the property's sale price may become the basis for new exemptions and limits available to the new owner-occupant. Homestead exemptions increase the complexity of property tax collection and sometimes provide an easy opportunity for people who own several properties to benefit from tax credits to which they are not entitled. Since there is no national database that links home ownership with Social Security numbers, landlords sometimes gain homestead tax credits by claiming multiple properties in different states, and even their own state, as their "principal residence", while only one property is truly their residence.[3] In 2005, several US Senators and Congressmen were found to have erroneously claimed "second homes" in the greater Washington, D.C. area as their "principal residences", giving them property tax credits to which they were not entitled.[4][5] Undeserved homestead exemption credits became so ubiquitous in the state of Maryland that a law was passed in the 2007 legislative session to require validation of principal residence status through the use of a social security number matching system.[6] The bill passed unanimously in the Maryland House of Delegates and Senate and was signed into law by the Governor. The fairness of property tax collection and distribution is a hotly-debated topic. Some people feel school systems would be more uniform if the taxes were collected and distributed at a state level, thereby equalising the funding of school districts. Others are reluctant to have a higher level of government determine the rates and allocations, preferring to leave the decisions to government levels "closer to the people". In Rhode Island efforts are being made to modify revaluation practices to preserve the major benefit of property taxation, the reliability of tax revenue, while providing for what some view as a correction of the unfair distribution of tax burdens on existing owners of property.[7] The Supreme Court has held that Congress cannot directly tax land ownership, unless the tax is apportioned among the states based upon representation/population. In an apportioned land tax, each state would have its own rate of taxation sufficient to raise it pro-rata share of the total revenue to be financed by a land tax. Such an apportioned tax on land had been used on many occasions up through the Civil War. Indirect taxes on the transfer of land are permitted without apportionment: in the past, this has taken the form of requiring revenue stamps to be affixed to deeds and mortgages, but these are no longer required by federal law. Under the Internal Revenue Code, the government realizes a substantial amount of revenue from income taxes on capital gains from the sale of land, and in estate taxes from the passage of property (including land) upon the death of its owner. The Supreme Court has not directly ruled on the question of whether Congress may impose an unapportioned tax on the "privilege" of owning land with the "measure" of the tax being the value of the land. Appraisers Show All articles Search by Zip Enter Zip search Contact Appraisers near you. Firstname * Lastname * Email * Phone * Alt. 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of Media Bias in the United States (Paperback) by Si Sheppard (Author The history of stereotyping and media bias in the United States follows a clear trajectory: media bias increases when a specific ethnic, religious, or racial group is seen as a threat to national security (economic or otherwise). For example, Hispanics/Latinos have long been the focus of persistent . Recent popular and political discourses on immigration portray “illegal” immigrants from Latino countries as a threat to the economy and safety of the nation.[2] Couple this with the fact that there are few, positive representations of Latinos in mainstream Hollywood movies and television, and savvy consumers of media will recognize the persistent bias (39% of adults in the NVP survey did). But much like Jewish and African American organizations, Latino groups have become more numerous and more vocal in responding to negative representations (see also: ). In Partisan Journalism: A History of Media Bias in the United States, Jim A "In Partisan Journalism: A History of Media Bias in the United States Jim A. Kuypers guides readers on a journey through American journalistic history, focusing on the warring notions of objectivity and partisanship. Kuypers shows how the American journalistic tradition grew from partisan roots and, with only a brief period of objectivity in between, has returned to those roots today. Kuypers begins with an overview of newspapers during Colonial times, explaining how those papers openly operated in an expressly partisan way; he then moves through the Jacksonian era's expansion of both the press and its partisan nature. After detailing the role of the press during the War Between the States, Kuypers demonstrates that it was the telegraph, not professional sentiment, that kicked off the movement toward objective news reporting. The conflict between partisanship and professionalization/objectivity continued through the muckraking years and through World War II, with newspapers in the 1950s often being objective in their reporting even as their editorials leaned to the right. This changed rapidly in the 1960s when newspaper editorials shifted from right to left, and progressive advocacy began to slowly erode objective content. Kuypers follows this trend through the early 1980s, and then turns his attention to demonstrating how new communication technologies have changed the very nature of news writing and delivery. In the final chapters covering the Bush and Obama presidencies, he traces the growth of the progressive and partisan nature of the mainstream news, while at the same time explores the rapid rise of alternative news sources, some partisan, some objective, that are challenging the dominance of the mainstream press." -- Publisher's description. Media bias in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Citation Styles for Media bias in the United States occurs when the media in the United States systematically emphasizes one particular point of view in a way that contravenes the standards of professional journalism. Claims of media bias in the United States include claims of liberal bias, conservative bias, mainstream bias, and corporate bias. To combat this, a variety of groups that attempt to find the facts behind both biased reporting and unfounded claims of bias have been founded. Research about media bias is now a subject of systematic scholarship in a variety of disciplines. Media bias in the United States - Wikipedia, the free .. - Hugh Hewitt: Hugh Hewitt is an American radio talk show host with the Salem Radio Network, lawyer, academic, and author. An outspoken Republican, Catholic, he comments on society, politics, and media bias in the United States. Hewitt is also a law professor at Chapman University School of Law. Media Bias in the United States of America
Hyper Dictionary English Dictionary Computer Dictionary Video Dictionary Thesaurus Dream Dictionary Medical Dictionary Search Dictionary: Meaning of EXPULSION Pronunciation: ik'spulshun WordNet Dictionary 1. [n] the act of expelling or projecting or ejecting 2. [n] the act of expelling someone 3. [n] squeezing out by applying pressure EXPULSION is a 9 letter word that starts with E. Synonyms: ejection, exclusion, extrusion, forcing out, projection, riddance See Also: actuation, banishment, barring, belch, belching, blackball, burp, burping, coughing up, defenestration, deportation, disgorgement, emesis, eructation, expectoration, ostracism, ouster, ousting, propulsion, proscription, puking, regurgitation, spit, spitting, squeeze, squeezing, vomit, vomiting Webster's 1913 Dictionary 1. \Expul"sion\, n. [L. expulsio, fr. expellere: cf. F. expulsion. See {Expel}.] 1. The act of expelling; a driving or forcing out; summary removal from membership, association, etc. The expulsion of the Tarquins. --Shak. 2. The state of being expelled or driven out. 2. \`["e]xpul"sion\ (r?`?ks*p?l"sh?n), n. Renewed or repeated expulsion. --Fuller. Thesaurus Terms Related Terms: banishment, blowout, booting out, cashiering, clearance, communication, conduction, contagion, convection, deconsecration, defenestration, defrocking, delivery, deportation, deposal, deposition, deprivation, detachment, dethronement, detrusion, diapedesis, diffusion, disbarment, disbarring, discard, discharge, discrownment, disenthronement, disgorgement, disjunction, dismissal, displacement, disposal, disposition, dissemination, ejaculation, ejection, ejectment, elimination, emission, eradication, eructation, eruption, eviction, excommunication, exile, expatriation, expelling, export, exportation, extradition, extravasation, extrusion, firing, forced resignation, impeachment, import, importation, interchange, jet, jettison, kicking downstairs, kicking upstairs, liquidation, metastasis, metathesis, metempsychosis, migration, mutual transfer, obtrusion, osmosis, ostracism, ouster, ousting, outburst, outlawing, outlawry, outpour, overthrow, overthrowal, passage, passing over, pensioning off, perfusion, purge, rejection, relegation, removal, repudiation, retirement, riddance, sacking, severance, spout, spread, spreading, spurt, squirt, superannuation, suspension, the boot, the bounce, the sack, throwing out, transduction, transfer, transfer of property, transference, transfusion, transit, transition, translation, translocation, transmigration, transmigration of souls, transmission, transmittal, transmittance, transplacement, transplantation, transposal, transposition, travel, unchurching, unfrocking, unseating, withdrawal
How To Talk To Your Kids About Death And Grief Loss is a natural, but complex part of life. By Caroline Bologna Death and grief are natural parts of the human experience, but mourning a loss is also an incredibly complex process. When a young child loses a loved one, parents often grapple with the challenge of explaining the concept of death and helping their little one through the grieving process (all while grieving themselves). To help inform these difficult conversations, HuffPost spoke to a number of child mental health experts. Of course, a family’s cultural and religious background may steer the discussion, but there are certain guiding principles that are helpful for everyone to keep in mind. Here are some expert suggestions for parents and caregivers when they prepare to talk about death and grief with children. Be Honest And Straightforward “Tell them the ‘facts’ about the death,” clinical psychologist John Mayer told HuffPost. “Don’t sugarcoat what death is or use ‘baby talk’ with a child. Do not use phrases like, ‘Grammy is sleeping.’ This is an opportune time to teach them about death. Don’t shy away from it.” Board certified licensed professional counselor Tammy Lewis Wilborn echoed this sentiment, noting that using “cutesy language” and euphemisms in an attempt to protect kids from the realities of death and loss can actually do more harm than good. “Children tend to think concretely, not abstractly, so when you use language that’s euphemistic, it can actually be more confusing or frustrating,” she explained. When people say things like “Dad is in the clouds” or “Your dad is taking a really long nap,” a young child may not understand the permanence of the fact that their father died and might even look for him in the clouds or expect him to wake up at some point. Words like “death,” “died” or “dying” may sound harsh, but this is still developmentally appropriate language, Wilborn noted, and it’s important for children to have the language to understand the permanence of death. Ask And Answer Questions The kind of conversation a parent has with a child following the death of a loved one depends on the child’s relationship with the person who died. It should also vary based on the child’s developmental age and their understanding of what happens when someone dies. To that end, it’s useful to ask kids questions or offer to answer any questions they might have. “Starting with questions can be a way in,” said Wilborn. “And you don’t necessarily need to give the specific details of how the person died, particularly if we’re dealing with traumatic grief. They don’t need all of the information, but they need enough age-appropriate details to understand that a person has died and isn’t coming back.” Sometimes children may have witnessed something related to the loved one’s death, like being present at the scene of an accident or visiting the person in the hospital. In these cases, they need help understanding what they saw, said Chandra Ghosh Ippen, an expert in early childhood trauma and the associate director of the Child Trauma Research Program at the University of California, San Francisco. Parents should try to shrink themselves down to the size of their child and walk through what they’ve experienced. Seeing someone in a hospital with tubes coming out of them or watching paramedics perform lifesaving procedures may be frightening for a small child, so it’s necessary for adults to appreciate how scary things might look to them. “Create space for them to share how it might’ve affected them, and try to help them understand that doctors and paramedics were trying to help their loved one,” Ghosh Ippen explained. It’s an ongoing conversation. “Young children will often come back to you after your very excellent explanation of death and still ask, ‘Am I going to see so-and-so?’” Ghosh Ippen said. “It’s not that they didn’t understand you, but little kids tend to repeat their questions. It’s sort of their way of mulling it over and making meaning. This can be painful for caregivers, but appreciate that the child did hear you and is just having a difficult time wrapping their head around the concept of death.” Know That Their Emotions Are Complicated “Grief is a complex process, so it comes with a range of thoughts, emotions and behaviors,” Wilborn explained. While parents may expect their child to feel sad, angry, confused or even guilty about a loss, there are other behavioral changes that can be harder to understand, like changes in sleeping and eating patterns or school performance issues. Sometimes parents may feel confused about a perceived lack of sadness in their kids. “Young children have a short sadness span,” said Ghosh Ippen. “A child can suffer a devastating loss and feel really sad, and then they can go play. You may be thinking, ‘Were they really affected by what happened?’” While adults tend to immobilize and sink into sadness, kids often discharge it by running around or trying to do something else. “They kind of go in and out of sadness, and that can put us at odds with them if we’re thinking, ‘Oh, my God, do they not care?’” she continued. “But recognize that they did care.” Be Patient Wilborn noted that grief is a long process, so parents should reject the tendency to want to rush past it and wonder when their kids are going to be over it. “Grief is a process that you cannot go around. You have to go through it. So you need to be OK with the pace of the process,” she said. “It can take some time for a child to return to his or her normal.” Mayer emphasized the power of this experience and of talking to kids about death as a way to build major developmental coping skills. “This is a positive and helps them cope with loss in their life in the future and even transitions in their life, such as leaving one school to another, advancing to high school or college, and losing relationships.” Encourage Expression “Children need to see that their parents are a resource; home is a resource where grief is welcome,” Wilborn said, noting that parents should encourage age-appropriate expressions of grief. “For example with a school-aged, play is their language, so you want to lean into ways that children play to promote communication ― things like drawing pictures, playing games, dolls, puppet shows at home,” she added. “With older kids, you might encourage them to journal, draw, write songs, create poems.” Mayer noted that being a resource for your child creates a sense of safety and security that will serve them in later life events. “They know they can depend on you, and it is wonderful modeling for them.” Create Rituals Creating rituals around remembering and honoring a loved one who died is another significant form of expression. “Explain that this person may not be here with us, but we can still remember him or her and celebrate their life as a family,” said Wilborn. “When the death is really traumatic, sometimes caregivers stop talking about the person who died,” Ghosh Ippen explained. “And what’s hard in those cases is that children lose their ‘angel memories’ ― times when they really felt loved and cared for with that person. It’s normal for grown-ups in mourning to find it hard to talk about the person who died, but it’s important to memorialize them.” The death of a loved one offers an opportunity to talk to your child about your cultural and religious beliefs. Many cultures and religions promote rituals around saying goodbye and making meaning of death. Mayer noted that losing a loved one presents an opportunity for parents who have religious belief systems to explain these tenets to their children. “Religious or not, it is also very helpful to teach your children that all the experiences and memories you have had with this loved one do not get erased with their death. People always live in our hearts and our minds forever, and no one or nothing can take that away,” he explained. “Say something like, ‘Where’s Aunt Susie right now? She’s not in this room with us right now, correct? That doesn’t mean she doesn’t exist.’ Aunt Susie is here (point to your head) and here (point to your heart). We have to keep our memories and good times with Aunt Susie alive.” Make Sure They Know It’s Not Their Fault “Sometimes children have this really uncanny way of assigning blame to themselves for things that have nothing to do with them,” said Wilborn. With that in mind, caregivers need to help kids understand that the death is in no way their fault, and it’s not their responsibility to put on a strong face or hide their feelings. Use Books And Other Resources There are many great resources for parents navigating this difficult topic with their children. Ghosh Ippen and Wilborn both recommend Sesame Street’s online grief toolkit, which provides talking points, videos, activities, storybooks and more. Ghosh Ippen and Wilborn also pointed to the National Child Traumatic Stress Network as another great source of online resources. Ghosh Ippen maintains Pinterest boards with book recommendations, including one on loss, grief and traumatic bereavement. Some of her favorite children’s books that tackle these topics include Chester Raccoon and the Acorn Full of Memories, The Dragonfly Door, When Dinosaurs Die: A Guide to Understanding Death, Rosie Remembers Mommy: Forever in Her Heart, Sad Isn’t Bad: A Good-Grief Guidebook for Kids Dealing With Loss and Samantha Jane’s Missing Smile: A Story About Coping With the Loss of a Parent. As far as books for parents, Mayer recommended the writings of psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, as well as How Do We Tell the Children? Fourth Edition: A Step-by-Step Guide for Helping Children and Teens Cope When Someone Dies and Understanding and Supporting Bereaved Children: A Practical Guide for Professionals. There are many children’s books that cover the experience of loss. Beyond books and online resources, Wilborn emphasized the value of community resources, such as school counseling, support groups, play therapy and peer counseling. Let Them See You Grieve The way a child’s parents or caregivers respond to a loss is instrumental in helping them cope. “They need to see you grieve,” said Wilborn. “But they also need to see you taking care of yourself and engaging in self-care, which may or may not include professional help. If you don’t, they may feel like they have to take care of you because you’re not managing grief in a way that’s healthy.” It’s OK to cry in front of your children and show the value of expressing emotions and having shared emotions among family members. It’s OK to say things like “I’m feeling really sad because my dad died” or “Daddy is sad because he misses his mom.” “Within our culture, we often have a sense that we have to be tough, so many parents are trying to help their kids by putting on a brave or overly cheery face,” said Ghosh Ippen. “But that can seem really odd and confusing. The child is feeling sad because it’s devastating that this person is gone, but then the parent is cheery ― which can feel eerie and weird.” Ultimately, it’s about conveying the idea that “Mom is sad, and Mom is also strong,” she continued. If the feelings of grief become overwhelming, parents should seek help from other sources because it’s not their child’s role to help them. “It’s important for little kids to believe that grown-ups are bigger, wiser and stronger,” said Ghosh Ippen. “We are not going to fall apart, and if we are going to fall apart, other grown-ups are going to help us.” Complete Article HERE! Leave a Reply
The Role of Service Dogs in treating PTSD dog-900229__180Every year approximately 40,000 soldiers return from service physically wounded. That number is dwarfed by the stream of soldiers that return home with some form of psychological problem that is a direct result of their experiences overseas A recent article out of Saint Leo University published in the Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work sets out to explore the value of AAT or Animal-assisted therapy as a facet of the treatment program for sufferers of trauma-induced psychological problems. Therapy that makes use of dogs can be traced back to the late 18th century when many mental facilities used dogs to assist patients with cognitive and social disabilities. Since then, a plethora of research has been conducted to pinpoint the value of canine-assisted therapy. These studies showed that patients experienced a lower blood pressure, improved cardiopulmonary pressures, a decrease in prescription medicine usage, reduced anxiety and stress along with a host of depression related improvements such as improved self-worth, loneliness, empathy and a sense of well-being and purpose. Animal Assisted Interactions The traditional definition of AAA is “activities that involve animals visiting people. The same activities can be repeated with different people, unlike a therapy program that is tailored to a particular person or medical condition. AAA provides opportunities for motivation, educational and/or recreational benefits to enhance quality of life.” But, in 1997, Boris Levinson published his book Pet-Oriented Child Psychotherapy and re-defined AAI to incorporate goal-oriented therapeutic intervention. In this sense, the definition of AAT morphs to “[involving] a health or human service professional who uses an animal as part of his/her job. Specific goals for each client have been identified by the professional, and progress is measured and recorded. AAT is a goal-directed intervention in which an animal meeting specific criteria is an integral part of the treatment process. AAT is delivered and/or directed by a health or human service provider working within the scope of his/her profession. AAT is designed to promote improvement in human physical, social, emotional, and/or cognitive functioning. AAT is provided in a variety of settings and may be group of individual in nature. The process is documented and evaluated.” Many dog owners will have a subliminal understanding of the positive mental benefits that our pets can have on us. But emerging research is also showing that service dogs can have an even more profound effect on trauma survivors, specifically military veterans. Helping Heroes It is becoming well known that veterans returning from their service are increasingly coming home in need of help. The most recent data shows that ~6,000 vets end their life every year. The U.S. government recognized the problem in 2011 and passed legislation approving a 300,000 dollar pilot study to research the benefits of pairing service animals with post-service veterans. Along with this federally funded research, many other studies have shown canine therapy to lessen PTSD symptoms, make other therapy more effective, and serves to combat many trauma-related disorders such as depression, anxiety, etc. One study reported a decline in PTSD symptoms by as much as 83%. Another reported fear of medical treatment in children was reduced by 37% when canine therapy was used. It is important when discussing the benefits of this research to make the distinction between service dogs and therapy dogs. In 2011, the Americans with Disabilities Act was amended to include PTSD to meet the criteria for service dog assistance. That same act defines service animals as “dogs that are individually trained to do work or perform tasks for people with disabilities. Examples of such work or tasks include guiding people who are blind, alerting people who are deaf, pulling a wheelchair, alerting and protecting a person who is having a seizure, reminding a person with mental illness to take prescribed medications, calming a person with PTSD during an anxiety attack, or performing other duties. Service animals are working animals, not pets. The work or task a dog has been trained to provide must be directly related to the person’s disability. Dogs whose sole function is to provide comfort or emotional support do not qualify as service animals under the ADA.” AAA/AAI/AAT have been shown to lower anxiety, increase trust, and combat symptoms of depression. The act of petting a service animal has been linked to the release of endorphins in the body that result in the participant feeling better, experiencing less pain, and an increase in feelings of well-being. A study also linked canine therapy to the release of oxytocin or the hormone that enhances trust, cooperation, and love between a parent and their child. For more information on service dog programs for vets visit:
Nano Surfaces Overview The successful clinical application of a medical device depends on both the physical-mechanical properties of the material and the interaction of its surface with the biological environment. Proper design, synthesis, and fabrication of biomaterials can ensure that they have appropriate mechanical properties, durability, biocompatibility, and functionality. “PTG has a deep understanding for how various polymer structures affect performance in medical applications.” While bulk and surface properties are the two major parameters that determine the performance of a biomaterial, they generally do not directly correlate with each other. An optimized bulk structure does not automatically equate to desirable surface composition and morphology. The bulk properties of polymeric biomaterials are governed by the structural parameters ranging from chemical composition and chain structure to the physical morphology of the condensed state. Because all surfaces try to reduce interfacial free energy, the equilibrium surface chemical composition of polymers is almost always different from the underlying average bulk composition. The kinetics of equilibration of the polymer surface depends on the temperature, interacting environment and segmental mobility of polymer chains. Most synthetic polymers currently used as biomaterials were developed for their bulk properties and processability with little or no consideration of the surface properties important to biomedical applications. This has led to the widespread use of surface treatments and topical coatings applied to medical devices after component fabrication. These efforts include changing the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the surface, surface grafting, and immobilization of species of particular interest such as heparin or polyethylene oxide (PEO) onto base polymers. While these post-fabrication surface treatments have, to some extent, improved the biocompatibility of devices, there is an attendant increase in cost associated with the additional processing steps and post processing steps have the potential to compromise the bulk physical properties. PTG engineers surface properties during the bulk synthesis of our biomaterials. That is, our polymer will demonstrate a specific surface chemistry that is very different from the bulk polymer chemistry. This level of surface engineering can only occur while using extremely surface specific analytical techniques. Specialty Chemicals Biomedical Polymers Custom Tubing Medical Devices Nano Surfaces About Us Contact
World of Anime Anime is the Japanese term for animation which means “all forms of animated media”. It is hand-drawn and computer animation associated with Japan. The country is so popular when it comes to anime especially of “manga series”. Anime can be distinguished easily because of its colorful graphics, vibrant characters, and fantastical themes. It is also defined as a diverse art form with distinctive production methods and techniques. There are different art styles used as well as character proportions and various features. It is very popular in many parts of the world. It gained its popularity and had an international success especially when there was an English-dubbed programming. Children, both boys and girls are the target of anime when it comes to viewers. Some anime are also intended for adults. There are popular anime for both children and adults too. When it comes to the animation technique, anime follows the typical production of animation. There are four techniques that are applied in animation and it includes character design, story-boarding, voice acting, and cel production. For the anime characters, many are being captivated by the beauty of the characters. The exaggerated eye size can easily be observed by viewers. In fact, it is a common anime character design convention. Not all anime characters have large eyes. There are various visual symbols that are employed in anime. For example, visible blushing for embarassment, glowing eyes for an intense glare, or sweat drops to depict nervousness. The animation industry is becoming more popular especially these days.
In our opinion Survival and Bushcraft aren't the same thing, although they often go hand in hand. Roughly defined; Survival is Bushcraft pushed to the limit of an extreme situation. One big difference is that when Bushcrafting you have chosen to be there and spend time in the outdoors. But in a extreme Survival situation something have gone terrible wrong according to plan and you want to get out of there as soon and safe as possible. An extreme Survival situation can occur out in the wilderness as well as inside a big city. Survival is more about avoiding danger, avoiding panic and having the knowledge about you and your friends limits both mental and physical. But Bushcraft skills may come very handy also in a extreme Survival situation where ever it may occur. Skills like; finding water, making fire and building shelter can also be fundamental when trying to stay alive in a urban environment. In the same way that Bushcraft skills helps you to enjoy your outdoor experiences more, Survival skills gives you the confident to relax more knowing you have a fair chance to handle a more extreme situation when it occurs. Jonas Vildmark's strict definition of Survival: The art of taking care of oneself and others in different environments. Survival is our day to day life. Extreme Survival means that something has gone fundamentally wrong according to plan. Note that we differentiate Survival and Extreme Survival. Ordinary Survival is basically everyday living; our instinct to live and making constant decisions like; Which jacket should I pick today? Look both right and left before passing the street. Now I need to go to bed and get some sleep so I can manage tomorrow. Jonas Vildmark divide Extreme Survival into four main parts: Avoiding – Try to not end up in a extreme situation in the first place (some also call this Prepping) Psyche – Attitude and mental capacity Physique – Your body's limits and needs Tactics – Knowledge, experience and techniques You can read more about Bushcraft under the tab Bushcraft. Read more about our courses; click HERE. På Svenska
“Bringing the world into focus through the lens of Scripture” The First Cryptanalyst Cosmic Codes-A Continuing Series: Proverbs 25:2 It may come as a surprise to many that there are ciphers encrypted in the Bible. Some are hidden; some, when revealed, are a key part of the narrative. One of the first examples of deciphering a mysterious code-and certainly one of the most dramatic-occurred in Babylon during the fifth century B.C. A Jewish prodigy by the name of Daniel was called into a royal celebration to decipher a baffling cryptogram which had interrupted the imperial festivities by mysteriously appearing on the wall of the banquet room. His decipherment of this strange message declared the impending fall of the dominant world empire of the time. This episode, recorded in the Bible in Daniel Chapter 5, has even resulted in several household idioms which still echo in our everyday language: "The handwriting on the wall," "your number is up," "you have been weighed and are found wanting," etc. The Babylonian Empire In 606 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar succeeded in his siege of Jerusalem and King Jehoiakim of Judah became his vassal. 1 The Prophet Jeremiah had predicted that the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews was to last 70 years, and it did; to the very day. 2 It was a result of this siege that Daniel and three of his friends were deported as teenagers to be educated and to serve at the Babylonian court. These "hostages" would help assure the continued loyalty of the vassal king in Jerusalem. Upon taking his throne, the young Nebuchadnezzar put his palace advisors to a test regarding an unusual dream which troubled him. 3 Daniel distinguished himself in describing and interpreting the dream, and this led to his ascendancy in the Babylonian court. This apparently also began an unusual relationship between Daniel and King Nebuchadnezzar. During a seven-year period of incapacity, Daniel was his personal attendant. 4 Nebuchadnezzar's death was followed by a steady weakening of the regime. After one subsequent coup d'etat after another, ultimately Nabonidus came to the throne. However, Nabonidus indulged in foreign adventures in Palestine and Northern Arabia, leaving his son Belshazzar as co-regent in Babylon. In the last year of Nabonidus the idols of the cities around Babylon, except Borsippa, Kutha, and Sippar, were brought in, which was an action taken only at the sign of impending war. Inscriptions also confirm Daniel as "the 3rd Ruler in the kingdom." 5 The Rise of Cyrus Cyrus II ("the Great," 559-530 B.C.) was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire that continued for two centuries until the time of Alexander the Great (331 B.C.). Young Cyrus succeeded in welding the Medes and Persians into a unified nation. Babylon was in no position to resist a Medo-Persian invasion in the year 539 B.C. During the preceding fourteen years, Nabonidus the king had not so much as visited the capital city, leaving the administration of the metropolis to his profligate son Belshazzar, to whom he also "entrusted the kingship." 6 Toward the end of September, the armies of Cyrus, under the able command of Ugbaru, district governor of Gutium, attacked Opis on the Tigris River and defeated the Babylonians. This gave the Persians control of the vast canal system of Babylon. On October 10, Sippar was taken without a battle and Nabonidus fled. Two days later, on October 12, 539 B.C., Ugbaru's troops would be able to enter Babylon without a battle. The stage was now set for the strangest banquet in history. The Banquet of Banquets Instead of preparing to meet the Persian threat to his kingdom, Belshazzar decided to throw a royal party for a thousand of his lords. 7 To some extent, Bel-shazzar's overconfidence is understandable. Babylon was square, about 15 miles on each side. It boasted of an outside wall 87 feet wide-Herodotus records chariot races around the wall six abreast! Inside this wall was a second wall, with a moat between them, and 250 watchtowers. The river Euphrates crossed the city, providing the water for both the protective moat and for survival purposes during a siege. Babylon was widely regarded as impregnable. Belshazzar called for the vessels which had been taken from the Jewish Temple, captured by his grandfather Nebuchadnezzar 70 years earlier, to be exploited in the festivities. But just as the party seemed to really get rolling, giant fingers appeared, writing what was to become the most famous cryptogram of all time. The Handwriting on the Wall In the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand, and wrote over against the lamp-stand upon the plaster of the wall of the king's palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote. Daniel 5:5, 6 It is hard to improve on the quaint King James English! (Belshazzar's embarrassing lack of sphincter control also was a fulfillment of an ancient prophecy! We will review this shortly.) In the ensuing panic, the king's advisors were at a loss to explain or interpret the strange writing. 8 But Nebuchadnezzar's widow reminded them of the previously demonstrated skills of Daniel-then possibly in retirement-and suggested that they call on him to address the enigma. After an eloquent eulogy on his patron, Nebuchadnezzar-and a put-down of the young upstart-Daniel then deciphered the mysterious writing: [24] Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written. [25] And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. The Talmud suggests that the writing was vertical and backwards. (Click for diagram.) Aramaic, like Hebrew, reads from right to left. (All languages seem to flow toward Jerusalem: those west of Jerusalem-the European languages-flow from left to right; those east of Jerusalem flow from right to left: Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) There is also a Hebrew tradition that this was an application of atbash, a form of encryption reviewed in last month's article. 9 (The deferral of any description of the text until its interpretation also implies something of that sort.) MeNe, MeNe, TeKeL, PeReS. In Aramaic and Hebrew, vowels are absent and must be inferred. (This is also a common cryptographic practice used as a mechanism to reduce redundancy; the implications of this will be explored in future articles.) [26] This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. ("Your number is up.") [27] TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. [28] PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians. Peres was previously rendered "upharsin": "u" is Aramaic for "and"; "pharsin" is the plural form of "peres." It means "broken" or "divided." (By implying a different vowel, "paras" rather than "peres," this also becomes a play on words: paras was the word for Persia.) 10 [29] Then commanded Bel-shazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom. [30] In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain. The Fall of Babylon Herodotus describes how the Persians had diverted the river Euphrates into a canal up-river so that the water level dropped "to the height of the middle of a man's thigh," which thus rendered the flood defenses useless and enabled the invaders to march through the river bed to enter by night. 11 Cyrus was able to boast that the conquest was virtually bloodless with no significant damage to the city. 12 God's Personal Letter to Cyrus After Cyrus' triumphal entry into the city, Daniel then presented to him the writings of Isaiah13 that includes a letter addressed to Cyrus by name, written 150 years earlier: read it in Isaiah 44:24 - 45:6. Note particularly Isaiah 45:1, Notice the detail, "loose the loins of kings." Belshazzar's "brown britches" was also a fulfillment of prophecy! (This allusion to Cyrus also seems to confirm the public nature of Belshazzar's embarrassment.) By calling him by name-written before he was born-Cyrus would realize that this was from God Himself. He was astonished. Wouldn't you be? Cyrus was so stunned with the description of his entire career, including the circumstances regarding the fall of Babylon, that he arranged for the Hebrew captives to be released and permitted to return to Jerusalem. The Jews were actually encouraged by Cyrus to return and rebuild their temple. 14 He gave them back the vessels that Nebuchadnezzar had plundered from Solomon's Temple 70 years earlier and he contributed financially to the construction of their second temple. About 50,000 Jews responded to this royal proclamation and returned to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel just seventy years after the captivity began, just as Jeremiah had predicted. Babylon's Subsequent History Serving as a secondary capital during the Persian and Greek Empires, Babylon ultimately atrophied to an insignificant byway. Another major Biblical enigma arises from the predictions by both Isaiah and Jeremiah 15 that call for Babylon's ultimate destruction in terms that have never occurred in history. Some regard the language as merely poetic or allegorical. Those that take the Bible more seriously look for Babylon to re-emerge in world history and ultimately receive the literal destruction described by the prophets. The recent rebuilding of Babylon begun by Saddam Hussein provides us an empirical test of this view. 16 * * * This series of articles is being excepted from Chuck's forthcoming book, Cosmic Codes, scheduled for publication this spring.
The scrotum is a muscular structure that houses the testes. In order for normal sperm production to occur the testes must be a few degrees cooler than the rest of the body. For this reason the scrotum is positioned outside the body. Fertility problems can develop if the testes do not descend into the scrotum within the first month or so after birth. Surgery can repair undescended testes, but permanent damage can result if the testes do not descend early enough. Cryptorchidism is a likely diagnosis when a man’s testes have not descended into the scrotum. The cause for cryptorchidism is unknown. Surgery to correct undescended testes is usually performed in childhood; however, cryptorchidism can impact a man’s fertility later in his life. Clinic Locator
Algae and how to control it Submitted by Samuel on Tue. 23/08/2016 - 6:41 Algae If you use algaecides, most likely you'll kill the algae, but the effects won't last long since the decaying material would serve as a food source for another algae bloom. Then you have to use more algaecide, falling into a vicious cycle. At first it doesn't make logical sense, but once you've used it for some time you'll notice this effects. I've seen koi with bad skin tumors covering up to 40% of their bodies and more often than not, their home had been treated with algaecides on a regular basis usually subject to over dosing. It's a picture painful to watch, but real. So, how can we effectively get rid of algae once and for all? The short answer, you can't. It's important to learn to live with it by keeping it under control. While pea soup or green water algae can be very efficiently eradicated completely with the use of UV lights, string algae is affected minimally using this method. UV lights can zap and kill everything that passes through them. String algae spores that live suspended in the pond water will be affected, but not the algae itself attached to the walls and underwater surfaces. They require a different approach. THE BIOLOGICAL APPROACH Algae is a form of plant that requires sunlight to survive, as well as nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates and water chemistry that is comfortable for pond fish. Interestingly enough, beneficial bacteria can use the same type of nutrients. It's known as species exclusion, and it can either be our friend or our enemy. For the sake of enjoying our ponds fully, let's make it our friends. By providing enough surface area for such beneficial bacteria, we will ensure that a few months from today our algae will be kept under control. It’s necessary to not have overcrowded conditions and to avoid over feeding. Have you ever wondered why your pond looked so algae ridden after that nice vacation you had last time? Ask your house sitter how much they fed your pond... THE ULTRASOUND APPROACH There’s a “new” technology using ultrasound. It’s a way to control algae that is environmentally friendly, cost effective and chemically free. Underwater ultrasonic sound wave generation is inaudible and safe for people, animals, fish and plants. The DB Quattro system is now available, affordable and ecological. It will get rid of algae and other harmful microorganisms, such as destructive root parasitic fungi, Fusarium and Pythium. As an added benefit, it will not allow the establishment of biofilm. Combining both methods is even better and the most efficient way of controlling algae. We use all safe and environmentally sound methods to control and get rid of algae in our ponds whether is new construction or maintenance here in Los Angeles. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. (Spamcheck Enabled)
Error message Coal is one of Mongolia’s main export commodities and more than half of the coal is exported to China by road. However, this causes several problems: it is too expensive when international prices are low, the road system creates a bottleneck when prices are high, and it creates a lot of pollution. The government plans to use foreign direct investment (FDI) to build a railway transporting coal to the Mongolia-China border. A team of local researchers examined the impact of FDI in the exported coal and railway sectors on the Mongolian economy. Their findings indicate that while this would be positive for GDP and employment, FDI in the exported coal sector would also bring Dutch disease effects, deepening Mongolia’s dependency on the mining sector. Find out more about the research methods, findings and policy recommendations in the following PEP publications: Project code: Funded by
Today more than ever, businesses have to be innovative to be successful. What is innovation? Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, (2010) states that innovation is taking creativity and transforming it into something that has valued use. The word innovation, like transformation, seems to be over used everywhere. It gets used so often that it has almost lost any real value. However, innovation is the key to enabling companies to be competitive in a tough and tumultuous economy. True innovation is born out of creativity. For an organization to unleash innovation, it must first tap into its own resources of creativity. To transform a company or to innovate on a large scale requires creative thinking or thinkers to potentially change the game. The primary object then becomes how to find and unleash creativity within the organization. This must start with organizational leadership. Creativity is not something to look for only when times are bad. Creativity should be an asset which is alive and working at all times within an organization. For any organization to be able to tap creativity consistently, they must be open to diverse thinking. One of the difficulties for most management teams is that managers tend to surround themselves with like-minded thinkers. Because of this, it is highly unlikely that the typical management team in need of creative innovation would be able to generate the right kinds of ideas. Case Study W.W. Granger provides a wide array of products to organizations that keep their businesses running. With over $7.2 billion in current sales to businesses and government organizations, W.W. Granger is a Fortune 500 company and one of Fortune magazine’s most admired companies. The company has a vast data and communication system fed by satellite to all of its Zone Distribution Centers (ZDCs) and local stores. When faced with an information access and distribution problem due to incompatible equipment between the ZDCs and local stores, which had no current or realistic technological solution because the technology did not exist, creativity and innovation was required. Grainger and its IT consulting firm had a long, established relationship. This meant that the IT consulting firm knew exactly how Granger did things and how the company wanted things done. Of all of the highly intelligent individuals involved, programmers, designers, and consultants, not one had an answer. It became clear that the intimacy between organizations was impeding innovation. To solve the problem, a new idea was needed that was beyond the current players’ thinking and creative limitations. At this point, we elected to put together our own team, unrelated to either organization, and present the problem to them. This new team of thinkers came up with a simple, elegant solution that created sales for our organization totaling in the millions and solved a deep-rooted problem W.W. Granger had struggled with for more than two years. Where Does Creativity Reside? Creativity exists in the leadership, in the individual, and in the organization as a whole. Many times, managers must lay aside their egos in order to allow creativity to come forth. Diversity of thinking brings out ideas. This is often why cross-functional teams can solve inherent problems. The diversity of ideas that can arise from individuals that are not hindered by past thinking can provide innovative ideas untapped previously. How to Release Creativity in Individuals Guy Claxton (2000) calls the two thinking states within us all the “hare” brain (left brain thinking) and the “tortoise” brain (right brain thinking). Left brain thinking is what most managers do. It is logical, organized, decisive, and efficient. This is the hare brain, fast and decisive. However, it is usually not very creative because of an inherent aversion to risk. Related: Leaders, It Takes Courage To Talk About Safety The tortoise brain is often illogical, slower in its thinking processes, and willing to explore new ideas methods, and presuppositions. Both of these kinds of brains are needed within individuals, as well as the organization. The tortoise brain often comes up with innovative ideas. The hare brain then implements the new ideas and manages the processes involved efficiently. Hare and Tortoise In order to release creativity, the tortoise brain must be freed. It’s usually most creative during play. Have you ever wondered why the best ideas seem to come when you’re in the shower, or running, or fishing? It is because the hare brain is put to a mundane task which it excels at but does not require much thinking, except maybe where did my daughter put the soap this time? Once the hare brain is occupied, the tortoise mind undertakes control of the thinking processes and begins to work on issues unconsciously. Trompenaars, & Hampden-Turner, (2010) call this using the undermind. Freud called it accessing the unconscious. I call it allowing the sub-conscious to analyze the problem. Have you ever worked on a serious problem, never finding a solution, only to wake in the middle of the night with the very solution you’ve been searching for? I have. How does this happen? When you are working on serious problems, you’re loading your hare brain with data. Later, although your hare brain may have stopped thinking about the issues, your tortoise brain begins working on it, or waiting to work when it can take over the processing within your mind. Pushing the Boundaries So how do we get our tortoise mind working in our organization? First, take an inventory of all resources available, capital and human. Make sure you can access enough of the organization’s capabilities. Bring a diversity of thinking together to look at the problem. Challenge the routine. Push boundaries and take the road less traveled. Utilize brainstorming games or whatever measure you can use to free up the tortoise minds of those involved. Fill your hare brain full of data and let your tortoise brain churn on it. The biggest problem with creativity is that it defies the left brain logical thinking that most managers rely on. Managers want to maintain the status quo. They need to keep things orderly and efficient. After all, that’s why they’re managers in the first place. Creativity is disorderly, inefficient, and often illogical. The logical mind says how can we solve this task quickly and efficiently? The creative mind asks why the task is being accomplished in the first place. Instead of being surrounded by like-minded thinkers, wouldn’t it be better to have a different opinion? The New Yorker (1925) reported Einstein as saying, “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.” The opposite of innovation is sterility. How Does Innovation Work in Your Team? Would you like to contribute a post? Claxton, G. (2000). Hare brain, tortoise mind: How intelligence increases when you think less. Harpers Perenial. Trompenaars, F. & Hampden-Turner, C. (2010). Riding the waves of innovation. McGraw-Hill. New York. Tim Cummuta
Official Rules(view all) NFHS 6-2-5 NFHS 6-2-5/OBR 6.02a Comment, 6.02a9 The “hidden ball trick” is when a play has ended and the fielder fakes giving the ball back to the pitcher. The fielder goes back to his position with the ball and the pitcher head toward the mound. If the high school pitcher gets within five feet of the pitcher’s plate without the ball, it is a balk. [OBR: only a balk if the pitcher goes “astride” the pitching rubber, fakes a pitching position off the rubber, or tries to use the resin bag to make it look as if it is the ball.]
Fill 'er Up, in SPACE! Antimatter Found in Earth's Orbit A recent discovery of antimatter in the Earth’s upper magnetic fields have scientists claiming that these tiny specks of matter might one day be used to fuel inter-planetary spacecraft. Tremendous potential energies are tapped matter and antimatter interact (or, “annihilate”) in a reaction that produces energy more efficiently than the nuclear fusion at the sun’s core. Read more
Australia might water down illegal logging laws – here's why it's a bad idea Australia imports roughly A$8.1 billion worth of products a year, and according to estimates from the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, up to A$800 million comes from sources with some risk of being illegally logged. Major change The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has proposed significant changes to our timber import rules, with the aim of reducing the costs for businesses to comply with regulations. The proposal is to introduce a "deemed to comply" arrangement for certain private certification schemes. Under current laws, businesses need to assess and manage the risk that imported timber or wood products may have been illegally logged. This is known as "due diligence", and applies to timber imports worth A$1,000 or more. The "deemed to comply" provisions assume that an importer has complied with the regulations, in some cases without actual checks and proofs of legality. This will exempt companies from undertaking their own due diligence. But the Australian government recognizes that certification schemes still face challenges in dealing with deliberate fraudulent activity. Given the prevalence of bribery in illegal logging, it is not uncommon for illegally logged timber to have the "correct" government documents and achieve certification. This problem is recognised in the European Union, which advises that regulations take into account the risk of corruption, saying that "even official documents issued by authorities cannot be considered reliable". When it comes to illegal logging, due diligence works Watering down Australia's due diligence requirements fly in the face of this evidence. While the proposed change is designed to make it cheaper and easier for companies to comply with the law, there's a real chance it will increase the trade of illegal timber. Businesses will have fewer incentives to make sound decisions and consumers will not be able to tell if the timber they consume is indeed legally sourced. Explore further EU cracks down on illegal timber trade Provided by The Conversation Citation: Australia might water down illegal logging laws – here's why it's a bad idea (2017, November 9) retrieved 22 April 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2017-11-australia-illegal-laws-bad-idea.html Feedback to editors User comments
Desvioo Zine #1 send address to diyworkshop[at]riseup[dot]net “[…] series of racial micro-agressions make it virtually impossible for people of color to stay in a white dutch anarchist space without feeling subjugated.” “Many white people are willfully ignorant because it’s in their best interest to maintain the [racist] status quo, while also maintaining the ‘not racist’ label.” By Mirna Wabi-Sabi University of Color Gods & Radicals Konfrontatie (In Dutch) Niterói is the city across the bay from Rio de Janeiro, and its name means “hidden water” in Tupi. The leader of the now extinct Temiminó tribe, Araribóia, founded this city in the late 1500’s. Niterói is the only city in Brazil to have been founded by an indigenous person. In 16-century Brazil, Portuguese settlers married indigenous women and rewarded indigenous leaders, such as Araribóia, with expensive gifts and prestigious positions. In return, the indigenous tribe would join the fight against other indigenous tribes and European settlers from other countries, such as France and the Netherlands. These other European countries that fought Portugal for control over the colony were not as successful in collaborating with the locals. This was because they preferred to preserve the racial, religious and cultural segregation for white supremacist reasons. Despite the Pope’s claim that indigenous people had a ‘blood defect’, Araribóia eventually converted to Christianity and changed his name to Martim Afonso. Portugal’s ability to convert the indigenous into Christianity, and to have mixed marriages and offspring, lead to ‘successful’ alliances at war and land development. Of course, these alliances were not motivated by equality, but instead by patriarchal capitalist interests. Mixed marriages lead to miscegenation, and miscegenation became an unavoidable part of Brazil’s sense of identity. It has been considered a weakness to be fixed through racial cleansing, or a source of power, beauty and pride if well managed. Unlike the United States’ ‘one-drop rule’, white Brazilian men tried to claim the opposite; white people could genetically ‘fix’ the lower races. This concept came from white European men who wanted to justify and validate their sexual relationships with women of color, and their emotional attachment to the families they were creating. Scientific journals were written about how natural it was for white men to be attracted to women of color, and how to use this to improve the Brazilian race. “The sexual fantasy of the erotic encounter with the Other is simultaneously the fantasy of whitening/browning the nation by eliminating “Africanoid exaggerations””. This was the beginning of Brazil’s mingling of medical research, race, and beauty. “[Southeastern Brazilians] actively, today, associate beauty with health, wealth, white(er)ness.” “Cosmetic citizenship” is a term used by Alvaro Jarrín in 2010 to describe Southeastern Brazil’s relationship with beauty in connection to race, class and gender hierarchy. To this day, we struggle with the white supremacist ideology imposed on us for hundreds of years of colonization, and we still today hold the Brazilian working class (economically) hostage to white bourgeois beauty (and behavior) standards. We actively, today, associate beauty with health, wealth, white(er)ness. Too many people talk about the plastic surgery phenomenon in Brazil and the sexualized exotification of Brazilian women as something we created ourselves. They claim Brazilian women have nice asses and are promiscuous because that’s what they are by nature, as if that statement was an objective fact. The neutral gaze. This is reinforced by the media and popular culture, which is dominated by white capitalist patriarchy in Brazil and abroad. How can we talk about Brazilian culture without mentioning colonialism? Whoever makes claims that Brazil is past colonialism because we’ve become some kind of superpower needs to stop listening only to the Brazilian elite, and start listening to the Brazilian masses. We have an incredible amount of resources, and we struggle every day to seize control of them. We are not an American style imperialist power, even though the Brazilian elite might want that. They are mesmerized by the American dream of financial success and by the European dream of white supremacist racial cleansing, while the population is held financially hostage and struggles to survive. “[the Brazilian elite is] mesmerized by the American dream of financial success and by the European dream of white supremacist racial cleansing, while the population is held financially hostage and struggles to survive.” Even though the Brazilian elite participates in this oppression, it doesn’t mean Western powers aren’t responsible. In fact, they are responsible for the destabilization of all of Latin America for hundreds of years and still are today. Brazilian women should not and will not be reduced to the stereotype of sexy and promiscuous, subject to sex tourism and harassment. As a Brazilian woman, I’m tired of white Western Europeans trying to educate me about my own country and even on how I should perceive myself. Niterói is my hometown. Much of our indigenous history has been devalued, destroyed and forgotten. The legacy of this destruction defines us today. The white supremacist sexual assault of indigenous and African women, the slaughter of indigenous languages, spirituality and culture; these are all still part of our lives whenever we see a Christian church, whenever we forget what the names of our neighborhoods mean, whenever a woman feels pressure to conform to an elitist and racist beauty standard, whenever we reject our indigenous blood and heritage, and whenever we worship foreign currency over nature. So, next time you see the “Brazilian Issue” of something with a picture of a nice ass on the cover, see it for what it really is: the colonized female body being dissected, analyzed, criticized, sexualized, and sold. references: Alvaro Jarrín, bell hooks, Angela Davis, Gloria Wekker “In the period of decolonization, the colonized masses mock at these [Western] values, insult them, and vomit them up.” Frantz Fanon
How to Write a Lab Report How to Write a Lab Report It is a requirement when you are undertaking any science course. You will be expected to write what took place during the experiment, what you learnt, and explaining the importance of the findings. The length and structure of lab reports may vary. Always consult your professor before doing the work. Lab reports comprise about 25% of your grade at the end of your course. Therefore, it is vital for students to acquire skills needed to write this type of assignment. The instructor always expect the learners to submit unique work. A lab report has the following elements: • Raw data. • Hypothesis. • Materials used. The students should display their knowledge about various concepts of their experiments. You must establish reasons for variances in your results and why it happened. Explain how the variations in your experiment influenced the final results. Even if you have an excellent format of the content, you must have a proper organization of your points. Insights of Writing a Perfect Lab Report • Avoid the use of first-person pronouns. • Give a full background of the topic to enable all readers to understand its concepts. • The results and discussion section should constitute the highest percentage of your lab report. • Avoid repetition of information in your results. • Planning. Take adequate time to make plans for the report as this will help you to get desired results at the end of your experiment. Failure to plan for the work will lead to poor grades. Ensure that you have vast knowledge about the subject area. If you have some ideas about an experiment, find out whether someone else had done the work before. There is no need for you to carry out a study that has already been documented. As you read the existing literature, find out whether there are any gaps in knowledge and purpose to provide new ideas. Take time to set the experiments as failure to do this will lead to inaccurate findings. • Take detailed notes. It will help you to write your lab report logically and with ease. Carry a notebook to the lab to ensure that you note down all details of the experiment. It is advisable to make notes as you do the experiment as you will remember everything that transpired. Write down important points using an ink pen instead of a pencil as you may erase your observations by mistake if you use the latter. Ensure that your notes are legible as you will need them to write the lab report. A friend may also borrow your book. • Make good use of tables and graphs in your work. Avoid them unless you find them necessary to support your findings. If you choose to include tables and graphs, number and give a title for each of the diagrams. The diagrams must also display the appropriate units of measurements and in the correct order. • Be concise in your report. Avoid writing too many words to fill your working space. The assignment should not be written like a descriptive narrative. However, ensure that all your information is accurate. Use simple language as much as you can as some of the readers are not conversant with complex scientific terms. Only details that are relevant to the lab report should be included in your assignment. • Learn from others. Lots of people have written lab reports in the past. Before writing your work, make sure you review some of the existing work as you may get some insights. How to Write an Appealing Introduction to a Lab Report It is an essential part of your assignment. You should take time to ensure that the content of this section will grab the attention of your readers. A good introduction will encourage your audience to readers to read the other parts of your work. Start with a broad topic for your work and narrow it down as you continue writing. Explain why there was a need to investigate the subject matter. Include a literature review in your introduction to highlight some of the work that has been completed before in your area of study. Provide a summary of your work in this section of your paper. Always avoid plagiarism by ensuring proper citation of all the materials you used in the research. Explain to the readers the primary purpose of your study and outline the research questions. The General Structure of a Lab Report You will realize that several formats are used in writing this kind of an assignment. Different lab reports may also vary in terms of their length. The following is the basic structure: • Title. It is the main aim of the study and includes independent and dependent variables. It should not be framed as a question. It should be as brief as possible. • Abstract. It is a summary of the whole assignment. It is written after all the other sections of the lab report are ready. The abstract may not be included in short assignments. • Introduction. The student is expected to provide a background of the study in this section. The introduction also comprises a summary of theories that have already been documented about the topic. State your research problem and the hypothesis if any. The reader would also want to know the objectives of your study. • Method. Disclose all the materials, equipment, and procedures that you used in different processes. You can write this section of your lab report using flow charts to illustrate your work. Include information about how you processed your data. • Results. The student should present the results of the study using tools such as tables. Explain how you analyzed the results of your experiment. • Discussion. One is required to interpret their findings in relation to the objectives of the study. You should also provide insights for further research and make recommendations about the topic. • Conclusion. In this section, remind the reader about the research problem. Provide a summary of the findings. • References. It is a list of all the sources of information that has been cited in a lab report. Referencing your work helps to avoid plagiarism. Referencing is done using several formats including MLA and APA. • Appendices. It contains sources that were not included in the main body of your lab report. Published on: 22 Mar 2019 100+ Qualified Professionals are an order away, at affordable rates Place your order or Signup
Ben Cooper-Woolley, an associate with Arup Digital and blockchain expert, explains how the widespread adoption of blockchain technology will eventually change processes within the architecture, engineering and construction sectors for the better. What impact will blockchain technology have on the Australian built environment? Blockchain as a technology simply allows for an open public ledger of transactions. As such, I think the direct impact on the built environment will be increasing transparency in the supply chain particularly for government funded projects. An example of this is governments maintaining a public ledger of all the information they have about the design of a project, through a Building Information Model (BIM). If a ledger was maintained throughout the lifecycle of a project from initial design, construction, operations and maintenance of who was updating components smart self-executing contracts could be implemented. Another example would be related to the risks associated with the underground utilities from investigations for major projects. A blockchain ledger would significantly reduce the cost associated with recollecting this information at every stage of the project, or even for multiple projects working it the same area. A blockchain could record the source of the data, when it was collected, by whom and for what purpose would be a great public utility and have a major impact on the cost and risk associated with major project delivery. Indirect impacts are much broader. As more people realise the opportunities that community driven initiatives that generate local shared value, as opposed to corporate organisations extracting value from the economy be centralising currency and value, technologies like blockchain have a significant role in facilitating this. Has this technology been used in Australia in the construction sector previously, and if so, where? I am not aware of any examples in broad use yet, but the governance for this either needs to be driven top down (client side) to ensure its widespread adoption or bottom up through an application that generates some aspect of shared value for all involved in the supply chain, like how bitcoin has been evolving. Federal treasurer Scott Morrison says blockchain will deliver "significant productivity, security and efficiency gains" for the Australian economy.” Is this true in your opinion? Blockchain itself is just a mechanism for maintaining a ledger and increasing transparency of transactions, but if the right policy and governance exist, then absolutely, blockchain can be applied to a range of scenarios to provide broader benefits. Will blockchain help with sustainability as well as being able to eliminate corruption, waste and modern slavery? If so how? The decentralised nature of blockchain means that for benefits to be realised all parties involved need to be comfortable having their transactions available for all to see. From this perspective, absolutely, corruption could be reduced as transparency would be increased, but again this relies more on policy, governance and culture then technology as a means to implement these changes. Can blockchain make things more open and transparent across both government and the construction sectors? If so, how? I think that government implementing blockchain to bring transparency to transactions is an ideal application of the technology. Most of governments transactions are for public benefit so having a distributed record of these would be a big step forwards both in terms of efficiency and trust across the industry. This ledger of transactions could also enable a much more trustworthy circular economy to function, with an accurate and verifiable record of how previous materials or objects were previously used, by whom and for what purpose. What is the connection between blockchain and cryptocurrencies? Cryptocurrencies are benefitting from the decentralised nature of blockchain by not having a central authority (like a bank) to govern the system and dictate the rules. Blockchain came to fame in 2009 through the implementation for bitcoin, which enabled value to be stored in a way that wasn’t regulated by a central bank but recorded openly through a blockchain. There are however productivity benefits to using blockchain style systems of distributed databases that don’t necessarily have to be open and public that I’m sure financial institutions and other organisations are looking at primarily for private productivity gains.
Rarefaction, in the physics of sound, segment of one cycle of a longitudinal wave during its travel or motion, the other segment being compression. If the prong of a tuning fork vibrates in the air, for example, the layer of air adjacent to the prong undergoes compression when the prong moves so as to squeeze the air molecules together. When the prong springs back in the opposite direction, however, it leaves an area of reduced air pressure. This is rarefaction. A succession of rarefactions and compressions makes up the longitudinal wave motion that emanates from an acoustic source. More About Rarefaction 2 references found in Britannica articles Assorted References Edit Mode Tips For Editing Thank You for Your Contribution! Uh Oh Additional Information Keep Exploring Britannica Britannica Examines Earth's Greatest Challenges Earth's To-Do List
The marijuana plant contains more than 100 different chemical compounds referred to as cannabinoids. The two most popular cannabinoids are CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). These compounds interact with the human body through the endocannabinoid system (ECS) to produce different effects. And even though the chemical composition of these two compounds might be similar, tetrahydrocannabinol is psychoactive whereas cannabidiol is not. This is just one of the major differences between these two cannabinoids. In this article, we shall explore some of the major differences between the two substances. 1.Physical interactions with body As mentioned earlier, these two compounds interact differently with the body. Cannabinoids generally interact with cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) throughout the body in the ECS. This is precisely why topical cannabis products actually work, as even the skin and muscles on whichever part of the body contain cannabinoid receptors. Given that tetrahydrocannabinol easily binds to CB1 receptors, it stimulates the body in its own special way. The outcomes of its interaction include altered senses, general relaxation, tiredness, and hunger. The hunger aka “munchies” are a common side effect of THC. In contrast to tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol does not directly interact with any of the cannabinoid receptors. It, instead, indirectly interacts with them- a phenomenon scientists refer to as modulation. Apart from this, CBD also increased the levels of body’s own naturally produced cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) through inhibition of the enzymes that break them down. In fact, part of the reason why the therapeutic benefits of CBD are quite extensive is its capability of influencing a broad range of receptors all over the body. 2.The psychological high Tetrahydrocannabinol is known to get people “high”. It is responsible for the euphoric, negative-mind altering effects commonly associated with the cannabis/ marijuana plant. It alters the mind by binding to the CB1 receptors that are predominantly found in the brain. This interaction has an impact on the functioning of the brain and results to a “high”. CBD, on the other hand, does not bind to the CB1 receptors of the brain. It is actually regarded as an antagonist of CB1 agonists; it suppresses the CB1 activating properties of THC. This means that CBD can never lead to a high no matter how much is taken. 3. Medical applications Both compounds have different uses and benefits. Tetrahydrocannabinol is commonly used for sleep and drowsiness, relaxation and euphoria, relieving pain, relaxing muscles, and appetite stimulation. CBD, on the other hand, is commonly used for its anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-psychotic, neuro-protective and painkilling properties. Why is CBD commonly used for medical treatment compared to THC? In most parts of the world, tetrahydrocannabinol is classified as an illegal drug with major short-term and long-term cognitive side effects. Some of these side effects are impaired decision-making, altered thinking and reasoning, and reduced control over impulses among others. On top of these, continued use of THC is linked to abnormalities in the heart and brain. CBD, in contrast, does not have these negative cognitive effects associated with THC. It, instead, counteracts the harmful psychoactive effects tetrahydrocannabinol has on the body. Simply put, the lower health risks of cannabidiol merged with its high efficiency in the treatment of numerous health conditions make it a more suitable candidate for medical uses compared to THC. Bearing in mind the growing popularity of medicinal marijuana, breeders are presently coming up with new varieties that contain higher cannabidiol to tetrahydrocannabinol ratios. These new strains are expected to reduce the psychoactive side effects. 4. Source THC is more dominant in marijuana whereas CBD is more dominant in hemp. Remember, marijuana and hemp are two different varieties of the cannabis plant. THC dominates the chemical composition of the marijuana plant. In fact, the marijuana plant is specially grown by some companies to maximize its concentration levels. Over several years now, marijuana has been cloned and manipulated with specific emphasis on raising its tetrahydrocannabinol content. And even though the compound’s levels can be as low as 3%, there are varieties of the marijuana plant with up to 12% of the compound. On the other hand, CBD dominated the chemical composition of the hemp plant. Tetrahydrocannabinol levels in the hemp plant is no more than 0.3%, which is almost ten times less than the least powerful variety of marijuana. The hemp plant naturally contains more CBD than THC, making it the perfect source of cannabidiol from cannabis. Hemp plant 5. Legal status The legal status of both cannabinoids varies in different countries and regions. Whereas most countries have very strict laws regarding marijuana and specifically THC, the legal status of CBD is still controversial in most places. In the UK, however, CBD is legal. Its use was legalized back in January 2017 and the government put in place very strict laws governing its use. For instance, cannabidiol is only allowed for medicinal uses and only licensed medical distributors are allowed to sell it. Tetrahydrocannabinol is, however, illegal in the country but cannabis oil containing less than 2.2 percent of it is allowed. UK Parliament The two substances work well together These two cannabinoids ultimately have different impacts in the human body. They, however, work incredibly well as a team. They both play important roles in physical healing. Even though they are often separately used in treating different health conditions, the greatest effects of both compounds are experienced when they are combined. Apart from having a higher success rate of reducing inflammation and chronic pain, the combination of these two cannabinoids has been found to have significant therapeutic benefits such as prevention of tumors, increase of relaxation, and reducing inflammation. A lot of patients are worried about the psychoactive effects of tetrahydrocannabinol and want to completely avoid it. There is some good news for them! CBD counteracts these psychoactive effects, and this is one of the main reasons that they are used together. The blend comes in varying ratios depending on the intended purpose. A high ratio of cannabidiol to tetrahydrocannabinol is suitable for those who wish to reduce or avoid the “highness” from tetrahydrocannabinol.
About Yokohama Nassen The History of Yokohama Nassen On par with the techniques of the Como region of Italy, the Yokohama Nassen dyeing method has over 120 years of history and is highly esteemed. Many foreign trading companies set up shop here when the ports of Yokohama opened to foreign trade in 1859. Woodblock printers, who had until then produced ukiyo-e and labels for export tea boxes, moved here, incorporating superior woodblock printing techniques of the East and West to develop the Yokohama Nassen printing technique. Artisans from all over Japan gathered together to compete on their craft, absorbing foreign knowledge as they established the modern Yokohama Nassen technique. A trading and distribution center of silk, Yokohama was blessed with favorable weather conditions and water resources, and became a major area of production for printing. It was during this era that Hamamonyo was founded as a printing factory in 1948. Hamamonyo was born out of the experience of accumulating original technology for dyeing scarves and handkerchiefs produced locally in Yokohama while exporting products overseas as well. Commitment to Yokohama Nassen Nassen Printing, including yuzen and T-shirt printing, dyes cloth using a mold, but Hamamonyos Nassen printing method known as “Yokohama’s traditional Nassen stencil dyeing”. Yokohama Nassen is an advanced technique cultivated over years of dyeing silk scarves in dozens of colors using dozens of molds. For Hamamonyo’s tenugui, we produce a Nassen mold for the design, then dye our original cotton fabric using reactive dyes. 1. Stencil Making The Nassen molds needed for dyeing were once produced by carvers, but we have adopted a method called photoengraving, in which designs are traced faithfully onto film and then exposed. 2. Coloring Dyes are selected and mixed based on the type of fabric or the color tones of the pattern. The richness of color and depth of texture distinctive of Yokohama Nassen reflects the quality of the dye mix. 3. Nassen Printing In this hand-dyeing process, white cloth is set onto a 25-meter printing stand, over which a frame is placed. Then, the first color is applied using a squeegee, and once it dries, the second and then third colors are applied. The texture and depth of color come out differently depending on the mix of dyes. The temperature and humidity of the day have a slight effect on the end result as well, and the ability to apply the pattern uniformly without bleeding the design of any of the prints is what being a craftsman is all about. In the past, these people were called katatsuke shokunin (“stencil craftsmen”). Several further steps are needed to get the detailed patterns, color coding, and distinctive coloring. 4. Steaming The steaming process fixes the dye to the fiber of the threads and steams the roll of cloth at high temperatures to achieve beautiful coloring. 5. Water Washing The water washing process removes the adhesives used in the dyeing stage and washes the product at a high temperature while fine-tuning the time to create a distinctive texture. Although a special washing machine is currently used, washing used to be done in Ooka and Katabira Rivers that run through Yokohama. Since Hamamonyo’s tenugui pass through all these processes, fading is minimal, meaning you can actually use them. Hamamonyo Tenugui Special Fabric “Wakaba” In order to make full use of the texture of natural fibers, we use a special fabric for Hamamonyo’s wazarashi (bleached cotton) tenugui called “wakaba”. It is difficult to dye rolls of wazarashi as is without years of experience, but it is this level of commitment that creates the distinctive texture of Hamamonyo’s tenugui. Hamamonyo Nassen Tenugui Hamamonyo Nassen Tenugui are created from inherited tradition and craftsmanship that allows, through a series of manual processes, allows for the vibrant expression of delicate patterns without ruining the texture of the fabric. This is a world of craftsmanship where plates are made for each color and not even 1 millimeter of deviation is allowed. Yokohama Nassen textile printing started with handkerchiefs using almost the same method for woodblock printing passed down from the Edo period, then went from paper Nassen printing to the establishment of screen printing using light exposure during the early Showa period. Yokohama Nassen has been recognized worldwide as a delicate dyeing method for high-quality silk scarves. Hamamonyo tenugui keeps the tradition of Yokohama Nassen alive today.
Home > Books & Literature > Ancient > Arrian Campaigns of Alexander (Anabasis) Summary Site Map Arrian: Campaigns of Alexander (Anabasis) Summary by Michael McGoodwin, prepared 2002 Acknowledgement: This work has been summarized using the Penguin 1971 edition, translation by Aubrey de Sélincourt 1958. Quotations are for the most part taken from that work, as are paraphrases of its commentary. Some of the notes derive from various web sources Overall Impression: This is a detailed factual history of the campaigns of Alexander the Great (b. c. 356 and died 323) written by a somewhat uninspiring writer. Selected notes and impressions (extracted from the book commentary and from Alan Rawn lectures and notes): The author' name in transliterated Greek is: Loukios Phlaouios Arrianos, the title in Greek is Anabasis Alexandrou Arrian was from Nicomedia in Bithynia (NW Asia Minor near Byzantium). He was a Roman citizen by virtue of his father's citizenship, and a pupil of the stoic philosopher Epictetus--a man who advocated high moral standards. The Campaigns of Alexander tells the story of Alexander's campaigns first in Thrace and Greece and then in North Africa and Asia. It was written during the resurgence of Greek literature that began in the era of the accession in 117 CE of the philhellenic emperor Hadrian--the era also included the writers Appian, Pausanias, Galen, & Lucian. As a Roman subject, the author probably felt he did not have free rein in what he wrote. Arrian was made governor of Cappadocia and had command of two Roman legions during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. His other works include "Discourses" and "Encheiridion" ("Handbook"), both about the teachings of Epictetus, "The Formation against the Alans", "Circumnavigation of the Black Sea", "Tactical Manual", "On the Chase" ("Cygneticus"), "Indica", "Events after Alexander", "Parthian History", and "History of Bithynia". Arrian does not attempt to analyze why Alexander did what he did, nor does he provide much character study or the antecedents of the war. His model was Xenophon's Anabasis. He intended this work to be his masterpiece, believing Alexander to be a splendid subject who had not been adequately represented theretofore. He wanted to write a factual account free of mythology and romance. His main sources were Ptolemy I son of Lagus (future king of Egypt, writings are non-extant) and Aristobulus (Greek engineer, non-extant), both of whom were commanders who accompanied Alexander. However, he also said he drew on, or is thought to have drawn on, the Ephemerides (diaries of the campaigns mostly by Eumenes--non-extant), Alexander's own correspondence, Callisthenes (non-extant, draws on Homeric myth), Trogus, Nearchus (commanded Alexander's fleet from the Indus River to the Persian Gulf, published 310, non-extant), Cleitarchus (non-extant, exhibits a penchant for sensational, fabulous, and romantic), Chares (non-extant, chamberlain who wrote of court life), Ephippos (who wrote of Alexander's drinking), Diodorus (extant history written 1st C BCE), Justin (wrote 3rd C AD), Quintus Curtius Rufus (wrote 1st C CE, sensational and emotive style), Plutarch (Life of Alexander 2nd C CE, interested in character, thus a good companion to Arrian, a good miscellanist), Diodorus, and others. He was also influenced by Xenophon's Anabasis and Theopompus (376-c. 320, wrote Philippica). There is also a Greek Alexander Romance fr. 3C CE which is mostly fictional. Book One His sources... Philip II of Macedon, Alexander's father, dies 336 BCE, is succeeded by Alexander ("AG", b. c. 356) at age of c. 20 y/o. Campaign in Thrace against Triballians and Illyrians. AG crossing the Danube, attacks on Getae (the Romans later called them Dacians). AG is driven by "pothos", a Greek word representing irresistible longing, yearning, or compulsion. The Celts, Agrianes, Taulantians, Paeones... Revolt in Thebes--AG marches quickly there, delays before attacking, much slaughter due to the wrath of God. Other Greek states affirm allegiance. Crosses Hellespont into Asia 334 BCE, sacrifices at Troy. Battle of river Granicus against Darius III and Persians 334 BCE. Takes Sardis (in Lydia), siege and capture of Miletus, siege of Halicarnassus, Caria, Lycia, Phrygia, arrives in Gordium in Hellespontine Phrygia. Book Two Persians win Greek islands of Chios under Memnon, Lesbos except Mitylene. Pharnabazus takes over in Ionia after Memnon's death. Gordian Knot legend. Alexander has irresistible compulsion (pothos) to visit Gordium, fulfills the oracle. Ancyra in Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia. AG is sick in Tarsus (Cilicia). First of many times he rejects the advice of Parmenio. Visits tomb of Sardanapalus (Sennacherib) in Anchialus in Assyria. Battle at Issus 333 BCE (near junction of Asia Minor and Syria) between AG and Darius and Persians, preceded by an invented speech of inspiration given by AG to his men (in this device the author imitates Thucydides). Author believes that destiny and some supernatural power (daimon) had decreed that Macedon should wrest soverignty from Persia. Darius III retreats in fear and escapes, his wife (who is also his sister), mother, and son are captured but treated compassionately. AG has been injured by a sword thrust in the thigh. The Spartans rise up against Macedonia... AG marches to Phoenicia. Darius III requests his family be returned. AG responds (a forgery?) with contempt, reminds Darius III of the invasion of Macedonia and Greece in past history by the Persians, says he is now the King of all Asia. Enemy Greek envoys are captured. AG campaigns in Phoenicia. Worships at Temple of Heracles. Tyre refuses him, is attacked and besieged and blockaded. AG involved in actual fighting. Tyre defeated 332 BCE. Darius III makes a proposal to buy AG off, is rejected by AG against Parmenio's advice. Attack on Gaza, AG wounded by missile in shoulder. Gaza falls 332. Book Three Enters Egypt without opposition. Founds Alexandria (the first of many cities so founded and named). Tenedos has revolted against the Persians and joined with AG, along with Chios, Mitylene, and others. AG has pothos to visit the shrine of Ammon (Zeus to the Greeks) in Libyan desert at the oasis of Siwah 400 miles west of Thebes. Author is skeptical that AG had a divine mission. Divine guidance by snakes leading the army. Continues to Memphis. Returns to Tyre. Marching resumes, now toward Euphrates 331. Author mentions banishments and refers back to time when Philip had married the highborn Macedonian woman Eurydice in 337, which threatened the position of AG and his mother Olympia. AG reaches Thapsacus on Euphrates August 331. Bridges built. Reaches Tigris R, crosses it. Darius is near, with army reinforced by Sogdians, Bactrians, and Indians. Major battle of Gaugamela October 331 BCE near the river Bumodus 75 miles W of Arbela (modern Arbil). Darius again flees to Media, but AG captures his treasures and chariot, shield, and bow. AG goes to Babylon, restores temple of Marduk (Bel), continues to Susa (in Persia--Susa is Biblical Shushan, near modern Dezful in SW Iran), captures many treasures. Defeats Uxians. Marches to Persepolis, burns palace (did he do this in a drunken rage or in deliberate retribution?). Marches to Ecbatana (modern Hamadan) in Media (modern NW Iran), continues through Caspian Gates (40 miles E of modern Tehran) into Parthia (modern NE Iran, Khurasan). Darius is arrested by Nabarzenes, Bessus and Barsaentes. Bessus asserts he is the new Persian king. Darius is murdered July 330, and incompetent military man. He was given a royal burial and his family was treated well--AG later married his daughter Barsine=Stateria. AG continues into Hyrcania (modern N. Iran). Nabarzanes surrenders to AG. AG continues to Mardia, Aria. Bessus now calls himself Artaxerxes and has fled to Bactria (between Hindu Kush and Oxus River). Defeats Arians... Plot by Philotas against AG life--Philotas is executed, along with his prestigious father Parmenio. AG divides his Companions into two divisions led by Hephaestion son of Amyntor and Cleitus son of Dropidas, also promotes Ptolemy son of Lagus. AG reaches the Indian Caucasus (Paropamisus, or Hindu Kush, near Kabul), where he founds another Alexandria (near Kabul). Bessus lays waste to the land, but AG is not deterred even by the snow. Bessus crosses the Oxus (Amu-Darya) River and retreats to Sogdiana. Author mistakenly believes the Oxus flows into the Caspian (or Hyrcanian) Sea-- it in fact flows into the Aral Sea, which was unknown to the author and to AG. Bessus is captured and executed. AG replaces his exhausted horses at Marakanda (capital of Sogdiana, modern Samarcand, now in Turkistan). He continues to the "Tanais" river. This Tanais river is not the Tanais river which flows into the Sea of Azov (or Maeotis, along north Black Sea) and which is considered by some ancients to be the boundary between Asia and Europe and called by Herodotus the Don River. Instead, this is the Orexartes or Jaxartes River (modern Syr Darya, now known to flow into the Aral Sea). AG is wounded by an arrow in the leg by local natives. This is the most northeasterly point he attained in Asia. Book Four AG is visited by Abian [sic] Scythians and also European Scythians. [Scythians were ancient nomadic peoples who lived in the steppes of Asia N and NE of the Black Sea and E of the Aral Sea according to one source--the current text's map also shows them east of the Aral.] AG plans an invasion of Scythia, founds Alexandria-Eschate (modern Chojend). Tribes from the Tanais/Jaxertes and Sogdians attack, and AG counterattacks at Gaza, etc... Women and children are taken into slavery, and all adult men killed. AG is struck a violent blow to the head and neck by a stone. Lots of fighting and bloodshed. Spitamenes is leading attack on AG's army back at the fortress of Marakanda... Asian Scythians join in and taunt AG. AG crosses Tanais/Jaxartes river. Scythians defeated. AG has dysentery. Scythian sends an embassy... Bessus is captured and mutilated under orders of AG, then sent to Ecbatana for execution. Author digresses to provide a moral view condemning the excessive severity of this punishment, and criticizes AG for adopting eastern extravagance in dress, etc. He concludes: "None of these things, I say, can make a man happy, unless he can win one more victory...the victory over himself". The author relates the story of the murder of Cleitus 328 BCE by AG in Marakanda. Cleitus in a state of drunkenness belittled and criticized AG, and in response AG struck him dead also probably while drunk (which the author deprecates). AG showed great remorse for this. Author also deprecates AG's attempting to introduce the Median and Persian custom of prostration (proskynesis) to his Macedonians, causing great resentment in Callisthenes. Callisthenes gives a speech contrasting honoring the gods (in which proskynesis is appropriate) versus mere mortals, etc. This speech vexes AG, who dropped the plan, but deprives Callisthenes of his customary kiss of approval. Subsequent "Pages conspiracy" in which the page Hermolaus plots AG's murder after he has been humiliated. But a Syrian woman predicts the plot and it is foiled. The pages are stoned to death, and Callisthenes soon dies in chains. Envoys from the European Scythians arrive again and offer AG a wife, the daughter of the king (which he declines). AG wants to conquer India to be ruler of all Asia (apparently he is unaware of China, etc.) He returns to the Oxus R. Spitamenes has joined up forces with the Massagetae (who had defeated and killed Cyrus the Great). Craterus defeats these opponents. AG makes a raid on Sogdiana... Massagetae kill Spitamenes and send his head to AG. Attack at the Rock of Sogdiana... The daughter of Oxyartes, Roxane, is captured and AG falls in love with her and marries her (perhaps intending to cement relations with the Bactrian barons). He leaves Darius's wife Stateira alone. [Or did he? She dies in childbirth after 12 months in captivity]. Darius III allegedly entrusts his throne to AG. AG displays reckless courage... Winter brings snow and cold, supplies are short. AG heads for Bactra (Zariaspa), the capital of Bactria. In 327, AG begins march toward India, crossing the Indian Caucasus (Hindu Kush). AG struck in shoulder by a missile. More butchery... Fights Indians at Masaga... Rock of Aornos reached and captured (thereby ostensibly bettering Heracles)... AG orders bridges built to cross the Indus R. More fighting... Author comments that Dionysus is said to have founded the city of Nysa, but expresses his own skepticism. Bacchic celebration... Hephaestion has bridged the Indus with boats, and AG crosses into India. Digression on geography and the rivers in the area: the Hydaspes [Jhelum], the Acesines [Chenab], the Hydraotes [Ravi], and the Hyphasis [Beas], etc. Author plans to write a history specifically of India [this will be the "Indica"]... AG marches to Taxila [20 miles NW of Rawalpindi], proceeds to the Hydaspes. Porus leads fight against him... Elephants. Crossing the Hydaspes. AG's beloved 30 year-old horse Bucephalus is killed or dies of exhaustion 326--AG names a town Bucephala after him. Porus is defeated, but AG restores him to sovereignty and reconciles him with Taxiles. Crossing the Acesines river . Plans to cross the Hyphasis R. Troops begin to mutiny, hate the rain, resist going further into India. AG gives a speech to inspire them up, promising to conquer all of Asia. But Coenus's speech asks to set limits on further conquest, insists on the need to know when to stop. The men decide it is time to go back. This is the only defeat AG had ever suffered. They begin their withdrawal to the Hydraotes and on to the Acesines and Hydaspes. Book Six Boats are built to go down the Hydaspes to the Indian Ocean. AG mistakenly thinks he has found the source of the Nile, since he has seen crocodiles on the Indus... Coenus dies. With 80 30-oar galleys and many other boats, they start down the Hydaspes November 326. AG continues to forcibly subdue local populations along the way. Reaches junction with Acesines R. Problems in rapids. AG marches through the territory of and fights the Mallians, passing through desert (Sandar-Bar desert). AG reaches the Hydraotes R. AG leads an assault against Mallians (an independent Indian tribe), gets ahead of his men, holds a breach alone, is an inviting target, leaps into the fray within the fortress, is wounded by an arrow entering his breast, and nearly passes out from loss of blood as Peucestas and maybe Leonnatus or Abreas shield him from attack. The Mallians are slaughtered, not even sparing women and children. The Macedonians despair of how to return home with AG so severely wounded and surrounded by hostile tribes. But AG has himself carried down the Hydraotes so his men can see he is still alive. Soon, he gets off his stretcher and mounts a horse... His men blame him for taking unnecessary risks, but the author suggests that when he got fighting mad he did not stop to think of his own safety. The remaining Mallians surrender, as do the Oxydracae. His voyage down the Hydraotes resumes and he reaches the junction with the Acesines. They go down the Acesines to its junction with the Indus River... He is visited by Oxyartes the Bactrian, father of his wife Roxane. Reaches Musicanus, which is subdued but soon revolts. He also attacks Sambus (Sambos) and continues to plunder the land. AG reaches the Indus delta at Pattala [Hyderabad or Bahmanabad]. Craterus starts to lead a contingent of troops overland to Carmania... More attacks. Monsoon blows some of the ships apart. Reconnaissance trips down the branches of the Indus delta. AG reaches the Indian Ocean and celebrates the occasion with sacrifices of bulls. AG also sails the other branch of the Indus, again reaching the Indian Ocean. It is the wrong time of year for Nearchus to launch the ocean voyage to the west to the Persian Gulf. AG begins overland journey to the west, has his men dig wells to ensure adequate water supply for Nearchus. He enters territory of the Oreitae (who surrender) and then the Gedrosians (modern Makran). Gedrosia (modern SE Iran and Pakistan) is mostly desolate and uninhabited--AG wants to outdo Semiramis and Cyrus both of whom had attempted to cross this region with armies. Gathering nard, myrrh. Severe hardships, thirst. Finds provisions in a part of Gedrosia--these are sent to the coast. The starving men transporting them break into the provisions. Thoas has encountered fishermen (the Ichthyophagi) who eke out a living along the coast. March from Oria to Pura takes 60 days, and many of his men and animals die along the way. Flash flood. AG is alone offered water at one point, which he grandly pours out to show his solidarity with his men. Rest at capital city of Gedrosia. Craterus rejoins AG with his troops in Carmania. Nearchus completes his coastal voyage and rejoins with AG, is sent back to continue voyage to Tigris. AG arrives in Persia, punishes Baryaxes for proclaiming himself king, etc... AG is disturbed to find the tomb at Pasargadae of Cyrus son of Cambyses plundered, and orders it to be put back in order. Peucestas is made governor of Persia and exhibits growing orientalism. Book Seven At Persepolis, AG has an impulse (pothos) to sail down the Euphrates and Tigris into the Persian Gulf. Various authors have suggested he had a grand design to sail around Arabia, Ethiopia, Libya and into the Mediterranean and on to Scythian territory or to Sicily and Italy and/or maybe into the Black Sea. Author believes he would have never been contented to stay put in one place even if he had conquered as far as Britain. He recounts the wise advice of some Indian sages, who said "every man can possess only so much of the earth's surface as this we are standing on", and also the tale of Diogenes the Cynic who is said to have requested "if you and your friends would move to one side, and not keep the sun off me." Author believes he was a "slave to ambition". He recounts the encounter of AG with the naked wise men (gymnosophists or gymnosophoi) in Taxila India, particularly Dandamis and Calanus. Calanus immolated himself on a funeral pyre when he became too weak and could continue only as an invalid. The author describes this story as "evidence of the unconquerable resolution of the human spirit in carrying a chosen course of action through to the end." In Susa, AG has Abulites arrested and executed for abusing his office--he allegedly had become corrupted like many other of AG's appointees during his long absence in the east. AG now seems much more likely to accept as reliable charges of corruption against his leaders, and more ready to inflict severe punishments for even minor offences. He performs a mass wedding. wedding many of his Companions to local Persian and Median women. He himself marries Barsine (Stateira, Darius III's eldest daughter), despite having Roxane already. He also pays off the debts of his men and makes generous monetary awards. He has local youths dressed in the Macedonian battle-dress, and includes foreign mounted troops in the regiments of his Companions, even puts foreigners in command over some of his men. He also affects Median clothing. All of this increasing "orientalism" exhibited by him and Peucestas is deeply resented by his Macedonians. He orders Hephaestion to move down with troops to the Persian Gulf. AG embarks for a voyage down the Eulaeus R. to the sea, where he sails to the mouth of the Tigris and up it until he joins with Hephaestion. He destroys Persian fortifications along the way. He creates more resentment in his men at Opis when he arranges to discharge the unfit ones and makes them feel undervalued. His Companions call in anger for the discharge of the entire army. AG takes offence, is no longer willing to show an open-hearted manner to his men, and gives an insulting speech after executing the ringleaders of the rebellion. He says his father had found them vagabonds, etc. but also comments on his own heroism: "There is no part of my body but my back which has not a scar..." He berates him for their intent to desert their leader in enemy territory, and divides the command of the units of the army between several Persian officers. His men relent and repent, again complaining that AG has made Persians into their kinsmen. They kiss AG and are reconciled, and a reconciliation banquet is held. AG orders that men with half-breed children leave these behind to avoid trouble at home--he promises to bring them home later. Craterus departs for home with the unfit Macedonians who are being retired--he has orders to assume control of Macedonia in AG's absence. AG may have opposed Antipater, influenced by his mother Olympia ... A story relates how 100 Amazons were sent to AG by Atropates the governor of Media. Their right breasts were smaller [or cut off, presumably to facilitate archery] and bared in battle. The author is doubtful Amazons still existed by this date, since Xenophon never mentions them, but he does feel they once existed. At Ecbatana, Hephaestion dies, and AG exhibits inconsolable grief. Author alludes to stories of impropriety between AG and Hephaestion, and that some felt his behavior was unsuitable for a king. Author makes the comparison to Achilles (with whom AG identified) and Patroclus. In one story, AG orders the shrine of Asclepius in Ecbatana to be razed--reckless and profane behavior in which he condemns the god for not healing his friend. He goes without food for days. Eventually he pulls out of his grief and launches an attack against the Cossaeans. Near Babylon, he is met by envoys: Libyans, Etruscans, Carthaginians, Celts, Scythians, etc. who all acknowledge his sovereignty over all of Asia. He believes himself to be master to the world. Perhaps even Rome sent a delegation--this is controversial. AG orders ships to be built in Hyrcania to allow exploration of the Caspian (Hyrcanian) Sea--this will let them see if it connects with the Black Sea or is a gulf of the Indian Ocean [in fact, neither]. AG continues his march to Babylon. He meets Wise Men of the Chaldaeans, priests of Bel (Marduk), who warn him not to continue into Babylon. Initially he complies but later changes his mind. He calls upon the seer Peithagoras who performs divination using entrails and warns AG of impending danger due to a portent in the liver of utmost gravity. Another story recounts Calanus's prophecy that he would give AG greetings when they meet someday in Babylon (though he of course will have already died on the funeral pyre). It is 323 BCE. AG in Babylon is met by Greek envoys, who receive from him Greek images and statues etc. taken from their land by Xerxes long ago. AG has started harbor improvements in Babylon, and has plans to settle the Persian Gulf seaboard. He launches naval actions against the Arabs along the coast. He has heard of and has designs on the wealth of Arabia, in cassia, frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon, nard, etc. AG is interested in islands off the mouth of the Euphrates: Icarus and Tylus. He sends ships to reconnoiter the Arabian coast, one of which rounds a part of the Arabian peninsula, and another of which discovers the great headland Ras Mussandam (Maketa, modern UAE and Oman, across the straight of Hormuz connecting the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman). AG sails down the Euphrates to the canal called the Pallacopas River... He founds yet another town of Alexandria. His hat blows off, an omen. AG returns to Babylon. A sacred delegation from Greece recognizes his deity. Fleet exercises. Envoys state that Ammon has agreed to allow sacrifices honoring Hephaestion as a hero or demigod. AG writes Cleomenes in Egypt requesting he erect a shrine to Hephaestion in Egyptian Alexandria and another on the island of Pharos--both at great expense. He promises Cleomenes a pardon from his former crimes if he discharges this duty properly. More ominous portents--a prisoner sits down upon AG's throne. AG indulges in a drunken carouse with Medius. He develops a fever, and is soon gravely ill. In a few days, he is unable to speak. His soldiers wish to see him and pass by as he lies speechless. On June 10, 323 he dies at 32 y/o having reigned for 12 years 8 months. He has said only that his successor is to be "the best man". There are stories that he was poisoned, perhaps by Antipater. The author lists AG's best features: personal beauty, endurance, intellect, bravery, strict observance of religious duties, hunger for fame, temperance [except in alcohol?], masterful military disposition, boldness in risk, generosity, his remorse for his mistakes. The author also finds ample excuses for his faults--his arrogance, for example, is excused because of his youth, he was surrounded by courtiers, etc. His claim of divinity was possibly merely a device to magnify his image to his subjects. His adoption of Persian dress was an attempt to bring the Eastern nations to feel they had a king who was not entirely a foreigner... He drank only because he enjoyed the companionship of his friends, etc. The author concludes with frank adulation: AG was "the great King with his unparalleled worldly success, the undisputed monarch of two continents..." "Never in all the world was there another like him, and therefore I cannot but feel that some power more than human was concerned in his birth..." "I am not ashamed to express ungrudging admiration."
Saturn is located 886 million miles (1.4 billion kilometers) from the sun. The sixth planet in the solar system, Saturn rotates on its axis once every 10.7 hours and orbits the sun once in 29 earth years, according to th... More » The location of Saturn in the sky varies, depending on when you are looking and where you are. Locate the constellation nearest Saturn's current position to use as a guide. Look for an object that doesn't twinkle. Saturn... More » Science Astronomy Planets Based on their respective distances from the sun, Jupiter is the planet that can approach Saturn most closely. Even so, the two planets are still over 400 million miles apart at the closest point in their orbits. More » Science Astronomy Planets Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun at a distance of 886 million miles and has a composition of hydrogen and helium. Saturn was first observed through a telescope by Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. More » Saturn, the sixth planet from the sun, was named after the Roman god for agriculture. In Greek mythology, the equivalent god was named Cronus, and he was the father of Zeus and Jupiter. More » Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the seventh largest at 227,940,000 kilometers, according to the University of Central Florida. The size and close proximity of Mars render it visible in the night sky, especiall... More » Saturn is an average of 886 million miles from the sun, which puts it about 9.5 times farther away from the sun than the Earth. The exact distance from Saturn to the sun varies based on Saturn's location along its ellipt... More »
West Baray West Baray during dry season West Baray during dry season The largest artificial reservoir (8 x 2.2km) in the Angkor Park, called the West Baray is located near Angkor Thom city. In ancient times, the Baray was supplied by fresh water that came from two main sources: The Siem Reap and Puok Rivers. The reservoir was probably built by the great king, Suryavarman I, during whose reign the whole Angkor Empire was greatly expanded. This construction was finished in the second half of the 11th century by king Udayadityavarman II, who built, in the centre of the West Baray, a small temple called West Mebon on an island where the bronze statue of the ‘Reclining Vishnu’ was found. This sculpture is now exhibited at the National Museum of Cambodia in Phnom Penh. According to some researchers, the West Baray was built because the East Baray could not be relied upon for water storage. According to an excavation in the 1960s, there must have been a prehistoric site near the Ak Yum temple. The west part of Baray was constructed on the north part of an old city surrounded by a moat called ‘Banteay Chheu’, a name given after a village to the south of this city. The city must have survived through many reigns as many temples were built there. Nearby Temples Following is the description of some temples to the northwest of the West Baray. Phnom Rung is about 1.8km from the northern dike of the West Baray. This temple was a square sanctuary of brick on a high mound, open to the east with false doors on the remaining sides. Afthough this temple is ruined, some pieces of brick and sandstones remain as proof of it’s construction and structure in the Pre-Angkorian period. Kuk Po, located approximately 2.5km from Prasat Phnom Rung, was built in the 8th century to dedicate to Brahmanism. In the 9th century, the King Jayavarman III had conducted some restaurations and made a bilingual inscription in Sanskrit and Khmer, narrating his donation to the god of the temple. The temple was continuously used for worship as many statues from different periods have been found at the site. Spean Thma ‘Stone Bridge’ or Spean Memay ‘Widows’ Bridge’ is located close to the northwest corner of the West Baray along the ancient road to Sdok Kok Thom temple. It is built of laterite and measures 79m in length and 9m wide, with 21 arches. During your discovery of Khmer architectural and historic values at the temples, you may also enjoy the admirable village landscape, rice fields and vegetable gardens along the road to the temples.
Success Chemistry Discover who you are \| Become unforgettable Cascara Sagrada Glossary, HerbsSuccess Chemistry Staff Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus purshiana De Candolle is the largest species of Occasionally growing up to 15 m in height; however, it is more commonly a large shrub or small tree (5–10 m) (1–5). Rhamnus purshiana is native to the Pacific Northwest United States and south western Canada (1–5). Rhamnus is the generic name for buckthorn, and the species name, purshiana, was given in honor of the German botanist Friedrich Pursh (4). The crude drug consists of the dried bark of the tree, which is officially known as Cascara or cascara sagrada, Spanish for “sacred bark” (1–4). The dried aged bark of the tree has been used by Native Americans for centuries as a laxative. It was accepted into medical practice in the United States in 1877 as a commonly used laxative and was the principal ingredient in many over-the-counter (OTC) laxative products. Cascara was first listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) in 1890 as a laxative mild enough for use in treating the elderly and children. Products that were official in the USP included cascara sagrada extract, fluid extract, aromatic fluid extract, and tablets. In 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a final rule concerning the status of cascara sagrada (including casanthranol, cascara fluid extract aromatic, cascara sagrada bark, cascara sagrada extract, and cascara sagrada fluid extract) in OTC drug products (5). The final rule stated that cascara sagrada in OTC drug products is not generally recognized as safe and effective or is misbranded (6). General Description The shrub or small tree of R. purshiana De Candolle has elliptical leaves, greenish flowers, and black berries. It ranges in height from 4.5 to 15mand has a reddish-brown bark (4). Most of the commercial production comes from Oregon,Washington, and southern British Columbia. The bark is collected in spring (April/May) and early summer by stripping from wild trees scattered throughout the native forests. It is removed by making longitudinal incisions and peeling off sections, which tend to roll into large quills. Trees are also felled and the bark is removed from the larger branches. The bark is then air dried, with the inner surface protected from the sun in order to preserve its yellow color. The dried bark is allowed to mature for 1 or 2 years before use in commercial preparations (4). The fresh bark contains chemical constituents that act as a gastrointestinal (GI) irritant and emetic; thus, the bark must be aged for at least 1 year prior to human use. Cascara bark and its preparations have been used for centuries by the Pacific Northwest Native Americans, as well as the European settlers, and cascara preparations are now used worldwide as a laxative (5). Commercial preparations of cascara (Cortex Rhamni Purshianae) consist of the dried, whole, or fragmented bark of R. purshiana. The bark and its preparations are official in the pharmacopoeias of many countries (1,7–9). Cascara was first listed in the USP in 1890 as a laxative. The official listing of cascara in USP 25 (9) defined it as the dried bark (at least 1-year old) of R. purshiana, yielding not less than 7% of total hydroxyanthracene derivatives calculated as cascaroside A on a dried basis. Not less than 60% of the total hydroxyanthracene derivatives consist of cascarosides, calculated as cascaroside A (9). The chemistry of cascara has been extensively investigated and numerous quinoid constituents are reported to be present in the bark (1). Much of the chemical and pharmacological research on cascara was performed over 50 years ago, and anthraquinone glycosides were established as the active constituents of the bark (5). Hydroxyanthracene glycosides make up 6% to 9% of the bark, of which 70% to 90% is C-10 glycosides, with aloins A and B and desoxy aloins A and B (= chrysalis) accounting for 10% to 30% (1). The cascarosides A and B and cascarosides C and D are diastereoisomeric pairs derived from 8--O-glucosides of aloin A and B and 8-O-glucosyl- 11-deoxy loin, respectively, and constitute 60% to 70% of the total glycosides (1). Hydrolysis of the cascarosides cleaves the O-glycosidic bonds to yield aloins (barbaloin and chrysaloin). The cascarosides are not bitter, whereas most of their hydrolysis products (the aloins) are very bitter. Both the USP and the European Pharmacopoeia recognize the cascarosides and aloins as the active constituents of cascara and have chemical assay procedures for determining these glycosides (7–9). Other major hydroxyanthracene glycosides include the hydroxy anthraquinones chrysophanol-8-O-glucoside and aloe-emodin-8-O-glucoside at a concentration of 10% to 20% (10). In the fresh bark, anthraquinones are present in the reduced form and are converted by oxidation to their corresponding parent anthraquinone glycosides during drying and storage (3). Dosage Forms and Dose Cascara sagrada is available as extracts, fluidextracts, and tablets (9). Cascara Sagrada one-half dose in the morning and at bedtime) of standardized preparations is 20 to 30 mg of hydroxyanthracene derivatives calculated as cascaroside A (dried aged bark, 0.25–1 g) (1). Do not exceed the recommended dose and do not use this dose for more than 1 to 2 weeks continuously. While there are no specific data describing the carcinogenicity or mutagenicity for cascara sagrada, there are data available for emodin, one of the naturally occurring anthraquinones present in cascara (11–18). There are several studies reporting genotoxic and mutagenic effects both in vitro and in vivo for emodin and its derivatives, causing them to be classified as potential carcinogens (12– 18). In vitro, the toxicity of 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, such as emodin, may involve redox cycling between the quinone and the semiquinone radical generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA oxidation (16,19,20). For example, treatment of Reuber hepatoma and fibroblast Balb/3T3 cells with various anthraquinones resulted in the formation of 8-oxo-dG (16). In addition, concentrations of 50 M aloe–emodin increased DNA damage as measured by the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (COMET assay) (21). Aloe–emodin and other anthraquinones also dose dependently induced tk-mutations and micronuclei in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells and inhibited topoisomerase II–mediated decatenation in a DNA decatenation assay 21,22). The authors suggested that anthraquinones bind noncovalently to DNA and inhibit the catalytic function of topoisomerase II, which can lead to DNA breakage by competing with the DNA binding site of the enzyme 23). It is also possible that anthraquinones can covalently bind to DNA as observed with other quinones, such as p benzoquinone (24,25). Binding of anthraquinones toDNA might also facilitate DNA oxidation due to their high potency of generating ROS. Besides the above-mentioned effects of redox cycling by anthraquinones, it is also reported that production of ROS by emodin can cause an immunosuppressive effect in human mononuclear cells and might result in apoptosis in A549 cells in vitro 19). In vivo toxicology was assessed by the National Toxicology Program and published in 2001 (11). Reports that 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone caused tumors in the GI tract of rats led to the investigation of emodin in rodents, as this compound is structurally similar and was reported to be mutagenic in bacteria. The acute and chronic toxicities of emodin were investigated in rodents exposed to emodin in feed for 16 days, 14 weeks, or 2 years. In the 16-day study, rodents were fed diets containing average daily doses equivalent to 50, 170, 480, 1400, or 3700 mg/kg body weight for males and 50, 160, 460, 1250, or 2000 mg/kg body weight for females. The results showed that the mean body weights of males and females exposed to 480 mg/kg or greater were significantly lower than those of the controls. Macroscopic lesions were observed in the gallbladder and kidney of rats exposed to the highest doses of 1400 or 3700 mg/kg. In the 14-week study, rats were fed diets containing approximately 20, 40, 80, 170, or 300 mg/kg for males and females. Mean body weights of males exposed to 170 mg/kg or greater and females exposed to 80 mg/kg or greater were significantly lower than those of the controls. In rats exposed to 170 or 300 mg/kg of emodin, increases in platelet counts and decreases in total serum protein and albumin concentrations were observed. Relative kidney weights of rats exposed to 80 mg/kg or greater and relative lung and liver weights of rats exposed to 40mg/kgor greater were significantly increased compared to the control groups. The incidences and severities of nephropathy were increased in males and females exposed to 40 mg/kg or greater. In the chronic toxicity study (2 years), groups of 65 male and 65 female rats were fed diets containing emodin at an equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 110, 320, or 1000 mg/kg to males and 120, 370, or 1100 mg/kg to females for 105 weeks. Survival of exposed males and females was similar to that of the controls. There were negative trends in the incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia in both male and female rats and incidence of leukemia in the group fed 1000 mg/kg was significantly decreased. At the 12-month interim evaluation, nephropathy was slightly higher (11). In terms of genetic toxicology, emodin was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 in the presence of S9 activation; however, no mutagenicity was detected in strain TA98, with or without S9 (11). Chromosomal aberrations were induced in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with emodin, with or without metabolic activation by S9. In the rat bone marrow micronucleus test, administration of emodin by three intraperitoneal injections gave negative results. Results of acute-exposure (intraperitoneal injection) micronucleus tests in bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes of male and female mice were also negative. In a peripheral blood micronucleus test on mice from the 14-week study, negative results were seen in male mice, but a weak positive response was observed in similarly exposed females. The results of these investigations show no evidence of carcinogenic activity of emodin in male F344/N rats in the two-year study. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of emodin in female F344/N rats and male B6C3F1 mice. There was no such evidence in female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 312, 625, or 1250 ppm (11). Other investigations of the carcinogenic potential of cascara have been carried out in rodents. In one study, the effects of the laxative bisacodyl (4.3 and 43 mg/kg) and cascara (140 and 420 mg/kg) on the induction of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumors in rats were investigated (26). Animals were treated with AOM and laxatives (alone or in combination) for 13 weeks. The results demonstrated that bisacodyl (4.3 and 43 mg/kg), given alone, did not induce the development of colonic ACF and tumors. However, bisacodyl (4.3 mg/kg) coupled with AOM increased the number of crypts per focus but not the number of tumors. Bisacodyl (43 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of crypts per focus and tumors. Cascara (140 and 420 mg/kg) did not induce the development of colonic ACF and tumors and did not modify the number of AOM-induced ACF and tumors (27). Results from another study were similar. Dietary exposure to high doses of these glycosides for 56 successive days did not induce the appearance of ACF or increase in incidence of ACF induced by 126 Soni and Mahady 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). However, in rats treated with both DMH and the highest dose of glycosides, the average number of aberrant crypts per focus, considered a consistent predictor of tumor outcome, was higher than that in rats given DMH alone (26). Laxative Effects Cascara sagrada is an anthraquinone laxative and is used for short-term treatment of occasional constipation (1,28,29). The laxative effects of cascara are primarily due to the anthraquinone glycosides, the cascarosides A–D (1,5). Other anthranoid derivatives that may be active include emodin anthrone-6-O-rhamnoside (franguloside), and physcion and chrysophanol in glycosidic and aglycone forms (30,31). Anthraquinone laxatives are prodrugs in that after oral administration, the hydroxyanthracene glycosides are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, but are hydrolyzed in the colon by intestinal bacteria to form pharmacologically active metabolites, which are partly absorbed there (28,30); this acts as a stimulant and irritant to the GI tract (29). The mechanism of action of cascara is similar to that of senna in that the action is twofold: (i) stimulation of colonic motility, resulting in augmented propulsion, and accelerated colonic transit (which reduces fluid absorption fromthe fecal mass); and (ii) an increase in the paracellular permeability across the colonic mucosa, probably due to an inhibition of Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase or an inhibition of chloride channels (30,32), which results in an increase in the water content in the large intestine (29,32). The laxative effect of cascara is generally not observed before 6 to 8 hours after oral administration. The hydroxyanthracene glycosides are excreted predominantly in the feces but are excreted to some extent in urine as well, producing an orange color; anthrones and anthranols also pass into breast milk (30). Anthraquinone laxatives may produce an excessive laxative effect and abdominal pain. The major symptoms of overdose are gripes and severe diarrhea, with consequent losses of fluid and electrolytes (29). Treatment should be supported with generous amounts of fluid. Electrolytes should be monitored, particularly potassium. This is especially important in children and the elderly. Renal excretion of the compounds may cause abnormal coloration of urine (yellow–brown to reddish depending on the pH of the urine). Large doses may cause nephritis. Melanotic pigmentation of the colonic mucosa (pseudomelanosis coli) has been observed in individuals who abuse anthraquinone laxatives. Pigmentation is usually benign and reverses within 4 to 12 months of discontinuation of the products (29). Contraindications and Precautions Patients should be warned that certain constituents of cascara sagrada are excreted by the kidney and may color the urine (harmless). Rectal bleeding or failure to have a bowel movement after the use of a laxative may indicate a serious condition. Laxatives containing anthraquinone glycosides should not be used for periods longer than 1 to 2 weeks (29). Decreased intestinal transit time may result in reduced absorption of orally administered drugs (1). Electrolyte imbalances such as increased loss of potassium may potentiate the effects of cardiotonic glycosides (e.g., digitalis). Existing hypokalemia resulting from long-term laxative abuse can also potentiate the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs that affect potassium channels to change sinus rhythm, such as quinidine. The induction of hypokalemia by drugs such as thiazide diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids, or liquorice root may be enhanced, and electrolyte imbalance may be aggravated (28). Chronic use (>2 weeks) may cause dependence and need for increased doses, and an atonic colon with impaired function (29). It may also lead to pseudomelanosis coli (harmless) and to an aggravation of constipation with dependence and possible need for increased dosages. Chronic abuse with diarrhea and consequent fluid and electrolyte losses (mainly hypokalemia) may cause albuminuria and hematuria, and may result in cardiac and neuromuscular dysfunction (1). Anthraquinone stimulant laxatives, such as cascara, should not be administered to patients with intestinal obstruction and stenosis, atony, severe dehydration states with water and electrolyte depletion, or chronic constipation (1,29). Cascara should not be administered to patients with inflammatory intestinal diseases, such as appendicitis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome, or in children younger than 12 years (1,29). As with other stimulant laxatives, cascara is contraindicated in patients with cramps, colic, hemorrhoids, nephritis, or any undiagnosed abdominal symptoms such as pain, nausea, or vomiting (29). Because of the pronounced action on the large intestine and insufficient toxicological investigations, products containing cascara should not be administered to pregnant women (33,34). Furthermore, anthranoid metabolites are excreted into breast milk. Thus, cascara should not be used during lactation, due to insufficient data available to assess the potential for pharmacological effects in the breast-fed infant (33). Adverse Reactions In single doses, cramp-like discomfort of the GI tract may occur, which may require a reduction of dosage. Overdose can lead to colicky abdominal spasms and pain, as well as the formation of thin, watery stools. Longterm laxative abuse may lead to electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypocalcemia), metabolic acidosis, malabsorption, weight loss, albuminuria, and hematuria (35,36). Weakness and orthostatic hypotension may be exacerbated in elderly patientswhenstimulant laxatives are used repeatedly. Secondary aldosteronism may occur due to renal tubular damage after aggravated use. Steatorrhea and protein-losing gastroenteropathy with hypoalbuminemia have also been reported in laxative abuse (36). Melanotic pigmentation of the colonic mucosa (pseudomelanosis coli) has been observed in individuals taking anthraquinone laxatives for extended time periods (29,36– 39). The pigmentation is clinically harmless and usually reversible within 4 to 12 months after the drug is discontinued (36–40). Conflicting data exist on other toxic effects such as intestinal–neuronal damage after long-term use (36). Use of the fresh drug may cause severe vomiting, Cascara Sagrada 127 with possible spasms (30). Cases of allergic respiratory diseases after occupational exposure to cascara have been reported (41). Cascara sagrada is an etiologic agent of IgEmediated occupational asthma and rhinitis. One case of cholestatic hepatitis, complicated by portal hypertension, has been attributed to the ingestion of cascara in one patient who was also known to abuse alcohol and take a number of other prescription medications (42). Prior to June 1998, cascara sagrada was recognized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a category I (safe and effective) OTC preparation (monograph). In 2002, the U.S. FDA issued a final rule concerning stimulant laxatives including cascara sagrada (including casanthranol, cascara fluid extract aromatic, cascara sagrada bark, cascara sagrada extract, and cascara sagrada fluid extract) in OTC drug products, stating that they are not generally recognized as safe and effective or are misbranded (6). This final rule was based on a decision made by the agency after it had requested mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity data on cascara in 1998. No comments or data were provided to the FDA for cascara; thus on the basis the lack of data and information and the failure of any persons to submit new data from carcinogenicity studies, the agency has determined that these laxative should be deemed not generally recognized as safe and effective for OTC use and has thus reclassified these ingredients to category II (non monograph) (6). According to the FDA, products containing aloe and cascara sagrada ingredients must be reformulated or discontinued; the stimulant laxatives must therefore be deleted or replaced. Reformulated products will also need to be relabeled. This final rule is part of FDA’s ongoing OTC drug product review. However, these products may still be sold as dietary supplements under the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act of 1994. 1. Farnsworth NR, Fong HHS, Mahady GB. Cortex Rhamni Purshianae, WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Publications 2001:2. 2. Gathercoal EN,Wirth EH. Pharmacognosy. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1947:411–416. 3. Tyler VE, Bradley LR, Robbers JE. Pharmacognosy, 9th. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1988:62–63. 4. Youngken HW. Rhamnaceae (buckthorne family). Textbook of Pharmacognosy. Philadelphia: The Blakiston Company, 5. Leung AY. Cascara sagrada—New standards are needed. Drug Cosmet Ind 1977; 12:42. 6. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Status of certain additional over-thecounter drug category II and III active ingredients. Final rule. Fed Regist 2002; 67:31125–31127. 7. European Pharmacopoeia, 2nd edn. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe, 2002:549. 8. Pharmacop e Fran aise. Paris, France: Adrapharm, 1996: 1–5. 9. The United States Pharmacopeia 25. Rockville, MD: The United States Pharmacopeia Convention Inc, 2002:281–282. 10. Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris, France: Lavoisier, 1995:360–361. 11. National Toxicology Program. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of EMODIN (CAS NO. 518–82-1) Feed Studies in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 2001; 493:1–278. 12. Masuda T, Ueno Y. Microsomal transformation of emodin into a direct mutagen. Mutat Res 1984; 125:135–144. 13. Masuda T, Haraikawa K, Morooka N, et al. 2- Hydroxyemodin, an active metabolite of emodin in the hepatic microsomes of rats. Mutat Res 1985; 149:327–332. 14. Morita H, Umeda M, Masuda T, et al. Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of emodin on cultured mouse carcinoma FM3 A cells. Mutat Res 1988; 204:329–332. 15. Murakami H, Kobayashi J, Masuda T, et al. 2- Hydroxyemodin, a major hepatic metabolite of emodin in various animals and its mutagenic activity. Mutat Res 1987; 16. Akuzawa S, Yamaguchi H, Masuda T, et al. Radicalmediated modification of deoxyguanine and deoxyribose by luteoskyrin and related anthraquinones. Mutat Res 1992; 17. Krivobok S, Seigle-Murandi F, Steiman R, et al. Mutagenicity of substituted anthraquinones in the Ames/Salmonella microsome system. Mutat Res 1992; 279:1–8. 18. Zhang YP, Sussman N, Macina OT, et al. Prediction of the carcinogenicity of a second group of organic chemicals undergoing carcinogenicity testing. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104(suppl. 5):1045–1050. 19. Huang HC, Chang JH, Tung SF, et al. Immunosuppressive effect of emodin, a free radical generator. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 211:359–364. 20. Rahimipour S, Bilkis I, Peron V, et al. Generation of free radicals by emodic acid and its [D-Lys6]GnRH-conjugate. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:226–236. 21. Mueller SO, Eckert I, Lutz WK, et al. Genotoxicity of the laxative drug components emodin, aloe-emodin and danthron in mammalian cells: Topoisomerase II mediated? Mutat Res 1996; 371:165–173. 22. Mueller SO, Lutz WK, Stopper H. Factors affecting the genotoxic potency ranking of natural anthraquinones in mammalian cell culture systems. Mutat Res 1998; 414:125–129. 23. Mueller SO, Stopper H. Characterization of the genotoxicity of anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1428:406–414. 24. Bolton JL, Trush MA, Penning TM, et al. Role of quinones in toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13:135–160. 25. Levay G, Pongracz K, Bodell WJ. Detection of DNA adducts in HL-60 cells treated with hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone by 32P-postlabeling. Carcinogenesis 1991; 26. Mereto E, Ghia M, Brambilla G. Evaluation of the potential carcinogenic activity of senna and cascara glycosides for the rat colon. Cancer Lett 1996; 101:79–83. 27. Borrelli F, Mereto E, Capasso F, et al. Effect of bisacodyl and cascara on growth of aberrant crypt foci and malignant tumors in the rat colon. Life Sci 2001; 69:1871–1877. 28. Cascara Sagrada Bark. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, 1998. 29. Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics; 9th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. 30. Bradley PR. Cascara sagrada. British Herbal Compendium, Dorset: British Herbal Medicine Association 1992; 1:52–54. 31. Westendorf J. Anthranoid derivatives—Rhamnus species. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs, vol. 2. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1993:70. 32. deWitte P. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the anthranoids. Pharmacology 1993; 47(suppl. 1):86–97. 33. Lewis JH, Weingold AB. The use of gastrointestinal drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Gastroenterol 1985; 128 Soni and Mahady 34. Physician’ Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, 1998. 35. Godding EW. Therapeutics of laxative agents with special reference to the anthraquinones. Pharmacology 1976; 14(suppl. 1):78–108. 36. Muller-Lissner SA. Adverse effects of laxatives: Facts and fiction. Pharmacology 1993; 47(suppl. 1):138– 37. Heizer WD. Protein-losing gastroenteropathy and malabsorption associated with factitious diarrhoea. Ann Intern Med 1968; 68:839–852. 38. Loew D. Pseudomelanosis coli durch Anthranoide. Z Phytother 1994; 16:312–318. 39. Patel PM, Selby PJ, Deacon J, et al. Anthraquinone laxatives and human cancer. Postgrad Med J 1989; 65:216–217. 40. Kune GA. Laxative use not a risk for colorectal cancer: Data fromthe Melbourne colorectal cancer study.ZGasteroenterol 1993; 31:140–143. 41. Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, et al. Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 42. Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH. Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: Case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:3634–3637.
TIN Magazine HISTORY: How The Warrior King Of Dahomey Invaded Abeokuta With His Famous Amazons With The Aim Of Enslaving Every Single Person In 1851 In 1851, there was no Nigeria. There was no Nigerian Army to defend the country from external attacks. The whole area we know as Nigeria today was nothing but a patchy collection of kingdoms, empires, chiefdoms and tribal enclaves all lumped together under the ‘protection’ of Great Britain. this messy porridge of the foreign imperial power was a prominent city called Abeokuta, a city known for some of Africa’s most intelligent minds and revolutionary fighters against injustice. by the Egbas fleeing from the power of the almighty Oyo Empire that was in a decline, Abeokuta became an important center for the lucrative palm oil trade. It was the capital of the Egbas and it was not long before conflicts broke out between the Egba merchants and the slave hunters from the neighbouring Dahomey. In 1851, the legendary Battle of Abeokuta was launched and that is precisely what will be the focus of this article. Why did the people of Dahomey invade Abeokuta and what street next to Olumo Rock in Abeokuta, 1826. Photo: National Archives, U.I. Abeokuta was a walled city and relics of the old city still exist. vassal state of the Oyo Empire from 1740 to 1832 and a French protectorate from 1894 to 1904, the Kingdom of Dahomey was an African kingdom (situated in what is now the Republic of Benin). It existed from around 1600 till 1894 when its last ruler, King Behanzin, was defeated by French forces leading to the annexation of his kingdom as part of the French colonial empire. The Kingdom of Dahomey around 1894 Developed by the Fon people (strict followers of the Vodun religion) on the Abomey Plateay in the early 17th century, Dahomey became a regional power in the 18th century and at the height of its power, conquered major cities on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. A sophisticated kingdom, Dahomey was built on an economy that thrived on conquest and slave labour. Add the commercial connections with the European powers to their efficient taxation systems and their dreaded military, you will then understand why Dahomey was such a terrible pain in the ass of its neighbours. for its military prowess, Dahomey relied on the immense skills of the all-female military unit known as the Dahomey Amazons. Several kings of Dahomey depended on these warrior women and when the aggressive King Ghezo decided to take on Abeokuta, the Amazons were right behind him. BATTLE-TESTED: Dahomey Amazon veterans of Fon king Béhanzin, son of king Glele, son of Ghezu at the annual meeting in Abomay (Abomey) in 1908. Dance of the Fon chiefs during celebrations. must be noted however that there were several times the Amazons called for peace with Abeokuta but their king and the male military battalions insisted war was the only answer. Also known as N’Nonmiton (meaning ‘Our Mothers’ in Fon), the all-female military regiment played a very significant during the reign of Ghezo from 1818 to 1858. Ghezo was a king who focused immensely on fighting and he did much to expand the Dahomey Amazons around 1890. The N’Nonmiton were battle-tested veterans, trained to be indifferent to pain and death, they were experts in warfare and the execution of prisoners. Mainly virgins, they were trained to kill and were not allowed to have children or get married (although they were all legally married to the king). Seh-Dong-Hong-Beh, leader of the Amazons, drawn by Frederick Forbes, 1851. female fighters achieved a semi-divine status so you can imagine the pall of terror that fell on the people of Egbaland when they heard an invasion was on its way. By the middle of the 19th century, the N’Nonmiton reached up to 6,000 women, forming a third of the entire Dahomian Army. They were generally regarded as superior combatants to their male needed slaves to maintain its system and the thirst of blood had made Ghezo issue several threats to Abeokuta. In March 1851, King Ghezo decided to strike ruthlessly. It was an eventful military exercise. This was how The Times of 10th April, 1852 described the military catastrophe, and you will find the Lagos connection particularly interesting: king of the Egbas is called the Alake. During the Battle of Abeokuta, Townsend, an Anglican missionary, was one of the witnesses. labours of the Church Missionary Society on the West Coast of Africa enabled the chief promoters of that association to demonstrate to the Government that on the frontiers of Dahomey, and within the reach of the attacks of its savage ruler, there exists a people inhabiting the Egba province of the Yoruba kingdom, who are in all respects the opposite of their ferocious neighbours. Their chief town, called Abbeokuta, contains 50,000 inhabitants, and is situated on the river Ogu, which is navigable for about 50 miles down to the sea at the island of Lagos. Their markets are frequented by traders from the Niger and the interior of Africa. These Yoruba chiefs are entirely opposed to the slave trade, and they live in constant dread of the slave hunts and hostilities of their slave-dealing neighbours. It is a very remarkable circumstance that several hundred liberated Africans had found their way in vessels, procured and freighted by themselves, from Sierra Leone to Badagry and Abbeokuta; and the English missionaries have undoubtedly succeeded in establishing there one of the most successful missions we yet possess on the Guinea coast. But, on the other hand, Lagos, which commands the mouth of the river Ogu and the trade of Abbeokuta, was in the hands of a slave-trading chief, KOSOKO, who had driven his relative, AKITOYE, from the throne; and the King of DAHOMEY, jealous of the trade and independence of Abbeokuta, had repeatedly declared his intention to make war upon it and to destroy it. STUBBORN INVADER: King (Ahosu) Ghezo depiction in 1851 publication with the royal umbrella over his head. Check out his dressing. threats were soon realized. In March 1851, the King of Dahomey marched against Abbeokuta to exterminate the British missionaries, and to reduce the black population to slavery. A severe action was fought under the walls of the town, and in the presence of the English residents. The Dahomians were defeated and on the next day no less than 1,209 of their warriors were found dead upon the field. This abortive attempt was followed by other hostilities between the tribes involved in this interminable African quarrel, which placed the British residents and traders on the coast in considerable peril, as KOSOKO, the Chief of Lagos, was known to be advancing to attack that settlement; and it became apparent that the safety both of the missionaries, the traders, and the liberated Africans in these free districts, depended entirely on the restraint which could be put upon the hostile operation the Chief of Lagos. There seems reason to believe that these operations were the result of a preconcerted scheme, arranged and assisted by the Brazilian slave-dealers, between the King of DAHOMEY and the slave-trading chiefs on the coast. Upon the receipt of this information in September last, Lord PALMERSTON ordered Whyday, which is the principal port of Dahomey, to be strictly blockaded, and the Commodore on the station was instructed to consider the practicability of sending a small force into Lagos for the purpose of expelling the then chief and the slavedealers by whom he was supported, and of re-establishing in his stead AKITOYE, the former chief, who was driven out by the slavedealers on account of his hostility to the slave trade. If these orders could be executed, Lord PALMERSTON added that Lagos might become an important outlet for the commerce of the interior, and a diffusing centre of civilization, instead of a den of barbarism. Before, however, the formal instructions to commence these operations had reached the coast of Africa Mr. Consul BEECROFT had in some degree anticipated their He arrived off Lagos in HER MAJESTY’s steamer Bloodhound on the 13th of November, and opened a negotiation with KOSOKO, then Chief of Lagos, to induce him to renounce the slave trade… stinging beating that was handed out to the Dahomians was big news and it was reported in the papers of the Western powers. For example, on a Saturday morning, July 19, 1851, the Poughkeepsie Eagle reported it thus: ‘Defeat of the Amazons. defeat of the Amazons of Dahomy before the walls of Abbeokuta, is perhaps a more important event than most readers would suppose. Abbeokuta is in the kingdom of Yoruba, about 56 miles nearly north from Badagry, (lat. 6 30 north, lon. 3 east,) which is its nearest port. At Badagry there is a British port, and no slave trade. It is however, only about ten miles, westward, to the boundary of Dahomy, and some 25 or 30 miles to Porto Novo, where, at Whidah, and Great and Little Popo, the slave trade is largely carried on. We believe it also exists in the Lagos country, which includes Badagry, and extends some distance distance along the coast to the east. Here, for about 300 miles, is the only coast north of the equator on which that trade has not been The population of Abbeokuta it is said, on high authority, to be at least 50,000, and many estimates make it much higher. About 3,000 of them are recaptives from slave ships, who have learned something of civilization and Christianity at Sierra Leone. At their own expense they have returned nearly a thousand miles, to this, their native region, mostly in condemned slave ships, which they have bought for that purpose, and disposed as they could at Badagry. are two Missions at Abbeokuta, one established by the English Church Missionary Society, and the other by the English Wesleyans. The former had, at the date of the last official returns, one native ordained missionary and five European; nine native school teachers, six schools, 418 scholars, and 122 communicants. The ‘constant attendants’ on public worship were estimated, in August 1849, at ‘500 at the lowest calculation. – The ordained native missionary is the Rev. Samuel Crowther, originally a slave from this vicinity, educated at Sierra Leone and in England. The first convert baptised by him was his own mother. This returned population have been making large calculations for introducing the arts of civilized life. American present at the battle, Mr.Bowen, went out under the patronage of the Southern Baptist Board of Missions, to attempt a passage through Yoruba and other intervening countries, to Bournou, in Central Africa. English Missionaries at Sierra Leone have been for some time making preparations, by the study of languages and otherwise for penetrating to the same region by the same route. The defeat of the Amazons is doubtless owing, in a great measure, to the superior civilization of the returned Egbas. The Kingdom of Yoruba, formerly powerful, has for some years been rent and almost desolated by civil and foreign wars – Since the recaptured Egbas began to return in 1840, and especially since the establishing of the missions, the chiefs at Abbeokuta have shown strong inclination to favor civilization. Its influence in saving them from the terrible Dahomians will do much to confirm them in its favor. Probably, as has been suggested, this victory will do much to crush the remains of the slave trade; and it will be a means of keeping open the best road for Christian civilization into the populous heart of Africa. This is the first trial of strength between partially civilized and wholly barbarous Africans in that part of the continent, and it will do much to establish the superiority of the former, in the minds of all who hear of it. –BOSTON battle later proved to be a major factor facilitating the spread of Christianity in Yorubaland as the imperialists quickly took advantage of the vulnerability of the Egbas and used the opportunity to spread ‘Christian civilization’ in exchange for protection from marauding neighbours like the Dahomians. The Egbas got substantial assistance and weapons from the British and it was with these they were able to defeat King Ghezo and his army. The Dahomians did not give up and in 1864, they attacked Abeokuta again but they were crushed. Today, Abeokuta remains the largest city in Ogun State and a major bastion of the Anglican Church. It Ghezo had been successful in the Battle of Abeokuta in 1851, Ogun State and even probably Lagos as we have it today, would have been under the French and subsequently parts of the Republic of Benin. That is no doubt an interesting twist to history if you imagine it for a moment. Imagine everyone in Ogun and Lagos speaking French. Amazing, isn’t it? Read ALSO: Actress Hilda Dokubo Full Biography SOURCE: Abiyamo.com
Cheap Computer Power Supply Power supplies are a frequently misunderstood-and overlooked-PC component. Also called a power supply unit or PSU, the component that supplies power to a computer. Most personal computers can be plugged into standard electrical outlets. The power supply then pulls the required amount of electricity ALL Computer Power Supply(Total 92 products are available)
Structural Steel Structural steel is the most popular framing material for non-residential buildings in the World. Steel members, commonly referred to as beams and columns, form the skeleton of the building supporting all of the other components of the building. Steel is the most commonly used construction material in the world today. Its strength-to-weight ratio, durability, elasticity, pliability, eco-friendliness, and plain aesthetic appeal have, in the 100-plus years since its invention, established steel as the integral structural component of virtually every sizable commercial structure in existence. From skyscrapers to bridges, automobiles to ships, pipelines to rocket gantries, the durability and versatility of steel makes these fixtures of modern civilization possible. Of course, with the advent of steel came the concept of structural steel design. To be properly erected, the geometric configurations of steel structures, the various factors involved in the building of a steel skyscraper, for instance, must be calculated and refined, often before the steel to be used is even cast. In the progression of a steel structure from idea to erection, a steel structural engineer is among the first experts to be enlisted in the building process. The essential of structural steel design, as opposed to architectural design, is the assurance of the structural integrity of a steel building, bridge, vehicle, tower, etc. Structural steel design encompasses familiarity with the different types of steel and steel-based alloys, reliance on formulas depicting stress-resistance and load-bearing factors of, among other things, steel beams, columns, braces, connectors, and hangers, as well as a vast command of geometrical forms and the mathematics of construction. Should any of the design or physical components fail, disaster is the inevitable result. Aesthetic considerations are more directly the provenance of an architect, and have no bearing on the proper performance of the steel skeleton of a structure. Structural steel design has evolved from concentrating solely on the rigidity that steel can and does provide a structure, to the advantages that steel provides in structural flexibility, allowing a structure to better resist the stresses of nature, and man. Interestingly, the major impetus for this evolution in structural steel design was earthquakes. The preliminary design of multi-story steel structures and lengthy steel spans is ordinarily predicated first on how effectively the structure will withstand a major earthquake. Wind resistance is also a major factor in the design and construction of tall steel structures, as is terrorism. You are here: Home Divisions Structural Steel Structural steel
Achnatherum curvifolium (Swallen) Barkworth Common names: Curlyleaf needlegrass Synonyms: Stipa curvifolia Found in FNA Volume 24. Treatment on page 135. FNA24 P50 Achnatherum pg 134.jpeg Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 25-55 cm tall, 0.7-1 mm thick, glabrous; nodes 3. Basal sheaths usually puberulent, hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, sometimes densely tomentose at the base, brown to gray-brown when old; collars glabrous, sometimes with tufts of hair on the sides, hairs to 0.5 mm; ligules truncate, pubescent, hairs about 0.1; basal ligules about 0.3 mm, upper ligules to 0.6 mm; blades normally valvate to involute, about 0.5 mm in diameter, strongly arcuate, abaxial surfaces pubescent near the base, glabrous and smooth distally, adaxial surfaces densely hairy, hairs to 0.2 mm. Panicles 7-11 cm long, 1-2 cm wide; branches appressed to strongly ascending, longest branches 3-4 cm. Glumes subequal, 10-14 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide; florets 6-8 mm long, 0.4-0.8 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 1-1.5 mm, sharp; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength 0.3-1 mm, apical hairs 1-1.5 mm, apical lobes not developed; awns 22-38 mm, once-geniculate, first segment pubescent, hairs 1-2 mm, gradually decreasing in length distally; paleas 2-2.3 mm, 1/4-1/3 as long as the lemmas, glabrous; anthers about 3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses about 4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 44. N.Mex., Tex. Achnatherum curvifolium grows on cliffs and in disturbed, rocky, limestone habitats. It is known from relatively few locations in the Flora region; it is more common in northern Mexico. It is most readily distinguished from other species of Achnatherum in the Flora region by its combination of curly leaves and hairy awns. AuthorMary E. Barkworth + Common nameCurlyleaf needlegrass + ReferenceNone + SynonymStipa curvifolia + Taxon nameAchnatherum curvifolium + Taxon parentAchnatherum + Taxon rankspecies + VolumeVolume 24 +
DICT.TW Dictionary Taiwan Search for: [Show options] 5 definitions found From: DICT.TW English-Chinese Dictionary 英漢字典 worth /ˈwɝθ/ From: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) Worth, a. 1. Valuable; of worthy; estimable; also, worth while. [Obs.] It was not worth to make it wise. --Chaucer. 2. Equal in value to; furnishing an equivalent for; proper to be exchanged for. A ring he hath of mine worth forty ducats. --Shak. All our doings without charity are nothing worth. --Bk. of Com. Prayer. If your arguments produce no conviction, they are worth nothing to me. --Beattie. 3. Deserving of; -- in a good or bad sense, but chiefly in a good sense. To reign is worth ambition, though in hell. --Milton. This is life indeed, life worth preserving. --Addison. 4. Having possessions equal to; having wealth or estate to the value of. At Geneva are merchants reckoned worth twenty hundred crowns. --Addison. Worth while, or Worth the while. See under While, n. From: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) Worth v. i. To be; to become; to betide; -- now used only in the phrases, woe worth the day, woe worth the man, etc., in which the verb is in the imperative, and the nouns day, man, etc., are in the dative. Woe be to the day, woe be to the man, etc., are equivalent phrases. I counsel . . . to let the cat worthe. --Piers Plowman. He worth upon [got upon] his steed gray. --Chaucer. From: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) Worth, n. 1. That quality of a thing which renders it valuable or useful; sum of valuable qualities which render anything useful and sought; value; hence, often, value as expressed in a standard, as money; equivalent in exchange; price. What 's worth in anything But so much money as 't will bring? --Hudibras. 2. Value in respect of moral or personal qualities; excellence; virtue; eminence; desert; merit; usefulness; as, a man or magistrate of great worth. To be of worth, and worthy estimation. --Shak. As none but she, who in that court did dwell, Could know such worth, or worth describe so well. --Waller. To think how modest worth neglected lies. --Shenstone. Syn: -- Desert; merit; excellence; price; rate. From: WordNet (r) 2.0 adj 1: having sufficient worth; "an idea worth considering"; "a cause deserving or meriting support"; "the deserving poor" (often used ironically) [syn: deserving(p), meriting(p), 2: having a specified value; "not worth his salt"; "worth her weight in gold" [syn: worth(p)] n 1: an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value; "10 dollars worth of gasoline" 2: the quality that renders something desirable or valuable or useful [ant: worthlessness] 3: French couturier (born in England) regarded as the founder of Parisian haute couture; noted for introducing the bustle (1825-1895) [syn: Charles Frederick Worth]
By Sy Mukherjee May 31, 2017 President Donald Trump is expected to withdraw the United States from the historic Paris climate agreement, according to multiple media reports. If he does, the move could have significant implications for global health, according to experts. That’s because, as the World Health Organization (WHO) notes, the effects of climate change cut across multiple kinds of health care needs. A freak flood precipitated by changing climate patterns could simultaneously kill and injure people, spread disease-causing pathogens, and devastate local economies. The ensuing disruptions to physical and economic security can take a serious toll on mental health. Even in more developed countries like the U.S., environmental factors like poor air quality (which is associated with fossil fuel burning) have been linked with diminished medical outcomes that are exacerbated by income inequality and a lack of access to health care. The climate change-related Paris accords reached in late 2015 by more than 190 countries put public health front and center. (For a more complete explainer on exactly what the agreement is and what it does, read my colleague Laura Entis’ rundown here.) While the energy industry would be most affected by the deal, the WHO and other public health agencies lauded its potential to curb death and illness in advanced nations and emerging markets alike. “The world now has a global climate agreement that will have a major public health policy impact as countries take action. As stated in the agreement, ‘the right to health’, will be central to the actions taken,” wrote the global health organization last year. But the “as countries take action” part is critical to achieving the WHO’s ultimate stated goal. And a U.S. departure from the climate agreement could lead to a downstream effect where other countries feel less compelled to implement the policies necessary to meet the Paris deal’s thresholds, according to its supporters. The United States would join just two other nations—Syria and Nicaragua—in pulling out of the climate agreement. You May Like
Modern Flower July 16, 2008 At Monet’s time, only white water lilies grew wild in France. They were hardy flowers, able to stand cold and frost, whereas pink or yellow water lilies were of exotic origin and needed a warm greenhouse to spend the winter. When Monet created his water garden at Giverny and imagined a pond with floating islands of colorful nympheas, these flowers where very modern. By the end of the nineteen century a man called Bory Latour-Marliac had the idea of cross fertilizing hardy white water lilies with exotic ones. He was successful and obtained a full palette of hardy waterlilies. In 1889, the year of the Eiffel tower, Latour-Marliac exhibited his new creations at the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where Monet saw them. Four years before he had his pond dug he conceived the idea of it by seeing the beautiful water flowers. Would Latour-Marliac not have created his flowers, Monet would probably not have painted his Nympheas masterpieces.
PHS Research Township of Puslinch Crest Johann (John) Stein (1810-1894), Cooper Puslinch Historical Society Spirit Walk June 23, 2014 Johann (John) Stein Johann Stein was born in 1810 in Hesse Darmstadt Germany, Heinrich Stein and his wife Catharine Schram were his parents. Both his father and grandfather were respected shepherds. Johann emigrated in the 1840's, having done his military service in Germany. He sailed on the Edwina, arriving in New York (or Boston according to some accounts) in 1841. He came to Wilmot Township, Waterloo County, where other Hessians had settled. In 1843, he married Elizabeth Bender in the town of Greenbush, which has vanished now, it is part of the City of Kitchener. He had five brothers and sisters whom he later helped emigrate, and one brother who stayed in Germany.. From the time he arrived in Canada, Johann referred to himself as John, as shall we from here on. John was a cooper, or a barrel-maker, and he and Elizabeth settled first at Fishers Mill near Hespeler. Eight children were born there, one did not survive infanthood. The boys learned their father's trade, and the girls learned household duties. The other girls married and moved away and household responsibility fell on the youngest daughter Rosina because Elizabeth was often away midwifing. Granddaughter Regina Mast wrote "Grandmother Stein was often called to nurse the sick and the local doctor would instruct her. She was often away nursing the sick instead of staying at home." John was a true craftsman and made sure his work was rewarded. In 1853 he took one of his customers to court in a dispute over the number and price of flour barrels he had sold him, and was awarded 9 Pounds after arguing for six hours - well into the evening - before the Judge. John and Elizabeth moved to Morriston about 1850, as the opportunities for barrel making petered out in Fishers Mills. In 1854, they bought the property at Lot 6 from John Calfass and lived the rest of their lives in the log house still standing there and now restored on Brock Street. We aren't sure who built this house, but it may have been John Calfass himself. John Stein ran his cooperage from the basement at the back of the house where the land falls away. It opened out onto his garden where he also cultivated fruit trees and a garden. Eventually daughter Rosina married William George Mast of Puslinch and they farmed in Puslinch. The Masts descendants are still around. The rest of John and Elizabeth's children scattered to USA and other parts of Ontario. By 1851, Elizabeth's father Henry, a shoemaker, was a widower and living with them. William Bernhart, a cooper who worked for Johann, was also part of the household. Ten years later in 1861, the father Henry was 84 years old, still living with the Steins, but by 1881 the household was reduced to John, Elizabeth, and grandson John Kellerman, age seven, who later married Elizabeth Aiken of Aikensville, on Road #34. John helped to bring several of his brothers and his mother from Germany. His sister Caroline also came to Morriston and married William Bernhardt, the cooper employed by John. When he died, she married Eckhardt Hohberger, a weaver. He and Caroline lived on Lot 27 of the Ochs Survey in Morriston. The Steins and the Rappolts were connected in Germany before any of them emigrated. Elizabeth's sister Catharine Margaret was married in Germany to Louis Rappolt, and after he died about 1868, she emigrated to Morriston with her sons to be near Elizabeth. John's granddaughter, Regina Mast wrote the following about him. He…"had served the compulsory two years in the German Army, most likely as one of the Duke of Hesse's conscripts whom he hired out to foreign powers for so many marks a head. Grandfather Stein did not see any military conflict, only the most rigorous military discipline and training…" He immigrated to Canada in 1840 at the age of thirty years. They came by stagecoach to Upper Canada by way of Buffalo, Niagara Falls, to Hamilton, then to Morriston." "Darmstadt, 15 miles south of Frankfurt in southern Germany, lies protected from the cold eastern winds. It is in this fruit belt that cherry, apple and pear orchards blossom a month earlier than elsewhere in Germany and where even figs, apricots and almonds will grow. John sent home for fruit pits and planted them in his Morriston garden which grew and produced fruit trees. In fact, in the 1891 census taken three years before he died, John gave his occupation as "gardener". In 1893 the Steins celebrated 50 years of marriage, the first Golden Wedding of Morriston and were feted by many friends from the German Evangelical Church. The following year, John had a bad fall and never recovered. He died in 1894 at the age of 84. Elizabeth too, was subject to several falls, but lived on a few more years. She and her daughter Mary moved to Victoria Street in Morriston, switching houses with George Finkbeiner. She died in 1903 at 83 and Mary sold the Stein log house to the Finkbeiners. [Back to research menu] Membership in the society is open to anyone interested in the history of Puslinch Township giving you access to the archives, assistance with your research from committed voluteers, a newsletter and occasional events of historic interest. Contact Us 29 Brock Road South Aberfoyle, Ontario Puslinch Historical Society c/o Puslinch Library R.R. #3, 29 Brock Road South Guelph (Aberfoyle), Ontario N1H 6H9 This is the work of volunteers in the community.
William Warner Robert Carruthers, in Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature, 3rd ed. (1876; 1879) 1:178. A rhyming history entitled Albion's England, was published in 1586, by WILLIAM WARNER (1558-1609), an attorney of the Common Pleas. It was admired in its own day, and is said to have supplanted in popularity the Mirror for Magistrates. The poem is written in the long fourteen-syllable verse, but is tedious and monotonous. A few lines will shew the style of the poem: Then choose a shepherd; with the sun he doth his flock unfold, And all the day on hill or plain be merry chat can hold: And with the sun doth fold again: then jogging home betime, He turns a crab, or tunes a round, or sings some merry rhyme; Nor lacks he gleeful tales to tell, whilst that the bowl doth trot: And sitteth singing care away, till he to bed hath got. There sleeps he soundly all the night, forgetting morrow cares, Nor fears he blasting of his corn, or wasting of his wares, Or storms by sea, or stirs on land, or crack of credit lost, Nor spending franklier than his flock shall still defray the cost. Well wot I, sooth they say, that say, more quiet nights and days The shepherd sleeps and wakes than he whose cattle he doth graze.
Renewable Energy Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible and naturally replenished, unlike, for example, the fossil fuels, of which there is a finite supply. Renewable sources of energy include wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy. Solar Hot Water Solar water heating systems work by absorbing solar energy. The energy is transferred from the solar panel to heat the water in your hot water cylinder. Highly efficient, completely controllable and low maintenance, a solar water heating system is easiest to install if you already have a conventional ‘system’ or ‘regular’ boiler and could provide a large percentage of your annual hot water from a clean, renewable source of energy. How it works In order to heat water using solar energy, a collector is fastened to the roof of a building, or on a wall facing the sun. In some cases, the collector may be free-standing. The working fluid is either pumped (active system) or driven by natural convection (passive system) through it. A simple water heating system would pump cold water out to a collector to be heated, the heated water flows back to a collection tank. This type of collector can provide enough hot water for an entire family. When a solar hot-water system and central heating hot-water system are used in conjunction there is a choice of two system designs. The first and, in our opinion, the best is to use a pre-heater cylinder that then feeds the central heating hot-water cylinder. This will allow for greater efficiency throughout the year and during the winter will reduce the amount of heat your boiler/GSHP etc will have to produce to raise the domestic hot-water to a standard temperature. The second option is to install a twin coil cylinder with a lower coil for the solar hot-water and the upper coil for the central heating hot-water. This is often an option if there is a lack of space for two cylinders however this option will not give the efficiency savings of the two cylinder system during the winter months. However, the main need for central heating is at night when there is no sunlight and in winter when solar gain is lower. Therefore, solar water heating for washing and bathing is often a better application than central heating because supply and demand are better matched. Thermatech Ltd can install both in-roof and on-roof solar systems in a variety of formats and sizes to suit each situation and customer requirements. The majority of our installations have incorporated Schuco products, due to their high specification and quality, however we will consider any other manufacturer's product if requested. Due to the versatility of Schuco products we can offer a combined installation of solar hot water and photo-voltaics in a single kit. For more information aboout solar hot water, or to discuss your project please contact us. Want more information about Solar Photovoltaics?
Concept of Lease or Purchase Decision The concept of Lease or Purchase Decision Lease or Purchase decision involves applying capital budgeting principles to determine if leasing as an asset is a better option than buying it. Leasing is a contract between the owner (lesser) and the lessee for the hiring of a specific asset. Leasing can apply to any fixed assets and quite commonly used for plant and machinery, office equipment and motors vehicles. Buying the asset involves the purchase of the asset with the company’s own funds or arranging a loan to finance the purchase. Instead of acquiring these assets for itself, the company enters into an agreement with a leasing company whereby the latter purchase the assets in question and then lease them ( rent or hire them) on a long-term basis to the former. In return for most-but not all of the benefits of ownership, the user (lessee) makes periodic payments to the owner of the asset (lessor). No initial funds are required but there is instead a regular charge for lease payments to be charged in the profit and loss account. The lease payment covers the original cost of the equipment or other asset and provides the lessor a profit. The lessee obtains possession and use of the asset in exchange for the rentals, while the lessor retains legal ownership. Leases are of two types: a) operating Leases and b) finance leases. The operating lease, or “maintenance lease,” can usually be canceled under conditions spelled out in the lease agreement. Operating lease is one where an asset leased or hired for a period of time substantially less than that of its useful life. A finance lease is one which lasts for the whole of an asset’s useful life and where the lessee effectively takes all the risks and benefits associated with ownership. A financial lease is usually written for a term not to exceed the economic life of the equipment. Leasing an asset from the lessor or purchase of an asset by borrowing the full purchase price of an asset should be compared as financing alternatives that are dependent on the investment decision. As the use of leasing has increased as a method for businesses to acquire the use of equipment and other assets, the number of companies in the leasing business has increased dramatically. As such, such investment has been evaluated as part of a company’s capital budgeting process and mostly use the NPV method by analysis using the after-tax cost of debt as the discount rate for decision making. Lease rental payments are similar to the payments of interest on debt so leasing may be a good alternative to borrowing for the firm. Commercial banks, insurance companies, and finance companies do most of the leasing. Many of these organizations have formed subsidiaries primarily concerned with equipment leasing. Information Source:
Definitions Of frame a rigid structure that surrounds or encloses something such as a door or window. His mother stood in the frame of the kitchen door, hands on her hips and a grim expression on her face. a single complete picture in a series forming a movie, television, or video film. a structural environment within which a class of words or other linguistic units can be correctly used. For example I —— him is a frame for a large class of transitive verbs. Correct capitalization could help German readers extract the structural frame of a sentence. create or formulate (a concept, plan, or system). the staff have proved invaluable in framing the proposals erect the framework of a building. Wednesday the workmen arrive to frame up the room, drywall it, paint it, and put up shelves. place (a picture or photograph) in a frame. he had the photo framed produce false evidence against (an innocent person) so that they appear guilty. he claims he was framed
What is the purpose of the random nonces in ssl handshake Course:- Computer Network Security Reference No.:- EM13328222 Assignment Help Expertsmind Rated 4.9 / 5 based on 47215 reviews. Review Site Assignment Help >> Computer Network Security 1.What is the difference between message confidentiality and message integrity? Can you have confidentiality without integrity? Can you have integrity without confidentiality? Please be specific and justify your answer. 2.What is the purpose of the random nonces in the SSL handshake? 3.Why must an application gateway work in conjunction with a router filter to be effective? 4.Using the mono-alphabetic cipher in Figure 8.3 in the textbook, encode the message "I am a student of MSc IT". Decode the message "s vk jku uasjf ik". Put your comment Ask Question & Get Answers from Experts Browse some more (Computer Network Security) Materials What technology and cost-of-use issues are associated with a client-dominant local area network? Think about what happens as the network grows in size. Mobile Manufacturing Company includes all the aspects like collecting requirements, designing and manufacturing of various mobiles. What are some future technology initiative Justify and support the relationship between infrastructure and security as it relates to this data-collection and analysis company. Present the rationale for the logical and Every organization must create a cybersecurity profile (system security plan (SSP)) for all of its major and minor information systems. The cybersecurity profile documents t Design suitable a security system for your company, clearly identifying the major security components of your design. Marks will be awarded on insight and elaboration. User A and B use Diffie-Hellman algorithm to exchange a shared key and generate public keys of their own. Consider a common prime number q=71If user A has private key=5, what In what way is an unprotected idle PC a danger to the internet? Suppose a PC owner leaves the PC connected to the Internet where it ultimately is used by another party to im
Lenetek Blog How to change a mouse cursor shape on a webpage and on a computer screen Perhaps you have noticed an unusual mouse cursor on this page. If not, try moving your mouse around. A cursor is a static or animated image indicating the position on a computer monitor or other display device that responds to input from a keyboard or pointing device such as a mouse. The term "mouse cursor" is used interchangeably with "mouse pointer" or just "cursor". In many Graphic User Iinterfaces (GUI), the mouse cursor changes shape depending on the circumstances. For example: • Over text that the user can edit or select, the cursor changes to an Cursor Text shape. • Graphics-editing applications use cursor shapes such as brush, pencil or paint bucket indicating active function when the user edits an image. • At an edge or corner of a window the cursor usually changes into a double arrow (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal) indicating that the user can drag the edge/corner in the indicated direction in order to re-size the window. • While a computer process is in progress and cannot accept user input, a wait cursor, New Wait cursor or Old Wait cursor is displayed when the mouse points to the corresponding window. • When the cursor hovers over a hyperlink, it changes into a hand Hyperlink cursor. Changing a mouse cursor on a web page To change a mouse cursor shape in a webpage, a cursor property of a style element can be used as specified in the Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. This can be done either within a CSS or as HTML inline style declaration. The cursor property is supported by all major web browsers. However, not all the cursor values are supported by all browsers. You may move you mouse over the right column of the table below to see if and how your browser supports them. Example 1 of using the cursor property defined in CSS: a) In CSS define element, id or class selector: .cursor_shape1 {cursor: cursor_property_value1} .cursor_shape2 {cursor: cursor_property_value2} b) In HTML, use it in <div>, <span>, <p>, or any other HTML element: <div class="cursor_shape1"> <div class="cursor_shape2"> Example 2 of using the cursor property in the HTML inline style declaration: <div style="cursor: cursor_property_value"> You can apply the cursor property style to the <body> tag in order to change it for the whole page: <body style="cursor: cursor_property_value"> The following table lists valid values of the cursor property (as of CSS2.1). It also illustrates how the mouse pointer (cursor) changes its shape (if your browser supports it) when you point your mouse over the rows in the right column: Cursor shape Cursor Pproperty Value Example of style declaration auto The User Agent determines the cursor to display based on the current context. Default cursor shape default style="cursor: default;" Pinter cursor shape pointer + hand style="cursor: pointer; cursor: hand;" Crosshair cursor shape crosshair style="cursor: crosshair;" Text cursor shape text style="cursor: text;" New Wait cursor or Old Wait cursor shape wait style="cursor: wait;" Help cursor shape help style="cursor: help;" Move cursor shape move style="cursor: move;" Horizontal resize cursor shape e-resize style="cursor: e-resize;" Slash resize cursor shape ne-resize style="cursor: ne-resize;" Backslash resize cursor shape nw-resize style="cursor: nw-resize;" Vertical resize cursor shape n-resize style="cursor: n-resize;" Progress cursor shape progress style="cursor: progress;" Alt scroll cursor shape all-scroll style="cursor: all-scroll;" Column resize cursor shape col-resize style="cursor: col-resize;" No drop cursor shape no-drop style="cursor: no-drop;" Not allowed cursor shape not-allowed style="cursor: not-allowed;" Row resize cursor shape row-resize style="cursor: row-resize;" Vertical Text cursor shape vertical-text style="cursor: vertical-text;" Custom cursor shape url( ) style="cursor: url(mycursor.cur),auto;" For the url( ) cursor property, only .cur and .ani file types are supported as of IE6. You can find an extensive library of free mouse cursors at the Open Cursor Library. Both, static (.cur) and animated (.ani) cursor types are present in this library. For newer browsers, .gif and .png files are also supported. Changing a mouse cursor on a computer desktop 1. Go to Start → Settings → Control Panel 2. Double click the Mouse icon 3. Click on the "Pointers" tab and then on "Browse..." button: Browse for mouse pointers 4. Now you can select a cursor from a list of the Widows-supplied .cur files: Select cursor 5. Even better, you can download additional .cur and/or .ani files and place them in the Cursors folder so you can select them in the previous step. To find the location of the Cursor folder, click on "Look in" drop-down box: Location of the Cursor folder Here, it shows that the Cursor folder is located under the C:\WINNT folder. 6. You can also create your own cursors using various Graphics software. For example, you can try this free and user-friendly software JustCursors which allows creating both .cur and .ani image files. Post a comment Your email is never published nor shared. Lenetek blog - homeBlog Home Featured Posts Latest Posts Older Posts
Farmers are Surfing the Web The internet is a valuable tool in offices across the globe as well as on the farms and ranches in our agriculture based community. NewsChannel 10's Tina Berasley tells us how its helping business people right here in the panhandle. The USDA says more than half of the farms across the country have computers with internet access, and it continues to grow. Users are chatting with other farmers, researching new products, and finding out the going rate for what they grow, like Ray Schlabs. "I use that to get instant access to the markets, its quicker, its easier, I can go home at night and keep up with what the markets are doing and look up market news, what's happening that type of thing so I can make a decision on whether or not I need to go ahead and market my crop or wait." At West Texas A&M University's Extension Center, agents use the internet to e-mail valuable soil information to growers, about 600 of them a day. Using the 18 area weather stations they can find out just how much water will be needed to grow any one of 6 popular crops, and e-mail it to growers in real time. Dr. Leon New is an Agricultural Engineer with the Extension Center. He said "A lot of them are operating on their computers now, They keep records on the computers, they know how much water they apply through the computer so its all right there." Within the next month many growers will need to use that information to decide what crops to grow this year...including Ray Schlabs. " (It's)really valuable! Probably increases profitability by 20%...its easier to access you can go a lot of different directions right at the end of your fingers instead of having to call to find this or find've got to get used to it, you've got to get adapted to it but I think once you learn you access a lot of information quicker."
Oxford Bees Angry Bees Submitted by will on Sun, 03/07/2016 - 22:05 The bees were angry today. They attacked. They followed. They found the gaps around my shoes and stung my feet. They stung through my gloves. They were cross. Hungry bees are angry bees. The bees are hungry so I'm feeding them. There may be other reasons for them being so defensive. 1. I haven't been using smoke. That's because I want to do very quick peeks rather than full inspections. The colonies on the roof are small so it doesn't take long. Smoke makes them gorge on stored honey so it may be for the best during a dearth of honey to avoid smoke. 2. Two of the colonies are from feral stock. The other is from an unknown source. I've no idea what their behaviour will be like when they're well established. I haven't heard anyone say that feral stock is more likely to be defensive but it wouldn't surprise me. 3. I might just be inexperienced. Whatever the reason for them being angry, it is unnerving when they start to attack. I don't stop but I do make mistakes. Sometimes I have to walk away for a bit.
previous next [1085b] [1] If on the other hand there is more than one kind of matter—one of the line, another of the plane, and another of the solid—either the kinds are associated with each other, or they are not. Thus the same result will follow in this case also; for either the plane will not contain a line, or it will be a line. Further, no attempt is made to explain how number can be generated from unity and plurality; but howsoever they account for this, they have to meet the same difficulties as those who generate number from unity and the indeterminate dyad. The one school generates number not from a particular plurality but from that which is universally predicated; the other from a particular plurality, but the first; for they hold that the dyad is the first plurality.1 Thus there is practically no difference between the two views; the same difficulties will be involved with regard to mixture, position, blending, generation and the other similar modes of combination.2 We might very well ask the further question: if each unit is one, of what it is composed; for clearly each unit is not absolute unity. It must be generated from absolute unity and either plurality or a part of plurality.Now we cannot hold that the unit is a plurality, because the unit is indivisible; but the view that it is derived from a part of plurality involves many further difficulties, because (a) each part must be indivisible; otherwise it will be a plurality and the unit will be divisible, [20] and unity and plurality will not be its elements, because each unit will not be generated from plurality3 and unity.(b) The exponent of this theory merely introduces another number; because plurality is a number of indivisible parts.4 Again, we must inquire from the exponent of this theory whether the number5 is infinite or finite.There was, it appears, a finite plurality from which, in combination with Unity, the finite units were generated; and absolute plurality is different from finite plurality. What sort of plurality is it, then, that is, in combination with unity, an element of number? We might ask a similar question with regard to the point, i.e. the element out of which they create spatial magnitudes.This is surely not the one and only point. At least we may ask from what each of the other points comes; it is not, certainly, from some interval and the Ideal point. Moreover, the parts of the interval cannot be indivisible parts, any more than the parts of the plurality of which the units are composed; because although number is composed of indivisible parts, spatial magnitudes are not. All these and other similar considerations make it clear that number and spatial magnitudes cannot exist separately. 1 Aristotle again identifies the indeterminate dyad with the number 2. 2 sc. of the elements of number. 3 sc. but from an indivisible part of plurality—which is not a plurality but a unity. 4 i.e., to say that number is derived from plurality is to say that number is derived from number—which explains nothing. 5 sc. which plurality has been shown to be. Creative Commons License load focus Greek (1924) hide Places (automatically extracted) Download Pleiades ancient places geospacial dataset for this text. hide Display Preferences Greek Display: Arabic Display: View by Default: Browse Bar:
Importance of Tree Pruning If you want to know more information about tree pruning, then you came to the right place. Actually, pruning a tree is an act or removing specific stems or branches, which will benefit the entire tree. Below, you will learn the reasons why you should prune your trees. Tree Pruning In Order to Maintain the Tree’s Natural Form Usually, the vigorous or erratic branches of a tree grow but also changes the other branches’ growth habit. As a matter of fact, this can result in an unhealthy and misshaped tree. This is the reason why if you make sure that you remove these vigorous branches early on, you are definitely be able to maintain your tree’s natural form. To Make the Tree Stay Healthy When you remove damaged, dead as well as diseased trees in your commercial or residential property it actually helps in removing decay organisms and insect from entering the tree. The moment you make a dense canopy of a tree much thinner, you increase the amount of sunlight and air that it gets, thus, leading to much fewer disease issues. Removing water sprouts and suckers also help in eliminating weak wood as well as provides more water and food for the trees in your commercial or residential space. In addition to that, eliminating crossing branches help a lot in preventing damages that are often cause by the rubbing of these involved branches against each other. Aside from that, narrow or weak crotches tend to split apart the moment the tree begins to grow old. This is the reason why it’s very important that you have these crotches removed in order to eliminate the tearing and breaking of wood. When pruning a tree, you should also remove the co-dominant leaders. These co-dominant leaders are actually two branches that are growing near the tree’s top area, which grow straight up as well as become totally and equally dominant. Thus, cutting off one dominant leader lets the other branch of the tree grow as well as become the most dominant branch of a particular tree. As a matter of fact, this helps a lot in prevent the branches of a tree from tearing and splitting of the wood, which is usually an issue in heavy winds and storms. To Make Sure that the Tree Won’t Pose Any Hazard Proper procedures in pruning the tree can also create and maintaining a healthy and strong structure of a tree, thus, it helps a lot in preventing safety hazards like low growing branches as well as growth forms that are subject to storm damage that are near a driveway or sidewalk. Tree pruning can also help a lot in stimulating the growth of a tree’s sparse areas. Pruning of a tree can also restrict the tree’s growth, or only a particular area, where too much growing on that part is already becoming undesirable. Now that you already know the benefits that you can get from having the trees in your commercial or residential property properly and regularly pruned, it’s the right time that you consider hiring a professional, skilled and experienced tree service New Port Richey.
• Question: how and what makes our mind stereotype people? Asked by cc2107 to David, Jonathan, Pete, Sam on 5 Jul 2012. • Photo: Pete Etchells Pete Etchells answered on 5 Jul 2012: Good question! Stereotypes can, in general, be a useful thing for us to use – it helps us to save time and energy by grouping things or people together into groups that have some sort of common connection. They help us to systematically categorise things so that they can be responded to quickly and efficiently at a later date. The downside to have stereotypes though, is that once they’re formed, it can be difficult to accept new incoming information about a person within one of those groups that does not match up to your stereotyped image. This can mean that, over time, the stereotype itself can become incorrect (because people and groups change and adapt all the time). Of course, stereotypes can also be incorrect in the first place! So while it might be handy to have some, it’s also good to be able to change your opinion and beliefs about people as you get new information about them.
Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library Beinecke Digital Collections Dante Gabriel Rossetti ''Portrait of Dante Gabriel Rossetti'' c. 1871, by [[George Frederic Watts]] Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April 1882), generally known as Dante Gabriel Rossetti (), was a British poet, illustrator, painter and translator, and a member of the Rossetti family. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais. Rossetti was later to be the main inspiration for a second generation of artists and writers influenced by the movement, most notably William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. His work also influenced the European Symbolists and was a major precursor of the Aesthetic movement. Rossetti's art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism. His early poetry was influenced by John Keats. His later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling, especially in his sonnet sequence, ''The House of Life''. Poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossetti's work. He frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures, spanning from ''The Girlhood of Mary Virgin'' (1849) and ''Astarte Syriaca'' (1877), while also creating art to illustrate poems such as ''Goblin Market'' by the celebrated poet Christina Rossetti, his sister. Rossetti's personal life was closely linked to his work, especially his relationships with his models and muses Elizabeth Siddal, Fanny Cornforth and Jane Morris. Showing 1 - 6 of 6 for search: 'Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 1828-1882', query time: 0.25s View: List list Grid grid Expand Your Search Search our local catalog, finding aids, and more. Need assistance? Ask a librarian.
Jeremiah Murphy Post-doctoral Researcher, Princeton From the Ashes of Cosmic Explosions... Abstract: Occasionally, a star violently explodes in one of the most destructive events in the Universe. Because of their destructive power, these explosions are also Nature's crucible of creation. They herald the birth of neutron stars and black holes, trigger further star formation, and produce most of the elements in the Universe. Literally, they produce the building blocks of our planetary system...our planet...and you.
First State Jr. FIRST LEGO League First State FIRST LEGO League offers two programs affiliated with the international organization, FIRST- ◾Jr. FIRST LEGO League. The goals of First State FIRST LEGO League are to build student self-confidence, knowledge, and life skills, while introducing them to the fun and excitement of science, engineering, and technology. Jr. FIRST® LEGO® League’s objective is to interest young children in grades k-3 in the world of science, technology and engineering by engaging their natural curiosity and imagination. First by exploring and researching a theme, then by using an open-ended LEGO® building set, teams design a model depicting an aspect of each year’s challenge. Each year, the Jr.FLL® challenge theme mirrors the challenge presented to older elementary students in FIRST® LEGO® League (FLL®). For example, one year, Jr.FLL® teams were challenged to improve the quality of life for senior citizens by learning about the obstacles some people face as they get older. In other years, the challenges have centered on ocean exploration, problems of managing waste materials, or solutions for transportation systems. In 2013 the young teams faced the DISASTER BLASTER CHALLENGE, where they were challenged to ■ Learn about natural disasters. ■ Research how people in their community use science and technology to prepare for, respond to or recover from disasters. ■ Learn about simple machines in order to build a model made of LEGO® elements which included a motorized moving part. ■ Create a team Show-Me Poster to represent their findings. ■ Share what they learned with people they know and at a Jr.FLL® event To learn more visit FSFLL website at

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