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The city of Sparta in the Peloponnese was important in the story of archaic and classical Greece, but the complex interweaving of myth and history, by both admirers and detractors, has made it particularly difficult to establish the reality of events. Sparta’s military prowess became legendary following its stand against the invading Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. The Spartans went on to dominate the Peloponnese, rivalling and eventually triumphing over Athens during the inter-Greek conflict known as the ‘Peloponnesian War’. A fascination with the Spartan way of life, which was considered exceptional even by contemporaries, has endured throughout the ancient and modern world. The harsh and rigorous educational system and life-training (agoge) of all Spartans, male and female, and the communal lifestyle of Spartan citizens, supported by enslaved or dependent peasants, the helots, have been considered both cautionary tales and models of behaviour.
Stories about Sparta loom large in the literature, but archaeologically the city was uninspiring, as Thucydides, the 5th century BC Greek historian, writes:
Suppose the city of Sparta to be deserted, and nothing left but the temples and the ground-plan, distant ages would be very unwilling to believe that the power of the Lacedaemonians [Spartans] was at all equal to their fame ... their city is not built continuously, and has no splendid temples or other edifices...
(A History of the Peloponnesian War, I.10)
A view of modern Sparta towards Mount Taygetos. The temple of Artemis Orthia is in the foreground. User:Ulrichstill, 2005
Today, even the few surviving remains of the Greek city are rarely visible in archaeological excavations, because of extensive overbuilding by the Roman and then the modern city.
Votive gifts from the sanctuary at Artemis OrthiaHowever, archaeological remains outside the city are easier to find. On the west bank of the river Eurotas outside the city is the Spartan sanctuary of Artemis Orthia. The sanctuary was probably established in the 9th century BC, and by about 700 BC a temple had been built within a paved enclosed area. It continued to be important for centuries. The offerings at the early sanctuary, although small, were often made from expensive and exotic materials brought from far away, such as amber and faience, gold, silver and bronze. The most distinctive gifts discovered were over 100,000 tiny figurines of warriors, animals, worshippers and goddesses made of lead, perhaps from Attica. In the late 6th century BC the temple was rebuilt, probably after being destroyed by flooding, and the sanctuary continued to be important, being rebuilt and enlarged, for centuries. In the Hellenistic period the city walls were expanded to include the sanctuary, and in the Roman period (3rd century AD) a theatre was built in front of the temple for audiences to watch the famous ritual ordeal by flogging (diamatigostis) described by Cicero.
Roman authors describe several versions of the cults origins, but these are simply stories invented to give the Roman practices a long and authentic history. The form of the early Greek rituals and indeed the nature of the goddess herself, whose name was found written on pottery and roof-tiles from the sanctuary, remain uncertain.
The British School at Athens excavation of the Artemis Orthia Temple, 1906-10.
The sanctuary site was excavated between 1906 and 1910 by Richard M. Dawkins, working for the British School at Athens. This was the beginning of a long history of excavations in and around Sparta conducted by the British School. As well as the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, early excavations revealed the remains of the sanctuary of Athena Chalkioikos one of the most important cult sites of Classical Sparta, and a shrine known as the Menelaion, which was used since the Mycenean period, as well as Classical and Roman stoas, parts of the ancient city wall and a very large theatre with a moveable stage. Excavations continued in the 1920s headed by Arthur M. Woodward (and assisted by, among others, Winifred Lamb, then Honorary Keeper of Greek and Roman at the Fitzwilliam), in the 1970s under Hector Catling, and in the 1980s under Geoffrey Waywell and John Wilkes. The records documenting these excavations, which span over a century, are housed in the Archive of the British School at Athens.
In 1923 a selection of the finds from the Sparta excavations were given by the Greek government, through the British School at Athens, to the Fitzwilliam Museum and to several other museums in the United Kingdom, but the majority of the objects remain in Greece, displayed in the Archaeological Museum in Sparta and the National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
Some material from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia is displayed in the Fitzwilliam Gallery 21 in showcase 5.
Further reading
R.M. Dawkins (ed.), The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta, Excavated and Described by Members of the British School at Athens 1906-1910, Journal of Hellenic Studies supplement (London, 1929).
J. Boardman, ‘Artemis Orthia and Chronology’, Annual of the British School at Athens 58 (1963) pp.1-8.
P. Cartledge, The Spartans: An Epic History (London, 2002).
H. Waterhouse, The British School at Athens (1986). |
William James Stairs
— Woody Allen
There are several measures that the Fed (or any central bank) can take to reduce the risk of falling into deflation. The U.S. Government has a technology, called a printing press (or, today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at essentially no cost
— Ben Bernanke, successor to Fed. Chairman Alan Greenspan: November, 2002 at the National Economists Club, Washington, D.C. |
What is LNG?
Simply put, LNG is natural gas in its liquid form. Natural gas is converted to the liquid form by cooling it to -260° Fahrenheit. By converting natural gas to its liquid form, it reduces its volume 600 times which results in the product being transported much more efficiently. In addition, LNG is an odorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive liquid. If an LNG spill occurred, the LNG would quickly evaporate and disperse into the atmosphere.
LNG is not stored under pressure and when in its liquid state it is not explosive or flammable. An incident resulting in a release of LNG could result in a fire, but only if there is exactly the right concentration of LNG vapor (5% - 15%) in the air and a source of ignition.
LNG and its many uses
Citizens guide on LNG |
Earth and Physical Sciences
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Earth and Physical Sciences by Mind Map: Earth and Physical Sciences
1. ESS1: Earth's Place in the Universe
1.1. ESS1.A: The Universe and its stars
1.1.1. patterns of motion (sun, moon, stars)
1.1.2. the sun is a star, closer that others, and is changing
1.1.3. universe began with a bang
1.2. ESS1.B: Earth and the solar system
1.2.1. patterns of seasons
1.2.2. patterns of orbit
1.2.3. gravity in solar systems Kepler
1.3. ESS1.C: The history of planet Earth
1.3.1. cycles vs events
1.3.2. changes over time earthquakes rock strata measures
2. ESS2: Earth's Systems
2.1. ESS2.A: Earth materials and systems
2.1.1. effect of wind and water geosphere hydrosphere
2.1.2. energy cycle feedback loops
2.2. ESS2.B: Plate tectonics and large-scale system interactions
2.2.1. mapping of land and water shapes bands of earthquake and volcano activity
2.2.2. unifying theory explaining movement of Earth's surface as the surface expression of mantle convection
2.3. ESS2.C: The roles of water in the earth's surface processes
2.3.1. water as solid, liquid found everywhere flows cycles
2.4. ESS2.D: Weather and climate
2.4.1. combination of wind, sunlight, precipitation, and temperature weather - daily climate - pattern over time
2.4.2. influence of oceans in redistribution
2.4.3. role of the sun
2.4.4. changes over time human activity and carbon dioxide
2.5. ESS2.E: Biogeology
2.5.1. plants and animals dependence on environment
2.5.2. plants and animals effects on environment
2.5.3. continual co-evolution of earth and life
3. ESS3: Earth and Human Activity
3.1. ESS3.A: Natural resources
3.1.1. required for life land oceans atmosphere biospehere
3.1.2. some renewable, others not
3.1.3. availability impacts society and human development
3.2. ESS3.B: Natural hazards
3.2.1. severe weather
3.2.2. natural processes earthquakes, volcanos floods, erosion
3.2.3. characteristics some may be predicted cannot be prevented
3.2.4. shape society and human development
3.3. ESS3.C: Human impacts on Earth systems
3.3.1. recycle, reduce, reuse
3.3.2. alterations of the biosphere extinctions habitat damage
3.3.3. sustainability preserve biodiversity
3.4. ESS3.D: Global climate change
3.4.1. threat of Earth's global mean temperature rise human activities greenhouse gases
3.4.2. offsets science engineering understanding and behavior |
Dual Perspectives: World War II Artwork From Russia and Britain
"Old Soldier" portrait drawn on July 15. 1944 by Pavel Ivanovich Afonin
2016 marks the 75th anniversary of the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War in Russia. It was an event which was to leave an indelible mark on the country, as it did on the rest of the world. On Wednesday a unique cultural collaboration featuring drawings and sketches from this period will arrive in Moscow. "Dual Perspectives" explores how the visual medium allowed two men on opposite fronts to express themselves, communicate with their families and spontaneously express the emotional intensity of their wartime years.
A Personal Response
While events such as Victory day constitute an official reaction to the tragedy of war, the records and drawings of those who witnessed events remain a crucial and powerful reminder of the individual's human experience in history. Removed from the posters and paintings under the patronage of their respective governments, many soldiers drew and painted simply for themselves, their friends and their families. This "unofficial" art is rarely exhibited nationally, let alone outside its native country, but it provides a uniquely powerful and personal perspective on the reality of war.
Russian Pavel Ivanovich Afonin and British Edward Arthur Milligan both took up arms in the global struggle against Nazi Germany when in their twenties. But both of them also took up something else — a sketchpad and pencil. "Dual Perspectives" forms part of ARCH Moscow (The International Festival of Architecture and Design) and explores the personal and artistic legacy of two young men caught up in World War II.
Pavel Afonin had just finished his third year of studies at the Moscow Architectural Institute university when war broke out. He joined the Red Army on the Eastern Front, marching from Moscow to Berlin before being severely wounded during the Leningrad offensive in 1944. Despite the interruption to his studies he still dreamed of completing his education and he would draw and sketch in the lulls between battles and marches.
Ksenia Afonina, the curator of the exhibition, found her family archives a rich resource for the project — her grandfather was Afonin. "He was a dedicated and gifted artist from a very young age. The outbreak of war interrupted his artistic career, but he continued drawing while crossing Europe with the Red Army as a sapper," she said in an interview with The Moscow Times. "After he passed away in 2011, we found his albums of amazing sketches and portraits which we were not aware of before, and this prompted my initial idea to display his works in the UK." Afonina is currently curating an exhibition of Russian artist-veterans, "Art at the Front," at the Mission of Rossotrudnichestvo in London.
Ksenia Afonina
"Adrian "Toggles" Heath" portrait drawn on May 2. 1945 by Edward Arthur Milligan
While Birmingham-born Milligan had no formal artistic training, he demonstrated great artistic aptitude, something that was to be a powerful creative and emotional outlet during the war. He trained in the Royal Air Force and was captured by German soldiers after his plane was shot down in 1944. Even during the hardships of life in a prisoner-of-war camp he drew remarkable portraits and studies of his friends and fellow inmates. He even organized an arts and crafts exhibition at the camp in which prisoners pinned over 100 entries to blankets in the barracks for fellow inmates and German commanders to view. As Russian forces advanced Ted and other captured soldiers were forced on a deadly night march towards Berlin in January 1945. Despite the horrific conditions en route and his own exhaustion, Milligan recorded the experience through diary entries and sketches of the scenes he witnessed.
Art as a Cross-Cultural Language
After the war both men continued on their artistic paths. Afonin returned to university, graduated and moved to St. Petersburg, where he would go on to lead the department of Architecture at the Military Engineer-Construction Institute for 16 years. Meanwhile Milligan embarked on a successful career as an architect and artist in the UK. While the two men never met, their lives hold many parallels. Art for them was not just an aesthetic end point, but a creative process they could take comfort and joy from even during their most trying periods. Their art also serves as a precious war-time record for future generations.
"Visual art is an effective cross-cultural language," said Afonina. "It is also a medium of great power that helped Pavel and Ted to survive some of the most difficult moments during the war and kept many other families informed that their beloved ones were still alive. They both created many portraits for their comrades to send home which will be displayed at the exhibition."
The portraits provide an intensely personal perspective on the war, drawing you in to consider the faces and the stories of the men they depict — and the stories of the men who drew them. They also offer an insightful alternative narrative that is separate from the nations the men belonged to. Afonin's drawings for example are far removed from the Russian state-sponsored dialogue of Socialist Realism that reigned in the middle of the 20th century.
"The personal visual encounters of the Second World War work as genuine reminders and warnings for us to avoid military conflicts. They help to better understand our shared history and bring the focus on human aspect of every military conflict — beyond any geopolitical views and aspirations," said Afonina. "I personally hope that this exhibition will make its small contribution towards better understanding and peace between our countries and nations."
"Dual Perspectives: Second World War drawings by architect veterans from Russia and Britain" will be on display at ARCH Moscow from May 18 through May 22. TsDKh (Central Artist's House). 10 Ulitsa Krymsky Val. Metro Oktyabrskaya, Park Kultury. For more information see wartimeart.com.
The exhibition will then move to the Moscow Institute of Architecture from May 23 through June 5. 11 Rozhdestvenka Ulitsa. Metro Kuznetsky Most. marhi.ru.
Contact the author at artsreporter@imedia.ru
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How To Grow Up the Spirit of Learning In Children
One of the complaints that we often say is "Why isn’t my child happy to learn and prefer to play all day?" But is it true that our child is not happy to learn? Do you believe that our true human being is a learner? Unfortunately, we often give unpleasant treatments when our children learn (unconsciously). Or maybe, we also had the unpleasant treatments in the past so that we used to think that learning wasn’t fun at all?
For example, when we have a 1 year old baby, we as a parent tend to say No! and Don’t! to certain things. As he/she wants to put all the stuff he/she can hold in his/her mouth, many parents will say: "Wait! Don’t! It's dirty, you shouldn’t do that" while pulling the item out of his/her mouth. In fact this is a basic behavior when a child learns and the parents shouldn’t worry when the baby put something inside his/her mouth.
Then as he/she begins to walk, he/she begins to want to know more about the environment. The child will have more desire to know/learn more and fill the database in his/her brain. Unfortunately, he/she will hear more restrictions from the parents or the caregiver. Probably this happens since the parents/caregiver are tired of looking after the kids all day.
When the child is able so say some words, the child tends to ask more and more "What is this? Why?" This is also a process of learning and unfortunately, many parents tend to give negative feedback such as: “Can you please stop asking questions and play there by yourself?”
As the child find something new and interesting at home, many parents also tend to keep the child away from that thing since the parents are afraid that the child will break the thing. Well, from those examples, who actually make the children lazy to learn something?
The next example is from a boy, 8 years old named Armand. The parent complaints that he doesn’t like to study and he already had a warning from his teacher about his scores in some school subjects. Of course, the parents really want him to get better score.
The case is, when I met Armand, I know that he is an amazing boy who likes to play soccer and his favorite football club is Arsenal. He even remembers all the name of players, the number on each player’s t-shirt, the players’ birthday, the list of the goal makers, the point that team makes in each tournament, and even the rank. For me, there is nothing wrong with the hardware (the brain). The problem is the software.
When there is a child who cannot get good score in certain subjects such as Math and History because he cannot count and memorize something but he is really good at playing soccer and even remember the information about his favorite football club, I can say that this child is actually as smart as the other students. The case is, this child gets wrong treatment from his parents so that he is so lazy and doesn’t like to study. Then, what should we do so that the child wants to study easily? All we need to do is to convince the parents that they need to help their child. The parents need to have a better way to communicate with their child and these are some tips that can be applied by some parents:
1. When the child is coming home, the parents can ask “Hi dear, what’s fun at school?” The child will automatically seek for the fun things at school and this will inform the child that the school is fun.
1. When the child is sleeping (Hypnosleep), the parents can say: “Day by day, you will find that studying is as fun as playing and it will be easier for you to study.”
1. Explain the benefits of learning something. When the child is learning how to multiply some numbers, the parents can tell that the child will be able to calculate the money he/she spends during the trip to Singapore and compare the price of the things when he/she returns to Indonesia. When the child is learning English, the parents can tell to the child that the child will be able to communicate with his/her favorite singer or football player from abroad.
1. The parents can ask the help from the teachers to tell the child that he/she is an amazing child and he/she makes good progress day by day. Sincere compliment and pumping up his/her spirits is far more important than teaching fast counting and memorizing techniques.
1. The parents can take the child to stay on their laps and tell a story. The child will get a hug and feel a love from the parents and this will inform the child that reading is fun and book is also fun.
1. The parents can also make a secret letter to the child “Son, I have made a secret letter and I put it under the pillow in your bedroom. Please read after dinner.” What’s inside the letter? Well. The parents can write about some words to motivate the child to learn more.
Source :
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exploring science
Science has come a long way - away from things like astrology and alchemy. Kepler played an important role and the same can be said of Renaissance, Reformation and the exploring done in the Age of Discovery.
But it hasn't been a straight line. Important scientists like Newton and Boyle were active in alchemy and a lot of the stories about great discoveries weren't as straightforward as usually told, like in the case of Copernicus, Snow and Darwin.
Below you find simple scheme of how science could work: the empirical cycle. But the development of new theories doesn't always go in a straight line. Looking at the filters in of science to the right you can easily see that many different factors play a role in the acceptance of new facts and theories.
There's a big difference between experimental and historical science. The latter is more descriptive and isn't based on reproducible experiments (though some experiments can be done to show things could have happened in a certain way).
And even in experimental science reproducibility shouldn't be overestimated. A survey by Nature in 2016 showed that many scientists experience problems with reproducibility. The top two factors mentioned by scientists are selective reporting and pressure to publish. See link nr. 7 for the survey.
1. Wikipedia about the History of science in classical antiquity
2. About The Christian Virtuoso by Robert Boyle
3. Pretty elaborate is Christian foundations of modern science
4. A shorter article is: Christianity and the rise of modern science
5. The idea of a flat Earth (article Wikipedia - see illustration below) wasn't a common in the Middle Ages: see the Myth of the flat Earth
6. For more on the (false) idea of a flat Earth, see links 3-5 on the page Models of the universe
7. Scientists lift the lid on reproducibility - Nature survey of 2016
8. Also use the links on the Dutch page
Exploring science |
United States of America
Show Summary Details
Quick Reference
The world's fourth largest country, comprising the central belt of North America together with Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and many small Pacific Ocean islands. Mainland USA is bounded by Canada on the north, generally along latitude 49° N and the Great Lakes, and by Mexico on the south, generally at about 32° N and along the Rio Grande.
The West Coast is a series of mountain ranges with attendant valleys and plateaux running roughly parallel to the Pacific coast. In the north, the Cascade Range is cut by the valley of the Columbia River. In California, the reverse slopes of the Coast Range descend to the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, which are fringed inland by the snow-capped peaks of the Sierra Nevada. From here the Great Basin of Nevada and parts of Oregon, Idaho, Utah, and California extend eastward to the Rocky Mountains. The Rockies are the ‘Great Divide’, the main watershed of the country. Out of their massive ranges in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico (the Mountain States), emerge the westward-running Snake and Colorado rivers, and the eastward-flowing tributaries of the Mississippi. The Great Plains, occupied by the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, are cut through by the eastward flows and have become a great prairie supporting cattle ranching and wheat cultivation. The prairies extend through the Middle West (including Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and north-west Arkansas) to the basin of the Mississippi. In the southern states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, the main crops are cotton, rice, tobacco, and sugarcane. In this region also there are oilfields which extend into the Gulf of Mexico. The south-eastern coastal plain, occupied by Virginia, the Carolinas, and eastern Georgia, is drained by the rivers of the Appalachian Mountains and supports much mixed farming. Mountainous New England, the north-eastern region, experiences harsh winters but contains rich pastures. Inland, the Great Lakes form a great transport artery and provide hydroelectric power for the northern states.
The US economy benefits from abundant natural resources and a large internal market. A free-trade treaty was signed with Canada in 1989, and in 1993 the North American Free Trade Agreement created a free-trade region comprising the USA, Canada, and Mexico. The economy is largely self-sufficient and comparatively unaffected by global economic trends. However, a surge in imports in the 1980s, particularly from Japan, and the uncompetitiveness of exports have caused a trade deficit which, together with the large federal budget deficit, has aroused worldwide concern. The USA has a wealth of mineral deposits, including coal, oil, and many metals. The main crops are maize and wheat, soya beans, cotton, and tobacco. Fishing, forestry, and livestock are also substantial.
The indigenous peoples of North America probably came from Asia across the Bering land bridge over 30,000 years ago. From the territory now occupied by Alaska, they spread out to populate the entire continent (and South America). By 1600 ad, it is estimated that there were around 1.5 million Native Americans in what are now Canada and the USA. European colonization of the eastern seaboard of North America began in the early 17th century, gaining momentum as the rival nations, most notably the British and French, struggled for control of the new territory. The Treaty of Paris (1763) marked the final triumph of Britain, but by that time the British colonies, stretching from New England in the north to Georgia in the south, had become accustomed to a considerable measure of independence. British attempts to reassert central authority produced first discontent and then open resistance. The First Continental Congress met in 1774 to consider action to regain lost rights, and the first armed encounters at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 led directly to full-scale revolt and to the formal proclamation of the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Britain, as the United States of America, in the Declaration of Independence (4 July 1776). In the American War of Independence, which lasted until 1783, the American cause was assisted by France and Spain. The war ended with the Peace of Paris (1783), which recognized US independence.
Subjects: Arts and Humanities.
Reference entries
See all related reference entries in Oxford Index »
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Ashley Pettit
Peter Singer
wrong to eat meat because:
-animals are slaughtered/tortured
-we have other ways to get protein
animal experimentation:
-animals brains are different from humans
-humans can consent, animals can't
*have to show that suffering of animals has more benefits for humans
*if we took suffering into account, we would be horrified, so most of us ignore it because it's the easy thing to do.
-only human beings matter ethically
In Between:Kant
Biocentric Individualism: all living things matter/ anything that strives to preserve itself matters
Ecocentrism: living communities (plant life) matter, not individuals
Descartes(Strong Anthropocentrist)
-says that animals are like machines
-humans have bodies(mechanistic) and minds(free)
-argues that humans have thoughts and animals don't; thoughts are related to souls, so that means animals don't have souls, therefore don't deserve rights
-humans can use language and words, animals can't
-connection between minds and pain
-argues that if animals don't have minds, how can they feel pain?
-basically believes animal suffering doesn't matter at all
Kant(In Between Anthropocentrist)
-the way you treat animals reflects on your moral personality
-how you treat animals is how you should treat humans also
-believes that animals matter for humans sake, not for themselves
Cohen(Weak Anthropocentrist)
-believes animal suffering matters, but not as much as human suffering
-shouldn't be mean to animals unneccessarily
Moral Reciprocation:being rational/ being part of a moral community
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people of Roatan
People of Roatan
Garifuna Friends, Rio Esteban Honduras
People of Honduras
Roatan has a mixture of ethnic backgrounds and cultures. The largest ethnic population in Honduras descended from a mixture of Indians and Spanish. Their language is Spanish, which is the national language. This group of Indian and Spanish ancestry is now the largest ethnic group on Roatan.
Roatan was once predominately black. Most of the people of African ancestry on Roatan are English speaking. The Garifuna tribe speaks their native African language of Garifuna and Spanish.
Some Roatan inhabitants descended from settlers from the United States and Europe. The white people that settled on Roatan long ago came from different backgrounds - pirates that plundered settlements and Spanish gold ships, civil war soldiers from the Confederacy that were unwilling to yield to the Union, and plantation holders from other Caribbean islands.
Many islanders are a mix of the three major ethnic groups, and distinctions between ethnic origins are becoming less apparent. |
Prepositions before particular words and expressions
Prepositions are small words, but they are very important ones. The biggest problem most ESL students face in learning English is the inability to use prepositions correctly. Here is a list of some common preposition + noun combinations which often cause problems. Note that this is not an exhaustive list. For information about other preposition + noun combinations, see a good dictionary.
At the cinema; at the theatre; at a party; at university
What is on at the cinema this week?
He met her at a party.
He was my senior at university.
A book by Jane Austen; a painting by Picasso, a concerto by Mozart; a film by Fassbinder
I have read almost everything by Jane Austen.
It is a film directed by Fassbinder.
By car / bike / bus / train / boat / plane / land / sea / air;
Let’s go by car.
But we say: on the bus; on the train; on the flight; on the ship; on foot etc.
There is no room on the bus.
She is arriving on the 6:30 train.
In the end = finally, after a long time
In the end, I got a good job.
At the end = at the point where something stops.
There is a library at the end of the street.
The film is a bit weak at the end.
In pen; in pencil; in ink etc.
Write in ink.
In a picture, photo etc.
She looks really pretty in this photo.
In the rain, snow etc.
He walked in the rain.
In a suit, shirt, skirt, hat, coat etc.
Who is that man in the white shirt?
On page (but in line)
There is a mistake in line 6 on page 18.
On the radio; on TV; on the phone
There is an interesting program on TV tonight.
It’s John on the phone and he wants to talk to you.
On time = at the planned time; neither late nor early
In time = before the last moment
The meeting must start on time.
He would have died if they hadn’t taken him to the hospital in time.
Related posts:
1. IELTS Vocabulary – Idioms and Expressions
2. Useful connecting words
3. Mistakes with prepositions
4. Linking words: anyway; anyhow; at any rate
5. Linking words: on the contrary; on the other hand
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March 20, 2019comment(0)
The Importance Of Dental Health
Dental Health
It is essential for every individual to give more importance to their dental health. By maintaining your dental health properly, you can have a healthy mouth, gums, and teeth. By practicing better dental hygiene, you will be able to enjoy a better quality of life and appearance. You can visit the website of City Place Dental to find out the options for improving your dental health. You can read the full list here of benefits of great oral health by check the link given here.
You should never hesitate to reach your dentist to look after your dental health. Prevention is always better than cure. Don’t wait for some dreadful disease or condition to attack your teeth or gum. Regularly visit your dentist to find out whether your dental health is alright. There are three types of dental specialists, namely: periodontist, orthodontist and oral surgeons.
The alignment of the teeth is very important. When the teeth are not properly aligned, you may find it difficult to chew the foods. In the worst case, you will suffer from severe pain, when you are unable to chew the food. This condition can be rectified by corrective or cosmetic dental procedures, which are usually expensive and time-consuming.
Cavities are nothing but a decay of tooth caused due to bacteria and harmful microbes when left unattended, the decay can happen deep to affect the enamel and root of the tooth. Cavities can cause significant pain when eating cold liquids or foods.
In most cases, cavities do not show significant symptoms during the initial stage. The symptoms like pain can be felt only after the tooth has decayed significantly. The tooth decays can be rectified easily during the early stages.
The modern dental technology has become so advanced that it is possible to diagnose and treat the early stage decay quickly and effectively. The early stage of the cavity can be corrected through the filling procedure, which is less painful.
Gum problems are caused due to poor oral health. Periodontal disease or gum problems, when not treated at the earliest, can lead to bleeding, loss of teeth, infections and various complications.
Apart from above-discussed complications, various studies say that periodontal disease can cause other serious health complications such as diabetes, stroke, heart disease, and respiratory problems.
Good dental hygiene includes daily maintenance (brushing and flossing twice a day) and the periodical visit to the dentist. People with misaligned jaws, crooked teeth, and other similar problems can benefit from orthodontic procedures such as Invisalign, braces, etc.
Only an expert dentist can recommend the right procedures for your dental condition. Depending on the severity and complications, the dentist might take one or more visits to correct the abnormality. Orthodontic procedures not only enhance your look but also improve your ability to chew and bite the food.
You should also be careful in choosing your food. Chocolates, soda, and other sugary foods can increase the chances of dental diseases. Dental health is equally important like our mental health and physical health. With sound dental health, you will be able to face your daily life with great confidence.
March 12, 2019comment(0)
Selecting The Suitable Snow Removal Contractor
Snow Removal Contractor
If you live in Canada or any other place that experience heavy snowfall, then you need the service of a reliable snow removal contractor. Snow is one of the main reasons for health and property damage. Keeping your property clear out of snow will ensure that safety of you, your family and anyone visiting your property. You may visit the website of CF Landscaping to find out the ideal solution for snow removal. Shopping for snow removal contractor for the first time can be very confusing. You can check the Internet For more Info and ideas for finding the right contractor.
Before signing a contract snowfall removal contractor, you should ask some critical questions to ensure that he is a skilled and reliable one.
License and Insurance
Contractors are required to obtain license and insurance, according to the law. Hiring someone, who is not either licensed or have insured can be very risky. You have to keep in mind that snow removal is a tough job can it can be life-threatening. Licensed contractor is someone, who has undergone rigorous training and has cleared exams conducted by the regulatory body, and hence they are more reliable than others. Hiring someone with insurance keeps you away from the possible financial liabilities if any damage to property or health happens when carrying out the snow removal work.
Policies And Procedures
Before signing the contract, make sure to ask and be thorough of their policies and procedures. By knowing this, you will know where the snow will be piled, working hours, precautionary measures, liabilities of the clients, etc.
You should know beforehand, the list of services offered for the price you pay. Does the cost cover for just a single time know removal or periodical snow removal? Does plan include snow removal in walkways, sideways and parking space?
Communication plan
It may not be possible for the contractor to arrive in your site on the agreed time due to unexpected factors like a snowstorm and other natural calamities. In such a case, you should be informed about the postponed schedule for snow removal. A contractor with a good communication channel can be contacted easily during unexpected scenarios.
Customers Opinion
You can ask the potential contractor to give the contact numbers of your recent or current customers to get their opinion. Talk to their customers and if possible visit their site to see how clean the area is. This will really help whether the potential contractor is really efficient.
Nowadays, almost all the businesses have their own website that provides information such as contact number, working hours, etc. You can know the professional approach of the contractors by looking into their website.
When it comes to snow removal, it is better to hire a professional service rather than doing it on your own. As said earlier, snow removal is one of the toughest jobs. A professional service will use advanced/sophisticated tools and take proper safety precautionary to ensure safe and quick snow removal. This is the reason why you should never hesitate hiring a professional service for removal in your property.
January 18, 2019comment(0)
The Perfect Session At The Dentist’s
Think of the dentist, and people are usually worried about what a meeting with the dentist is going to be like. For some reason, people go to the dentist only when they have to, and their dental situation is quite bad. If you are looking for dentists in Toronto, all you have to do is visit You can find out more here. There are some great places to see if you are looking for a trustworthy place to visit if you are having trouble with your tooth. There is more here if you are looking for an in-depth insight into what kind of services that are being offered. Usually, people are incredibly uncomfortable with going to the dentists. They avoid a session with the dentist as much as possible, because they find it somewhat discomforting. But the fact is that dentists are an essential part of maintaining your dental health and taking care of any problem that you might have with your teeth.
Worried About Your Toothache?
Many people visit the dentist only at the last minute when they have to go because they have to take care of their tooth problems such as dental decay, cavities or a toothache. Whether it about filling a cavity, or getting a root canal done or even getting an orthodontic treatment, dentists have a vital role to play. The way of life of most people is such that they hardly bother to care about their dental hygiene. They barely bother to brush thoroughly, and many have what is known as the sweet tooth (having a liking for chocolates and candies). All this results in bad dental hygiene and many people end up with a toothache or cavities, and they are forced to visit the dentist at some point. The fact is that as far as dentists are concerned, it is always better to remember the golden rule that it is better to be safe than sorry, instead of opting for a situation of better late than never.
January 29, 2018comment(0)
What Are Lawsuit Loans?
Benefits of lawsuit loan
Lawsuit loan process
· The money is transferred to your account within 48 hours.
Automotive Consulting
January 18, 2018comment(0)
Advantages Of Collision Damage Waiver
Car Vs Bike
October 15, 2017comment(0)
A Guide On How To Choose The Right Car For You
A new car is always an exciting addition to your life and buying it is a great experience. Though many love the whole car buying process, there are others who find it a challenge not only because it is a big-ticket purchase but also due to the variety of options at disposal. Apart from the model and manufacturer, there are choices that you need to make on buying a new or old, petrol or diesel, electric or hybrid, etc.
Below is a guide on how to choose the right car based on your needs.
New vs. Old: The first decision you need to take is whether you want to buy a new or an old one depending on the budget. Though both have benefits, purchasing a new car means a peace of mind with warranty from a manufacturer whereas a used car means you are investing lesser, but you need to look for a vehicle which depreciates slowly. Also, in the long run, you may lose money for repairs and also due to the depreciation of cars.
Buying a used car also has a lot of advantages especially if you buy a car which is a few years old and you get a relatively new car at a much lower price than the new one. Ensure you buy a used car at manufacture approved places which provide manufacturer’s warranty on the car.
Petrol or diesel: The next important decision is whether you want to buy petrol or a diesel variant. There are some cars which are available in a specific option only while other models come in both petrol and diesel variants. Any variety slowly picking up with people is hybrid and electric models for people who do a lot of city driving.
Decide on the fuel variant based on the distance you travel daily. A petrol version is best if you travel less. The initial cost of a petrol engine car is less, but the fuel cost is more when compared to diesel cars. Whereas a diesel engine car has a lot of fuel savings, but the diesel car cost is expensive compared to petrol. Another thing to note is that a diesel engine car should not be bought if you are not travelling a lot. A hybrid vehicle is also an excellent choice if you want to have lower emissions.
Body style: Deciding on the body style is quite a challenge as you have a lot of choices. The style of your car should be based on the size of the vehicle you need for your travel and the shape that looks good to you. Next to consider is the purpose of the car, if you have a family with kids, an SUV is a good bet as it is easier to get them into and out of the car. If you are a person, who moves a lot of stuff around look for vehicles which have a good boot space and foldable seats. Decide on what features you want in the car like navigation, parking sensors, entertainment systems, etc.
Automotive Consulting
July 9, 2017comment(0)
A Guide To The Different Car Body Styles
Buying a car today is not a simple process as there is a vast number of car manufacturers providing numerous version. Choosing that right vehicle for you can turn out to be tiring instead of exciting, especially if this is your first car. Apart from the style, there are several other factors to be considered as the price, fuel variants, mileage, payment options, etc. But the most critical decision is the body style of the car.
There are many factors which decide the style and size of the car, the first being the budget. Lifestyle and family needs are also important to figure out the style of the vehicle you should purchase. For example, if you have a family with kids then you should have a car which can accommodate them along with the car seats. If the vehicle is to commute to work in the city, then a small sized one should be considered. However, given the number of cars and the acronyms used for describing the style it is confusing to conclude what style to buy. Here is a list of standard styles available in the market.
City Cars: These are the smallest in size as it is designed for use in cities. The back of the car is short and is very easy to drive to the town. Parking and moving around the streets is easy as the steering is light. The disadvantage of this car is lack of space in the boot.
Hatchback: This car is usually called a family car. For a vehicle to be named as a hatchback, a single unit comprising of the lid of the boot and the windscreen at the back should be present. There are hatchbacks which is a good passenger car but does not have enough space and some with enough space but less comfortable for passengers. There are very few hatchbacks which have both enough storage space and comfort for passengers.
Superminis: This style lies between a hatchback and a city car. They are smaller than the hatchback but bigger than a city car. It can have enough storage space along with space for four passengers. The USP of this car is that it offers a lot of both as it can swiftly maneuver in city streets but also can carry cargo in its trunk.
MPVs: These multi-purpose vehicles are appealing to buyers with family due to space. These cars are usually seven seater cars with enough boot space for luggage. The rear seats can be folded flat give more space for luggage. With a good mileage and a car like a drive, this is convenient for a large family but is expensive.
SUV’s: SUV’s are cars which provide more storage capacity and are big on power. Unlike other types of rugged vehicles, the driving experience is quite smooth depending on the road type. They are very easy and comfortable to drive on city roads and provide stability when driving on expressways. If you are looking for something which is best of both, then this can be a good choice, though it does not match the ruggedness needed for off-roading.
Automotive Consulting
Car Vs Bike
June 27, 2017comment(0)
Electric car vs bike: Citroen Survolt vs Agni Z2 |
How Do Blood Clots Lead to Stroke?
Blood clots are the cause of the vast majority of strokes. While there are several different factors that can influence your risk of developing a blood clot that could eventually trigger a stroke, long car or plane journeys that people take during the summer can be among the causes. If you or someone you know experiences stroke symptoms, get emergency care right away. Here are the facts you need to know about the link between blood clots and strokes.
Blood Clot Basics
Blood clots are coagulated clumps of blood. They form to stop bleeding when you have an injury, but sometimes, they also occur in the blood vessels where they are not needed. These kinds of clots slow or stop blood flow, starving whatever region of the body that vessel supplies of the oxygen it needs. High cholesterol, smoking, and high blood pressure increase the risk of blood clots. Patients also have a greater chance of getting a blood clot while they are recovering from surgery. As emergency care physician Natalie Shum, MD, of West Hills Hospital explains in this video , sitting for long periods, such as during a car trip or plane ride, also boosts the risk of blood clots.
Blood Clots and Stroke
Ischemic strokes—those caused by blood clots—account for about 87 percent of strokes, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . During an ischemic stroke, a blood clot partially or completely blocks a blood vessel in the brain. This starves the brain of oxygen, causing the stroke. The longer the vessel is blocked, the more brain tissue will die. Getting emergency care to dissolve the clot is crucial to prevent long-term complications.
Blood Clot Prevention
Maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and eating a healthy diet will reduce many blood clot risk factors. During a long trip, make stops to stretch and walk around or walk up and down the plane aisle.
At West Hills Hospital, our emergency care providers and neurology team can provide high-quality stroke care during the critical onset stage and throughout recovery. Call us at (818) 676-4321 for more information about emergency care in West Hills and the rest of our hospital services.
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This post was written by Matthew Clark
Whether to allow ESL students to use their first language (L1) in the foreign language classroom often sparks quite fiery debate. While some argue that allowing the L1 prevents learners from developing fluency in the target language, others see many reasons for the inclusion of L1 in classroom tasks.
While the decision to include or exclude the L1 may depend on any number of factors (instructor beliefs, school policy, political environment, customer wishes, etc.), it is valuable to at least consider the uses of the mother tongue.
1. Perhaps the most common usage of the native language is to introduce or confirm the meaning of a new target language item. This is particularly handy when the word that is causing difficulty is not entirely relevant to the core content of the lesson. Rather than digressing from the topic or completely dismissing the student’s question, a teacher or fellow student can provide a quick translation, and the class can proceed.
2. Teachers may also use the L1 to set up a task. If the students’ level of English comprehension is not high enough to grasp the directions, the entire activity will fall apart and students will not be able to practice the target language.
3. Strategy instruction can be just as valuable as language instruction. Again, if students are not proficient enough in English to understand the discussion of study skills, much time and energy can be wasted trying to explain.
4. As teachers, we require feedback from our students on the lessons. Students will likely feel more comfortable giving feedback in their native language. Additionally, their feedback will be more accurate and detailed than if they were to required to use a language in which they possess a limited capacity.
5. For those interested in second language acquisition theory, I suggest researching the Revised Hierarchical Model and Bilingual Interactive Activation Model. Both suggest that L2 conceptual processing is facilitated by the L1, as well as activation of the L1 during L2 use.
6. Finally, even if teachers firmly believe in the exclusive use of the target language, they may want to justify this approach to the students using the L1. |
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Date of Original Version
Aim: Natural range expansions and human‐mediated colonizations usually involve a small number of individuals that establish new populations in novel habitats. In both cases, founders carry only a fraction of the total genetic variation of the source populations. Here, we used native and non‐native populations of the green anole, Anolis carolinensis, to compare the current distribution of genetic variation in populations shaped by natural range expansion and human‐mediated colonization.
Location: North America, Hawaiian Islands, Western Pacific Islands.
Methods: We analysed 401 mtDNA haplotypes to infer the colonization history of A. carolinensis on nine islands in the Pacific Ocean. We then genotyped 576 individuals at seven microsatellite loci to assess the levels of genetic diversity and population genetic differentiation for both the native and non‐native ranges.
Results: Our findings support two separate introductions to the Hawaiian Islands and several western Pacific islands, with subsequent colonizations within each region following a stepping‐stone model. Genetic diversity at neutral markers was significantly lower in the non‐native range because of founder effects, which also contributed to the increased population genetic differentiation among the non‐native regions. In contrast, a steady reduction in genetic diversity with increasing distance from the ancestral population was observed in the native range following range expansion.
Main conclusions: Range expansions cause serial founder events that are the spatial analogue of genetic drift, producing a pattern of isolation‐by‐distance in the native range of the species. In human‐mediated colonizations, after an initial loss of genetic diversity, founder effects appear to persist, resulting in overall high genetic differentiation among non‐native regions but an absence of isolation‐by‐distance. Contrasting the processes influencing the amount and structuring of genetic variability during natural range expansion and human‐mediated biological invasions can shed new light on the fate of natural populations exposed to novel and changing environments. |
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(1) What springs to mind when you hear the word ‘Easter?
(2) What is Easter?
(3) According to the Christian religion, Easter is a more important holiday than Christmas. Why to you think this is so?
(4) How do people spend Easter in your country?
(5) What are the traditional Easter dishes in your country?
(6) How do people prepare for Easter?
(7) What more would you like to know about Easter?
(8) Are there any special rituals performed right before or after Easter?
(9) Have you ever spent Easter in another country? Would you like to?
(10) "Easter tells us that life is to be interpreted not simply in terms of things but in terms of ideals." What do you think this quote means?
(1) Should Easter be at the same time / on the same date every year?
(2) What do you like and dislike about Easter?
(3) What's the symbolism of the Easter bunny and Easter eggs?
(4) What is the meaning of Ash Wednesday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday?
(5) What do people in your country do on Easter Monday?
(6) Do you prefer Easter or Christmas?
(7) There would be no Christmas if there was no Easter. Do you agree?
(8) Is Easter less commercial than Christmas? Why (not)?
(9) Someone once said: "The resurrection gives my life meaning and direction and the opportunity to start over no matter what my circumstances." What do you think this means?
(10) Do you think that people will stop celebrating Easter one day?
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Richard Rothstein
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Cloning: Definition, types and stemm cell research
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Obama about Abortion, Same Sex Marriage and Stem Cell Research In the following pages I will explain president Barack Obama’s thoughts about Abortion, Same Sex Marriage and Stem Cell Research, beginning with abortion. Obama is, other than Governor Mitt Romney, pro-choice. That means he thinks the women should have the choice if they want to be pregnant and be liable for a child or not. His opinion is that it’s the woman’s right to choose what happens her own body, and if they don’t want to have a child they shouldn’t be forced to keep it. He…
Cloning: Definition, types and stemm cell research
Table of contents:
1. Definiton of clones
2. 3 types of cloning
3. Stem cell research , Definition of Stem cells, iPS cells
What are clones?
-Clones are defined by having identical genetic material. That means their sequence of bases in their DNA is exactly the same. A DNA consists out of 4 bases.
Twins are an example for being clones, because they do have exactly the same DNA.
Another example is a Bacterium. It can clone/ replicate himself and is used in science.
The 3 types of cloning:
It is especially used for one of the 3 types of cloning – the Recombinant DNA Technology
-To make use of this technique, scientists take a DNA fragment containing the gene, they want to clone.
-Then they connect the gene with a cloning vector (transport medium) in the lab.
-They both form a "recombinant DNA molecule."
-Now you introduce it into suitable host cells, in this case a bacterium. As we already heard a bacterium can replicate himself and the gene you want to clone is replicated with.
~The next topic is the Reproductive Cloning, as you already can see in the background Dolly the sheep is cloned by this technique
Dolly the sheep:
Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned. A group of scientist at the Roslin Institute in Scotland cloned the sheep, which was born on 5th July in 1996.
Reproductive Cloning:
So how did they manage it to clone Dolly?
-The Reproductive Cloning process begins by removing the nucleus, which contains the genetic material, from the egg cell.
-Then they used electric shocks to fuse with one egg cell, whose nucleus is removed.
-Now you have “Fused Egg Cell”, which they inserted into a different sheep after cell division has started, the host mother.
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The 3 types of cloning2:
Let’s sum up what we’ve learned other the two cloning process.
-Recombinant DNA Technology means the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid.
-And the Reproductive Cloning process starts by the transfer of genetic material to an egg with no nucleus. Then the egg gets stimulated which causes cell division. After that the cloned embryo is transferred to a female host, which carries out the fetus.
~The last type of cloning is Therapeutic Cloning, which is used in research. Therefore you extract stem Cells from embryos, which get destroyed by this process.
Therapeutic Cloning:
-The idea behind this is to use the stem cells to grow genetically matched tissue or even whole organs to replace anything that has been damaged by disease or accident
-But in order to get the versatile stem cells, the embryos they are taken from get destroyed. That means you kill a potential human live. This ethical problem has been discussed all other the world and at the end of the lesson we can also debate on this topic.
Stem cells:
Stem cells contain the genetic material from which we are built and they can turn themselves into any type of cell in the body. But the most versatile, the most useful stem cells, which are called ES cells, are in the embryo. This leads us to the ethical problem, which a Japanese scientist tried to solve.
iPS cells:
In 2007 Shinya Yamanaka discovered iPS cells, which are very close to the stem cells from the embryos. For creating iPS cells, eggs are not needed so no embryo gets destroyed and for the research they are as useful as the stem cells. Another advantage is that they can be produce in an indefinite number.
iPS cells2:
So what can a scientist do with iPS cells?
-iPS cells can be used for stopping a disease by creating iPS cells from patients with genetic diseases, reprogramming them to an iPS cell state, watching which genes go wrong and finding a way to stop the disease in their tracks
-iPS cells can also be used to grow new tissue and organs, which can replace diseased ones.
But it can happen that the body’s immune system attacks the new organs. iPS cells can also be used to modulate the body’s immune system that it doesn’t attack the new organs.
Nevertheless this process of growing matched tissue is very expansive. That it worked shows us an article about a young girl, which we are now going to work on.
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How to keep yourself safe when it comes to cyber security
On the internet, everyone can be a target for scams. One in four people have experienced identity theft, according to a report by Gallup.
January 28 is Data Privacy Day, so we’ve collected tips from the experts on how to keep yourself safe from cyber-crime.
How to browse
When you’re on the move it can be hard to put the phone down. However, there are times where you should be careful about what you do online. Unsecured Wi-Fi networks expose your private information and browsing history. Only bank and shop from your own device on a network you can trust. That means don’t shop on Amazon using the Starbucks WiFi. Public WiFi can be accessed by hackers and eavesdroppers.
Also make sure to occasionally clear your cookies. Cookies store your personal information on the internet. This auto-fills login information, saves shopping carts, and allows easy browsing. Unfortunately the convenience of cookies makes them risky. The personal information stored in your cookies can be stolen. Clearing your cookies trades convenient browsing for extra security.
VPN- What are they and why do you need one?
A virtual private network (VPN) creates a private network from a public internet connection. VPNs mask your IP address so your online actions are virtually untraceable. Most important, VPNs establish secure and encrypted connections to provide greater privacy than even a secured Wi-Fi hot spot. Surfing the web on an unsecured network opens up your private information to anyone who knows how to access it. VPNs protect the information you access with your device.
There are lots of VPNs on the market. Different services work better for different people, so do your research to find what fits you.
Phishing scams
Con artists thrive on the internet. Phishing scams come from emails, pop-up ads, and phone calls. Their goal is to collect banking information, credit card numbers, usernames, passwords, and more private information. Phishing scams pretend to come from reliable sources and use threats or coercion to get their victims to take the bait.
Email phishing scams appear to come from a trusted person or company. They generally include a link to a fake website which is designed to mimic a legitimate business. To protect yourself against phishing scams don’t click any links or download attachments from suspicious emails. Also pay attention to the small details. Phishers often use legitimate company logos and realistic email addresses. Any misspelled or spoofed email addresses may indicate a phishing scam.
Phishers also make cold calls pretending to be tech support claiming you have malware on your computer. When you recieve a call like this look up the number and tell them you will call back. Under no circumstances allow them to have remote access to your computer.
Phishers also use pop-up ads and fake search results to trick web-surfers into clicking links. Good anti-virus software will protect you from most of these types of scams, but still be careful when clicking on pop up ads or search results. Look for poor spelling, unprofessional images, and deals that seem too good to be true.
Take this phishing quiz to see if you recognize a legitimate website.
Extra tips
Back up your data and make sure your anti-virus software is up to date. Anti-virus software protects you from malware and Trojan viruses. They need to be updated so hackers can’t design new viruses around outdated software.
Use strong passwords and find a secure way to store them. Strong passwords include random capitol letters, numbers, and a variety of symbols. Don’t use the same password for all your accounts. If one website is compromised by hackers they’ll have access to everything using the same password. It may be easy for you to remember your childhood pet, but after one slip-up anyone can know your password is PatchesthePoodle2. Make sure to use a variety of passwords.
Do not leave your devices unattended. It only takes a few minutes for someone walking by to get in to a system. Additionally, flash drives should be kept safe. Its possible to load a flash drive with viruses that steal your information.
Be careful what you share on social media. Just by looking through Facebook someone can see your workplace, home address, phone number, mother’s maiden name, or when you’re on vacation. Criminals can use small details to find out more sensitive information.
Finally, if you receive an email from a Nigerian prince, ignore it. Nigeria is a democracy and doesn’t have princes.
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Heartworm Disease in Dogs and Cats
As the weather becomes warmer and mosquitoes begin to appear, each and every dog and cat owner (yes I did say cat owner) should become concerned about a very easily transmissible, potentially fatal, blood born parasitic infestation known as heartworm disease.
I will begin by discussing canine heartworm disease and return to a discussion of information specific to the cat at the end of the article. Cat owners are advised not skip to the end of the article because most of what I say about heartworm disease in dogs also pertains to cats. When a dog gets bitten by a mosquito carrying heartworms, it usually takes a minimum of 5 months before there is evidence of the heartworm larvae in the dog’s blood, however, outward signs of the disease may take far longer to become obvious and, in fact, may never be outwardly detectable in those dogs with mild infestations. Dogs with just a few worms in their heart may live a normal life, however, dogs with a more abundant worm load may eventually develop a cough and then fatal respiratory distress. The point to be made here is that prevention and/or early detection is the answer to protecting your dog and your neighbor’s dog from heartworm disease. If you wait until your dog is showing signs of illness before you see your veterinarian you may have waited too long.
When a mosquito bites a heartworm infested dog it sucks blood which contains the microscopic heartworm larva. When the mosquito then bites another animal, these larva are regurgitated into the unsuspecting victim. These larva start growing in the new host animal and over the next 5-7 months may reach 14 inches in length and may number as high as 50 or 60 worms. Heartworms in dogs are most often found in the heart proper and in the large vessels entering and exiting the heart where they reduce blood flow through the lungs and liver. Because Heartworm disease is so easily transmitted, every dog , whether kept inside or out, should be blood tested yearly for the disease. Dogs which are confined to their backyard, with no dogs for blocks around, can still easily contract heartworm disease. Even dogs kept inside 95% of the time are at risk because mosquitoes readily enter houses. Dogs with thick hair coats, such as Samoyed and Malamutes, are in no way adequately protected from the bite of infected mosquitoes. Heartworm testing helps veterinarians to identify Heartworm infected dogs in the early stages of the disease before obvious symptoms appear and before the disease spreads to other neighborhood dogs. If the disease is detected early, the chance for successful treatment is greatly enhanced. With the exception of young pups, any dog that is to be put on Heartworm preventive should be blood tested yearly and found free of heartworms before preventive medicine can be dispensed by a veterinarian. Owners that elect not to give their pet heartworm preventive should have their unprotected dog heartworm tested semi-annually. By checking these pets every 6 months an infected animal will be detected at the earliest possible time.
Although the incidence of heartworm disease in cats is much less than dogs, if a cat contracts heartworm disease there is no safe medical treatment like there is in dogs, and the disease is much more likely to prove fatal. Furthermore, a single heartworm can produce a fatal vascular obstruction in a cat compared to the need for 25 or 30 worms in a dog. Consequently, a cat that contracts heartworms is much more likely to die from this disease than is a dog. For these 2 reasons Heartworm prevention becomes even more important for cats than dogs.
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Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Power Plants in our Country and World
Our country's goal is to have 1 trillion dollar national income, 500 billion dollars exportation, 25.000 dollars national per capita income and to be one of the world's top 10 economies by 2023. When we review the energy sources, which are locomotives of the economy, it is seen that our external energy dependency is almost 75%. On the other hand, our country has the second highest electricity demand after China and also it is in the first place in Europe. In this framework, we have to get the most of domestic and renewable energy sources, as well as have to include the energy that to-be generated via nuclear power plants in our energy portfolio. Our country has been planning to commission the 2 nuclear power plants and also to start the construction of the third one by 2023.
Nuclear power plants are base-load power plants and are able to operate continuously regardless of climate and meteorological conditions. Besides, while the capacity factor of nuclear power plants is about 90%, the operating life is 60 years in the next generation nuclear power plants. It is also very advantageous in terms of environmental impact as it does not emit greenhouse gases in operation and requires much smaller areas than other power plants as installation area.
As of July 2018, 453 nuclear power plants operates in 31 countries around the World and construction of 57 nuclear power plants continues in 17 countries. Even the countries that have rich oil and natural gas reserves utilize nuclear energy to generate electricity.
Nuclear power plants are not only electricity generation facilities, but also provide vital contributions on employment, human resources, technology and as well as many other fields.
There would be 10.000 people employed in site when the construction of nuclear power plant peaks, and 3500-400 people in operation phase. The human resource quality related to nuclear in plant operator, related public establishments and universities have been improved and technological experience about civil nuclear technology and many other fields have been enhanced. |
What is Colorimetry and How Can it Help My Child?
Colorimetry is used to accurately prescribe tinted lenses to help people who have trouble reading because of visual perception problems: For some people, specific colours can be very effective in reducing visual stress. Prior to colorimetry, people often start using coloured overlays to assess the effectivity of using colour to help with reading. When found successful then colorimetry could be advised.
What is Visual Stress?
Visual stress, sometimes called scotopic sensitivity or Meares-Irlen Syndrome, is a sensitivity to visual patterns: This can cause visual perceptual problems which interfere with reading. People who suffer from visual stress may have otherwise normal vision, but they see text as appearing to move, blur or fall off the page. Some report that trying to read black text on a white background is like staring at a stripy shirt or the lines on escalator steps, which can also cause similar symptoms, particularly if the spacing between lines of text is equal to the text size.
The Symptoms of Visual Stress
Patients with visual stress often report the following types of symptoms:
What is Colorimetry and How Does it Help?
Research has shown that specific colours may link to different areas of the brain that are responding to the stress caused by the patterns seen in text. For those patients finding reading challenging we use tinted overlays over text to see if their symptoms are reduced with any specific colour.
From our own clinical experience here at MSTC we know that green colours link strongly with eye movement control problems – particularly focussing and convergence issues – so we always make sure that any visual problems that can be treated by exercises, are considered first.
Often coloured overlays can be found which allows the patient to read more fluently and accurately; sometimes a combination of two colours gives the best effect. The overlays will then be used over a period of time to ensure the effects are significant enough to prescribe specifically tinted spectacles, and that any other causative visual problems have been corrected first.
The Benefits of Tinted Lenses
Overlays are useful tools but are limited to set colours. This means when two colours are combined to find the right colour for an individual, the new colour is inevitably darker. That colour may be very helpful, but a lighter version may be even better. With precision tinted lenses we can specify the exact colour and density of colour that is most effective for our patient
Another advantage is that, while overlays can only be used on a book, tinted spectacles can be used to view a computer screen, read an ebook, and copy from the white board in class. Many users of coloured glasses find they also help when writing. Obviously tinted lenses are coloured, which makes them a little conspicuous and occasionally we find that patients are reluctant to use them for this reason: Luckily the benefits are also available in contact lens form!
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What Should Parents Do When Babies Are Choked
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During the introduction of solid foods to babies, choking-related incidents are common. Choking occurs when something blocks the airways partially or entirely making breathing difficult. In particularly, baby choking while feeding is mostly caused by large solid particles in the puree that is difficult for the baby to swallow.
Introducing the wrong puree to the baby, dependent on their age, may make swallowing the food difficult for the baby hence causing choking.
In the event of a baby choking, first aid should be administered immediately by the parent or caregiver. First perform back blows. Lay the toddler face down on your thighs with the bottom higher than the head while holding the child's jaw with your hand to support the head. Proceed to hit them firmly in the area between the shoulder blades using the heel of your hand up to five times.
If the back blows do not work to dislodge the food causing choking try chest thrusts. Turn the baby so that they face upwards. Using two fingers, place them in the middle of their chest; this is just below the two nipples and pushes downwards sharply up-to five times.
For older children, the Heimlich Maneuver can be performed. Wrap your arms around the child. Then using one hand make a fist and press the thumb side of the fist against the child's upper abdomen; the area just above the navel but below the rib cage. Grasp your fist with the other hand then firmly press the child’s upper abdomen with a quick upward pressure. Repeat the action until the stuck item is dislodged.
When first aid does not work to relieve the choking, dial emergency numbers and be sure to rush the child to the nearest hospital.
#Advice to avoid choking
To avoid choking, ensure that you create very smooth purees for your baby. This can be achieved by using a good baby food maker that grinds all the ingredients until they are fine.
Great consideration should be made when purchasing a baby food maker to ensure purchase of one that will result in proper baby purees being ground.
Ensure that the baby is weaned into solid foods gradually.
Ryan GoldmanComment |
Teach Yourself Complete German – Audio CDs and Book – Learn to Speak German
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Nutrition Advice That Will Keep You From Getting Down About It
To maintain a healthy way of life, you must eat right. As much as we all would like to become healthier, do we know how to go about doing so? Becoming healthier is much easier than you may think. Use the information provided below, and you will feel and look better soon.
When changing to a nutritional diet and healthier lifestyle, you can always substitute your normal foods with something healthy that is very similar to make the whole process much easier to endure. You need to learn about the foods you’re currently eating, the alternatives, and how to make healthier choices. Restaurants now provide more nutritional information concerning menu choices, so this makes it easier these days on the person eating out.
Aim to consume numerous types of protein every single week. Mix up the meats that you eat to include fish and poultry. Use eggs for protein. Researchers have learned that one egg a day has no negative effect on health. For one day of each week, why not try skipping meat? Instead of meat, use peanut butter, seeds, nuts, peas and beans in your meals.
If you want your body to work properly, you must get balanced nutrition. A multi-vitamin is a must every day. A health food store should provide you with plenty of supplement options. If you are older, you should get vitamins that fit your age. Make sure you take your supplement according to the directions on the bottle.
Always eat in moderation when you are deciding on a meal plan. When you eat too much, you are providing your body with too many nutrients, making you gain weight and feel uncomfortable. This is damaging to your health because it reduces your internal functional processing.
Red Meat
Are you trying to lower your consumption of red meat? Consider using red meat as a condiment. It can be great for adding flavor and interest to dishes made predominately of grains or vegetables. This practice is well-known in Eastern countries which have heart-healthy diets compared to the West.
You should eat plenty of foods rich in calcium. Such foods include milk, cheese, dark green leafy vegetables, sardines, dried beans, soya milk, and nuts. Calcium helps your body maintain good bone health. Not getting enough calcium can cause you to develop a weak bone disorder referred to as osteoporosis. This disorder can cause a lot of pain, and cause your bones to turn soft and brittle.
Healthy eaters want to have a good dessert too. You can make healthy and satisfying sweets if you know how. Yogurt is a great dessert and it can be accentuated with all sorts of fresh fruits, tasty nuts or other toppers. You can also serve graham crackers with your yogurt to enhance the flavor and textures.
Eat less red meat, poultry and pork and instead having some seafood every once in a while may serve great benefits to your body. Fish has omega-3 fatty acids, this healthy fat is beneficial to the cardiovascular and circulatory systems. There are so many types of fish, each with a different taste and texture.
Make a vegetable pizza to get everyone smiling. Buy the toppings that everyone loves, like pepperoni, sausage and cheese, but add in tomatoes, olives, and even broccoli. Do not let them pick at the pizza.
Healthiness is easy and possible for all. Proper nutrition is vital to good health and the food you eat is sure to have a huge impact on your overall sense of health. Following even one or two of these tips should give you an excellent head start. |
ВЫШЕICON. V.V.Bychkov.
Enciclopedia of Aesthetics, ed. M.Kelly. Vol.2. N.Y.-Oxford, 1998. Pp. 448-450
ICON (from the Greek εικων - image, representation) is one of the main phenomena of the Orthodox, and in particular Russian Orthodox, culture. It plays an important part in the Orthodox religious aesthetic consciousness, being also one of the main categories of Russian religious aesthetics. The icon emerges as a ritual image during the early Byzantine period (4-6th c.) and acquires its classical form in Byzantium in the 9-11th c., after the final victory of iconolatry, and later in the medieval Rus in the 14-15th c. The high significance of the icon for the Orthodox mentality is marked by a special church feast in honour of the victory of iconolatry which is styled the 'Triumph of Orthodoxy' and is celebrated by the Church since 843 on the first Sunday of Lent.
In Byzantium, the main contribution to the theory of the icon (= image, symbol) has been made by pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, John of Damascus, the Fathers of the 7th Ecumenical Council (787), patriarch Nikephoros, and Theodore of Stoudios. In the medieval Rus, their ideas are eagerly received and interpreted (sometimes in quite opposite ways) by Iosif Volotsky, Maxim Grek, Zinovij Otensky, hegumen Artemij, the participants of the Church councils of 1551 (Stoglav) and 1554, deacon Ivan Viskovaty, Evfimij Chudovsky, archpriest (protopop) Avvakum, Simon Ushakov, Iosif Vladimirov, Simeon Polotsky, and other thinkers and icon-painters. The work of many centuries in the area of theology, metaphysics, and aesthetics of the icon in the Orthodox regions is summed up by the Russian religious thinkers of c.1900-1930 E.Trubetskoy, P.Florensky, S. Bulgakov. In the whole, there exists, at the present time, a rather complex, many-faceted theory of the icon which reflects the essence of this indescribable phenomenon of Orthodox aesthetics.
For the Orthodox mentality, the icon is first of all a narrative about the events of the Sacred history, or a life of a Saint in pictures (using the phrase of Basil the Great that has become a theological formula of a kind, a 'book for the illiterate'), i.e., in fact, a realistic representation, or an illustration. Here, the expressive-psychological function of the icon comes to the foreground - not only it tells about the events of old times, but also arouses a whole gamut of emotions in the beholder: compassion, pity, affection, admiration etc., and consequently a desire to imitate the represented personages. Hence the moral function of the icon: the arousal of feelings of love and compassion in the beholder, the softening of human souls which have sunk into daily hassles and hardened. Therefore the icon is the expression and carrier of the main moral principle of Christianity: humanism, the all-embracing love for men, as a consequence of God's love for them and their love for God.
The icon is also a beautiful colourful image which serves, with its bright colours, as an ornament for the church and brings spiritual joy to the beholders. 'The colour of painting', John of Damascus writes about church art, 'draws me towards contemplation and, delighting my sight as a meadow, pours the glory of God into my soul'.
The icon is a story in images: however, it is not a story about the events of daily life, but of events unique, miraculous, and significant - in that or another way - for the whole of the humankind. Therefore it contains nothing contingent, transient or insignificant: it is a generalized, laconic image. Moreover, the icon is the a-temporal eidos of an event that has taken place in history, or of a concrete historical person. It is the everlasting countenance of the latter, or that visual image in which he has been devised by the Creator, and which he has lost as a result of the Fall, but which he must regain again after his resurrection from the dead (or even in this life, as it happened to some renowned ascetics who had transformed their psycho-physical essence in the process of ascetic life).
The icon is an imprint of the Divine seal upon the destiny of humanity. The ultimate example of this Seal, or the main Icon, was God the Word himself who had become flesh. Therefore the icon is his imprint, a materialized copy of his face. Hence follows a particular illusionist, or, as we might say today, photographic character of the icon: for, according to the Church Fathers, it bears witness to the reality and truthfulness of the Incarnation of the divinity. In the canons of the 7th Ecumenical Council it is written that it confirms the ancient tradition of making painted representations of Jesus Christ, for it 'serves as a confirmation of the fact that God the Word has become flesh in truth, and not in appearance'. The icon thus acts as a mirror, or a photographic document, which captures only material objects: if there is a reflection in the mirror, or any other imprint, therefore the material object itself - in this case, the human being in the flesh Jesus Christ - does, or did, really exist.
However, the icon is not a simple representation of the earthly face of historical Jesus which was subject to temporal changes: it is the imprint of the ideal, pre-existent face of the Pantokrator and Saviour. According to Theodore of Stoudios, the icon reveals this face, or the original 'visible image', even more distinctly than the face of historical Jesus Christ himself. The icon, hence, is the symbol. For not only it represents, but also expresses that which hardly yields to representation. In the iconic image of Jesus, who lived and acted almost 2,000 years ago, the spiritual vision of the believer intuits in reality the Person of God become man who possesses two 'joined without conflation' and 'indivisibly divisible' natures - divine and human - which is in principle unattainable for the human intellect, but is manifested to our spirit symbolically through the mediation of the icon.
By pointing to the spiritual phenomena of the celestial world which are beyond representation, the icon uplifts the human mind and spirit to that world, unites it with the latter, allows it to share in the infinite delight of the spiritual creatures that surround the throne of the Lord. The icon, hence, has a contemplative and anagogical function. It is the object of prolonged and deep contemplation that helps to initiate spiritual concentration and leads to meditation and spiritual ascent. The icon depicts the past, present, and future of the Orthodox world. It is by its essence beyond time and space. In the icon, the believer finds eternal spiritual cosmos, the participation in which is the goal of life for a member of the Orthodox community. In the icon, the unity of the heavenly and the earthly, and the communion (sobor) of all creatures before the face of God, is really accomplished. The icon thus is the symbol and embodiment of sobornost (companionship).
The icon is a special kind of symbol. Lifting the spirit of the believer up to the spiritual spheres, the icon not only signifies and expresses the latter, but also quite really presents what it depicts in our transitory world. It is a sacred, or liturgical, symbol which is endowed with power, energy and holiness of the represented personage or event of the Sacred history. The gracious power of the icon rests on the very likeness, or similitude of the image with its archetype (hence, once again, the tendency towards illusionism in icon painting), as well as on the naming, or name, of the icon (hence follows, on the contrary, the conventionality and symbolism of the image). The icon is antinomical in its essence, just as its original divine Archetype: it is the expression of something beyond expression, and the representation of the non-representable. The ancient antithetical archetypes of the mirror, as really presenting its prototype (the Hellenic tradition), and the name, as the carrier of the essence of the named (the Middle East tradition), find in the icon their antinomical unity.
The icon really manifests its prototype. Hence, it must be worshipped and has the ability to work miracles. The believer loves the icon as he would its very archetype, kisses it, worships it as he would the personage that it depicts ('the honour paid to the image extends to the prototype', the Church Fathers believed), and receives spiritual aid from the icon, just as he would from its very archetype. Therefore the icon is an object of prayer. The believer prays before it, just as he would before its archetype, and opens up his soul in trusting confession, supplication, or thanksgiving.
In the icon, the Church Tradition lives in its artistic form. The main carrier of tradition is the iconic canon. It is the canon that preserves, as if in a specific inner norm of artistic process, the main principles, methods and peculiarities of the artistic language of icon painting that have been accumulated as a result of many centuries of spiritual and artistic practice of Orthodoxy. The canon does not impede the creative will of the icon painter, but disciplines it, and facilitates, for the artistic thought, the breakthrough into the spheres of absolute spirituality, as well as the expression of the acquired spiritual experience in the language of icon painting. Hence follows the extreme concentration of artistic and aesthetic means in the icon. The icon is, therefore, an outstanding work of representational art which conveys its deepest spiritual contents by exclusively artistic means: colour, composition, line, and shape. According to Fr. Sergij Bulgakov, the icon embodies, to the ultimate degree of manifested-ness, the 'spiritual, sacred corporeity' (or dukhotelesnost'). The corporeal entelechy, which is the object of intuitive striving for every true art, is realized in the icon most fully and - for the Orthodox mentality - in the best way possible. In the icon, the eternal antinomy of culture between the spiritual and corporeal is eliminated, for it is in the icon (we have in mind the classical examples of the icon from its 'golden age' in Rus around 1400) that spirituality receives its ultimate realization in matter, or in the created world, and reveals to the world its visually perceptible beauty. Finally, all this bears witness to the sophijnost' of the icon. The icon possesses sophijnost' for it contains in itself, in a certain incomprehensible unity, all the things described above, together with many other ineffable essences, which makes clear the involvement of Sophia the Wisdom of God herself in its creation.
Filosofia russkogo religioznogo iskusstva. XVI-XX vv. Antologia (The Philosophy of Russian Religious Art), ed. N.K.Gavryushina, Moscow, 1993; READ
Prince Eugenij Trubetskoy, Tri ocherka o russkoj ikone (Three Essays on the Russian Icon), Moscow, 1991; READ
P.A.Florensky, Ikonostasis, Moscow, 1994;READ
S.N.Bulgakov, Ikona i ikonopochitanie (The Icon and Iconolatry), Paris, 1931; READ
L.A.Ouspensky, Bogoslovie ikony pravoslavnoj Tserkvi (The Theology of the Icon of the Orthodox Church), Paris, 1989; READ
V.V.Bychkov, Malaya istoriya vizantijskoy estetiki (The Concise History of Byzantine Aesthetics), Kiev, 1991;
V.V.Bychkov, Russkaya srednevekovaya estetika. XVI-XVII veka (Medieval Russian Aesthetics), Moscow, 1992;
V.V.Bychkov, Dukhovno-esteticheskiye osnovy russkoj ikony (The Spiritual and Aesthetic Foundations of the Russian Icon), Moscow, 1995;
L.Ouspensky, V.Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, Crestwood, N. Y., 1982.
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What-does.net is your comprehensive online definition dictionary. If you are not sure how to define Ascendency, our website can provide you with the appropriate definition. On this page, you can find what is Ascendency.
Ascendency meaning
ascendency - 2 dictionary results
1. 1. Governing or controlling influence; domination; power.
2. 2. Superior influence.
ascendency - examples of usage
1. How she had acquired such ascendency, I do not pretend to say. - "Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists", Washington Irving.
2. About this time the Scottish borderers seem to have acquired some ascendency over their southern neighbours. - "Minstrelsy of the Scottish border (3rd ed) (1 of 3)", Walter Scott.
3. He supposed that the early lays were of plebeian origin, strongly animated by plebeian sentiment, and familiarly known among the mass of the people; that they disappeared after the ascendency of the new literature, chiefly through the influence of Ennius; and that his immediate predecessor, Naevius, was the last of the genuine native minstrels. - "The Roman Poets of the Republic", W. Y. Sellar.
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Advertisements mislead people
Advertisements mislead people
5 (100%) 1 vote
To start with I would say that people ARE likely to be misled by advertisements, but that does not mean that advertisements deliberately mislead people. Advertisements are a creative and symbolic ways to attract people or to grab their attention, and if the figurative medium—textual, graphical or artistic—is misconstrued, misunderstood, or misinterpreted by people, then the blame lies not on the advertisers, but on the people, who out of ignorance could not see through that creative piece of marketing gimmick.
We have seen symbolic and figurative language in mythological stories, in poetry and in many other forms of art, but since these stories and art forms have been in existence since time immemorial, they have been properly interpreted and understood by people. Similarly, if we are to avoid people getting misled by advertisements, then we must ensure that they are taught to interpret such advertisements not in the literal but in the figurative sense. We should view the hidden message in these advertisements, and take it as suggestive of something different from what we see on the screen.
Moreover, I feel that it would be wrong to censor advertisements, as it might lead to a deliberate suppression of someone’s creativity. Legislators must understand the difference between creative attempt to win someone’s attention and conceited attempt to deliberately misguide someone. In each advertisement, a cautionary message informing the viewers or the readers about the purpose of the advertisement, or a warning note on how to interpret that advertisement would better help the viewers understand and appreciate the purpose of those particular advertisements.
Children are most vulnerable to advertisements that have violence or bizarre and life-threatening theatricals in them; to counter this vulnerability, parents and teachers must take up the responsibility of educating children about the purpose and the illusory effects of such advertisements. By taking these steps, we not only educate people and children on how to interpret such visual phenomena but also encourage the artists in the creative industry to experiment with their ideas and thoughts.
Taking all these points into consideration, I would still demand strong legal measures that discourage companies and advertisers from deliberately hiding information or misrepresenting facts in order to gain any kind of competitive advantage. At the same time, advertisements aimed at the general public must have complete and correct information about the products, their contents, their effects, and side-effects, if any.
Finally, to conclude I would say that we must not be rigid with things that are understood and don’t need much explanation; unnecessary draconian laws won’t do much good; and, instead of solving problems, they would become barriers to business and entertainment.
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Hiv And Aids In Swaziland Essay
1038 words - 5 pages
The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system and eventually leads to its failure which allows opportunistic infections and cancers to be contracted. Today are 34 million HIV positive people worldwide. Of that, over 75 percent live in Africa. The area most infected with the HIV virus is the Sub-Saharan Region, and because of that the average life expectance in that area is less than 50 years of age. Prior to the influence of HIV that number was almost to 70 years of age. ( I could ramble off statistics all day, but you can tell, HIV is a serious problem in africa. No one is quite sure how the virus started, but scientists have been able to narrow its origin down to a specific type of chimpanzee in West Africa. They believe that they the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was somehow transmitted to humans and then it mutated into HIV. It is not known how the virus was introduced to humans, but the most excepted theory is that hunters became exposed to the infected blood of chimps and then introduced to the HIV virus. ( AIDS, which stands for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" is a way of describing a whole group of symptoms and diseases associated with the damage HIV does to the immune system. Here in America, being HIV positive is not necessarily a death sentence because we have drugs that can slow the virus and prevent it from becoming AIDS. In africa though, the needed medicine is vary expensive, and many infected persons might not even know they have the virus! Lack of education and a culture based on having children have made trying to rid Africa of AIDS quite a task, and we not really sure where to start.
As I mentioned, the area most affected by HIV is the Sub-Saharan region of Africa. One country in particular that has been greatly impacted by HIV and AIDS is Swaziland. Swaziland is a small, landlocked country by South Africa. It is no more then 200 squared miles but manages to have a very diverse climate and environment ranging from desert to mountainous. The area has been inhabited sense prehistory and used to belong to the United Kingdom until it became a protectorate after the Anglo-Boer War. About 75 percent of the country practices subsistence farming, and make less then 1.25 USD per day. Swaziland has a monarchy; the current ruler of swaziland is King Mswati II who took the throne in 1986 after the death of his father. Unlike some other countries, education had not been terrible previously in Swaziland. 90% of the population completed the 5th grade in 1990 and 80% complete 8th grade. The literacy rate is
almost 90% (
The population growth is just below 2 percent annually which is almost the same as the worldwide population growth. This is surprising due to the fact that the life expectancy has been cut in half from 62 in 2000 to 32 in 2009. This might...
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Programs like Data+ give Duke students the chance to get “under the hood” and use data science to solve real problems.
Solar power is gaining traction in the United States, but by how much? One group of iiD students has created a sophisticated dataset that can train machines to identify rooftop solar panels in satellite images. In preliminary results, a machine-learning algorithm they developed was able to identify rooftop panels with 90 percent accuracy. These data-powered tools could one day provide accurate estimates of the country’s—and world’s—solar capacity. This would help energy companies, urban planners, and policymakers make better-informed decisions that will take us closer to affordable, accessible clean energy. |
The Americans with Disabilities Act: Do You Know Your Rights?
Do you know the difference in meaning between the terms “handicapped” and “disabled?”
Did you know that prior to a quarter century ago, there weren’t curb cut-outs and blue parking spaces at the grocery store? Automatic doors and accessible restrooms in business places?
This year, the Americans with Disability Act (ADA) celebrates its 25th anniversary. Signed into law on July 26, 1990, these issues and many more were brought into the body of American discourse via ADA guidelines requiring accessibility to public buildings and accommodation of disabled employees in the workplace.
The title provisions cover employment, public transportation, public accommodations, telecommunications, and miscellaneous provisions. Title I requires the employer to provide special equipment among other things so that the employee can meet the requirements of the job. This would include apps for the vision-impaired employee, work station enhancements to facilitate computer and phone use, additional enhancements to the restroom including moving the work station nearer to it, a rest area where the employee can lie down if needed, and many more.
Title I also includes some protections for the employer. For example, if an accommodation would cause the employer undue hardship—meaning the cost is so high as to be prohibitive—then the employer is exempt from implementing that particular accommodation. The ADA also exempts businesses with less than 15 employees from complying with all provisions. Title I also prohibits a prospective employer from discriminating against a job candidate on the basis of a perceived limitation. This kind of bias behooves us to examine the difference between the terms “handicapped” and “disabled.”
A handicap is a perceived shortcoming that can cause able people to deny the disabled person entre into activities, jobs, social situations, clubs, relationships, schools, etc. Its origin is external, imposed on the disabled person and is not necessarily an accurate assessment of that person’s true abilities.
A disability, on the other hand, is evidence-based via testing, the means by which a doctor makes a diagnosis and assessment of that person’s actual limitations.
There is some inconsistency in term use within the legal and medical communities, however. For example, though the Fair Housing Act uses the term handicap in its policies pertaining to disabled people, its description of a handicap is the same as the ADA’s description of disability. In this case it is simply a matter of word choice. We can all agree that the politically correct choice of term is disabled rather than handicapped—much in the same way that the term retarded is now considered quaint, insensitive and pejorative, while the more contemporary term mentally disabled is more acceptable and sounds less demeaning. (see: Difference Between Disability & Handicap)
Title I of the ADA describes which kinds of medical conditions are legally recognized as causing disabilities. The long list of medical conditions that do qualify include: “Deafness, blindness, an intellectual disability (formerly termed mental retardation), partially or completely missing limbs or mobility impairments requiring the use of a wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia.” (See: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990)
It also describes what conditions do not qualify for protection under the ADA guidelines, such as: “. . . kleptomania, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, etc. are excluded under the definition of disability in order to prevent abuse of the statute’s purpose.” Additionally, other specific conditions such as gender identity disorders and illegal drug use are also excluded under the definition of disability.
Other stipulations in place to prevent abuse of the statute include limits on the monetary award a plaintiff can collect in a discrimination lawsuit against an employer. Should a disabled employee win a discrimination case, the ADA does not allow a disabled plaintiff to directly benefit monetarily unless state law allows it. In most cases, the employer must only provide accommodations at the workplace.
In September 2008, President George W. Bush revised the Americans with Disability Act of 1990 to broaden the definition of disability and extend protection to more people. Like any law or act, the ADA is not a static piece of legislation. It is and will continue to be an ever-evolving set of laws that will be amended time and again as both the public consciousness and advancement in technology urge government entities to broaden and redefine what constitutes a workplace, a disability and an accommodation.
Do you know your rights under the ADA? To learn more, please click on the references below.1-4
View Comments (1)
3 years ago
Thank you for the info…I have read the law(because this has been a problem) and am so frustrated because there are specs for public bathroom (height of bars & toilets, width of stall door, even manueverability room) but nothing at all about how do we get in the door of the bathroom itself!! As a person who has to use a walker, the door is very difficult to manuver–how do people in wheelchairs get into the bathroom itself without help?
• Poll |
What Is a Music Producer?
Kevin Ott
music producer watching a band playing
The music industry is often bewildering. This is especially true when you peruse album credits, trying to figure out who's who. Today's pop culture is filled with recording artists who do a little producing and producers who do a little recording artistry. While things get hopelessly blurred at times, there is a basic role that a music producer must always play.
What Do Music Producers Do?
A music producer prepares and supervises an artist's time in the recording studio and oversees the technology, business, and creative elements required to deliver a finished, polished album to the public.
When you subdivide a music producer's job description into three primary categories, you come up with a long list of duties that a successful music producer must perform well and on-time (if the album has a deadline enforced by a record label, for example).
1. Technology
Music producers must have a mastery of every technological component of a recording studio, especially the digital and computer software elements. Often the producer works his or her way up to that level of experience.
She might begin as a recording engineer working long hours at the mixing board, computer, and in the studio setting up microphones, cables, and other gadgets. Alternatively, she might not be a technical expert who knows every little advanced feature of ProTools, Logic, and Cubase like the back of her hand, but she delegates those duties to a trusted recording engineer. In either case, she must still have a keen sense of how the technology works and what it is capable of doing.
2. Business
The business side of a producer's job can often be the most frustrating if the producer only takes pleasure in the creative process, but it's essential. If you're an aspiring producer, that means you'll need to have savvy financial skills and know how to track spending and budgets as closely as an accountant.
Every band, unless it's a superstar who has a bottomless vault of money, is on a budget. It's the producer's job to make sure they don't spend too much time in the studio (which is costly as most studios are rented out on an hourly basis) or on other resources that might make them go over budget.
The other side of business is the commercial and marketing roles. If a music producer is working with an artist on a major label, for example, the label might have brand-related demands such as requiring the artist to have a consistent vibe or a specific style and identity to their music. It will then be the producer's job to deliver that musical brand.
3. Excellent Musical 'Know-How' and Artistry
Above all, music producers must have a fiery passion for music that has driven them to learn as much as they can about the art form. This is why great music producers are often walking music trivia machines.
• This "walking encyclopedia of knowledge" trait especially applies to a producer's knowledge of different musical styles and genres. The most successful producers understand multiple genres with incredible detail, and they have often committed to memory some of the most obscure details from musical styles. They not only know about these styles, but they know how to replicate features of those styles as needed in the recording studio.
• For example, if a band's drummer is trying to imitate a particular vintage Motown snare sound from an old Bill Withers album, the producer will likely know (or be capable of figuring out) how to capture that sound through a combination of recording technique and musicianship.
• Or if an artist explains she is trying to create a certain mood but doesn't know which chord progression will capture that mood during a particular section of her song, the producer might remember track three of Pink Floyd's second album, and see right away that the second half of that Pink Floyd song has a certain chord progression that will fit what the artist needs.
The Lesser-Known Roles of a Music Producer
But there's more. While those three categories above cover the basics, producers usually have a knack for other lesser known tasks such as the following:
• Performer/Musician: Many producers also play the role of studio musician, who play on the album without officially being in the band. One of the most legendary producers of all time, Sylvia Massey, is a skilled singer and drummer who uses that knowledge extremely well. Another example: Grammy-winning rock/Americana producer T Bone Burnett is a virtuosic guitarist who often plays on the albums he produces.
• Counselor and (Amateur) Psychologist: Recording artists often experience great psychological turmoil in the recording studio when the pressure is on to create and perform. For this reason, good music producers develop skills in motivating and coaching people.
• Drill Sergeant: On the other side of the equation, sometimes producers also have to be extremely tough with their artists to get them to stick to deadlines, budgets, and creative restraints. It's not uncommon to meet a producer with a director-style Type A personality who has no fear whatsoever of conflict.
Harder Than It Might Look
There's a reason why there's only a handful of superstar, multi-million dollar music producers in the world. It's much harder than it looks. It takes a tremendous amount of hard work, well-rounded skills, and the right combination of personality traits to do everything a producer has to do to succeed in the music industry.
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[ "article:topic", "Minkowski diagram", "proper length", "authorname:tatumj", "proper time", "time dilation", "showtoc:no" ]
Physics LibreTexts
15.10: Time Dilation
• Page ID
• We imagine the same railway train \( \sum'\) and the same railway station \( \sum\) as in the previous section except that, rather than measuring a length referred to the two reference frames, we measure the time interval between two events. We’ll suppose that a passenger in the railway train \( \sum'\) claps his hands twice. These are two events which, when referred to the reference frame \( \sum'\), take place at the same place when referred to this reference frame. Let the instants of time when the two events occur, referred to \( \sum'\), be \( t'_{1}\) and \( t'_{2}\). The time interval \( T'\) is defined as \( t'_{2}-t'_{1}\). But the Lorentz transformation is
\[ t=\gamma(t'+\frac{\nu x'}{c^{2}})\]
and so the time interval when referred to \( \sum\) is
\[ T=\gamma T'. \label{15.10.1}\]
This is the dilation of time. The situation is illustrated by a Minkowski diagram in Figure XV.13. While it is clear from the figure that \( T=T'\cos\theta\) and therefore that \( T=\gamma T'\) it is not so clear from the figure that this means that \( T\) is greater than \( T'\) – because \( \cos\theta > 1\) and \( \theta\) is imaginary.
Thus, let us suppose that a passenger on the train holds a 1-metre measuring rod (its length in the direction of motion of the train) and he claps his hands at an interval of one second apart. Let’s suppose that the train is moving at 98% of the speed of light (\( \gamma\) = 5.025). In that case the stationmaster thinks that the length of the rod is only 19.9 cm and that the time interval between the claps is 5.025 seconds.
I deliberately did not word that last sentence very well. It is not a matter of what the stationmaster or anyone else “thinks” or “asserts”. It is not a matter that the stationmaster is somehow deceived into erroneously believing that the rod is 19.9 cm long and the claps 5.025 seconds apart, whereas they are “really” 1 metre long and 1 second apart. It is a matter of how length and time are defined (by subtracting two space coordinates determined at the same time, or two time coordinates at the same place) and how space-time coordinates are defined by means of the Lorentz transformations. The length is 19.9 cm, and the time interval is 5.025 seconds when referred to the frame \( \sum\). It is true that the proper length and the proper time interval are the length and the time interval referred to a frame in which the rod and the clapper are at rest. In that sense one could loosely say that they are “really” 1 metre long and 1 second apart. But the Lorentz contraction and the time dilation are not determined by what the stationmaster or anyone else “thinks”.
Another way of looking at it is this. The interval \( s\) between two events is clearly independent of the orientation any reference frames, and is the same when referred to two reference frames that may be inclined to each other. But the components of the vector joining two events, or their projections on to the time axis or a space axis are not at all expected to be equal.
By the way, in Section 15.3 I urged you to write a computer or calculator programme for the instant conversion between the several factors commonly encountered in relativity. I still urge it. As soon as I typed that the train was travelling at 98% of the speed of light, I was instantly able to generate \( \gamma\). You need to be able to do that, too. |
Category Archives: History
Orichalcum: the Metal of the Gods
Rumored by Ancient Greeks to have been mined in Atlantis, Orichalcum, the Metal of the Gods has been recovered off the coast of Sicily, from a ship that sunk 2,600 years ago. Its composition and origin argued over, Orichalcum’s existence has long been thought a myth by scholars and historians alike.
The 39 Orichalucum ingots recovered
The 39 Orichalucum ingots recovered
Orichalcum first appears in the 7th century BC in the Homeric hymn dedicated to Aphrodite, dated to the 630s attributed to Hesiod. According to Plato’s Critias, the three outer walls of the Temple to Poseidon and Cleito on Atlantis were clad respectively with brass, tin, and the third outer wall, which encompassed the whole citadel, “flashed with the red light of orichalcum”. The interior walls, pillars and floors of the temple were completely covered in orichalcum, and the roof was variegated with gold, silver, and orichalcum. In the center of the temple stood a pillar of orichalcum, on which the laws of Poseidon and records of the first son princes of Poseidon were inscribed.
Orichalcum also appears in the writings of the Jews. In Antiquities of the Jews Josephus, wrote that the vessels in the Temple of Solomon were made of orichalcum. Pliny the Elder points out that the metal had lost currency due to the mines being exhausted. Pseudo-Aristotle in De mirabilibus auscultationibus describes orichalcum as a shining metal produced during the smelting of copper with the addition of “calmia” (zinc oxide).
Rare Orichalcum coins from Ancient Rome
Rare Orichalcum coins from Ancient Rome
The cast metal which possibly came from Greece or Asia Minor was being delivered to Gela in southern Sicily when it sunk off its coast. The ship that was carrying them was likely caught in a storm just when it was about to enter the port. The 39 ingots recovered from the wreck were destined to be used in workshops in the making of high quality decorations.
-Sebastiano Tusa, Sicily’s superintendent of the Sea Office.
A total of 39 Orichalum ingots were recovered from the sea floor surrounding the wreckage, a truly rare and unique find. Considering researches only new of the metal through the study of ancient text and a few ornamental objects. Nothing similar has ever been found, in fact the metal’s very existence was long considered false.
Sicilian Team excavating the Ship wreck
Sicilian Team excavating the Ship wreck
The mysterious metal was said to have been forged by Cadmus, according to the ancient Greeks, a largely mythical character of Greeko-Phoenician origin. It was not however until the fourth century B.C. Greek philosopher Plato cited it in the Critias dialogue that the legend of orichalcum was birthed into the world. Plato, in describing Atlantis as flashing “with the red light of orichalcum,” wrote that the metal, second only in value to gold, was mined in Atlantis and furnished Poseidon’s temple interior, walls, columns and floors.
With the find off the Sicilian Coast, the metal’s authenticity of which there is little doubt. Today most scholars agree orichalcum is a brass-like alloy, which was made in antiquity by cementation in a crucible. Adding and aiding the process with the reaction of zinc ore, charcoal and copper metal. Through further investigation conducted with X-ray fluorescence,the composition of the material is now confirmed. The 39 ingots are an alloy made with 75-80 percent copper, 15-20 percent zinc and small percentages of nickel, lead and iron.
“The finding confirms that about a century after its foundation in 689 B.C., Gela grew to become a wealthy city with artisan workshops specialized in the production of prized artifacts,” Tusa said. To add fire to the debate and shrouding the metal in even more mystery are the findings of Enrico Mattievich, a retired professor of physics who taught at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). According to Mattievich the ingots are not properly made from orichalcum. “It appears they are lumps of latone metal, an alloy of copper, zinc and lead,” Mattievich, who has led a number of studies in physics applied to mineralogy, paleontology and archaeology, is one of the scholars who disagree on orichalcum being a brass based metal.
Orichalcum twins found in Central America
Orichalcum twins found in Central America
Further confusing the debate, while other scholars equated the mysterious metal to amber and to other copper based alloys, Mattievich believes orichalcum has its roots in the Peruvian Andes and in the Chavín civilization that developed there from 1200 B.C. to 200 B.C. As chronicled in his book “Journey to the Mythological Inferno” Mattievic claims that the ancient Greeks had discovered America, and there, a metallic alloy “with fire-like reflections” similar to Plato’s description was found in a set of metallic jaguars of Chavin style, which were revealed to be made of 9 percent copper, 76 percent gold and 15 percent silver.
Whatever the origins and nature of orichalcum, Tusa’s team plans to excavate the shipwreck and bring to surface the entire cargo. “It will provide us with precious information on Sicily’s most ancient
economic history,” Tusa said.
The World Situation and How We Got Here
Zbigniew BrzezinskiThroughout 1998 and leading up to 2000, the People with the Money and their influential think tanks forecast the mobilization of an aggressive American foreign policy. In his book ’The Grand Chessboard’, Zbigniew Brzezinski, advocates the policies of the Predatory Ruling Classes
Throughout the years 2001-2003 In the wake of the ’Pearl Harbor’ type attacks of 9-11, General Wesley Clark learns that the pro-Israeli neo-conservatives within the Bush-Cheney administration plan to overthrow the governments of Iraq, Libya, Syria, Iran and several other states. General Clark alleged that the traumatic destruction of 9/11 enabled an aggressive foreign policy to be implemented; even though none of the targeted nations had anything to do with 9/11. He did not go public with this until 2007. Though plans did not exactly unfold according to the Pentagon’s 5 year time-table.
2006 and the formulation of the Chinese/Russian trade-block:
Brazil, Russia, India, China: BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, China: BRIC
BRICS is the acronym given to the trade association between the five major emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. BRICS members are all developing countries with large, fast-growing economies. With Russia and China comprising its foundation, BRICS has since grown so much in both economic and political influence, that its members can no longer be controlled by the outside forces of global affairs. “The West is scared of BRICS as it has no control over it.” Said India’s ex- Foreign Secretary, Coneel Sebal. And What the Western financial Cartels cannot control, they will seek to destroy. By 2014, BRICS have established its own international financing mechanism to circumvent the International Monetary Fund.
Putin Gives America the Finger
Putin Gives America the Finger
Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Israel in the June of 2013 to speak to Prime Minister, Bibi Netanyahu. In strong yet diplomatic terms, the pro-Syrian President Putin expressed his opposition to any strike against Syria or Iran. Russia and China have consistently urged for peace in the region. In response an angry Hillary Clinton declared: “Russia and China will pay a price for standing up for the Assad regime.”
With the advent of the Arab spring of 2013, U.S and Saudi supplied Terrorists-for-hire are losing the fight to overthrow the Syrian leader Assad. The U.S and Israel under the pretext of helping these suppressed rebels overthrow a corrupt government begin bombing Syrian Government positions.
ISIL troops in Iraq
ISIL troops in Iraq
How convenient is the sudden rise of ISIS, the events in Ukraine, and the anti-China maneuvers in Africa and the Pacific, and its beneficial consequences for the Globalist agenda of the Internationalists. If the U.S. does start bombing Syria, it will be just a matter of time before the two opposing armies confront each other in an all out war.
In the SUMMER of 2013 an alleged ‘gas attack’ occurs in Syria and is blamed on Assad-just a few weeks after Obama’s warning. It is claimed in the Western Press that children were among the victims of Assad’s ‘gas’. Images of the “poison gas” attack had a staged quality smacking of a False Flag Operation by the Western Powers. The Attack if it had occurred would have been more beneficial for the ‘rebel’s’ to blame Assad and draw the US directly into the conflict. President Assad strongly denies the accusation and invites an international investigation into the alleged occurrence. Assad compares the accusation to the false claims of “Weapons of Mass Destruction” which were leveled against Iraq in 2002 & 2003. Pulitzer Prize winning investigative journalist Seymour Hersh is convinced that Assad was framed for the gas attacks. It wasn’t the first time that the US government and the New York Times tried to lie America into a war. The Obama administration ignores Assad’s denials and begins preparations for war.
Netanyahu and Putin-June-2012
Netanyahu and Putin-June-2012
Meanwhile, Netanyahu continues his attempts to provoke a Syrian attack against Israel by bombing the outskirts of Damascus. Assad remains resolute and does not attack, but he does threaten retaliation in the event of a full scale attack upon Syria. Russia & China announce they will defend Syria and Russia, China, Syria and Iran stage war games in the Mediterranean. The strong hand played by Putin & his alliance affords Obama the out that he needs and he backs off. China and Russia conduct massive military drills in response to American aggression drawing Russia and China closer together. Russia offers a deal in which Syria agrees to surrender its chemical weapons in exchange for peace and Russia’s continued protection.
Later the same year pro-EU/US mobs, CIA backed ‘rent-a-mobs’, and
Israeli Agent Delta in Kiev
Israeli Agent Delta in Kiev
activists begin forming in Kiev, Ukraine. Their ultimate aim is to overthrow the Russia-friendly government in Ukraine and replace it with US-EU stand-ins. Senator McCain arrives in Kiev to incite the restless mob with shouts of “America stands with you!” Also stirring trouble is US Under-Secretary of State Victoria Nuland. Nuland is the wife of arch ‘neo-conservative’ luminary Robert Kagan; one of the principal architects of the War on Terror’. Nuland has helped to dole out billions of dollars in ‘pro-democracy investment’ in Ukraine, all on the backs of US taxpayers. Among the violent thugs in Kiev were a group of former Israeli commandos. What would be Israel’s motivation to establish a new anti-Russian Ukrainian government on Putin’s front door-step?
In the Far East, the US friendly states of Japan, Vietnam and Philippines continue to agitate China. Japan announces that it will amend its pacifist Constitution and build up its military.
Although Obama’s Globalist faction and the anti-Obama neo-cons share a common interest in weakening the Russia-China alliance, the motives are different. Obama still would prefer to avoid a Middle Eastern war, and focus on inciting wars against Russia and China instead.
What will the response from Russia, Iran and China be? That may be the decissive question in which the Baltic States and China Sea Stakes are played against the Russia-China alliance. More importantly the question remains where will the war between the First World Powers viaing for control of the last of the World’s natural resources be launched? In the Middle East on behalf of Israel and the Neo-cons or in Eastern Europe.
Privatized Banking, Communism & Fiat Currency
“I believe that banking Institutions are more dangerous to our Liberties than standing Armies. if the American People ever allow private Banks to control their currency, first by Inflation, then by Deflation, the Banks and the Corporations that will grow up around these Banks will deprive the People of all Property until their Children wake up homeless on the Continent their Fathers conquered. The issuing power of Currency should be taken from the Banks and restored to the People, to whom it properly Belongs.”
-Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States.
1913 US President Woodrow Wilson
1913 US President Woodrow Wilson: the Man who Sold the World
How did America digress from being the symbol of Individuation and entrepreneurialism with a Government for the people protecting the rights and freedoms of the people to a country
The man who sold the World: J.D Rockefeller
J.D Rockefeller donated land to the United Nations
that underneath the surface clearly wasn’t. Almost as if if one said Freedom long enough and loud enough it would make it so. The thin veneer began to lift with the opening of the Federal Reserve and its adoption of a major tenant of the Communist ethos-the Central Banking System. In 1913 Woodrow Wilson was President and flanked by the powerful banking interests of J.P. Morgan, Paul Warburg and John D. Rockefeller, who seized control of the American Government. The American People were told by Philander Knox the then Secretary of State, under the tutelage of the Banking Cartel, that the 16th Amendment (Income Tax Amendment) had been legally ratified by the States. This was a lie. Americans were forced to lower their standards of living and pay a graduated income tax to pay for the debt generated by Congress, through the borrowing of money from the Central bank. The revenue generated from this tax on labor would ultimately fall into the hands of J.P Morgan, J.D Rockefeller and Paul Warburg. The very same year the Banks bribed Senators to pass the Federal Reserve Act without the required Constitutional amendment. To this day Congress and the President are aware of this Fraud but are neither able or willing to Act. The Banksters knew that whosoever controlled the Currency controlled the Government, or- “Give me control of a Nation’s money supply, and I care not who makes its laws”, this was never made more clear than in this statement made by Mayer Rothschild.
Babylon's Banker: Paul Warburg
Babylon’s Banker: Paul Warburg
The federal reserve was created by Congress in 1913 and it was entrusted with the power originally granted to the Congress by the U.S. Constitution to coin money and regulate the value thereof. Soon after its inception the Federal reserve Bank implemented the Great Depression. The Federal Reserve failed in its role to be the lender of last resort for the banks due to its inability to call in loans fast enough to pay off depositors who were withdrawing their savings due to high levels of unemployment. As a consequence the money in circulation dwindled, with nothing to back up the currency beside the debt owned on that money, the banks crashed. This is what is meant by the term Fiat Money System. With no Gold or Silver reserves to back up the value of the dollar the bank can only rely on the number of deposits it holds. With everyone withdrawing their money the Banks crashed.
The United States Government inadvertently gave the Private Banks its most fundamental power, the ability to print money, and were forced to borrow this money from them with interest. As a consequence, the American People were forced to lower their standards of living and pay a graduated income tax. Woodrow Wilson who passed the income law later admitted-
“i am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great Industrial nation is now controlled by its system of credit. we are no longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by free conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and duress of a small group of men.”
J.P.Morgan:Wanker on Wall Street.
The Federal Reserve was created by Congress in 1913 and was intrusted with the power granted originally to the Congress by the U.S. Constitution to coin money and regulate the value thereof. The Central Bank is allowed to produce the currency of an entire nation, it controls the interest rates and cash flow. It does not simply supply this money to a Government, it loans it out at interest. Then through the use of increase and decrease of supply regulates the value of the money being loaned. It is critical to understand that the structure of this system can only produce Perpetual Debt. the Central bank also has the Monopoly on the overall debt of the country loaning each dollar out with an immediate debt attached to it, the money to repay it inadvertently has to be borrowed from the Central Bank. The Rich elite therefore have a perpetual income ad infinitum derived from the generational servitude of a nation’s citizenry. Extrapolate this onto a Global stage and the face of the New World Order comes into view.
Edward Mandell House, who was Woodrow Wilson’s Handler convinced Wilson to pass the Federal Reserve Act before the United States entered into the First World War. The Conglomerate of off-shore Bankers wanted to Fund America, to incur debt and interest, and so they had to foment a condition whereby the United States would enter the First World war. The official reason being the sinking of the Lusitania. But in Edward Mandell House’s own words it was so- ” every American will be required to register their biological property in a national system (Birth Certificate) designed to keep track of the people and that will be forced to operate under that ancient system of pledging. By such methodology we can compel people to submit to our agenda, which will effect our security as a charge back to our paper currency. Every American will be forced to register or suffer being unable to work or earn a living. They will be our chattel , and we will hold the security interest over them forever by operation of the law merchant under the scheme of secured transactions. Americans by unknowingly or unwittingly delivering the bills of lading to us will be rendered bankrupt.”
Aaron Russo when he was running for Governor of Nevada met up with nick Rockefeller of the Rockefeller Banking Family. Rockefeller explained to him what the banking Industry had plans for the future. The Private Banks in Europe who are all Central Banks and work as a conglomerate with the rest of the banks of the world. He said the overall plan was to establish a Centralization of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a National bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly and a heavily graduated income tax. With the ultimate goal of creating a Collectivist world government much like the Dictatorship in China. The Countries of the World would be regulated into Nation States or Principalities with administrative units, a world central bank with one digital currency, a global Army under central control overseeing a micro-chipped society.False flag
The Same members of the International Banking Cartels are what comprise the most influential people in the United Nations, The Land the United Nations building was founded on was donated by J.D. Rockefeller. Its board of Directors swells with Rockefeller affiliates. The United Nations is founded on the same principles by the same players that created the Federal Reserve System. According to the United Nations Charter on Human Rights You are entitled to these Rights ‘except as may be provided for by Law’. Which means You have these Rights until They pass a Law that says You don’t have these Rights anymore. These clauses exist in the Soviet Constitution and are a tenant of any Totalitarian System, where every child that is born is allowed to be born to serve the State. This was also a Mandate of Napoleon Bonaparte who had himself crowned Emperor and claimed ” I Am The State”.
The Nazi Initiative to Weaponize Anti-Gravity
However, the anti-gravity Vril designs demonstrated more efficiency. It is important to note, the Vril craft did NOT ‘fly’ in the traditional sense.Like huge gyroscopes, these craft levitated by generating their own discrete gravitational fields. Thus the distinctly separate, highly classified SS E-IV Unit, bore the sole secret responsibility of developing Hitler’s dream of free-energy flight machines.
This artists rendition of the ss Brotherhood's Bell closely matches drawings Seized by the allies during the Take- over
This Artists Rendition of the SS Brotherhood’s ‘Bell’ closely matches Drawings Seized by the Allies during the Take- over
By 1941, the successful Vril-2 levitation craft was employed for transatlantic reconnaissance flights. This craft employed the “Schumann-Levitator” drive for vertical lift and when activated, the craft displayed effects commonly described in many UFO accounts; blurring of visible contours, and luminous ionization colors relative to the craft’s engine acceleration; varying from orange to green, blue to white. As well, the craft made radical 90 degree turns characteristic of UFO flight.
Subsequent levitation-craft advances between 1941 and 1944 spawned the “Haunebu” series–the ‘heavy hitters’ of the Reich’s saucer fleet, driven by powerful tachyon magneto-gravitic engines called–“Thule-Tachyonators”, (speculated to be large spherical containers of mercury spinning around a vertical axis)–These armored saucer ships of varying size, came equipped with armaments such as Panzer-tank cannon turrets mounted to the underside as well as klystron laser cannons.
The Long tresses of the Vrill Women were said to facilitate communication with extra-terrestrial entities
Meanwhile, the Allies sampled an unpleasant taste of the deadly weapons potential of German saucers. In 1944 a massive bombing raid was launched against the critical ball-bearing plant at Schweinfurt. Within a matter of hours a squadron of ten to fifteen Nazi discs managed to obliterate as many as one-hundred and fifty British and American bombers–one quarter of the entire bomber contingent.
With the Reich’s longevity in doubt, an passionate, ambitious General penetrated the elite SS brotherhood attaining a level of power second only to the Fuhrer himself. The SS Chief of Staff, Heinrich Himmler’s protégé’ Hans Kammler, had earned a reputation for his ability to rapidly deploy and implement underground manufacturing factories, and mobilize slave labor consignments from concentration camps. Kammler had by 1945 secured control over all clandestine SS initiatives that were missile or ‘aircraft’ based. Vril projects would have been one of his foremost assignments. A cunning, shrewd and lethal opportunist, Kammler was well qualified to master mind the establishing of an emergency refuge at the South Pole. Incidentally , Kammler was reported missing from Germany on April 17, 1945, presumably evading capture by boarding a Junkers 390 ‘Amerika Bomber’ bound for an unknown destination.
With the advance of Russian, British and American armies converging on Germany, supplies, scientists, and saucer components were being steadily smuggled out of Europe by U-boats to clandestine refuges at Germany’s Antarctic colony–Neuschwabenland, a vast expanse at the South Pole which had been annexed by Germany in 1938. A massive 250 foot diameter Haunebu III dreadnaught armed with four, triple-gun, heavy caliber naval turrets and capable of space flight was allegedly completed by April of 1945. Military assistance it seems was not forthcoming from their Aldebaran Space brothers.
Hitler's dark vision of a super-race in Antarctica
Hitler’s dark vision of a super-race in Antarctica
By inevitably seizing the rocket facilities and personnel at Peenemunde, the advancing Allied Army leadership was only too well aware of how dangerously advanced German technology had become. Despite the Third Reich’s unconditional surrender in 1945, a potential Nazi threat still haunted Allied intelligence. Had the German High Command sacrificed its European operation to buy time for installation of a ‘fall-back’ position in the Antarctic, capable of launching future retaliations from its South Polar redoubt?
A key component to this legend is the account of “Operation High-Jump”. In January of 1947, Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal ordered that an American military task force, complete with thirteen ships including, an aircraft carrier, seaplanes, helicopters and 4000 combat troops be dispatched to the Antarctic under the command of Admiral Richard E. Byrd, for the stated purpose of ‘mapping’ the coastline.
Gray-Alien-VideoHe also intimated that he had engaged a German contingent being assisted as well by an ‘advanced civilization’ with formidable technologies… Full details of what occurred with Byrd’s expedition remain shrouded in mystery. After extensive debriefing at the Pentagon, Byrd was ordered to keep silent about his experiences at the South Pole.
Could the ‘advanced civilization’ suggested by Byrd be the same extraterrestrials alluded to by both Von Braun and Oberth? Could these “people of other worlds” be Germany’s mysterious allies from Aldebaran?
Is Vril or“the unity in natural energetic agencies” that Edward Bulwer-Lytton described, far from pulp fiction, but a remarkably accurate description of zero-point energy that pervades the entire universe? Did ancient lost civilizations of Earth share understanding with extraterrestrial civilizations among the stars that the universe is in fact an ocean of limitless energy? Could it be that a handful of daring German visionaries discovered secrets of harnessing this energy? And ultimately, who were the REAL victors in World War II?
Did a contingent of German physicists and engineers and military personnel successfully drop off the grid in 1945 and establish a new colony, totally self-sufficient and independent of the global petroleum cartels? Are the fundamentals of free-energy production fully known and deliberately withheld, at the cost of destroying our environment, merely to serve the greed of multinational corporate and banking interests to this day? And is this ‘free-energy’ propulsion the ultimate secret behind the UFO cover-up?
In the years immediately following World War II, the German saucer mystery compounded even more. In June of 1947 a private pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported a formation of nine shiny objects cruising along at an unprecedented speed of 1600 mph in the vicinity of Mt. Rainier, Washington. In Arnold’s words, the craft flew “like a saucer would if you skipped it across the water.”
Seizing upon his words, the Press launched a tabloid fascination with
“Flying Saucers”. However, Arnold
The Cigar Shaped Andromeda Machine
The Cigar Shaped Andromeda Machine
described the craft he saw as actually crescent-shaped, like ‘flying wings’–which coincidentally was another air-form perfected by the German Horton Brothers, during the war. It was suspected that captured German aircraft were being studied in a joint U.S./British facility in western Canada close to Washington state.
Byrd described, ‘high speed craft capable of flying from pole to pole’, encountered at the Arctic as well. Debriefed flight
According to the captured records, the Germans also had construction plans for a ‘Zeppelin’-sized levitating cylinder ship called the “Andromeda” machine. This 330 foot behemoth was capable of carrying as many as three of the smaller Vril and Haunebu scout ships.
Adamski & his Aryan Brothers from outer space
Adamski & his Aryan Brothers from outer space
In the early 1950′s a California man named George Adamski photographed a UFO remarkably similar to this design. Later, Adamski claimed to have contact with a ‘Nordic’ looking extraterrestrial near Desert Center, California, who claimed to be from the planet Venus. However, it should be noted that photographs of the little scout craft this alien flew showed a design virtually identical to the German Haunebu II. Though Adamski was later debunked as a fraud, reports of UFOs identical to the ‘Venusian scout ship’ continued to surface world wide.
In 1954, President Dwight Eisenhower was allegedly secreted away to a meeting with Extraterrestrials at MUROC airfield near Palm Springs, California. One particular group was reported to be ‘Nordic’ looking and they offered Eisenhower Free-Energy technology in exchange for nuclear disarmament–Ike declined! And as the story goes, these ‘Nordic’ ETs subsequently met with Pope Pius XII at the Vatican as well.
It is common knowledge that during the war Germany had cordial relations with Argentina and other Latin American countries, and by a curious coincidence even today UFOs are commonly reported the full length and breadth of South America, along with tales of hidden German bases high atop Peruvian mountain peaks and penetrating deep in the jungles of Brazil.
But perhaps the most blatant inference of a German connection with UFOs comes from the famed Billy Meier case in Switzerland. In 1975, thirty years after the disappearance of the Vril society leaders, a Swiss farmer claimed to have contact with a girl from the ‘Pleiades’, who bore the pseudonym, “Semjase” and a striking resemblance to the ‘Vrilerinnen’ from 1919. This space girl also wore long blonde hair, spoke in fluent Austrian-German and candidly shared comprehensive knowledge about the German saucer projects of the Third Reich. Were these ‘beamships’ actually modern versions of the old Haunebus?
Conspiratorial History of Human Evolution
According to Conspiratorial History the genetic manipulation of the human species by extra-terrestrial and extra-dimensional beings began
Alleged Effects of Monotomic Gold on the Brain
Alleged Effects of Monotomic Gold on the Brain
around 5000 BC. These advanced beings who throughout history have been visiting the Earth have been mistaken for both Angels and Demons by those who have seen them. According to unadulterated ancient texts from around the world they first appeared where the river Euphrates enters the Persian Gulf. The reason being that in that area hidden in the sea water is vast concentrations of what is called monatomic gold.
The visitors were called the Annunaki which according to Sumerian cuneiform tablets, a people who lived in the south-eastern part of what is now known as Iraq, where the river Eufrates meets the Persian Gulf literally means those who from the heavens to the Earth descended. The Visitors came to the Earth to mine for Monotomic Gold to replenish the reserves depleted on their own planet. The Substance named The Bread of the Presence by the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt was said to enhance and repair all bodily functions, advance intelligence and stop the body from aging. Far from being an antiquated myth in modern Scientific terms Monatomic gold is known as a superconductive metal.
Artist Depiction of Early Sumerian City
Artist Depiction of Early Sumerian City
Superconductivity enables the optimal efficiency of energy. Meaning the maximum energy input becomes the maximum energy output, there is no energy loss due to heat dissipation. When applying this principle to the electro-magnetic soft machine that is the brain which is a huge electrical machine, monatomic gold increases intellectual productivity by super-charging its neural pathways so they act like a quantum drive superhighway. This means that all your senses receive inputs optimally and those inputs can be processed optimally, activating the dormant parts of your brain enhancing memory,problem solving skills, psychic ability and increasing cognitive perception. In the same way Uranium 235 is produced., monatomic elements are separated from their multi-atomic counter-parts, by processing it in such a way that the gold, usually in pairs of 8 atoms per molecule, can be divided into loose particles.
The Tree of Life According to the Sumerians
The Tree of Life According to the Sumerians
As described on the clay tablets of the ancient Sumerians: For the use as intelligent slaves the
Modern DNA Helix: The Building Blocks of Life
Modern DNA Helix: The Building Blocks of Life
Annunaki took a man, removed a rib that contains bone marrow and a perfect source for DNA extraction. The Annunaki modified its DNA for a better manipulation of the humans and implanted it into a woman who gave birth to children who were genetically modified by proxy. These humans became the laborers of the Annunaki and processed Gold for them. An exchange of information occurred between the two races in which a select few were given knowledge regarding the building of civilization, cultivation and astronomy. But this was only given to a select few in order that the masses could be better controlled. Then the Annunaki disappeared.
Consequently the universal symbol for human DNA resembles the word YAH which in Hebrew translates as GOD.
Kabbalistic Tree of Life
Kabbalistic Tree of Life
Still some of the humans were given instruction on building part of the advanced technology of the Annunaki. These according to some scholars were the Jewish people who built a portable super-conductor more commonly referred to by Historians and Theologians as the Arc of the covenant (arc as in arc-light) which they carried out of Egypt. Before them the arc was in the lands of the Sumerians, Babylonians and Tibetans. This arc was said to contain immense powers such as levitation and the ability to produce and deliver the fire of stars, attributed to the de-stabilising of the monotomic elements contained therein. Those who were privy to the knowledge of its operation were granted long and prosperous lives, such as Methuselah who lived up to 950 years.
The Science behind the elements of the Arc, technically known as ORMEs, Orbitally Rearranged Monatomic Elements are with-held from the public and are exempt from the Freedom of Information Act as a matter of National Security. Knowing the secrets of ORMEs lends itself to the manipulation of these elements and great power to the nation that wields it. These powers are said to include anti-gravity, free energy, quantum computation, telepathy, tele-portation, remote viewing and seeing both future and past. The technology can only be operated by the direct access and manipulation of consciousness, therefore strength of purpose and clarity of mind are required lest the technology remain inert.
The word ORME is the same as the Hebrew word which means: the “Tree of Life”.
ORMEs consist of 8 metals known as the light platinum group that include: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and silver, as well as osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold or the heavy platinum group. The gestation of these metals in monatomic form should prolong life and enhance and repair bodily functions. By following what is called a wide spectrum diet you can provide your body with monatomic super-conductive elements, such as grapes, carrot, all blue and dark red fruits and vegetables and fish.
The Coming Race
“In everything we recognize two principles that determine the events; light and darkness, good and evil, creation and destruction–as in electricity we know plus and minus. It is always; either–or… Everything destructive is of Satanic origin, everything creative is Divine… Every technology based on explosion or combustion has thus to be called Satanic. The coming new age will be an age of new, positive, Divine technology.“
blacksun – Thule member and physics professor, Dr. W.O. Schumann of the Technical University in Munich
In a time preceding the dawn of the space age inspiration to reinvent a golden age arose in Germany at least, from the pages of an obscure novel that, had it not been for WW11 would have been consigned to the dust bin of history. Edward Bulwer-Lytton, a Rosicrucian author published “THE COMING RACE” in 1871. It describes the discoveries of an intrepid explorer who encounters the “Vril-ya” an advanced race of subterranean humans who had formerly been surface dwellers until a global catastrophe forced them to take refuge deep under the Earth. The survival of this society was facilitated by their application of a force they referred to as “Vril”.
Or, in the words of Bulwer-Lytton: “…I should call it electricity, except that it comprehends in its manifold branches other forces of nature, to which in our scientific nomenclature, differing names are assigned, such as magnetism, galvanism, etc. These people consider that in ‘vril’ they have arrived at the unity in natural energetic agencies, which has been conjectured by many philosophers above ground…”
The overall success of the American space initiative of the 1960’s can be ascribed to the ingenuity of Dr. Hermann Oberth and Dr. Wernher von Braun; two physicists, whose names are synonymous with rocketry and manned space flight. In designing ballistic missiles throughout the second world war both rose to prominence in their chosen field of rocket design for Germany’s Third Reich. Even so they both admitted the success of their technical efforts would not have been achieved if not for the intervention of ‘outside forces’.
In revealing his awareness of extra-terrestrials in 1959 Dr. Von Braun admitted“We find ourselves faced by powers which are far stronger than hitherto assumed, and whose base is at present unknown to us. More I cannot say at present. We are now engaged in entering into closer contact with those powers, and within six or nine months time it may be possible
Vrill society women
Vrill society women
to speak with more precision on the matter.”
Various German occult secret societies after the First World War, professed the arrival of the Aquarian Age; an age they considered to be the era of spiritual and technological enlightenment that would allow them mastery of the seas, skies and space. Proponents of these theories also believed through the decipherment and study of ancient manuscripts, that past civilizations once wielded these technologies, now long lost to our modern way of thinking.
As a student of the ancient mystery schools Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton had access to secrets that suggested artifacts of ancient cultural significance still existed in clandestine caches hidden away in Tibet and the Gobi Desert and that they contained supernatural powers. One such was an ancient Sanskrit texts from India that tells of great civilizations that flourished before the great flood that commanded technologies beyond the comprehension of our modern sciences. The epic poem, “Samarangana Sutradhara, describes the construction of amazing flying machines…“Strong and durable must the body of the Vimana be made, like a great flying bird of light material. Inside one must put the mercury engine with its iron heating apparatus underneath. By means of power latent in the mercury, which sets the driving whirlwind in motion, a man sitting inside may travel a great distance in the sky. The movements of the Vimana are such that it can vertically ascend, vertically descend, or move slanting forwards and backwards. With the help of machines, human beings can fly through the air and heavenly beings can come down to Earth.”
Through the quiet between the First and Second World Wars, Thule and Vril Society scholars considered such ancient myths as greatly significant, and diligent efforts were made to seek out the source of this legendary energy and harness it as a technical reality. This became the focus of these German secret societies who wanted nothing short of mastery of the ‘Vril’ force. This would not only assure German technical superiority–it would ultimately liberate their country from any dependence upon the international petroleum cartels supported by the United States and Britain.
Their goal was nothing short of harnessing ‘Vril’, or Prana. Initiates of both the Thule and Vril societies were determined to formulate a “spiritual dynamo-technology” superior to the mechanistic primitivisms of modern science”–a power source that would function harmoniously with our natural world. Based on principles from civilizations of a long lost golden age these occult scholars sought to tap the font of fundamental, limitless, cosmic life-force energy and make it readily available for the benefit of the modern world.
Maria OrsicAt the very heart of the Vril legend was Maria Orsic. This gifted medium was leader of the Vrilerinnen, a team of psychic girls serving the Vril Gesellschaft, who characteristically wore their hair in long horse-tails, contrary to the popular short, bobbed hairstyles of the day. The ladies of the Vril actually claimed their long hair acted as cosmic antennas that helped facilitate their occult contact with beings from beyond. Presumably through a telepathic form of automatic writing, Maria Orsic made contact with an off-world civilization which was offering just the kind of ‘alternative’ technology the German Secret Societies were looking for.
The Book that Birthed Nazism
The Book that Birthed Nazism
It is worth noting here that the Vril Society traced its philosophical origins back to a secret Bavarian, Gnostic-Templar order styling itself as “The Lords of the Black Stone” founded in 1221; an order steeped in ancient Babylonian and Sumerian theologies. Members of this Templar group displayed the winged-bull for their symbol–an obvious reference to Taurus, and according to the order’s archives, successful contact with beings from the Aldebaran star system may have occurred during the middle ages.
MKUltra & The C.I.A Mind Control Programme
CIA Doctor Ewen Cameron The Grandfather of Modern Brainwashing
The first of many mind control investigations by the C.I.A. began as an off-shoot of Operation Paperclip which involved the recruitment of former Nazi scientists who conducted experiments during WW11. the first of these began in 1947 called Project Chatter, was initiated by the Joint Intelligence Objective Agency in response to Chinese, Soviet & North Korean successes in brainwashing techniques used on American soldiers during the Korean war. Headed by Sidney Gottlieb, the MKUltra project was started on the order of CIA director Allen Welsh Dulles on April 13, 1953.
CIA MK-ULTRA Experiments on Mind-Controlled Children
In 1950 the CIA expanded their experiments in Behavior Modification with Project Bluebird which later became Project Artichoke. Its objectives were: to discover a means of conditioning personnel to prevent unauthorised extraction of information from them by an enemy; to investigate the possibility of control of an individual through interrogation techniques; & to heighten memory enhancement. The programme was shut down in 1956, but only to allow Project MK-Ultra to come into being. The MK in its title indicates that it was sponsored by the Technical Services Staff. The word Ultra was used to designate the highest of secret classification during WW2. The main methods used to control human behavior under MK-Ultra included the systematic use of hypnosis, verbal, sexual & physical abuse, sensory deprivation, torture, & the surreptitious use of drugs & chemicals. The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an “extensive testing and experimentation” program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens “at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign.” Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to “unwitting subjects in social situations.” At least one death, that of Dr. Olson, resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers.
Some of the projects’ studies involved techniques, substances & or equipment that could induce illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public, to facillitate a type of character assassination; Materials to illicit temporary or permanent brain damage and/or loss of memory; Inhalants, audio signals or commands, materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use. And Also substances which increase the efficiency of mental activity, perception & indurance, and enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation. Scottish scientist Donal Ewen Cameron, attempted curing schizophrenia by erasing all memories and reprogramming the individual. His experiments included putting subjects into drug-induced comas for weeks at a time, while playing tapes of noise or simple repetitive statements. In one reported case, a subject was given LSD continuously for 77 days.
Microchip Implant on the Brain
There were 149 projects listed under the MK-Ultra umbrella. Project Monarch was one of the better known. The name Monarch refers to the Monarch Butterfly. It is a symbolic representation of the transformation or metamorphosis of a beautiful insect, from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly. Project Monarch could best be described as a trauma based form of mind control in which the mind is compartmentalized into multiple personalities within a systematic framework. During this process a satanic ritual involving cabalistic symbolism could also be conducted with the express purpose of instilling a deep & profound terror on a subconscious level within the individual being conditioned. A programmed personality is created through trauma, repetition & reinforcement. It is the pain & terror that forces the mind to split into separate personalities in order to deal with the trauma in everyday existence. these personas can be programmed with certain information & commanded
Cathy O’brien claimed she was a Mind Control Victim
to perform certain tasks. In order to activate these personalities latter a specific cue or command is required. Another claim made by some Investigators into the C.I.A’s activities during this period was the creation of a Manchurian Candidate through the use of mind control techniques, that is an unwitting sleeper assassin that could be activated when required to carry out a task & then deactivated when that task was accomplished. The benefits of having an altered or split personality would be that one personality could carry out a task without the knowledge of the other, if one were to be interrogated the particular personality could not divulge any information.
Zbigniew Brezinski Technotronic Era Mind Control
Because most MKUltra records were deliberately destroyed by order of then CIA director Richard Helms, it is nigh impossible for investigators to gain a complete picture of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MKUltra and related CIA programs. In 1973, with the opening of the Watergate Investigation, & the wide-spread distrust of all things government by the American people, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MKUltra files destroyed, as such the true extent of exploitation & civil rights abuses will never be known. Given the wilful destruction of most records, the agency’s failure to follow informed consent procedures with thousands of participants, the unsolicited nature of activities without budget or over-site, and the lack of follow-up data, the full impact of MKUltra experiments, including deaths, is left to speculation & as such a thorough investigation into C.I.A accountability cannot be conducted.
The Emerald Tablets of Thoth
“I, Thoth, the Atlantean, Master of Mysteries, Keeper of Records, Mighty King, Magician, Living from Generation to Generation, being about to pass into the Halls of Amenti, set down for the guidance of those that are to come after, these records of the mighty wisdom of Great Atlantis. Great were my people in the ancient days, great beyond the conception of the little people nowaround me:knowing the wisdom of old, seeking far within the heart of infinity knowledge that belonged to Earth’s youth.”
The God Thoth as Depicted on the Walls of the Great Pyramid
The Emerald Tablets of Thoth are a series of writings purported to have been written 36000 years ago. Upon them are engraved characters in the ancient Atlantean language: characters which respond to attuned thought. They detail the magical workings of an ancient advanced civilisation that pre-dated the end of the Last Ice Age. It claims to be the work of Hermes Trismegistus, an amalgam of two mythical personae, the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth. This is not unusual in itself given the ancient Egyptian God Thoth was known by many name. What astounds the many who have read transcriptions of the Tablets is its fantastic descriptions of realities that defy rational belief, however their authenticity have yet to be refuted by scientific scruitiny. Among them were learned men such as Trithemius, Roger Bacon, Michael Maier, Aleister Crowley, Albertus Magnus, and Isaac Newton.
Sir Isaac Newton by Jean Leon Huens
The eminent psychoanalyst C.G. Jung identified one of “The Emerald Tablets” with a table made of green stone which he encountered in the first of a series of dream visions. The volume of knowledge consist of twelve tablets of emerald green, formed from a material brought about through the alchemical process. They are said to be imperishable, resistant to all elements and substances. The Tablets claim Thoth was among other things the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, a feat erroneously attributed to Cheops. In it he encoded his knowledge of the ancient wisdom of Atlantis and also secreted records and instruments of its culture.
Thoth ruled the First Kingdom of Egypt, from approximately 52,000 B.C. to 36,000 B.C. At that time, the ancient barbarous race among which he and his followers had settled had been raised to a high degree of civilization. Thoth was said to be an immortal, having conquered death, passing over at will but not through the death process. His vast wisdom made him ruler over the various Atlantean colonies that survived the end of the last ice-age, including those in the Americas. When the time came for him to leave Egypt, he erected the Great Pyramid over the entrance to the Great Halls of Amenti, placed therein his records, and appointed guards from among the highest of his race, the descendants of these guards became the pyramid priests.
Thoth was eventually deified as the God of Wisdom, & in mythology, the Halls of Amenti became the underworld, the Halls of the gods, where the soul passed after death for judgement. During later ages, the spirit of Thoth passed into the bodies of men in the manner described in the tablets. As such, he incarnated three times, his last being Hermes, the thrice-born. In this incarnation, he left the writings known to modern occultists as the Emerald Tablets, a later and far lesser exposition of the ancient mysteries. It is these writings that inspired the Renaissance of medieval times, having been passed onto Europe by The ancient Greeks. What made them so valuable was their detailed instructions in the art of alchemy & its allusion to the recipe for the transmutation of lesser metals into gold.
Many translations of the Tablets exist the oldest known being in Arabic which was later translated into Latin as The Secret of Secrets. In the 14th century, the alchemist Ortolanus wrote “The Secret of Hermes,” based on the transcript & this became influential to the development of alchemy. A modern translation, by Isaac Newton, explains:
• Tis true without lying, certain most true.
Hermes Trismegestus, Ancient Egyptian Founder of Alchemy
• The Sun is its father, the moon its mother,
• the wind hath carried it in its belly, the earth its nurse.
• The father of all perfection in the whole world is here.
• Its force or power is entire if it be converted into earth.
• Alchemical Illustration from the Emerald Tablet of Hermes
• So was the world created.
• That which I have said of the operation of the Sun is accomplished and ended.
Who Cracked the Rosetta Stone?
Nelson Destroyed Napoleon’s Navy and Trapped him in Egypt
The Rosetta Stone
Leon Cogniet L Expedition D Egypte Sous Les Ordres De Bonaparte
Napoleon in Egypt (1868)-Gerome
Reconstruction of Rosetta Stone Stele
Was Saturn Once Our Sun?
Saturn Devouring his Children By Goya
With the onset of civilisation all the archetypes were already present: the mother & child, the sacrificial hero, the universal father and so on were present in all of the myths. This preoccupation by early cultures to ascribe universal events to terrestrial experiences appears to be a global phenomenon. If one were to examine the works of the classic Philosophers like Virgil, Ovid, Homer & Hesiod one would discover they all harken back to a golden age when different gods ruled the World, the shape and face of which were much stranger than the cosmic laws that govern us today. This can also be said of the architectural works of the Maya, the Ancient Khmer Peoples & others. All witness to an age of an unstable Solar System in ancient times. Egyptian High priests refered to this epoch as the age of the primordial Gods. A time when it was the planet Saturn that bathed our Earth in light, long before our present Sun existed. According to the works of controversial theorist Immanuel Velikovsky Venus appeared a terrifying comet in the heavens & Mars the pupil in God’s eye. In this age the planets in our Solar System followed different paths than they do today, in perfect alignment & in a Polar Configuration. The five planets orbited the Sun as a single linear unit, which rotated around a point close to Saturn, before its break-up at the end of the Golden Age. The violence of this revolution inspired the myth-making epoch of human history. Velikovsky claimed that Saturn was once closer to the Earth and dominated its sky, overseeing the Mythic Golden age that Plato & Homer reminisced about in their writings. Archaic symbols of this age still surround us, some as icons of the world’s great religions, and they are celebrated in festivals & cultural rites world-wide. The Egyptians associated this sun with Amon Ra, in Mesopatania this primordial sun was identified as a wheel & given the name Shamesh that translates as Saturn.Sumerian Relief Depicting Planets Inside a Hexagram
The god Saturn was known by many other names by various cultures & civilisations throughout History, particularly the West. Saturn was an important Roman God primarily associated with Agriculture & Harvest. Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun & the second largest planet in the Solar System. Saturn-day or Saturday is also the sixth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. According to the latest satellite imagery Saturn interestingly enough has a six-sided-polygon at its North Pole. Further more we can draw a Hexagram Star motif from this Hexagon shape. A pentagram can be drawn inside the hexagram to form 2 inter-locking triangles. By applying simple Geometry we can also find combinations of the triple A six-sided star, a six-sided polygon, six smaller triangles, as well as a triad of 60° angles. In the southern Babylonian dialect Saturn is Stur. In this language where each letter of the alphabet has a corresponding number S is equal to 60, T equals 4 of00, U is a 6 & T 200, an equivalent of 666. According to ancient Sumerian texts the god of Harvest was called Ninurta, this translates in English as Saturn. As depicted on one cylinder seal seated on the throne is Ninurta the god of Harvest brandishing a plough. in the upper left corner is a depiction of a solar system of planets.
Squatter-man Petroglyphs High energy Plasma Discharge
The signs of the Zodiac to the ancient myths are the petroglyphs of the primordial epoch projected onto the sky of a future time by the ancient philosophers during the Golden age, in an attempt to implant the information permanently on the conscious psyche of the world mind through the localisation of the imagery. Mount Olympus is the central focus of Greek Mythology, It is the seat of the Gods, or the central Pillar. The Gods being celestial, this can be interpreted as representing the Coaxial line from the earth to the heavens which formed the heirarchy of planets. At its summit was Saturn. The Squatter Man petroglyphs for instance are a universal image depicted on the walls & artifacts of almost every culture on the planet. It is almost as though at a certain moment in prehistory the ancients were painting stylised individual rock art and then, almost instantaneously, they were painting strange white shapes and figures. Every one started at the same time dipicting the same images, almost as though they were inspired by the same event. This is only possible if what ever occured was a global event & was seen in the sky or the heavens. plasma Scientists postulate that these figures depict high energy electrical phenomona occuring in the sky. Anthony Peratt has matched the motifs of these rock paintings to electric discharges recorded in experiments in plasma physics.
The Planet Saturn
The presence of the god Saturn to ancient Peoples was known to the likes of the Greeks who knew him as Kronos, to the Sea-faring Phoenicians in the east he was El, Saturnus in Rome, Stur in Chaldea, and Ninurta in ancient Sumeria. His worship is at the heart of most pagan religions. The fiery heart & cross that are synonymous with the Christian Savior Jesus or the Emmanuel, also adorn the idols of the Maya, and may be found around the neck of Quetzalcoatl, whom they believed was a tall bearded white man. The sacred heart was also a symbol of sacrifice to the Aztecs, who were practicing this ritual by ripping out the beating hearts of their vanquished neighbors.
Cloud System Revolving Around Hexagram or Cube
Similarities can be observed in Christian symbols such as the dagger & chalice, tools used by pre-Columbian south American priests in their bloody rituals. The hexagon which is verily used by the Jewish faith is identical to that found in Hinduism. The six-sided star dates back 10,000 years & is referred to as Yantra & appears with the Gods Kali, Shiva. The Symbol also adorns the shrines dotting Nepal & on Tibetan Mandala; on Shinto shrines of Japan, & even the Islamic faith of Mohammad. The black stone at Mecca according to islamic tradition dates back to the time of Adam & Eve. Circumambulation is performed around the kaaba in Mecca in a counter-clockwise direction following the direction of the planet’s cloud system. |
Are There Risk Factors For Cerebral Palsy?
The cause of cerebral palsy (CP) is often unknown, particularly in cases of congenital CP, a type that develops either prior to or during the birthing process. However, researchers have identified several factors that could increase the risk of this disease.
These risks are broken down into three different categories:
1. Pregnancy factors related to CP
2. Birth-related factors that can increase CP risk
3. Post-birth CP factors
Pregnancy Factors Related to CP
Some of the risk factors associated with CP are related to the mother’s pregnancy, from conception to delivery. These include:
• Assisted reproductive technology (ART) infertility treatments. Children conceived via certain infertility procedures have a higher risk of developing CP. This is largely because infertility treatments often result in multiple births or premature delivery, two factors associated with an increase of a child’s risk of cerebral palsy.
• Maternal infections and fevers. If the mother develops an infection or has a fever during the pregnancy, this could also increase a child’s risk of CP. This can occur with chickenpox, German measles, cytomegalovirus, a pelvic infection, syphilis, herpes, or the Zika virus. The infection or fever causes an increase in cytokines, or small proteins, which then creates inflammation in the fetus. This inflammation leads to the brain damage characteristic of CP.
• Toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis occurs when the mother has developed an infection from parasites commonly found in the feces of infected cats, some soils, and contaminated food, and this has been found to potentially lead to CP.
• Maternal thyroid issues. Although research is unclear as to whether a thyroid issue during a mother’s pregnancy may increase CP risk, some experts suggest that it is a potential cause and needs to be considered.
• Blood type incompatibility. Sometimes the mother’s blood type is different than that of her developing fetus. This is called Rh incompatibility and refers to if the mother’s blood is positive and the baby’s is negative, or vice versa. If it occurs, the mother’s body makes antibodies to fight off her baby’s opposite-type cells, resulting in brain damage consistent with CP.
• Exposure to toxins. If an expectant mother is exposed to certain toxins, this could increase the child’s risk of CP. One such toxin is methylmercury, a toxin that one study found to be elevated in certain geographic areas, such as around the Great Lakes.
• Excessive alcohol consumption. After studying 23,573 live births, research published in Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology noted that “heavy maternal alcohol consumption is a direct cause of pre/perinatally acquired CP, and an indirect cause of postneonatally acquired CP.” Though its results were specific to non-Aboriginal children, the study suggests that alcohol consumption by an expectant mother can raise CP risk.
• Maternal seizures. Mothers who have seizures have an increased risk of birthing a child with CP.
• Maternal intellectual disabilities. Mothers with intellectual disabilities also have a higher risk of having a baby diagnosed with CP.
Birth-Related Factors that Can Increase CP Risk
Other factors that can increase a child’s risk of CP are more related to the birthing process. They are:
• Preterm birth. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a child has greater chance of developing CP if he or she is born prior to the 37th week. This risk increases more for children born before the 32nd week.
• Low birth weight. The CDC also indicates that children who are born weighing less than 5.5 pounds have a higher risk of CP. If they weigh less than three pounds and five ounces, the risk is even greater.
• Multiple births. If a baby is a twin, triplet, or other type of multiple birth, his or her chances of a CP diagnosis increase. The risk is compounded even more if one of the other babies is stillborn or passes shortly after the birth.
• Birthing complications. If the placenta detaches, uterus ruptures, or there are issues with the umbilical cord during the birthing process, the newborn may not get the oxygen he or she needs, resulting in brain damage and, subsequently, CP.
• Breech delivery. A breech delivery, which is when the baby is born feet first as opposed to head first, could increase the risk of CP as well.
• Seizures. Babies who experience seizures are more likely to develop CP.
Post-Birth CP Factors
Even after the birthing process, there remain certain factors that could increase the likelihood that a child will develop brain damage consistent with cerebral palsy. Here are two to consider:
• Jaundice. Jaundice is often recognized by a yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin. It is caused by a buildup of bilirubin—a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells—in the baby’s blood when it isn’t excreted as it should be. When left untreated or if it is a severe case, jaundice can result in kernicterus, a condition that can lead to CP.
• Brain-based infection. If the child develops a brain-based infection such as bacterial meningitis or viral encephalitis, this could result in cerebral palsy. This type of infection could also set in if the baby does not receive his or her necessary vaccinations at the recommended times.
These Are Risk Factors, Not Absolutes
Although these are all risk factors that could potentially lead to a CP diagnosis, it’s important to remember that many mothers and babies experience these same issues and the baby never develops CP.
Therefore, these are simply factors that can raise the risk of CP, and are not absolutes. |
Nora Helmer in Ibsen's A Doll House Essay
Nora Helmer in Ibsen's A Doll House Essay
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In 1879, Henrik Ibsen published the play A Dolls House. However, to much of his displeasure the portrayal of the third act was considered erroneous to critics and audiences of that time frame. This controversy centered on the play’s conclusion in Nora's decision to leave her marriage and abandon her children. Critics labeled this decision appalling and unrealistic, since at that time in history no true woman would ever make such a choice. This uproar forced Ibsen to write a second ending where Nora instead decides that the children need her more than she needs her freedom. Thus, leaving critics and audiences contently satisfied. Since then, though times have changed and ideas and beliefs of the past have been altered, maybe the critics had it right about Nora’s departure. Perhaps Ibsen’s original ending is better left unsaid.
Therefore, other than the alternative ending that Ibsen produced, how might the character of Nora deal with the situation at hand differently, based on what can be determined about her from the text? For starters, how about confronting the title of the story? Just who is the Doll? Many may claim that the doll is automatically Nora, for the reasons that she has been molded by her father and then toyed around with by her husband. To those individuals, Nora may seem like she is the victim, the poor little girl who can not comprehend who she is, the sweet “sky-lark” who had to leave her family for the findings of her true inner being…Or on a different note, Nora is the master and the controller of all that is functioning in the Helmer household. Although her husband, Torvald, may refer to her as a sky-lark, squirrel, or singing bird, it can be viewed in the text that Nora does not object to these remarks but r...
... middle of paper ...
...a man who loves her and abandoning her children. Point in taking: Nora served no sense of accomplishment and only declared her egotism in a single selfish act.
In the end, Nora’s greatest strength became her greatest weakness and it lead to her vindicated defeat. If only Nora used her powerful gift of control to step up to society instead of blocking it out, would she been able to save herself, her family, and her characters reputation as a feminine heroine, instead of a controversial role. But perhaps the controversy over Nora’s character is what we cherish so deeply because it is beyond our understanding. The idea that she is someone who is eternally captivating but can never fully be defined completely.
Works Cited
Kennedy, X.J. and Gioia, Dana. Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. 778-843.
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The chocolate to eat...before the world runs out . . .
The article below was submitted to us by a 1 Million Women community member.
You heard it here from 1 Million Women... the world is running out of chocolate. Climate change, disease, ever increasing demand and new markets are just some of the things that are to blame.
So as the world wants to eat more chocolate and the cocoa farmers can't keep up what will happen to our chocolate bars? It seems that some will be subjected to all manner of fillers and additives. And for others the size of the bars will get smaller and the prices will go up.
Before it runs out, which is a little while away, there may be some things that you might want to know about your chocolate.
You've probably heard of Fair Trade cocoa but do you know which brands use Fair Trade cocoa? It might surprise you to know that there's five brands found in the major supermarkets that use 100% ethically sourced or Fair Trade cocoa. Fair Trade cocoa takes into things like account sustainable farming practises and improved working conditions.
The good news is that all the major chocolate manufacturers are working on making sure their cocoa is ethically sourced in the future. It seems the magic year when this will happen is 2020. This, according to Bloomberg, is also the year that will see the gap between how much cocoa we want to eat and how much the cocoa trees can produce will be a massive 1 million metric tons. That's a big gap!
To learn more visit the and see how your chocolate choices can help the planet.
|
Ord Name Meaning
English (Northumbria) and Scottish: habitational name from East Ord in Northumberland, named with Old English ord ‘point’. Compare Ort 3. English: from a Germanic personal name (see Ort 2). Scottish: habitational name from various minor places named with Gaelic ord ‘hammer’, used as a topographical term for a rounded hill.
Similar surnames: Ford, Ore, Orr, Ort, Old, Lord, Ard, Ori, Nord, Ory
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Ord Family Origin
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Ord Family Occupations
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In 1880, the most common Ord occupation in the USA was Farmer. 27% of Ord's were Farmers. A less common occupation for the Ord family was Laborer. Farmer, Miner and Keeping House were the top 3 reported jobs worked by Ord.
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Ord Life Expectancy
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Between 1953 and 2004, in the United States, Ord life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1958, and highest in 1953. The average life expectancy for Ord in 1953 was 100, and 81 in 2004.
View Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Ord
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Today our guest, Michael Oppenheimer, will be discussing Confronting Climate Change. Michael is a widely acclaimed scholar and policymaker, and I think you all will be fascinated by what he has to say.
As our planet continues to heat up, skepticism is finally beginning to wane about the effects of global warming and climate change. Even though these issues have become highly politicized, increasing media coverage has made them part of our mainstream dialogue. Today the reality of climate change is no longer a distant threat, but is seen by many as an imminent danger.
In February of this year, a report was issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This panel was set up under the auspices of the United Nations to produce a global consensus on the science and economics of this pressing topic. Our guest this morning was one of the lead authors.
The report concluded that the warming of the Earth's climate system is unequivocal, and that human activity has very likely been the driving force in that change over the last 50 years. Additional data indicated that climate change is already having significant impacts on certain regions, particularly in developing countries and on most ecosystems. This study added new momentum to the debate that now seems centered less over whether humans are warming our planet and more about what can be done to slow down or stop this calamitous trend.
These findings come as a growing number of policy experts warn that environmental challenges are quickly emerging as the most important security threat in the 21st century, with the potential to affect every portion of the planet. For example, scientists expect global warming to trigger extreme weather events, such as long and intense droughts, which could imperil the world's food supply, as rising temperatures render fertile areas unfit for growing crops or for animals to graze upon.
Furthermore, increasingly frequent and violent storms could also produce flooding, tornadoes, and cyclones. Sea levels will continue to rise. Glaciers will retreat even further and snow cover will decline. And a warmer world could give rise to infectious diseases whose spread could affect thousands.
In the end, the advent of any one of these events may will represent a challenge to international security, perhaps just as dangerous and more intractable than the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. And, even though last week's participants in the 166-country, United Nations-hosted talks in Germany were still struggling to find a way to bring the United States and large developing countries to the negotiating table in an effort to extend the Kyoto Treaty, there is no better time than the present to make radically responsible decisions about how we are going to live on this planet.
While some will contend that there is a great deal left to understand about global warming and climate change, I would claim that what is needed is effective communication. By now we know that dialogue begins with finding the right people to convey the message. Today our guest, Michael Oppenheimer, is one such person.
Professor Oppenheimer is a visionary scientist who cares deeply about our planet. Although you all should have received a copy of this c.v., which I hope you have read, I would like to point out that his impact on the environmental movement and his concern for global warming and climate change is far broader than his c.v. might suggest, and his c.v. is extremely inclusive.
As this report concluded: "Climate change may threaten mankind, but mankind has a good chance of averting the consequences if it puts its mind to it." Professor Oppenheimer is doing just that.
It is a pleasure to turn the floor over to our guest this morning. Please join me in welcoming Michael Oppenheimer.
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: Thank you, and thank you for inviting me here today. It's a little early in the day to land a heavy problem on your heads like this.
What I want to do is try to get you to understand why we arrive at the situation we do today, where, much to the surprise of many people, and probably at least a few of you, this issue has exploded in the public arena. Well, how did we get there, why now, and where did this issue come from? So I am going to give kind of a historical perspective to start out with and explain to you the origins of the issue, how it gradually became of concern to the scientific community, and why it has become a large-scale public concern today. Also, there is so much that has happened, I have to say that in order for me to be able to speak off-the-cuff about this, I have to do it historically, because that's the way I think about things, and it will help me present, I think, a more coherent story for you.
After describing where this issue came from, I'm going to talk a little bit about the recent scientific findings, which situate the question as our political leaders are viewing it right now, and then talk about the political context a little bit. And finally, how I expect the problem will be solved and where we'll go in the future.
So let me outline just what is this problem, what is global warming, and what is the greenhouse effect.
There are certain gases that exist naturally in the atmosphere—water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, swamp gas, nitrous oxide (which you know as laughing gas)—which are transparent to sunlight. The sunlight comes through them and warms the Earth's surface. But those same gases trap some of that heat as it tries to radiate back into space, so they form kind of an invisible blanket. That's the greenhouse effect—and it's a good thing, because without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be about 60° F colder than it is today, it would be a frozen desert, and human life and much other life would never have evolved.
The greenhouse problem arises because human beings are adding to the levels of these gases, causing a buildup in the greenhouse effect, and that buildup inevitably will warm Earth. In fact, it already has. Earth is almost a degree-and-a-half Fahrenheit warmer than it was 150 years ago, when the first comprehensive global thermometer-based measurements of temperature were put in place.
Now, the existence of the greenhouse effect was postulated almost 200 years ago by the famous French mathematician Fourier. The notion that burning goal oil and natural gas, the primary sources of human-made carbon dioxide, would lead to a buildup in the greenhouse effect and an inevitable warming of the Earth was asserted over 100 years ago by Svante Arrhenius, who is a Swedish scientist who won the Nobel Prize for something entirely different, the ionic theory of liquids as solutions, in either 1901 or 1903.
I recognize some of my Swedish friends are in the audience, and they may have heard this story. I knew Arrhenius's grandson, whose name was Erik. He worked at the World Bank some years ago. He talked at some length about his grandfather, who he said was a black sheep in the family, despite winning the Nobel Prize, because the greenhouse theory was regarded as a totally crackpot thing, and he was an embarrassment, despite his fame in the scientific community.
Nevertheless, time has proved Arrhenius to be correct. But it took a long time, because between the time he discovered the greenhouse theory and the mid-1960s only a very, very, very small handful of scientists ever worked on, thought about, or mentioned it. Most scientists never heard of it. Most average people, of course, never heard of it. It was totally arcane and irrelevant to the main business of thinking about climate. I'd say the number of scientific papers on the idea of global warming between 1896, when Arrhenius did his work, and the mid-1960s was maybe 10 or 20, that's it.
In the mid-1960s things changed. What happened? Two things happened. First of all, the first high-speed computers became available and people were looking around for things to do with them. One of the things that happened was that human beings, because of all the problems that were always occurring due to weather, decided they needed a way to predict the weather better than they had. Previous weather prediction basically was based on looking out the window, or a sophisticated version thereof, but still not much better than that.
Well, you can't look out the window to project something like global warming. It's just too far ahead and the details are too complicated. So in the mid-1960s a couple of groups, particularly one at Princeton, started working on applying high-speed computers to creating what are called models or simulations or approximations of the climate, where you could actually put down all the physical equations for how air moves around and how it is heated by the sun, et cetera, and predict what the climate will do. These were originally conceived of as weather-forecasting models; that is, what's going to happen over the next few days. Climate is average weather over the long term.
One of the scientists began asking the question of: What happens if you tweak the basic contents of the atmosphere? Starting in 1957, a scientist had started to actually measure carbon dioxide atop a mountain in Hawaii and provided the first evidence that carbon dioxide was actually building up. Previous to that, the reason most people had disregarded the greenhouse theory is because they knew that the ocean can absorb dioxide, and the ocean is so vast it was assumed that most of the carbon dioxide that humans produced by coal burning would just dissolve in the ocean and disappear, and therefore that Arrhenius was wrong. But [Charles] Dave Keeling started these measurements in Hawaii and proved that carbon dioxide in fact was building up, that humans had to be the cause.
So come to the 1960s, and the computer analysts started looking at this data and putting it into their computer models and trying to ask "what will this do to the climate?" And, lo and behold, the modern computer simulations verified that Arrhenius had been correct 70 years before, and that a warming of, they reckoned, 4° F would occur eventually if the amount of carbon dioxide doubled in the atmosphere.
In the 1970s it was discovered that other gases could contribute to this problem. As I said, methane. A lot of methane leaks from natural gas pipelines because methane is the major component of natural gas. It is produced at the bottom of swamps naturally, but it is also produced, say, at the bottom of a landfill because the same anaerobic conditions exist. It's a byproduct of various agricultural activities. I could go down a list of other gases, but all of a sudden there was a whole bunch of gases that contribute to global warming.
Governments started to get interested in the late 1970s because, if you remember the last time we were worried about an oil supply disruption, at that time there were suggestions, as there are today, to start making oil out of coal, synthetic fuels, as the Nazis had done during World War II. It turns out that to do that you actually have to put in as much energy as you will eventually get out of the liquid fuel you produce, which would double the amount of carbon dioxide. So all of a sudden, there were some scientists running around who had these new computer simulations in their pockets saying, "That's a bad idea."
That first got the attention of government officials. It got the attention of somehow—and I don't know how—Helmut Schmidt, who was then the Prime Minister of Germany. It got the attention of Abe Ribicoff, who was a senator from Connecticut you may remember. And it got the attention of Gus Speth, who was head of Carter's, who was then president, Council of Environmental Quality.
That started a whole process, which I won't go into the details of, that got the National Academy involved, the Congress involved. Al Gore, who had been worried about this problem from an academic point of view since he was in college, started holding hearings. The late Senator Paul Tsongas actually held the first hearing, I think in 1977, in the Congress.
Some political activity started, but it was still at the level of "this is just a theory," until 1985, when scientists got together under UN auspices as a group. There were by then hundreds of scientists who were interested in this problem. Most of them don't care about politics, don't want to know about political leaders, look askance at the whole business of public decision-making—just it's got nothing to do with them.
But a bunch of them were what you might call instigators—or, nicely, in the political science literature they're called "policy entrepreneurs"—and they brought their colleagues together at a big meeting in Austria where there were several hundred scientists. They came out with a rather remarkable statement that said: "Global warming is a real problem; it's going to get worse; and"—and this is the most interesting part—"that the past has always been regarded as a guide to what we should do in the future, to what climate is going to do, but in fact the past is no longer a reliable guide to the future. You can rip up all your information about what the climate has done in the past. So, for instance, insurance companies' rating for hurricane frequency: forget it, it's all going to change. And, most importantly, the government should go ahead and negotiate an international treaty to limit global warming." It's a very powerful statement for scientists to make.
A couple of years later, scientists drilling in the middle of Antarctica, an international French/Russian team, were drilling with a device that looks like an oil rig. They pulled up cores of ice by drilling deeper and deeper. The center of Antarctica is about 12,000 feet deep; there's that much ice over the continent. They pulled up this huge core, and in the core there are little air bubbles. The reason there are air bubbles is because ice is formed from snow, and when the snowflakes form—you know, think about it—they have points that go like this and air gets trapped. If you look at an ice cube, after all, which is formed from a somewhat different process, it's got air trapped in it. Same thing. That's what an ice core looks like.
They pull this up, and they take it into a clean room, and they shave the ice away under pristine conditions and they release the air in the bubble. It turns out the air has the same properties that it had when it was first laid down. How old is that ice? The ice at the bottom of these ice cores now turns out to be over 700,000 years old. So all of a sudden, we had out of nowhere a record of Earth's atmosphere from 700,000 years ago and forward. The original core was actually 125,000, then they found an older one of 400,000, and now over 700,000.
When you look at that air, what you see is the carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases went up and down over time and that Earth's temperature went up and down in perfect correlation. This was a tremendous substantiation for the scientists that carbon dioxide, methane, et cetera, were related over time. The cause and effect was complicated, and it's still not fully understood, but what we do know is you cannot account of the changes in Earth's temperature over the last 700,000 years unless you include the greenhouse effect as one of the driving forces.
The reason climate changes naturally is Earth's orbit changes periodically over thousands of years, tens of thousands of years. This changes the pattern of sunlight on Earth's surface. That pattern of sunlight affects the way trees use and release carbon dioxide, and that changes the greenhouse effect.
What we also saw over that period of time is that Earth had never been much warmer in that 700,000-year period than it was today. We're in a very warm period. The cold periods are called glacial ages, where ice was 1,000 feet thick over here, for instance.
Number two, it turns out that carbon dioxide is much higher now than it ever was in the whole 700,000-year period. The carbon dioxide level is now almost 0.4 percent of the atmosphere's total content. It has never really been higher than about 0.3 percent. So it is about 30 percent higher than it has been in 700,000 years. That was another indication that the temperature must inevitably increase.
The last time carbon dioxide was this high was about 20 million years ago, and 20 million years ago it was a much warmer planet. The last time it was as high as it's projected to get by the end of this century—if we do nothing about the emissions, the climate will be equivalent to what it was 55 million years ago. Fifty-five million years ago was almost as far back as dinosaurs were dominant. Earth was semi-tropical to tropical. There were no ice sheets. If that happened today, sea level would be hundreds of feet higher.
So there is a strong case that we are headed in a direction which will remake the face of the Earth. It has happened before, but it happened over tens of millions of years. We're going to do all that in the course of 100 years if we don't stem the emissions of these gases.
During the 1990s there was tremendous progress. All of a sudden, there were thousands of experts involved in this problem. It grabbed the attention of the scientific community. By the mid-1990s, we were able to demonstrate, through very sophisticated computer techniques and other methods, that most of the warming to date is likely due to the buildup of the greenhouse gases. That is, the fact that Earth is more than a degree Fahrenheit warmer today than it was 150 years ago is likely—in fact, very likely—due to the fact that we are putting all these gases into the atmosphere.
A second thing happened starting in the late 1990s, which is only sort of coming to full fruition today and has a lot to do with the reason that your attention is on this problem. That is that the actual changes in the climate that that 1.5-degree-or-so warming is capable of bringing about have started to become so large that they have been noticeable, not just to scientists, but to the average person in the street. It's hotter. There are more heat waves. There's less very cold weather. Hurricanes are more intense. Drought is more frequent in certain parts of the world.
Perhaps most troubling over the long term, the sea level is rising. It has risen about seven inches over the past century. Most of that rise is due to the greenhouse gas buildup. That may not sound like a lot, but on a typical East Coast beach here, if you raise sea level by one foot you take away 100 feet of land inland due to submergence and erosion.
So big changes have already begun. The climate is already changing. Really the question today is: How fast can these political systems mobilize themselves to stem the warming, to reduce the levels of the gases, so we don't get into a problem where we have such a large, fast warming that we simply cannot cope?
What do the projections show today as far as the possible level of warming? There's a lot of uncertainty about how much Earth could warm. The uncertainty is basically for two reasons, and I think it's pretty easy to appreciate why this is the case.
Reason number one: In order to understand how much it is going to warm, you have to understand how much of this gas is going to be building up in the atmosphere over the next century. How do you do that? Well, where do these gases come from? They come from cars, they come from using electricity, they come from cutting and burning trees (deforestation is an important component), they come from heating your home, they come from air conditioning, they come from industry. A lot of stuff.
Why does that activity happen? Well, it's all driven by the rate of population growth—more people driving more cars, using more refrigerators, cutting more trees for agriculture, and so forth.
It's driven by the technology we use. You tell me. In 100 years, are we going to be driving cars? Is everybody going to have their own personal levitation device? How is it going to be powered? Is it going to be powered by gasoline, hydrogen, solar energy? I don't know.
How many people are going to be on the surface of Earth? When I started with this problem 25 years ago, the projections were we'd reach 15 billion. Now they're down to about 9 billion. And that's good news, by the way. There have been big changes in fertility in most countries.
How do you project? Well, what you do is, because there's obviously a lot of uncertainty, you get a bunch of experts in a room. Shell Oil is actually the company that pioneered this method. You lock the room. It's dark and there are no windows usually. It's usually a sunny and nice day outside and you'd really prefer to be somewhere else. You lock these people in a room for a week or so and you say, "Give us some scenarios, give us some possibilities." That's what has been done.
The possibilities range like this: from a modest growth in emissions to a huge growth in emissions. I won't give you the numbers. It's not worth thinking about. You can find them by looking at these reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. So that's one source of uncertainty.
The other source of uncertainty is these wonderful computer models we've been building for 40 years are still nowhere near up to the job of precision that they would need to be to fully accurately project the climate for the future.
Let me tell you the main reason. The climate system is very complex. As you warm Earth's surface, you warm the oceans. As you warm the oceans, you put more water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor itself is a greenhouse gas, but in addition it forms clouds. Clouds can either reflect sunlight—the low, heavy clouds, fog-type clouds, reflect sunlight—but the Sirius clouds, the light, veil-like clouds that you see coming in ahead of a cold front, actually trap heat just like greenhouse gases. We don't know, and we cannot really accurately say, whether we are going to get more of this kind of cloud or more of that kind of cloud and whether we'll get more of this kind of cloud near the equator and more of that kind of cloud near the poles where there's less sunlight and it matters less.
It's a mess, and it is not going to be resolved quickly. So there is a big uncertainty in what's called the sensitivity of the climate. When you combine those two uncertainties, over this century we will either have, at the low end, a modest warming of about 2° F, which would mean higher sea level, more intense storms, more heat waves. But, for a country like the United States, it would be manageable. For many developing countries, it will still create terrific problems, particularly along the coast.
At the high end, you would have about an 11.5° F warming, if these projects are correct, which most of my colleagues think is a out-and-out disaster, so much warming so fast we would not be able to cope with it, even in a rich country like the United States, much less in developing countries.
We could get either end or we could get anything in between. I can't tell you which. I'm not even able to rank the probability. I can just tell you this is what's called a risk management exercise. We have to deal with the fact of the reality of the warming but the reality of the uncertainty.
Now, why has this issue gotten such public attention lately? Actually, the global political system has been working on this problem since 1992, where at the Earth Summit in Rio, countries, including the United States, signed and ratified the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which was a voluntary agreement to begin the process of reducing emissions. The United States actually ratified that treaty unanimously in the first Bush Administration. It has been a long time since we've ratified an environmental treaty.
That was followed by the Kyoto Protocol, which was a child of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which has been ratified by all industrialized countries, except the United States and Australia, and of course is being implemented in Europe to greater or lesser success, and is providing a model for how you move forward on this problem. It is not going to solve the problem, obviously, particularly without U.S. participation, and certainly without the mandatory participation by big developing country emitters, which the Kyoto Protocol does not envision. But it was always envisioned as an experiment and a first step to start seeing how we could reduce emissions effectively, and that it has been. It has taught countries how to move forward.
What happened in the last few years is that the public finally got onto this issue. The reasons for that are not fully understood. Academics will write papers about this five or ten years from now, when it will no longer be of interest to anybody because the world will have moved on. Eventually we'll understand it.
But my view is—I think others see it more or less similarly—that we had a couple of very bad hurricane seasons at the same time scientists were able to say hurricanes were becoming more intense due to global warming. Although those hurricanes may not have been affected—as a statistical thing, you can never really say—it made clear what the scale of damages can be and how climate events are very hard for humans to deal with, even in a sophisticated society like ours.
In that way Hurricane Katrina was a monument. It was an incredible symbolic event because it showed—I cannot tell you, because I feel it in the depths of my heart—how incompetent government has been at all levels at anticipating the problem; protecting people from it in advance, a situation they knew would eventually happen; helping them during the event; and then, even to this day, helping restore that city. No one would have predicted that in this day and age half an American city would disappear overnight and be still disappeared a couple of years later. Unbelievable, just unbelievable. That's a learning experience for all of us on how difficult it will be to deal with this problem if we don't get it under control first.
The second thing that happened actually happened two years before. In Europe a large heat wave occurred in 2003. Forty thousand deaths are attributed to that heat wave. Again, it was an unusual event. It was not so clear it could have been anticipated, but the fact that once it got going governments were incompetent at all levels to deal with the potential fallout was an astounding lesson to everybody.
If you had asked my colleagues in the scientific community before that event "How many people could die if we get one of these large heat waves?" they would have said "a few hundred."
So this just shows you how we can't even imagine the sorts of things that really are going to be plausible in the world we are going into.
Another thing that happened was the pictures constantly occurring about the melting of the Arctic, about the threat to polar bears, which is an iconic species for a lot of people. The energy price rise that started to happen put people's attention on the whole fossil fuel problem. Al Gore's movie and other high-quality productions that were starting to happen at that time grabbed the attention of the public through the media. And then there was a political change in the United States.
All these effects—there are probably a few others I'm forgetting—fed back on each other. All of a sudden, there's a moment that has arrived where the public's attention is on the issue, where politicians' attention is on the issue.
At the same time, there is a tremendous amount of political energy that has been released because of the vacuum in Washington, where states have moved ahead to develop their own restrictions on greenhouse gases—not just California, which you may have heard of, but also there's a compact among Northeastern states, and about 25 of the states in the United States actually have a planning process in place. Many of those actions will lead to greenhouse gas limits.
This is a classic picture in the U.S. regulatory system. Frequently—not always—activity starts at the state level. Then, frequently, the business community, which doesn't want to see 50 different kinds of regulation, goes to Washington and says, "Help. Do something." I think that's what we are going to be seeing.
All of that has been facilitated by a monumental Supreme Court decision about six weeks ago, which not only validates some of these state actions, I think indirectly, but also gives states and perhaps individuals standing to go into court to sue the emitters. This will create chaos in the political system eventually, much as the asbestos lawsuits created chaos in that industry. I think that again is an additional pressure.
So my personal belief is we are going to see action very, very soon in Washington on the greenhouse gas problem because there are too many things happening from too many different directions.
At the same time, the Kyoto parties are moving to negotiate what ought to be the new Framework for beyond the conclusion of the Kyoto Protocol process in 2012.
I think, again, these events are going to come together. What I anticipate is the United States is likely to implement a serious domestic program at the federal level over the next two years. That problem will allow the United States to go back into the international negotiations eventually and claim that it is now the world's leader on climate change—which it may very well be by that time—and will facilitate an eventual grand bargain, which will involve the developing countries. I think the United States will start to try to engage developing countries, like China, even before they march back into the negotiations.
So an optimistic view—and I am an optimist—is that we are at long last on the verge of really grappling with this problem in a comprehensive, first national way, and then a global way.
Will things happen that we don't want to see happen? Yes. Because there are big uncertainties, are there risks of big changes, like the loss of big chunks of the ice sheets and a spectacular sea level rise, big changes that maybe can't be avoided, or will we cross some tipping point we didn't even realize? It's possible. I'd say the chances are quite a bit less than 50/50 at this point. I think that every year that we wait and add emissions to the atmosphere the chances grow. If we do nothing for the next 10 or 15 years, I think the chances are we will miss one of those tipping points and we will have truly unfortunate consequences.
But we do have this chance, and I think we will likely grab it. I was born an optimist, and I could be wrong, but that's the way I see it now.
Thank you.
Questions and Answers
QUESTION: I'm so happy that you're both honest and an optimist.
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: I didn't say I was honest. I said I was an optimist.
QUESTIONER: Well, it sounds like you were honest, because you're presenting a range of possibilities. When one presents these catastrophic possibilities, of course it's very upsetting, and what price do you pay or where do you go? I just wonder, as an intelligent person trying to keep up with this—we read various reports from some scientists who really have evidence that in the billions of years the planet has been going, et cetera, et cetera, from the Al Gore movie that has had a lot of criticism—how do we distinguish, as nonscientists, where the truth lies in this very exaggerated series of disputations?
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: First of all, let me just say on Al Gore's movie, because I'm always asked about it, I've seen hundreds of academic presentations by renowned scientists on this issue, and I have to say that Gore made no more, and in many cases fewer, mistakes in that movie than I've seen many scientists make. It is not possible to talk about an issue that is so broad, that covers so many areas, and get everything right. I saw the movie three times. I picked up one thing that I really thought was flat-out wrong.
He said a few things that I would have said differently and that some scientists would have said differently, but I've seen a lot of scientists give that presentation and they've all got their view and they've all got their pitch. Nobody is without a view, and that's fine.
So that's just on that issue.
In terms of how you judge, there has been a lot of noise in the public space about this problem, and it does not represent any big difference in the scientific community. What it represents is that, as with any complex problem, there are always some people who for honest reasons have a different opinion. It's always true of every scientific problem.
There's a famous biologist who still thinks that AIDS is not caused by HIV, and he talks about it publicly and frequently. That doesn't mean he's right.
So the government set up these assessment panels to try to figure out where the weight of the community is. The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences reports frequently on this problem. The United Nations set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to report on the problem. This stuff is all freely available, and actually written in something that approaches laymen's English, parts of it anyway. You can go the websites, you can read it yourself, and you make your own judgment.
I can just say that there are about 2,500 experts that are entrained by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and they actually entrain the critics also. If there are 2,495 that think this and five that think this, then you make your own decision. Scientists can be wrong. But it's a risk management exercise. Judge for yourself who you'd rather listen to in making your decisions about what the right way to go is. That's what governments are supposed to do.
I just attended a conference all day and part of the evening called Forum of the Americas, and the theme was sustainable development. You added insights that didn't even show up in that conference, so I thank you for that, particularly the historical business you gave us.
But I was surprised that you said that the time would come when we would renegotiate the Kyoto Treaty to take effect when it expires in 2012. Why not elect Gore-Obama and get started in two years and put it into effect much sooner?
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: Obama might think it should be Obama-Gore, for instance.
First of all, the Kyoto Treaty. I didn't say "renegotiate the Kyoto Treaty." Kyoto is finished. The United States didn't participate.
QUESTIONER: What is 2012?
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: 2012 is the date which is the completion date. The countries that are participating in Kyoto have to do what they promised to do by that date. Some will meet it. Some will not meet it.
The issue politically on the international stage is: What do we do afterwards? If Kyoto is a first step, what's the next step? That's what is being negotiated.
I didn't suggest that we should wait until then. In fact, the U.S. political activity is moving ahead now.
California is implementing these regulations. The most interesting one would reduce emissions from their cars basically beginning with the 2009 model year. They were sued by the auto manufacturers. The auto manufacturers' suit had the legs were cut out from under it by the Supreme Court decision. They still have to get permission from EPA [Environmental Protection Agency]. They were down there this week—there was a story in the paper today—asking EPA for what they need, which is a waiver. If they don't get the waiver, they'll sue EPA. It's going to happen eventually.
If I understand you correctly—this is maybe not a very intelligent question—there are waves anyway. Over a long period of time, the world warms up and gets colder. I take it that in most of the previous hundreds of thousands of years there was no global policy there. So could you tell us a little more whether there is an analysis why it turned back and forth from warmer to colder? Are there self-corrective mechanisms somewhere that do make those changes back?
Excellent question.
The reason the Earth went through waves, as you put it, of warming and cooling over long periods of time had to do with these changes in Earth's orbit that I talked about. Earth's orbit has three different cycles at least—actually more—that it goes through. They have to do with the tilt of the axis of rotation, for instance, compared to the plane at which it revolves around the sun. That's one of the changes in the orbit. There are two other prime ones.
How does that alter them?
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: There are several theories about how that generates changes in Earth's climate. There's no doubt that it does, because the timing is just too perfect over, as I said, 700,000 years.
One theory, for instance, is that when Earth's orbit is in a particular inclination, the amount of sunlight reaching the Southern Hemisphere in their summer increases the pattern. And we know this; this does happen. The theory then is that that, for instance, increases the production of algae at the ocean's surface. There is a particularly rich area with a lot of nutrients where algae get produced. That algae production—of course, it's photosynthesis—sucks carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. When the algae die, they sink to the bottom of the ocean. That means there's less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a lower greenhouse effect, and Earth starts cooling. When the Earth starts cooling, ice sheets start expanding. The ice sheets reflect sunlight because they are more reflective than the ocean or land that they cover. That's called a feedback. Earth gets get cooler. Further cooling further enhances the process. All of a sudden, you're in an ice age. That's one theory about how these orbital changes trigger the changes in climate.
Then it reverses itself. Earth's orbit goes in these regular cycles, we know that for sure. It changes the pattern of sunlight, we know that for sure. All of a sudden, the intense sunlight in the Southern Hemisphere during the summer starts switching and goes to the north. The carbon dioxide metabolism changes. Carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere by the ocean. The Earth warms again.
Those kinds of changes, which happen over tens of thousands of years and are triggered by changes in Earth's orbit, are not what's going on now. What's going on now definitely is that the greenhouse gases are building up due to human activity, not due to these biological changes. There is nothing to reverse that except us reversing emissions.
Nor do we know of any limit in the climate system that would stop the warming. There could be one. Maybe when we get to 4-5 degrees warming there's something that happens that we don't know about. There's a lot we don't know. But we can't make policy based on a hope.
Thank you for being so comprehensive and enlightening for lay people. Your students are very fortunate to have you.
QUESTIONER: Two areas that need more explanation.
One, you've given us an example of how the democratic system in the United States can have a positive effect, if enough people talk about it and get to the politicians, the business people, and so forth. What about China, which has an enormous problem that affects everybody else and over a billion people?
Secondly, could you touch on alternative fuels and the possibilities, the Brazilian example and so forth?
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: First of all, let me answer the second half first. How would we solve this problem if we set out to do so?
Most analyses indicate that we could increase the efficiency with which we use energy, and therefore decrease the energy sector's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, by about 20 percent. There are different views on whether it would cost anything or would be purely cost-free, because the extra investments at the front, like in more-efficient high-fuel-economy vehicles, pay back because you use less gasoline, for instance.
There are hundreds, maybe thousands, of individual steps like that that can be taken. The reckoning is over the next 30 years, 25 years, we could increase the world's efficiency by about 20 percent compared to what it would otherwise be by taking such measures. We just have chosen not to do so. Price of fuel isn't enough of an incentive. You need government action.
At the same time, switching to lower-carbon-content fuels, if the supplies are available, and it's not clear. An increase in natural gas usage temporarily to replace coal is one suggestion.
Another suggestion is an increased used of nuclear power to generate electricity. I myself think expansion of nuclear capacity at this point is a bad idea because we haven't solved the waste cycle problem, with the concomitant possibilities of diversion of fuel for nuclear proliferation and the targeting of nuclear power plants by terrorists. Those are solvable problems. It's just that we haven't solved them. I don't think they're going to be solved for several decades. So I actually don't think in the United States that expansion of nuclear power is a short-term solution, though it may be a long-term solution.
In the long term, when you get to replacing existing generation with new technologies, you're talking about an enhanced development of solar energy, and possibly a solar-hydrogen economy where hydrogen is generated from solar energy and piped around for people to use in factories, etc.
In the short term, one particularly promising alternative in the China context and the U.S. context is what's called carbon capture and storage, trapping carbon dioxide before it gets into the atmosphere from power plant stacks and burying it deep underground in reservoirs called deep saline aquifers of expended oil wells. That's a technology which we're finding out a lot about fast and could solve about a third of the problem.
On China, I actually have—again, I can't help it, and maybe I'm wrong; maybe I'm a Pollyanna—I have a more optimistic view than some have.
First of all, going directly to your point about political response, there is a developing public sector or civil sector in China with a strong environmental movement at the local level that the government is actually starting to listen to. China has terrible air pollution problems. It is not too much to imagine that the agenda of cleaning up the air pollution problem, together with the growing concern at the official level in China about their exposure to climate change and sea level rise, which is starting to penetrate at the highest levels of government, will come together and converge in a solution eventually which would change the incentives and actually see decreasing—maybe not decreasing coal use, but decreasing rates of growth in building coal-burning power plants and some serious examination of alternatives.
So I think China may be where we were 40 years ago, when we hadn't even touched our air pollution problem. We then got serious about it and started to do something about it. If you had asked people in 1950 or 1960, "Are we ever going to clean up the air? We're dying"—people would have said, "They'll never come to grips with it." Well, we did. These are problems that can be come to grips with.
The expenses are not that great. We're talking about a tenth of a percent, or maybe less. Some people think the net cost is actually negative; that is, you save money by doing many of these things. We just don't know.
I think China will come to grips with the problem, but this is not something that's going to happen overnight. If the United States doesn't lead the way and show that it can be done, I think China is less likely and will be much slower to try to come to grips with it.
There seems to be much more talk in Europe about using some form of a carbon tax as part of an approach to this problem, and there seem to be all kinds of different notions of what that means and what that could do. Do you have any views about whether this kind of an approach is going to get anywhere in this country?
In terms of policy instruments, the United States actually has a long experience with dealing with energy and effectively limiting greenhouse gases. For instance, the best-known example is the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. When you buy a motor vehicle, it has to get a certain mileage, or at least the fleet average has to get a certain mileage, or else the manufacturers pay a fine. A modernization and enhancement of the Fuel Economy standards is one thing that probably will be done.
Number two, when you buy an air conditioner or a refrigerator, those appliances have to satisfy standards set by the Department of Energy for electricity use and, therefore, for greenhouse gases coming out of the power plant indirectly. Those standards are upgraded regularly, except in the recent Administration, which stopped doing it. There is no reason those standards can't be toughened and the process accelerated, becoming yet more efficient. A typical refrigerator is three times more efficient than it was 30 years ago. That process needs to continue.
But to bring all these measures together there is another proposal, which is for a cap-and-trade system—that is, limit emissions of greenhouse gases; give producers of the fuels, for instance, emissions allowances; and allow them to be traded so that the companies that can do the reductions cheapest have an incentive to find new technologies to do so. The companies that can't do it as cheaply buy an emissions allowance from someone else. But the cap is always descending, so emissions are going down. That was used in Title IV of the Clean Air Act of 1990 and has been very effective in cleaning up the sulfur dioxide/acid rain problem.
Then there's the possibility of taxes. Taxes are an effective instrument, just like a carbon cap would be. The trouble is they're a politically difficult sell in this country. I was just having this discussion here at the table. The last time we tried to do a tax related to energy use was in 1993, and Clinton got his head handed to him for doing it. It's one of the reasons, it is believed, that the Democrats lost control of Congress in 1994. That has not been forgotten. It's not an easy political sell.
It doesn't matter in a way, because a carbon cap is as effective as a tax, but it is possible that a tax will eventually—you know, the U.S. political system may grow up in some way and we may learn to swallow more taxes. I don't know. I wouldn't bet on it for this round. Maybe for a future round.
One thing I say is not going to happen. Some people have talked about a rationalized international tax on carbon. That's not going to happen. I'll take any bet on that.
QUESTION: My question is more about the role of the consumer and the role of the market in terms of stopping this environmental degradation. You've spoken a lot about government initiatives, but it just seems to me in a lot of what I've been reading lately is the role of entrepreneurship and the educated consumer who wants to buy products that are environmentally positive, or whatever you want to say. It just seems to me that it's actually the market taking the lead and the government following the consumer.
MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER: Yes, certainly, that's a strong element of what's going on, and the big burst of excitement we've had over this and other environmental issues. It's a revisitation of something that has happened periodically before over the last few decades.
I want to say some elements of the private sector have been in some sense been quite progressive on this issue, and have for a long time pressed for greenhouse gas limits. The private sector is split in three parts.
Some firms—particularly some electric utilities, plus du Pont, more recently GE [General Electric], and some other companies—have pressed the government to actually do something about the problem, partly because they have reduced their own emissions, partly because they've got some new technologies which they think they're going to get an advantage from in a carbon-constrained world, partly for other reasons.
Then there's another group in the middle, which is the big body of companies, which are cautious, resistant to any change, don't take a public position on it, and, particularly with a hostile administration, haven't wanted to say "this is a good thing to do."
There is a third, shrinking group of companies which has taken the lead in propagating the views of this handful of scientists that there's really scientific controversies on this. These are the kind of "black hats," the most famous one of which is Exxon, which recently has claimed that now they believe in the problem and they're not going to spend money on this sort of activity anymore. We'll see.
But beyond that there are the consumers, and the consumers have gotten interested in this problem all of a sudden. There are things that people can do. It's a good idea for individuals, including yourselves, to do this sort of thing because it gives our leaders—who really don't lead, they follow—the courage to go out and pass laws that actually solve the problem.
Individuals aren't going to solve it, but they can prove that it can be done without great pain.
You hear a lot about compact fluorescent bulbs. Yeah, they work. Buy the bulbs. You hear about hybrids. Yeah, they work. Buy the hybrids. Look for the Energy STAR sticker, the EPA sticker, when you buy appliances. All that helps. It's not going to solve the problem, but it's one brick in the wall, and an important one.
QUESTION: On that note, if the individual level is not going to solve the problem, does the country participation or consciousness solve the problem too? My homework last night for this breakfast meeting was I was reading The Lorax with my two-year-old son. For those of you who don't know The Lorax, it is a classic Dr. Seuss book [about the environment].
So I started thinking about this environmental issue. One of the things that was concerning is when you think about this in a global context it reminds you of the parable of The Tragedy of the Commons, where we all individualistically act in our own self-interest.
You commented earlier that there's not going to be any international tax or regulatory or governing body. Do we ever actually address this problem, or is there a free-market way to address it? I work at Lehman Brothers. We're thinking about market solutions, so anything other than a market solution is some sort of an inefficient, short-term fix.
: I think the answer is that you need both. A market doesn't exist without scarcity, and scarcity doesn't exist unless the governments get together and say there's going to be a limit on this stuff. That's when approaches like carbon trading become important.
I think it's very important with this problem not to make the mistake of thinking governments are going to mandate particular technologies. That would be a disaster. The government—our government, at least—has a terrible track record in the energy area of coming in and suggesting particular ways to go, like synfuels or like breeder reactors. They made mistake after mistake.
That doesn't mean the government shouldn't act. It means the government should take a step back, have a hands-off approach at the most general level—for instance, a carbon cap—and then you let companies decide what they can do. There's the little tricky question of how you allocate the permits, which is interesting, which is another discussion.
But your question really goes to international coordination and can you do it unless countries get together. There are many views on how to do this internationally.
There's the centralized view, which is embodied in Kyoto, which I believe in, which is that you really need a firm agreement which has specific targets and timetables. Otherwise, countries will never do what they're supposed to do, they'll never live up to it, we'll never get the coordination. I think that works. I think it will work.
There have been tougher problems solved. When I was a kid, we thought we'd get blown up in the nuclear exchange between two countries that couldn't stand each other. To me the problem of the United States and China and greenhouse gases is nothing compared to that problem. Somehow we've managed to survive at least this long without doing it.
So this greenhouse problem, it's nothing. It's like solving the air pollution problem, as far as I'm concerned, on a somewhat bigger scale. It's affordable. The politics are manageable.
The real difficulty, I think, is less at that level than domestically, where we have interest groups, where we have cross-cutting interests, where, in spite of the fact that solving the problem might be an economic good on the whole, actually reduce energy dependence and so forth, it will certainly hurt certain constituencies, and those constituencies are powerful, will not let go easily.
So to my mind getting international agreement is less problematic in a way than the difficulty of getting in the United States the political deal that is going to move us forward. But, as I said before, I think that's on the verge of happening.
QUESTION: I'm a climatologist as well. In my view, the climate change problem—the temperature is one issue and sea level is one, but really the big one is the hydrological cycle, the changes in the cycle, and the impact on the food production in particular. Could you comment on this?
: Yes. I'm glad you raised that.
One of the robust findings of the climate simulations is a drying in the tropics to sub-tropics in both hemispheres. You have a band of countries, ranging from Mexico, parts of sub-Sahara Africa, around the world at that latitude, and a similar band in the Southern [sic] Hemisphere, where there is projected to be less precipitation. Even though the atmosphere as a whole is going to get moister, the moisture is biased towards the higher latitudes when it falls.
In addition, the warming itself dries things out. So even in some places where you're going to get more precipitation, it will actually be dryer in terms of less available water for runoff, for drinking, for agriculture, because water will be re-evaporated before it has a chance to be used by human beings.
If you look at the projections for availability of water in some of these low-latitude developing countries, you have a very, very, very grim picture, and it affects food production. A lot of these areas are areas where malnutrition is endemic and starvation episodically occurs, even though we live in a world where there is on the whole enough food for everybody. We could still have 50-to-75 years from now plenty of food on the whole but more malnutrition and higher levels of episodic starvation in many of these low-latitude countries because they can't provide for themselves because the runoff isn't there. And the drinking water is getting shorter in supply too.
It's not just them. If you look at the predictions in this country, you see the same thing happening in Southern California and the Southwestern United States.
This problem and the sea level rise problem are to my mind the biggies that need to be dealt with. Again, these models are uncertain at the regional level. It's a risk management exercise. But if you look at the risks and you think about a world with almost twice as many people and a good chunk of them getting even less food than today, that's something you really need to think about when you think about international stability. So yes, it's a really big problem.
JOANNE MYERS: Thank you so much. You really made today special.
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Sant Gadge Baba Birth Anniversary 2019: Know His Early Life and Greatest Initiatives for Clean Villages
Sant Gadge Baba (Photo Credits: Laxman Raut/ Facebook)
Sant Gadge Baba, a peripatetic mendicant-saint from Maharashtra, was one of the greatest modern-day social reformers in India, who worked for and among the underprivileged for the longest of his life. Until his death in 1956, Sant Gadge Maharaj, wandered from village to village, town to town, with a broom in hand, his only and other possession being a small earthen pot that he used to beg for food. The social reformer was born on February 23, 1876, and today on his 143rd birth anniversary, people from all walks of life pay their tribute, with political leaders encouraging for a clean nation. His greatest initiatives; especially to clean villages, is still maintained by his followers. Difference Between 'Swachhata Hi Seva' & 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan'.
His original name was Debuji Zhingraji Janorkar, who was born in Shendgaon village in Anjangaon Surji Taluka, Amravati district of Maharashtra. Gadge Baba lived in voluntary poverty and wandered to different villages promoting social justice and initiating reforms, especially related to sanitation during his time. Satara District of Maharashtra Bags Top Spot of Being Cleanest Among Rural Areas.
Sant Gadge Baba Early Life & Greatest Initiatives
Sant Gadge Baba was born to a dhobi (washerman caste) family in a small village in Maharashtra. He grew up at his maternal grandmother’s home. As a child, Debuji Janorkar was interested in farming and cattle and later got married in 1892. Baba was a preacher par excellence. In 1905, Baba left his family to pursue his life as a saint. He used to carry his trademark broom and wear his food pan as a cap. When he entered a village, the first thing he would do instantly, was to clean the gutters and roads. If given any money by the villagers, he would use it for something good for society.
Not just cleanliness, he even discoursed to stop animal sacrifice as part of religious rituals and campaigned against vices such as alcohol abuse Gadge Baba would conduct Kirtans in which he used to emphasise values such as service to humanity and educate people against blind faiths and rituals. With the money that the villagers used to give him, Baba built educational institutions, dharamshalas, hospitals and animal shelters.
Maharaj died on December 20, 1956, on his way to Amravati. The Maharashtra Government initiated the Sant Gadge Baba Gram Swachata Abhiyan project in 2000-01 in his honour. This programme awards prizes to villagers, who maintain clean villages. Further, the Government of India instituted a National Award for Sanitation and Water in Sant Gadge Baba’s honour. Many years have passed since his departure, but there is still a lot of following for him. The University of Amravati was renamed as Sant Gadge Baba University. |
Definition of Genus Sesbania
1. Noun. Small genus of tropical and subtropical leguminous herbs or shrubs or trees.
Lexicographical Neighbors of Genus Sesbania
genus Septobasidium
genus Sequoia
genus Sequoiadendron
genus Serenoa
genus Sericocarpus
genus Serinus
genus Seriola
genus Seriphidium
genus Seriphus
genus Serranus
genus Serrasalmus
genus Serratia
genus Serratula
genus Sertularia
genus Sesamum
genus Sesbania (current term)
genus Seseli
genus Setaria
genus Setophaga
genus Shigella
genus Shorea
genus Shortia
genus Sialia
genus Sialis
genus Sida
genus Sidalcea
genus Sideritis
genus Sigmodon
genus Silene
genus Sillago
Literary usage of Genus Sesbania
1. Pamphlets on Forestry in the Philippine Islands (1903)
"The gum of this species is mentioned under the heading of essential oils. Genus SESBANIA SESBANIA GRAND!FLORA Pers. ..."
2. Caracterización y manejo de los suelos de la Península de Yucatán by Francisco Bautista Zúñiga, Alvaro Gerardo Palacio (2005)
"Tha relationships between gas production and chemical composition of 23 browses of the genus Sesbania. Journal of the Science of food and Agriculture. ..."
Other Resources:
Search for Genus Sesbania on!Search for Genus Sesbania on!Search for Genus Sesbania on Google!Search for Genus Sesbania on Wikipedia! |
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Home » Services » Surgical Procedures » Septoplasty
Septoplasty is an operative procedure that corrects deviation of the nasal septum. The nasal septum is a bony cartilaginous wall that separates the two nasal cavities. The septum helps to support the nose and to regulate airflow. Deformities of the nasal septum are either present at birth (congenital) or occur from a traumatic injury to the nose. Septoplasty is performed to correct the shape of the nose or to correct breathing problems caused by a deformed septum.
Septoplasty is indicated in patients with a deviated nasal septum causing nasal obstruction, sinus pressure headaches, nosebleeds, and breathing problems. Septoplasty is often performed as part of plastic surgery of the nose, a procedure called rhinoplasty.
Before the surgery
Before performing the surgery, your surgeon will obtain your medical history and perform a physical examination. You may be asked to avoid certain medications that increase the risk of bleeding for a specified period. You should also stop smoking, as it delays the healing process. You should have someone available to drive you home after your procedure.
The goal of surgery is to improve the patients breathing through their nose.
The surgery is performed under general anesthesia. An incision is made inside the nostril and the tissue covering the septum is elevated to make the deviated septum visible. The deviated part of the bone and cartilage is then removed or reshaped, while maintaining the shape of the nose. The mucous membranes are positioned back in place and the incision is closed using stitches.
Your surgeon may place splints inside the nose to keep your septum straight and reduce scar tissue formation during the healing process. Nose packing may also be inserted to prevent bleeding, but is usually not necessary.
Post-operative Care
You will be discharged to home either on the same day or the morning after the surgery. Rest with your head elevated on pillows to minimize swelling. Breathe through your mouth until you can breathe through your nose. Use ice packs as instructed to lessen pain and swelling. You can also use pain relievers to keep you comfortable. You should avoid blowing your nose and performing any strenuous exercises to minimize bleeding and swelling. If nasal bleeding is severe, immediately consult your physician.
Risks and complications
As with any surgical procedure, there are certain potential risks and complications involved with septoplasty surgery.
These risks include:
• Bleeding
• Scarring
• Opening or hole in the nasal septum
• Change in the shape of your nose
• Decreased ability to smell
• Septal hematoma (collection of blood inside the septum)
• Persistent nasal obstruction |
Course Details
Information Technology Assignment
Information Technology Assignment
I think a lot of what human beings have been doing over the course of history is advancing them through technology and through medicine. So for technology just kind of from a communication standpoint being able to like just be able to talk to one another a lot easier then you used to be able to texting and instant messaging. You may have some tough course homework’s and you can also take information technology assignment help from reputable websites like my assignment experts. Social media has grown immensely just even in my lifetime and then kind of from a medical standpoint being able to advance technology to the point where you know. We can cure people of diseases that you know would normally kill a person back even in like the mid to late 1900s.
It's been something really cool to watch happening augmentations. I currently have the only really like augmented reality thing I can think of that I use on a daily basis would be Siri on my iPhone. It's not so much like augmented reality in the sense of something like what Stephen Hawking might have where he actually has a machine kind of translate and talk for him and help him with his with communication in general. But Siri is kind of the only computer generated algorithm type program that I use to kind of just make my life a little bit more community like an artificial mind. I think is less dynamic than a human mind. It's less able to improvise or be asked at least at this point be asked super complicated questions that warrant kind of a non-scripted to answer. So to speak I think you mines are more responsive to like say emotions and you know other aspects of our kind of daily life that includes decisions. I think humans and you know different countries work really hard and people come together to achieve the singularity because that's kind of how to me anyway. I feel like that's how humans have always been there vary. We are very determined to kind of keep onward keep pushing. The pushing our own limitations advancing ourselves, you know in our daily lives that are professionalized technologically as a race. I think it's something that just likes is part of our human nature and doesn't really end. It’s kind of like gives us a little bit of a purpose to just kind of keep chugging. I realized that our perspectives are very similar and a lot of these issues. So I will kind of go by and question. I would like to add that without the technical expertise or in other words I can say that without information technology assignments help experts.
To communicate and modern medicine improvements being kind of the two biggest upgrades we've had and while I agree with that I also think that there are some little things that we may be overlooked that have been huge upgrades to us. For example, how we get around town you know GPS our cars helping us out. Now they have you know rear view cameras to make sure. You're not getting in accidents and then I think also you know there's stuff like scheduling your day. It's really easy to like you know to use technology to help you out there finding jobs and then even you know doing those set jobs have been a lot easier throughout technology.
Can you do the information technology assignment without help? Something you can do you know in your own home is going on and figure out things you need to figure out where without that you would have had you know go around town talking to people. So I think technology just makes our lives easier on a day-by-day basis which is a pretty big upgrade. Second what augmentations did he currently have and with a technological? I saw Siri as more of a piece of artificial intelligence rather than an augmentation but after the kind of thinking about it and how I wanted to elaborate on that I kind of think that they can go hand.
There's always something else that you can be doing and so the innovation never really stops at some point. We are going to be doing things that we can't even conceive right now and at that point, I think there's going to be that next level of things that we won't be able to conceive. So the singularity I think is something we are going to be always chasing and we will never quite find. During you IT or CS engineering you will seek information technology assignment help.
What My Assignment Experts Feel on Information and Technology:
If you ask us on the above mentioned subject regarding information technology assignment help, then we would defined is as Information technology IT is the application of computers on the internet to store retrieve transmit and manipulate data one or information. Often in the context of a business or other Enterprise to IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology ICT in 2012 Zuba proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level contains some degree of commonality and they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications. IT was one level of the ICT hierarchy and the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones and several industries are associated with information technology including computer hardware software electronics semiconductors Internet telecom equipment engineering healthcare.
I am sure we can help you passing your Information Technology Assignments with excellent grades. Order now and secure your marks right now without any delay. |
Researchers are one step closer to solving the mystery of why some vertebrates can regenerate their spinal cords while others, including humans, create scar tissue after spinal cord injury, leading to lifelong damage.
Scientists at the Marine Biological Laboratory have identified gene “partners” in the axolotl salamander that, when activated, allow the neural tube and associated nerve fibers to functionally regenerate after severe spinal cord damage. Interestingly, these genes are also present in humans, though they are activated in a different manner. Their results were recently published this Nature Communications Biology.
“[Axolotls are] the champions of regeneration, in that they can regenerate multiple body parts. For example, if you make a lesion in the spinal cord, they can fully regenerate it and gain back both motor and sensory control,” said Karen Echeverri, associate scientist in the Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering at the UChicago-affiliated MBL. “We wanted to understand what is different at a molecular level that drives them towards this pro-regenerative response instead of forming scar tissue.”
MBL scientist Karen Echeverri
Echeverri’s prior research had shown that, in both axolotls and humans, the c-Fos gene is up-regulated in the glial cells of the nervous system after spinal cord injury. She also knew that c-Fos cannot act alone.
c-Fos has a different partner in axolotl than it has in humans and this seems to drive a completely different response to injury,” Echeverri said.
In human injury response, c-Fos is paired with the gene c-Jun. In axolotls, however, Echeverri and her team determined that c-Fos is activated with the gene JunB. This difference in gene activation was traced to the actions of microRNAs, which regulate gene expression.
By modifying gene expression by the axolotls’ microRNA, they were able to force the human pairing of c-Fos with c-Jun. The salamanders with the human pairings were unable to regain a functioning spinal cord after injury, instead forming the scar tissue that occurs in human injury repair. Follow-up studies will investigate if the reverse is true in human cells.
“The genes involved in regeneration in axolotl are highly conserved between humans and axolotls, and it doesn’t appear so far that axolotls have regeneration-specific genes,” Echeverri said. “It’s all about who you partner with directly after injury, and how that drives you toward either regeneration or forming scar tissue. It’s kind of like in life: Who you partner with can have a really positive or negative effect.”
Understanding the axolotl spinal cord regeneration and its differences from—and, more interestingly, similarities to—the human process could help researchers and eventually doctors improve treatment for severe human spinal cord injuries.
“That has a huge translation potential, not just for spinal cord injury in humans, but also for a lot of neurodegenerative diseases,” she said.
The Marine Biological Laboratory is dedicated to scientific discovery—exploring fundamental biology, understanding marine biodiversity and the environment, and informing the human condition through research and education. Founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1888, the MBL is a private, nonprofit institution and an affiliate of the University of Chicago.
Citation: Keith, Sabin Z. et al. “AP-1cFos/JunB/miR-200a regulate the pro-regenerative glial cell response during axolotl spinal cord regeneration.” Nature Communications Biology, March 6, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0335-4
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One unique aspect of Christianity is The creationthe type of knowledge that it claims to provide. Christianity offers relational knowledge of an immanent and personal being while all the other religions offer impersonal and abstract knowledge of ideas, principles, a vague and unidentifiable force, or a distant but personal deity . In other religions, the goal is to know about the divine as we know about gravity. In Christianity the goal is to know God as we know our parents, friends and spouse. The “godly” characteristic most emphasized in other religions is transcendence, while the God of Christian revelation emphasizes his immanence (while not downplaying his transcendence).
For example, R.P. Dunoyer notes that the religions of Japan, including Shintoism and the various Buddhist sects, seem incapable of rising above human horizons to contemplate a personal God (122). They are stuck with abstract and impersonal notions of the divine. Shintoism, for instance, “does not have the slightest notion of a spiritual interior life, of an intimate dialogue between man and his God” (102).
In another case, the Allah of Islam is primarily known by a host of names that express different aspects of his greatness. Muslims recite the names of God as a spiritual devotion, meditating on the various abstract qualities that he possesses (omnipotence, mercy, compassion, etc.)
When studying this, I was struck by the contrast between what a Christian and a Muslim would meditate on. While Christians also focus on God’s character qualities, they do so within the context of remembering what God has done and is doing in history. Psalm 77 is a model for many other Psalms and offers a good example of this. The Psalmist asks for God’s help as the one who is known for his love, mercy and compassion, (Psalm 77:7-9) but then provides support for those judgments by mentioning the miracles God has done in history, including bringing his people through the Red Sea during the Exodus (Psalm 77:11-20. The intimate knowledge that comes through shared experiences is unique to Christianity. As one booklet on Islam points out, “Islam holds that God is transcendent in a way that precludes the kind of intimacy he shows with mankind in the Bible” (20). The lack of depth and closeness of relationship between God and man in Islam means that the primary truth of the universe, namely that God is love, is missing from their theology. “Love is the keynote of Christianity that Islam lacks” (27).
As Pope John Paul II wrote, the theology of Mohammed and his followers is a reduction of Christian theology. It is a movement farther away from the intimacy of Christian revelation. “Some of the most beautiful names in the human language are given to the God of the Koran, but He is ultimately a God outside of the world, a God who is only majesty and never Emmanuel, God-with-us” (92).
The fact that God has not remained outside of the world is a major focus of a Jean Danielou article about the uniqueness and superiority of Christianity to other religions. He notes that the one of the major novelties of Christianity is that its adherents place their faith in an event, not an ideal or philosophical proposition or anything else (150). God is known and is known to be trustworthy based on his intervention in time and space. No other religion speaks of the eternal as breaking into the temporal in this way. This is unique to Christianity and finds its perfection in Jesus. I really appreciated Danielou’s insight into the fact that this intervention actually “gives time consistency and transforms it into history” (150). I think this helps explain much of the difference between Western Civilization and the rest of the world. The West has been built on a linear, apocalyptic view of time. That is to say that we have believed that time has a purpose and is headed toward a final and irrevocable culmination. We believe in history and take it seriously. This view is explicitly and uniquely Judeo-Christian. Societies built on other worldviews, with their views of time as cyclical or meaningless, simply do not live the same way. They do not understand history as the West does. Unfortunately, the West is losing this understanding of time as it sheds and denies its Christian underpinnings. Now our children are taught that time as meaningless and “History is bunk” (Henry Ford), just one more symptom of our regressing and dying age.
Indeed, both John Paul II and Danielou point out that non-Christian religions and theologies are only valuable as a pre-cursor to Christianity and any acceptance of them after receiving the light of Jesus is indeed a regression. The pope notes that Islam, for example, reduces God’s revelation and sets it aside to return to a more primitive view of the divine (John Paul II, 92). Danielou refers to pagan religions as “out of date” in that they served a purpose leading up to Christ, but now should accept their status as forerunner and accept that Jesus is their fulfillment. That is why conversion from another religion to Christianity will always be a “rupture.” Christianity purifies whatever errors the other religions have fallen into and consecrates whatever truth they contain, assuming its value into Christ (Danielou, 159). |
Blood Diamonds
History of Conflict Diamonds
Conflict diamonds, or blood diamonds, gained attention because of warlords who obtained diamonds found in Sierra Leone, Angola, The Democratic Republic of Congo and Liberia and sold them to fund violent acts.
Conflict diamonds, also known as “blood diamonds,” are diamonds that originated in areas of violent conflict and civil war. These diamonds are usually sold in a covert manner, in order to purchase weapons while covering the trail of the financing for the conflict. The African nations most noted for blood diamonds are Sierre Leone, Angola, The Democratic Republic of Congo and Liberia. As diamonds represent compressed and easily transported wealth, conflict diamonds, in the past, formed an easy means of income for warlords to continue on their campaign of terror and exploitation.
In recent years the steady stream of conflict diamonds has been reduced to a trickle of its former self. This is due to a concerted and unified effort by governmental and non-governmental groups. The diamond industry itself has done much to staunch the flow of blood diamonds out of Africa by aiding in the instituting of the current stop-gap measures. This ongoing enterprise is known as the Kimberley Process.
The Kimberley Process is so-named for the city of Kimberley in which the multi-national agreement was first discussed in May of 2000. The agreement was drawn up and put into effect with the cooperation of the world’s diamond producing nations and the diamond industry in November of 2002.
The Kimberley Process requires that any country participating in the agreement provide a certificate that cites the origin of the rough diamonds. In addition to this, in order to receive the certificate, the country of origin affirms that the income from the diamonds does not go to warlords or to the funding of conflict in any way. 98% of the world’s rough diamonds now go through the Kimberley Process prior to coming to market. Abazias only offers diamonds that have undergone the Kimberley Process in order to assure that we provide conflict-free diamonds.
Blood Diamonds
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Natural Selection: Will it Ever be Proved?
1. Charles Darwin’s argument of natural selection, although can’t be completely proved, has many great points that can be proof that natural selection may be right. Natural selection is a competition(Darwin 493) all animals and plants compete for territory and food. Also Darwin states that the same animals and plants can vary in different countries because of the different weather patterns and temperatures. The fact that the framework of the bones in the hand of a man, the wing of a bat, and the leg of a horse are the same(Darwin 499) means that structure of those bones are important to several animals and has made it through many evolutions. The same goes to the number of vertebrae in the neck of a giraffe and the neck of an elephant. If natural selection wasn’t at least a bit true then there would be no way to explain why both plants and animals evolve.
2. I personally find natural selection to be very true, it explains in detail how evolution works and why it works the way it does. I find the bone framework in the hand, wing, and leg to be the most convincing because I can’t think of another way to explain why they are the same framework. I conclude that natural selection is a very truthful and Charles Darwin knows what he is talking about.
3 thoughts on “Natural Selection: Will it Ever be Proved?”
1. I agree with you that evolution can’t fully be proved because of how long these actions take. I agree with you that natural selection however, is one of the strongest arguments for the case of evolution. I agree, how could animals bone structures change over time to become more effective for the animal without evolution? It explains this perfectly and like you said, is the strongest argument for the evolution theory being correct.
2. Hello,
I think you made some good point and pull in Darwins article well. I think it is important to note that the ways he proves natural selection are much more than just outside features but genetics as well. I like that you compare the elephant and the giraffe because they are both different but survive well in their own way. Evolution is hard to prove, but I feel like it is easy to see. There are many strong arguments but yours is strong and makes the most sense for helping the theory be viewed as correct.
3. I really like your use of Darwin’s explanation of similar bone structure between mammals. It really makes me think more about how it really strengthens the theory of natural selection. It really shows that if natural selection is true, (I believe it is) it shows that the current bone structure that makes up most mammals is the best and most refined structure possible due to other bone structures slowly dying off. Good job on explaining why this factor is the strongest of Darwin’s proposals.
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Nuts Information & Health Benefits
Nuts is a very nice and precious gift to human from the mother nature. Nuts are packed with antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, rich in energy and protein. They can be carried easily anywhere one goes and need no special containers. They are not easily perishable like fruits and vegetables and have long shelf life.
All nuts have different nutrition credentials and offer various health benefits. Nuts are technically considered a fruit. However, unlike most types of fruit, they aren't sweet and are high in fat. They contain a hard, inedible outer shell that usually needs to be cracked open to release the fruit inside. Though the nuts are rich in fat, they have the heart-healthy variety.
Edible nuts can be consumed salted, sweetened or as they are and also by sprinkling over desserts and ice creams. They are also used in confectionery as an addition to breads, biscuits etc.
Nuts contain high energy, nutrients and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUF), which lowers the triglyceride levels, bad cholesterol(LDL) and increases the good cholesterol(HDL).It is studied that the diet rich in MUF, prevent coronary artery disease and strokes. Nuts is one of the best foods for type 2 diabetes and also they are low in carbs and don't hike the blood sugar levels
Nuts are rich source of minerals like manganese, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium,zinc, fluoride and selenium, which control the heart rate, blood pressure, help in production of red blood cells, prevent dental problems.
Nuts nutrition contain vital B-complex groups of vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin, ,vitamin B-6, thiamin, pantothenic acid, and folates, which are helpful in maintaining good health. |
Population Of Pennsylvania 2017
Pennsylvania is a state situated in the northern and Mid-Atlantic areas of the United States. It is the 33rd biggest, the sixth most crowded, and the ninth most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state is one of the 13 unique establishing states of the United States; it appeared in 1681 as an aftereffect of an imperial area gift to William Penn, the child of the state’s namesake.
It was the second state to confirm the United States Constitution, on December 12, 1787. Autonomy Hall, where the United States Constitution were drafted, is situated in the state’s biggest city of Philadelphia. Amid the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was battled in the south central locale of the state. The state has a rich history associated with it.
Population Of Pennsylvania 2017
Talking about population, in order to check out the population of Pennsylvania in 2017, we need to have a look at the population of the past 5 years. They are as per the following:
1. 2012 –12.77 Million
2. 2013 –12.78 Million
3. 2014 –12.79 Million
4. 2015 –12.81 Million
5. 2016 – 12.83 Million
Taking a look at the population of Pennsylvania from the year 2012-16, it has been noticed that there has been an increase of 0.6 Million in the past 5 years. Therefore, it has been seen that every year the population increases by 0.12 Million. Hence, the population of Pennsylvania in 2017 is forecasted to be 12.83 Million + 0.12 Million = 12.95 Million. So, the population of Pennsylvania in the year 2017 as per estimated data = 12.95 Million.
Pennsylvania Population 2017 – 12.95 Million (estimated)
In past appraisal, the state comprised 78.8% Non-Hispanic White, 11.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.0% Asian, 1.7% Two or More Races and 6.1% Hispanic. Out of the general population living in the state, 74.5% were born in the state, 18.4% were born in an alternate US state, 1.5% were born in Puerto Rico and 5.6% were born abroad.
285.5 persons per square kilometer is the population density of Pennsylvania. It has a growth rate of 0.24%, that positions 42nd in the country. In 1790, numbers had as of now achieved 434,373 and when you consider that in a few sections of the west, near numbers had scarcely surpassed one thousand.
From here onward, unspectacular ascents were recorded on 10 years basis and after ten years those figures had ascended by 38.7% to 602,365. Comparable increments completed the 1800’s and by the start of the following century, the state population had developed to a decent 6,302,115.
1. In Hazleton, there is a law on the books that forbids a man from tasting a carbonated beverage while addressing understudies in a school assembly hall.
2. It is the primary state of the fifty United States to list their site URL on a tag.
3. Initially a town named Bellefontenow with a population of 5,000,was once thought to be Pennsylvania’s capital. In any case, Harrisburg was picked due to the simple route on the Susquehanna River.
4. The Shenango River Dam close to Sharpsville is a gravity dam with an uncontrolled spillway. The roadway crossing the highest point of the dam, over the spillway is about 68 feet over the stream-bed. The dam has a length of 720 feet with a base width of 66 feet.
5. Situated in the Grape Coast area of Pennsylvania, the city of North East has four flourishing wineries and is home to the biggest Welch’s grape preparing plant in the nation.
Now find the latest population of Pennsylvania in 2019 here
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The Bagel: The Surprising History of a Modest Bread
Research in international archives and numerous personal interviews uncover the bagel’s links with the defeat of the Turks by Polish King Jan Sobieski in 1683, the Yiddish cultural revival of the late nineteenth century, and Jewish migration across the Atlantic to America. There the story moves from the bakeries of New York’s Lower East Side to the Bagel Bakers’ Local 388 Union of the 1960s, and the attentions of the mob. For all its modest size, the bagel has managed to bridge cultural gaps, rescue kings from obscurity, charge the emotions, and challenge received wisdom. Maria Balinska weaves together a rich, quirky, and evocative history of East European Jewry and the unassuming ring-shaped roll the world has taken to its heart.
Noah Bernamoff, Rae BernamoffWHEN NOAH AND RAE BERNAMOFF OPENED MILE END, their tiny Brooklyn restaurant, they had a mission: to share the classic Jewish comfort food of their childhood.
Carried Away: The Invention of Modern Shopping
Rachel BowlbyAsserting that a history of shopping was, until recently, a history of women, Rachel Bowlby trains her eye on the evolution of the modern shopper. She uses a compelling blend of history, literary analysis, and cultural criticism to explore the rise of department stores and supermarkets of the United States, France, and Great Britain.
Bowlby recalls the fascinating early days of these institutions. In the mid-nineteenth century, when department stores first developed, their fabulous new buildings brought middle-class women into town, where they could indulge in what was then a new activity: a day's shopping. The stores offered luxury, flattering women into believing that they belonged in a beautiful environment. It is here, Bowlby argues, that the idea of the modern woman's passion for fashion and shopping took hold.
Developed in the twentieth century, supermarkets took an opposite tack: they offered functionality, standardization, and cheapness. However, Bowlby claims, despite their differences, the two institutions belong together as emblematic of their respective eras' social developments: the department store with the growth of cities, the supermarket with the proliferation of suburbs. With their dazzling lights and displays, both supermarkets and department stores were thought to produce in females an enhanced or trance-like state of mind.
For readers who regard shopping as a spectator or participatory sport, and for those who wish to understand our culture and the psychology of women, or those who simply enjoy a witty, literate romp through the aisles, Carried Away is the perfect purchase.
Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History
Italian Cuisine: A Cultural History
Alberto Capatti, Massimo MontanariItaly, the country with a hundred cities and a thousand bell towers, is also the country with a hundred cuisines and a thousand recipes. Its great variety of culinary practices reflects a history long dominated by regionalism and political division, and has led to the common conception of Italian food as a mosaic of regional customs rather than a single tradition. Nonetheless, this magnificent new book demonstrates the development of a distinctive, unified culinary tradition throughout the Italian peninsula.
Alberto Capatti and Massimo Montanari uncover a network of culinary customs, food lore, and cooking practices, dating back as far as the Middle Ages, that are identifiably Italian:
o Italians used forks 300 years before other Europeans, possibly because they were needed to handle pasta, which is slippery and dangerously hot.
o Italians invented the practice of chilling drinks and may have invented ice cream.
o Italian culinary practice influenced the rest of Europe to place more emphasis on vegetables and less on meat.
o Salad was a distinctive aspect of the Italian meal as early as the sixteenth century.
The authors focus on culinary developments in the late medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque eras, aided by a wealth of cookbooks produced throughout the early modern period. They show how Italy's culinary identities emerged over the course of the centuries through an exchange of information and techniques among geographical regions and social classes. Though temporally, spatially, and socially diverse, these cuisines refer to a common experience that can be described as Italian. Thematically organized around key issues in culinary history and beautifully illustrated, Italian Cuisine is a rich history of the ingredients, dishes, techniques, and social customs behind the Italian food we know and love today.
Happiness is a dry martini by Johnny Carson
Johnny CarsonClassic Johnny Carson book. Adult humor book, very funny. Illustrated by Whitney Darrow Jr.
Lucky Peach Issue 02
David Chang, Chris Ying, Peter MeehanLucky Peach is a journal of food writing, published on a quarterly basis by McSweeney’s. It is a creation of David Chang, the James Beard Awardwinning chef behind the Momofuku restaurants in New York, Momofuku cookbook cowriter Peter Meehan, and Zero Point Zero Productionproducers of the Travel Channel’s Emmy Awardwinning Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations.
Lucky Peach Issue 03
David Chang, Peter Meehan, Chris YingThe Chefs and Cooks issue, the third installment of Lucky Peach, attempts to answer a few pressing questions: What does it mean to be a cook in today’s age of celebrity chefdom? Where is cooking headed? How did the molten chocolate cake make its way from Michel Bras’s restaurant in Laguiole, France to the Wal-Mart freezer case? What happens, exactly, when bartenders spank mint? The answers arrive from all over the place Mario Batali recalls the early days of Food Network; Meredith Erickson spends an afternoon with Fergus Henderson; Naomi Duguid visits street vendors in Chiang Mai. We talk to cooks from Fort Bragg to Paris to the South Pole. There are recipes for barbecue-chicken pizza and pasta primavera, and Christina Tosi’s upside-down pineapple cake, just in time for Mother’s Day.
Lucky Peach Issue 04
What's inside?
-Jonathan Gold and Robert Sietsema talk Teletubbies in Kansas City.
-There's a Choose Your Own Adventure”style hunt for tacos through Texas and California.
Lucky Peach Issue 5
Lucky Peach Issue 06
David Chang, Peter Meehan, Chris YingLucky Peach #6, the APOCALYPSE issue, considers our imminent End Times. The issue’s split into two parts: pre-and post-apocalypse. MICHAEL POLLAN talks problems (mostly self-inflicted) and solutions (hint: it involves cooking). We spend a day with BREN SMITH of Thimble Island Oysters, a sustainable 3D ocean farm. We offer tips on how to stock your bomb shelter and the low-down on MREs. Part two fast forwards to the End itself: overfished oceans, zombie takeovers, and werebeavers. MAGNUS NILSSON fashions a frankenchicken in 2034; TED NUGENT schools us on how to survive (eat your pets, use your weapons); TARTINE’s CHAD ROBERTSON shows us how to bake bread in a postapocalyptic oven.” You’ll learn how to make butter (start with a cow) and harvest honey (be careful!). Plus: what’s your sign Sustainability horo-scopes show what’s in store.
Lucky Peach Issue 07
David Chang, Peter Meehan, Chris YingLucky Peach #7, the TRAVEL issue, is about going placesand sometimes getting lost. ANTHONY BOURDAIN talks Deliverance, Apocalypse Now, and Southern Comfort. HAROLD MCGEE schools us about the (possibly) harmful substances that travel from plastic to-go containers and into our food. ROY CHOI waxes poetic on the Aloha spirit.” JASON POLAN visits the most beautiful Taco Bell in the world. And it wouldn’t be a travel issue without travel tips galore: how to avoid traveler’s diarrhea (BENJAMIN WOLFE), the ins and outs of street food (RICK BAYLESS), and all about traveling with kids (NAOMI DUGUID). Ultimately, we learn that getting lost means finding good stuff in places we least expect it: chicken tamales at a gay cantina in Mérida; the world’s most dangerous chicken in Rio de Janeiro; an epic sub on the Jersey Shore. Plus: the history of currythe world’s best traveled dishfrom bunny chow to fish-head curry, along with recipes too.
Punk rock touring with BROOKS HEADLEY
On the road with ANDY RICKER
Eating camel with ANISSA HELOU
Cocktail recipes straight from the minibar
Dispatches from Crete, Tartarstan, North Korea
New fiction by JACK PENDARVIS
Hawaiian recipes from ROY CHOI and CHRISTINA TOSI
Lucky Peach Issue 08
David Chang, Peter Meehan, Chris Ying*****Lucky Peach #8 is the Gender issue. We’ve split the magazine into parts FOR WOMEN and FOR MEN; they meet in the middle with SEX. In the ladies’ section, Fuchsia Dunlop cooks stag penises; Alice Waters discusses being a woman in the kitchen; Amelia Gray tries out the offerings at the toughest strip club in LA. For the gents, Ben Shewry, chef of Melbourne’s much heralded Attica, talks food and fatherhood; men cook with flowers (squash blossoms, nasturtiums, and more); Peter Meehan investigates castration in cooking. You’ll find essays about gay cooking in America, the lasting cultural impact of
Also featuring:
Food in Chinese Culture: Antropological and Historical Perspectives
K. C. ChangStudies food traditions in each major period of Chinese history, noting the impact of methods of preparing, serving, preserving, and eating foods on Chinese culture
Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People
Linda CivitelloAn illuminating account of how history shapes our diets—now in a new revised and updated Third Edition
* Includes a sampling of recipes and menus from different historical periods and cultures
More to Explore From the book: Food Innovations During the Depression
1929 Popcorn in movie theaters
1930 Howard Johnson’s—first restaurant franchise
1930 Ocean Spray Jellied and Whole Berry Cranberry Sauce
1930 Twinkies
1931 Joy of Cooking published
1931 General Mills markets Bisquick
1932 Frito’s Corn Chips
1933 Prohibition ends; soft drink manufacturers urge soda as mixers
1933 Miracle Whip dressing introduced at Chicago World’s Fair
1934 Ritz Crackers (Nabisco)
1934 Harry & David begin mail-order business for their pears
1934 Girl Scouts begin cookie sales
1934 Los Angeles Farmers Market opens at 3rd and Fairfax
1935 Alcoholics Anonymous founded
1936 Oscar Mayer Wienermobile rolled out
1936 John Tyson, truck driver, buys a chicken hatchery
1937 Pepperidge Farm begins; sells bread above market price
1937 Bama Pie Company incorporates; sells personal-size pies
1937 Toll House Cookies accidentally invented by Ruth Wakefield
1937 Parkay Margarine introduced
1937 Spam
1938 Lay’s Potato Chips
1939 Nestle makes Toll House Real Semi-Sweet Chocolate Morsels
More to Explore From the book: Food Fable—How to Drink and Not Get Drunk
The ancient Greeks loved wine and were always searching for ways to drink without getting drunk. Creative thinking led them to what they thought was the antidote to the downside of Diosnysus: drinking purple wine from a purple vessel made of semi-precious stone would cause the two purples to cancel each other out and negate whatever was in the wine that caused drunkenness. In Greek, the prefix “a” means “not,” methyein means drunk (from methy—wine), so the Greek word for “not drunk” became the name of the purple stone the vessel was made of—amethyst.
Magic In Food: Legends, Lore & Spellwork
Scott CunninghamScott Cunningham began exploring the magical qualities of food in 1973. Since then, while writing about herbs, elemental magic, Wicca and essential oils, he has continued to discover the hidden energies within foods of all kinds. The Magic in Food, the product of 17 years of research and experimentation, is Cunningham's tenth book for Llewellyn Publications. It was written with the premise that all aspects of nature and of our daily lives are suffused with magic, and that we can consciously work with the energies that exist around us to transform our lives.
CARLA DIAMANTI, FABRIZIO ESPOSITOOn the surface, cities like Naples and Marrakech, New York and Tokyo, Paris and Sao Paolo might appear to have rather more differences and contrasts than affinities, but if you think about it, there is one thing that links all these cities, or rather all the world's big cities: street food, which, as well as being perfect for sudden attacks of hunger, represents a genuine insight into metropolises and cultures around the globe. This book, packed with glorious color photographs, presents the very best in street food, with images, information, and recipes for the specialties habitually prepared and consumed on the street. It is a discovery of traditions, cultures, customs, and ways of life—street food reflects the lifestyle of a nation. It also represents an opportunity to meet and socialize: the outdoor, informal setting and the lack of set times facilitate interpersonal relations, be it in front of an all-American hot dog stand, over Sicilian arancini, Japanese yakitori, or Brazilian Bahia acarajés.
Delizia!: The Epic History of the Italians and Their Food
John DickieEveryone loves Italian food. But how did the Italians come to eat so well? The advertising industry tells us the answer lies in the vineyards and olive groves of Tuscany - among sun-weathered peasants, and mammas serving pasta under the pergola. Yet this nostalgic fantasy has little to do with the real history of Italian cuisine. For a thousand years, Italy's cities have been magnets for everything that makes for great eating: ingredients, talent, money, and power. So Italian food is city food, and telling its story means telling the story of the Italians as a people of city dwellers. In DELIZIA! the author of the acclaimed COSA NOSTRA takes a revelatory historical journey through the flavours of Italy's cities. From the bustle of Medieval Milan, to the bombast of Fascist Rome; from the pleasure gardens of Renaissance Ferrara, to the putrid alleyways of nineteenth-century Naples. In rich slices of urban life, DELIZIA! shows how violence and intrigue, as well as taste and creativity, combined to make the world's favourite cuisine.
Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome
Patrick FaasIn Around the Table of the Romans, Patrick Faas brings the Roman passion for eating to life. More than just a book of ancient recipes reconstructed for the modern cook (though there are more than 150 in the book), Around the Table of the Romans is a portrait of ancient Roman society as seen from the vantage point of the dining table. Faas explores ancient Roman manners, dining arrangements, spices, seasonings and cooking techniques. He shows how ancient Roman cuisine differs from its present incarnation. Most of all, he brings the ancient Roman world to life in a book that foodies and history buffs will salivate over.
Color photographs © Matthew Hranek
Near a Thousand Tables: A History of Food
Felipe Fernandez-ArmestoIn Near a Thousand Tables, acclaimed food historian Felipe Fernández-Armesto tells the fascinating story of food as cultural as well as culinary history — a window on the history of mankind.
The Cooking of Provincial France - Food of the World Series
Charlemagne's Tablecloth: A Piquant History of Feasting
Nichola FletcherFeasts, banquets, and grand dinners have always played a vital role in our lives. They oil the wheels of diplomacy, smooth the paths of the ambitious, and spread joy at family celebrations. They lift the spirits, involve all our senses and, at times, transport us to other fantastical worlds. Some feasts have give rise to hilarious misunderstandings, at others competitive elements take over. Some are purely for pleasure, some connect uncomfortably with death, but all are interesting. Nichola Fletcher has written a captivating history of feasts throughout the ages that includes the dramatic failures along with the dazzling successes. From a humble meal of potatoes provided by an angel, to the extravagance of the high medieval and Renaissance tables groaning with red deer and wild boar, to the exquisite refinement of the Japanese tea ceremony, Charlemagne’s Tablecloth covers them all. In her gustatory exploration of history’s great feasting tables, Fletcher also answers more than a few riddles such as “Why did Charlemagne use an asbestos tablecloth at his feasts?” and “Where did the current craze for the elegant Japanese Kaiseki meal begin? Fletcher answers these questions and many more while inviting readers to a feasting table that extends all the way from Charlemagne’s castle to her own millennium feast in Scotland. This is an eclectic collection of feasts from the flamboyant to the eccentric, the delicious to the disgusting, and sometimes just the touchingly ordinary. For anyone who has ever sat down at a banquet table and wondered, “Why?” Nichola Fletcher provides the delicious answer in a book that is a feast all its own.
Food: The History of Taste
Copub: Thames & Hudson
Fictitious Dishes: An Album of Literature's Most Memorable Meals
Dinah FriedFifty Iconic Culinary Scenes from Literary Classics Sure to Delight Readers, Foodies, and Photo-Junkies Alike
The Gastronomica Reader
Kings of Pastry
Lapham's Quarterly - Food - Vol. IV #3 - Summer 2011
Lewis H. LaphamOne of the world's most prominent arts & literature journals. The issues are loaded with reproductions and excerpts of key works. This issue centers on food.
Lapham's Quarterly - Intoxication - Vol. 1, #1 - Winter 2013
Lewis H. Lapham
The Fortune Cookie Chronicles: Adventures in the World of Chinese Food
Jennifer 8. LeeFEATURED ON and The Colbert Report.
Wendy McClureA collection of the notorious retro Weight Watchers recipe cards in all their foul, full-color glory.
In the words of Wendy McClure, author of I'm Not the New Me, blog trailblazer, internet favorite, and fearless discoverer:
I found them while helping my parents clean out their basement. Plenty of the dishes seemed normal enough, but as I flipped through them, some of the recipes began to alarm me. And then I found the card for Rosy Perfection Salad.
I fell over. I mean I Iaughed so hard I started coughing and I fell back on the floor and I waved the card at my mom, who just rolled her eyes."Can I please have these? Please?" I begged. "What do you want them for?" she asked. "To cook?" "No," I said...
And here they are: the disturbing dishes made famous on the Internet and many more. From Fish Balls to Celery Logs to Caucasian Shashlik to Frankfurter Spectacular in all their scary goodness. Mmmmm, Shashlik...
Sarah MurrayToday the things we eat and drink have crossed oceans, continents, and even airspace before reaching the dinner table. The complex systems and technologies devised throughout the centuries to deliver our food supply reveal surprising things about politics, culture, economies—and our appetites. In Mumbai, India's chaotic commercial capital, men use local trains, bicycles, and their feet to transport more than 170,000 lunches a day from housewives to their husbands, with almost no mix-ups. Modern shipping containers allow companies to send frozen salmon to China, where it can be cheaply thawed, filleted, and refrozen, before traveling back to the United States where it's sold in supermarkets as fresh fish. Moveable Feasts takes a novel look at the economics, logistics, and environmental impact of food, and brings new perspective to debates about where we get our meals.
Move over, sushi.
The Hamburger: A History
Josh OzerskyWhat do Americans think of when they think of the hamburger? A robust, succulent spheroid of fresh ground beef, the birthright of red-blooded citizens? Or a Styrofoam-shrouded Big Mac, mass-produced to industrial specifications and served by wage slaves to an obese, brainwashed population? Is it cooking or commodity? An icon of freedom or the quintessence of conformity?
This fast-paced and entertaining book unfolds the immense significance of the hamburger as an American icon. Josh Ozersky shows how the history of the burger is entwined with American business and culture and, unexpectedly, how the burger’s story is in many ways the story of the country that invented (and reinvented) it.
Spanning the years from the nineteenth century with its waves of European immigrants to our own era of globalization, the book recounts how German hamburg steak” evolved into hamburgers for the rising class of urban factory workers and how the innovations of the White Castle System and the McDonald’s Corporation turned the burger into the Model T of fast food. The hamburger played an important role in America’s transformation into a mobile, suburban culture, and today, America’s favorite sandwich is nothing short of an irrepressible economic and cultural force. How this all happened, and why, is a remarkable story, told here with insight, humor, and gusto.
The Book of Schmaltz: Love Song to a Forgotten Fat
Michael RuhlmanThe definitive book on schmaltz—a staple in Jewish cuisine and a "thread in a great tapestry," by one of America's most respected culinary writers.
THE BOOK OF SCHMALTZ acts as a primer on schmaltz, taking a fresh look at traditional dishes like kugel, kishke, and kreplach, and also venturing into contemporary recipes that take advantage of the versatility of this marvelous fat. Potatoes cooked with schmaltz take on a crispness and satisfying flavor that vegetable oil can't produce. Meats and starches have a depth and complexity that set them apart from the same dishes prepared with olive oil or butter.
What's more, schmaltz provides a unique link to the past that ought to be preserved. "Schmaltz is like a thread that runs through a great tapestry," says Ruhlman's neighbor Lois, whose cooking inspired his own journey into the world of schmaltz. "It's a secret handshake among Jews who love to cook and eat."
Mimi SheratonA famed food writer tells the poignant, personal story of her worldwide search for a Polish town's lost world and the daily bread that sustained it.
A passion for bialys, those chewy, crusty rolls with the toasted onion center, drew Mimi Sheraton to the Polish town of Bialystok to explore the history of this Jewish staple. Carefully wrapping, drying, and packing a dozen American bialys to ward off translation problems,
she set out from New York in search of the people who invented this marvelous bread. Instead, she found a place of utter desolation, where turn-of-the-century massacres, followed by the Holocaust, had reduced the number of Jewish residents from fifty thousand to five.
Sheraton became a woman with a mission, traveling to Israel, Paris, Austin, Chicago, Buenos Aires, and New York's Lower East Side to rescue the stories of the scattered Bialystokers. In a bittersweet mix of humor and pathos, she tells of their once-vibrant culture and iconic bread, reviving the exiled memories of those who escaped to the corners of the earth with only their recollections—and one very important recipe—to cherish.
Like Proust's madeleine-inspired reverie, The Bialy Eaters transports readers to a lost world through its bakers' most beloved, and humble, offering. A meaningful gift for any Jewish holiday, this tribute to the human spirit will also have as broad an appeal as the bialy itself, delighting everyone who celebrates the astonishing endurance of the simplest traditions.
"On a gray and rainy day in November 1992, I stood on Rynek Kosciuszko, the deserted town square of Bialystok, Poland, and was suddenly overcome by the same shadowy sense of loss that I had felt in the old Jewish quarters of Kazimierz in Cracow and Mikulov in Moravia. To anyone who knows their tragic history, these empty streets appear ominously haunting, especially in the somber twilight of a wet, gray afternoon. The damp air seems charged with echoes of silent voices and ghostly wings and the minor-key melodies of fiddlers on rooftops.
"As a slight chill went through me, I had vague intimations that I was at the beginning of an adventure. I could not guess, however, that what had started as a whimsical search would lead me along a more serious path that I was unable to forsake for seven years. Even now I am not sure my quest is over, nor that I want it to be.
The Importance of Pot Liquor
Jackie TorrenceA nationally renowned, award-winning African-American storyteller tells stories of her African-American ancestry and her childhood in North Carolina, mixing old-fashioned wisdom, wit, and warmth with black spiritualism. Reprint.
Margaret VisserLooking at the history, mythology, and even the technology of basic foodstuffs, the author puts the whole business of food and eating into a new perspective. Her intention is to make people aware that what they find on their plate reflects their history, culture and everyday life.
The Rituals of Dinner
"Read this book. You'll never look at a table knife the same way again."—The New York Times.
Barbecue Crossroads: Notes and Recipes from a Southern Odyssey
Robb WalshIn stories, recipes, and photographs, James Beard Award-winning writer Robb Walsh and acclaimed documentary photographer O. Rufus Lovett take us on a barbecue odyssey from East Texas to the Carolinas and back. In Barbecue Crossroads, we meet the pitmasters who still use old-fashioned wood-fired pits, and we sample some of their succulent pork shoulders, whole hogs, savory beef, sausage, mutton, and even some barbecued baloney. Recipes for these and the side dishes, sauces, and desserts that come with them are painstakingly recorded and tested. But Barbecue Crossroads is more than a cookbook; it is a trip back to the roots of our oldest artisan food tradition and a look at how Southern culture is changing. Walsh and Lovett trace the lineage of Southern barbecue backwards through time as they travel across a part of the country where slow-cooked meat has long been part of everyday life. What they find is not one story, but many. They visit legendary joints that don't live up to their reputations - and discover unknown places that deserve more attention. They tell us why the corporatizing of agriculture is making it difficult for pitmasters to afford hickory wood or find whole hogs that fit on a pit. Walsh and Lovett also remind us of myriad ways that race weaves in and out of the barbecue story, from African American cooking techniques and recipes to the tastes of migrant farmworkers who ate their barbecue in meat markets, gas stations, and convenience stores because they weren't welcome in restaurants. The authors also expose the ways that barbecue competitions and TV shows are undermining traditional barbecue culture. And they predict that the revival of the community barbecue tradition may well be its salvation.
Pandora's Lunchbox: How Processed Food Took Over the American Meal
Melanie WarnerIn the tradition of Fast Food Nation and The Omnivore’s Dilemma comes a fascinating and cutting-edge look at the scary truth about what really goes into our food.
If a piece of individually wrapped cheese can retain its shape, color, and texture for years, what does it say about the food we eat and feed to our children?
Former New York Times business reporter and mother Melanie Warner decided to explore that question when she observed the phenomenon of the indestructible cheese. She began an investigative journey that took her to research labs, university food science departments, and factories around the country. What she discovered provides a rare, eye-opening—and sometimes disturbing—account of what we’re really eating. Warner looks at how decades of food science have resulted in the cheapest, most abundant, most addictive, and most nutritionally inferior food in the world, and she uncovers startling evidence about the profound health implications of the packaged and fast foods that we eat on a daily basis.
From breakfast cereal to chicken subs to nutrition bars, processed foods account for roughly 70 percent of our nation’s calories. Despite the growing presence of farmers’ markets and organic produce, strange food additives are nearly impossible to avoid. Warner digs deep into the ingredient lists of purportedly healthy foods, and what she finds will change the way readers eat—and how they feed their children.
Combining meticulous research, vivid writing, and cultural analysis, Warner blows the lid off the largely undocumented—and lightly regulated—world of chemically treated and processed foods and lays bare the potential price we may pay for consuming even so-called healthy foods.
Consider the Fork: A History of How We Cook and Eat
Chinese Gastronomy
Lin (p Hsiang Ju; Lin Tsuifeng; Yutang |
Nuclear war and credible threats
Why is this done in an age of instant electronic communication?
This is a legacy from the cold war but is still relevant even today.
During the cold war the West was under threat of nuclear attack from Soviet forces, and indeed the opposite was true. If one side believed it could attack and not suffer retaliation from the other side then it might think it was worthwhile. If they knew that they would suffer retaliation then they would not attack as it would lead to ‘mutually assured destruction’ (also known as MAD).
The problem for the country potentially under attack is how to make the threat of retaliation a credible one. If they don’t then the attacking side might think that after the nuclear attack the other side would lose heart and have no reason to retaliate as their country would already be destroyed.
The reason that British nuclear submarines carry letters is to give them orders as to what to do in the event of nuclear war. If the submarine commander knows there is a nuclear attack then the letter will instruct them how to respond. This means that the side being attacked can guarantee retaliation from their subs as they will have to follow the orders.
This means there is now a credible threat of retaliation which stops the attack in the first place.
Today’s takeaway: Threats need to be credible to be effective. Sometimes taking away choices is an effective way to do this.
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music & geography
Steven Pinker once asked, “What benefit could there be to diverting time and energy to the making of plinking noises?” He continued to argue that music “could vanish from our species and the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged” (Pinker 1997: 528). This hardly seems reasonable. Music accompanies us at home, in the car, at sporting events, and when we go out. The ascendancy of the iPod and those tiny white earbuds provide individual soundtracks as we move through space and time. The subconscious commercial power of music is increasingly being realized as music is being used to sell: Muzak is piped into spaces of commerce, designed to not only “fill uncomfortable conversational gaps but also to amplify purchasing behavior through subtle uses of tempo and the tastes of desired lifestyle groups” (Atkinson 2007: 1910). Then there is the music industry; U.S. manufacturers alone sold nearly eight billion dollars worth of recorded music in 2009. But while Steven Pinker asked his question about plinking noises and the use (or lack thereof) of music from the perspective of cognitive science, he did not dismiss music’s cultural and societal significance. Music is so prevalent in life that it is hard to imagine a society without it. And not just modern society. Music, according to Wallin, Merker, and Brown (2000: 4), “is a universal and multifunctional cultural behavior, and no account of human evolution is complete without an understanding of how music and dance rituals evolved.” They go on:
“Even the most cursory glance at life in traditional cultures is sufficient to demonstrate that music and dance are essential components of most social behaviors, everything from hunting and herding to story telling and playing; from washing and eating to praying and meditation; and from courting and marrying to healing and burying” (Wallin, Merker, and Brown 2000: 4).
My interest in music lies in the tension that seems inherent in the conceptual spaces between music as a representational cultural product and music as lived, performed, embodied, and experienced. On the one hand, musical analysis within the social sciences and humanities has traditionally tended to approach music in a solidly representational framework. According to British sociologist and music critic Simon Frith (1996: 108), there has long been an “assumption that the sounds must somehow ‘reflect’ or ‘represent’ the people.” He goes on: “The analytic problem has been to trace the connections back, from the work (the score, the song, the beat) to the social groups who produce and consume it. What’s been at issue is homology, some sort of structural relationship between material and musical forms” (Frith 1996: 108).
Recently, however, there seems to be a strong desire to break free of a conceptualization of music as a representational product of a reified notion of culture. “Music isn’t a way of expressing ideas; it is a way of living them” (Frith 1996: 111). Indeed, music is performed, lived, ongoing, experiential. It is both the product of and a force in what Nigel Thrift (2000: 216) terms “the push that keeps the world rolling over.” Or, in the words of Anderson, Morton, and Revill (2005: 640), “the practical ways we have of going on in the world, from moment to moment, event to event, utilizing a whole range of interconnected social, cultural, emotional, expressive, material and embodied resources.” Music is not separate from social life, existing solely in the realm of cultural representation, awaiting analysis by social scientists. Music is an active ingredient in the on-going processes of social life.
In the end, it seems to me that music is beyond representation and simultaneously representational in that it is bought and sold as a cultural product, oftentimes divorced from the complex and more-than-representational context in which it is produced and where it continues to be an active force in the on-going production of daily life. Perhaps it is this very tension that demonstrates the political necessity of a theoretical approach to music that takes seriously three elements: the embodied, emotional, affective, and performative nature of sound and music; the very real political economy of a global cultural marketplace that constructs—and that only functions if it constructs—music as a representational cultural product; and finally the fact that the first two elements are in constant interaction with one another.
My relevant publications:
• Anderson, B., F. Morton, and G. Revill. 2005. Editorial: Practices of music and sound. Social and Cultural Geography 6(5): 639-644.
• Atkinson, R. 2007. Ecology of Sound: The Sonic Order of Urban Space. Urban Studies 44: 1905-1917.
• Frith, S. 1996. Music and Identity. In Questions of Cultural Identity, eds. S. Hall and P. DuGay, 100-127. London: Sage.
• Pinker, S. 1997. How the Mind Works . New York: W.W. Norton.
• Thrift, N. 2000 . Afterwords. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 18(2): 213-255.
• Wallin, N.L., B. Merker, and S. Brown, eds. 2000. The Origins of Music . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. |
Amino acid racemization dating method
Even the process of preparing a specimen for racemic dating can affect the D/L ratio.
For example, consider that neither the structure nor the proportion of the amino acids used for dating coral, ostrich eggshell, or snail shells is known. Using"Amino acid dating cannot obtain the age of the material purely from the data itself.
Conventional plus accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating (Taylor et al.
1983) was carried out on the Sunnyvale skeleton and results of between 3,600 and 4,850 years BP were obtained.
These two forms are called "enantiomers", "chirals", or "stereoisomers", which basically means that they have the same molecular and structural formula but cannot be superimposed on each other no matter how they are oriented in space.
Such extrapolations have been fairly recently (1999) called into question by experiments showing that models based on high temperature kinetics fail to predict racemization kinetics at physiologic temperatures (i.e., 37 C). We argue that the D: L ratio of Asx reflects the proportion of non-helical to helical collagen "The local buffering effects of bone and shell matrixes are supposed to limit this effect, but it is still something to consider as potentially significant when acting over the course of tens of thousands to millions of years.replacement of the asparagine residue with aspartic acid resulted in a 34-fold decrease in the rate of succinimide (Asu) formation.
That is because the porosity of bones makes them more "open" to surrounding environmental influences and leaching.
They did note that there appeared to be a direct relationship between the extent of racemization and the level of preservation of collagen in the bones.
Those samples with the most racemization had the lowest amino acid content and this poor preservation of protein would contribute to anomalous AAR recalculated the AAR dates of the other Paleo-Indian samples.
In this light, it is interesting to consider what happened in 1974 when some of the major proponents of amino acid dating (Bada et al) decided to analyze the Paleo-Indian skeletal material from Del Mar, California.
Their estimated age of 48,000 years before present (BP) "stunned" the archaeological community who generally believed these bones to be less than 10,000 years old. |
Lemurian Holocaust
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Lemurian Holocaust
Lemurian Holocaust was the first major event of planet earth genocide memories which happened about 50,000 years ago. The Annunaki, Patriarchal Melchizedek’s allowed Orion Group to stage an Draco invasion underground in secret deception. The Draco of Orion Group tunnels between Lemuria and Atlantian continents. Humans found out and tried to seal off underground tunnels with cataclysmic result that destroyed the earth surface.
Earth core implosions destroy portions of the Pacific Ocean Continent – inner earth and underground tunnels are rendered unstable. Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Floods and Sinkholes wreak devastation, killing thousands of humans. The forthcoming Ice age forced the Lemurians underground. ( see Root Races.) While underground they started to organize the rebuilding of planetary Portals, and repair the Arc Gate with Guardian Groups.
This was the first stage of planetary cataclysm that is the hidden history and memories of the human root races that is recorded in our DNA, and of which the NAA wants us to forget this memory so they can continue to manipulate humanities into the Armageddon Software which is based on these previous Timelines of holocaust and genocide memories.
Relocation to Egypt
Egypt Relocation
After repairs were made on the surface from the inner words and underground, the Lemurian and ET technology that was used to repair the earth was taken to Egypt, aproximately 35,000-45,000 years ago. These cultures were rebuilt with ET support and Interstellar communication with many of the races in the Universe and cosmos. The Sphinx was built to house the Hall of Records and to mark the access into the Inner Earth gate, and to be the placement holder of the frequency base for the future earth Tara, which is the 5D future earth Timelines and Soul Frequency.
Pyramids were built to pull in high frequency from Sirius B, who were acting as the support hosting due to the Sirian-Annunaki conflicts over territory. Sirius B gave the technology for teleportation and to help the hybridization issue a new hosting support was initiated, the Melchizedek Ascension Host.
The various levels of ET technology such as the harmonic vibrations of the Pyramids, and the Technology used for bi-location and teleportation in the Ascension chambers were in power conflict with Annunaki-Nibiru resistance. These factions fled to join the Annunaki with the Nibiruan resistance to build new colonies in Atlantis in what is currently the United Kingdom landmass.
Sphinx is GWL Marker
Thus the Great White Lion is a consciousness network in the planetary body made in the image of the Leonine race which is a part of human genetics. Note that the Sphinx, which originally had a lion's head, was built as a tribute to the Feline and Leonine Founders. The the resistance Nibiruan Annunaki defiled and altered it to destroy its function. The heart of the Great White Lion Planetary Grid Network is located at the 12-dimensional (12D Ray) energy center (node, Stargate portal) in the south of France and its wormhole connects into the island of Kauai. The Hawaiian Islands are what is left of the ancient Lemurian Continent.
The Great White Lion purpose was to stabilize the 12 primary 'vertical' Axiatonal Lines into the planetary Staff formation. The Great White Lion of which the Sphinx is apart is the Planetary Guardian of the North and South Ley Lines, acts as the Planetary Guardian of the Verticals and represents the female Staff consciousness. The NAA have gone to great lengths to destroy this GWL and Sphinx network, as its feminine principle is its function and purpose on the earth.
Second Cataclysm of Atlantis
During the Second cataclysm of Atlantis, the Annunaki get more aggressive in plan takeover of all earth ET technology to capture humans for genetic experiments to create a worker race 28,000 BC. They move their factions to the last Atlantian Colony to the Bermuda area where the Annunaki Resistance continue its conflict over territory and earth dominion and rapidly digress into a warring and killing race on the earth. The Annunaki factions negotiate with Orion Group Draconians to share the “spoils of war” as they plan to conquer the earth.
The Dracs sought out revenge and went to the Lemurian continent to finish out the genocidal massacres in Kauai later 22,000 years ago, to kill off all the Lemurian Race Matriarchal influence and Essenes, Christos Templars influence on the earth. They took some of the women for their forced Breeding Programs. This was the final genocide of the Lemurians, that was aided by the Annunaki negotiations and agreements, and the last stage of the Lemurian Holocaust. [1]
HGS Manual
Lemurian Holocaust is listed in the HGS Manual under the Fragments clearing under Fragment Influences (RRO) Historical Timeline Trigger Events. [2]
1. compiled by many years of remote sessions and included in the Sarasota presentation, October 2013
2. 2.7 Fragments in HGS Manual: Page 92
See Also |
Biography Of Harriet Tubman Essay
1646 words - 7 pages
Biography of Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman was born in 1820 on a large plantation in Dorchester County,
Maryland. She was the sixth of eleven children. She was born in a very
small on-room log hut, that was located behind her families owners house.
The huthad a dirt floor, no windows, and no furniture. Her fater, Benjamin
Ross, and mother, Harriet Green, were both slaves. They were from the
Ashanti ribe of West Africa. Edward Brodas, Harriet's owner, hired her out
as a laborer by the age of five.
The buying and selling of humans was a big deal in America between the
late 1600's and the 1800's. By 1835 there were over two million black men,
women, and children who were slaves. These people were bought and sold. No
one cared if husbands and wives got weparated or if children were separated
from their parents. Slaves were not treated like people. No one really
cared what happend to them.
Harriet was beaten by her masters all the time. They saw as a wild child.
One tiem, Harriet saw a bowl filled with lumps of suger and decided to take
one. Harriet's mistress, Miss. Susan, saw her take it and started chasing
her with a whip. Harriet ran away and hid out with the pigs. She ahd to go
bakc, because she was really hungrey. When she went back she got whipped
over and over again. She said, "Now you know, I never had anything good, no
sweet, no suger, and that sugar right by me did look so nice."
By her early teens, Harriet was no longer allowed to work inside, so she
was hired out as a filed hand. She work very hard and long hours out in the
fields. There was no such thing as a rest for slaves.
In 1835, Harriet came between her owner and a slave who was running away.
The owner threw a lead weight, that weighed 2 punds, at the runaway, but it
hit Harriet instead. the hit put hir in a coma and it took months for her to
recover. She never fully recovered from the hit and after that suffered from
blackouts, really bad headaches, and sleeping spelss for the rest of her
life. In 1844, Harriet meet a free black man named John Tubman. They got
married, but Harriet was still a slave. They got to stay in his cabin at
night. Harriet's owner died and she knew she was going to be sold to
someone else. She was really afraid of being shipped to the deep south. The
deep south was the worse place a slave could go. it was a death sentence for
any slave. Harriet always dreamed about traveling up north where she would
be free and she didn't want her marriage split up by the slave trade. She
talked to Hohn about escaping, and he said he would tell on her is she did.
She planned out her escape and didn't tell him about it, because he would
tell on her. The only person that knew about was one of her sisters.
Harriet escaped at night. She had no money and no food. She went to the
house of a white women who had once offered to help her. The woman told
Harriet which...
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1270 words - 5 pages Norcliffe, and HathiTrust. The True Ballad of Glorious Harriet Tubman. University of Michigan, 1933. Web. "Harriet Tubman Biography Underground Railroad Kate Clifford Larson." Harriet Tubman " Biography Underground Railroad Kate Clifford Larson. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. Ripley, C. Peter et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 5, The United States, 1859-1865 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 222-3. "SITES in Your Neighborhood This Fall « The Affiliate." The Affiliate RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. Taylor, Robert W. Harriet Tubman, the Heroine In Ebony. Boston: [s.n.], 1901. "Timeline - Site Title." Site Title. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. "
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English grammar
English grammar exercises:- Our website is suitable for anyone who is interested in the English language and how It works in everyday current contexts. Here we give further exercise about the grammar of a large number of the specific subject. When using a grammar, it can be difficult to find the exercise with examples that you want. This is often the biggest single problem for users of grammar learners. Our team makes a special effort to support the learners.
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• The “decline in the two-parent family structure is the single biggest factor associated with the increase in child (official) poverty [i.e., excluding much safety-net income] between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s.” Tweet This
• Applying the SPM internationally, the U.S. has a slightly lower child-poverty rate than the U.K. and isn’t too far off from Ireland and Canada. Tweet This
A new report from the National Academies evaluating strategies to fight child poverty should have been a highly useful and truly bipartisan affair. On topics ranging from gun control to immigration, the organization has done a decent job of including researchers from across the political spectrum on its panels and evaluating studies in an exacting and methodical manner. One normally finishes such reports far better informed about the topic—and far less confident in one’s prior beliefs, whatever they were, given the high standards of rigor upon which the group insists.
Unfortunately, Congress ordered up something very different from the organization back in 2015. The group's new child-poverty report does not just summarize the relevant research and point out its flaws; by congressional edict, it must include a plan to reduce child poverty by half in 10 years. Since poverty is mathematically defined as having an income below a certain level (meaning you can, tautologically, end it by giving people money), and since methods other than simple transfers to the poor are controversial among the field's researchers and therefore lack scientific consensus (think: work requirements), the panel naturally suggests that the “evidence-based” way to achieve this goal is to take at least $90 billion annually and turn it over to poor families, and sometimes non-poor families, too, in a blizzard of cash transfers, wage and child-care subsidies, and in-kind benefits such as food stamps. That price tag adds up to more than $700 every year for every household in the country. And all this would come on top of current federal programs that already spend hundreds of billions of dollars a year on benefits for children.
In other words, Congress asked one of the nation's premier scientific bodies to grant its imprimatur to a proposal that sounds like it came straight off of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's website, by assigning it a task that couldn't be accomplished any other way. Well played, guys.
But if you ignore the headline-grabbing bottom line of the report, it actually does contain a semblance of the overly detailed and highly rigorous review of the scientific literature that we all cherish about National Academies publications. Here are a few highlights.
1. Child poverty has fallen.
Conservatives were once fond of saying that we fought a war on poverty and poverty won. Fact-checkers who consulted the government's Official Poverty Measure were inclined to agree. The OPM, however, suffers from numerous flaws, most notably that it doesn't count a lot of welfare spending, such as food stamps, as income. The far superior Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) shows a marked decline in deprivation since the mid-1990s. Even the Great Recession is basically invisible.
The usual conservative line might be changing, too. The National Academies panel notes a recent Trump-administration report that called the War on Poverty “largely over and a success” and cited yet another poverty measure, one based on consumption rather than income, according to which child poverty was all the way down to 4% in 2016.
2. The U.S. does not, in fact, have astoundingly high rates of child poverty—at least, if by “child poverty” you’re referring to actual deprivation, as opposed to inequality.
Especially when making international comparisons, poverty researchers like to define “poverty” as half of each country’s median income—what’s known as a “relative” measure. The problem is obvious to anyone who thinks about it for half a second: it makes economic growth basically powerless to relieve poverty because growth increases the median income and thus moves the goalposts. Indeed, even if everyone’s income magically doubled at once, no one would rise out of poverty by this yardstick, because everyone’s relative income would still be the same. Coincidentally, this patently ridiculous—but mysteriously popular among some academics—way of comparing poverty rates is particularly rough on America, which has one of the highest standards of living in the world but puts relatively little emphasis on reducing inequality as such.
This chart from the report makes the point nicely. Applying the SPM internationally in “purchasing power parity” terms, the U.S. has a slightly lower child-poverty rate than the U.K. and isn’t too far off from Ireland and Canada.
3. Child poverty varies immensely by racial group and nativity.
Another limitation of international comparisons is that many other countries don’t struggle with anything resembling our racial history, and the horrifying toll of slavery and Jim Crow is evident when you break the numbers down by race. White Americans have strikingly low child-poverty rates relative to blacks.
Meanwhile, as Family Studies contributor Kay Hymowitz recently noted, immigration has a role, too. Hispanics have even higher child-poverty rates than blacks do, and in general immigrant families (meaning there’s at least one foreign-born parent) have a child-poverty rate of about 21%, more than double the native rate of 10 percent.
The point here is not that high rates of child poverty are “only” among minority groups and nothing to worry about, but rather that we must bear our own unique history and immigration policy in mind here.
4. Efforts to fight child poverty vary in their effectiveness . . . and in their cost-effectiveness.
The authors highlight four different “packages” of policies that, per their simulations, could significantly reduce child poverty in the short term:
• The “work-oriented” package expands the earned-income and child-care tax credits, raises the minimum wage to $10.25, and rolls out a job-training program called WorkAdvance. (Minimum-wage hikes may reduce employment, but they also result in higher pay for workers who keep their jobs, which lifts some out of poverty. Obviously, this trade-off looks different depending on which studies you rely on, and the panel may have gotten it all wrong.) This plan reduces child poverty by 19% (from a baseline of about 11 million in 2017), adds about a million workers to the workforce, and costs $8.7 billion per year.
• The “work-based and universal support” package combines the previous proposal’s tax credits (but not the minimum wage or job training) with a $2,000 child allowance, which reduces poverty but also cancels out some work-force gains by reducing work effort: 36 % child-poverty reduction, 570,000 new workers, $44.5 billion cost.
• The last two packages reduce child poverty more than half by combining some of the above measures with still others, including expanding food stamps and housing vouchers, beefing up the child allowance to $2,700, and eliminating restrictions on welfare use by immigrants. They cost upward of $90 billion per year and would add, at most, about 610,000 workers.
Some may say the first option is clearly inferior, as it doesn’t reach even half the goal of reducing poverty by 50%, but it’s far and away the most cost-efficient and the most work-promoting, not to mention the most politically viable. Nearly half of its poverty-reducing potential comes from encouraging employment as opposed to just transferring money to poor parents. It would eliminate more than 2% of child poverty for every billion dollars spent, vs. 0.8% for the second and 0.5–0.6% for the final two. It also would not entail no-questions-asked transfers of $2,700 per child to every parent, expanding access to food stamps and subsidized housing, or giving up the commonsensical idea that immigrants granted the privilege of coming here should be fully responsible for supporting themselves.
However, it’s also worth noting that the work package’s price doesn’t take account of the costs to businesses of the higher minimum wage, which after all can be seen as a tax on employing low-skill workers. In fact, hiking the minimum wage is counted as a negative $3.7 billion cost to the government, since when workers earn more money, they use safety-net programs less and pay more in taxes, and it reduces child poverty just 1.3% (Not percentage points. Percent. So, starting at 13% of children in poverty, the reduction is less than 0.2 points.)
5. Marriage reduces poverty, but we have no idea how to increase marriage.
The authors report that the “decline in two-parent family structure is the single biggest factor associated with the increase in child (official) poverty [i.e., excluding much safety-net income] between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s” (while increases in maternal employment are largely responsible for the rebound since then). They write that increasing the number of kids in two-parent families “would almost certainly reduce child poverty.” However, they also state that marriage-promotion programs have been pretty much a bust (although, see Alan Hawkins’ recent IFS blog on this issue for more recent research findings on marriage and relationship education programs).
6. We could use more research on work requirements.
The absence of work requirements even from the “work-oriented” plan has proven rather annoying to some of my fellow conservatives, given that such requirements have been a core plank of conservative poverty policy going back to the 1996 welfare reform and were implemented after extensive experimentation in the states. There is good evidence that the reforms of the 1990s, taken as a whole, were helpful, though it's hard to isolate the role of work requirements in particular (as opposed to, for example, expansions of the earned-income credit).
For their part, the National Academies panelists note that “[s]ome of the strongest evidence in support of these programs comes from randomized controlled trials that were published in the 1990s” and that the 1996 reform “reduced welfare receipt and increased employment.” However, they claim that work requirements are “at least as likely to increase as to decrease poverty”—different ways of implementing the policy yield different results—and they decline to extrapolate from the 1990s studies to their simulations.
This is frustrating, but if there’s one thing everyone should be able to agree on, it’s that we need rigorous studies—ideally randomized controlled trials—as we experiment with strengthened work requirements in food stamps and even adding such requirements to Medicaid.
In insisting on an “evidence-based” plan for reducing child poverty by half in just 10 years, Congress stacked the deck in favor of raw transfers to the poor, and thus not much can be concluded from the fact that the panel endorsed a combination of such transfers. But the report remains worth reading because it contains a wealth of information that challenges left and right narratives of poverty alike.
Robert VerBruggen is a research fellow at the Institute for Family Studies and a deputy managing editor of National Review.
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Home ResourcesReliability Service Glossary of Terms
Reliability Service Glossary of Terms
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity (speed) usually expressed in ‘g’ or gravity units.
Accelerometer: Transducer or pickup that measures acceleration.
Amplitude: The extreme range of a signal, either fluctuating (AC) or static (DC).
Balance: The condition where no vibration occurs in a rotating member due to the center of mass being displaced from the center of rotation.
Bearing Defect Frequencies:
Different bearing defects generate specific frequencies:
• An outer race defect generates a Band Pass Frequency of an outer race defect (BPFO).
• An inner race defect generates a Band Pass Frequency of an inner race defect (BPFI).
• A roller/ball defect generates a Ball Spin Frequency (BSF).
Cavitation: A result of a pump not operating near its best efficiency point or having insufficient net positive suction head.
Critical Speed: The speed of a rotating member that corresponds to a resonant frequency in the member. Usually, a maximum vibration occurs at this point. A member may have several critical speeds.
Displacement: The change in position of a body measured from the point of rest. Usually expressed in mils (.001 in).
Frequency: The number of vibrations or cycles in a unit of time. Usually expressed in cycles per second (Hz) or cycles per minute (CPM).
Harmonic: One whose vibration frequency is an integral multiple of that of the fundamental.
Laser Vibrometer: State-of-the-art transducer for non-contact vibration analysis.
Modal Analysis: The analysis of structural bending characteristics.
Natural Frequency: The frequency at which a component or a complete system resonates. Every structure has a natural frequency, which, when excited, can be detrimental to the structure.
Oil Whirl: Produced when a rotating shaft within a sleeve bearing is forced into an orbital pattern by an oil pressure within the bearing that is greater than the force that the shaft can exert upon the oil.
Resonance: The natural frequency of a system. When an unbalanced system is running at its resonance or one of its resonances, the vibration reaches a peak. Any change in speed from this point will decrease the amplitude of vibration.
Resonant Frequency: That speed at which a system resonates, see Resonance.
Real Time Analyzer (RTA): Possesses superior analytical capabilities.
Main Advantages:
• Greater resolution
• Low frequency capabilities
Single Plane Balancing: Addition of balancing weight in a single plane to achieve coincidence of the mass center with the rotational center line.
Spectrum (Signature): A machine has many moving parts, such as shafts, gears, bearings, etc., each of which has its own vibration characteristics. These characteristics combine to form a vibration pattern (signature) for this machine. The vibration signature consists of multiple vibration frequencies that differ in amplitude and phase.
Static Balancing: Method of balancing without rotating the item to be balanced at full running speed.
Transducer: A device that converts a physical (mechanical) force to an electrical signal such as a velocity transducer, accelerometer or strain gauge.
Trending: Displaying the value of measurements against time is an easy and accurate method of detecting gradual changes that might otherwise be overlooked.
Two Plane Balancing: The required addition of balance weight in two planes to affect the coincidence of mass and the rotational center line of a rotor. Usually required or specified when the diameter is less than twice the length of the rotor.
Velocity: The rate of change of displacement usually expressed in inches per second (IPS or IN/SEC). |
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)
ABR is an electrophysiological measure of the auditory nervous system’s response to sound. A sound is presented to the ear via earphones or probe tips and electrodes record the response as the nerve impulse travels from the cochlea through the auditory nerve to the brainstem. ABR is typically performed by an audiologist as part of a diagnostic evaluation and is used with children who cannot complete a typical hearing screening. The ABR is also used if symptoms might be due to hearing loss in the brain or in a brain pathway.
Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital
Al Jaddaf - Dubai United Arab Emirates
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The whole world was watching. And for the next 50 years the whole world dealt with the fallout from what happened a half-century ago in Chicago, when the Democrats convened, demonstrators marched, police raged, Hubert Humphrey was nominated—and Richard Nixon reaped the benefits.
In a tumultuous end to a tumultuous month—with Soviet tanks roaring into Czechoslovakia and American troops mobilizing into Chicago—the Democrats split apart, overhauled their procedures to marginalize the political bosses who had determined the party’s course for decades, alienated the core of their governing coalition, set themselves on a course that would see them lose five of the next six presidential elections, prompted a furious conservative insurgency, set the stage for the ascendancy of Reagan Republicanism and prepared the ground for the defection of working-class voters to Donald J. Trump.
All that in a few days of tumult in the very city where Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed a New Deal for the American people and ushered in 28 years of Democratic control of the White House and more than a third of a century of big-government philosophy that coupled the New Deal with Harry Truman’s Fair Deal, John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society.
All that was washed away in what Norman Mailer called the ‘’siege of Chicago,’’ where teargas was in the air, where protesters’ chants were more memorable than the nominee’s acceptance speech, where Yippies nominated an Iowa hog for president, and where radicals derided their police opponents as pigs.
‘’This was a clash that was a fundamental challenge to institutions and yet represented the hope that those institutions could still be used,’’ said Amy Dru Stanley, a University of Chicago historian. ‘’It was a spectacle where people were trying to work within institutions while challenging institutions. And amid it all, violence erupted.’’
Chicago was a Newtonian laboratory, where actions spawned equal and opposite reactions.
‘’In retrospect Nixon was the big winner in Chicago,’’ said Todd Gitlin, a former president of the radical Students for a Democratic Society who now is a professor at Columbia University. ‘’The Vietnam War was unpopular, but the anti-war movement was even more unpopular, and people’s reaction to the Chicago riots suggests that the police—who wanted a confrontation—scored better than the demonstrators. This was a collision that had the counter-effect of helping the law-and-order theme Nixon was pushing.’’
The presumptive winner of the Chicago convention was actually the biggest loser of the Chicago convention. Hubert H. Humphrey, a liberal crusader for civil rights and worker dignity who fought gamely against John F. Kennedy for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination, was destined to be remembered as the man who was nominated after Robert F. Kennedy was killed and Eugene McCarthy flamed out.
Diminished by his role as Johnson’s vice president and imprisoned politically by LBJ’s conduct of the Vietnam War, Humphrey won the 1968 nomination but was regarded as a tool of the political bosses and the labor barons, two groups themselves discredited by the new forces in the Democratic Party. He wasn’t able to break free of those burdens even after he broke with Johnson on the war in late September.
‘’He knew he couldn’t get his story out,’’ said Walter F. Mondale, a Humphrey protege who spent the convention with his Minnesota mentor as he prepared for a Senate campaign that would lead to his own vice presidency in1977 and eventual presidential nomination in 1984. ‘’The riots took all the attention away from him. This hurt him in the worst way.’’
For a man who was alternatively beloved and ridiculed for being garrulous, there was little Humphrey could say to alter the course of the presidential campaign after the Chicago convention.
‘’However much he may have disagreed with the president, he didn’t have much liberty to take a different course,’’ said Stephen J. Farnsworth, a political scientist at the University of Mary Washington and head of its Center for Leadership and Media Studies. ‘’It’s clear the activists who voted in the relatively small number of primaries in 1968 favored an anti-war candidate. But inside the hall, the preferences of primary voters didn’t add up to as much as the votes of party leaders, who saw in Humphrey a candidate more likely to win.’’
There are many legacies of Chicago 1968. One is the new Democratic nominating process that favored primaries over the dictates of established party leaders, a rubric that Republicans swiftly followed. One is the eclipse of SDS, which Lee Webb, the national secretary of the organization, said was transformed into ‘’primarily an anti-war and anti-draft movement rather than the broader organization that wanted to reform the universities, identified with the labor movement and have a more rational foreign policy.’’ One is the rupture between white radicals and black radicals, who, as Rep. Bobby Rush of Chicago, a founder of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panthers, put it in an interview, regarded Chicago as ‘’a conflict between mother-country radicals and the established power structure.’’
Sitting in a Conrad Hilton hotel room beneath Humphrey’s 25th floor suite was Nixon operative Patrick Buchanan, himself destined to run for president twice by appealing to the very blue-collar voters whose alienation from the Democrats was sealed by the violence in Chicago. He schmoozed with reporters and planned press conferences with GOP luminaries such as Donald Rumsfeld, all the while keeping Nixon apprised of the developments in the street that prompted Democratic Sen. Abraham Ribicoff to accuse Mayor Richard M. Daley of promoting ‘’Gestapo tactics in the streets of Chicago.’’
Daley never lived down that remark and it took decades for Chicago to cleanse its reputation as the home of police officers who, in Mailer’s characterization, ‘’moved like a wind blowing dust, or the edge of waves riding foam on the shore.’’ Humphrey returned to the Senate and gradually assumed the senior-statesman approbation his career deserved. Nixon became president.
‘’The demonstrations in Chicago,’’ John Froines, a member of the Chicago Seven who were tried for inciting riots at the convention, said in an interview, ‘’reflected the overall changes happening in the United States—changes in lifestyle, changes in politics, and at the end of the demonstrations you began to see changes coming out of the emergence of the women’s movement.’’ The whole world was watching. It watches, still.
David Shribman is executive editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
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Will commercialization mean sunset for the Great Lakes?
Willie Sutton famously said when asked why he robbed banks, “Because that’s where the money is.” Why would anyone want to rob the Great Lakes? Because that’s where the water is.
Almost 20% of the world’s surface freshwater (6 quadrillion gallons) is in the Great Lakes. Talk of tapping that water reaches back decades, and includes proposals to use Lake Superior water in a coal slurry pipeline reaching to Wyoming and a massive pipe dream of pumping Lake Michigan water to slake the thirst of America’s fast-growing, arid Southwest.
But a greater threat than pipelines and aqueducts today is the slow commercialization of fresh water. The Great Lakes states took effective measures to stop the bulk shipment of fresh water in pipelines through the Great Lakes Compact, which took effect in 1998. It essentially bans such shipments.
But the Compact does not ban the removal of Great Lakes water, in any total volume, in millions of small containers, such as plastic bottles that are put up for sale in retail markets across America or abroad. The same volume of water removal through pipelines banned by the Compact is unaffected by the Compact when it’s in bottles.
That probably wasn’t what the public expected when it protested a Canadian company’s proposal in 1998 to ship 156 million gallons of Lake Superior water per year to Asian markets. That outcry stopped the company’s proposal and led to the 10-year process of negotiating the Compact.
Today, that company couldn’t ship unpackaged Lake Superior water in freighters, but it would have virtual carte blanche to do so in the same freighters if it bottled the water.
While a citizens’ group, FLOW for Water has organized to fight future water removal proposals, and another, Michigan Citizens for Water Conservation, has fought a Nestle water bottling operation for most of the last decade, policymakers have generally condoned the commercial shipment and sale of Great Lakes water in bottles. Which leads to the frequently-asked question: Whose water is it anyway?
Control of freshwater – for public use or private profit – is a major issue of this century. |
Persuasive Speech Reflection
In Drama, we have been working on our persuasive speeches. We chose our own topic and made a speech for about 2 minutes. My topic was “Everyone should have social networks”. We focused on the structure, tone, posture, body gesture, modulation, and projection.
Clip #10 from YIS Arts on Vimeo.
I think my speech was fluent and well structured. Also, I think I did well on not having fillers such as “um…” or “like…”. However, I could have improved on speaking with enthusiasm, projection, and talking in a good pace.
I believe persuasive speeches are useful in our life and future. I think so because we could use a persuasive speech when I want to persuade or convince someone to do something or stop doing something. For example, I could use it to convince people to stop smoking. Persuasion is used in our daily lives as well, such as when we ask our parents to buy things for us.
During this unit, I learned many things and one of them was ‘how to prepare a speech’. First we planned our speech. We chose a topic, and then wrote down the audience and purpose of the speech. After that, we worked on our introduction, 3 body paragraphs, and conclusion. In the introduction, we learned that we should have a hook to catch the audience’s attention and state the topic clearly. In the body paragraphs, we gave reasons on why the audience should agree with the speaker. In the conclusion, we learned that we should briefly summarize what the speech was about, and leave a strong impression. An example was to end with a question which made the audience think. After planning, we wrote notes on cards to help ourselves when we presented our speech. Learning about how to prepare a speech is useful because it helps us present our speech well. This is important because it will help make the speech well organized, clear, fluent, and easy to understand which is helpful for the audience and the speaker as well. |
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Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Scapegoat (0.01079 detik)
Found 3 items, similar to Scapegoat.
English → Indonesian (quick) Definition: scapegoat mengkambinghitamkan
English → English (WordNet) Definition: scapegoat scapegoat n : someone punished for the errors of others [syn: whipping boy ]
English → English (gcide) Definition: Scapegoat Scapegoat \Scape"goat`\, n. [Scape (for escape) + goat.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon whose head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, after which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. --Lev. xvi. 10. [1913 Webster] 2. Hence, a person or thing that is made to bear blame for others. --Tennyson. [1913 Webster]
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Linking words: similarly; in the same way
Similarly; in the same way
These are most common in a formal style.
My grandfather did everything he could to educate my Dad. In the same way, my Dad put a high value on my education.
Stephen Antony was a great footballer who used his quick reflexes to stop suddenly when running with the ball. In the same way, he used his reflexes to accelerate away from his opponents.
The roads are usually very muddy during the rainy season. Similarly, there are often serious traffic jams.
The camel, which lives in desert regions where it is not easy to find food, has adapted itself by growing a hump to store fat. Similarly, the giraffe has grown a long neck, which enables it to eat leaves from tall trees.
Linking expressions
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1. Linking words: generalising
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Table of Contents:
Section I
Field Expedient Methods for Explosives Preparation................ 1.0
Preparation of Picric Acid from Aspirin......................... 1.2
Potassium (or Sodium) Nitrite and Litharge (Lead Monoxide)...... 1.4
Preparation of Copper Sulfate (Pentahydrate).................... 1.5
Section II
Laboratory Methods for Preparing Promising Explosives............. 2.0
1.0 Section I Field Expedient Methods for Explosives Preparation
1.1 Preparation of Lead Picrate Lead picrate is used as a primary explosive in the fabrication of detonators. It is to be used with a booster explosive such as picric acid or RDX. MATERIAL REQUIRED (For 1 detonator): Litharge (lead monoxide) (field prepared; also is used in plumbing and ceramic cements) Picric acid (field prepared) Wood alcohol (methanol) (some antifreezers and paint removers) Wooden or plastic rod Dish or saucer (china or glass) Teaspoon PROCEDURE: 1. Weigh out 2 grams (or equal amounts) by weight of picric acid and lead monoxide. 2. Add the picric acid to 2 teaspoons (10 milliliters) of methanol in a container (dish or saucer) and stir. 3. Add lead monoxide and stir. 4. Continue stirring and allow the alcohol to evaporate. NOTE: The mixture will suddenly thicken. 5. Carefully break up this mixture ad stir occasionally until a powder is formed (a few lumps will remain). 6. Remove and spread out to air dry. NOTE: If possible, dry at 100 degrees C (212 F) for two hours.
1.2 Preparation of Picric Acid from Aspirin Picric acid can be used as a booster explosive in detonators or as an intermediate to preparing lead picrate or DDNP. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Aspirin, 20 tablets (5 grain/tablet) Alcohol - 95 percent pure Concentrated sulfuric acid (boil battery acid until white fumes appear) Potassium nitrate (Saltpeter) Water Canning jar (1 pint) Hot water bath Paper towels (for filter) Glass tube or rod Glass containers Dish (ceramic or glass) Heat source Cup Teaspoon PROCEDURE: 1. Crush 20 tablets of Aspirin in a glass container and work into a paste with a teaspoon of water. 2. Add approximately 1/3-1/2 cup (100 milliliters) of alcohol with stirring and filter through a paper towel into another glass container. NOTE: If aspirin is pure enough (usually cheap priced aspirin are) then steps 1, 2 and 3 can be omitted and you can proceed and add crushed aspirin to sulfuric acid. 3. Discard the solid left on the paper and pour the liquid from the container into the dish. Evaporate the alcohol and water on a hot water bath, leaving a white powder. 4. Add this white powder to 1/3 cup (80 milliliters) of concentrated sulfuric acid in a canning jar. 5. Heat the jar in a simmering hot water bath for 15 minutes and remove. Stir; solution will gradually turn black. 6. Add 3 level teaspoons (15 grams) of potassium nitrate in three portions with vigorous stirring. After heating put jar in cold H2O and add KNO3. 7. Allow the yellow-orange solution to cool to room temperature with intermittent stirring. Solution is darker than yellow-orange. 8. Pour the solution into 1.25 cups (300 milliliters) of water (cold if possible) and allow to cool. Upon pouring, solution is now yellow-orange. 9. Filter the mixture through a paper towel and wash the light yellow material (picric acid) with 1/8 cup (25 milliliters) of water through paper towel. Takes considerable time to filter if genuine filter paper is used. 10. Dry at 160-200 degrees F for two hours. The yield is 4.0-4.5 grams.
1.3 Tetramminecopper(II)Chlorate Tetramminecopper(II)chlorate is a primary explosive that can be made from sodium chlorate, copper sulfate and ammonia. This explosive when used with a booster is capable of detonating composition C-4. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Sodium chlorate (Obtain as medicine, weed killer, defoliant, or by field method) Copper sulfate (Obtain as insecticide, water purifying agent, or by field method) Ammonium hydroxide (Obtain as household ammonia or smelling salts) Alcohol - 95% pure Wax or clay Water Narrow mouth bottle (wine or coke) Wide mouth bottles (mason jars) Tubing (rubber, copper, steel) Teaspoon Heat source Paper towel (for filter) Pan PROCEDURE: 1. Measure 1/3 teaspoon (2.5 grams) of sodium chlorate in a wide mouth bottle, then add 10 teaspoons of alcohol. 2. Add 1 teaspoon (4 grams) of copper sulfate and stir the mixture just under the boiling point for 30 minutes (heat can be supplied by a pan of hot water). The mixture will change color. NOTE: Keep solution away from flame. 3. Keep volume of the solution constant by adding additional alcohol about every ten minutes. Remove solution and let cool. Filter through folded paper towels into another wide mouth bottle. Keep the liquid. 4. Add 1 cup (250 milliliters) of ammonia to the narrow mouth bottle. Placing tubing so that it extends about 1.25 inches inside bottle, then seal tubing to bottle with wax (pitch, clay etc.). 5. Place tubing into solution from step (3) as indicated in the [ASCII] picture [below]. Heat bottle containing ammonia in a pan of hot water (not boiling) for about 10 minutes.
_________________________________ //-------------------------------\\ <-- Tubing // \\ // \\ --||-- <-- Wax Seal \\ | || | \\ / || \ \\ / || \ \\ |__________| | \\ | | | |------\ \--------| | Ammonia | | \_\ | ___|__________|___ | | | | | Solution | | Hot Water | |_________________| |________________|
6. Bubble ammonia gas through solution until the color of the solution changes from a light green to a dark blue (approximately 10 minutes) and continue bubbling for another ten minutes. * CAUTION: At this point the solution is a primary explosive. Keep away from flame. 7. Reduce the volume of the solution to about 1/3 of its original volume by evaporating in the air or in a stream of air. 8. Filter crystals through a folded paper towel and wash once with one teaspoon alcohol, dry overnight (16 hours). * CAUTION: Explosive is shock and flame sensitive. Store in a capped container.
1.4 Potassium (or Sodium) Nitrite and Litharge (Lead Monoxide) Either of the nitrites are needed to prepare DDNP and litharge is required for the preparation of lead picrate. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Lead metal (small pieces or chips) Potassium (or sodium) nitrate Wood (methyl) alcohol Iron pipe with closed end or cap (one end only) Iron rod (screwdriver) Paper towels Glass jars, wide mouth (2 each) Heat source (such as hot coals or blow torch) Cup PROCEDURE: 1. Mix 12 grams of lead and 4 grams of potassium (or sodium) nitrate. Place the mixture in the iron container (iron pipe) and heat in a hot bed of coals or by a blow torch for an hour or more. 2. Remove the container and allow to cool. Chip out the yellow solid with the screwdriver and add to 1/2 cup (120 milliliters) of methyl alcohol in the jar. Orange-brown solid, cream color in alcohol. 3. Heat the mixture in a pan of hot water until it reacts. Solution turns darker upon heating. 4. Filter the mixture through a paper towel into the second jar. 5. The solid left on the paper is lead monoxide. Wash it through paper twice, using 1/2 cup (120 milliliters) hot water each time and air dry before using in explosive preparation (for example, lead picrate). 6. place the jar with the liquid in the hot water and heat until alcohol has evaporated. The remaining powder is the nitrite, snowy liquid; some white powder appears, but not much. * NOTE: Sodium nitrite has a strong tendency to pick up water from the atmosphere and should be stored in a closed container.
1.5 Preparation of Copper Sulfate (Pentahydrate) Copper sulfate is a required material for the preparation of TAC. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Copper wire or pieces Sulfuric acid (battery) Potassium nitrate or nitric acid (field grades) Alcohol Water Two heat resistant glasses or jars, one pint Paper towels Metal pan (for hot water bath) Wooden rod Cup PROCEDURE: 1. Place 10 grams of copper into one of the jars and add one cup (240 milliliters) of sulfuric (battery) acid. To this mixture add 12 grams of potassium nitrate, or 1.5 teaspoons of nitric acid. NOTE: Nitric acid gives a product of greater purity. 2. Heat the mixture on a hot water bath (near boiling) until the bubbling has ceased (requires about two hours). * CAUTION: This reaction evolves strong toxic fumes, and therefore must be performed in an open, well ventilated area. 3. Pour the hot blue liquid into a second vessel (keeping the unreacted copper in the first jar) and allow to cool at room temperature. 4. After the crystals have formed, carefully pour away the liquid and crush the crystals. Then add 1/2 cup (120 milliliters) of alcohol to the powder and stir. 5. Pour the solution through the towel filter and wash the solid left on the paper three times, using 1/2 cup (120 milliliters) portions of the alcohol each time. 6. Allow the product to air dry for two hours.
1.6 Reclamation of RDX From C-4 RDX can be used as a booster explosive for detonators or as a high explosive charge. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Gasoline C-4 Wide mouth jars, one pint (2 each) Paper towels Wooden stirring rod Teaspoon PROCEDURE: 1. Place 1 teaspoon (10 grams) of C-4 in the pint jar and add one cup (240 milliliters) of gasoline. 2. Knead and stir the C-4 with the rod until the C-4 has broken up. Allow to stand 1/2 hour. 3. Start the stirring again until a fine white powder remains on the bottom of the container. 4. Filter the mixture through a paper towel and wash the solid left on the paper with 1/2 cup (120 milliliters) of gasoline. 5. Air dry for several hours or heat at 80-100 centigrades (about 150-212 degrees F) for one hour.
2.0 Section II Laboratory Methods for Preparing Promising Explosives
2.1 Lead Azide Preparation of Hydrazinium sulfate. 2 NH + NaOCl + H SO ---> N H * H SO + NaCl + H O 3 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 One-hundred-forty-one ml of Chlorox bleach (5.25 percent NaOCl) was added to 200 ml of 20 percent ammonium hydroxide and 5 ml of 1 percent limewater Ca(OH)2 in one liter Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was rapidly heated to boiling and maintained until the volume was reduced to about half, which required about one-half hour. The solution was rapidly cooled and dilute sulfuric acid was added until a pH of 7-8 has attained and the precipitate that formed was separated by filtration. The cold filtrate was strongly acidified with 40 percent sulfuric acid. The white precipitate was filtered, washed with methanol and air dried. Melting point 254 degrees C (lit. 254 degrees C). Preparation of Isopropyl Nitrite A mixture of 45 ml concentrated sulfuric acid, 30 ml water and 110 ml isopropyl alcohol, previously cooled to 0 centigrades, was added to an ice cold solution of 114 grams of sodium nitrite in 450 ml of H2O. Slow addition required about two hours in order to maintain a temperature around 0 centigrades. The upper oily layer was separated and washed three times with 30 ml portions of 5 gram 100 ml sodium bicarbonate solution and 22 grams NaCl 100 ml solution respectively. Preparation of Sodium Azide N H * H O + NaOH + C H ONO ---> NaN + C H OH + 3H O 2 4 2 4 9 2 3 4 9 2 Five grams of caustic soda (NaOH) was dissolved in 50 ml if ethyl alcohol (3A), and the clear portion was decanted in a 100 ml distilling flask containing 6 ml of hydrazine hydrate. After adding one ml of butyl nitrite (or isopropyl nitrite) the mixture was heated on a steam bath to initiate the reaction. Twelve ml more of the nitrite was slowly added in such a manner that the mixture refluxed slowly. Addition required about one hour and the mixture was heated an additional fifteen minutes. The reaction flask was cooled and the solid product collected on a filter. The product was washed with alcohol and air dried. Recrystallization from water yielded white crystalline material. Preparation of Lead Azide The following solutions were prepared: Solution A: 0.20 g of sodium azide 0.006 g of sodium hydroxide 7 ml water Solution B: 0.96 g Pb(NO3)2 0.04 g Dextrin 9 ml water Solution B was brought to a pH of 5 by adding dilute NaOH. Solution B was brought to 60 centigrades and solution A was slowly added with stirring. The mixture was allowed to stir till ambient temperature was attained and the solid azide collected on a filter. After washing with water and air drying the product weighed 0.4 grams. This product was found capable of initiating RDX when incorporated in a No. 6 blasting cap.
2.2 Nitrourea Preparation of Urea Nitrate Twenty-five ml of concentrated nitric acid was added dropwise to an ice cold solution of 5.0 grams urea in 25 ml of water. The white precipitate was collected in a Buchner funnel and washed with ice cold nitric acid. After drying at 100 centigrades for one hour, yield was 9.2 grams. Preparation of Nitrourea Nine (9.0) grams of the above product, urea nitrate, was added portionwise to 32 ml of ice cold (-3 centigrades) concentrated sulfuric acid at such a rate that the temperature did not exceed 5 centigrades. Total time for addition was approximately one-half hour, after which the mixture was poured on 75 grams of ice. The white precipitate was filtered, washed with ice cold water, just sufficient to cover it, and air dried. Material obtained weighed 5.3 grams and melted with decomposition at 157-158 centi- grades. (lit. 158-159 centigrades).
2.3 Mannitol Hexanitrate, Nitromannitol Ten grams of mannitol was added portionwise to 50 ml of concentrated nitric acid keeping the temperature at 0 centigrades. 100 ml concentrated sulfuric acid was then added dropwise maintaining temperature around 0 centigrades. The slurry was filtered, washed with water and a dilute Na2CO2 and water again, until washings were neutral. Products were air dried and had a melting point of 113-115 centigrades (lit. 112-113 centigrades).
2.4 Lead Nitranilate Preparation of Chloranil A slurry of 5.0 grams of salicylic acid and 100 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was heated to 80 centigrades and 5.0 grams of potassium chlorate added in portions (with effervescence). An additional 400 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 5.0 grams potassium chlorate was added and the mixture allowed to heat at 80-90 centigrades for four hours. After filtering, washing with water, and air drying, the yellow crystals melted at 190-200 centigrades (sealed tube). The yield was 5.45 grams. Preparation of Sodium Nitranilate A mixture of 5.0 grams of chloranil and 200 ml of ethyl alcohol were heated to boiling and treated with a solution of 5.6 grams of sodium nitrite in 100 ml of ethyl alcohol. The mixture was heated with stirring for one-half hour and allowed to cool. The orange-gold crystalline product was collected on a filter, washed with ethyl alcohol and air dried. Yield was 1.85 grams. Preparation of Lead Nitranilate A solution of 1.0 grams of sodium nitranilate in 100 ml of boiling [ Transcriber's note: I dunno what. A word is missing in the text. I guess it is H2O or maybe C2H5OH. ] was filtered and the filtrate treated with 2.9 grams of lead nitrate in 10 ml of water. The mixture was stirred for one-half hour and the gold platelets collected on a filter and [washed] with water. After drying at 80 centigrades for three hours, the product weighed 1.23 grams. The product ignited with a loud report on flame contact.
2.5 Chloratotrimercuriacetaldehyde A stream of acetylene (from calcium carbide in water) was led into a solution of 0.3 gram of mercuric nitrate and 0.1 gram sodium chlorate in 20 ml of water. The solid suspension was initially white then turned grey upon further treatment with acetylene. The product was collected on a filter, washed with water and air dried. Ignition temperature was ca. 150 centigrades as determined with a Fisher-Johns melting point apparatus.
2.6 Trishydrazinezinc(II)Nitrate To a solution of 5.0 grams of zinc nitrate in 25 ml of ethyl alcohol was added a solution of 1.7 ml of 95 percent hydrazine in 5 ml of alcohol. The precipitate that immediately formed was collected on a filter an washed with ethyl alcohol. After drying for 2.5 hours at 90 centigrades the product weighed 4.45 grams.
2.7 Fulminating Silver Silver chloride (from silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid) was treated with sufficient ammonium hydroxide to effect solution. This solution was treated with potassium hydroxide pellets until effervescence subsided. The black mixture was diluted with water and the dark solid collected on a filter. Attempts to remove te product from the wet filter resulted in an explosion.
2.8 Diamminesilver(II)Chlorate A near saturated solution of silver chlorate (from silver nitrate and sodium chlorate) in water was treated dropwise with concentrated ammonium hydroxide. The dark product mildly deflagrated after isolation by filtration.
2.9 Triacetonetriperoxide A mixture of 5 ml of acetone and 10 ml of 6 percent hydrogen peroxide was cooled to 5 centigrades and treated dropwise with 3 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. The white precipitate that formed was extracted with ether, and the extract was washed three times with cold water. The ether was evaporated by a stream of air ant the product melted at 90-95 centigrades (lit. 94-95 centigrades).
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Maintaining record history in database
Author - Webner
When you are building a web-based multi/single tenant system or a desktop system which has a database at its backend to maintain records, keeping the history of records proves to be very useful in the long run from information and security perspectives. History of records means keeping track of which piece of data was modified when and by whom (and for what reason if possible). This helps in report generation (like which features of the system are getting modified more often than others). This also helps in figuring out who made the change when something goes wrong by mistake or intentionally.
There are various levels of maintaining the history and based on your requirements you can decide what table structure you need. For understanding purpose we are taking this database table that maintains product information:
These are some options for maintaining historical information:
1. Basic history keeping: In this case all you are interested in is knowing when a certain change was made and who made the change. For example in above table if a new product is added and you want to know when that product was added and who added it you can add 2 more columns to it – created_by and date_of_creation. In created_by you can keep user id of the user who created the product and in date_of_creation you can keep date on which record was first inserted in the table.
2. Intermediate history keeping: Basic history keeping makes it better but in future if someone changes the data of a product (like change in name or price), you will have no way to know who made the change and when and for what reason. To solve this problem there are 2 options. First one is that created_by should be renamed to edited_by and date_of_creation should be renamed to last_modified_timestamp. Now initially when record is created you can keep record creator’s id in edited_by and current date+time in last_modified_timestamp. In future if some other user changes this information you should change edited_by for same record to user id of the user who is making the change and again update last_modified_timestamp to current timestamp. That will make sure you can always see who modified the product recently and at what date and time. But since we have only 1 set of fields so we lose the information of who created the product originally and at what date. So the second option is to leave created_by and date_of_creation fields intact and add 2 new columns edited_by and last_modified_timestamp separately to store this information. Then you will have information related to change in the product information as well as of its original creation. In addition you can create a not null column reason_of_change and force the user editing the data to fill it.
3. Advanced history keeping: Previous step made it better but there are still some shortcomings. A product may go through a series of changes. But since we have created edited_by and last_modified_timestamp columns in Product table itself so we cannot store information of multiple historical changes in these columns for single product. An ugly way to achieve this will be to store comma separated information in the columns to keep ids of all the users who made changes in the edited_by column and their corresponding timestamps also comma separated in the last_modified_timestamp column. I have seen this type of data unfortunately and I do not recommend this way. It makes it useless since you cannot run SQL queries on this data to fetch records for a specific date or date range or even for a specific user id. You need to use tricks to split the values on comma before using them and more such issues. A better way is to create another table with name product_history like this:
So this table gives us the flexibility to store multiple records for single product id and we can keep track of all the changes that happen to the product in its lifecycle.
4. One Step Further: I would like to close this post with one more addition to the previous solution. The previous solution does not tell us which field was modified by the user, what the previous value was and what the new value is. For that, one concept is, we can add 3 more columns to the Product_History table to get following structure of this table:
But generally in one transaction user can change multiple field values so a better approach will be to keep the entire previous record in the history table like this:
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16 Most inspirational known failures
In order to succeed in business or life, I realized that we must constantly take corrective action. Putting yourself on the line day after day can be extremely exhausting, especially when things do not work as I wanted. Therefore, every time I face a disappointing event or unwanted result, I NEVER FORGET these famous failures:
1. Bill Gates founder and chair of Microsoft, has literally changed the working culture of the world in the 21st century by simplifying the way the computer is used. He is the richest man in the world over the last decade. However, in the 1970s, before he started, he had dropped out of Harvard University. The most ironic part is that he created a software company (which would soon become Microsoft) by acquiring software technology from "someone" for only $ US50 ever since
2. Abraham Lincoln has not received more than 5 years of formal education throughout his life. When he grew up, he joined the politics and had 12 major failures before being elected the 16th President of the United States of America
3. Isaac Newton is the greatest English mathematician of his generation. His work on optics and gravity makes him one of the greatest scientists the world has ever known. Many thought Isaac was a born genius, but he was not! When he was young, he did very badly at elementary school, so poor that his teachers failed to improve his grades
4. Ludwig van Beethoven A German composer of classical music is widely regarded as one of the highest composers of history. His reputation inspired – and in many cases frightened – composers, musicians and audiences who had to come after him. Prior to starting his career, Beethoven's music teacher once said about him "as a composer, he is hopeless." And during his career, he loses his hearing but nevertheless manages to produce great music – a dumb man who composes music is not ironic!
5. Thomas Edison who developed many devices that significantly influenced life in the 20th century. Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name. When he was a boy, the teacher told him he was too stupid to learn something. When he left alone, he tried more than 9,000 experiments before creating the first successful bulb.
6. Woolworth is a retailer that is one of the original five and ten cents stores. The first Woolworth store was founded in 1878 by Frank Winfield Woolworth and soon became one of the largest retail chains in the world in the 20th century. Prior to starting his own business, Wawlorth received a job at a dry goods store when he was 21 years old. But his employer would not allow him to serve a client because he concluded that Frank "did not have enough common sense to serve his clients"
7. Through acclamation Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all times. A phenomenal athlete with a unique combination of grace, speed, power, artistic, improvisation and unwavering competitive desire. Jordan convincingly redefined the superstar of the NBA. Before joining the NBA, Jordan was just an ordinary person so casual that he was cut off by the basketball team of the high school because of the "lack of skills"
8. Walter Disney is an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor and animator. One of the most famous film producers in the world, Disney founded a production company. The corporation, known as The Walt Disney, earns an average of $ 30 billion a year. Disney started his own business from his home garage, and his first feature of animated films went bankrupt. During his first press conference, a newspaper editor mocked Walt Disney because he had no good ideas in film production
9. Winston Churchill failed 6th grade. But this never stops him from working harder! He fought and eventually became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Churchill is usually considered one of the most important leaders in the UK and world history. In an inquiry conducted by the BBC in 2002 to identify the "100 Greatest Britons", participants voted Churchill as the most important of all
10. Steven Spielberg is an American film director. He has won 3 Academy Awards and is one of the most successful directors in history. Mostly Steven was recognized as the most successful financial director of all time. During his childhood, Spielberg dropped out of high school. He was convinced to return and was placed in a disability class. He lasted only a month and then left school forever.
11. Albert Einstein is a theoretical physicist, considered to be the most important scientist of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 and his "Theoretical Physics Services". However, when Einstein was young, his parents thought he was mentally abandoned. His grades at school were so poor that a teacher asked him to leave, saying, "Einstein, you will never feel anything like that!"
12. In 1947, a year in her contract, Marilyn Monroe dropped out of the 20th Century-Fox, because her producer felt it was unattractive and unable to act. That does not stop it! It continued to last and eventually it was recognized by the audience as the most famous star of the 20th century, sex symbol and pop icon
13. John Grisham's first novel was rejected by sixteen agents and twelve publishing houses. He continues writing and writing until he becomes best known as a novelist and author of his works of contemporary legal drama. The media turned him into one of the best authors, even alive in the 21st century.
14. Henry Ford's first two car companies failed. It does not stop Ford Motor Company from being the first manufacturer of world-class production lines for affordable cars. It has not only revolutionized industrial production in the United States and Europe, but has also had such an impact on the economy and society of the 20th century. Its combination of mass production, high wages and low prices for consumers has initiated a management school known as "Fordism". During this time he became one of the three most famous and richest people in the world.
15. Soichiro Honda was rejected by Toyota Motor Corporation during a post-World War II engagement engine interview. He continues to be unemployed until his neighbors start buying their "home scooters". He then set out to start his own company. Honda. Today, the company is growing to become the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer and one of the most profitable car manufacturers – defeating giant manufacturers like GM and Chrysler. With a global network of 437 subsidiaries, Honda develops, manufactures and markets a wide variety of products, ranging from small generic engines and scooters to special sports cars.
16. Akio Morita Founder of giant electric household products, Sony Corporation, the first product is an electric cooker for rice, selling only 100 cooker (because it burns rice instead of cooking). Today, Sony is generating $ 66 billion of revenue and is ranked the world's sixth largest electronic and electrical company.
Source by Kenneth Foo |
Can kids meditate? My answer to this is, yes, absolutely! I was pleasantly surprised the first time I realized I could just sit and meditate, however brief, even as my daughter played with her toys nearby. She came and sat down to imitate me and looked like a pro; she even put her hand together in front of her heart and chanted om! It was just for a couple of minutes, but that’s not bad for a 2 ½ year old! Even 30 seconds can feel like quite a while with a group of younger kids, and in my experience, it is often enough to create a sense of calm and silence.
I’d like to share some creative ways to guide kids towards a meditative state. Meditation is so much more than just sitting still with eyes closed. Just as with adult yogis, it helps to have some kind of preparation, such as having practices some yoga postures and breathing exercises. That goes for younger yogis, too! But I’d like to say that the activities below can also be seen as a sort of preparation for a lifetime of meditation. We might not be able to get young kids to sit more than a minute or two at first, but as they slowly get the concept and the feel of it through activities that are fun and age appropriate, sitting for longer periods will hopefully come naturally once they are mature enough.
In traditional texts, meditation requires a withdrawal from the senses (a practice sometimes referred to as pratyahara) in order to experience the light of your true self. It’s hard for many people to completely withdraw from their senses. It is especially challenging for kids who are more likely to be awed by the ordinary things in our surroundings that most adults take for granted. There’s no magic button for shutting off the senses (at least I haven’t found one!), so in the beginning, meaningful engagement of the senses can be a way for yogis of all ages to focus the mind.
Take a mental walk: Maybe, during time in a downward facing dog posture, you’ve heard a yoga teacher say, “Now walk your dog…” That just means to raise and lower the heels alternately. I’d like to propose that we take this to a more subtle level. Ask your young yogis to imagine that their mind is like a dog that they are taking for a walk. Maybe sometimes the dog likes to wander off the path to sniff a tree, paw a hole in the dirt, or watch a bird flying by. Explain that this is a lot like how our minds work when we sit still to meditate. Guide your little meditators to gently bring their dogs (minds) back to the path each time their furry friend gets distracted. Perhaps think of a creative destination at the end of the path so that the walk ‘goes somewhere.’
See pure colors: This is an open-eye meditation. Ask your yogis to glance all around and notice all the red things in the environment, then all the orange, then yellow. Continue until you’ve made it through the whole rainbow, or just focus on the colors that are most predominant. A similar meditation can be done with shadows if the meditation is done in a setting where there are enough shadows to appreciate.
Sound meditation: This is best done with eyes closed. Begin by chanting OM or having your yogis do bee breath or some other type of breathing exercise that involves sound. Then let them sit a moment with silence before you invite them to notice the sounds all around them. You might mention some of the specific sounds or just guide them to notice the quality of the sounds: loud/soft, musical/random, near/far. To finish the meditation, bring their attention to the sound of their own breath. Then have them take in 3 breaths, each time letting out a sigh through an open mouth.
Tactile meditation: This one requires a prop, such as some sand or a piece of flannel or velvety cloth. The idea is to have something that each yogi can trace shapes or patterns in. Guide them to draw circles, squares, triangles, stripes, zigzags, or any abstract shapes and patterns on the surface. A cloth surface is perhaps least messy and most practical (unless you plan to have a little tray or shallow box for each yogi to put sand in…or conduct the meditation in a sand box!). Depending on the age of your yogis, you might even get them to coordinate their breath with each shape, for instance, inhale as you draw a vertical stripe upwards, then exhale and draw the next one downwards.
Visualize the breath: One of my favorite ways to help kids do this is to bring in a Hoberman sphere. Sit in a circle and allow each kid a turn to expand the sphere as everyone inhales, then slowly collapse it as everyone exhales. When everyone has had a turn, you can build upon this by asking them to close their eyes and imagine that their lungs are like balloons that expand on the inhale and shrink on the exhale. Then at the end of the meditation, everyone takes in a super deep breath, holds it in for a few seconds, then ‘pops’ their balloon by poking their belly and letting the breath out slowly with a shhhhh sound.
Ideas from books
In his book, The Whole-Brain Child: Revolutionary Strategies to Nurture Your Child’s Developing Mind, Daniel Siegel talks about what he calls Mindsight. He writes about the Wheel of Awareness, an activity kids can use to get perspective on troubling thoughts and emotions. Honestly, as I read about it, I thought that most adults could use this method, too – I know I could! The first time you do this with a group, do it as a drawing activity. Each yogi draws a big circle (the rim of the wheel) with a little circle in the center (the hub). Think of the hub of the wheel as your calm center. On the rim are thoughts and feelings that each yogi carries in their mind; maybe some positive and some negative. Have everyone write some of their own thoughts and feelings on the rim. Some of these will come out as beliefs about themselves, perhaps there will be a thought there that tries to reason away the belief, and then there might be more specific thoughts that are recollections of a recent event. Whatever forms they take, the thoughts and feelings on the rim are meaningful and personal to each yogi and therefore best kept safe as private. Drawing the wheel is simply a tool to get the thoughts out onto the paper. After that, guide everyone to close their eyes and gently bring their mind back to their hub each time their attention wanders out to the rim. Remind them that any time they feel worried, afraid, or upset about something, they can picture their wheel and try to bring their mind back to their calm center (hub). If you repeat this with a group, you won’t need to have them draw the wheel except in their mind’s eye.
In Breathe Like a Bear by Kira Willey, there are so many great tips for mindfulness, breathing practices, and physical practices that help kids focus and release tension. The book is divided into 5 chapters: Be Calm, Focus, Imagine, Make Some Energy, and Relax. Recently my toddler has asked me to read this book to her, so we sit and do some of the breathing exercises and relaxation techniques as I go over them. However, the activities are worded in a child-accessible way so that a yoga teacher, parent, or other caregiver could have their little yogis close their eyes and be guided by the adult’s voice. What I love about this book is that it is so playful! It allows kids to explore meditation while also using their imagination in connection to animals and nature. It reads like a picture book and it has really sweet illustrations. Someday when my creative juices are flowing, I’ll improvise some stories to go with some of the exercises in the book.
Here’s to making meditation more fun, not just for our young yogis, but also for us adults that love sharing yoga with kids!
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Homeschooling in the 21st Century
Prior to the 1970s in the United States, parents who homeschooled their children often did so with no network of support. With the publication of works by John Holt and Raymond Moore in the late '70s and early '80s, the homeschooling movement had several voices behind which to unify, but curriculum was still basically in the hands of individual parents. The onset of the digital age, though, has begun to change that.
Schooling and the Information Era
Not so long ago, when people wanted to know or validate a fact, they had to look it up in a book. This meant that they'd either have to invest in expensive stacks of encyclopedias (which would often go out of date) or spend a ton of time at the library. Not that there's anything wrong with libraries, of course, but it can be inconvenient to not have information immediately at one's fingertips.
students on computers
When society was given the boon of the Internet, and everything changed. Almost any piece of knowledge you need to know is mere moments away from anyone with a computer or smartphone and a network connection. Many industries have been revolutionized by this new information age, and homeschooling is no exception.
In the digital era, two types of homeschooling exist. More traditional parent-generated (or approved) curricula are now bolstered by the wealth of knowledge the Internet affords. However, the Internet's other strength is communication, and some school districts have begun to take advantage of that by setting up digital schools that students in their district can attend.
Individualized Curricula
Although for some time companies have existed that provide pre-assembled education for homeschool students, it's typically up to parents to pick and choose the precise material studied by their children. Even if they opt to purchase homeschooling materials from a corporation, there's still a degree of customization and individualization involved. The Internet has made it easier than ever for parents to supplement the lessons they choose with additional material, particularly information that may not be in their wheelhouse. In addition, some of those companies that previously sold homeschool material through the mail currently exist online, where they offer a curriculum augmented by digital videos and games designed to entertain as well as inform.
The Internet has also provided parents who homeschool with a network of communication. Though homeschooling pioneer John Holt provided a print forum for parents when he founded Growing Without Schooling magazine in 1977, nothing compares to the immediacy and global reach of the World Wide Web. Parents have formed support groups and informational resources like to make the homeschooling journey easier on all parties involved.
school building
Digital School Curricula
It's not just parents who are taking their schooling home. Buoyed perhaps by the massive number of online colleges, or possibly feeling threatened by individualized curriculum, some public school districts have begun to offer Internet classes to their students. For instance, in February 2010 the Clark County, WA newspaper The Columbian reported that some of the region's public schools had created a so-called Virtual Learning Academy, limited to only students in the county. The program is guided by three certified teachers from the district, and students meet weekly with academic coaches in a live setting.
Though the widespread institution of these digital academies is probably a long way off, places like Clark County, WA perhaps point towards the future of education. Critics of homeschooling might see developments like this as legitimizing the movement. If nothing else, all of these advances in homeschooling brought about by technology may be making it easier for parents to decide whether or not they can ably supplant a traditional school education.
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Horror and hope: paintings from Zaïre
An exhibition from a few years ago gathered rarely seen works by leading Congolese artist Tshibumba Kanda-Matulu, who depicted the country’s brutal colonial past, the fight for independence and later struggles for power.
Colonie Belge II
The Zaïre School of popular painting, a movement that gained popularity during the 1960s and 1970s, had a significant influence on the wider context of African art
Photograph: Sulger-Buel Lovell Gallery
Colonie Belge 1885–1959
The group of mostly self-taught artists introduced the use of bold colour and text on canvas, to make pointed political statements particularly about the burden of Zaïre’s (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) colonial past
Photograph: Sulger-Buel Lovell Gallery
Mobutu Sese Seko
Using techniques of poster painting, street art and advertising signage in their work, a style that has now been embraced by many contemporary artists from across the continent, the Zaire School were clear that their paintings were for local people
Photograph: gallery
Le 30 juin 1960, Zaïre indépendant
Tshibumba Kanda-Matulu was one of the pre-eminent painters of this school. Here, he depicts one of the leaders of the Congolese independence struggle, Patrice Lumumba, giving his famous 30 June 1960 speech, condemning the colonial powers
Photograph: Sulger-Buel Lovell Gallery
Manifestation des Etudiants à Lubumbashi
(Students protest in Lubumbashi)Born in 1947 in Élisabethville (now Lubumbashi), Kanda-Matulu began painting in the 1960s. He became the main figure of the artistic movement that dealt boldly with the themes of ancestral origins, colonial history, the fight for independence, and post-colonial struggles for power
Photograph: gallery
GécaMines II
The gécamines factory and its slagheap became a symbol of the country’s exploitation by western powers. Located in Lubumbashi, it once dominated the local landscape and became a powerful symbol of the excesses of colonialism for many of the painters of the period
Photograph: T. Kalema/Sulger-Buel Lovell Gallery
Source: The Guardian
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Castillon Family History
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Castillon Name Meaning
Aragonese and Spanish (Castillón): habitational name from any of the places named Castillón or with this word mainly in Aragon, as for example Castillón de Sos, from a derivative of castillo ‘castle’ (see Castillo). Southern French: habitational name meaning ‘little castle’, from any of various places so named.
Similar surnames: Castillo, Castellon, Castello, Castrillon, Castell, Castrillo
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In 1881, the most common Castillon occupation in the UK was General Merchant Retired. 100% of Castillon's were General Merchant Retireds.
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• General Merchant Retired
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Between 1958 and 2004, in the United States, Castillon life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1958, and highest in 1995. The average life expectancy for Castillon in 1958 was 42, and 66 in 2004.
View Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Castillon
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Being A Highly Sensitive Person
By Danni Peck
Updated December 18, 2018
Reviewer Lori Jones, LMHC
Do you ever feel like you need to lock yourself in a dark room to decompress after a particularly busy day? Do you tend to avoid watching anything that contains violence on TV or at the movie theater? Have you ever asked yourself, "Why am I so sensitive?" If so, you may be what is known as a highly sensitive person, or HSP.
Being a highly sensitive person can be a challenge as it is often not considered to be a socially desirable set of traits to have. However, while it has some disadvantages, it also has some distinct advantages. The key is learning how to navigate the world with enough self-awareness to maximize your ability to put the advantages to good use while minimizing the impact of the disadvantages.
But what exactly is a highly sensitive person? How can you find out if you fit the description? And what resources are available to help you navigate the world as an HSP?
Definition Of High Sensitivity
According to Psychology Today, "High sensitivity can be defined as acute physical, mental, and emotional responses to external (social, environmental) or internal (intra-personal) stimuli." In other words, you may be highly sensitive if you tend to react strongly to certain events or circumstances. Alternatively, Scientific American defines highly sensitive people as "those who tend to have intensified experiences and responses to their surroundings." However you choose to define it, it can be helpful to understand where the terminology comes from.
It was in 1991 that Dr. Elaine Aron began researching high sensitivity, which she also refers to as Sensory-Processing Sensitivity (SPS), and she continues to do so to this day, according to Dr. Aron is known most for writing a book titled "The Highly Sensitive Person: How To Thrive When The World Overwhelms You," which became a national bestseller. The book helps people to understand what it means to live life as a highly sensitive person, including how to deal with each characteristic that is involved in being an HSP. But what exactly are those characteristics?
Traits Of A Highly Sensitive Person
Each highly sensitive person shares certain traits, or characteristics, with other highly sensitive people. Each highly sensitive individual may or may not have every one of the defining characteristics, though. And some people will experience certain traits, which can be seen as positive or negative by some, to a greater degree than others will.
For example, highly sensitive people may have difficulty tolerating noisy environments, some to a greater degree than others. They may also find that they startle easily. However, according to Psychology Today, "They all observe more before acting, react more strongly, and are easily overwhelmed because sometimes there is too much for them to process."
Also, HSPs can be hard on themselves, especially about any mistakes that they might make. On a positive note, though, this may help them to prevent making similar mistakes in the future. Scientific American adds "crying easily to having daylight sensitivity to loving intensely to remembering dreams more vividly" to the range of traits embodied by highly sensitive individuals. And, after exposure to too many stimuli, they may feel that they need to isolate themselves to recharge their batteries.
According to, "the key quality is that, compared to the 80% without the trait, they process everything around them much more-reflect on it, elaborate on it, make associations. When this processing is not fully conscious, it surfaces as intuition. This represents a survival strategy found in many species, always in a minority of its members." If any of this is sounding familiar to you, you may be a highly sensitive person, but how can you find out for sure if you are indeed an HSP?
A Test To Determine High Sensitivity
Dr. Aron developed a quiz, or test, to help people to determine if they are highly sensitive. Some of the statements included in this test are:
• Other people's moods affect me.
• The arts or music deeply move me.
• I startle easily.
• I try hard to avoid making mistakes or forgetting things.
Depending on how many of the items in the test you can relate to, you may indeed find that you are a highly sensitive person. If so, it would be helpful for you to familiarize yourself with how this may impact various areas of your life and to learn how you can maximize your ability to cope. For that, you may want to refer to a survival guide.
Survival Guide
In Psychology Today, Dr. Susan Biali offers a survival guide for highly sensitive people. This guide includes the following ten tips:
1. Get enough sleep.
2. Eat healthy foods regularly throughout the day.
3. Wear noise-reducing headphones.
4. Plan in decompression time.
5. Have at least one quiet room or space to retreat to in your home.
6. Give yourself time and space to get things done.
7. Limit caffeine.
8. Keep the lights down low.
9. Get things done in off hours.
10. Surround yourself with beauty and nature.
These are practical tips for navigating the world as a highly sensitive person. But is there anything you should do differently about particular areas of your life? For example, what about your love life?
In addition to the book titled The Highly Sensitive Person, Dr. Aron also wrote The Highly Sensitive Person in Love: Understanding and Managing Relationships When the World Overwhelms You, which addresses the unique challenges associated with highly sensitive people and how they behave in relationships. "HSPs have nervous systems that pick up more on subtleties in the world and reflect on them deeply. That means, for starters, that they will tend to demand more depth in their relationships to be satisfied; see more threatening consequences in their partners' flaws or behaviors; reflect more and, if the signs indicate it, worry about how things are going." The book also covers how to meet someone and fall in love, if that happens to be something that you are interested in.
But being a highly sensitive person does not affect your love life alone. It also affects your career. But what can you do about it?
Careers For Highly Sensitive People
When planning for a career, HSPs should take their particular set of sensitivities into consideration. For example, roles that require constant direct supervision may not allow them to perform at their best. They may also wish to consider jobs that do not require them to work in an open office environment where they will constantly be surrounded by large numbers of people and high levels of noise throughout the workday.
Highly sensitive people should also consider how their particular set of characteristics might be advantageous in certain roles. For example, according to Entrepreneur, eight characteristics make highly sensitive people exceptional business leaders:
1. Emotional awareness.
2. Empathy.
3. Dedication to fairness and justice.
4. Leadership.
5. Passion.
6. Need for space and time to themselves.
7. Innovation.
8. Generosity.
Carefully considering how being an HSP may affect how you perform on the job and how a particular role may affect your health and wellbeing is an important step to take before you choose your career path or your next position. This is an ideal way to ensure your professional success.
If you feel like you need to lock yourself in a dark room to decompress after a busy day, if you tend to avoid violence in movies and on TV, or if you have asked yourself, "Why am I so sensitive?", You may be a highly sensitive person. Being a highly sensitive person can be a challenge, but while it may have its disadvantages, it also has its advantages.
The first step to living life as a highly sensitive person is understanding what it means to be an HSP and then learning what adjustments you can make as you plan for the way you want to live your life. The key is to learn how to navigate the world with enough self-awareness and to be willing to make the necessary adjustments that will enable you to minimize the impact of the disadvantages while maximizing your ability to put the advantages to good use. If you can do that, you will be well on your way to living your best possible life as a highly sensitive person.
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New research identifies mentoring strategies for at-risk youth
Summarized by Justin Preston
Editor’s Note: This research touches on a crucial aspect of the mentoring relationship: the relational skills needed to build a solid foundation for the mentoring relationship. These include emotional regulation, conflict resolution, future orientation, and active listening. There are clear implications for mentors and mentoring programs, as these crucial skills can be fostered through program training and mentor self-awareness (that is, their awareness of their own existing relational skills and strengths).
Summary (Reprinted from the Abstract)
Mentoring is a popular and widespread intervention for at-risk youth that can positively influence this population ’s adaptation to stressors and increase overall resilience. Yet there is a lack of attention to how mentoring relationships work or the attributes of mentoring that contribute to successful outcomes.
In this study, [the authors] employ qualitative in-depth interviews with mentors in a school-based program to learn about their perceptions of the strain experienced by their mentees, and how they respond to it during sessions. [The authors] focus on emotional regulation, conflict resolution, future orientation, and active listening – four positive coping strategies associated with enhanced resilience among at-risk youth.
This study considers how these positive strategies fit into mentors’ descriptions of their approaches and the implications for intervention programming.
Implications (Reprinted from the Discussion)
In this study, [the authors] add to existing understandings about mentoring relationships by using in-depth interviews to explore the perceptions of mentors in a school-based mentoring (SBM) program serving at-risk youth. Specifically, [the authors] examined how mentors identified and described strain in the lives of their mentees and then responded to it during sessions.
For at-risk youth, strain is theorized to result from detrimental or disadvantaged life events and conditions, such as unstable or chaotic family/home life, disadvantaged neighborhoods, violence, abuse, poverty, lack of resources, and academic or social deficits (Agnew, 1992). These variables were commonplace in these mentors’ descriptions of their mentees. Once identified as problems, mentors attempted to help their mentees address or alleviate them to the extent possible during mentoring sessions.
While all of the mentors acknowledged at least one of the identified coping strategies as important within their descriptions, JJ mentors made very few references to the concepts under emotional regulation when compared to the three other identified strategies.
This raises intriguing questions. For instance, it may suggest that while successful mentors naturally default to approaches that align with the positive coping strategies discussed, emotional regulation is the least intuitive of the four strategies or the most dependent on training or experience. Active listening, on the other hand, proliferated among mentors and was perceived as foundational, not only in terms of solidifying the mentoring relationship itself, but also as a starting point from which other coping strategies evolved.
It remains an open question as to whether most mentors bring positive coping strategies to their relationship with at-risk youth simply by virtue of their self-selection in volunteering for such service. Perhaps those who volunteer as mentors, knowing it involves building a relationship with an at-risk adolescent, attach to their efforts natural skills consistent with the positive coping strategies enumerated herein.
While [the authors] cannot make such determinations in this study, it is clear that active listening was perceived by mentors as integral to the building of relationships with mentees while also facilitating engagement of other positive coping strategies.
To access the original research, click here. |
Why Airplanes Crash—The Science of Aerodynamics and the Colgan Air 3407 Crash
From a lecture series presented by Professor James Gregory, Ph.D.
There are many reasons why airplanes crash. Lift and drag are always connected, and perhaps never more so than when a plane enters a stall. That’s what happened on a cold, winter day in 2009 in upstate New York in the Colgan Air 3407 crash.
On a cold winter day in 2009 in upstate New York, Captain Marvin Renslow and First Officer Rebecca Shaw were at the controls of a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 operated by Colgan Air. The flight was a short 52-minute hop from Newark, New Jersey to Buffalo, New York; unfortunately, the flight would never arrive at its intended destination.
As the aircraft approached the Buffalo airport, the weather conditions there was a wintry mix of light snow, fog, moderate winds, and a temperature of 1 degree Celsius. The captain and first officer noted ice accumulation on the wings and windshield as they approached the vicinity of the airport. After lining up with the final approach course, and lowering the landing gear and flaps, the aircraft’s speed began to decay more than normal.
As the autopilot worked to hold the aircraft’s altitude, suddenly the wing lost a lot of lift and the aircraft began to fall out of control. Only about 20 seconds after the first sign of trouble, the flight crashed nose-first into the ground, and the aircraft exploded into flames. Sadly, this incident resulted in the death of all 49 passengers and crew, along with one person on the ground.
Learn more: Stall Events and Lift Induced Drag
What Went Wrong?
Let’s talk about what happened, and how a routine flight could go so horribly wrong in just a moment.
The fundamental aerodynamic principle at work relates to how lift and drag work together on a wing to govern the properties of flight. Since the amount of lift generated by a wing is directly related to its angle of attack relative to the oncoming flow, higher angles give more lift. If the wing needs to generate a higher lift coefficient (for example, to fly more slowly), then the aircraft can be pitched up to a higher angle of attack. This is because the lift must remain equal to the weight, and as airspeed goes down, the lift coefficient must go up.
The primary way that a pilot can increase lift coefficient is by increasing the angle of attack of the wing as the nose is pitched up. This increases the amount of flow turning and increases the downward deflection of the wake downstream of the wing, and from Newton’s third law, the lift increases.
External Factors
In the Colgan Air 3407 crash, accumulation of ice on the wings and windshield increased the aerodynamic drag. The presence of the ice disrupted the smooth flow of air over the wings, and the roughness of the ice led to much higher viscous drag. Also, the ice would likely lead to small pockets of separated flow, which would significantly increase the pressure drag.
The overall impact of this ice accumulation is a more sluggish aerodynamic performance that should be counteracted by increasing the throttle setting on the engines. Since the pilots did not add power to overcome this additional drag, the aircraft began to decelerate. The autopilot, which controls the aircraft’s attitude (its pitch, roll, and yaw orientation), continued to pitch the aircraft to a higher angle of attack in order to generate enough lift to maintain a constant altitude.
There is a limit, however, to how much lift can be generated by a wing, or how high the angle of attack can go, before significant problems are encountered. Beyond a certain critical angle of attack, the flow streamlines cannot successfully negotiate the aggressive curvature near the leading edge of the wing, and the streamlines depart from the wing’s curvature. In other words, the flow separates.
This flow separation event occurs because the boundary layer has insufficient momentum to counteract the adverse pressure gradient that the flow is working against. The stronger the curvature of the flow streamlines, the more intense the changes in pressure will be, and the harder it will be for the flow momentum to overcome the increase in pressure required to recover back up to high pressure at the trailing edge.
When a Plane Stalls
Black and white image of airflow separating from a wing at a high angle of attack
Airflow separating from a wing at a high angle of attack
The most significant consequence of flow separation over a wing is a dramatic loss of lift, which is called stall. The onset of this flow separation can happen very quickly as the wing is pitched to higher angles. It’s a very grave situation in an aircraft since the aircraft will begin to fall when lift is lost during a stall!
Each aircraft has specific stall characteristics – there is a physical angle of attack and corresponding minimum speed at which it can fly – any lower flight speed will result in a stall.
This is precisely what happened in the case of the Colgan Air crash. The insidious thing about ice accumulation on the wings is that it CHANGES the stall characteristics of the airplane, often in unpredictable ways that a pilot may not recognize.
When ice accumulates on the wing, it changes the shape of the wing, adding increased roughness and curvature, making it much more prone to flow separation. Thus, the minimum flight speed at which an aircraft will stall can dramatically increase in icing conditions.
The Problem with Ice
Let’s look at ice on the leading edge of a wing. There is a resulting flow field around it. Clearly, the airflow is disturbed significantly and the wing is no longer aerodynamically clean.
This is a transcript from the video series The Science of Flight. It’s available for audio and video download here.
The problem, though, is that the accumulation of ice is extremely difficult to predict – the exact shapes that result from various conditions are a result of the complex interaction between three-dimensional aerodynamics, heat transfer, and the size, temperature, phase, and density of water droplets that interact with the wing. This is actually an active area of research to understand and reliably predict how ice accumulates, and inform strategies for mitigating the problem.
For the Colgan Air crash, the Dash 8 aircraft would normally be flown at an approach speed of 145 knots with no flaps, in order to be well away from the stall speed of 118 knots for a clean wing. However, in icing conditions, the limiting stall angle of attack decreases and the stall speed goes up by an unknown amount, due to the uncertainty of ice accretion. Thus, safe operating procedures in icing conditions require that the approach speed be set 25 knots higher than normal, at 170 knots, in order to add a margin of safety.
From the Lecture Series: The Science of Flight
Taught by Professor James W. Gregory, Ph.D.
Images courtesy of:
Continental Connection Bombardier Q400, By Rudi Riet [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Photograph of a airfoil in a wind tunnel, showing separated flow over the top surface.DLR, CC-BY 3.0 [CC BY 3.0 de (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons |
Have you watched the birds recently? If not, I’d heartily recommend it.
Our UK birds include bully robins, timid wrens, gentle pigeons, and here-today-gone-tomorrow swallows all fighting for survival. It’s like a soap opera out there.
I love it because bird watching is one of the few activities that doesn’t cost a lot and it gives back to the environment too.
Our garden birds are feeling the hit of climate change, farming change, and our obsession with building over the natural world. It’s a travesty because our birds are beautiful and feisty. It’s impossible not to admire them.
So, here’s how you can attract what’s left of our declining bird population to your garden and watch them flutter about their business.
Before long you’ll start to recognise certain individuals –the blackbird with a white spot on his wing, or the blue tit with a darker shade of blue as a hat. Maybe they’ll even bring their babies along for you to see.
Why Birds Are In Decline
It’s us of course.
There’s been a serious decline in the number of UK birds across the nation. Think back, when did you last see a thrush, a skylark, or even a little brown sparrow?
This decline has taken time. It hasn’t been a dinosaur-type mass extinction. Birds are tough, they can take a hit and evolve, but it’s getting out of hand now.
The State of the Nations Bird’s Report says changes in farming activity such as digging up hedgerows for larger fields, drainage, and changes in cropping practice has led to loss of habitat and food sources.
Birds don’t get a chance to pick around in the cornfields anymore. They’re harvested, ploughed and planted again straight away. Added to that our increased use of pesticides means insect-eating numbers are falling too.
Climate change also plays its part. Migratory birds such as swallows have started laying their eggs earlier by around 15 days. That doesn’t sound like a big deal, but it means they aren’t hitting peak insect time and the chicks don’t get enough food.
The birds that seem to cope best are the ones that can take advantage of your benevolence! Robins, tits, nuthatches – woodland species that can make the most of the garden.
I think it’s our responsibility to provide birds with food, water, and habitat, after all, if it’s wasn’t for our housing estates and massive food requirements they would naturally flourish.
Good news then that you can help them. The birds we saw as children are still there. There’s not so many, but they are nearby and they’re looking for water, food and a home.
That’s where your life-saving back garden can make a real difference.
Provide Fresh, Clean Water
The single most important thing you can do is provide a water source. Nothing can survive without water. All wildlife is dependent on it.
Birds need lots of water in the summer and don’t forget about the winter months which can be windy and dry. Unless there are lots of puddles on the ground, finding a drink can be thirsty work.
They also need water to keep their feathers in good shape. Shabby feathers mean birds get wet and cold.
You can easily and cheaply set up a birdbath to get a great view of their activities.
bird bath
I set up a large terracotta saucer over the summer and within half an hour blue tits and blackbirds were drinking there. I’ve upgraded to several birdbaths that are works of art now, but the terracotta saucer remains for my hedgehog visitors and the blackbirds seem to prefer it.
Bird baths need regular topping up. Birds will only use their energy to visit if there’s a consistent supply. You’ll need to clean it too – a simple scrubbing brush once a week is enough to keep mosquitoes and algae to a minimum.
If you’re feeling generous, a birdbath at floor level and one off the ground will attract a greater number of feathered friends. Blackbirds, for example, feed on the ground and like water there too, whilst little birds like robins and tits prefer a safer height.
Another good way to attract birds with water is a pond. It doesn’t need to be large, just deep enough so it doesn’t dry out. This will attract all kinds of wildlife.
Provide Nutritional Food
After a water source, providing food is the next best way to attract bird life to your yard.
In the summer dry weather causes food shortages and during a freezing winter it’s in short supply. Small birds like robins and blue tits can simply die in their sleep from cold and hunger. That’s not a nice thought, especially when you can do something to make life easier for them.
Bird food isn’t expensive and it makes a huge difference. The RSPB say supplemental feeding saves lives, so be a superhero.
I’ve found that all birds great or small visit my feeders three times a day.
In the morning around 7-8, then lunch at 12ish and before sundown at 5-6 or earlier depending on the time of year. They are creatures of habit for sure.
What food you put out depends on the type of bird you’d like to attract. Here are some ideas.
bird feeder
Seeds and Nuts
• Millet seeds – adored by house sparrows, finches, dunnocks, and doves
• Peanuts – Great tits, blue tits, coal tits, robins, wrens, nuthatches and greenfinches
• Sunflower hearts/seeds– all birds love these
• Black sunflower hearts/seeds – all birds love them and they’re higher in oil than standard ones so even more beneficial.
• Nyjer seeds – goldfinches and siskins love them as do nuthatches, house sparrows, greenfinches and great spotted woodpeckers. Nyjer seeds need a special feeder as they are very small.
Fat balls and coconut halves
Most small birds, and big ones too, like and benefit from solid fat balls. It gives them a huge boost during the winter, but in summer they can remain untouched and often melt in direct sunlight.
You’ll find fat offered in many ways, but the mesh bags that hold fat balls are a danger to birds whose small feet get trapped in the netting. Pop them in a hanging feeder instead or choose safe no-mesh coconut halves.
You can make your own by melting lard and adding seeds or fruits. Refill your emptied coconut shells or use a plastic cup.
Grated mild cheddar is a great fat source too, and particularly appreciated by robins
Flutter Butter
A relatively new and tidy concept! A specialist jar of fat fits neatly in a hanger or fixed wall mount.
Blackbirds and thrushes love fruit. A handful of plain sultanas or currants on the bird table or ground are always welcome, as are chopped apples, pears, and grapes.
Mealworms and Waxworms
Robins, tits, and many others love mealworms and waxworms.
You can buy them dried or live and they’ll be eaten up quickly, but wildlife hospitals warn against feeding wildlife excessive amounts of dried mealworms as it can lead to bone softening. Offer fats, seeds, nuts, fruit and dried mealworms as a treat.
Natural Growing Foods
Plant some bird-friendly berry bushes such as hawthorn, ivy, teasel, and pyracantha. These provide natural food sources in the form of pollen-attracted insects and fruit.
You could also stop using garden pesticides. Bees and caterpillars are top food choices for birds along with all manner of insects. Create a pesticide-free wildlife-friendly garden and the birds will move right in.
What Not To Feed The Birds
Food is more than welcome all year round, but in the spring and summer stop feeding whole peanuts and large chunks of food as these can choke baby birds.
Smaller birds won’t take wheat, barley, split peas, beans, rice or lentils but larger birds like doves, pigeons and magpies will. If you want to keep those kinds of birds out, stick to hanging feeders with seeds that small birds enjoy.
Bread is the traditional food for birds, but it doesn’t have anything in the way of nutrients. You should also avoid salt which they can’t metabolise, sugary foods and anything with alcohol in it.
How To Easily Feed Birds
Put your feeder in a safe place so birds feel confident coming for lunch.
They aren’t likely to visit the centre of an open garden, preferring to hide in the safety of trees and hedgerows.
Here are some ways you can built their confidence and get a great view too.
A bird table
Either freestanding or attached to a fence, bird tables give a feeling of security to birds and prevent larger species getting all the food. Some have extra hooks and poles to attach fat coconuts and small dishes of water.
hummingbird birdtable
Hanging feeders
There are lots of different types and you need one to suit the feed.
A mesh-metal feeder is good for fat balls and peanuts, a plastic drop-down feeder is good for seeds, and we said above, Nyjer seeds are tiny and need a specialist feeder.
If squirrels are a problem a squirrel-proof bird feeder with a domed roof or weight baffle will prevent them taking all the offerings.
Feel sorry for the squirrels?
Me too!
Keep them off the bird feeder with their own squirrel café. The little chaps lift up the lid and take out a peanut.
Suction feeder
These are clear plastic bowls that stick to your window for an extreme close up.
If you don’t yet have many garden birds, you’ll need to gain their trust with hedgerow offerings first – but they will come with time.
You can also buy novelty bird feeders such as teacups and stakes that push into the soil with a plate on top. These are pretty and make fun gifts.
The ground
Many birds can’t hang from a feeder and need to eat from a flat surface.
You may notice tenacious robins trying to reach sunflower seeds from a hanging feeder to no avail. Ground-feeding birds like these have to eat from the grass or a large bird table so they don’t have to cling on.
Keep Everything Sparkling Clean
We’ve already spoken about the importance of clean water and the same goes for food sources.
Each week scrub down your table and empty the feeders. Use soapy water or buy a mild wildlife-friendly antibacterial spray. Birds are prone to respiratory infections which can spread through bird table spores.
If you notice some food is left at the end of the day put out less, otherwise the spare will go moldy or attract rats.
Provide A Safe Habitat
Garden birds are shy, they are predated by cats and larger birds such as sparrowhawks so they keep a low profile. You’re much more likely to attract birds into your garden if its leafy and has plenty of hidey holes.
cat hunting bird
If you have a hedge leave some bits wild, birds love to hide in the thicket. Thick bushes are good cover and trees are great for birds but we haven’t all got established trees or the room to plant them.
If your outdoor space is compact choose a crab apple or ornamental cherry and plant it near your water and food stations. These trees don’t get too big but give birds safety. The also provide insect habitat and fruits for them to eat.
So that’s the environment sorted, but what about a place to sleep and raise a family?
Birds love to huddle in the depths of a hedge, but hedges are all too often replaced with wooden panels which are no good for wildlife and in the case of hedgehogs, detrimental. It’s your duty to pop up some bird boxes and dig a hole beneath the panels!
Birds need shelter during a cold winter and they will snuggle up together for warmth in nest boxes. In springtime, they’ll use those nest boxes to lay eggs and fledge young.
Your birdbox needs to be out of the direct sun or youngsters will die of heat, it also needs to be out of reach of cats, so the top of a fence line is no good. Tucked against a shed or wall is a good option if you’ve no trees.
Clean out nest boxes in autumn to prevent spreading disease and don’t go too near in springtime, just listen for the little pip-pips.
Roosting pouches are another great way to provide some warmth and safety at night. These are inexpensive woven nests that hang in a hedge or tree. They look lovely too.
How To Watch Birds
After you’ve improved your garden and made it a des-res for Robin and Jenny-wren how can you get a good look at your visitors?
Put food and water close to a window
The most obvious way is to draw them closer to your window.
This may take patience as our shy birds like to stick to hedges and trees. You will need to gradually add extra food sources closer to your window over time.
A suction window feeder is the ultimate in confidence. If they’re happy to come that close, you’re a bird-whisperer.
If they won’t come to you, cheat with binoculars.
A decent pair will allow you to see each and every feather, beak shapes, and their little legs in glorious technicolor.
The really shy ones like woodpeckers are less likely to come close, so if you want to see a rarity, binoculars are essential.
Leave your binoculars by the window because getting up to search for them only results in scaring away the birds.
Nest cams
Bird Box Cameras are a fantastic glimpse into the secret world of birds. But beware!
If you are sentimental like me you will watch the little birds grow every day, name them and wait for fledging. If something should happen, and they don’t all make it, you’ll be upset.
I’ve watched blue tits and great tits fledge from a nesting box with my nest cam and it’s nerve-wracking, especially the time I spotted a magpie looking through the entrance hole.
If you buy a nest cam fit it during winter or you risk disturbing a nesting pair.
bird box
A guide
Either an app or an old-fashioned guidebook will show you how to identify the different species that will now flock to your bird paradise.
Can you tell the difference between boys and girls? What about migratory birds and youngsters? There’s so much to learn.
It’s all too easy to mistake a fledgling robin for a sparrow as they don’t grow a distinctive red breast until adulthood. Some of the rarer types like fieldfares will have you running for information, so best get it to hand to begin with!
Bring On The Birds!
To entice birds into your garden you need to offer water, food, and a safe habitat all year round. It’s no good just feeding now and then or letting the birdbath run dry. Birds are fickle – they will follow the resources and who can blame them.
I hope this guide has helped you think about how you can bring more birds into your garden and that it’s encouraged you to start bird-watching.
Our little feathery chaps need help, and your garden could be the perfect environment to boost their numbers – not to mention you’ll enjoy some relaxing no stress bird spotting.
It’s the best hobby around. |
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Parts of a Cell By Esteban
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Cell Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi complex
Cell Wall
The nucleus is an important part of the cell. All Plant and animal cells have nucleus. The nucleus contains DNA. The nucleus also contains a dark area called the nucleolus. The nucleolus is responsible for making ribosomes. Materials cross the double membrane through pores.
The Golgi complex is an organelle that packages and distributes protein. Lipids and proteins are delivered to the Golgi complex to modify them to do different jobs. The final products are enclosed in piece of of the Golgi complex's membrane. It pinches off to form a small bubble. The bubble transports its content to other parts of the cell or out of the cell.
As you may know, all plant cells have cell walls. Animal cells don't have cell walls. Cell walls give support to the cell and is a rigid structure. The cell walls of plants, fungi, archaea, and bacteria are made of different materials. For example, plants and algae have cellulose fiber in the cell wall.
Click here for a video about animal cells and plant cells
Plant cell and animal cells are different in two ways. Plant cells have chloroplasts which photosythesis takes place. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and don't go through photosythesis. Plant cells also have cell walls. Cell walls are rigid sturctures that protect the plant cell. Animal cells do not contain cell walls. Animal cells only have cell membranes.
All plant and animal cells have a cell membrane. The cell membrane is a protective barrier that separates the cells content from the cell's environment. Cell membranes are made up of proteins and lipids. The cell membrane contains two layers of phospholipids which is a liquid. Each phospholipid has a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilc end.
All plant cells and animal cells have mitochondria. Mitochondria is the main power source of a cell. Mitochondria's purpose is to break down food to release energy. The energy released by mitochondria is stored in a substance called ATP. In mitochondria, the mitochondria contains two membranes. They are the inner membrane and the outer membrane. The inner membrane is where the ATP is produced.
Many chemical reactions happen in the endoplasmic reticulum or ER. It is where proteins, lipids, and other material are made. The ER is either rough or smooth. The rough ER is found near the nucleus. The rough ER also contains ribosomes. The rough ER makes the cell's protein and the delivers these proteins throughout the cell. The smooth ER lacks protein. The smooth ER makes lipids, and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell.
Lysosomes are responsible for digestion in a cell. They contain digestive enzymes. They destroy worn out cells or damaged organelles, gets rid of waste,and engulf foreign envaders. Lysosomes are very helpful to the human body. They get rid of waste and get rid of foreign invaders which could harm us. If lysosomes weren't there, then the foreign invaders could harm us.
Organelles that make protein are called ribosomes. Ribosomes are the smallest organelle in a cell. There are more ribosomes than any other organelle in a cell. Ribosomes make protein by assembling chains of amino acids. Ribosomes are usually found in the rough ER. The smooth ER does not contain ribosomes. Ribosomes are also not covered by a membrane.
As you already now, all plant cells have chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplast is an organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts have two membranes and their own DNA. Chloroplasts are green. They are green because chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that makes the chloroplast green. It also traps energy of sunlight.
Click here for more information about cells
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Primary research data
Primary Research Vs Secondary Research: Which is Best?
Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come. researcher again has the benefit of a relationship with the primary research team.It is useful when looking at actions, events, or occurrences in different texts, media, or publications.
Remember that just because two results have a relationship between them does not necessarily mean that one causes another to occur.For instance, a researcher examined the stress hormones in people who owned cats, dogs and no pets.You may be able to figure things out better by breaking down all of the secondary data you can get your hands on.Observations provide you insight about specific people, events, or locales and are useful when you want to learn more about an event without the biased viewpoint of an interview.Another researcher looked at the stress people say they have and how many pets they own.
Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world.Example: you are conducting research on a proposed smoking ban in Lafayette, IN.When you are working on a local problem that may not have been addressed before and little research is there to back it up.
It is more time intensive to read primary research articles, but this way we are getting the information directly from the researcher who conducted the experiment.Differentiating between different types of research articles is useful when looking at what has already been done.
Definition of primary data: Data used in research originally obtained through the direct efforts of the researcher through surveys, interviews and.People will often report their own behavior in a more positive light than it may actually be.Market research can be classified as either primary or secondary research.Collecting data is the first step in completing any research study or paper.The most basic classification of market research is primary and secondary research.Objectivity vs. subjectivity in your research is another important consideration.You are going to be the person who directly obtains the raw data.Course Assignments Fail to Train Undergraduates for Research in the Digital Age.
In research activities, primary source refers to information collected firsthand from such sources as historical documents, literary texts, artistic works.They are not readily available, their collection and analysis need rigorous efforts.If you recorded the interview with a tape or digital recorder, you may want to listen to it and type a transcript of the interview.Decide what group you are going to focus on surveying based on who you have access to and what your research is focused on.Data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience.These different choices can radically change what you end up observing.This kind of project is primarily a literature review, which is an examination of published material to understand what has already been said on the topic.
My personal suggestion is we use secondary research articles to understand the field as it is and then look into the articles cited and read the primary literature.Surveys can be done on a large range of topics and can be conducted relatively easily.
Primary Data Research Papers -
Conducting primary research is a useful skill to acquire as it can greatly supplement your research in secondary sources, such as journals, magazines, or books.Longer surveys sometimes involve the same question asked in multiple ways to see if people are consistent in their answering strategies.Visit the Psychology 105: Research Methods in Psychology page to learn more.Categories: Academia Survey methodology Research Scientific method Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012.Careers in Neuroscience Research: Job Options and Salary Info.
When looking at previous research, it would be worthwhile to note the differences between primary and secondary research.Example Going back to our original example of the literature review on the effects of animals and stress, we need to determine what kind of research we will include in our write-up.Secondary research is useful when you need broad information on a topic.Surveys will provide a limited amount of information from a large group of people and are useful when you want to learn what a larger population thinks.
Distinguish Between Primary Data and Secondary Data
The Relevance of Primary and Secondary Data for Research
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Confusing questions will only lead to confused participants, which leads to unreliable answers. |
White Dragon Anthro
Wiki source
A similar story of white and red dragons fighting is found in the mediaeval romance Lludd and Llefelys, although in this case the dragons are not used to symbolize Britons or Saxons. The battle between the two dragons is the second plague to strike the Island of Britain, as the White Dragon would strive to overcome the Red Dragon, making the Red cry out a fearful shriek which was heard over every Brythonic hearth. This shriek went through people's hearts, scaring them so much that the men lost their hue and their strength, women lost their children, young men and the maidens lost their senses, and all the animals and trees and the earth and the waters were left barren. Lludd finally eradicated the plague by catching the dragons and burying both of them in a rock pit at Dinas Emrys in Snowdonia, north Wales, the securest place in Britain at that time. He captured the dragons by digging a pit under the exact point where the dragons would fall down exhausted after fighting. This place was at Oxford, which Lludd found to be the exact centre of the island when he measured the island of Britain. The pit had a satin covering over it and a cauldron of mead in it at the bottom. First, the dragons fought by the pit in the form of terrific animals. Then they began to fight in the air over the pit in the form of dragons. Then, exhausted with the fighting, they fell down on the pit in the form of pigs and sank into the pit, drawing the satin covering under them into the cauldron at the bottom of the pit, whereupon they drank the mead and fell asleep. The dragons were then wrapped up in the satin covering and placed in the pit to be buried at Dinas Emrys. |
Results for: Evolution
In Biology
Is evolution true?
Evolution Evolution is the gradual change in the geneticcomposition of a population during successive generations, and overtime, even millions of years. Evolution does not ne ( Full Answer )
In Biology
What is convergent evolution?
Convergent evolution is when various species evolve similar solutions to similar evolutionary pressures, independently and often at different times in the earth's history. A g ( Full Answer )
In Evolution
What is evolution?
A short summary, before going into the subject in a little more depth: The word 'evolution', in the context of biology, can mean one of two things: 1. The observed biolo ( Full Answer )
In Charles Darwin
What is the Evolution?
Evolution is a scientific concept put forward by Charles Darwin that all the species of animale have originated from a common ancestor and changed over time to the present ( Full Answer )
In Zoology or Animal Biology
What is the use of evolution?
For... Evolution is the tendency for genes related to traits that help the associated life form live and reproduce in its environment to occur more frequently than those with ( Full Answer )
In Evolution
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There are several mechanisms for evolution. The first (and most important) being natural selection, which plays off random mutations. Genetic drift is also another importan ( Full Answer )
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Divergent evolution occurs when a group from a specific population develops into a new species. In order to adapt to various environmental conditions, the two groups develop i ( Full Answer )
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I. common descent with modification II. natural selection or 1. The phenotype is different from the genotype 2. Acquired characteristics are not inherited 3. Gen ( Full Answer )
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How does evolution occur?
Evolution is the change in frequency of the alleles in a gene pool over time; evolution is when a population of species gets more suited to its environment over time. Evolutio ( Full Answer )
In Endangered, Vulnerable, and Threatened Species
What is evolution and how does it works?
Evolution is the development of something, widely used to describe how the existence of everything came to be.
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What is evolution of god?
Scholars say that the concept of god evolved from the naturalspirits of animism, at first becoming the gods of nature - the sungod, sky god and so on. Gradually these gods beg ( Full Answer )
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Co-evolution refers to a process by which 2 or more individual species evolve in a manner that acknowldeges the presence of the other. This is commonly seen in symbiotic relat ( Full Answer )
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What is an evolution?
Evolution is the process of something. Look at the Chevy Corvette poster to see an example.
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Evolution is the non random survival of randomly varying replicators. It also describes the idea (theory) that existing animals and plants developed by a process of gradual, c ( Full Answer )
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Evolution is the well documented fact that a population changes over time. (ie. Mutation of bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics) The Theory of Evolution by Natura ( Full Answer )
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Is human evolution convergent evolution?
No. You can't define the evolution of a single species asconvergent. Rather convergent evolution is a comparison of theevolution of two or more groups of organism, which indep ( Full Answer )
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The film evolution what is it about?
If you're referring to the David Duchovney and Julianne Mooremovie: A firefighting cadet, two college professors, and ageeky-but-sexy government scientist work against an alie ( Full Answer )
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How is co evolution and evolution is related?
Coevolution is simply the evolution if organisms in tandem. One organism evolves and this act as selection pressure on the other organism. Such as the fox and rabbit. As the r ( Full Answer )
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What are the evolutions of zubat?
Golbat and Crobat Edit by Biohazard: At level 22, It evolves to Golbat, then with Max Friendship it will evolve to Crobat
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What are the effects of evolution?
Evolution of organisms gives them the opportunity to adapt, through subtle biochemical changes, to changes in an organism's immediate environment.
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Evolution is always happening. Species are constantly changing to adapt to their surroundings. If evolution wasn't always happening, many different species would have died.
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There are no ' doctrines ' of evolution. Evolution, the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms, is fact. The theory of evolution by natural selectio ( Full Answer )
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Some interpretations of a few religious texts don't allow for evolution, which leads to many people ignoring scientific evidence (since they cannot really disavow the evidence ( Full Answer )
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Human evolution is no different from the evolution of any other species of plant or animal. Over the course of hundreds of thousands of years our ancestors survived by being t ( Full Answer )
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the theory of evolution is one of the most groundbreaking developments in scientific research. the issue has gained controversy in some communities, most specifically those wh ( Full Answer )
In Pokemon Diamond Pearl and Platinum
Do evolution stop?
No. Evolution is the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms. This may be the result of stabilizing selection, but is still evolution.
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What is the difference in co-evolution and convergent evolution and divergent evolution?
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Everything has to do with God for them, so everything the Bible says goes, even though it's totally ridiculous. Another view For Christians who believe in evolution, it wa ( Full Answer )
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Mine fields
Demined Mine-Fields
IntroductionIn many parts of the world conflicts between different groups have left societies with dangerous minefields. The clearing of these minefields is a dangerous job that needs to be done by well trained experts using special equipment. For this purpose the experts use public resources to accomplish their job that is in the common interest of the public. This example of a choice shows how the public interest can be structured in determining the priorities in demining. It originates from Croatia that came out the 1997 war with approximately 1,350 km2 of its territory being unsafe because of the mines and unexploded material scattered all over the country mostly along the former confrontation lines. They form a threat for the citizens and the further economic and social development of the country.In 2004, in the region of Sisak were a large number of fields that needed to be de-mined. Rumours were that the transparency of National Demining Agency (NDA) was questionable; it was engaged in a court case with one embassy on misuse of funds and another embassy had decided not to finance its demining activities, because of this reputation. In close cooperation with the the NDA's Plan, Analysis and Finance Division, this example was developed. It makes it possible to rank the fields for demining in a transparent manner based on the data available on each mine field.
WEIGHTINGThe chart shows the structure of the choice example. This is the "Head" part of a choice. It looks if it is in balance and the weights are equally spread over goals and objectives. The changing in weights of the different components of the structure is the "Guts" part of a choice. At the highest level the three goals "Threat", "Impact" and "Cost" can be given each a weight. Here a party with an interest in financing demining could indicate why and where, in what fields it prefers to support the demining: For example a humanitarian agency might emphasize "Threat"; a rural development organization could prefer "Impact" and an agency that prefers to demine as many as possible fields would emphasize "Cost" efficiency.At the levels below a goal also weights can be changed. At the level of "Threat", it is possible to give a different weight to 'ATM', 'APM' and 'UXO' to emphasise the types of mines that have priority for being demined; at the "Impact" level weights can be given to the 'Number of people', the distance to the 'Nearest dwelling' and 'Nearest road' and, to 'Land-use' and its four types under forest, pasture, arable land or buildings; Under "Cost" one can distinguish between 'Total cost' and 'Cost/ha' for having first the cheapest field demined or the field where demining is most efficient in terms of cost/ha.
The data on 17 minefields are entered in an Excel workbook which contains three groups of sheets. One group with the data records per minefield including NDA information on slope, Soil condition, days required to demine, Demining Method. This makes it possible to explain and justify differences in costs. In the next group of sheets it is possible to do the weighing. The third group shows the ranking of the alternatives. The contents of the Excel workbook is shown in the PDF file here on the left. The last pages of the PDF file show examples on how the changing in weights have an effect on the priority ranking of the fields. One can open this PDF file, by clicking on the button on the left. A click on the "Movie ON" buton shows in a movie the Exel sheets and the effects of weighting. The Excel file also can be obtained. A click on the button opens a secured "PayPal" site where after having paid €10 for the file with Paypal or a credit card it will be possible in a "Click2Pay" site to download the file.
In ConclusionIn this example it shows that when most weight is on "Cost," mine-field 12 ranks first, when most weight is given to the "Threat", mine-field 5 ranks first and mine-field 12 still comes second. In case most weight is put in the goal "Impact", the mine-field 5 is first in rank and field 12, 4th. This shows that in this case by the changing of the weights, one can determine that in all circumstances both fields 5 and 12 should have to be demined soonest.This demonstrates that with an Excel workbook application, a piece of software that is available at most peoples’ PC, the process on deciding where and why to go first in demining can be done in a transparent way. It makes it easy to check and understandable for all parties involved. The persons in charge of the allocation of funds for demining can easily and in a flexible manner be made understood and convinced that a certain minefield should have priority and the spending of public resources is justified. They also can easily evaluate the demining costs of the mine-filed proposed based on the parameters shown in the records which make it possible to compare of the costs of a particular field with those recorded for different minefields.
A zero threat from mines; all anti-personal mines (APM), anti tank mines (ATM) and other unexploded objects (UXO) should be made un-harmful. The HCR minefields database had obtained records from the former enemy, the Croatian army, the police and information from the field. They show that in 1998 were: 172,973 APM, which are most dangerous for humans; 101,621 Anti-Tank Mines (ATM), which form a threat to vehicles like agricultural equipment, tractors and construction vehicles; an unknown number of Un-Exploded Objects (UXO) which is a mixture of grenades, shells and other war debris. Many UXOs were un-recorded and a guess is that there are one-third more in total than the others.
A zero Impact on the community; the chance that mines will harm people should be zero. The impact minefields can have is determined by their location in terms of four variables: 1. The distance between a minefields and the nearest dwelling; 2.The number of people living in this dwelling; 3.The distance between a minefield and the nearest road; 4.Type of land use of the mined field: forest (weight=1), pasture(weight=2), arable land(weight=3) and lands under constructions(weight=4).
Cost efficiency; demining will be carried out in a cost efficient and transparent manner. NDA records on mine fields had estimates of the fixed and variable costs for each field. The fixed costs are the overhead cost of the NDA spread over the fields to be demined. The variable costs determined by the size of the field, together with specific characteristics like: 1. Its slope (%), the steeper the more difficult it is to de-mine and the higher the costs; 2. Soil condition, HCR use five categories in difficulty to clean; 3. Days needed; 4. De-mining method, expressed as a percentage of mechanisation. In the fields where the use de-mining machines is possible costs will be less than where demining specialists must check and de-mine manually using mine detectors or special trained dogs.
The decision structureThe aim of demining is a society without mine-fields. The three goals for de-mining are:
An ATM forms a severe threat because, hidden in the ground they are difficult to see and can harm and kill people that step on them
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An 11 year old boy with a headache
What is the finding on this CT?
This patient had enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces. These are spaces between an artery or vein and the pia mater which can dilate in various conditions. They can be filled with WBCs in viral encephalitis and interstitial fluid/csf in the case of dementia, stroke , multiple sclerosis or autism.
These spaces were first noted in 1843but Rudoph Virchow was the first to provide a detailed descriptionof the spaces. Charles-Philippe Robin confirmed the findings in 1859 and they became known as Virchow-Robin spaces.
neurocysticercosis can have a similar appearance
These spaces play a role in the blood brain barrier. The spaces have a constant influx of macrophages and when inflammation by T cells begins, astrocytes undergo apotosis and open up the glia limitans letting T cells into the parenchyma of the brain which causes dilation of the spaces.
Because dilated perivascular spaces are correlated with cerebrovascular disease, there is much research on their use as a diagnostic tool. CADASIL syndrome(cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy syndrome) have increased numbers of Virchow-Robins spaces and also increased numbers of strokes. They can also be a normal phenomenon in aging with no relation to atherosclerosis.
Pilocytic astrocytomas are cystic tumors of young people strongly associated with neurofibromatosis type 1.. They can affect the optic nerves and posterior fossa.
Things that can look similar on CT or MRI include: neurocysticercosis, cryptococcosis, lacunar infarcts ,cystic neoplasms, MS and mucopolysaccharidoses.
In our patient , the Virchow-robin space dilation was thought to be benign and no further workup was done.
Bechmann I, Galea I, Perry VH. “ What is the blood-brain barrier(not)?” 2007 Trends in Immunology , 28:5-11.
Kwee R, Kwee T. Virchow-Robin Spaces at MR Imaging”.2007 RadioGraphics. 27: 1071-1086.
Cumurciuc R, Guichard J, Reizine D et al. Dilation of Virchow-Robin spaces in ADASIL. European Journal of Neurology 2006 13:187-190.
Mills S, Cain J, PUrandareN, et al. Biomarkers of cerebrovascular disease in dementia. 2007. British Journal of Rdiology 80:S128-S145. |
323585_thumbnailA recent report showed California ranks number three in the nation in terms of being green. It’s not a big stretch, given that California has put in place many programs intended to completely eliminate waste diverted to landfill. One standout measure taken by the state is the ratification of a seven-part strategic plan, with a zero-waste program as its crown jewel. The plan’s goal is to engage citizens and business owners in efforts to re-introduce solid waste into the marketplace or nature, in ways that minimally impact the environment, i.e., recycling, reusing, or flat-out reducing consumption, and consequently sidestepping landfills altogether. California was the first state to adopt a zero-waste policy.
According to the report provided by MPHonline.org, California recycles 68% of waste. The legacy stands and California can boast being the most recycling state in the Union. Companies like Fast Haul are a key part of the success of California’s green initiatives, offering consumers economic options for sustainably recycling or reintegrating their unwanted bulk items, via county or state sanctioned collection centers, charitable organizations, or other recycling options.
Presently, the state is considering a ban on single-use plastic bags in food retailers, such as grocery and liquor stores, as well as in pharmacies. Recycled-paper or reusable bags will be permitted for distribution by retailers. Hand-in-hand with its other green initiatives is California’s focus on renewable energy sources; it ranks third in the nation.
Where California has room to grow is in reducing CO2 emissions, it ranked 50th, just above the “Lone Star State” of Texas.
That notwithstanding, California still does pretty well and has many of the top green cities in the nation. San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, Sunnyvale, and Irvine, are at the head of the pack in the state, but not all California cities are on the green train. According to Firsttoknow.com, the cities of Fresno and Bakersfield are at the bottom, not only in California, but in the nation. But, if the rest of the state is an indication, and if the proposed statewide plastic bag ban is approved, these cities, too, might find themselves working towards a greener future for California.
By: Ethan Malone |
Dog Diseases - Dog Common Diseases
Dog owners must deal with illness at some point in their pet’s life. Like us, dogs can fall sick for a variety of reasons and need special care and treatment. Keep your dog healthy by keeping yourself informed. Learn about the warning signs and symptoms of many common dog diseases. Here are some common diseases found in dog:
Dog Common Diseases
1. Canine Distemper
2. Canine Hepatitis
3. Canine Parvovirus
4. Arthritis
5. Leptospirosis
6. Kennel Cough
7. Rabies
8. Dental Disease
9. Heartworm
10. Lyme Disease
11. Giardia
12. Canine Coronavirus Infection
13. Parainfluenza
14. Skin Diseases |
California's Fires Are Creating Volcanic Clouds
Wes Siler, Outside on July 29, 2018
Three terrible wildfires are burning in California right now. And all three are more visually menacing than usual, thanks to a unique weather phenomenon the flames are creating. The fires are burning so hot that they're making their own pyrocumulus cloud systems, each up to five miles high. These clouds are also making firefighting efforts more difficult.
Normal clouds are formed when the sun heats the earth’s surface, causing water to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere, where it cools and condenses into a cloud. This is a relatively slow process compared to the formation of a pyrocumulus cloud, where the intense heat of a huge wildfire burns the moisture out of the vegetation. This moisture then accumulates on smoke particles and rapidly condenses as it rises.
Pyrocumulus clouds are more commonly seen above volcanic eruptions, which produce lots of steam. If you’ve ever seen an evil-looking cloud creating dry lightning above a volcano, that’s a pyrocumulus cloud. They’re colored black or dark brown by the volcanic ash, whereas ones created by wildfires are usually dark gray, due to the smoke and ash.
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Scuba Diving
Diver, Turtle, Mexico, Scuba Diving, Sea
Here are a few examples.
The worth of a Computer
Knowledge About the Dive Site
Dive Briefing
Useful Skills
Black bear
Black Bear, Woods, Wild, Wildlife
The American black bear, Ursus Americanus, is the most common bear species indigenous to North America. These bears live across the continent with a range that stretches from Alaska all the way south into Rat Poop. They can also be located in the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This range comprises 41 of the 50 United States, All the Canadian provinces except Prince Edward Island, and some of Mexico.
Nearly all bears found in the Southern United States stay in the protected mountains and woodlands of parks and nature preserves. Sometimes, bears will wander out of a park’s boundaries. Sometimes, bears have put up new lands on the margins of urban environments. This has happened more often as the bear’s population increases.
Before European colonization, there were probably as many as two million black bears in North America. Sadly, the population declined to a low of 200,000 bears because of habitat destruction and unrestricted hunting. Latest estimates put the population around 800,000. It’s supposed that the bears may share a common European ancestor.
After the bear stands up, the bear can stand up to 7 ft tall. Male bears are generally one-third bigger than female bears. Adult black bears are known to reach 660 pounds while exceptionally large men are recorded up to 800 pounds, a span of nearly 8 feet. Cubs normally weigh between 7 oz and per pound at birth.
While they generally have shaggy black hair (hence the name black bear), their fur may differ from white through chocolate-brown, cinnamon-brown, and blond. Blonde black bears are found mostly west of the Mississippi River in America and in the Canadian provinces west of Ontario. Sometimes, a black bear is going to have a v-shaped white chest blaze.
If a bear is standing, it’s typically to have a better look at something or to find out from where a odor is coming. The shuffling gait all of us associate with bears is a consequence of the flat-footed walk. Along with the flat-footed walk, bears also use a pacing gate. Unlike a number of other quadrupeds, the legs on one side of the bear’s body move together rather than alternating.
Box jellyfish
The box jellyfish has its title as they are bell shaped or cubed shaped with four sides being very prominent, thus the title box jellyfish. They may be as long as 20 cm on each side of the cube, and have up to 15 tentacles on each corner. These can be 3 meters in length and have 5,000 stinging cells on each of them. These tentacles are not actually triggered by any type of touch, rather, this species of jellyfish stings because it senses a presence of a form of chemical on the exterior of their prey.
A box jellyfish is extremely mobile, using their bodies to propel themselves forward at speeds up to 4 knots. These kinds of jellyfish travel towards the shores in the calmer weather, and settle around the mouths of both creeks and rivers following the rain. It’s assumed that after a great rain, food is washed down to the jellyfish, and they intuitively realize this.
These jellyfish are also called sea wasps and marine stingers. Their main habitat is in water off of Northern Australia and in the Indo-Pacific. A box jellyfish has venom that’s so deadly, it considered to be one of the worst poisons in the world today. This venom is so strong that the toxins set about attacking the heart and nervous system, as well as skin cells. Their venom was designed so that it would instantly paralyze or kill its prey, and also so that there was less of a battle. In this manner, the box jellyfish will take care of its delicate tentacles.
If a human is stung by a this jellyfish, it is entirely possible for them to go into shock or even heart failure, drowning before receiving aid. The sting is so deadly; help must be received immediately if one hopes to survive. The pain is reported to be excruciating, and those who do survive experience a lot of pain for weeks to months after being stung. There’s also generally scarring that can occur from the Rodent Control. The sting is proportionate to the size of the individual; for example, a young child needs less of a sting to cause dire consequences compared to an adult.
Forest Of Magic, Fireflies, Firefly
Fireflies have astonished the human mind and imagination for centuries. They have embraced nicknames such as”lightning bug,” or”glow worm.” When we experience them, they seem to be small light bulbs that float in the air, blinking to inaudible music and captivating our eyes with mystique and wonder. They have taken their place in human myth from ancient Mayan culture to contemporary Japanese and synchronized blinking, which happens in many diverse places around the world, create a feeling of inquiry and amazement.
For those of us who are more objective in our reasoning, we might ask ourselves, what is the mechanism behind the wall of wonder and how has it come to be?
Fireflies are largely nocturnal creatures with soft and brown bodies, even more leathery than traditional beetles. Their act of creating light in the gut area is referred to as bioluminescence, which describes, quite well, the process used to create the hypnotically titillating visual spectacle.
The light is formed through a chemical reaction which occurs in the body. This interaction between both of these chemicals generates the energy necessary to give off light.
There are two chief reasons why fireflies glow at night: mating and imminent danger. Since there are some 2,000 different kinds of fireflies around the planet, the light patterns emitted are specific to its particular kind. Once a match is found, mating can occur. After mating, the eggs are placed in damp soil, where sowbug-like larvae will hatch in 3 weeks. These infant fireflies live for up to two years under floor, hunting and preying on earthworms, snails, slugs and mites.
Fireflies are very efficient light producers. Their ability to generate light in a cost-effective way has sparked numerous research and development projects in the area of bioluminescence, regarding its possible human applications. To put things into perspective, the efficiency rate with the fireflies use to produce light hovers around 90%, where as the average household light bulb has a rate of nearly 10%.
Fireflies are interesting not only because they capture our minds and spirits, but also because they may function as a key to better and more efficient energy conservation.
Canadian Geese
Geese, Canadian, Bird, Goose, Wildlife
Among the most well known species of bird in North American is that the Canadian Geese.
Canadian geese are famous for their black heads and necks with a white strap of feathers round the chin. They are rather big for birds and are roughly 30 to 40 inches long and have an incredible 50 to 71 inch wingspan. These birds are known for their migratory patterns as they travel to warmer regions during the coldwinter months.
Migrating Canadian geese are exactly what many folks remember about this bird during their childhood years. Seeing the geese fly into their tight V-shaped formation as they made their way south or north, depending on the season, was a sign that a new season was about to start. A number of this migration has shifted, however, as a result of significant changes in our existence, largely as a result of global warming. In some regions of the Northern United States, the Canadian goose doesn’t migrate at all anymore, only because the weather doesn’t get as intense as it did a few decades ago. Other items have influenced the migratory patterns of the geese also.
Other things that are influenced the route that the geese take when they’re migrating include changes in habitat and access to food sources. By way of instance, lots of the predators that the geese had to cope with in the Pacific Northwest have caused lots of the Canadian geese don’t migrate in any way. Lots of the geese and goslings don’t travel as far south as they did in years past, just because they’re more able to find food, such as waste wheat, during the autumn and winter season. This shift in their migratory path and their migration pattern generally have caused some problems in the geese overgraze grassy places and they eat plants, which can be both a nuisance and a problem for humans.
Flocks of geese are famous for flying at a V-shaped formation when they’re migrating. This is a result of the fact they’re traveling a long distance and this creation helps break up the end for all but the front bird, so that they can fly with less wind resistance. In the event you could see the geese for a lengthy time period, you will realize that they alter the front flyer to maintain this bird from becoming overtired. Another reason behind the V-formation is that this allows them to find each other and communicate, so they can decide where they would like to property, etc.. The Canadian geese are extremely faithful to their flock, as they are to their partner.
If a person becomes injured, the wholesome one is going to stay with the wounded person until it recovers or dies. If it expires, a goose may take another spouse, but in a few instances, they just find a flock to fly and do not find another partner.
The Canadian goose is a really intriguing and complex bird. By learning more about how they work, we can better appreciate their gift to society and the planet generally.
Mountain lions
Cougar, Mountain Lion, Puma Concolor
Each year mountain lions are seen in many amazing outdoors locations throughout the nation. Even though it’s not unusual to have a mountain lion sighting in the nation, it’s somewhat alarming when they’re seen in highly trafficked areas, putting people and domestic animals in danger of being attacked.
Because of the forthcoming summer months when folks are inclined to be out and about in the great outdoors, camping, hiking, fishing, etc., here’s a refresher course on what to do if you come into contact with a mountain lion.
• Do not go in the nation alone. It’s ideal to bring a friend or at least a puppy with you. Having a walking stick may also function as some protection in case of an attack. Making loads of noise while outside will stop you from sneaking up on an unknowing lion, which might lead them to attack.
Mountain lions appear to be particularly drawn to little children. It’s very important that you keep them near you and within your website at all times.
• Don’t run away. Pick your child up without bending over.
• Make yourself look as large as possible by lifting your arms slowly. Don’t bend over or crouch down to avoid looking like a four-legged creature. Throw sticks or rocks if they’re within reach and talk in a loud, firm voice.
If you see one, follow the directions above and give it a chance to escape.
Try to remain standing to prevent being bitten about the neck or face. Use any objects accessible to protect yourself, including a rod, hat, fishing rod, etc.. Lots of individuals have survived mountain lion attacks by fighting back.
If you website a mountain lion, or an animal carcass that could result from a lion kill, always contact your regional Department of Fish and Game. Always be conscious of your environment and that of your loved ones, especially smaller children, when enjoying time in the wonderful outdoors.
Orca Facts
Killer Whales, Orcas, Breaching, Jumping
Killer whale fact number one: Killer whales are the part of the dolphin family. They are largest relative in the sea mammal group. I really do mean LARGE, on average killer whales or Orcas weigh an average 5400 kg and are around 9.7 meters long.
Killer whale fact number two: These beautiful monsters of the sea are carnivores and take a lot of feeding. They’re amongst the most successful predators in the marine world, which is not surprising as it requires a good deal of creature to evade or defeat a huge creature that’s about as heavy as two fully laden Lincoln Continentals and as long an average single decker bus.
Killer whale fact number three: No lone killers, these intelligent creatures live in large family packs of up to approximately 40. Killer whale pods, since these groups are known could be likened to wolf packs in their searching methods. A little known killer whale fact is that there are two quite different types of pods that have different kinds of food taste and even hunt otherwise. ‘Resident’ pods hunt fish while the’transient’ pods hunt and kill marine mammals.
Killer whale fact number four: Orcas are long distance travelers and are common in colder coastal waters but killer whale pods are can be seen hunting around the world from the Poles to the Equator. They are easy to identify being beautifully marked in black and white and they move with extraordinary elegance that belies their massive size. It is another odd killer whale fact that these animals have never been hunted by humans unlike a few of their near relatives.
Killer whale fact number five: Killer whales have lives some living up to 80 decades. Killer whale cows just become pregnant every 3 to 10 years and have a long 17-month pregnancy. Whale calves are cared for and reared in the security of a family pod. Even though it’s well known that members of the dolphin and whale family communicate through distinctive sounds it’s a little known killer whale fact that like human beings from different cultures, every Orca pod has its own individual language which its members can hear and differentiate even from great distances.
Killer whale fact number six: All these ancient creatures are the subject of continuing research and have much to teach us. The killer whales capacity to use echolocation to learn about the size and shape of underwater objects underwater and for communication has enabled its survival. Sometime just in the recent past has man discovered sonar to hunt submarines in war, to discover underwater objects or to maximize our fishing catches. What other gifts will this giant of the seas need to talk with us?
Giraffe, Africa, Tanzania, Wild
Its scientific name is the giraffa camelopardilis it’s the largest ruminant and the tallest creature known. It’s a very long neck which sports a short stubbly mane; it’s high shoulders that slope back into the hindquarters. Additionally, it has long legs which are about exactly the same length.
To reticulated giraffe that’s located north of Kenya has the most distinguishing latticework of narrow lines dividing the dark spots and is the very distinctive pattern of any creature. The so called Masai giraffe of East Africa shows the most distinctive pattern of some of the giraffes.
The giraffes were officially found throughout Africa south of the Sahara Desert everywhere the trees grew. It was eliminated from the majority of West Africa and the southern Kalahari range but it’s still common in East Africa outside of game preserves.
This animal was made to exploit a six-foot group of foliage beyond the reach of another terrestrial browser except the elephant. It has an 18 inch prehensile tongue and a modified atlas-axis joint in its neck which allows its head to presume that almost vertical position which further increases its height advantage. Giraffes can graze the crown of little trees. A huge bull giraffe can graze as large is 19 feet, a yard higher than the cows. They’ve a menu which includes over a hundred species but they feed acacia and combretum trees are exactly what they most often consume. Having a narrow muzzle and extremely flexible lips together with an 18 inch prehensile Tongue permit the giraffe to fulfill the most nutritious leaves in amounts up to 75 lbs. This quantity of food is essential to sustain their great bulk. The giraffe only must consume every two or three days once the water is available or it extracts water from the food it eats.
Bull spent about 22 percent of the time walking compared to approximately 13 percent for the cows. The difference is that the time the Bulls spend searching for cows in heat.
The giraffe is non-territorial and social, living in loose, open herds. The youthful accompany the female and could be mixed to the herd. A lone bull could be solitary. The fact that giraffes feed from variably spaced trees they’re capable of moving independently, and they have a dimension that’s such that they have few predators. Their height and excellent eyesight enable giraffes to keep visual sight during a long distance. The herd could be dispersed over a half a mile and still keep its presence as a herd. Even when they’re resting herd members usually stay more than 20 feet apart.
During mating season to females are more social when the men and usually stay together. Mothers of little calves usually connect with other cows at least due to mutual fascination between the calves which result in crèches of around nine calves. The average spacing between calves is generally less than 10 yards.
The home range of these animals may vary widely it’s generally about 63 miles square but can be as little as two miles square or up to 250 miles square. As soon as they are saddled though bulls have a bigger range than cows.
A giraffe just has two gaits walk or gallop. As it has long legs and a brief body it moves with an ambling walk with a walk on the left side or the perfect side as do the camels. At its best speed the giraffe can gallop at about 37 mph. The four legs and hind legs behave like a running rabbit. If the animal would like to have a drink it must straddle or bend its fore legs. The exact same is true of its close relative the Okapi.
It’s breeding season is yearlong with the rainy season being the major period for conception. Males begin competing for females at about seven decades but they continue growing which provides a senior a excellent weight advantage. The males which also increases weight with age and through bone depositation generates the knobs on the Bulls ahead these knobs increase in size with age giving the older bull even more of an edge. Combat is rare however as the Bulls understand their location in a herd hierarchy that’s established an almost daily battle while they are maturing within an all-male herd of bachelors.
For the first week or so the calf lays out for the majority of the day and a half of the night guarded by its own mother. There are hardly any predators looking to brave the mother giraffe’s long legs since she is guarding her elbows these long legs can be very deadly. As the calf grows older it passes a maternity crèche were it’s guarded by an entire bunch of females allowing its mother to go farther.
In the initial months from 50 to 75 percent of the young fall prey to lions and spotted hyenas despite their moms determined defense. As adults giraffes are too large to be prey to many predators. A mother will stand over her calf to shield it against lions or hyenas, and they’re loath to brave her long legs. A predator trying to get in the calf runs the danger of being kicked to death by the mother giraffe.
The idea that giraffes are mute is a fantasy, they do make noises. Though they are typically silent a calf will mew, cows searching lost calves will bellow, and if they’re courting Bulls will create a coughing sound. Giraffes also make other noises when alerted ranging from hissing, snorting, molding and at times the flute like sound.
Now you understand a lot of what a giraffe is all about!
Animals, Birds, Australia, New Guinea
Native to Australia and New Zealand the Kookaburra bird is a big bird (28-42 cm in length and 11-17 inches in height). The Kookaburra was discovered by the English from the mid 18th century. They’ve a different call which sounds like a loud echoing human bliss, these birds are good-natured if not hysterical. You generally won’t find this bird by water but they can be found in a humid forest surrounding where food is readily accessible.
Kookaburra are carnivorous, their diet include lizards, snakes, insects, and raw meat, The Kookaburra is a territorial bird and they can often be found living with partially grown chicks from the previous mating season. Wild Kookaburras will eat babybirds, snakes, insects, small reptiles and other birds such as finches.
Even though these birds are found only in a comparatively small portion of the world their distinctive sound can be found from the soundtrack”jungle sound”, they’re also utilised in movies and television as well as being seen in some Disney park attractions. Also you can find these birds in popular video games such as Battle toads and World of War craft.
They may also be found on postage stamps, the first postage stamp with a Kookaburra was issued as a 6 cent stamp issued in 1914, and also a 38c Austrian stamp with a set of Kookaburra on it was issued around 1990. Also back in 1990 Australia committed a coin into this bird.
Platypus is one of the most interesting creatures on Earth. Its bizarre appearance and some unique features attract me towards it. Lets see how it differs from other creatures.
It is a mammal and lay eggs!
It’s one of the only two mammals on Earth that lay eggs. Normally mammals give birth to live young.
Sole member
Platypus is the only member of its family as well as genus i.e. Ornithorhynchus. It will be more accurate to say its the only’living’ member of its family and genus as related species have been found from fossil records.
Exactly like its other features, its venom is also something interesting. In the event of platypus, only men have have the capability of injecting the venom. It has a spur on the back foot which provides a venom capable of causing severe pain to humans.
Bizarre Appearance
It’s a bizarre appearance.
Two Ovaries
Even its genital parts are of odd nature. The female platypus has two ovaries but only one of them is functional, the left one.
Weird Use of Tail
Platypus uses its tail to store fats.
Other Interesting Facts about the Platypus
It hunts for about 12 hours a day. Seems like it spends all its time searching.
Its fur which is plum-colored is watertight and its texture is amazingly quite like a mole’s fur.
The snout of the Platypus is in fact a sensory organ with the mouth on the underside.
Weight of those mammals varies considerably from 0.7 to 2.4 kg (1.5 to 5.3 pounds ).
The Platypus is sometimes jokingly referred to as evidence that God has a sense of humour.
Whooping Crane
Whooping Crane, Crane, Bird, Whooping
At about 4.9 ft, the whooping crane is the tallest bird in North America. This bird, which is regarded as endangered, is fascinating, both because of its recovery from the brink of extinction and for its inherent beauty.
According to the National Geographic Society, there were just three whooping cranes residing in 1941. At that point in time, it wasn’t illegal to shoot the birds, and people were destroying their natural habitats.
Included in conservation efforts, people have led whooping cranes in their migratory paths using ultralight aircraft in order to train the birds to go”home.” Other efforts to prevent the birds from extinction include captive breeding programs and habitat management.
Whopping Crane Information
Adults are predominantly white, with red crowns on top of their heads. They may have black wingtips. Juveniles are often a cinnamon color. These birds prefer to live in family groups and pairs mate for life. But if one of those mates dies, the other will re-mate if possible.
Along with being tall, their wing span is about 7 feet. These birds have a mean life in the wild of 22 to 24 years.
Whooping cranes are omnivorous, meaning that the birds will eat both meat and plants. Among the foods that these cranes like are insects, acorns, shellfish, water plants and frogs.
Now, whooping cranes breed predominately in Canada’s Wood Buffalo National Park and spend winters in the Arkansas National Wildlife Refuge in Texas. Security plans include diversifying migratory paths and locations for breeding and wintering, as the birds’ habitats are still under pressure because of pollution and our expanding population.
Cranes not only sleep in water but build their nests up in water for protection against predators. The average number of eggs laid is two, though only 1 baby usually survives to the fledgling stage.
Hippopotamus, Hippo, Animal, Namibia
Hippo facts tell us that the name, Hippopotamus, has Greek origins and means”water or river horse.”
At three and a half tons, the hippo is the next to largest mammal that lives on land. The biggest is the elephant.
There are two distinct sorts of hippos, the frequent hippo and the pygmy hippo, which is much smaller.
Hippos have a unique membrane above their eyes that enables them to see underwater.
Hippo facts tell us that a hippo can’t float.
Hippos are said to sweat blood, because when it’s hot, they exude a red fluid which resembles blood. It’s not blood but a type of mucous that protects the hippo from the sun.
A hippo eats eighty-eight pounds of food daily.
Hippos eat grass and fruit.
Hippos can breed on land or in the water.
Pigmy hippos only reside in West Africa.
A hippo can give birth in the water and often does.
The gestation period for a hippo is eight months.
Baby hippos can only breathe underwater for about forty seconds.
When hippos do give birth they leave the herd for up to fourteen days, until the calf is strong enough to join the mother on property. She will nurse the young hippo for eight months.
Hippos live in herds of around thirty or forty animals, but are sometimes seen in groups of two hundred or more.
Every herd has several bulls but only one is dominant.
A hippo can live to be as old as forty-five years.
Among the most interesting hippo facts is that the teeth of a hippopotamus never stop growing. Teeth can become as much as three feet .
Male hippos fight with one another for dominance. They back up and use their long teeth as weapons. Often, one of the hippos dies in the fight.
They’re also killed for meat.
Hippos aren’t endangered but they are headed in that direction.
Hippos only live in East Africa, although they used to live across the continent.
Hippo facts show the pigmy hippo only weighs 450-600 lbs.
A hippo drinks around fifty-six gallons of water every day.
Hippos can run as fast as 30 mph.
Some hippos grow to be up to fifteen feet long.
In the National Zoo in Washington, every day hippos eat thirty-five pounds of hay, 1-1/2 pounds of fruit, seven pounds of herbivore grain pellets, and three pounds of veggies.
Sea Otter, Swimming, Floating, Water
One of the most popular spots in the zoo will be viewing the sea otter; truth about this fascinating mammal are only as interesting as watching them perform.
Sea otters are members of the weasel family. While the weasel is a monster most people associate as threats to their farm fowl, the sea otter is one which most people ooh and aah over as they see the antics of the small mammal.
Most of the sea otter’s time is spent in the water. Their webbed hind feet help them to swim quickly through the water as they seek their prey on the ocean floor; their clawed front feet help them grip the prey and hold it firmly as they return into the water’s surface. When they aren’t hunting or feeding, otter facts prove that they like simply floating in the surface of the water. In actuality, this is the pose they presume to sleep; often draping sea kelp over their bodies as a means of holding them stable in the water as they sleep. It’s not uncommon to see groups of them bobbing about in the water at a group nap. So ingrained are they in the water that they actually give birth in the water also.
Clams and mussels are also favorites, but they prove a bit more difficult to eat because of the hard, closed shells of those aquatics. Difficult, maybe; but not in any way impossible for the otter. Facts show that the mammal is so clever that, when on the sea floor scooping up the shelled delicacies, they also snag a stone before returning to the surface. Flipping onto their backs, the sea otters place the stone on their bellies and start to crush the clam or mussel upon the stone to open it and feast on its contents.
After eating, a cleaning ritual starts. Sea otter details about the thick, waterproof coat worn with the mammal show that cleanliness is essential in maintaining that quality in addition to the insulating factor. Unlike similar creatures that share the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean, otters don’t have an insulating layer of fat functions to keep others warm.
Those adorable little faces upturned as they float along the water, and their habits of using stones to open clam shells are merely some of the sea otter facts that people find endearing. Luckily, the sea otter, once hunted for its jacket, is now protected by law; ensuring that they will be around for quite a long time for future generations to enjoy.
Hummingbird, Bird, Trochilidae, Flying
Hummingbirds may be nesting in your backyard or you could have neighbors that have routine visits by these very small birds. They’re fun to watch and to find out about.
Hummingbirds are birds which come from the family of Trochillidae. They’re thought of as one of the smallest species of birds in the world. They flap their wings so fast you can barely tell they’re moving. A unique feature is their ability to fly backwards, and apparently they are the only birds that can do so.
Hummingbirds are called nectarivores which mean they feed on the sweet liquid, also called nectar, from blossoms. Their similarity between bees is their ability to measure the quantity of sugar contained in the nectar that they feed upon. Flowers with sweeter nectar, or with higher sugars level, are more preferable to those birds. But nectar cannot provide the proper amount of nutrients so hummingbirds also feed on spiders and insects to acquire protein and other vitamins and minerals.
The hummingbird has a direct, long bill that’s crucial for gathering food. However, for some species, they have shorter bills for extracting nectar from flowers that have brief corollas while others have curved bills for feeding off curved corollas. Unlike most birds, they drink using their uneven and ridged tongues. Hummingbirds seldom eat huge meals at a time; they could live on a lot of smaller meals during the day. In terms of flying, they don’t do it very often as it consumes too much energy.
In the very delicate period of hatching and fledgling, many of these birds die and don’t survive. But those who stay alive continue to exist for up to ten years or more. The average lifespan however is three to five years among those in North America. The longest lifespan that was ever recorded was twelve years, which was acquired by a female broad-tailed hummingbird.
Many hummingbirds are known to be natives to the Americas. A vast majority of these birds are found in South and Central America where it is known to have tropical weather, though other species are able to breed in areas with a moderate climate. Meanwhile, the Rufous hummingbirds is more commonly known and seen throughout western Canada.
A number of events are prepared for the celebration of hummingbirds. These include the Hummingbird Festival and the Hummingbird Migration Celebration. The festival itself includes a car show, rides for children, food vendors, vendors of arts and crafts, live music and many more fun activities.
The Phoenix
Phoenix, Bird, Fire, Bright Red, Swing
The Phoenix is a mythical bird dating back to ancient civilizations and is part of legends and lore. According to mythology it is a mystical creature which has an astoundingly long life span ranging to about a thousand years. It’s believed to be a bird with colourful feathers and tail in gold and scarlet. It does not get sick or afflicted by disease at any given time during its life span. At the end of the life span it’s thought to create a pyre of twigs and ignites itself.
The word”rising like a Phoenix from the Ashes” is often used in sports when a group or an individual on the brink of losing a game or match almost comes back from the brink of certain defeat to triumph in the long run. This victory against all odds has caused the Phoenix bird to be made the mascot or symbol of many organizations and there are several firms named after it.
Another account of phoenix story states that before the bird is swallowed by the flame it lays an egg from which hatches and a new phoenix which will live a million years and then the exact same process is repeated, thereby its lineage continues. Though there’s absolutely no way of ascertaining the truth of either version, both express the exact same theme, triumph over extreme hardship.
The Phoenix bird is a central figure in ancient Lebanese culture as the Lebanese are the descendants of Phoenicians and claim themselves to be the sons of Phoenix. The nation is also having a historic resemblance to the Phoenix, having been destroyed and mended seven times during its history.
Polar bears
Polar Bear, Arctic, Wildlife, Snow, Wild
It is the largest land predator alive today, with 25,000 to 40,000 roaming through the Arctic region. Female polar bears reach sexual maturity at roughly five years of age and their offspring are relatively much smaller than human infants, weighing only around a pound at birth.
They appear in the spring and within a year can grow to man-size if provided with an abundance of food. The average male bear will grow to weigh over 1400 lbs and stand ten feet tall.
A fact about polar bears that you might not know is that their fur is not white, but that each hair is a colourless hollow tube that reflects sunlight during daylight hours. This serves to maintain the bear warm and because the coating is oily it does not mat when wet, which makes it effortless to shake off excess water and ice that may form after swimming.
Polar bears eat mostly seals which they search on the pack ice, either by waiting for them to surface at their breathing holes in the ice or by stalking them. On occasion they will hunt beneath the ice for their prey. They’ve slightly webbed front feet to aid them with forward movement in the water, while they steer with their strong back legs.
Their sole predator is man. Men have started to mine at the arctic for petroleum and coal, encroaching on their natural habitat, which makes food more challenging to find.
Sea Sponge
Sponges, Natural Sponges, Sea Sponge
Unchanged for hundreds of centuries, and with no close relatives on the evolutionary tree, the sponge remains a very simple and primitive form of animal. Sponges have a remarkable ability to withstand enormous loss of body material, suddenly growing many times faster than normal to regain the original size. The average lifespan for individual specimens was estimated to be 50 years or more.
The simplest type of sponge is shaped somewhat like a vase, with feeding cells on the inner wall. Water is drawn through minute pores in the outer wall and expelled through the large main aperture. The present is maintained by the feeding cells, each with a very small whip that’s waved always back and forth. Because of the huge volume of water contained inside the chamber in proportion to the inner wall surface of cells, higher forms of sponges have adapted by folding out the interior walls to improve the feeding area.
On low tide areas of the beach could be found lots of the apartment in crusting sponges. These appear in a wide array of colors and have no definite shape of their own, instead taking on the kind of the rock beneath.
Some kinds of sponge are capable of releasing a poisonous substance to prevent the encroachment of acquaintances, and several of these toxins are used in research laboratories for the preparation of human medicines.
Ducks, Duckling, Bird, Feather, Wildlife
If you were to ask an average individual if they knew what a duck was, a wonderful percentage would answer yes. Most of us perceive ducks as white animals with an orange beak that float in a pond. Many are surprised to find out that there are many varied species and colors at the duck family. Here we will be highlighting a few of the very popular ducks, and what makes them distinct from one another.
One of the most beautiful and distinctive ducks is the Northern Shoveler. This duck is prevalent in the northern part of the world. Extremely easy to identify because of large spoon shaped bill. Usually the breeding man will be recognizable by a green head, brown stomach area, and a white breast area. Adding to it is distinctiveness and beauty, when in flight this duck will display pale blue wing feathers as well. Females of this species are a little more typical. They boast a long broad bill and a light brown body somewhat like a mallard duck. These are normally around 19 inches in length and weigh a bit over a pound.
The next is the Blue Winged Teal duck. Beautiful at first sight they’re very reminiscent of their title. Having a striking teal body and blue wings that are shown upon flight. They are easily distinguishable among other genders. They aren’t extremely common, and may be found anywhere in the hemisphere. They’re a bit on the large side, and make a definite first impression on the viewer.
Mallard ducks are a common species among the duck family. Mallard ducks are also called wild ducks. They’re known as wild ducks because they are usually found in wetland regions of the hemisphere. Places which are wetlands can refer to parks, little rivers and ponds. Mallard ducks are easily recognizable, and most likely among the most famous ducks in the world. Though located in wetland areas, they’re migratory ducks as well. This refers to using the prevalent amount of these in the northern part of the hemisphere when it’s warm. The moment that weather starts to turn cold, these ducks fly south for the winter. Extremely fast flyers, they have clocked speeds up to 65 miles per hour. Within the mallard species of ducks, there are hybrid versions too.
Though many different species and hybrids of ducks, these are simply a few of the most popular. As you can see, ducks are extremely unique and interesting creatures. Different colors, sizes, rates, and species make them exceptionally varied. So as you see, ducks are not only the white, orange billed variety we usually associate them with. They continue to evolve and change, adding beauty and grace to many areas of this extraordinary world.
Chimpanzee, Monkey, Ape, Mammal, Zoo
That’s according to the human evolution theory that says that human and the animal used to look the same and had comparable behaviours. There are two common types of the species namely the Common Chimpanzee and the Bonobos.
Chimpanzees especially the Bonobos are found on the Democratic Republic of Congo whereas the others are natives of the West and Central Africa. The Bonobos are distinguished from others through anatomical differences. The Bonobos are light in color and their sexual and social behavior differs from the others. Another type moves in troops led by an alpha male and contains its omnivorous diet. Bonobos have a tendency to have frequent sex so as to resolve their conflicts. However the others are sometimes highly aggressive.
Chimpanzees are very intelligent and make their own tools that they use to hunt and for social displays. They can be easily tamed and they understand human language and symbols after some bits of training. Their bliss is sadistic and it is adapted to that of the humans. The adults are usually aggressive and territorial and they are sometimes known to kill others. They kill lower order primates like the red colobus and bush babies and use their meat as societal tool for interaction in their community. The animals have been kept as pets in some African American communities though this is highly discouraged.
Whale sharks
Whale Shark, Shark, Aquarium, Water
The whale shark is renowned for being the largest fish that has ever lived. It is much smaller than many whales, but whales are mammals. Adults can reach lengths up to 60 feet and weigh as much as 10 tons. Some have measured an incredible 75 feet long when caught.
Female whale sharks are larger than the males, which grow to approximately two-thirds the period of the females. This is true for several other large sharks, particularly those longer than 10 feet.
Whale sharks, as their title attests, are members of the shark family. Yet they are not killers. The truth is it is one of the most docile creatures in the sea. Though it’s a shark, it’s a filter feeder; it has no teeth. The whale shark’s big mouth can encircle a school of fish or shrimp, which are filtered out of the water as it passes through a fine net of gill rakers in the back of the mouth.
Whale sharks usually swim alone. They are so slow that many fish will accompany them for protection and food. Not many fish in the sea are willing to tackle that, however peaceful it may be. Underwater divers who are fortunate enough to encounter this rare fish have been able to hitch rides on their giant dorsal fin.
Whale sharks often swim lazily in the surface where, in earlier times, they were harpooned and brought ashore. In the 1930s and 1940s, hunters sought them for their livers, which are full of vitamin A. In the 1940s, chemists discovered how to make vitamin A in the laboratory so, suddenly, there was no requirement for the killings. By then many people of the fish had declined, so the chemists may have saved them from oblivion. Some sharks continue to be fished for food, but the whale shark is tough and not great eating.
Snake, Rattlesnake, Reptile, Skin, Venom
Rattle snakes are venomous snakes belonging to the family Crotalinae. Common rattle snakes belong to the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus. About 30 species of rattle snakes are known with many subspecies. They are viviparous and give birth straight to young ones. No egg laying was listed so far. Young ones when grown are independent and don’t need the support of mom for carrying out their regular activities. So, the mother leaves the young soon after their arrival. They aren’t deaf. They have well developed internal ears similar to that of other reptiles. External ears are absent. Sound travels towards internal ears through the vibrations picked up by body organs.
They are natives of America. Arizona has the largest population of these snakes in comparison to other states. Four species have been recorded from Mississippi river and just 2 from South America. They prey upon mice, rats, small birds and other smaller animals. They paralyze or kill the victim by their venom and then the prey is swallowed by constriction. Venom of rattle snake can cause death within 20 seconds. After injecting venom into the body of the prey rattle snake allows the prey to operate and then follows it and when it dies it is consumed. They are known to attack at distances up to two-thirds of their body length.
Many species are oviparous but they’re either viviparous or ovoviviparous. No parental care has been observed in them. They are named rattle snakes due to the existence of a characteristic structure rattle. Rattle is made up of a set of nested, hollow beads that are actually epidermal scales present in the tip of the tail. Every time a new rattle segment is added to the tip of tail as the snake sheds its skin. Skin may be shed several times in a year depending upon the food supply and growth speed. The young ones lack operational rattles but after they shed their skin it becomes practical. Rattle produces a rattling sound. They’re known to absorb great deal of water from wet weather and no sound is produced.
Different species differ in their land, markings and identification. It usually avoids encountering with people. But if triggered it bites them. Hikers are constantly advised to wear boots and pants while exploring the regions where rattle snakes are expected to exist. They have functional fangs for injecting venom into victim’s body. They can also regulate the quantity of venom injected. Young ones are also dangerous. Venom is haemotoxic capable of destroying cells, degenerating organs and causing coagulopathy. It’s been observed that around 7,000-8,000 people are bitten by poisonous snakes in United States every year of which rattle snakes account for 72%. Anti-venom can be used to experience the venom injected by these snakes.
They’re a popular delicacy in southeastern and southwestern America.
Giant panda
Panda, Adult Panda, Big Panda, Wild
During the adolescence period of lives, toys of bears are rather common. Most children have been profoundly acquainted with bears, but we are unaware of myriad facts about bears. For instance, the huge panda bears in China, one of the terrific variety existing in all corners. Something utterly surprising, some tourists deliberately travel all the way to China just to have sights of the bears. It has been considered that the species of panda in China is one of those extraordinary and exceptional on the planet.
However, it is fascinating to know that these rare species colossal panda bears are a threatened breed on our planet. In actuality, most of us have seen how the famous WWF integrates the panda image as a symbol of their group. These bears have been known to be a common species seen in regions like Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan. These provinces are situated in the Southwest district of China, near the Tibetan plateau. As a result of constant threatening of the strain, now there are only approximately 2,500 wild mature pandas out there.
Many parties are extremely perturbed and worried of the extinction of the panda bears in China, especially as a result of massive growth in the China’s economical status. Sanely everybody knows that the consistent growth either in industrialization or modernization would somehow affect the survival of the bears. The jobs taking up vast number of lands and the building of infrastructures will cause the panda’s habitats to be disappeared.
There were already attempts to conserve the gigantic panda bears. More than 50 reserves are created for these bears to occupy. The land covers 2.5 million of acres and it is said that over 60 percent of the bears’ population can be safely protected. The government is also spreading awareness about keeping up the lives of those protected species as they are essential as part of the world’s biodiversity. In actuality, the Chinese government believes that the conservation of pandas can enhance in the tourism industry. |
Fly on the Wall
Making fly science approachable for everyone
Category: Breaking Research (page 1 of 2)
Breaking Research: Bitter substances suppress sweet signaling in the brain
Imagine you’re a fly buzzing through the forest looking for something to eat, and you happen upon a sweet fruit that tastes bitter. What’s a fly to do? A sweet fruit is a nutritious meal, but the bitter taste implies toxins. In a recent paper by French et al. in the Journal of Neuroscience, researchers discovered that bitter substances can block sugar signaling in the brain to prevent flies from making questionable meal choices such as these.
The brain deals with these sorts of ambiguities every day. After all, very few foods have a single taste modality of sweet, bitter, sour, salty, or umami (savory/meaty). Instead, most foods are a combination of several of these tastes. But while sweet, umami, and sometimes salt flavors can indicate nutrition, sour and bitter often serve as a warning signals for acidity or toxins, respectively. So how does the brain decide what’s safe to eat when it encounters a meal that’s both sweet and bitter?
fly drinkingFruit flies taste and eat with their proboscis. Click here or on the image to see a video of a fruit fly eating!
To answer this question, French et al. turned to fruit flies. Like the rest of us in the animal kingdom, flies are attracted to sweet foods and avoid bitter foods, and they have taste cells in their proboscis (the fly tongue, see image). Over the past decade, fly researchers have developed quick and easy experiments to test food preferences in flies, and have even mapped the neurons corresponding to each taste modality on their proboscis, including bitter-sensing cells and sweet-sensing cells. This provided a great system to investigate how the brain decides to avoid sweet foods with a bitter aftertaste.
In flies and other animals, bitter foods activate bitter-sensing cells that cause aversion, and sweet foods activate sweet-sensing cells that cause attraction and feeding. Yet, researchers in multiple animal models had found that the presence of a bitter substance in a sweet food can suppress the eating behavior, indicating some crossover between how these flavors are represented in the brain. While this seems straightforward (you don’t want to eat something potentially deadly, even if it’s nutritious), exactly how and why the brain makes this decision was not understood. Are bitter-sensing cells suppressing sweet-sensing cells? Or do the bitter substances instead inhibit the sweet-sensing cells directly?
Interestingly, the authors of this paper discovered that bitter substances could actually inhibit the sweet-sensing cells directly. The researchers first confirmed that flies were attracted to sugar water (extending their proboscis toward it, see image), and avoided water with a bitter chemical (retracting their proboscis away from it). The authors then mixed a bitter substance into the sugar water and found that the flies quickly recoiled from the meal.
The authors hypothesized that if bitter-sensing cells themselves were suppressing sweet-sensing cell activation, then killing off the bitter-sensing cells should prevent the flies from avoiding the sugar+bitter offering. But instead, they found that the flies were still able to avoid sugar mixtures with certain bitter substances. They further investigated by recording the electrical activity of the taste neurons and found that some of the bitter substances they tested were actually interacting directly with the sweet-sensing cells to suppress their activity. This was a surprising finding, since it was previously thought that sweet-sensing cells only respond to sweet substances, bitter-sensing cells only respond to bitter, and so on.
So if bitter substances can directly suppress sugar-sensing and therefore prevent eating, why do bitter-sensing cells even need to exist? What’s the evolutionary advantage? For one, bitter chemicals may show up in other non-sweet foods that flies will need to recognize as dangerous. But even more interestingly, the researchers found that not all bitter substances could directly suppress sweet-sensing cells. For example, strychnine (a deadly pesticide) and three other bitter chemicals interacted with sweet-sensing cells, but caffeine, nicotine, and a few other bitter chemicals did not. The researchers suggest that the first group of chemicals may be much more toxic to the flies, and they therefore may have evolved a back-up system of protection from them. Thus, bitter-sensing cells are still necessary for signaling avoidance of less-toxic but still-dangerous chemicals.
fly drinkingChocolate is an example of a food with conflicting signals. Theobromine, the bitter (and stimulating) chemical in chocolate, is safe in small quantities but can be dangerous in large quantities. Yet most people love the taste of chocolate. Have we evolved to recognize that the potential nutritional benefits of chocolate outweigh the risk?
This research shows that flies have developed two methods of detecting dangerous bitter substances in potential food sources. First, bitter-sensing cells are activated and signal aversion. Second, sweet-sensing cells are directly suppressed by some bitter chemicals in order to simplify the taste messages sent to the brain, which would otherwise be conflicting. Research in other animal models, including mammals, has found that they also avoid sweet foods laced with bitter chemicals, suggesting that these organisms likely use similar strategies for deciding what’s safe to eat.
So that leaves me with one remaining question: Why does chocolate taste so good?
• French AS, Sellier MJ, Moutaz AA, Guigue A, Chabaud MA, Reeb PD, Mitra A, Grau Y, Soustelle L, & Marion-Poll F (2015). Dual mechanism for bitter avoidance in Drosophila. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 35 (9), 3990-4004 PMID: 25740527
Breaking Research: How the brain recognizes hot and cold
When you walk outside into sweltering heat or biting cold, your body responds by sweating or shivering to regulate body temperature. It starts with cells in your skin called thermoreceptor neurons, which sense the temperature of your environment and send that information to the brain for processing. But how does the brain process this information to initiate behavioral responses such as sweating, shivering, or pulling your hand from a hot pan? Two studies published together in Nature have mapped the brain’s representation of temperature in fruit flies, and the findings will provide more insights into how our own human bodies tick.
Fruit flies are a great model for studying how the brain processes temperature. Because even a small temperature change can be deadly to these tiny insects (they can’t regulate their own body temperature internally), fruit flies need a quick and efficient system for sensing dangerous temperatures and escaping. Although humans have more options for responding to uncomfortable temperatures, the brain’s logic for representing temperature is likely similar in both species.
Previously, fly researchers had found that fruit flies have “hot” and “cold” thermoreceptor neurons in their antenna, similar to the ones we have in our skin. The “hot cells” are activated by heat while the “cold cells” are activated by cold. Interestingly, each cell type is also inhibited by the other temperature—heat makes it harder for cold cells to be activated, and vice versa.
Frank et al schemaThermoreceptor neurons from the antenna relay temperature signals to projection neurons in the brain. Image modified from Florence and Reiser, 2015.
These thermoreceptor neurons are the first step for temperature sensing in the fruit fly, but what’s the next step? How does this temperature information get processed in the brain? In their recently published papers, Frank et al. and Liu et al. used different approaches to answer these questions.
Both groups independently discovered neurons that receive information from the hot and cold cells in the antenna and carry it to the brain. These cells, called projection neurons (PNs), can be separated into three main groups: cold-PNs, which are activated by the cold thermoreceptor neurons; hot-PNs activated by the hot thermoreceptor neurons; and mixed-PNs, which receive information from both types of thermoreceptor neurons and are activated by rapid temperature changes in both directions. Frank and colleagues found that the mixed-PNs were important for fruit flies to recognize and quickly escape from dangerous temperature environments.
Liu et al schemaCold projection neurons are directly activated by cold thermoreceptor neurons. In contract, hot projection neurons are not only directly activated by hot thermoreceptor neurons, but also indirectly activated when the cold pathway is inhibited by heat. Image modified from Florence and Reiser, 2015.
These results suggest that the fruit flies’ temperature-sensing system is relatively straightforward: hot and cold information each has its own pathway to the brain. In a small group of PNs, this information also overlaps to provide the brain with a quick escape warning, regardless of whether the dangerous temperature is too high or low.
But Liu and colleagues obtained more results that remind us that brains are never as simple as we expect. The researchers found that hot-PNs not only receive input from the hot pathway, but they are also affected by the cold pathway. Under cool conditions, the hot-PNs are suppressed by the cold pathway and unable to activate. As the environment gets warmer, however, hot-PNs are activated by the hot thermoreceptor neurons and also released from the cold pathway’s inhibitory influence. Florence and Reiser worded it best in their Nature review on these studies:
Liu et al. revealed that hot projection neurons exploit both the excitatory ‘getting hotter’ signal from the hot receptors and the inhibitory ‘getting less cold’ signal from the cold receptors, and suggest that this not-quite-redundant use of both pathways leads to more-sensitive measurements of temperature change.
So what happens to the temperature information after the PNs carry it to the brain? Both groups found that the PNs connect with brain regions important for learned and instinctual behaviors. The next research step will therefore be to uncover the processes by which these brain regions initiate behaviors to protect the fly—whether it be a simple quick escape, or storing a memory of a dangerous place.
Breaking Research: Separable short- and long-term memories can form after a momentous occasion
When was your first kiss? What were you doing the last time you heard life-changing news? After only a single experience, your brain was somehow able to form a long-term memory of these events. This phenomenon has baffled neuroscientists for decades, but in a recent paper published in PNAS, Yamagata et al. report a surprising discovery that may finally provide some answers.
Scientists have long thought that memory storage follows a standard path: short-term memory is stored in one part of the brain, then eventually strengthened and transferred into long-term storage somewhere else. This transfer from short- to long-term memory typically requires repetition (think of memorizing song lyrics or studying for an exam). So how, then, does your brain form a long-term memory after a single momentous event?
training paradigmFigure 1. Flies can learn that a particular odor is associated with a reward. (1) Fly trained with odor and sugar reward, (2) Fly trained with odor and researcher-activated reward neurons.
Imagine that you are a starving fruit fly, desperately searching for food in a new area. Suddenly, you encounter a mysterious new odor and discover a nearby source of life-sustaining food. After a single experience such as this, flies can instantly form an association between that new odor and food, and will follow the odor if it encounters it again (Figure 1-1). Yamagata et al. took advantage of this instinctual behavior to study how the fly brain stores a long-term memory after one event.
They trained groups of flies to associate a particular odor (A) with a sugar reward by presenting them with both stimuli at the same time. They confirmed that the flies formed a memory by giving them a choice between odor A and a different odor (B), and found that flies preferably flocked to an area scented with odor A.
They also identified a large group of dopamine neurons (known as PAM neurons) that were activated by the sugar reward. If the researchers activated the PAM neurons instead of providing sugar when the flies encountered odor A, the flies still associated that odor with a reward (Figure 1-2).
Now the question: how does PAM neuron activity paired with an odor form a long-term memory? The researchers found that the PAM neurons could actually be grouped into two types. When they activated one type, which they dubbed stm-PAM, the flies only formed a short-term memory. The researchers tested their memory immediately after training and found most of the flies hanging around odor A. But 24 hours later, the memory was gone.
Surprisingly, when the researchers activated the other type of PAM neurons during training (called ltm-PAM), the flies only formed a long-term memory! The flies weren’t particularly interested in odor A immediately after training, but 24 hours later the flies flocked toward it. This incredible result showed that long-term memory doesn’t necessarily require a short-term counterpart. So, instead of the reward pathway forming a short-term memory that later transforms into a long-term memory, this sugar reward formed two complementary memories.
separable memory componentsFigure 2. Long-term memory (LTM) doesn’t always form from short-term memory (STM). In some cases, STM and LTM form independently, with STM degrading over time, and LTM progressively strengthening.
How can you have a long-term memory without a short-term memory? Imagine again that you are a starving fly, and you just ate something that didn’t taste very good. You’ve moved on, but later realize that you feel satisfied and energetic. You didn’t form a rewarding short-term memory because the food wasn’t very tasty, but now you have a positive long-term memory because it was nutritious. This is precisely what the researchers discovered when they investigated the PAM neurons further.
The researchers trained the flies using arabinose, an artificial sweetener that tastes sweet but isn’t nutritious, and sorbitol, a nutritious but tasteless sugar. Flies that ate arabinose formed a short-term memory that required stm-PAM activity, while the flies that ate sorbitol formed a long-term memory that required ltm-PAM activity. Thus, the researchers found that the PAM neurons seem to carry two separate pieces of information about the sugar reward: a “delicious” signal, which creates a short-term rewarding memory, and a “nutritious” signal, which creates a long-term memory.
These findings show that long-term memory doesn’t always form from a short-term memory. Instead, they can be independent processes created from different information signals about the same stimulus, such as taste and nutrition from sugar. In humans, our rewards are even more complex (such as the feelings associated with your first kiss), and our memory system likely works in a similar way.
Now, how can I apply this strategy while studying for my next exam?
• Yamagata N., Yoshinori Aso, Pierre-Yves Plaçais, Anja B. Friedrich, Richard J. Sima, Thomas Preat, Gerald M. Rubin & Hiromu Tanimoto (2014). Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (2) 578-583. DOI:
General References:
Breaking Research: Lithium may protect against Alzheimer’s and other aging-related diseases
As human life expectancy continues to increase at a steady rate in most countries worldwide, the prevalence of aging-related diseases is also increasing. One such example is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the aging population. There is currently no cure for AD, and the only treatments that exist temporarily cover up the symptoms without actually slowing the disease itself.
Alzheimer’s disease can be identified by the abnormal accumulation of a protein called amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. Aβ is a byproduct of an important cellular process, and is usually cleared away by the cell’s garbage recycling processes. It’s normal for some leftovers to be missed, however, and over time Aβ builds up as we age. But in large enough concentrations—such as in older patients with AD—accumulation leads to the formation of aggregated deposits of Aβ. These deposits damage neurons and cause neurodegeneration (progressive neuron death).
healthy vs Alzheimer's neuronsThe left side shows healthy neurons. The right side shows damaged neurons and Aβ deposits as seen in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Image modified from
Eventually, this widespread brain tissue damage leads to imbalances in the levels of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that neurons use to communicate. This imbalance is thought to cause the symptoms of AD, including problems with memory, thinking, or changes in behavior. Current treatments simply alter the amount of these neurotransmitters without doing anything to slow or prevent Aβ aggregation and neuron death. Therefore, research aimed at developing a drug that can interfere with Aβ accumulation is important for treating this disease.
Recent findings in lithium research holds hope for such a treatment. Although lithium is most widely used as a treatment for bipolar disorder, some preliminary research suggests that it might also be able to slow or prevent the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in humans if prescribed early enough. However, the results have been mixed and even sometimes contradictory. This is largely due to the fact that lithium’s actions in the brain are not understood, so figuring out how lithium might be helping AD patients is essential before it could be considered as a treatment. A recent paper published in Frontiers of Aging Neuroscience by the Partridge lab has begun to do just that by studying how lithium can reduce Aβ accumulation in a fruit fly model of Alzheimer’s disease.
The authors created a model for AD by introducing a mutated form of human Aβ protein known to cause AD in some families (called Arctic Aβ42) into adult fruit flies. Flies with the Arctic Aβ42 mutation displayed progressive neuron dysfunction and shortened lifespan, which mimicked the symptoms of AD in human patients. They had previously shown that lithium treatment was able to reduce the amount of Aβ (and thus also its toxic effects on neurons) in these flies. But how did it work? In this study, they treated these mutant flies with lithium again to answer this question.
What they found was surprising. Lithium didn’t just reduce the amount of Aβ protein in the brain, it reduced the amount of all proteins. It worked by suppressing the activity of the “translation machinery”, which refers to the system that actually assembles and produces proteins from the instructions in the genetic code. So lithium actually reduced the production of all proteins through a mechanism that wasn’t specific to Aβ.
What does this mean for the possibility of using lithium to treat Alzheimer’s disease? The fact that lithium’s effects are more general is actually pretty good news not just for AD, but for all research into the aging process. It is currently thought that normal aging is caused by the accumulation of damaged or mutated proteins that haven’t been cleaned up, and research aimed at increasing lifespan has focused on either improving the cell’s recycling processes or reducing protein production. In fact, lithium treatment has been shown to increase life expectancy in animal models, including fruit flies (and possibly even in humans!).
So if lithium can increase lifespan in animals without Alzheimer’s disease, can it reverse the lifespan reduction in the AD model flies? Yes! The authors found that lithium treatment also improved the life expectancy of their mutant flies compared to ones that did not get a lithium treatment. This result provides further hope that lithium could one day be used to actually slow the progression of AD and give patients more years of quality life.
The findings in this paper are not just promising for Alzheimer’s disease, but also for other aging-related diseases caused by abnormal accumulation of protein in the brain, such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Lithium also has the advantage of already being an approved drug for treating patients with bipolar disease, so some information on side-effects and dosages already exists. Of course, this doesn’t mean doctors should begin prescribing lithium for AD patients right away; the dosage requirements will likely be different and older adults may experience other side-effects. But research in this field has definitely leapt forward, and we may see a cure for aging-related diseases in our (extended?) lifetime.
• Sofola-Adesakin O., Jorge I. Castillo-Quan, Charalampos Rallis, Luke S. Tain, Ivana Bjedov, Iain Rogers, Li Li, Pedro Martinez, Mobina Khericha, Melissa Cabecinha, Jürg Bähler & Linda Partridge(2014). Lithium suppresses Aβ pathology by inhibiting translation in an adult Drosophila model of Alzheimer’s disease, Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6 DOI:
General References:
Breaking Research: A method by which invading bacteria avoid detection could also be our key to defeating them
Have you ever wondered how our body recognizes when it’s being invaded by harmful bacteria? Nearly all forms of life—from single-celled organisms all the way to humans—have an “innate” immune system, which has evolved to recognize cellular components shared by broad groups of pathogens. One such example is peptidoglycan, a molecule found on the cell walls of virtually all bacteria. Peptidoglycan forms a sort of “load-bearing mesh” required for the bacteria to maintain their shape and is therefore an essential part of their structure. As a result, our immune systems have evolved to recognize peptidoglycan as a danger signal and will trigger an immune response when it is detected.
But just as our innate immune system has evolved to recognize invaders bearing peptidoglycan, bacteria have also evolved to escape detection. In a recent paper published in eLife by the Filipe lab, researchers used fruit flies to study how some bacteria can remain undetected by its host. Understanding how bacteria avoid detection will help us develop new ways to defeat them by preventing them from evading our immune system. This could reduce the need for antibiotics, which is particularly important now that antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming painfully common (in 2014, the World Health Organization declared antibiotic resistance a major threat to public health).
Gram-negative and -positive bacteriaThe difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Image source
So how do bacteria with peptidoglycan conceal themselves from our immune system? Previous work has categorized bacteria into two groups based on the way they cover up their peptidoglycan mesh: Gram-negative bacteria, which have a full membrane surrounding the peptidoglycan molecules, and Gram-positive bacteria, which have the mesh directly outside the cell wall. Instead of a full membrane, Gram-positive bacteria have layers of molecules that stick out of the cell wall and block access to the peptidoglycan. Because of this, it has long been thought that the immune system can only detect peptidoglycan when fragments have been snipped off of the bacterial walls (when bacteria need to grow and divide, they must break down their mesh and then rebuild it).
But now, researchers have uncovered a new twist to this story. Recent findings have suggested that under certain conditions, the immune system can actually recognize peptidoglycan while it’s still a part of the bacterial cell wall. So the authors of this paper asked: Have bacteria evolved other methods to prevent this from happening?
To answer this question, they infected fruit flies with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a Gram-positive strain of bacteria related to MRSA. They observed how well the fruit fly hosts were able to defend against the invaders, and then mutated parts of the bacteria to determine how each manipulation affected the hosts’ ability to survive. The authors learned that S. aureus releases a molecule called Atl, which they found was responsible for trimming off pieces of peptidoglycan that stick up above the bacteria’s protective layer. When the bacteria couldn’t release Atl, the flies were much more likely to survive the infection because their immune system could more easily recognize the intruders and fight them off.
How can this help us humans? The mammalian innate immune system is similar to that of flies, and also recognizes peptidoglycan as a trigger for activating an immune response. Thus, if bacteria that infect humans use the same evasive maneuvers, it could be possible to develop a drug that targets and disables Atl and other peptidoglycan-snipping molecules. This would allow our immune systems to better recognize and fight back against bacterial infections and reduce the need for antibiotics.
The authors have already done some of the work toward this goal. To find out if strains of bacteria known to endanger humans use the same avoidance mechanism, they also infected flies with MRSA, a dangerous antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria often found in hospitals, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is a frequent cause of pneumonia in developed countries and a major cause of infant mortality in developing countries. That found that both of these bacteria use Atl to shave their surface and avoid recognition by the immune system. Future research may therefore lead to treatments that prevent these bacteria from going into hiding, allowing our immune system to hunt them down and do its job with ease.
• Atilano M.L., Filipa Vaz, Maria João Catalão, Patricia Reed, Inês Ramos Grilo, Rita Gonçalves Sobral, Petros Ligoxygakis, Mariana Gomes Pinho & Sérgio Raposo Filipe (2014). Bacterial autolysins trim cell surface peptidoglycan to prevent detection by the Drosophila innate immune system, eLife, 3 DOI:
The circadian clock in humans
Autophagy can be thought of as a cell's recycling mechanism
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Listing (finance)
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In corporate finance, a listing refers to the company's shares being on the list (or board) of stock that are officially traded on a stock exchange. Some stock exchanges allow shares of a foreign company to be listed and may allow dual listing, subject to conditions.
Normally the issuing company is the one that applies for a listing but in some countries[which?] an exchange can list a company, for instance because its stock is already being traded via informal channels.
Stocks whose market value and/or turnover fall below critical levels may be delisted by the exchange. Delisting often arises from a merger or takeover, or the company going private.
Listing requirements[edit]
Each stock exchange has its own listing requirements or rules. Initial listing requirements usually include supplying a history of a few years of financial statements (not required for "alternative" markets targeting young firms); a sufficient size of the amount being placed among the general public (the free float), both in absolute terms and as a percentage of the total outstanding stock; an approved prospectus, usually including opinions from independent assessors, and so on.
Examples of listing requirements[edit]
The listing requirements imposed by some stock exchanges include:
• Bombay Stock Exchange: Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) requires a minimum market capitalization of 250 million (US$3.5 million) and minimum public float equivalent to 100 million (US$1.4 million).[3]
Delisting refers to the practice of removing the stock of a company from a stock exchange so that investors can no longer trade shares of the stock on that exchange. This typically occurs when a company goes out of business, declares bankruptcy, no longer satisfies the listing rules of the stock exchange, or has become a private company after a merger or acquisition, or wants to reduce regulatory reporting complexities and overhead, or if the stock volumes on the exchange from which it wishes to delist are not significant. Delisting does not necessarily mean a change in company's core strategy.[4]
1. ^
2. ^ "Applications, Notifications & Guides - Nasdaq Listing Center".
4. ^ Allianz to delist from NYSE and European Exchanges
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Home Articles Risks of Investing in Stocks
Risks of Investing in Stocks Research Team | Updated On Monday, November 19,2018, 11:30 AM
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Risks of Investing in Stocks
Everybody loves the stock market. Great returns in no time. You invest INR 5,000 in stocks. What do you expect? You would settle for nothing less than INR 10,000 a couple of months later. All you care about are massive returns from the stock market. Doubling returns…Tripling returns…All this in no time at all.
But have you thought about the risks involved in an investment in stocks? Risk in a stock market means you could suffer massive losses if certain events do not go your way.
Risk comes from not knowing what you're doing.” - Warren Buffett
Market Risk
Certain factors beyond your control may affect the Indian or the World economy. This could lead to a crash in stock prices. Generally when the economy crashes, stock prices also crash.
Think…The Lehmann Collapse in 2008. A crash no one could have predicted.
Your stock portfolio will be in huge losses. You need to consider the unforeseen when you invest in stocks.
Investment by Foreign Institutional Investors
Yes… Foreign Institutional Investors (FII’s), invest heavily in the Indian stock markets. In fact they are the largest investors in the Indian stock markets.
FII’s are quick to invest in the stock markets and also quick to exit from them. When they invest heavily in the Indian stock markets, stock prices rise. Yes… Foreign Institutional Investors artificially inflate stock prices. You gain massive profits.
However FII’s can be fickle minded. Just as they have the power to inflate the stock markets, they have the power to deflate the stock markets.
If FII’s have better opportunities back in their home countries, they will exit Indian stock markets and shift their money back home.
Stock prices will fall and you will suffer massive losses.
See Also: Stock Exchanges In India
Inflation and Stocks
The rise in prices of goods and services with time, is called inflation. If inflation is high in the economy, the Government takes measures to bring inflation under control.
This is usually done by hiking interest rates in the economy. Investors shift their money from stocks to debt (fixed income), hoping to profit from higher interest rates. This causes stock prices to fall.
Consequently if inflation falls drastically, there is an interest rate cut in the economy. This would cause interest rate sensitive stocks such as automobiles, infrastructure and even banking and housing finance stock prices to rise.
Football Teaches Valuable Investment Lessons
You must have played a lot of football in your younger days. Now you spend time watching football on TV. Which club do you support? Is it Liverpool or Arsenal?
To win a football match, your team has to put the ball into the opposition’s net and score more goals than the opposition.
To win a football game, your team needs to have a strong defense (set of defenders and a good goal keeper), as well as a strong set of attackers (players who score goals called strikers).
The job of the defenders is to make sure; the opposition does not score a goal against your team. A good set of defenders and the goal keeper, makes sure that no goals go into your net.
Your strikers score goals and help your team win the match. If your team scores more goals than the opposite team, your team wins the match.
Just as in investing, football carries risk. The risk is that the opposition, could score a goal and you fall behind in the match. Your team could also score a goal and win the match. This is similar to return in an investment.
Offensive and Defensive Stocks
You must have heard the word “stock portfolio”. This is investing in stocks of different Companies to give you diversification benefits.
When prices of certain stocks you hold in your portfolio fall, prices of other stocks in the portfolio might rise. This has a balancing effect on your portfolio called diversification.
Just as football has attackers and defenders, your stock portfolio must have offensive and defensive stocks.
Stocks of IT firms, FMCG and Pharmaceutical Companies are generally called defensive stocks. Their prices tend to rise when the stock markets crash, or at least do not lose much value.
These stocks are very handy to have in a bear market. They are similar to the defenders and the goal keeper of a football team, who just do not allow the opposition to score.
Stocks of automobile Companies, Infrastructure and cement are called offensive stocks. Their prices rise rapidly in a booming market. In a bull market these are the stocks to have.
They are similar to the attackers of a football team, who score goals and win the match.
Your stock portfolio must have both offensive and defensive stocks. This means you gain both in a bull or a bear market.
Remember: Stock market may give you a great return, but also carries great risks. So invest smartly in stocks and make a profit.
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Hutcheon, Jr. Wallace S.
Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1st.ed., 1981. Xii + 191 pp., many ills. D.j., 23 x 16cm. FINE. Robert Fulton is best remembered for his steamboats but less-known as a pioneer in naval warfare and the development of the submarine, the mine, and the first steam warship. This is the first study to focus on Fulton's contribution to naval development. Born into a poor farming family, he began life as a painter and went to London to become a prot'g' of Benjamin West. In the course of time his interest shifted from art to engineering and he was fascinated by canal development in Europe and moved to Paris to take part in such a project. There he began working on a submarine and conceived and tested his NAUTILUS ; experimented with mines ; and devised a scheme to use steamboats to ferry Napoleon's invasion army across the English Channel. The French rejected his inventions and so he returned to England with his ideas. Here he concentrated on mine warfare and gained success when two experimental minelaying raids against the French fleet destroying a large vessel. In 1806 Fulton returned to America where he developed the moored mine for harbour defence and worked on a large semi-submarine called MUTE. The author describes Fulton's remarkable career. THE LIFE & WORKS IN NAVAL WARFARE OF ROBERT FULTON.
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Coughing is a reflex action of the throat to rid itself of any built up mucus or phlegm.
Coughing is not a disease, however it may indicate respiratory problems. Although coughs have many different patterns, they may be categorised according to two characteristics – duration and productivity
Duration refers to how long a person coughs. A cough can come and go quickly, (such as when you have something stuck in your throat), it can last for several days (for example when you have a cold), or it can be persistent and chronic (for example chronic bronchitis).
A productive cough is one that produces mucus or phlegm, whilst a non-productive cough is a dry cough, sometimes referred to as “hacking”.
A cough is a physical response to an obstruction of the windpipe or breathing passages, regardless of the cause of the obstruction.
The most common causes are colds, flu, and sinusitis, but coughing can also be triggered by the inhalation of dust, fumes, cigarette smoke, or small objects such as pieces of food.
If coughing persists over a long period of time, it can cause further irritation to the airways.
Many of the chronic respiratory diseases caused by smoking and industrial pollution (such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asbestosis) are characterised by deep coughing with thick mucus that is difficult to expel. Any persistent cough may be a symptom of an underlying illness – discuss your symptoms with your healthcare professional.
Natural Therapies
Vitamin C reduces the severity and duration of colds and flu
Herbal cough mixtures containing herbs such as Licorice Echinacea, Marshmallow, Thyme and Cayene help to clear mucus from the lungs and to relieve spasmodic, non-productive coughing
Herbs Echinacea and Garlic have been traditionally used for colds and flu and their associated symptoms such as sore throat and coughs
Lifestyle Factors
Drinking lots of liquids will help to loosen up the mucus and make coughing it up much easier. Warm liquids (such as herbal teas) or filtered water are best for this purpose.
Avoid dairy products, as they increase the body’s tendency to form mucus.
Fresh fruit and vegetable juices may help speed recovery, as they are concentrated sources of nutrients.
The use of a mentholated chest rub will help to relieve cough and clear sinuses. A humidifier is also helpful for keeping the mucous membranes of the nose, throat and lungs moisturised.
If you smoke, stop smoking – it causes the build-up of toxic material in the lungs. Always wear protective masks when exposed to fumes or sources of industrial pollution. Keep your immune system strong by taking preventative doses of Echinacea or Cod Liver Oil and vitamin C.
Important Notes
Consult your healthcare professional if
Your cough lasts for more than 7 to 10 days
Your mucus is yellow, green, pink, or rust-coloured.
Your cough is severe and long-lasting, and accompanied by shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pains or tightness, a temperature, headache, back and leg aches, fatigue, rashes, or weight loss.
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Youm-e-Takbeer: The day of greatness
On May 28, 1998, Pakistan successfully tested five nuclear devices as a direct response to a series of nuclear test explosions by India. This day is celebrated annually in Pakistan as Youm-e-Takbeer, which means the day of greatness, and as the National Science Day, to celebrate Pakistan’s scientific achievements.
The importance of Youm-e-Takbeer
To better appreciate the significance of Youm-e-Takbeer, we have to understand how and why Pakistan was compelled to develop a nuclear weapons program in the first place.
Yes, India’s explosion of the nuclear bomb in 1974, and subsequent explosions of 1998 were the most critical factors. But the loss of East Pakistan, the continued Indian intransigence, and its creeping occupation of territory in Kashmir created an environment of fear and insecurity for Pakistan, which forced them to develop a nuclear weapons program to discourage further Indian belligerence.
The purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of the history of the conflicts between India and Pakistan that led to the nuclearization of Pakistan.
The Jammu and Kashmir Dispute
During Kashmir’s 1946 general elections, the Muslim Conference, which was in favor of Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s vision for a separate independent Muslim state, was voted into power.
The British accepted the demand of Muslims for an independent state in June 1947. The new nation would be made up of Muslim majority areas, which included Kashmir. The Hindu Congress Party, and the Muslim League accepted the plan.
Less than a year after their independence, India and Pakistan fought their first war over Kashmir. The war ended in the United Nations, where a resolution was passed demanding that Kashmiris be given a vote to determine their future, which India refused to implement.
On September 6, 1965 Indian troops crossed the international border into Pakistan. The battle for Kashmir had turned into a full-scale war with India attempting to take control of Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city at the time. Despite having the larger army, India could not defeat Pakistan, and the war officially ended in stalemate.
“Pakistan will fight, fight for a thousand years…”
In February 1964, Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto addressed the UN Security Council and warned them that if India developed a nuclear bomb, Pakistan would also develop it.
In 1972, having received credible intelligence that India was pursuing a nuclear weapons program, Bhutto is reportedly to have said, “Pakistan will fight, fight for a thousand years. If India builds the bomb… we will eat grass, even go hungry, but we will get one of our own… We will have no other Choice!”
In his book, The Myth of Independence, Bhutto stated that it was necessary for Pakistan to acquire the fission weapon, to deter a nuclear-armed India.
After the 1948 and 1965 experiences, Pakistanis feared that it would not be long before India launched another attack in an attempt to disintegrate Pakistan. Their fears were realized in November 1971, when the Indian army, taking advantage of a political conflict between East and West Pakistan, attacked East Pakistan. Although India failed to destroy Pakistan completely, it did succeed at splitting the nation in half. East Pakistan was lost to Indian interference in a sovereign country on December 16, 1971.
Smiling Buddha (Pokhran-I)
On May 18, 1974, India tested their first nuclear bomb in an operation code named “Smiling Buddha,”or Pokhran-I.
India’s global power ambition created a security dilemma for Pakistan.
Pokhran-I forced then Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to inform the world that “Pakistan was exposed to a kind of ‘nuclear threat and blackmail’ unparalleled elsewhere (…) If the world’s community failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other countries against the nuclear blackmail, these countries would be constraint to launch atomic bomb programs of their own! (…) Assurances provided by the United Nations were not ‘Enough!'”
Pakistan learned a difficult lesson from the loss of East Pakistan; that it could not rely on the international community for support if confronted by an Indian nuclear threat. Unwilling to be blackmailed, Bhutto made it his mission to develop a nuclear weapon for the sole purpose of deterring India’s nuclear aggression.
May 11, 1998, Operation Shakti (Pokhran-II)
On May 11, 1998 India tested five nuclear bombs. These tests were conducted at a time when conflict in Kashmir was once again escalating.
Recently speaking to students at National Defense University, General Rashid Qureshi, then a Brigade Commander in Kashmir, recalled that Indian troops fired day and night across the Line of Control (LoC) after exploding the nuclear bomb.
There was an environment of insecurity all over Pakistan. This insecurity grew on May 26, 1998, with further clashes. The fear in Pakistan was that India had demonstrated their nuclear capability, what would now stop them from blackmailing or bullying Pakistan in an attempt to take control of Kashmir? And what guarantee would Pakistan have that India would stop at Kashmir?
May 28, 1998, Chaghai-I
The Indian explosions forced Pakistan to make a tough decision. Do not respond to India’s tests and thereby risk Indian aggression and the possibility of a military confrontation, or respond and deter any belligerent designs towards Pakistan?
On May 28, 1998, despite a tremendous amount of international pressure, Pakistan tested its nuclear devices as a direct response to Indian action.
According to General Qureshi, after Pakistan’s response, there was an eerie silence in the whole of Kashmir, with not a single shot fired across the LoC.
Youm-e-Takbeer, also known as the National Science Day, is celebrated because on this day, Pakistan successfully demonstrated their scientific capability, and brought stability to the region by deterring the threat of India’s nuclear bomb.
By testing the bomb Pakistan made full-scale war with India redundant.
Although India did amass more than 500,000 troops to Pakistan’s Eastern border during Operation Parakram in 2001, the Indian dream of capturing any part of Pakistan including Kashmir, by force, is now dead.
Pakistan’s scientific achievements continue to keep India at bay, promoting peace and stability. Pakistan’s most recent development of the Nasr short-range nuclear capable missile is an example of just that.
It is widely believed that India devised the Cold Start Doctrine,with the purpose of engaging in a limited war. The Indian thinking behind the limited war doctrine was that although Pakistan has been able to deter them at the nuclear level they still had space at the conventional level. Pakistan quickly plugged this gap by developing Nasr, “pour[ing] cold water” on Cold Start.
Image: Leon Neal, Getty
Posted in , History, India, India-Pakistan Relations, Nuclear, Nuclear Weapons, Pakistan
Muhammad Umar
Muhammad Umar
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6 thoughts on “Youm-e-Takbeer: The day of greatness
1. Alhamdulillah! We, the Pakistanis, faced the world-challenges bravely and became an atomic power.
2. Very sad to see any country take pride in the development of nuclear weapons be it Pakistan, India or any other. To claim it as scientific achievement reflects a mindset that sees science not as a tool of human progress and development but destruction. If we are to extend this logic Germany, japan and other countries at the cutting edge of science and technology are pygmies in terms of scientific progress. No one seems to read history or learn any lesson from the collapse of the once mighty Soviet Union which went under as its economy could not sustain the weight of its military ambitions. Will history repeat itself, one wonders.
3. Daruwala, it is a point of pride when a country that has already been broken into two by an adversary five times its size is able to deter it from further aggression. And if you look at what is happening today from a historical perspective, India is behaving very much like the Soviet Union, definitely as ambitious as the Soviets were during the late 60s and early 70s. India has made their extra-regional ambitions very clear, they are expanding their sea-based capabilities at an alarming rate, now patrolling in the East and South China Sea–hoping to expand further into the Arabian sea via the Chabahar port. Not to mention the growing range of their ICBMs (the Agni-V can reach parts of North America). If they stay on this path and try to grow too big too fast they might also end up collapsing like the Soviets. PM Modi has already announced increasing the defense budget, I wonder how soon before India is spending 12-15 percent of their GDP on defense. It took the soviets nearly two decades to get to that point. Like you said, “will history repeat itself, one wonders.”
4. Dear Umar, you lost the plot somewhere and went off on a tangent. Nuclear Weapons are no guarantee against State failure, was the crux of my argument. The biggest threat to Pakistan comes from its home grown terrorists who cannot be defeated with nuclear weapons.
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What is a Beacon?
Bluetooth is what your phone uses to make a two-way connection with your speaker or your car. The two way connection uses a lot of energy to ensure that it stays connected. This is great for transferring music and media but bad for battery. This is what inspired the creation of Bluetooth Low Energy, (BLE), to use less energy yet still transmit and receive meaningful information. BLE allows for way one transmitters (Beacons) and one way receivers (phones, Edge relays, etc.).
Beacons are devices that use the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol to repeatedly send short transmissions, called advertisements, to mobile phones and other devices. Advertisements can contain identifier and/or sensor data and the brevity of these advertisements allows for battery operated use lasting several years.
Broadly, you can use Beacons for two main things:
1. Asset and People tracking
2. Marketing or Retail
What can I do with Beacons?
Beacons are fairly simple devices that repeatedly broadcast their IDs. It is up to a phone, Edge Relay, or some other type of receiving device to add meaning to that broadcast. All mobile phones need an application. If you want to advertise notifications to people’s phones, take a look at our Nearby Notification page here.
In their simplest form, beacons can be used to pinpoint your location. At their most complex, beacons can transmit and receive data from sensors and other beacons. Beacons enable (but are not limited to) the following use cases:
Beacons are essentially broadcasters of data. This data can be static, such as an identifier, public or obfuscated, or data from sensors or devices such as order ID.
Which Beacons should I use?
All of our Beacons’ settings like transmission speed and power level are configurable. It should be noted that similar to WiFi, Bluetooth signal can get blocked by cement, metal, water, and even people!
Coin and AA Beacons
Our two most popular beacons are the Coin and the AA Beacons. The Coin Beacons and the AA Beacons are functionally the same units (they have same internal module). They will both get around 100 meters. The main differences are form factor and battery life.
USB Beacon
Our USB Beacon is a great alternative if you have a power source. The Beacon has a distance of 20-40 meters.
What is the battery life of BlueCats Beacons?
The battery lifetime of BlueCats’ beacons greatly depends on advertisement settings and type of battery used. Our Coin Beacons will last anywhere between 3 months, while the AA Beacons will last around 2 years. If you are going to leave the Beacons in one spot, we recommend the AA Beacon for less battery maintenance.
What is the maximum range of your beacons?
The maximum range of our beacons without any impediment or reflection to effect range is:
How much do BlueCats Beacons cost?
You can purchase BlueCats beacons in our online store. Here are the details on volume pricing for our USB Beacons, AA Beacons, and Coin Beacons:
Beacons 0-99 100-499 500-999
AA Beacon (313) $30.00 $28.10 $26.23
Coin Beacon (413) $15.00 $14.02 $13.05
USB Beacon (202) $25.00 $23.16 $21.75
What are the technical specifications of BlueCats beacons?
We have technical spec sheets for each of our beacons and our module:
AA Beacon Spec Sheet
Coin Beacon Spec Sheet
USB Beacon Spec Sheet
BC010 Module Spec Sheet
What is a claim code?
Claim codes are used to create accounts for new beacons or move new beacons into existing accounts. Claim codes are printed on insert cards included with your order.
How do I set up my BlueCats beacons?
To get started with your BlueCats beacons, watch our “Getting started with your Beacons” video. You can also read through our “Getting Started” guide.
How do I update settings for BlueCats beacons?
To learn how to update settings for your BlueCats beacons, watch our video about setting updates.
How do I advertise with Beacons?
Based on recent changes by both Apple and Google, you can no longer advertise with beacons without having your own custom app. You can still use BlueCats beacons if you have an app and incorporate BlueCats’ SDK.
What can cause interference to BlueCats Beacons?
There are several things that can affect the signal strength and interfere with beacons. These can include beacon mounting surface, obstructions in the environment such as metal, water (this includes our bodies), and other BLE signals.
As a general rule, you want to calibrate a beacon to its environment with the appropriate settings. This includes alterations in Target Speed and Loudness. Additionally, we recommend that Beacons not intended for NFC like use be placed high enough to avoid interference from physical obstacles.
Do beacons interfere with WiFi?
Worried about interference with other Bluetooth and WiFi reliant devices? Don’t be.
Whilst our beacons broadcast Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertisements using the same 2.4GHz spectrum range as traditional Bluetooth and WiFi, using BLE will not interfere with any devices that use these signals.
Why? BLE is broadcast in a different way to traditional Bluetooth, using both different modulation and channels within the 2.4GHz spectrum (2403 MHz to 2480 MHz). This means that BLE and traditional Bluetooth are incompatible and prevents cross communication of devices. If your device is designed to connect over Bluetooth, it will not be impacted by BLE broadcasts and vice versa. Devices scanning for BLE (such as smartphones) only listen to the specific BLE channels of the spectrum.
Is there a way to export the list of beacons with their configurations?
In order to pull down the configurations of Beacons, use our Device Management API to pull down all of the Beacon information. For information about our API, visit https://bluecats.github.io/documentation/dman/BlueCats-API
How do I troubleshoot my beacons?
Having an issue with your beacons? Start your troubleshooting with our video about how to troubleshoot your beacons. You can also visit our Troubleshooting guide.
Coin Beacon Battery removal
Having trouble removing your Coin Cell Beacon battery? Check out our video on how to replace the battery in your coin cell beacons.
Are Bluecats Beacons compatible with Eddystone?
Yes our beacons are compatible with Eddystone and iBeacon. Eddystone compatible firmware is available by request.
What is the Edge Relay?
The BlueCats Edge Relay is a powerful device that is a Bluetooth Scanner that can send raw, filtered, or intelligently processed BLE scan data and events to whatever MQTT, HTTP, and UDP endpoint that you desire.
You can supply power to the Edge Relay via Power over Ethernet (PoE) or micro-USB. It can attach to Local Networks and the Internet via dual Ethernet ports or as a WiFi Client, and can additionally act as a WiFi Access Point
For more information and getting started visit here:
Edge Relay Guide
How do I purchase Edge Relays?
You can contact us to purchase Edge Relays.
How much do Edge Relays cost?
Device 1-49 50-99 100-249
Edge Relay $225.00 $205.00 $195.00
How do I set up an Edge Relay?
How do I update the firmware on my Edge Relays?
Here is our guide on updating the Edge’s firmware
Device Management
What does the BlueCats Dashboard look like?
Getting started with our BlueCats beacons? Check out our video about the BlueCats dashboard.
What is BlueCats Reveal?
BlueCats (BC) Reveal is the BlueCats beacon management app. Reveal has been developed to assist in the deployment and management of BlueCats beacons. Reveal is much like a version of the web app on your phone, but unlike the web app Reveal has access to the BLE capabilities of your device. Role capabilities from the web app have been preserved to allow for ease of management and delegation. You can connect to beacons to update beacon advertising behavior or values or update beacons with changes saved from the web app that haven’t been applied to the beacon. BC Reveal can also upgrade the firmware on OTA compatible BlueCats beacons.
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city, Brazil
Aracati, city, northeastern Ceará estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies at the mouth of the Jaguaribe River, about 12 miles (19 km) from the Atlantic Ocean. It was founded in 1747. The city exports cotton, carnauba wax, and salt. Manufactures include textiles and rubber products. There are saltworks in the vicinity. Pop. (2010) 69,167.
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What is Liberal? What is Conservative?
What is Liberal? What is Conservative?
What is liberal?
The word liberal comes from a 14th century word meaning "generous, selfless, magnanimous, admirable, willing, zealous, munificent, or gracious." From the 12th century, it also has a slight negative connotation: "extravagant, unrestrained." Also, "of freedom, pertaining to or befitting a free person" and "free, unrestricted, unimpeded; unbridled, unchecked, licentious."A liberal is someone who sees social injustice and asks themselves, "What can I do to solve this problem as quickly as possible, whatever means necessary?" When a liberal sees suffering, poverty, sickness and disease, malnutrition, or any other combination of wicked problems, they are motivated to develop solutions. This is why liberals dominate the field of social innovation or social entrepreneurship, the industry of solving world problems. These liberals love what they do and their whole heart is in the work because it is deeply connected to their compassion and desire to serve and lift others.
Conservatives would be surprised to learn that the word liberal comes from a word suggesting "freedom, pertaining to or befitting a free person," and "tending in favor of freedom and democracy." This essentially means that liberals want to free a person from the chains of poverty, abuse, injustice, or other debilitating conditions, and that they are willing to give of themselves freely to make this happen. Liberals are willing to give the shirts off their backs to help those in need. They make change happen. Jesus Christ was the perfect example of a true liberal.
However, the most extreme liberals are actually willing to cause social injustice to solve what they consider to be a greater social injustice, and this is what has conservatives scared. These radicals give liberals a bad name and cause conservatives to retaliate violently against this new and direct assault on justice.
Here is the danger in "unbridled" or "unchecked" liberalism: emotionalism without direction is a threat to freedom. Ideas that seem like good, sound solutions may actually make problems much worse.
What is conservative?
The term conservative comes from a 14th century word meaning "tending to preserve or protect, preservative, having the power to keep whole or safe," and "to keep, preserve, keep intact, guard," as well as "keep watch, maintain." Additionally, conservative meant "disposed to retain and maintain what is established, opposed to innovation and change."
When confronted with a proposed solution to a problem, a conservative is someone who asks themselves the questions, "What is this going to do to our rights and our resources? Can we afford this in the long run? Would this ‘solution’ actually create more periphery problems as we try to solve this single problem? Is this the right way to solve the problem, or is there a better way of doing this? Do we trust the people who are initiating this proposed solution, or do they have ulterior motives?" The questions go on and on.
Conservatives experience paralysis by analysis. They are often so afraid of "breaking" things further that they would rather deal with a broken system than rally together to make a change and risk making things worse. Conservatives have a serious trust issue. This is why conservatives will disunite over the smallest difference while liberals unite over the slightest similarity.
I know conservatives who recognize problems with the current system but are so afraid of change that they resist any efforts to pass amendments to restore checks and balances. They preach that the original Constitution was inspired by God but resist all efforts to restore it to it’s original strength.
The most radical or extreme case of conservatism may be Ebenezer Scrooge who, when confronted with the proposition that people would rather die than go to the Union workhouses, heartlessly said, "If they would rather die, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population.” A 100% conservative is insensitive, unconcerned for others, harsh, cruel, and exclusively concerned about retaining resources. I sure hope this does not describe any of us.
One reason conservatives are slow to promote change is because they don’t necessarily consider all change truly progressive, good, or beneficial. They do want to promote good change but struggle identifying truly innovative solutions that they believe would produce the desired impact.
Comparing the Two
I believe true liberals are always the first to serve and sacrifice for others, including those they don’t know. If you are a conservative who considers yourself quick to serve, then I submit you are much more liberal than you have previously thought. If you are a liberal who considers yourself someone who acts with wisdom and foresight and avoids making problems worse by really considering the long-term effects of proposed changes, then I submit you are much more conservative than you have previously thought.
Using these definitions of conservatives and liberals, while I generally agree with conservative values and policies, I would not be surprised if there are "more liberals in heaven," because I believe that God really cares about whether we have loved and served one another and whether we have actually put action behind our words and our intentions to do good. I believe conservatives have many of the right ideas but are too dang complacent and don’t put their hands where their mouths are.
A liberal, who is motivated by compassion, is more likely to say, "Will you just listen and try to consider what it must be like for [people who are suffering]? When will you stop and feel some compassion for [people who are suffering]? If you really cared, you really would listen more." A conservative might act like the dispassionate husband who with a stubborn, matter-of-fact attitude said, "It IS about the nail!"
I am convinced that the liberals’ Achilles heel is that they almost place too much trust in the nature of man. A true liberal is so full of love that it almost seems beyond their capacity to believe that someone could exercise power in such awful and wicked ways. Conservatives, always mindful of past experience, believe that "it is the nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little authority, as they suppose, they will immediately begin to exercise unrighteous dominion" (D&C 121:39) and they instinctively resist trends towards giving anybody more power, particularly the government.
Liberals are "free from prejudice in favor of traditional opinions and established institutions," which makes conservatives defensive and nervous. Conservatives are of the opinion that "If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it." While liberals want to progress towards "bigger and better" solutions, conservatives believe attempts to "improve" the system are attempts to reinvent the wheel and have only moved us away from the best system for solving problems.
When we talk about what is liberal or conservative, we should first consider what that means about our nature before we have specific policies come to mind. For example, if you believe with me that we need to heal the Constitution by restoring vertical and horizontal checks and balances and the balance of powers, then you are, in one sense, a liberal because you see a problem and you want to work towards making a change. If you see problems in the current system but are afraid or slow to make any changes, then you are taking a conservative position, at least in that circumstance. Here is a quote to illustrate this point:
Strictly speaking, conservatism is not a political system, but rather a way of looking at the civil order. The conservative of Peru … will differ greatly from those of Australia, for though they may share a preference for things established, the institutions and customs which they desire to preserve are not identical. [Russell Kirk (1918-1994)]
So a person living in Jordan who is passionately working to establish a constitutional republic patterned after the original American system would be considered a liberal, since conservatives would be working to preserve the royal kingdom. A liberal in Jordan and a conservative in the USA could essentially be promoting the exact same policies. This demonstrates that "liberal" and "conservative" are relative terms that mean different things when considering different locations and periods of time.
If we don’t understand what a true, or classical, liberal is, conservatives are inclined to think that liberals are the real political enemy, and vice versa. Perhaps some of the greatest enemies of freedom happen to be liberal, but being liberal doesn’t inherently make a person an enemy of freedom. In fact, I am convinced that some of the worst people in the world live in the United States and call themselves Republicans. In the truest sense of the word, liberals actually want to promote freedom, possibly even more than conservatives who want to maintain the status quo and are slow to act to bring about positive change.
I believe the greatest enemy to freedom is the uninformed person on either side of the political spectrum who acts based on emotionalism, unwilling to listen, learn from, love, or consider the things others have to say.
In the 5,000 Year Leap, W. Cleon Skousen taught that the founders believed America would survive as long as conservatives and liberals balanced one another. He uses the three-headed eagle to demonstrate their relationship. The left wing represented liberals and the right wing represented conservatives. In order for the eagle to soar, both wings must be strong. If either wing became either dominant or weak, the nation would suffer and potentially fall.
So what does this analogy look like in real life? Since the founders intended for only the Legislative Branch to create legislation, or laws, they designed Congress to incorporate both energy and wisdom.
The founders of the Constitution designed the House of Representatives to be liberal. There are provisions in the Constitution that specifically ensure that the House remains liberal, regardless of what party "controls" (can we start saying "leads"?) the House. Representatives are to be elected directly through the democracy of the people for a term of 2 years. There are more representatives than Senators and they are designed to represent the people and the issues that the people care about at a given time. They are closer to the people and more sensitive to the passion and emotions of the people, by design. Since they only serve for 2 years, they are under a lot of pressure to make things happen quickly, and hence, the liberal nature of the House of Representatives.
The Senate was designed to be conservative. "George Washington is said to have told Jefferson that the framers had created the Senate to ‘cool’ House legislation just as a saucer was used to cool hot tea" according to senate.gov. Senators were originally elected, or hired, by the state legislatures to represent them in Congress. The people who elect the Representatives in the House want change to happen quickly, but that energy is liable to be reckless. So the Senate was designed to bring wisdom and foresight into the equation. They are elected for a term of 6 years and are supposed to be less concerned about making change happen quickly. Rather, they temper the emotionalism of the House. They are to be the primary protectors of state’s rights. The states hired them to represent them in Congress to make sure the people don’t give away states rights to the federal government as they attempt to solve problems. This balance has been obliterated by the 17th Amendment.
To save this nation, conservatives must learn to appreciate the compassion and energy that true liberals have, for that is their greatest talent, and liberals must learn to value the wisdom and foresight of informed conservatives. Healing America won’t be done exclusively be either side of the spectrum. It will take a coalition of conservatives willing to support and work with and benefit from the energy and motivation of liberals, and liberals who are willing to listen to and honestly consider the perspectives and lessons learned by conservatives.
Where do you stand?
I hope that each of you reading this post recognize that although you will certainly lean one direction and resonate more with one side than the other, you are likely much more liberal or conservative than you previously thought. I consider myself a classical liberal, or a liberal conservative, in the sense that I’m willing and motivated to work to make change happen, but I want my energy and emotion to be guided by conservative judgement, wisdom, and foresight.
I believe the insanely massive problems facing America today can only be solved as we learn from one another and work together to promote measures that solve huge problems in sustainable ways while protecting rights and resources.
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Great post! BTW I’m also a classical liberal 😉
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Movement to expand kosher to include moral standards stirs controversy
DETROIT - To many Jews, keeping kosher has been simply about rituals commanded by God -- you avoid pork and shellfish, don't mix meat and dairy and only eat animals slaughtered according to Judaic law. But within the Jewish community, some are asking whether moral standards -- such as decent wages and safety for workers, environmental protection and corporate transparency -- should be part of the definition, too."It's a way to think about the food that ends up on your plate," said Rabbi Steven Rubenstein, of Congregation Beth Ahm in West Bloomfield, Mich. "Who produced it? How is the worker treated? How is the animal treated? What happens to the soil?" The new movement has drawn criticism from some in the Orthodox community, who say the reformers are improperly mixing Jewish law with modern social movements. But a range of leaders say the new effort is rooted in the original intent of kashruth, Jewish dietary law.
Literally meaning fit, or what is proper, according to Jewish law, the term kosher is most often used to describe food and drink. There are variations in what adheres to kashrut, or Jewish dietary laws.
Kosher for Passover:
During the eight days of Passover, there are extra restrictions for keeping kosher, most notably not eating leavened products and not eating certain grains mixed with water, known as chametz. Some Jews thoroughly clean their homes of chametz before Passover and use separate dishes.
Orthodox Union:
One of the oldest Orthodox Jewish organizations in the United States. It supervises kosher food production. Products that meet its standards are marked with the letter U with a circle around it.
Based in Maryland, it has strict kosher rules for milk production. Its symbol is the letter K inside a star.
This refers to foods that don't contain dairy products. Often the word appears on packages. Often, the letters D and M indicate a package contains kosher dairy or meat.
Meaning smooth. It refers to meat of animals with smooth and unblemished lungs.
Magen Tzedek:
Designed as an emanating Star of David, it is the new symbol of the Hekhsher Tzedek movement. Later this year, the group will start to certify food products made in an ethical manner.
Discussions about what is kosher are taking place inside homes as Jews prepare for the eight-day Passover holiday that starts at sundown Wednesday. It's a time when kosher rules often are observed with greater rigor over religious dinners that bring together family and friends. Rubenstein supports Hekhsher Tzedek, the kosher justice certification. It started after Morris Allen, a Conservative rabbi in Minnesota, read in the Forward, a Jewish newspaper, about poor working conditions inside the largest kosher plant in the United States. Hekhsher Tzedek calls for placing a new symbol on food products that are produced in accordance with certain moral standards. "Being kosher can't just be about a narrow, ritual definition," Allen said. Shlomo Goldman, owner of One Stop Kosher Market in Southfield, Mich., says a growing number of non-Jewish people looking for gluten-free products are shopping at his store. It removes all leavened foods and adds kosher-for-Passover products each year in preparation for the holiday. Orthodox rabbis are largely in charge of supervising what is kosher, and some see Hekhsher Tzedek as an attempt to infringe on their territory. Rabbi Michael Cohen of Young Israel of Oak Park, Mich., an Orthodox synagogue, said that adhering to ethical standards is important. But he says that is already covered under state and federal laws -- which the Torah commands Jews to follow in any nation they live in. "There are already enough restrictions to make sure we abide by the law, which we should do," Cohen said. Deanna Sperka of Oak Park, whose grandchildren are in town to celebrate Passover, is Orthodox. She doesn't think Hekhsher Tzedek production standards should be part of Jewish dietary law but she would consider buying products that carry that new certification. "I don't look at that as a kosher issue," she said. "It's a social issue. ... If you're socially conscious, then by all means, that's great. But I don't see that as having anything to do with kashruth, or the kosher issues." Others argue Hekhsher Tzedek is part of Jewish tradition and the latest step in ethical consumption. As Krakoff puts it: "It takes kosher to the next level." |
Astrophysics (index)about
light echo
(reflected light from an astronomical event arriving later)
A light echo is reflected light from an astronomical event that, due to its longer path, arrives measurably later than electromagnetic radiation directly from the event. An example is the reflection of a supernova's light on a cloud of dust. Depending upon the distance and angles between the EMR source and the reflecting entity, the delay can be any amount of time from seconds to years or more.
If the reflecting entity is in front of but slightly to the side of the source, i.e., a "glancing" reflection, the view from Earth can give the appearance of superluminal motion.
I believe the term light echo is generally used for transients. Reflection nebulae show reflected light but not necessarily showing discernible variation.
(visible light,transient type) |
Posts By: jhgood
Asteroids are distinguished as small solar system bodies that orbit a sun. Specifically, we consider small planetoids that orbit around our sun to the distance of Jupiter to be asteroids. Asteroids are usually rocky or metallic. Their composition varies greatly from one asteroid to the next. Due to their orbit in the solar system many… Read Article →
It was an asteroid 65 million years ago that hit the Earth in Russia and set up a plume of smoke that enveloped the earth. This caused years of wintry conditions. It was this episode that caused the demise of the dinosaurs and the ascendency of birds and mammals. We thus owe our evolutionary position… Read Article →
My colleagues and I do a lot of sitting around late at night, drinking coffee and chatting. We have to wait for the telescope to move into position. We input data on the computer and then we wait for the computer to do its calculations and give us a read out. All these operations take… Read Article →
Here is an explanation of the Torino Impact Hazard Scale. This is the internationally recognized scale for talking about the risks posed by asteroids and comets hitting the earth, or coming close enough to the Earth to cause damage. This is a danger that is not simply confined to sci-fi movies and novels. It is… Read Article →
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