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How Much Energy Does a Fan Use?
There’s nothing like sitting in front of the gentle breeze of a fan on a hot day. Fans help circulate air through the home while providing a comforting gust of wind that makes hot summer days bearable. They can also provide a soothing white noise when sleeping, drowning out the sounds of traffic and neighbors all year long. But how much energy does a fan use when we’re sleeping, or cooling off? Is it too much on our energy bills? There’s good news for fan lovers: The average fan’s energy use is much less than you may expect. In fact, when calculating how much energy does a fan use, the daily numbers aren’t in dollars, but cents. Adding up over time, fan energy can average to only a few dollars a year. Costs depend on how much you operate your fan and the average wattage the fan uses. You can save both energy and money over the course of the year by utilizing your fan with your air conditioning to efficiently cool your home – and save big.
By the Numbers
Determining how much energy does a fan use, there are a few things to consider. Foremost is the wattage. For example, the Lasko 16″ Performance Pedestal Fan uses approximately 80 watts when operating at a normal speed. When calculating how much energy does a fan use, the wattage numbers usually correspond to the size and settings of the fan itself. Many fans do not reach more than 70 watts at high settings. Smaller tabletop fans and box fans run on less wattage. Consumer Reports offers the following calculation to estimating energy usage for space heaters, but the wattage rules apply to fans as well.
• Multiply X watts by X hours of use = A
• Multiply A by your electricity rate per kilowatt hour = B
• Divide B by 1,000
The current national average for electricity rates per kilowatt hour is around $0.13. The average is higher in states like Alaska ($0.22 per kilowatt hour) and New York ($0.19 per kilowatt hour) and lower in states like Idaho ($0.10) and Arkansas ($0.09). A fan running at 100 watts for 8 hours a day at an average of $0.13 per kilowatt hour would only cost you $0.10. The aforementioned Lasko 16″ Performance Pedestal Fan that uses approximately 80 watts would only cost $0.08 to run for 8 hours. The size of the fan plays into how much energy does a fan use – larger tower fans that run at 100 watts will cost more than a personal table fan at 30 watts. (The wattage is so low that many fans do not list the number in their advertisements.)
All this math a bit complicated? The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has a quick calculator for appliance energy use that allows you to automatically plug in and calculate your numbers to determine how much energy your fan uses. A ceiling fan that runs on 35 watts for 8 hours a day at an average of $0.12 per kilowatt hour costs $0.03. Using that same fan for 8 hours a day for 365 days a year would only cost you $12.26 a year. That’s around a dollar a month for a year of increased air circulation and cool breezes. The bottom line is that running a fan in your home during the day while the family enjoys the gentle air flow or overnight as you sleep costs a tiny amount compared to the rest of your utility bills.
Smart Savings
How you utilize your fan in the home can also play a large part in determining how much energy does the fan use. When you use your fan in tandem with the air conditioner to cool the home, you end up saving both energy and money in the long run. By raising the setting of the air conditioner a few degrees (the DOE recommends going up by 7°F to 10°F), you can save as much as 10% a year on your utility bill. Setting the AC for 78°F and using fans to increase the cooling effect allows for extra savings. The laws of science dictate that heat rises; the hot air in your home rises to the ceiling, while cool air lingers toward the ground. Using an energy-efficient fan to help redistribute the hot air down and the cool air up can create an all-over comfortable living space without having to touch the AC thermostat. By positioning a fan like the 20″ Wind Machine® Air Circulator Fan or the 18″ Adjustable Cyclone® Pedestal Fan at the ceiling or under an AC vent, hot air is pushed down and balanced by the cool air coming from the vents or circulating closer to the floor. This cools the room by creating a wind chill effect with continuous whole-room air circulation. Using an air circulator increases the cool airflow; the Air Flexor® Remote Control High Velocity Fan can provide extended airflow up to 75 feet for full-room circulation, and moves the cold air coming from the AC swiftly and evenly through the room. Save-Smart® box fans like the 20″ Weather-Shield® Performance Box Fan and the Cool Colors 20″ Box Fan Blue (which also comes in purple and black) are energy-efficient and cost less than $0.02 to operate. Box fans can also be placed in windows to circulate fresh air through the home when the AC or heat is turned off on milder spring and fall days. Turning off the AC and heat and just using a fan? Given how much energy a fan uses is so low in comparison to other utilities, that’s smart savings.
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A class action is a representative action wherein one or more plaintiffs named in the lawsuit complaint, along with their lawyers pursue a class action case for themselves and the defined class against one or more defendants. The claims of the "class representatives" must arise from facts or law common to the class members.
Here are some frequently asked questions about class actions, and important things you should know if you're thinking of joining one.
What are the Requirements to Bring a Class Action Lawsuit?
To bring a class action lawsuit as a plaintiff, the court to bring an action must certify the class. The court will consider the following before certification:
• The plaintiffs will adequately represent the interests of the whole class, there must be no conflicts of interest, and they must be competent;
• The claims of the representatives must be similar and represent the entire class; AND
• The question of fact must come from one act or a pattern of conduct by the defendant.
What are the Requirements for Certifying a Class of Plaintiffs in a Class Action Lawsuit?
There are several requirements a court will consider when deciding on whether to certify a class of plaintiffs that want to bring a class action lawsuit. The following are the factors considered by most courts in a class action lawsuit to form a class of plaintiffs:
• Numerosity: there must be an adequate number of plaintiffs, usually over 30
• Commonality: there must be common damages and legal issues between all plaintiffs
• Typicality: each class member's claim must come from the same event, and must make the same legal argument
• Adequacy of Representation: the class representative plaintiff must adequately protect and represent the interests of the class
• Viability of Defendant: the defendant should have sufficient finances to pay all the members of a class if the lawsuit is successful
How Does a Class Action Lawsuit Work?
Initially, a person or group of people will bring a putative class action lawsuit against the defendant. The court will then decide whether or not to certify the lawsuit as a class action. If it does so, the original group will represent the entire class action group, and it will move forward as a class action lawsuit.
If they refuse to certify the class and allow the plaintiffs to bring a class action lawsuit against the defendants, they will often give their reason why. Typically it is because they do not think the class is complete, meaning that there could be more potential plaintiffs to join the class.
What are Some Examples of Class Action Lawsuits?
While class actions can apply to a variety of situation, these are some examples of the most common claims:
• Employees sue company for discrimination in the workplace that involves race, age, gender, or sexual orientation;
• Homes or businesses owners affected by an environmental disaster;
• Consumers who purchased the same defective product;
• Consumers were deceived by the same false advertising;
• Patients were prescribed defective or dangerous drug by manufacturer;
• Investors who lost savings due to securities fraud committed by senior executives of a publicly traded company;
• Employees who have been harmed by a corporation’s unfair business practices; and
• Consumers and merchants who have paid exorbitant prices for a product.
Can I Initiate a Class Action Lawsuit?
A single plaintiff can file a class action lawsuit as a putative class action. However, a significant number of people must be potential members of the class. There must be so many potential plaintiffs that it is impractical for each person to bring their claim individually.
There must also be facts or questions of law that are common to all class members. The claims of the chosen class representatives must also be typical of those people who are members of the proposed class. Lastly, the class representatives must be able to fairly and properly represent the class.
What Types of Class Actions Can Be Filed?
Most class actions are filed to recover money or monetary damages committed by the named defendants. Class actions may also be filed to resolve monetary disputes over a "limited fund", where the money available is inadequate to fully compensate all class members.
Can I Be Bound by a Settlement or Judgment of a Class Action?
Yes. All absent class members are usually bound by the judgment or settlement of a case. However, if the goal of the lawsuit is to recover money, absent class members are generally entitled to notice of the lawsuit and an opportunity to "opt out" from the proceedings.
If a person opts out, they are not bound by any judgment or settlement of the class action. If a person opts out, he or she may be free to bring a claim for damages on their own.
How Do I Join a Class Action?
Generally, before a court certifies a class action, it must first conclude that there are too many class members for them all to be named as parties in the lawsuit. Technically, class member do not join in the litigation, but rather decide not to participate by opting out.
Usually, the notice issued to potential class members of the lawsuit will tell the members whether they need to take any action to participate.
What Will I Receive as a Member of a Class Action Lawsuit?
Depending on the lawsuit, class members may be entitled to a portion of the damages paid by the defendant. Since these lawsuits can involve a lot of people, the amount received may be negligible.
Class action members also commonly receive rebates, products, or services from the company. Attorney’s fees are usually taken from the damages award, rather than received up front.
Why are Class Action Lawsuits Used?
Class action lawsuits are meant to protect those injured by large corporations or entities. There are benefits for plaintiffs and for the corporations they are suing. For the plaintiffs:
• All plaintiffs, including ones that cannot afford legal counsel, can find relief;
• Members of the class do not need to come before the court, and instead can join the named plaintiff; and
• Members of the class have a chance to opt in and out of the settlement.
Corporations that are being sued in a class action lawsuit also benefit from class action lawsuits. The main benefit is that they can face one lawsuit instead of potentially thousands. This one lawsuit will also give them the opportunity to take time to collect evidence, negotiate a settlement, and address these issues with enough time instead of a rushed or hurried case.
Should I File My Own Class Action Lawsuit?
The answer to this question depends on the type of lawsuit you are considering and your own individual circumstances. In a typical class action the lawsuit seeks recovery for a large group of people, but the individual damages may be small.
If your damages are relatively small, the cost of litigation would make it impractical to file a suit on your own. However, if you feel that you have substantial damages and a serious claim, you should consult a lawyer about whether to opt out of the class and file your own lawsuit.
Do Class Action Lawsuits Always Win?
Class action lawsuits do not always succeed. If the court disagrees with why the suit is being brought, or thinks the defendant did not commit any wrongdoing, the case will be dismissed.
If it is dismissed, the individual group members may not be able to file new or individual lawsuits for the same reason in the future because the court already decided on the facts of the case and why a lawsuit cannot be brought under those facts.
Often, the court will allow the plaintiffs to re-examine their claim and alter it as necessary in order to fit the requirements to continue forward as a class action lawsuit.
Will I Receive Notice of a Settlement If I Am a Part of a Class Action Lawsuit?
Yes. Every person who is part of the lawsuit will receive a Notice of Settlement. The notice is sent by mail to all members of the class. The notice may also be advertised or published instead of being sent directly to the plaintiffs that were affected.
A settlement notice contains information on each plaintiff’s legal rights regarding the settlement. Also, plaintiffs may be required to respond by a specific deadline in order to claim their portion of the settlement.
The plaintiff does not need to join the class action and can opt out of the class action lawsuit if they chose to do so.
Do I Need a Lawyer?
Class action lawsuits are very complex, and it is important to find an attorney who can help you determine your best course of action, as well as represent your best interests in court. If you or a group of people has been similarly harmed by one entity, then it will be in your best interest to contact a local class action lawyer. |
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Reading Group Guide
Discussion Questions
The Devil and Webster
1. Naomi Roth, the first female president of Webster College, was promoted to her role in part because of her handling of an on-campus crisis surrounding a transgender student. What was it about her leadership during that scandal that appealed to the trustees, do you think? Were the qualities that got her the role the same ones she would ultimately need as president? Why or why not?
2. What parallels do you see between the Radclyffe Hall problem and the protest at the Stump? If you were in Naomi’s shoes, as the president of the college, how would you have solved each of these crises?
3. Talk about Naomi’s relationship with her only daughter, Hannah. How do you see their relationship changing over the course of the book? What mistakes did each of them make? What could, or should, each of them have done differently? Does Naomi’s role as a single mother complicate her role as a college president, or vice versa?
4. How does Webster’s history of racism and privilege factor into the current-day events of the novel? What role does the Native American conference play in the narrative? Is it possible for a school like Webster to reinvent itself and move fully into a progressive future? To what degree can a troubled history be erased or written over, in any institution? Are “good intentions” enough?
5. Much of the story revolves around the fate of Professor Nicholas Gall, yet he is almost completely absent from the action of the book. Why do you think Korelitz made this decision?
6. Why do you think Omar Khayal becomes the leader of the student protest? What draws other students to him? How do your feelings about him change over the course of the book?
7. Because of Naomi’s professional role, she has access to a lot of secrets that many other characters do not. Does having this broad, full knowledge give her the clearest-eyed perspective on the events of the story? Why or why not? Is there anything to which she remains blind?
8. When Omar and the other students begin the protest, Naomi sympathizes with them; she has a long history of personal activism, of “speaking truth to power.” What is different now that she herself is “the power”? Do you see parallels between Omar’s rise to leadership and Naomi’s? Who would you argue is ultimately the character with the most power by the end of the book?
9. Many of the characters in this novel are focused on truth, righteousness, and justice. How do you see the role of these principles playing out in the story? Do these ideals help, or hurt, the characters as they make life-changing decisions? Talk about the different ways that “truth” shapes the story.
10. THE DEVIL AND WEBSTER ends with a surprising and powerful twist. At the end of the book, do you believe that there was a villain in the story? If so, who would it be, and why?
The Devil and Webster
by Jean Hanff Korelitz
• Publication Date: March 20, 2018
• Genres: Fiction
• Paperback: 368 pages
• Publisher: Grand Central Publishing
• ISBN-10: 1455592374
• ISBN-13: 9781455592371 |
The difference between happiness and being happy
Postdate: 05 July 2016
You can increase your feeling of happiness at work. An important ingredient for this is the stimulation of work pleasure. Happiness is not, by definition, something you have to achieve: when you are already happy, you will automatically think positively. This leads to more happiness and satisfaction.
Happiness profession Ruud Veenhoven specifies internal life skills and external liveability as two qualities of life that affect our happiness. The external aspect is about the state of the environment, and the internal aspect is about the state of the individual. Liveability can relate to the environment you live in, while life skills are about physical things that are natural to most people, such as eating and walking. In addition, a distinction is made between the quality of life opportunities and life results. Some who has good opportunities can still have a bad life. The ultimate satisfaction is the result of the life of the person him or herself.
Satisfaction can be divided in pleasure, top experience (passing) and partial satisfaction, and satisfaction in life (lasting). In this respect, the distinction is made between, on the one hand, a part of someone's life, and life as a whole on the other hand. When the satisfaction is related to a part of life and it is passing, we call it pleasure. These are short moments of happiness which can be attributed to the quality of life, such as enjoying a plate of food or being engrossed in an activity. You feel 'happy'. A top experience is about a moment of intense satisfaction about life as a whole. We talk about a partial satisfaction when the feeling of satisfaction is related to a part of someone's life and it is lasting. This is the appreciation of a certain part of life, such as work or social relationships. We talk about 'satisfaction in life' or happiness when the feeling of satisfaction is related to life as a whole and it is lasting.
Happiness is strongly connected to physical and mental health, relationships, and work. Money also plays a role, but this is in part related to other factors. Ultimately, people are often happier when they feel healthier. And this, in turn, has an impact on other areas such as your motivation. Conversely, happiness contributes to your health in the long term: happy people live longer.
appreciation being happy happiness health satisfaction work pleasure workplace
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Oral papillomas
Oral papillomas are small benign tumors that can be found growing on the lips, tongue, gums and the inner wall of the mouth of dogs. They often appear as small fleshy pink masses with an irregular surface that resemble that of a cauliflower, and can grow in clusters or as discrete masses.
They are caused by the canine papillomavirus which is spread from direct contact, or sharing food/drink and toys with infected dogs. In young dogs the immature immune system is not developed enough to be able to effectively get rid of the virus before it can cause papillomas to form. However, as their immune system develops, they will be able to get rid of the virus and as a result, these papillomas will usually resolve.
While diagnosis of these masses are often made based on appearance, location and the age of the dog, confirmation requires a section of the mass to be taken as a biopsy for histopathology. This is particularly important in older dogs as they can also resemble other types of tumors that are more malignant, or the papillomas could have come about due to a weakened immune system due to other ongoing diseases, stress or pregnancy.
Oral papillomas tend to be self-resolving and do not need to be removed. Exceptions include if the oral papilloma grow too big or are in numbers that make eating, drinking and swallowing difficult, or if they get infected. In those cases, surgical excision or cryotherapy (freezing) of the papillomas and treatment of the infection with antibiotics may is necessary.
Don’t hesitate to contact the clinic if you have any concerns about growths or changes to the skin of your animal.
By Deborah Chong, Final Year Veterinary Student, University of Sydney
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Chinese Cabbage
Chinese Cabbage
Chinese cabbage is not something you see every day in Europe, but is a vegetable that is steadily increasing in popularity as the taste of the orient becomes ever more popular. As the name suggests, Chinese cabbage is thought to originate from China, and is a large part of Asian cuisine. There is a lot of hidden power and high nutrition contained within this vegetable, all of which we have aimed to harness.
The Chinese cabbage is closely related to the cabbages more commonly seen in the West. They grow in a much more cylindrical shape than our spherical varieties, and produce densely packed, long pale green leaves.
First recordings of Chinese cabbage date back to the time of the Ming Dynasty, where the herbalist Li Shizhen studied it for its medical and health boosting qualities. It was first found growing in the Yangtze River delta region, but quickly spread throughout china to become a staple part of the Chinese diet. It was then introduced to Korea, where it is now used for making Kimchi, and then later to Japan in when it was brought back by Japanese soldiers returning from war. It has since spread throughout the world.
Juice Programs |
Vivek Goyal isn’t a professional photographer, but he and his colleagues have developed an intriguing party trick: They can capture the image of an object completely out of sight.
They demonstrated the trick in a windowless room on the Boston University campus, where Goyal works as an electrical engineering professor. In the room, a flatscreen monitor displayed a series of crude drawings created by Goyal’s graduate student, Charles Saunders. Among them were several masterpieces: A mushroom that resembles Toad from Mario Kart, a Simpsons-yellow dude wearing a sideways red baseball cap, the red letters “BU” for school pride. These are the images that Goyal and his team wanted to capture while pointing the camera lens in a completely different direction.
In the darkened room, the flickering of the screen produced a dim, blobby blur on the opposite wall. Using a camera mounted on a tripod, Saunders took 20 quick snaps of the blob, for a total exposure time of three seconds, and fed it all into a computer program. A few minutes later—voilà: A blurred image of Toad, slightly askew, popped up on their screen.
“This is not magic,” Goyal tells me, in case anyone was confused.
Please click the image below to read the entire article.
Source: Wired
Source: Wired
How science may just end up killing crime
1983. Forensic scientist Steve Cordiner's first homicide.
He arrives in a Lower Hutt house to find a woman dead, her head bashed in, blood everywhere.
Cordiner opens a plastic sewing box for a "notebook, my pens, my rulers, some chemicals to do some presumptive tests of blood, and that was about it".
He uses those to study "the patterns of blood stains on the wall, to give an opinion as to the minimum number of blows that must have occurred, from where the blood was and how it was distributed".
Please click the image below to read the entire article. |
Strabismus Treatment At Visionary Eye Care
Strabismus (Crossed Eye)
Strabismus is the term used when a child’s eyes do not both point at what is being regarded. While one eye is pointed accurately the other eye is crossed in toward the nose or out toward the ear. An occasional brief crossing of the eyes is actually to be expected in babies under 8 or 9 months old. However, as the child grows, his or her ability to use both eyes together should increase and the eye turn (strabismus) should be observed less and less over time.
Causes of Strabismus
Around 2-4% of children never fully learn to use both eyes together, and therefore, continue to turn an eye. Most of these children learn to suppress a small amount of information from the turned eye in order to not experience double vision, and without intervention will continue to have strabismus into adulthood. It is important to understand that there is no important difference in the muscles of children with and without strabismus. Children with strabismus do not generally have “weak muscles.” Rather they simply lack the skill to fully integrate the vision from both eyes. Fortunately, skill can be learned.
Treatment of Strabismus
Children with strabismus can learn to use both eyes together by engaging in Vision Therapy (VT). VT is a personalized program of care, in which, the child does a variety of activities that enhance visual skill so that they can integrate the vision from both eyes, so that the eye turn is no longer necessary. These enhanced skills have the added benefit of greatly improving sports and academic performance. VT for strabismus usually takes about 18 months to complete, but since VT is aimed at changing the brain rather than the eye muscles, the length of a VT program can vary significantly.
If a child cannot engage in a VT program, there are surgical options. The ocular muscle surgery can be quite seductive, since the results are much faster, and the effort required by the child is much less. It should be noted, however, that the surgery is almost exclusively cosmetic in terms of its possible benefits and it is one of the only medical procedures, in which, healthy muscles are purposely damaged to achieve the desired outcome. Often multiple surgeries are required and rarely help the associated vision deficits such as lack of depth perception, poor hand eye coordination, and reading difficulty. |
Writing & Rhetoric A
How can I master the skills necessary to make my writing engaging and effective?
Why Take This Course?
Writing A
Having a foundation in writing is crucial for success through high school and beyond.
Everyone can learn the art of communication. In the digital age it is more important than ever to have confidence in one’s ability to effectively use language. Writing & Rhetoric A asks students to study writing guided by questions like What life lessons can I learn from others? and How can words change the world? This course will help you acquire foundational writing skills in a live course supported by engaging, applicable assignments such as essays, creative writing, and/or 21st century genres. In each unit students use critical thinking while learning essential “how-to” communication skills. Students will be held to a high standard and will practice skills through multiple iterations until they are mastered.
In this course, students read famous speeches, biographies, and memoirs to study the art of rhetoric. They will write their own personal essays and perform engaging speeches. Students will master fundamental grammar, punctuation, and style techniques to ensure their success. In addition, the course will focus on rules of writing etiquette in a digital age, such as texting, emailing, blogging, and determining the reliability of sources found online. When you master these skills, you will be equipped to write engagingly and effectively throughout high school, college, and life.
Course Framework
Unit 1Unit 2Unit 3Unit 4
What are Life Lessons? What is an effective presentation?
What life lessons have I learned? How can I craft an effective response essay?
How can I craft a meaningful Multi-Genre Research Paper?How can words change the world? What is effective persuasion/rhetoric?
What is Oracy and how can I use oracy skills to improve how I listen and speak?What are the 6 traits of writing and how can they help me evaluate my writing?What is a Multi-Genre Research Project?What are the tools I need for communicating effectively orally?
What are lessons I have learned in my life? How can I effectively convey my personal experiences in a way that is meaningful?How do I write an essay incorporating both a text and my personal reflections?How do I select a topic that is meaningful and that I care about?What are some of the greatest speeches ever given? What makes them great?
How do I find and practice my individual voice and style in a public speech?How do I find and practice my individual voice and writing style?What is research? How do I do research for this project?
Why does doing research help me create a successful project?
What is rhetoric? What are rhetorical devices?
What are the most important grammar and usage skills and how can I master them?What are the most important grammar and usage skills and how can I master them?What are the most important grammar and usage skills and how can I master them?What are the most important grammar and usage skills and how can I master them?
How do I write a thesis statement? How do I construct support for my thesis in the body of my essay?What is an informative essay and how will it anchor my Multi-Genre Research Project?How do I effectively implement reliable research in my presentation?
How do I write a strong introduction and conclusion paragraph?What kind of sources are reliable? How do I keep track of my research?How can oracy skills make me a more effective communicator?
How do I respond to an essay prompt related to a reading? How can I respond to an essay prompt effectively?What are various genres that will fit or best represent my selected topic?What rhetorical devices can I use in my presentation to create a desired effect on my audience?
How do I make connections to a text? (Text to text, text to self, text to world)?How do I document my sources using correct MLA format? How do I use parenthetical citation in my essay?How can I implement techniques from great speeches into my own communication?
How do I use parenthetical citation correctly in my writing?What is voice? How do I write with an authentic voice?How do I select a topic for my presentation that is neither too broad nor too narrow in scope?
How does making connections help enhance my reading experience?What is ethos, logos, and pathos and how do I use each effectively?
Texts and Materials Students Must Purchase
Mitch AlbomTuesdays with Morie
Various - Provided by mentorEssays and Short Stories
• Recommended Grade: 9th (Freshman)
• Prerequisites: None - **
• Versions & Estimated Weekly Hours: Classic: 4 Hours / Honors: 6 Hours
• Format: Live
• Credits: 0.5
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Friday 9:00 am - 1:00 pm MST
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Sen. Barack Obama intends to classify carbon dioxide as a dangerous pollutant that should be regulated should he win the presidential election on Nov. 4, according to a report published by Bloomberg.
Obama’s intent will be to instruct the Environmental Protection agency to make the designation under the 1990 Clean Air Act to set emissions limits on power plants and manufacturers, Obama energy adviser Jason Grumet said.
President Bush declined to curb carbon dioxide emissions under the Clean Air Act, even after the Supreme Court ruled in 2007 that the government had the authority to do so.
Categorizing carbon dioxide as a dangerous pollutant will have wide-ranging political consequences, including imposing on power plants and manufactures fines and penalties that will amount to new taxes, unless they take government-mandated steps to curb their carbon dioxide output.
At the heart of this debate is a contention by global warming alarmists that carbon dioxide is a key “greenhouse gas” that functions as a dangerous pollutant because its presence in the atmosphere is a man-made cause of climate change.
The problem with the argument is that the science behind categorizing carbon dioxide as a noxious pollutant is not clear.
As my co-author and WND columnist Craig Smith and I argued in our book entitled “Black Gold Stranglehold: The Myth of Scarcity and the Politics of Oil,” carbon dioxide is a very small percentage of the atmosphere, less than one-tenth of one percent.
Further, the incremental addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere attributable to human activity is remarkably small.
Carbon dioxide in the air is measured in terms of carbon “pentagrams.” One pentagram equals one billion metric tons. The atmosphere contains some 730 pentagrams of carbon, or 730 billion metric tons. The net annual addition of carbon dioxide contributed to the atmosphere by human activity is estimated to be 3 pentagrams of carbon, an increase of only about four-tenths of 1 percent (0.4 percent).
Another problem is that plants need carbon dioxide to survive. Human beings breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Plants are just the opposite. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and throw out oxygen.
One simple solution is to grow more plants, but that solution is evidently unacceptable to those whose real goal is to push an anti-business, anti-capitalist and possibly anti-people political agenda that is advanced by identifying carbon dioxide as a dangerous pollutant.
What may be next is an Obama program to create an international market in paying for and trading costly carbon credits.
For more on how Obama plans to join negotiators from 200 countries to limit carbon dioxide, read Jerome Corsi’s Red Alert, the premium, online intelligence news source by the WND staff writer, columnist and author of the New York Times No. 1 best-seller, “The Obama Nation.”
Note: Read our discussion guidelines before commenting. |
Jehan Tremback |
Pay for forward v.s. pay for internet
We've considered two main mechanisms for an incentivized mesh network so far. Pay for forward is the mechanism laid out in Althea v1, and Hocnet. Pay for internet is something I've been working on as Althea v2 and it is also kind of how ISPs work now. This is a brief summary of both approaches.
Pay for forward
• A (secured) routing protocol propagates price along with the route quality metric.The routing protocol makes routing decisions based on the price and the metric.It is secured by running speedtests to destinations on the network and seeing how they match up to the advertised metrics.Using a "circular ack" speedtests can be reused many times by all the nodes on a route to a given destination. This also works with asymmetric routes.
• Nodes tally up what they are owed their neighbors according to which destinations the neighbors are sending packets to.Payments are settled with payment channels.If payments are not made, a node can stop forwarding a neighbor's packets using tunnels.
• On top of the pay-for-forward system, there is a gateway discovery and payment system.Somehow end-user nodes discover "gateway" nodes, nodes with a connection to the internet.Gateway nodes charge a certain amount for the internet connection.When a gateway is chosen by an end-user node, a payment channel is opened with that gateway.The gateway is paid for the amount of data used from the internet, as well as the amount that it cost the gateway to pay-for-forward to send the packets back to the end-user node.Gateways would need to be speedtested. Speedtests could be done between the end-user node and arbitrary servers on the internet.
Pay for internet
• Nodes pay each other for access to the internet.
• A node which is closer to the internet will be paid to both send and receive packets on behalf of a node which is further away (upload and download connection).
• Nodes must discover and verify the quality of the internet access provided by their neighbors. This somewhat mirrors the quality metric discovery and verification in a secure routing protocol. To verify the upload quality of a neighbor, a node sends traffic to a speedtest server on the internet. To verify the download quality of a neighbor, a node has a speedtest server on the internet send it traffic. In most routing protocols, there will only be one upload neighbor and one download neighbor at once (and they will often be the same neighbor). However, if there are multiple upload or download neighbors, it would be very difficult to tell which one is responsible for the quality of a route.
• Nodes could tally up what they are owed by their downstream neighbors according to how much data they have sent or received on behalf of a given downstream neighbor. Payments are settled with payment channels. If payments are not made, a node can stop forwarding packets to or from a neighbor using tunnels.
• Instead of announcing an all-or nothing price for access, nodes could instead prioritize traffic to and from neighbors according to how much each neighbor was paying at a given time. This might allow a natural range of quality/price options. It makes access discovery and verification harder. How do you know how much a neighbor's quality will improve if you pay it more? |
An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک
M. Heydari-Malayeri - Paris Observatory
Number of Results: 1345
Fr.: super-saturation
The process whereby the amount of → water vapor in the air exceeds that needed to → saturate. In other words, the condition of air in which the → humidity is above the level required for saturation at a given temperature (i.e. the → relative humidity is greater than 100%). When the temperature drops below freezing, this can lead to a situation where more water vapor is present in the air than the air can hold. At every temperature, there is a maximum amount of water vapor that can be supported in the air. The higher the temperature, the more water vapor can be accommodated. But if the air that is already at 100% relative humidity is cooled then it becomes supersaturated, and this situation is unstable. As a result, the excess water vapor crystallizes out, either into water droplets or directly into ice.
super-; → saturation.
zabarneveš (#)
Fr.: indice supérieur
An → index (a digit or symbol) written slightly above and to the right of a letter, such as for representing variable components in → tensor analysis. → subscript. The most common mathematical superscript is an → exponent. Other common superscripts are the single and double prime marks indicating the → first derivative and → second derivative of a → function. See also → contravariant tensor.
super- + script, → subscript.
Zabarneveš, from zabar- "above," → superior + nevešt "written," → subscript.
Fr.: supersonique
Describing a speed that is greater than the → sound speed in the medium concerned. See also → Mach number, → subsonic.
super-; → sonic.
Fr.: supersymétrie
A class of theories that seek to unify the four fundamental forces of nature. It proposes symmetrical relationships linking fermions and bosons (particles of half integer spin, like electrons, protons, and neutrinos) with particles of integral spin (like photons and gluons).
super; → symmetry.
superthin galaxy
کهکشان ِ اَبَرنازک
kahkešân-e abarnâzok
Fr.: galaxie supermince
A galaxy that appears as an extraordinary thin and long figure on the sky because of its → edge-on orientation, highly flattened stellar → disk, and absence of a → bulge component. Superthin galaxies are → gas-rich and have optically diffuse disks with little internal absorption, as well as low emission-line intensity ratios and slowly rising → rotation curves. They seem to be among the least evolved disk galaxies in the local Universe, having undergone only minimal dynamical heating, → star formation, and → angular momentum transport. Examples are: UGC 7321, UGC 3697, UGC 9242.
super-; → thin; → galaxy.
Fr.: super-vent
A galactic-scale wind driven by the collective effect of a large number of → supernovae and → winds from → massive stars occurring in the central region of a galaxy. Superwinds have been invoked, among other things, as the source by which the → intergalactic medium is provided with → enriched gas (see, e.g. Heckman et al. 1990, ApJS 74, 833).
super-; → wind.
superwind galaxy
کهکشان ِ اَبَر-باد
kahkešân-e abar-bâd
Fr.: galaxie à super-vent
A galaxy with → superwind characteristics. M 82 and NGC 4666 are among superwind galaxy candidates.
superwind; → galaxy.
۱) آپره؛ ۲) آپریدن
1) âporé; 2) âporidan
Fr.: supplément
1a) A thing added to something else in order to complete, reinforce, or extend it.
1b) A separation section added to a book, document, etc., to supply additional or later information, or the like.
2a) To complete, add to, or extend by a supplement.
2b) To form a supplement or addition to.
From L. supplementum "that which fills up, that with which anything is made full or whole, something added to supply a deficiency," from supplere "to fill up, complete," from → sub- "up from below" + plere "to fill;" cognate with Pers. por, as below.
Âporidan, from prefix â- + por "full;" Mid.Pers. purr; O.Pers. paru- "much, many;" Av. parav-, pauru-, pouru-, from par- "to fill;" PIE *pelu- "full," from *pel- "to be full;" cf. Skt. puru-; Gk. polus; P.Gmc. *fullaz (O.H.G. fol, Ger. voll, Goth. full, O.E. full).
آپرنده، آپرهای
âporandé, âpore-yi
Fr.: supplémentaire
Completing something or added as a supplement.
supplement; → -ary.
supplementary angle
زاویهی ِ آُپرنده
zâviye-ye âporandé
Fr.: angle supplémentaire
The angle that when added to a given angle makes 180°. → complementary angle.
supplementary; → angle.
۱) پادیر؛ ۲) پادیریدن
1) pâdir; 2) pâdiridan
Fr.: 1) appui, soutien, support; 2) supporter, soutenir, être pour, appuyer
1a) Something that serves as a foundation, prop, brace, or stay.
1b) The act or an instance of supporting.
2a) To bear or hold up (a load, mass, structure, part, etc.); serve as a foundation for.
2b) To uphold (a person, cause, policy, etc.) by aid, countenance, one's vote, etc.; back (
M.E. supporten, from M.Fr. supporter, from L. supportare "convey, carry, bring forward," from → sub- "up from under" + portare "to carry."
Pâdir "a column supporting a building; a post supporting a wall."
انگاشتن، انگاریدن
engâštan, engâridan (#)
Fr.: supposer
1) To assume (something), as for the sake of argument or as part of a proposition or theory.
2) To consider (something) as a possibility suggested or an idea or plan proposed (
M.E. supposen, from O.Fr. supposer, from L. supponere "to put or place under," from → sub- "under" + ponere "to put, place," → position.
Engâštan, engâridan "to suppose," from Mid.Pers. (h)angârtan "to conside, to bear in mind, to regard as," from han, ham "together" → com- + kartan "to establish; to declare; to found;" Av. han-kârayeiti, from han-, ham- "together," + kar- "to remember; to impress on memory."
Fr.: supprimer
1) To put down by authority or force.
2) To keep from public knowledge.
3) To restrain from a usual course or action. → suppression.
L. suppressus, p.p. of supprimere "to press down, stop, stifle," from → sub- "down, under" + premere "to press, push against," → express.
Nehâvidan, from ne-, → ni- "down, below," + hâvidan "to press," → express.
Fr.: suppression
The act of suppressing; the state of being suppressed. → Compton suppression, → zero suppression.
suppress; → -tion.
فراز، بالا، ابر-
farâz, bâlâ, abar-
Fr.: supra-
A prefix denoting "over, above, beyond, greater than."
From L. supra "above, over, before, beyond," → super-.
Farâz "above, up, upon," → height; bâlâ "above, up, high," → height; abar-, → super-.
supra-Eddington layer
لایهی ِ ابر-ادینگتونی
lâye-ye abar-Eddingtoni
Fr.: couche super-eddingtonienne
In some stellar models, particularly for evolved → massive stars, such as → red supergiants, → Luminous Blue Variables, and → Wolf-Rayet stars, an outermost layer of the stellar envelope where the luminosity might exceed the → Eddington limit. This is due to the → opacity peak produced by the variation in the ionization level of hydrogen in the outer → convective envelope, beneath the surface, of very luminous stars. The opacity peak generates supra-Eddington layers and density inversion. The high opacity decreases the Eddington luminosity in these layers, possibly to fainter levels than the actual stellar luminosity. As a result, the → radiative acceleration exceeds the → gravitational acceleration leading to → mass loss enhancement (see, e.g., A. Maeder, Physics, Formation and Evolution of Rotating Stars, Springer, 2009).
supra-; → Eddington limit; → layer.
supra-horizontal branch star
ستارهی ِ فراز ِ شاخهی ِ افقی
setâre-ye farâz-e šâxe-ye ofoqi
Fr.: étoile au-dessus de la branche horizontale
A member of a rare class of objects found in → globular clusters to lie about one magnitude above and to the blue part of the → horizontal branch. These stars are identified as post → EHB stars on their way from to the → asymptotic giant branch.
supra-; → horizontal; → branch; → star.
Fr.: suprême
1) Highest in rank or authority.
2) Of the highest quality, degree, character, importance, etc.
M.E., from M.Fr. suprême, and directly from L. supremus "highest," superlative of superus "situated above," from super "above," → super-.
Abartom "highest," from abar "high, upon," → super-, + -tom superlative suffix, → extreme.
بر-، ابر-، رو-
bar-, abar-, ru-
Fr.: sur-
A prefix meaning "over, above, beyond, in addition," occurring mainly in loanwords from Fr.
From O.Fr. sour-, sor-, sur-, from L. → super-.
Bar-, abar-, → super-; ru-, ruy- "face, surface; aspect; appearance," variant rox (Mid.Pers. rôy, rôdh "face;" Av. raoδa- "growth," in plural form "appearance," from raod- "to grow, sprout, shoot;" cf. Skt. róha- "rising, height").
Fr.: sûr
Free from doubt as to the reliability, character, action, etc., of something (
M.E. sur(e), from M.Fr. sur, O.Fr. seur "safe, secure; trustworthy," from L. securus "free from care, untroubled, safe," from *se cura, from se "free from" + cura "care."
Tenz, from (Fine-e Bandar Abbâs) tenz "firm, fixed, solid," variant tereng; (Tabari) tereng, təreq "firm, fixed;" (Baxtiyâri) teng "firm;" cf. Baluci tranj-, dranjit, tranjit/drannj-, draht, dratk "to hang up;" ultimately from Proto-Ir. *dra(n)j- "to fix, fasten, hold;" Av. drənj- (draž-) "to fix, fasten, hold;" Parthian (*abi-) 'bdrynj- "to be sure, secure; make certain;" Khotanese drys- "to hold;" cognate with Gk. drassomai "I hold (with the hand), take;" O.Irish dringid "he climbs;" M.Welsh dringo "to climb;" PIE *dregh- "to hold, fasten."
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1. Social media, the gateway for malware
Easy to access, widely used, and outside of enterprise control, social media sites are gold mines for malicious actors. People share a lot of seemingly innocuous information, which is exactly the kind of data that hackers love to collect and use in phishing or spear phishing campaigns. A recent NopSec 2016 State of Vulnerability Risk Management Report found that organizations use inadequate risk evaluation scoring systems. The report claimed that social media -- which often isn't included in any risk evaluation system -- is now a top platform for cybersecurity.
Read Full Article
1. We need to be doing a business impact assessment to understand the threat environment and how that is changing. Then we can understand the risk associated with that and the risk appetite related to a particular vulnerability.
2. Authors |
Sleep Apnoea, what is it and What you can do about it
Sleep ApnoeaOverview
Sleep apnoea is the condition where breathing temporary stops during sleep. Apnoea is a medical term which means the absence of normal breathing. The condition occurs because of an involuntary relaxation of the muscles of the pharyngeal walls.
People who suffer from sleep apnoea usually snore, snort, or gasp in their sleep. The condition has harmful effects on the quality of sleep and overall health. Because of the repetitive episodes of apnoea, the person would often feel fatigued and tired throughout the day.
Insulin Resistance: The Real Reason Why You Aren’t Losing Weight
Insulin ResistanceInsulin resistance is clinically defined as the inability of the body to utilize insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas which regulates energy utilization. After eating, the pancreas is stimulated to release the hormone insulin. The insulin receptors which are found on every cell should normally respond to the hormone. With insulin resistance, there is unhealthy regulation of glucose, protein, and fat in the body. This condition commonly occurs in people with abdominal obesity, faulty lipid levels, and other factors associated with metabolic syndrome.
Hyperinsulinemia, The Danger of Too Much Insulin
HyperinsulinemiaOvereating and a high carbohydrate diet are risk factors that lead to the development of hyperinsulinemia. Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas in normal amounts. When people consume too much carbohydrate, the pancreas has to compensate by secreting higher quantities of insulin in order to regulate blood glucose levels.
Insulin is normally used for glucose metabolism. Hyperinsulinemia could also occur when the body cannot effectively use insulin due to resistance. In this case, insulin levels accumulate and pile up all because of resistance. |
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U.S. Budget Deficit - Good or Bad?
"Spending financed not by current tax receipts, but by
borrowing or drawing upon past tax reserves." , Is it a good idea? Why
does the U.S. run a deficit? Since 1980 the deficit has grown
enormously. Some say its a bad thing, and predict impending doom,
others say it is a safe and stable necessity to maintain a healthy
economy. When the U.S. government came into existence and for about a
150 years thereafter the government managed to keep a balanced budget.
The only times a budget deficit existed during these first 150 years
were in times of war or other catastrophic events. The Government, for
instance, generated deficits during the War of 1812, the recession of
1837, the Civil War, the depression of the 1890s, and World War I.
However, as soon as the war ended the deficit would be eliminated and
the economy which was much larger than the amounted debt would quickly
absorb it. The last time the budget ran a surplus was in 1969 during
Nixon's presidency. Budget deficits have grown larger and more
frequent in the last half-century. In the 1980s they soared to record
levels. The Government cut income tax rates, greatly increased defense
spending, and didn't cut domestic spending enough to make up the
difference. Also, the deep recession of the early 1980s reduced
revenues, raising the deficit and forcing the Government to spend much
more on paying interest for the national debt at a time when interest
rates were high. As a result, the national debt grew in size after
1980. It grew from $709 billion to $3.6 trillion in 1990, only one
decade later.
Increase of National Debt Since 1980 Month Amount
12/31/1980 $930,210,000,000.00 *
12/31/1981 $1,028,729,000,000.00 *
12/31/1982 $1,197,073,000,000.00 *
12/31/1983 $1,410,702,000,000.00 *
12/31/1984 $1,662,966,000,000.00 *
12/31/1985 $1,945,941,616,459.88
12/31/1986 $2,214,834,532,586.43
12/31/1987 $2,431,715,264,976.86
12/30/1988 $2,684,391,916,571.41
12/29/1989 $2,952,994,244,624.71
12/31/1990 $3,364,820,230,276.86
12/31/1991 $3,801,698,272,862.02
12/31/1992 $4,177,009,244,468.77
12/31/1993 $4,535,687,054,406.14
12/30/1994 $4,800,149,946,143.75
10/31/1995 $4,985,262,110,021.06
11/30/1995 $4,989,329,926,644.31
12/29/1995 $4,988,664,979,014.54
01/31/1996 $4,987,436,358,165.20
02/29/1996 $5,017,040,703,255.02
03/29/1996 $5,117,786,366,014.56
04/30/1996 $5,102,048,827,234.22
05/31/1996 $5,128,508,504,892.80
06/28/1996 $5,161,075,688,140.93
07/31/1996 $5,188,888,625,925.87
08/30/1996 $5,208,303,439,417.93
09/30/1996 $5,224,810,939,135.73
10/01/1996 $5,234,730,786,626.50
10/02/1996 $5,235,509,457,452.56
10/03/1996 $5,222,192,137,251.62
10/04/1996 $5,222,049,625,819.53
* Rounded to Millions
Federal spending has grown over the years, especially starting in the
1930s in actual dollars and in proportion to the economy (Gross
Domestic Product, or GDP).
Beginning with the "New Deal" in the 1930s, the Federal Government came to play a much larger role in American life. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to use the full powers of his office to
end the Great Depression. He and Congress greatly expanded Federal
programs. Federal spending, which totaled less than $4 billion in
1931, went up to nearly $7 billion in 1934 and to over $8 billion in
1936. Then, U.S. entry into World War II sent annual Federal spending
soaring to over $91 billion by 1944. Thus began the ever increasing
debt of the United States. What if the debt is not increasing as fast
as we think it is? The dollar amount of the debt may increase but
often times so does the amount of money or GDP to pay for the debt.
This brings up the idea that the deficit could be run without cost.
How could a deficit increase productivity without any cost? The idea
of having a balanced budget is challenged by the ideas of Keynesian
Economics. Keynesian economics is an economic model that predicts in
times of low demand and high unemployment a deficit will not cost
anything. Instead a deficit would allow more people to work,
increasing productivity. A deficit does this because it is invested
into the economy by government. For example if the government spends
deficit money on new highways, trucking will benefit and more jobs
will be produced. When an economic system is in recession all of its
resources are not being used. For example if the government did not
build highways we could not ship goods and there would be less demand
for them. The supply remains low even though we have the ability to
produce more because we cannot ship them. This non-productivity comes
at a cost to the whole economic system. If deficit spending eliminates
non-productivity then its direct monetary cost will be offset if not
surpassed by increased productivity. For example in the 1980's when
the huge deficits were adding up the actual additions to the public
capital or increased productivity were often as big, or bigger than
the deficit. This means as long as the government spends the money it
gains from a deficit on assets that increase its wealth and
productivity, the debt actually benefits the economy. But, what if the
government spends money on programs that do not increase its assets or
productivity. For instance consider small businesses. If the company
invests money to higher a new salesman then he will probably increase
sales and the company will regain what it spent hiring him. If the
company spends money on a paper clips when they have staplers they
will just lose the money spent on the paper clips. This frivolous
spending is what makes a deficit dangerous. Then the governments net
worth decreases putting it into serious debt.
Debt should not be a problem because we can just borrow more,
right? This statement would be correct if our ability to borrow was
unlimited, but it is not. At first the government borrowed internally
from private sectors. The government did this by selling bonds to the
private sectors essentially reallocating its own countries funds to
spend on its country. This works fine in a recession, but when the
country is at or near its full capability for production it cannot
increase supply through investment of deficit dollars. Deficit dollars
then translate into demand for goods that aren't being produced.
Referring back to the small business example, if a company is selling
all the products it can produce they can still higher another
salesman. But since there are no more goods to be sold the salesman
only increases the number of consumers demanding the product. Without
actually increasing sales. The problems of deficit spending out of a
recession even out through two negative possibilities, inflation and
crowding out. Inflation means there is more demand or money than there
are goods this causes an increase in prices and drives down the worth
of the dollar. This depreciation of the dollar counters the cost of
the deficit but destroys the purchasing power of the dollar. A five
dollar debt is still a five dollar debt even if the five dollars are
only worth what used to be a five cent piece of bubblegum. Despite its
dangers inflation is used to some extent to curb the debt. Crowding
out is when the government is looking for the same capital that the
business sector wants to invest. This causes fierce competition for
funds to invest. The fierce competition causes an increase in interest
rates and often business will decide against further investment and
growth. The government may have the money to build new highways but
the truckers cannot afford trucks to use on them. The governments
needs will "crowd out" business needs. This turns potential assets
into waste.
However, there is a third option which would allow the
government to run a deficit and avoid the negative aspects of
inflation and crowding out. Borrowing from foreign sources is a
tangible and recently very common practice. Attracted by high interest
rates and stability, foreigners now buy huge amounts of U.S. national
debt. Of course this cannot be the perfect solution otherwise no one
would be concerned about the debt. The problem with borrowing from
external sources is the lack of control the government has over
foreign currency and debts. Internal debts can be paid with increased
taxes, inflation, and other monetary controls the government has but
external debts can extremely damaging to a country if it cannot buy
enough of the foreign currency to pay the interest.
Running a deficit is apparently good for an economy that is
operating inside its production possibilities curve but it can be
damaging to an economy operating on the curve. A deficit managed
properly has the effect of increasing demands. An economy inside its
curve can increase supplies in reaction. An economy on the curve can
increase demand but its supplies cannot increase causing prices to
rise, or inflation. If there is no deficit and the curve shifts to
the right then supplies will not increase and the country will no
longer be operating on the curve. A deficit must be maintained to
insure that the economy grows with its resources.
Is the U.S.'s current debt bad or good? The trick is finding
out how large the deficit should be in order to allow for growth
without waste. The U.S.'s deficit is bad at this point because the
U.S. is close to its maximum production capabilities, and deficit
money is being wasted. For example two of the largest portions of the
budget: defense and social security. Defense spending produces little
or nothing except in times of war. Judging by the current status of
the United States as the only existing "Nuclear Super Power" war is
not a tangible event in the near or distant future. The way social
security is managed creates a huge waste. As managed, social security
is money spent to immobilize a large and fairly capable part of the
work force. It encourages elderly people not to work by spending
deficit money on them. Reducing productivity and increasing the debt
at the same time. In its current state the U.S. should attempt to
reduce its deficit but eliminating it is not necessary and could do
more damage than good.
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ALL These Diseases Are Caused by Microwave Ovens, and You’ve Probably Ignored Them!
How does a microwave oven work?
The waves penetrate the material, causing the molecules to vibrate and that charge up electromagnetic energy and heat up the material. In a microwave oven there is 2.45 billion Hertz, which does not matter as long as the oven door is waterproof, because the human body only tolerates 10 hertz maximum. This is why it is always necessary to move away from the microwave oven when it is in action.
How microwaves damage the food?
Microwaves degrade nutritional properties of food, almost totally. This includes proteins, fatty acids, nutrients, everything having nutritional value in the food. In addition, deformations of the molecules can trigger immune reactions, inflammation and sometimes very serious illnesses.
What diseases are caused by microwave cooking?
According to studies conducted from 1992 to the present day, the daily and regular use of microwave cooking exposes the body to the following diseases: immune system deficiencies, genetic malformations (in pregnant women), cataract and vascular pathology of the retina, vulnerabilities to viral infections. It was also observed that the following disorders occur: increased cholesterol, anemia and increased leucocytes (as a response to repeated poisoning).
All of this illuminating information should guide you in choosing a different cooking mode, and in the worst case if you have a microwave, always remember to keep a minimum distance of 6 feet while it operates.
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Articles - Myofunctional Orthodontics
This is the branch of Orthodontics that logically addresses the cause of crooked teeth and unbalanced jaws. It involves correcting bad habits and re-training good ones for both correction and stability
• Oral Myology
Oral Myology or Orofacial Myology is the science involving the muscles of the mouth. This includes muscles in the tongue, the throat, the lips and cheeks, the face and neck, as well as the muscle attachments such as tendons and the frenums (the stringy bits under your tongue and lips).
Treatment usually involves diagnosing a problem and training and exercises to develop ideal oral posture. This is usually the cause of crooked teeth and the reason straightened teeth relapse after orthodontic correction. Therefore it can be a vital part of any orthopaedic or orthodontic treatment.
One example is a "tongue-tie" or short lingual frenum. This restricts the ability of the tongue to rest on the palate (which it should), and then the upper dental arch becomes too narrow and crowding occurs. Sometimes it can also effect the way the lower jaw grows, it can grow downwards at a steep angle, creating a long face with the chin too close to the neck.
The most common problems that we treat are mouth-breathing, tongue-thrusting and thumb-sucking.
In adults undiagnosed problems such as a tongue-tie can lead to chronic pain. We have included 2 examples.
• Buteyko Breathing
The Buteyko breathing technique is a proven system for better breathing, many aspects of which we employ for better health and orthodontic stability.
• Why Mouth-breathing is bad
Breathing through your mouth, rather than through your nose, causes many health problems
• Why are Tonsils (and Adenoids) often enlarged
Chronically swollen tonsils (and adenoids - which are a similar lymph tissue), block off the airway from nasal breathing. This means you, or your child, may have to breathe through the mouth - leading to many problems including a small upper jaw and crowded teeth
• Tongue Thrusting
A Tongue Thrust is an abnormal movement of the tongue - usually when swallowing or speaking - which leads to an incorrect bite. It will happen hundreds or even thousands of times every day. The 'Thrust' can be at the front, or on either or both sides.
• Tongue-tie
A Tongue-tie is a tongue whose movement is restricted by a shortened lingual frenum. Other frenums can also cause problems such as the labial frenum (between the teeth and the lips) and all can be improved with a simple treatment.
A U.S. study showed that every single child in their study with a tongue-tie, had sleep disordered breathing, which in itself can lead to mutiple health and behaviour problems.
• Lip-Licking
Lip Licking Dermatitis is a result of people, especially children, chronically poking their tongue out and moistening their dry lips. It can be mainly on one lip or on both the upper and lower lips, and is more common in cold and dry weather. It is a rather obvious symptom of mouth rather than nose breathing. |
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Corfu
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CORFU (anc. and mod. Gr. Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα, Lat. Corcyra), an island of Greece, in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Albania or Epirus, from which it is separated by a strait varying in breadth from less than 2 to about 15 m. The name Corfu is an Italian corruption of the Byzantine Κορυφώ, which is derived from the Greek Κορυφαί (crests). In shape it is not unlike the sickle (drepanē), to which it was compared by the ancients,—the hollow side, with the town and harbour of Corfu in the centre, being turned towards the Albanian coast. Its extreme length is about 40 m. and its greatest breadth about 20. The area is estimated at 227 sq. m., and the population in 1907 was 99,571, of whom 28,254 were in the town and suburbs of Corfu. Two high and well-defined ranges divide the island into three districts, of which the northern is mountainous, the central undulating and the southern low-lying. The most important of the two ranges is that of San Salvador, probably the ancient Istone, which stretches east and west from Cape St Angelo to Cape St Stefano, and attains its greatest elevation of 3300 ft. in the summit from which it takes its name. The second culminates in the mountain of Santi Deca, or Santa Decca, as it is called by misinterpretation of the Greek designation οἱ Ἄγιοι Δέκα, or the Ten Saints. The whole island, composed as it is of various limestone formations, presents great diversity of surface, and the prospects from the more elevated spots are magnificent.
Corfu is generally considered the most beautiful of all the Greek isles, but the prevalence of the olive gives some monotony to its colouring. It is worthy of remark that Homer names, as adorning the garden of Alcinous, seven plants only—wild olive, oil olive, pear, pomegranate, apple, fig and vine. Of these the apple and the pear are now very inferior in Corfu; the others thrive well and are accompanied by all the fruit trees known in southern Europe, with addition of the Japanese medlar (or loquat), and, in some spots, of the banana. When undisturbed by cultivation, the myrtle, arbutus, bay and ilex form a rich brushwood and the minor flora of the island is extensive.
The common form of laud tenure is the colonia perpetua, by which the landlord grants a lease to the tenant and his heirs for ever, in return for a rent, payable in kind, and fixed at a certain proportion of the produce. Of old, a tenant thus obtaining half the produce to himself was held to be co-owner of the soil to the extent of one-fourth; and if he had three-fourths of the crop, his ownership came to one-half. Such a tenant could not be expelled except for non-payment, bad culture or the transfer of his lease without the landlord’s consent. Attempts have been made to prohibit so embarrassing a system; but as it is preferred by the agriculturists, the existing laws permit it. The portion of the olive crop due to the landlord, whether by colonia or ordinary lease, is paid, not according to the actual harvest, but in keeping with the estimates of valuators mutually appointed, who, just before the fruit is ripe, calculate how much each tree will probably yield. The large old fiefs (baronie) in Corfu, as in the other islands, have left their traces in the form of quit-rents (known in Scotland by the name of feu-duties), generally equal to one-tenth of the produce. But they have been much subdivided, and the vassals may by law redeem them. Single olive trees of first quality yield sometimes as much as 2 gallons of oil, and this with little trouble or expense beyond the collecting and pressing of the fallen fruit. The trees grow unrestrained, and some are not less than three hundred years old. The vineyards are laboured by the broad heart-shaped hoe. The vintage begins on the festival of Santa Croce, or the 26th of September (O.S.). None of the Corfu wines is much exported. The capital is the only city or town of much extent in the island; but there are a number of villages, such as Benizze, Gasturi, Ipso, Glypho, with populations varying from 300 to 1000. Near Gasturi stands the Achilleion, the palace built for the Empress Elizabeth of Austria, and purchased in 1907 by the German emperor, William II.
The town of Corfu stands on the broad part of a peninsula, whose termination in the citadel is cut from it by an artificial fosse formed in a natural gully, with a salt-water ditch at the bottom. Having grown up within fortifications, where every foot of ground was precious, it is mostly, in spite of recent improvements, a labyrinth of narrow, tortuous, up-and-down streets, accommodating themselves to the irregularities of the ground, few of them fit for wheel carriages. There is, however, a handsome esplanade between the town and the citadel, and a promenade by the seashore towards Castrades. The palace, built by Sir Thomas Maitland (?1759–1824; lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1815), is a large structure of white Maltese stone. In several parts of the town may be found houses of the Venetian time, with some traces of past splendour, but they are few, and are giving place to structures in the modern and more convenient French style. Of the thirty-seven Greek churches the most important are the cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady of the Cave (ἡ Παναγία Σπηλιώτισσα); St Spiridion’s, with the tomb of the patron saint of the island; and the suburban church of St Jason and St Sosipater, reputed the oldest in the island. The city is the seat of a Greek and a Roman Catholic archbishop; and it possesses a gymnasium, a theatre, an agricultural and industrial society, and a library and museum preserved in the buildings formerly devoted to the university, which was founded by Frederick North, 5th earl of Guilford (1766–1827, himself the first chancellor in 1824,) in 1823, but disestablished on the cessation of the English protectorate. There are three suburbs of some importance—Castrades, Manduchio and San Rocco. The old fortifications of the town, being so extensive as to require a force of from 10,000 to 20,000 troops to man them, were in great part thrown down by the English, and a simpler plan adopted, limiting the defences to the island of Vido and the old citadel; these are now dismantled.
History.—According to the local tradition Corcyra was the Homeric island of Scheria, and its earliest inhabitants the Phaeacians. At a date no doubt previous to the foundation of Syracuse it was peopled by settlers from Corinth, but it appears to have previously received a stream of emigrants from Eretria. The splendid commercial position of Corcyra on the highway between Greece and the West favoured its rapid growth, and, influenced perhaps by the presence of non-Corinthian settlers, its people, quite contrary to the usual practice of Corinthian colonies, maintained an independent and even hostile attitude towards the mother city. This opposition came to a head in the early part of the 7th century, when their fleets fought the first naval battle recorded in Greek history (about 664 B.C.). These hostilities ended in the conquest of Corcyra by the Corinthian tyrant Periander (c. 600), who induced his new subjects to join in the colonization of Apollonia and Anactorium. The island soon regained its independence and henceforth devoted itself to a purely mercantile policy. During the Persian invasion of 480 it manned the second largest Greek fleet (60 ships), but took no active part in the war. In 435 it was again involved in a quarrel with Corinth and sought assistance from Athens. This new alliance was one of the chief immediate causes of the Peloponnesian War (q.v.), in which Corcyra was of considerable use to the Athenians as a naval station, but did not render much assistance with its fleet. The island was nearly lost to Athens by two attempts of the oligarchic faction to effect a revolution; on each occasion the popular party ultimately won the day and took a most bloody revenge on its opponents (427 and 425). During the Sicilian campaigns of Athens Corcyra served as a base for supplies; after a third abortive rising of the oligarchs in 410 it practically withdrew from the war. In 375 it again joined the Athenian alliance; two years later it was besieged by a Lacedaemonian armament, but in spite of the devastation of its flourishing countryside held out successfully until relief was at hand. In the Hellenistic period Corcyra was exposed to attack from several sides; after a vain siege by Cassander it was occupied in turn by Agathocles and Pyrrhus. It subsequently fell into the hands of Illyrian corsairs, until in 229 it was delivered by the Romans, who retained it as a naval station and gave it the rank of a free state. In 31 B.C. it served Octavian (Augustus) as a base against Antony.
Eclipsed by the foundation of Nicopolis, Corcyra for a long time passed out of notice. With the rise of the Norman kingdom in Sicily and the Italian naval powers, it again became a frequent object of attack. In 1081–1085 it was held by Robert Guiscard, in 1147–1154 by Roger II. of Sicily. During the break-up of the Later Roman Empire it was occupied by Genoese privateers (1197–1207) who in turn were expelled by the Venetians. In 1214–1259 it passed to the Greek despots of Epirus, and in 1267 became a possession of the Neapolitan house of Anjou. Under the latter’s weak rule the island suffered considerably from the inroads of various adventurers; hence in 1386 it placed itself under the protection of Venice, which in 1401 acquired formal sovereignty over it. Corcyra remained in Venetian hands till 1797, though several times assailed by Turkish armaments and subjected to two notable sieges in 1536 and 1716–1718, in which the great natural strength of the city again asserted itself. The Venetian feudal families pursued a mild but somewhat enervating policy towards the natives, who began to merge their nationality in that of the Latins and adopted for the island the new name of Corfu. The Corfiotes were encouraged to enrich themselves by the cultivation of the olive, but were debarred from entering into commercial competition with Venice. The island served as a refuge for Greek scholars, and in 1732 became the home of the first academy of modern Greece, but no serious impulse to Greek thought came from this quarter.
By the treaty of Campo Formio Corfu was ceded to the French, who occupied it for two years, until they were expelled by a Russo-Turkish armament (1799). For a short time it became the capital of a self-governing federation of the Hephtanesos (“Seven Islands”); in 1807 its faction-ridden government was again replaced by a French administration, and in 1809 it was vainly besieged by a British fleet. When, by the treaty of Paris of November 5, 1815, the Ionian Islands were placed under the protectorate of Great Britain, Corfu became the seat of the British high commissioner. The British commissioners, who were practically autocrats in spite of the retention of the native senate and assembly, introduced a strict method of government which brought about a decided improvement in the material prosperity of the island, but by its very strictness displeased the natives. In 1864 it was, with the other Ionian Islands, ceded to the kingdom of Greece, in accordance with the wishes of the inhabitants. The island has again become an important point of call and has a considerable trade in olive oil; under a more careful system of tillage the value of its agricultural products might be largely increased.
Corfu contains very few and unimportant remains of antiquity. The site of the ancient city of Corcyra (Κέρκυρα) is well ascertained, about 1½ m. to the south-east of Corfu, upon the narrow piece of ground between the sea-lake of Calichiopulo and the Bay of Castrades, in each of which it had a port. The circular tomb of Menecrates, with its well-known inscription, is on the Bay of Castrades. Under the hill of Ascension are the remains of a temple, popularly called of Neptune, a very simple Doric structure, which still in its mutilated state presents some peculiarities of architecture. Of Cassiope, the only other city of ancient importance, the name is still preserved by the village of Cassopo, and there are some rude remains of building on the site; but the temple of Zeus Cassius for which it was celebrated has totally disappeared. Throughout the island there are numerous monasteries and other buildings of Venetian erection, of which the best known are Paleocastrizza, San Salvador and Pelleka.
Authorities.—Strabo vi. p. 269; vii. p. 329; Herodotus viii. 168; Thucydides i.-iii.; Xenophon, Hellenica, vi. 2; Polybius ii. 9-11; Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae, ch. xi.; H. Jervis, The Ionian Islands during the Present Century (London, 1863); D. F. Ansted, The Ionian Islands in the Year 1863 (London, 1863); Riemann, Recherches archéologiques sur les Îles ioniennes (Paris, 1879–1880); J. Partsch, Die Insel Korfu (Gotha, 1887); B. Schmidt, Korkyräische Studien (Leipzig, 1890); B. V. Head, Historia Numorum (Oxford, 1887), pp. 275-277; H. Lutz in Philologus, 56 (1897), pp. 71-77; also art. Numismatics: Greek, § “Epirus.” (E. Gr.; M. O. B. C) |
The scrotum is an anatomical male reproductive structure that consists of a suspended dual-chambered sack of skin and smooth muscle that is present in most terrestrial male mammals and located under the penis. One testis is typically lower than the other to avoid compression in the event of impact.[1] The perineal raphe is a small, vertical, slightly raised ridge of scrotal skin under which is found the scrotal septum. It appears as a thin longitudinal line that runs front to back over the entire scrotum. The scrotum contains the external spermatic fascia, testes, epididymis, and ductus deferens. It is a distention of the perineum and carries some abdominal tissues into its cavity including the testicular artery, testicular vein, and pampiniform plexus. In humans and some other mammals, the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. The scrotum will usually tighten during penile erection and when exposed to cold temperature.
The scrotum is biologically homologous to the labia majora in females. Although present in most mammals, the external scrotum is absent in streamlined marine mammals, such as whales and seals,[2] as well as in some lineages of land mammals, such as the afrotherians, xenarthrans, and numerous families of bats, rodents, and insectivores.[3][4]
PrecursorLabioscrotal folds
ArteryAnterior scrotal artery & Posterior scrotal artery
VeinTesticular vein
LymphSuperficial inguinal lymph nodes
Anatomical terminology
Nerve supply
Nerve Surface[5]
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve anterolateral
Anterior scrotal nerves (from ilioinguinal nerve) anterior
Posterior scrotal nerves (from perineal nerve) posterior
perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve inferior
Blood supply
Blood vessels[6]
Anterior scrotal artery originates from the deep external pudendal artery[7]
Posterior scrotal artery
Testicular artery
Skin and glands
Skin associated tissues [6]
Pubic hair
Sebaceous glands
Apocrine glands
Smooth muscle
Lymphatic system
The scrotum lymph drains initially into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, this then drains into the deep inguinal lymph nodes. The deep inguinal lymph nodes drain into the common iliac which ultimately releases lymph into the cisterna chyli.
Lymphatic vessels[9]
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Popliteal lymph nodes
One testis is typically lower than the other, which is believed to function to avoid compression in the event of impact; in humans, the left testis is typically lower than the right.[1] An alternative view is that testis descent asymmetry evolved to enable more effective cooling of the testicles.[10]
Internal structure
Figure 28 01 02
Image showing musculature and inner workings of the scrotum.
Genital homology between sexes
Scrotal growth and puberty
The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes and maintains it at 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), i.e. two degrees below the body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures affect spermatogenesis[13] Temperature control is accomplished by the smooth muscles of the scrotum moving the testicles either closer to or further away from the abdomen dependent upon the ambient temperature. This is accomplished by the cremaster muscle in the abdomen and the dartos fascia (muscular tissue under the skin).[12]
Having the scrotum and testicles situated outside the abdominal cavity may provide additional advantages. The external scrotum is not affected by abdominal pressure. This may prevent the emptying of the testes before the sperm were matured sufficiently for fertilization.[13] Another advantage is it protects the testes from jolts and compressions associated with an active lifestyle. Animals that move at a steady pace – such as elephants, whales, and marsupial moles – have internal testes and no scrotum.[14] Unlike placental mammals, some male marsupials have a scrotum that is anterior to the penis,[15][16][17] although there are several marsupial species without an external scrotum.[18] In humans, the scrotum may provide some friction during intercourse, helping to enhance the activity.[19]
Clinical significance
A study has indicated that use of a laptop computer positioned on the lap can negatively affect sperm production.[20][21]
Diseases and conditions
See also
• This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1237 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
• Elson, Lawrence; Kapit, Wynn (1977). The Anatomy Coloring. New York, New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0064539142.
• Berkow, MD, editor, Robert (1977). The Merck Manual of Medical Information; Home Edition. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck Research Laboratories. ISBN 978-0911910872.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
1. ^ a b Anthony F.Bogaert, "Genital asymmetry in men Archived 2015-05-28 at the Wayback Machine", Human Reproduction vol.12 no.1 pp.68–72, 1997. PMID 9043905.
2. ^ William F. Perrin; Bernd Würsig; J.G.M. Thewissen (26 February 2009). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-091993-5.
3. ^ "Scrotum". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
4. ^ Lovegrove, B. G. (2014). "Cool sperm: Why some placental mammals have a scrotum". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 27 (5): 801–814. doi:10.1111/jeb.12373. PMID 24735476.
5. ^ Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7817-6274-8.
6. ^ a b Elson 1977.
7. ^ antthigh at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
8. ^ "Scrotum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
9. ^ "VIII. The Lymphatic System. 5. The Lymphatics of the Lower Extremity. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body". Retrieved 2015-02-24.
10. ^ Gallup, Gordon G.; Finn, Mary M.; Sammis, Becky (2009). "On the Origin of Descended Scrotal Testicles: The Activation Hypothesis". Evolutionary Psychology. 7 (4): 147470490900700. doi:10.1177/147470490900700402.
11. ^ Van de Graaff 1989, p. 927-931.
12. ^ a b Van de Graaff 1989, p. 935.
13. ^ a b Van de Graaff 1989, p. 936.
14. ^ "Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes - 17 August 1996 - New Scientist". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
15. ^ Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (30 January 1987). Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33792-2.
16. ^ Libbie Henrietta Hyman (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 583–. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7.
17. ^ Menna Jones; Chris R. Dickman; Michael Archer (2003). Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06634-2.
18. ^ C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe (2005). Life of Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06257-3.
24. ^ a b TCMwell.
Aarskog–Scott syndrome
Aarskog–Scott syndrome is a rare disease inherited as X-linked and characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, skeletal and genital anomalies. This condition mainly affects males, although females may have mild features of the syndrome.
Angiokeratoma is a benign cutaneous lesion of capillaries, resulting in small marks of red to blue color and characterized by hyperkeratosis. Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum refers to Fabry's disease, but this is usually considered a distinct condition.
A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species Bos taurus (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the female of the species, the cow, the bull has long been an important symbol in many cultures, and plays a significant role in both beef ranching and dairy farming, and in a variety of other cultural activities.
Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
Chimney sweep's cancer, also called soot wart, is a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the scrotum. It has the distinction of being the first reported form of occupational cancer, and was initially identified by Percivall Pott in 1775. It was initially noticed as being prevalent amongst chimney sweeps.
Cock ring
A cock ring or cockring is a ring worn around the penis, usually at the base. The primary purpose of wearing a cock ring is to restrict the flow of blood from the erect penis in order to produce a stronger erection or to maintain an erection for a longer period of time. Genital adornment is another purpose, as is repositioning the genitals to provide an enhanced appearance.
Cock rings are also called C rings, penis rings or shaft rings. When used in cases of erectile dysfunction (ED), they are known by various other names, such as erection rings and tension rings.
Cock rings worn just behind the corona of the glans of the penis are known as glans rings, head rings or cock crowns.
A ring that is worn around the penis and scrotum is also usually called a cock ring, but is sometimes referred to as a cock and ball ring.
Rings that are worn just round the scrotum, in order to hold the testicles, are usually called testicle cuffs or ball stretchers.
Cremaster muscle
The cremaster muscle is a muscle that covers the testis and the spermatic cord.
Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. The word is from the Greek κρυπτός, kryptos, meaning hidden, and ὄρχις, orchis, meaning testicle. It is the most common birth defect of the male genital tract. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis. However, about 80% of cryptorchid testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall. Cryptorchidism may develop after infancy, sometimes as late as young adulthood, but that is exceptional.
Cryptorchidism is distinct from monorchism, the condition of having only one testicle. Though the condition may occur on one or both sides, it more commonly affects the right testis.A testis absent from the normal scrotal position may be:
Anywhere along the "path of descent" from high in the posterior (retroperitoneal) abdomen, just below the kidney, to the inguinal ring
In the inguinal canal
Ectopic, having "wandered" from the path of descent, usually outside the inguinal canal and sometimes even under the skin of the thigh, the perineum, the opposite scrotum, or the femoral canal
Undeveloped (hypoplastic) or severely abnormal (dysgenetic)
Missing (also see anorchia).About two-thirds of cases without other abnormalities are unilateral; most of the other third involve both testes. In 90% of cases, an undescended testis can be felt in the inguinal canal. In a small minority of cases, missing testes may be found in the abdomen or appear to be nonexistent (truly "hidden").
Undescended testes are associated with reduced fertility, increased risk of testicular germ-cell tumors, and psychological problems when the boy is grown. Undescended testes are also more susceptible to testicular torsion (and subsequent infarction) and inguinal hernias. Without intervention, an undescended testicle will usually descend during the first year of life, but to reduce these risks, undescended testes can be brought into the scrotum in infancy by a surgical procedure called an orchiopexy.Although cryptorchidism nearly always refers to congenital absence or maldescent, a testis observed in the scrotum in early infancy can occasionally "reascend" (move back up) into the inguinal canal. A testis which can readily move or be moved between the scrotum and canal is referred to as retractile.
Cryptorchidism, hypospadias, testicular cancer, and poor semen quality make up the syndrome known as testicular dysgenesis syndrome.
The dartos fascia or simply dartos is a layer of connective tissue found in the penile shaft, foreskin, and scrotum. The penile portion is referred to as the superficial fascia of penis or the subcutaneous tissue of penis, while the scrotal part is the dartos proper. In addition to being continuous with itself between the scrotum and the penis, it is also continuous with Colles fascia of the perineum and Scarpa's fascia of the abdomen.It lies just below the skin, which places it just superficial to the external spermatic fascia in the scrotum and to Buck's fascia in the penile shaft.
In the scrotum, it consists mostly of smooth muscle. The tone of this smooth muscle is responsible for the wrinkled (rugose) appearance of the scrotum.In females, the same muscle fibers are less well developed and termed dartos muliebris, lying beneath the skin of the labia majora.
It receives innervation from postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers arriving via the ilioinguinal nerve and the posterior scrotal nerve.
The epididymis (; plural: epididymides or ) is a tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens in the male reproductive system. It is present in all male reptiles, birds, and mammals. It is a single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube in adult humans, 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 ft) in length connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens.
Fordyce spots
Fordyce spots (also termed Fordyce granules) are visible sebaceous glands that are present in most individuals. They appear on the genitals and/or on the face and in the mouth. They appear as small, painless, raised, pale, red or white spots or bumps 1 to 3 mm in diameter that may appear on the scrotum, shaft of the penis or on the labia, as well as the inner surface (retromolar mucosa) and vermilion border of the lips of the face. They are not associated with any disease or illness, nor are they infectious but rather they represent a natural occurrence on the body. No treatment is therefore required, unless the individual has cosmetic concerns. Persons with this condition sometimes consult a dermatologist because they are worried they may have a sexually transmitted disease (especially genital warts) or some form of cancer.
Hafada piercing
A hafada piercing is a surface piercing anywhere on the skin of the scrotum. This piercing does not penetrate deep into the scrotum, and due to the looseness and flexibility of the skin in that area, does not migrate or reject as much as many other surface piercings. A piercing that passes through the scrotum, from front-to-back, or from side-to-side, is known as a transscrotal piercing. Multiple hafada piercings are not uncommon as an extension of a frenum ladder.
Inguinal hernia
An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal. Symptoms are present in about 66% of affected people. This may include pain or discomfort especially with coughing, exercise, or bowel movements. Often it gets worse throughout the day and improves when lying down. A bulging area may occur that becomes larger when bearing down. Inguinal hernias occur more often on the right than left side. The main concern is strangulation, where the blood supply to part of the intestine is blocked. This usually produces severe pain and tenderness of the area.Risk factors for the development of a hernia include: smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, and previous open appendectomy, among others. Hernias are partly genetic and occur more often in certain families. It is unclear if inguinal hernias are associated with heavy lifting. Hernias can often be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms. Occasionally medical imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible causes.Groin hernias that do not cause symptoms in males do not need to be repaired. Repair, however, is generally recommended in females due to the higher rate of femoral hernias which have more complications. If strangulation occurs immediate surgery is required. Repair may be done by open surgery or by laparoscopic surgery. Open surgery has the benefit of possibly being done under local anesthesia rather than general anesthesia. Laparoscopic surgery generally has less pain following the procedure.In 2015 inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias affected about 18.5 million people. About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin hernia at some time in their life. Groin hernias occur most often before the age of one and after the age of fifty. Globally, inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias resulted in 60,000 deaths in 2015 and 55,000 in 1990.
Labia majora
The labia majora (singular: labium majus) are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds that extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum. Together with the labia minora they form the labia of the vulva.
The labia majora are homologous to the male scrotum.
Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to these species is that most of the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials include kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, possums, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. Some lesser-known marsupials are the dunnarts, potoroos and cuscuses.
Marsupials represent the clade originating from the last common ancestor of extant metatherians. Like other mammals in the Metatheria, they give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers’ abdomen for a certain amount of time. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur on the Australian continent (the mainland, Tasmania, New Guinea and nearby islands). The remaining 100 are found in the Americas — primarily in South America, but thirteen in Central America, and one in North America, north of Mexico.
The word marsupial comes from marsupium, the technical term for the abdominal pouch. It, in turn, is borrowed from Latin and ultimately from the ancient Greek μάρσιππος mársippos, meaning "pouch".
Mule spinners' cancer
Mule spinners' cancer or mule-spinners' cancer was a cancer, an epithelioma of the scrotum. It was first reported in 1887 in a cotton mule spinner. In 1926, a British Home Office committee strongly favoured the view that this form of cancer was caused by the prolonged action of mineral oils on the skin of the scrotum, and of these oils, shale oil was deemed to be the most carcinogenic. From 1911 to 1938, there were 500 deaths amongst cotton mule-spinners from cancer of the scrotum, but only three amongst wool mule spinners.
Perineal raphe
The perineal raphe is a visible line or ridge of tissue on the human body that extends from the anus through the perineum. It is found in both males and females, and arises from the fusion of the urogenital folds.
In males, this structure continues through the midline of the scrotum (scrotal raphe) and upwards through the posterior midline aspect of the penis (penile raphe). It also exists deeper through the scrotum where it is called the scrotal septum. It is the result of a fetal developmental phenomenon whereby the scrotum and penis close toward the midline and fuse.It has been argued that the "rib" in the biblical story of Adam and Eve is actually a mistranslation of a Biblical Hebrew euphemism for baculum (penis bone), and that its removal from Adam in the Book of Genesis is a creation narrative to explain its absence in humans, as well as the presence of the raphe– as a resultant 'scar'.
Teabagging is a slang term for the sexual act of a man placing his scrotum in the mouth of his sexual partner for pleasure, or onto the face or head of another person, sometimes as a comedic device.
The name of the practice, when it is done in a repeated in-and-out motion, is derived from its passing resemblance to the dipping of a tea bag into a cup of hot water as a method of brewing tea. As a form of non-penetrative sex, it can be done for its own enjoyment or as foreplay. The practice may also be performed during sexual assault. This practice was made popular in the 1990s video game Counter-Strike, in which one player would repeatedly crouch over the opponent's dead body.
Testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland or gonad in all animals, including humans. It is homologous to the female ovary. The functions of the testes are to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testosterone. Testosterone release is controlled by the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone; whereas sperm production is controlled both by the anterior pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadal testosterone.
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ARCHIVED: In Mac OS 9 and earlier, what is Disk Caching, and how do I use it?
The time it takes a hard disk to fetch and retrieve requested data can be described by a variety of measures, such as average seek time and data interleave. However, speed is always limited by the physical facts. A disk drive is a fast-spinning platter with a flying recording head that looks for specific bytes among millions of bytes. RAM, on the other hand, has no moving parts, and fetch and retrieval functions are performed so much faster that access speeds are measured in nanoseconds instead of milliseconds.
Mac OS uses the speed of solid state RAM to alleviate common data bottlenecks. The Memory control panel can allocate an area in RAM for storing the contents and results of a previous hard disk search. The cache provides an alternate area for the system to check before going to the disk. During subsequent searches, if the system finds requested information in the cache, a disk search is not required, saving potential hard disk seek time and speeding up the retrieval process.
Operations that require repetitive pieces of information to be loaded and unloaded are ideal for cache storage. Because Mac OS builds and runs its applications by loading and unloading resources in small, discrete chunks of code, it is an ideal system for caching. However, operations that require accessing large chunks of information spread out unevenly over the hard disk defeat the purpose of a cache. Large word processing or database systems may actually slow down performance because the system must check both the user-definable Disk Cache and the disk buffer.
As a rule of thumb, you want to set the Disk Cache at the ratio of 32KB for every megabyte of physical memory in your Mac OS computer. Thus, if you have a 4MB system, a cache setting of 128KB would be normal. For an 8MB system, a setting of 256KB will be normal.
Note: Settings above 512KB may degrade performance on many older PPC computers and all 68k Macs. For example, if you have 32MB of physical memory in a Quadra 660AV, the highest setting you would want to use is 512KB, even though with the 32KB per megabyte rule you would think it should be 1024KB. On newer PPC computers, especially any running Mac OS 8 or higher, you can get better performance out of higher cache settings. The default setting is usually best. To set the default setting, from the Memory control panel, click Default.
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A life and work of nicholas copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts & Discoveries
Like many students of his time, however, he left before completing his degree, resuming his studies in Italy at the University of Bolognawhere his uncle had obtained a doctorate in canon law in 1473. The Bologna period 1496—1500 was short but significant.
1. Nature quotes the AFP as stating that the reconstruction "bore a striking resemblance to portraits of the young Copernicus.
2. Learn More in these related Britannica articles.
3. Courtesy of the Newberry Library, Chicago A second tradition, deriving from Claudius Ptolemy , solved this problem by postulating three mechanisms.
For a time Copernicus lived in the same house as the principal astronomer at the university, Domenico Maria de Novara Latin: A life and work of nicholas copernicus Maria Novaria Ferrariensis; 1454—1504.
Novara had the responsibility of issuing annual astrological prognostications for the city, forecasts that included all social groups but gave special attention to the fate of the Italian princes and their enemies. Novara also probably introduced Copernicus to two important books that framed his future problematic as a student of the heavens: The first such known observation occurred on March 9, 1497, at Bologna.
By the time he published this observation in 1543, he had made it the basis of a theoretical claim: In 1500 Copernicus spoke before an interested audience in Rome on mathematical subjects, but the exact content of his lectures is unknown. In 1501 he stayed briefly in Frauenburg but soon returned to Italy to continue his studies, this time at the University of Paduawhere he pursued medical studies between 1501 and 1503.
Copernicus later painted a self-portrait; it is likely that he acquired the necessary artistic skills while in Paduasince there was a flourishing community of painters there and in nearby Venice. In May 1503 Copernicus finally received a doctorate—like his uncle, in canon law—but from an Italian university where he had not studied: When he returned to Poland, Bishop Watzenrode arranged a sinecure for him: As a church canon, he collected rents from church-owned lands; secured military defenses; oversaw chapter finances; managed the bakery, brewery, and mills; and cared for the medical needs of the other canons and his uncle.
He used the knowledge of Greek that he had acquired during his A life and work of nicholas copernicus studies to prepare a Latin translation of the aphorisms of an obscure 7th-century Byzantine historian and poet, Theophylactus Simocattes. The work was published in Cracow in 1509 and dedicated to his uncle.
The civil calendar then in use was still the one produced under the reign of Julius Caesarand, over the centuries, it had fallen seriously out of alignment with the actual positions of the Sun.
This rendered the dates of crucial feast days, such as Easterhighly problematic. The leading calendar reformer was Paul of Middelburg, bishop of Fossombrone. At this time the terms astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician were virtually interchangeable; they generally denoted anyone who studied the heavens using mathematical techniques. Pico claimed that astrology ought to be condemned because its practitioners were in disagreement about everything, from the divisions of the zodiac to the minutest observations to the order of the planets.
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From antiquity, astronomical modeling was governed by the premise that the planets move with uniform angular motion on fixed radii at a constant distance from their centres of motion. Two types of models derived from this premise. The first, represented by that of Aristotleheld that the planets are carried around the centre of the universe embedded in unchangeable, material, invisible spheres at fixed distances. Since all planets have the same centre of motion, the universe is made of nested, concentric spheres with no gaps between them.
Aristotle's theory of the solar system.
Nicolaus Copernicus: An Essay On His Life And Work
Courtesy of the Newberry Library, Chicago A second tradition, deriving from Claudius Ptolemysolved this problem by postulating three mechanisms: The equant, however, broke with the main assumption of ancient astronomy because it separated the condition of uniform motion from that of constant distance from the centre.
A planet viewed from the centre c of its orbit would appear to move sometimes faster, sometimes slower. As seen from Earth, removed a distance e from c, the planet would also appear to move nonuniformly. Only from the equant, an imaginary point at distance 2e from Earth, would the planet appear to move uniformly.
1. The Ptolemaic system would have proved sterile because progress would have proven too difficult. Remains thought to be his were discovered in 2005.
2. Copernicus never took orders as a priest, but instead continued to work as a secretary and physician for his uncle in Warmia. Copernicus might have continued this work by considering each planet independently, as did Ptolemy in the Almagest, without any attempt to bring all the models together into a coordinated arrangement.
3. The system is outlined in a short manuscript known as the Commentariolus, or small commentary, which he completed about 1512. At this time the terms astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician were virtually interchangeable; they generally denoted anyone who studied the heavens using mathematical techniques.
A planet-bearing sphere revolving around an equant point will wobble; situate one sphere within another, and the two will collide, disrupting the heavenly order. Ptolemy's theory of the solar system.
See a Problem?
This insight was the starting point for his attempt to resolve the conflict raised by wobbling physical spheres. Copernicus might a life and work of nicholas copernicus continued this work by considering each planet independently, as did Ptolemy in the Almagest, without any attempt to bring all the models together into a coordinated arrangement.
The difficulty focused on the locations of Venus and Mercury. There was general agreement that the Moon and Sun encircled the motionless Earth and that MarsJupiterand Saturn were situated beyond the Sun in that order. In the Commentariolus, Copernicus postulated that, if the Sun is assumed to be at rest and if Earth is assumed to be in motion, then the remaining planets fall into an orderly relationship whereby their sidereal periods increase from the Sun as follows: Mercury 88 daysVenus 225 daysEarth 1 yearMars 1.
It was also necessary to explain how a transient body like Earth, filled with meteorological phenomena, pestilence, and wars, could be part of a perfect and imperishable heaven. In addition, Copernicus was working with many observations that he had inherited from antiquity and whose trustworthiness he could not verify.
Nicolaus Copernicus Biography
It also provided what was missing from the Commentariolus: Both Rheticus and Copernicus knew that they could not definitively rule out all possible alternatives to the heliocentric theory.
Rheticus compared this new universe to a well-tuned musical instrument and to the interlocking wheel-mechanisms of a clock. The theories of his predecessors, he wrote, were like a human figure in which the arms, legs, and head were put together in the form of a disorderly monster.
Nicolaus Copernicus
He chose the top printer in the city, Johann Petreius, who had published a number of ancient and modern astrological works during the 1530s. However, Rheticus was unable to remain and supervise. He turned the manuscript over to Andreas Osiander 1498—1552a theologian experienced in shepherding mathematical books through production as well as a leading political figure in the city and an ardent follower of Luther although he was eventually expelled from the Lutheran church.
In earlier communication with Copernicus, Osiander had urged him to present his ideas as purely hypotheticaland he now introduced certain changes without the permission of either Rheticus or Copernicus. Both Petreius and Rheticus, having trusted Osiander, now found themselves double-crossed. He awoke long enough to realize that he was holding his great book and then expired, publishing as he perished. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: |
What is the shape of a water molecule?
1 Answer
Apr 29, 2016
The central oxygen atom has 2 non-bonding pairs of electrons, and 2 pairs of shared bonding electrons, each to a hydrogen atom. The arrangement of the electron pairs around the central oxygen is tetrahedral, with the non-bonding pairs taking up slightly more space than the bonding pairs, but since we don't "see" the the electrons but only the atoms, the molecule looks "bent". |
How can whale shark tourism be kept sustainable?
When the revenue generated by wildlife-related tourism is higher than that generated by the consumption of that wildlife, then the animals in question are worth more alive than dead. This seems intuitive, but the economics of wildlife tourism aren’t always easy to work out.
Over the last couple decades, one form of wildlife-based tourism that has quickly become popular is diving alongside free-swimming whale sharks. While they’re the largest fishes in the sea, whale sharks are actually quite docile and have highly predictable seasonal movement patterns. That makes them particularly attractive to dive operators. While whale shark tourism has operated in Western Australia’s Ningaloo Reef since the late 1980s or early 1990s, most whale shark tourism outfits have sprung up more recently, in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, Honduras, Belize, the Philippines, Mozambique, Seychelles, and the Maldives. While some attempts have been made to quantify the economic impacts of whale shark tourism in Ningaloo, Belize, and the Seychelles, nobody has done so for the Maldives. Measuring the economic value of the industry is especially important because it is difficult for local governments, with limited powers especially when it comes to environmental protection, to prioritize conservation without that information.
The Republic of Maldives is known for its local abundance of sharks, rays, turtles, and cetaceans. While whale sharks were once hunted there commercially for oil and fins, it slowed down to a trickle by the 1960s, and was mostly eradicated by the early 1990s. In 1993, an early estimation for the value of the nascent Maldives whale shark tourism industry was made, and that led to a national whale shark hunting ban in 1995. Later, in 2009, that helped drive the creation of three small marine protected areas (MPAs). But in the twenty years since that first study was done, tourism has exploded.
With his colleagues, Edgar Fernando Cagua, a scientist with the Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme, set out to conduct a new economic assessment of whale shark tourism in the South Ari MPA. It’s the largest MPA in the Maldives, covering some 42 square kilometers. Rather than surveying tourists (“How much would you be willing to spend?”), Cagua’s group instead collected data on how much actually was spent directly on whale shark dive operations. They also estimated the number of vessels and individual tourists that were running or participating in whale shark dives.
For 2012, they estimated that the direct expenditure on whale shark excursions was $7.6 million in 2012, and $9.4 million in 2013, with approximately 72,000 and 78,000 individual visitors respectively. Tours were more likely to take place between Monday and Thursday, and less likely over the weekend. Wednesday was busiest. Excursions were also more likely to occur during tourist season, naturally, than during the off-season. The same pattern emerged when considering dollars spent, rather than the number of boats in the water. Unfavorable weather, naturally, had a negative effect; a wind speed of just one standard deviation above the average was associated with a 13% decrease in daily revenue. Tourism isn’t only beneficial for the industry. Thanks to taxes, the government would have collected around $457,200 in 2012 and $748,800 in 2013, thanks to whale sharks.
In 1993, the estimated annual revenue from whale shark tourism was $2.3 million ($3.7 million if adjusted for inflation). That means that in just twenty years, whale shark tourism in the Maldives has increased between three and four times. That’s good news for whale shark conservation, but only if the industry is careful. For example, as general-interest tourists increasingly join their more wildlife-obsessed counterparts, excursion operators will need to put “emphasis on a high-quality experience rather than in the encounter itself, especially in an industry where word of mouth is the key mechanism of promotion,” says Cagua.
He also recommends that the Maldives institute a scheme for the licensing of operators. In Ningaloo, such a program has ensured that they minimal standards without being an obstacle for business development. Cagua also recommends that tour operators make an effort to promote dives on weekends to reduce crowding during the week. Spotter planes also could help facilitate encounters by making searching more efficient, allowing operators to disperse across a larger geographic area and a larger number of sharks. That would ease the stress from the sharks having to share space with all those boats.
Finally, Cagua’s group recommends that tour operators be directly involved in data collection, either on paper or with GPS based logbooks, in order to attain even more accurate information on the number, density, and location of whale sharks over time, and to determine whether there are any correlations between tourism activity and shark activity. “Stakeholder participation of this sort,” they write, “could be valuable to legitimize heightened management applications as well as assure timely stakeholder adoption of new regulations.” By working together, the whale shark tourism industry and the Maldives government can ensure a profitable, sustainable industry that’s maximally beneficial for our species as well as for Rhincodon typus. – Jason G. Goldman | 22 August 2014
Source: Cagua E.F., N. Collins, J. Hancock & R. Rees (2014). Whale shark economics: a valuation of wildlife tourism in South Ari Atoll, Maldives, PeerJ, 2 e515. DOI:
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• Written by Maggie J. Watson, Lecturer in Ornithology, Ecology, Conservation and Parasitology, Charles Sturt University
Why do eggs have orange stuff inside? – Rafael, age 7.
This is a very interesting question. That orange stuff is called a yolk. It’s a great source of vitamins, minerals, fats and proteins packaged up by the female animal for an embryo (the developing cells that turn into a baby).
You probably know that the yellow bit inside a chicken’s egg is the yolk, but in fact a lot of animals lay eggs that have yolks in them. However, not all animal eggs have a yolk!
Curious Kids: why do eggs have a yolk? Having a yolk in the egg allows the developing animal to stay inside the egg a bit longer, which may boost its chances of survival. The downside is the mother will need to work harder to find food to get the nutrients needed to create a nutritious, fatty yolk. Flickr/Kai C. Schwarzer, CC BY
Read more: Curious Kids: Is it true that male seahorses give birth?
A contest called evolution
To understand why different animal species have different types of eggs, you need to know that all living things change slowly over time, through a process called evolution.
When a living thing is born with a special difference – what we would call a “trait” – sometimes this trait helps them live and survive better than someone who doesn’t have that trait. This trait may help them live longer and have more babies.
Because of these differences in survival, eventually, the trait that lets one individual living thing live and prosper will become quite common and be found all throughout a species.
Curious Kids: why do eggs have a yolk? Lots of animals lay eggs. Flickr/Alias 0591, CC BY
Back to eggs
Imagine you are a worm living millions of years ago. You produce heaps and heaps of eggs that develop quickly into little worms. But most of the babies die because they are small and have to find food straight after hatching. They can’t go far because they are very little and so most starve to death (or are eaten by bigger creatures).
But what if some of those eggs happened to contain a little bit of fat from the mother? Compared to its brothers and sisters, the fat will allow the worm to spend just a little bit more time growing inside the egg and less time looking for food after hatching.
The worms that were lucky enough to have that fat inside the egg are more likely to survive long enough to have their own babies. And they pass on the fatty-egg trait to their own worm kids. Soon this fatty-egg trait becomes quite common.
So the worm who was able to feed its babies when they’re still inside the egg had more babies survive, and a yolk evolved.
Which eggs have a yolk and why?
Eggs with tiny bits of yolk are found in animals such as earthworms, leeches, clams, mussels, starfish, sea urchins, and marine arthropods (shrimp, lobsters, crabs) and some insects. These animals produce huge numbers of eggs.
Curious Kids: why do eggs have a yolk? Shrimps/prawns lay a large number of eggs. if you look closely, you can see a lot of small, light pink eggs inside this prawn’s body. Flickr/Klaus Stiefel, CC BY
Most of the babies that grow in these sorts of eggs have to go through a lot of steps before they reach the adult stage. First they have to grow into a larvae (which is what we call a junior body, and often looks a bit like worm).
The babies have to change into a larvae so they can eat, and after having eaten a bit they develop into an adult (think of caterpillars that eventually turn into butterflies).
Animals that produce eggs with a bit more yolk have babies that can fully develop and skip the larvae step, such as in hagfish and snails.
Big yolks for big babies
Eggs with really large yolks are found in animals that produce very few eggs, and the offspring can use the yolk to develop completely. These sorts of eggs are found only in cephalopods (squid, octopus and nautilus) and some vertebrates (animals with backbones).
Curious Kids: why do eggs have a yolk? Here are some squid eggs. Flickr/Elias Levy, CC BY
Vertebrates that produce eggs with large yolks include bony fish, cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays), reptiles, birds and egg-laying mammals (platypus and echidnas).
The rest of the mammals (animals that don’t lay eggs) have found a different system. They have a placenta, which is a kind of a feeding sack linking mother to embryo inside the mother’s body. This system allows the developing embryo or fetus to get nutrients straight from the mother. That’s how you were grown!
Read more: Curious Kids: How does glow in the dark paint work?
Curious Kids: why do eggs have a yolk? CC BY-ND Please tell us your name, age and which city you live in. We won’t be able to answer every question but we will do our best.
Authors: Maggie J. Watson, Lecturer in Ornithology, Ecology, Conservation and Parasitology, Charles Sturt University
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Golden Temple of Dambulla is a World Heritage Site located in Sri Lanka (near Colombo). It is the largest and most well-kept cave temple in Sri Lanka. It is surrounded with towers and is spread over 5 caves which hold various statues and paintings of Lord Budha. Also, some statues of Lord Vishnu and Ganesha have been found. It is believed that pre-historic Sri Lankans have lived in these caves before the advent Buddhism. Proof: A few skeletons have been found which about 2700 years old.
• A total of 153 Buddha statues, 3 statues of Sri Lankan Kings, 4 Statues of God.
• The murals cover an area of 2,100 square meters.
• Depictions include the first sermon of Buddha.
This cave temple has been a sacred pilgrimage for travelers for the past 22 years. The excavated shrine-caves, their highlighted surfaces and statuary are very unique in terms of the extensive preservation it has gone under.
The cave-temple complex is built on a diminishing remnant of importance in the study of the island’s geological history. The site also includes evidence of human occupation going back to the prehistoric period.
Today, to reach Dambulla’s rock temples, the pilgrims and tourists have to climb barefoot up the sloping ground and several cases of stairs almost to the 100 meter summit. From here, the strikingly distinctive rock fortresses of Sigirya are visible, but the five caves or shrine rooms of Dambulla lie ahead. All of these house multiple images of the Lord Buddha, either lying, standing or seated.
The astonishing frescoes and the sheer size and antiquity of the caves convinced UNESCO that Dambulla should be preserved as a World Heritage Site.
Aachen Cathedral, also called the “Imperial Cathedral” is a Roman Catholic Church in Aachen, Germany. This church is the oldest cathedral in Northern Europe and was known as the “Royal Church of St. Mary at Aachen” till recently.
From 936 to 1531, the Aachen chapel was the church of coronation for 30 German Kings and 12 Queens. The church is the Episcopal seat of the Diocese of Aachen.
The construction of the chapel between 793 and 813 symbolizes the unification of the West and its spiritual and political revival under the aegis of Emperor Charlemagne. He was buried here itself.
This chapel was build with Greek and Italian marble, bronze doors, large mosaics on its domes. Right from its inception, Aachen Church has been perceived as an exceptional artistic creation.
This chapel has strong imprints of both Classic and Byzantine tradition. The cathedral uses two distinct architectural styles. First, the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, modeled after San Vitale at Ravenna and considered to be Carolingian-Romanesque. Secondly, the choir is in the Gothic style.
Aachen Cathedral remains one of the oldest churches in Germany and contains a wealth of treasures from the early medieval period, including Charlemagne’s Throne (c.800), a golden altarpiece (c.1000), a golden pulpit (c.1020), the golden shrine of Charlemagne (1215), and the shrine of the Virgin Mary (1238). The last contains an impressive collection of relics and still attracts pilgrims.
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Enormous Black Hole Chews Star For a Decade
Astronomers watch the galactic equivalent of a dog with a bone.
U.S. researchers have been tracking the incredibly lengthy meal of a giant black hole consuming a star for a record-breaking decade.
And it’s still not done.
Most black holes dispense of stars in a year or less. This one, spotted by University of New Hampshire scientist Dacheng Lin and his team, began devouring the star in 2005.
The phenomenon is unfolding in the center of a galaxy 1.8 billion light years from Earth, the researchers revealed in a report in Nature Astronomy. The black hole — dubbed XJ1500+0154 — has been tracked by three orbital telescopes, including NASA’s Chandra X-Ray Observatory, via a sustained “tidal disruption event” in space linked to the intense gravity when a black hole rips apart and consumes a star. During such an event, some stellar debris is flung outward while the rest is sucked back into the black hole. As the star travels deeper inward to be ingested by the black hole, the material heats up to millions of degrees and generates a distinct X-ray flare. The black hole is believed to be supermassive, as are most black holes at the center of larger galaxies, notes NASA.
“We have witnessed a star’s spectacular and prolonged demise,” said Lin in a statement. “Dozens of tidal disruption events have been detected since the 1990s, but none that remained bright for nearly as long as this one.”
Researchers don’t know what it all means but are captivated by the evolution of the black hole. “For most of the time we’ve been looking at this object, it has been growing rapidly. This tells us something unusual — like a star twice as heavy as our sun — is being fed into the black hole,” said researcher James Guillochon of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
The black hole is expected to continue consuming its star for several years to come.
“This event shows that black holes really can grow at extraordinarily high rates,” said co-author Stefanie Komossa of QianNan Normal University for Nationalities in Duyun City, China. “This may help us understand how precocious black holes came to be.” |
Our view of the world tends to be relative, instead of absolute, meaning that our behaviors depend on whether current conditions are better or worse than before.
An absolute view of the world may render us inadaptable to the changes we experience in our every day lives.
These comparisons between good and bad, past and present create either a positive or negative contrast effect. Contrast effects result from adaptation, or the lack thereof, to uncertainty and instability in one's changing environment.
A new study suggests that comparisons of current and past conditions allow for greater adaptability and survival. This opposes the standard theory, stating that ideal responses to current situations are unaffected by past occurrences. The ability to learn from the past and adjust to behaviors that promote survival in all conditions is favorable since environmental fluctuations are unpredictable, no matter what one's past experiences are.
The researchers used mathematical models to compare changes in behavior. Often, if an animal lives in poor conditions and is presented with favorable conditions, it will recall the unfavorable conditions it endured and exert the same energy to survive in the favorable conditions as it did in the past, though it is not necessary - this is a positive contrast effect. Past conditions then are the only way the animal can judge whether conditions are likely to change in the future, and much of the time, they wil not expect a drastic change when normally faced with difficulty.
A positive contrast effect means that an animal exerts the same, if not more, effort to survive when presented with a different environment. In the study, this was usually seen when an animal was taken from an unfavorable environment and put into an advantageous environment.
A negative contrast effect means that the animal does not exert more effort to survive when put into a different environment. This phenomenon was seen among animals who were taken from favorable conditions and put into unfavorable ones. They did not have the same urgency for survival that the positive contrast effect animals did, even though they should have.
Co-author Dr. Tim Fawcett, Ph.D., noted that the environment is full of rapid changes. "Rapid changes favor individuals that are responsive and able to adjust their behavior in light of past experience," he noted. Fawcett suggested that animals with the positive contrast effect are better off than those experiencing the negative contrast effect because they actively work toward survival, while the others wait around for conditions to improve.
Both contrast effect groups normalize to a baseline amount of effort, indicating their adaptability, but the difference in immediate responses between the two groups is of interest. Basing decisions on past experiences can be ideal because the current conditions are unpredictable, while previous outcomes can now be referenced and learned from. Adaptability of both groups is of interest. "The negative contrast effect gradually weakens as the poor conditions continue...the conditions after the shift continue to change the animal's belief about the true state of the world," Fawcett said.
Animals accustomed to poor conditions may be more compliant to change, simply because their urgency for survival does not change based on their environment. Survival skills in animals can be compared with decision making skills in humans because each are driven by the need for a similar outcome - endurance.
What does this mean in terms of our decision making skills? Those with experiences to reference will likely be more cautious of past outcomes and make decisions accordingly. Decisions based on past experiences, according to this study, are the most informed ones and are usually the best path to take, as nothing can be predicted about current conditions, but much can be learned from the past.
Source: McNamara JM, Fawcett TW, Houston AI. An Adaptive Response to Uncertainty Generates Positive and Negative Contrast Effects. Science. 2013. |
EXPLOSIVES: Types and Properties
a. Chemical compounds or mixtures that are initiated by HEAT, SHOCK or a combination of both.
b. Decomposes or explodes very rapidly and Violently
c. Produces a rapid release of HEAT and large quantities of High Pressure Gas
Detonation Process
Comparative Build Up
Definitions That Apply To Explosive Manufacturing
a. PRECURSORS - Non-explosive raw materials used in the preparation of a BLASTING AGENT (Ammonium Nitrate, Fuel Oil, Emulsion Matrix)
b. BLASTING AGENTS - Term used to describe Non-Ideal Explosive mixtures
1. Prepared from Precursors
2. Not Cap sensitive
3. Manufactured on Site
Blasting Agent Precursors
1. Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
a. Principle component (oxidiser )
b. Properties: Low Moisture, Free Flowing, Oil Absorbency, Low Density, Good Friability, Non-Caking
c. Cycles above and below 35 - 37o C
d. Decompose around 250o C release O2
e. Can detonate under extreme conditions
2. Fuel Oil (FO)
a. Fuel component (Distillate)
b. Flashpoint greater than 61o C
c. Fuels such as petrol or kerosene must never be used (flashpoints below 61oC) making them too volatile
3. Emulsion (Matrix)
a. Viscous liquid mixture of oxidiser/water solution suspended in fuel
b. Stabilised with emulsifiers
c. Dangerous Good until density is reduced by adding sufficient ANFO or by Gas or solid sensitisation
Physical Properties of Explosives
1. Density
a. How close or small the particles are the higher the density and greater the weight
b. Measured as grams per cubic centimetre (g/cc)
c. Weight compared to water (1.00g/cc) float or sink
d. Higher density explosives is normally suited to HARD massive rock and low density explosives more suitable to SOFT jointed rock
e. Determines the weight of explosive per blasthole
2. Critical Density
“Critical Density is when the product is so dense that there is not sufficient gas voids for the creation of hot spots to allow detonation”
a. Explosives density and sensitivity are related
b. Deadpressing occurs when gas voids are destroyed (by abuse, shock waves) reducing sensitivity
Explosives require the creation of hot spots to maintain the reaction
Types of Test
a. Gap sensitivity
b. Drop Test
c. Minimum Primer
“Explosives penetrated by water have their efficiency impaired”
Water resistance depends on:
a. Explosives ability to withstand water
b. Packaging of product
c. Type of water
d. Static (low pressure)
e. Dynamic (high pressure)
6. Critical Diameter
“Critical diameter is the minimum diameter that a detonation will occur or continue”
By loss of energy from the edge effects of the detonation process
a. Ideal Explosives small critical diameter
b. Non-ideal Explosives much larger
7. Chemical Stability
“An explosives ability to remain chemically unchanged under specified storage conditions (shelf life)”
a. Ideal Explosives Excellent (molecular bonding)
b. Non-Ideal Explosives Less stable (Bonding reliant on chemical additive)
Factors Affecting Chemical Stability
a. Temperature extremes
b. Poor quality raw material
c. Contamination
d. Poor storage facilities
e. Combination of the above may accelerate deterioration
Fume Characteristics
“Gases resulting from detonation”
1. Principal Gases
Non-Toxic Toxic
a. Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide
b. Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxides
c. Water (steam)
2. Causes
a. Water Penetration Lack of Confinement
b. Poor Mixing Not Oxygen Balanced
Velocity of Detonation
“The speed at which a detonation occurs”
Factors that influence VoD
a. Product type Particle size (molecular, liquid, solid)
b. Explosive Diameter Slows closer to critical diameter
c. Degree of confinement Varies in the blasthole and patterns
d. Degree of Priming Steady state VoD or overdrive is achieved faster with with high energy primers
e. Temperature Higher product temperature the faster the reaction
Due to the above variables VoD is not always a good indicator as to product performance
Detonation Pressure
“The application of detonation pressure to the blasthole wall as the reaction zone travels along the charge column that is responsible for the primary shock wave”
Blasthole Pressure
Pressure applied by the expanding gases to the walls of the blasthole and jointing
Explosive Energy/Strength
Field performance has shown that fragmentation and rock displacement are not exclusively reflected in the numerical values of explosives energy/strength
a. Contains a Core of PETN
b. Sizes Vary but generally 3.6g, 5g or10g per metre
c. VoD 6400 m/s
d. Initiated by: No 8 caps
Detonating Cord
(10g should not be initiated with cords less than 5g)
e. Purpose: Used as surface and down-hole initiating lines
Emulsion Cartridges
a. Contains SENSITISED emulsion in wrapped cartridges
b. Sizes Vary from 25mm to 80mm diameters
c. VoD dependant on product type and diameter
d. Initiated by: No 8 caps
Detonating Cord (10g)
Density 1.6 g/cc
e. Purpose: Used for wet and small hole diameter blasting, On occasions may be used as a booster or primer
Bulk Emulsion Blends
a. Emulsion and ANFO blends are water resistance gassed bulk emulsions designed to be pumped from a bulk delivery truck through a delivery hose to the bottom of the blasthole
b. Minimum Hole diameter depends on the product and blend (75 - 98mm)
c. VoD dependant on product type, density, blend, diameter, confinement, primer type…
e. Initiated by:Boosters
f. Density can be 1.00 g/cc to 1.25 g/cc
g. Purpose: An effective Blasting Agent for wet holes that allows complete coupling in the blasthole, allows for variable density across the shot and added ANFO can modify explosive performance if required
Essentially a liquid oxidiser phase Suspended in a Continuous fuel phase with an emulsifier added to the fuel phase to prevent separation.
Heavy ANFO
a. ANFO mixed with emulsion matrix in blends where the majority of the mixture is ANFO. Heavy ANFO are ANFO based explosives with higher detonation properties and better water resistance, they are augred from a bulk delivery truck from the top of the blasthole
b. Minimum Hole diameter depends on the product and blend (89mm - 127mm)
d. Initiated by:Boosters
e. Density can be 0.85 g/cc to 1.30 g/cc
f. Purpose: Emulsion provides a water resistant coating to the ANFO, this increases the bulk density, hence higher energy |
Cps Napoli Newspaper
Research Manuals
Research Related
Complying with Macroeconomics Term Paper Writing
When you are given a macroeconomics term paper assignment, you will have plenty of rules to follow. Students often have difficulty following rules for term paper writing because the rules tend to be heavily detailed. Students get overwhelmed with those small details and they lose points on the final project. If you have to follow the rules with your macroeconomics paper, it is a good idea to comply as best you can so you can maintain a good grade in the class.
Use the Assigned Style
Term papers are usually written in a specified style. Your macroeconomics instructor will tell you what style to use. You might need to buy a manual so you have all of the necessary details to make sure you comply. When you write a term paper and neglect the assigned style, you could be charged with plagiarism because you might not document and cite your sources the right way. No student needs that headache, which could result in expulsion without a tuition refund.
Follow the Instructions
In order to comply with the term paper writing, you need to follow all of the instructions perfectly. The instructions will include little details like using the right font and size on the title page. You will also need to pay attention where you put the title page information and what you need to include. You might need to center the words or put them in the bottom 30% of the paper. If you work through the paper, one page at a time - you will be less stressed and more likely to comply with the rules.
Notice the Details
The actual term paper itself will have standards to follow, too. You will need to use a header and footer to record the page number and other vital pieces of information. The paper will need to have set margins as well as a predetermined font and size. Do not stray from these standards, or you will not be compliance. The body of the paper will also need to show in-text citations, so your reader knows what information you borrowed from sources and what information you wrote yourself. It is vital that these in-text citations are done perfectly, because this is the area that most students have issues with plagiarism.
When you write the paper in perfect compliance, you might spend a little more time on it than if you decided to wing it, but your grade will certainly reflect that extra effort.
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Carcinogenesis is the process by which a normal, well behaved, obedient, considerate cell that works for the good of the organism as a whole is transformed into a rebellious, ill-disciplined, selfish menace to life. Much of the work in this field focusses on malignant tumours, although many of the principles are applicable to benign tumouors.
In order to become malignant, a cell must acquire a multitude of properties, most of which it will not possess during its normal life.
Most cells lack most of these properties. However, with the possible exceptions of independent growth and evasion of T cells (which can be achieved by altering the expression of MHC molecules and other cytokines), all of the abilities are found and are essential in at least one normal cell type and therefore are encoded within the genome (for example, angiogenesis is part of healing and growth factors such as VEGF and FGF exist which stimulate the growth of new blood vessels; degrading basement membrane and the extracellular matrix is also required in healing and enzymes such as metallomatrix proteinases are available to accomplish this). The challenge facing a cell which has aspirations to malignancy is to activate and deactivate as necessary all the genes that are involved in conferring these skills.
In a certain sense neoplasia is a genetic disease in that it is caused by damage to DNA. Damage to DNA which alters its sequence and/or function is known as a mutation. A mutation may be either harmful (by causing inherited genetic disease or neoplasia; a mutation can also be fatal to the cell), be beneficial (evolution) or have neither harmful nor beneficial consequences.
Mutations may arise either through the action of carcinogens, or through mistakes that occur during the replication of DNA. The latter event can be influenced by oncogenes. Carcinogens are agents that can injure DNA and are discussed below.
Several different types of mutations exist.
The designations 'gain of function' and 'loss of function' are sometimes used to describe the consequences of a mutation on the affected protein.
Point Mutation
A point mutation affects a single base in a DNA molecule. The correct base is mutated into one of the three alternatives. This can have several consequences.
The mutation can result in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein. The different amino acid alters the function of the protein.
The mutation can convert the codon into a stop codon, resulting in an abnormally short protein that may well be useless.
A mutation in the promoter / inhibitor regions of a gene may cause them to be overactive, underactive, or unable to bind the usual molecules that regulate them.
A point insertion is a type of mutation in which one or a few extra bases are inserted into the DNA sequence. If the number of bases is a multiple of three this results in extra amino acids being incorporated into the protein. If the number is not a multiple of three the mutation disrupts the codon sequence that follows (frameshift mutation) resulting in complete misreading of the remaining part of the gene.
Abnormal Methylation
Methylation of parts of genes reduces or completely blocks their expression and is used to regulate genetic activity in a cell. This can be important in ensuring that cells only manufacture the proteins they need to do their job; while many genes code proteins that are essential for all cells, others confer specialist functions. If a methylated gene is inappropriately demethylated it is overexpressed. Conversely, aberrant methylation may inhibit a gene that is involved in protecting the cell against neoplastic transformation.
Translocations are larger scale mutations and involve part of a chromosome splitting off and fusing with another chromosome. They are written in the short form t(a;b) or the full form t(a;b)(c;d), where a and b are the two chromosomes and c and d are the specific regions of the chromosomes involved. Translocations result either in fused (chimeric proteins) that behave abnormally or place the protein coding sequence of one gene under the control of the regulator sequence of a different gene such that the levels of the protein are over or underexpressed.
The Philadelphia chromosome that is found in chronic myeloid leukaemia is an example of an abnormal fusion protein. The translocation is between region 34 of the long arm of chromosome 9 and region 11 of the short arm of chromosome 22 (t9;22)(34;11) and creates the bcr-abl fusion protein (bcr is on chromosome 22). The fusion protein is a tyrosine kinase that has automatous, persistent activity and stimulates the cell to divide, as well as inhibiting DNA repair mechanisms.
The bcl-2 translocation which is encountered in follicular lymphoma is an example of a translocation that affects gene expression. The translocation shifts the coding region of the bcl-2 gene from chromosome 18q21 to the control of the heavy chain gene promoter (14q32), leading to overexpression of bcl-2. Follicular lymphoma is derived from germinal centre B cells and these cells normally do not express bcl-2.
Translocations only occur during cell division.
Deletions are another form of larger scale mutation. As with translocations they happen only during cell division and involve deletion of all or part of a gene. An inversion is a related process in which the sequence of a segment of DNA is reversed.
A carcinogen is a substance or other agent that is able to damage DNA and induce a mutation. A few different classes of carcinogen exist.
Chemical carcinogens operate either by generating free radicals, which then injure DNA, or by binding to the DNA directly and causing the mutations themselves, rather than through an intermediary free radial. Ionising radiation also acts through free radicals.
The structures of the two purine bases are similar to each other, as are the structures of the two pyrimidine bases and mutations often take the form of interchanges between adenine and guanine, or between cytosine and thymine. This is sufficient to alter the meaning of a codon. Cytosine and thymine are particularly vulnerable to radiation-induced damage.
Cigarette smoke is the most common and best known source of chemical carcinogens. The carcinogenic components include polycyclic hydrocarbons, such as benzopyrene.
Some chemotherapeutic drugs have mutagenic properties and destroy malignant cells by inducing DNA damage. The high proliferative rate of many malignant tumours means that they are more susceptible to the harm than normal cells. Nevertheless, chemotherapy can be carcinogenic and patients are at an increased risk of developing a second malignant tumour.
Certain chemicals that are employed in industry are carcinogenic. Examples include asbestos (mesothelioma and lung carcinoma) and the aniline dyes employed in the rubber industry (transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder).
Cells are especially vulnerable to chemical and radiation carcinogens when they are dividing. A dividing cell has uncoiled and exposed its DNA and is in the act of manipulating it. An uncorrected mutation at this point will be transmitted to one or both daughter cells. Some carcinogens can only operate when the cell is dividing.
Virally mediated carcinogenesis has a different mechanism of action. Viruses are basically packets of DNA or RNA that reprogram the nucleus of a cell to make lots of copies of the virus. In a few instances this reprogramming can put the cell at risk of subsequent neoplasia.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is very strongly associated with infection by certain subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 ) of the human papilloma virus (HPV). The viral DNA includes genes for two proteins, E6 and E7, that interfere with the normal regulation of the cell cycle. The viral E6 protein increases the degradation of p53 by the infected cell. The E7 protein binds to the retinoblastoma protein and liberates the human transcription factor E2F: the normal inhibitory of the retinoblastoma protein on cell division is neutralised.
Other virally related cancers are Burkitt lymphoma and B cell lymphomas in immunocompromised patients (both Epstein-Barr virus), some cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses) and human adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1 virus).
The bacterial species helicobacter pylori may also have a role to play in the carcinogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric marginal zone lymphoma. The association with the lymphoma reflects the ability of the bacteria to stimulate a chronic inflammatory response in the stomach that over time becomes monoclonal.
Promoters and Initiators
The concepts of promoters and initiators of carcinogenesis were derived from studies in mice, although they are believed to be extrapolatable to human neoplasms. An initiator causes a permanent change in the cell that renders it susceptible to further neoplastic changes. A promoter takes advantage of these changes to carry the transformation of the cell into a tumour cell forward. A promoter is said to be ineffective if the cell has not been exposed to an initiator. An initiator alone that is not followed by a promoter is also ineffective in inducing neoplasia. The interval between initiation and promotion may be short or long. |
New analyses of an old topic: Effects of intelligence and motivation on academic achievement
Olaf Köller, Jennifer Meyer, Steffani Saß, Jürgen Baumert
This study focuses on a topic with a long tradition in educational psychology. In a large data set with several achievement measures we investigated the effects of intelligence and motivation on academic achievement in three domains, namely, German, mathematics, and English, using three different achievement measures (standardized tests, grades, and final written exams) in a sample of upper secondary students (N = 3,775; Grade 13; 54.8 % female; age M = 19.92 years) in Germany. Furthermore, we focused on grade point average (GPA) as a general achievement indicator at the end of upper secondary school. First, we aimed to replicate previous results on the predictive power of intelligence and motivation for achievement. Second, we aimed to extend the large body of existing research by adding final written exams - school-based performance tests - as an additional measure. Our findings indicate that motivation had stronger effects on achievement than intelligence did. This was particularly true for the domain-specific achievement measures. Motivation had the strongest effects on grades, followed by final exams. The effects of intelligence were comparatively stronger for standardized achievement tests. Overall, the findings suggest that both intelligence and motivation are important predictors of achievement and that this is true for all kinds of achievement measures.
Intelligence; Motivation; Domain-specific achievement; Upper secondary education; Achievement measures
Full Text:
Copyright Waxmann 2009-2018 - Imprint |
control, stress
control, stress,
n a method used to diminish or remove the stress load generated by occlusal contact, whether the contact is functional in origin or the result of a habit cycle.
References in periodicals archive ?
Washington, Apr 2 ( ANI ): Despite running regularly being linked to a host of health benefits, including weight control, stress reduction, better blood pressure and cholesterol, a new study suggests that running may not be all that beneficial.
Self-management (impulse control, stress management, self-discipline, motivation, goal setting, organizational skills)
When left to spiral out of control, stress can lead to a number of health complaints, such as muscle tension, sleeping disorders, nervous anxiety and mild depression, so it's important you keep it in check.
The study randomized 23 patients (18 women and 5 men) to cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia and 28 patients (27 women, 1 man) to a control group that received an intervention focused on attention control, stress management, and wellness.
Sessions cover a wide range of health issues including healthy eating, weight control, stress management,alcohol and tobacco addiction and sexual health.
These robots can meet the needs of many types of Navy operations such as clandestine reconnaissance and surveillance, mine detection, fire control, stress detection, reactor inspections and search and rescue.
Hyperventilation should be identified and approached through breathing control, stress management, and education.
employers surveyed offered employees such activities as physical fitness, nutrition and weight control, stress management, back care, and blood pressure and cholesterol reduction. |
1月 062011
The Junk Chart blog discusses problems with a chart which (poorly) presents statistics on the prevalence of shark attacks by different species.
Here is the same data presented by overlaying two bar charts by using the SGPLOT procedure. I think this approach works well because the number of deaths is always fewer than the number of attacks, and the visual juxtaposition of deaths and attacks gives the viewer an impression of the relative risk of each shark killing someone during an attack.
The graph was created by using the following SAS program.
data Sharks;
input Species $14. Attacks Deaths;
label Attacks="Attacks" Deaths="Deaths";
White 394 61
Tiger 140 28
Bull 98 21
Sandtiger 74 2
Hammerhead 41 0
Blacktip 33 0
Blue 36 4
Blacktip reef 16 0
Shortfin mako 43 2
Gray reef 9 0
proc sort data=Sharks; by descending Attacks; run;
data Others;
Species="Others"; Attacks=276; Deaths=9; output;
data Sharks; set Sharks Others; run;
title 'Shark Attacks and Deaths by Species';
footnote justify=left 'Source: Shark Foundation';
footnote2 justify=left 'http://www.shark.ch/Information/Accidents/index.html';
proc sgplot data=Sharks;
hbar Species / response=Attacks datalabel;
hbar Species / response=Deaths datalabel;
xaxis label=" " grid;
yaxis label=" " discreteorder=data;
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Book Answers "Why Do I Need to Know This?"
Bailey Berg
Dr. Michael Kolis, an associate professor of education studies at UWEC, has set his sights on answering the question most students ask at some point in their education, “Why do I need to know this?” in his new book Student Relevance Matters: Why do I have to know this stuff? While you may see little value in your high school algebra class, Kolis explains it may have helped you more then you know. The book begins by explaining the current system of approaching learners, a process based on sorting students instead of teaching students. He then clarifies why he thinks students should know about the subjects they’re learning, and retaining it beyond the tests. Some examples Kolis cites are students who study social studies explore the human experience and math to look at patterns.
Press and hold the up/down arrows to scroll. |
- Implements a MathObject class for checmical reactions.
From WeBWorK
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NAME - Implements a MathObject class for checmical reactions.
This file implements a Context in which checmical reactions can be specified and compared. Reactions can be composed of sums of integer multiples of elements (possibly with subscripts), separated by a right arrow (indicated by "-->"). Helpful error messages are given when a reaction is not of the correct form. Sums of compounds can be given in any order, but the elements within a compound must be in the order given by the correct answer; e.g., if the correct answer specifies CO_2, then O_2C would be marked incorrect.
To use the context include
at the top of your PG file, then create Formula() objects for your reactions. For example:
$R = Formula("4P + 5O_2 --> 2P_2O_5");
Reactions know how to create their own TeX versions (via $R->TeX), and know how to check student answers (via $R->cmp), just like any other MathObject.
The Reaction Context also allows you to create parts of reactions. E.g., you could create
$products = Formula("4CO_2 + 6H_2O");
which you could use in a problem as follows:
$reactants = Formula("2C_2H_6 + 7O_2");
$products = Formula("4CO_2 + 6H_2O");
\($reactants \longrightarrow\) \{ans_rule(30)\}.
Note that sums and products are not simplified in any way, so that Formula("O + O") and Formula("2O") and Formula("O_2") are all different and unequal in this context.
All the elements of the periodic table are available within the Reaction Context. If you need additional terms, like "Heat" for example, you can add them as variables:
Context()->variables->add(Heat => $context::Reaction::CONSTANT);
Then you can make formulas that include Heat as a term. These "constants" are not allowed to have coefficients or subscripts, and can not be combined with compounds except by addition. If you want a term that can be combined in those ways, use $context::Reaction::ELEMENT instead. |
• Windfall
In this game your goal is to create and sell clean energy by building wind farms. By making smart decision about where to place wind turbines, you can create clean energy profitably. You've got 3 years to meet your energy target. Try to maximize your profits by that time, while minimizing disruptions in the local community.
To see how much energy you're currently producing, check the panel to the right. You can also see your goal energy, the amount of time you have remaining, your available funds, and your political popularity.
Before you build a wind turbine, you need to decide where to place it, some areas are more effective then others. For example, the wind is stronger on higher land. And building near house will cause your popularity to drop ( nobody wants wind turbine in their yard).
The info tool lets you learn about the properties of different land areas. By performing research, you can learn valuable information about average wind speeds and land value. Higher wind speeds mean better energy production. Higher land value mean turbines are more likely to cause political controversy. The only downside is that research costs money.
Choose the size of the turbine you want, small medium or large. Larger turbine produce more energy. They also cost more and negatively affect land value. To build a turbine, click on a land area. You can build almost anywhere, but some areas (such as water) are off limits.
Just because you can build anywhere doesn't mean it's always a good idea. Try to find areas with good wind speeds and low land values. It's up to your on how to manage the placement.
To make your turbine work, you have to build power lines to connect your turbine to a transformer. You can drag hold down your mouse cursor and drag it to build several power lines as once. When your turbine is connected to a transformer, it will turn from red to green to show that it is powered. The only thing you need to take note is each transformer can only service certain amount of power. Use the info tool to see how much you are using at any time. Or just watch the red capacity bar on each transformer.
After your wind energy output starting to went up, your energy output is growing, and you are closer to your goal. You're also making money, because you're selling electricity and selling renewable energy certificates. Use this money to build more turbines. But remember to choose good locations. If you build too close to populated areas, your popularity will drop, reducing the financial effectiveness of your energy investment. You can also recycle turbines and power lines if you're not happy with where they're placed. Recycling them allows you to get some money back, although you don't get everything you spent.
Now you're ready to play! Create clean energy and avoid bankruptcy to become wind energy hero!
• Game Rating:
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• Windfall
• Category: Action, More Online, Puzzles
• Launched: 2012-04-20
• Played: 4,778 views
• Tags: , , , , , ,
• How to Play Windfall
• Everything is interact with mouse, See the tutorial on how to play this game. |
Home / Featured / Can Tooth Enamel Be Restored Naturally?
Can Tooth Enamel Be Restored Naturally?
Can Tooth Enamel Be Restored?
tooth enamel loss
Tooth Enamel Loss
Can tooth enamel be restored naturally? How and Why are we experiencing Tooth Enamel Loss? Our teeth become brittle, crack, pit and even break because of specific “tooth enamel eating” acids that are in your foods and beverages. There are chemicals (some in toothpaste) that actually cause tooth enamel erosion, cancer, hormone problems, weakened immune system, brittle bones and even tooth decay!
You will want to avoid them if you possibly can, there are healthy alternatives that actually help you build new strong healthy enamel, protect your gums, whiten your teeth and stop tooth decay naturally. Here are some of the toothpaste chemicals that you will want to avoid as they will cause you many chronic problems you probably have but don’t know where they came from. And avoiding them will helps prevent further tooth erosion and begin your tooth enamel restoration:
• Fluoride – Sodium Fluoride is a Brain and Nervous System Toxin that loosens brain neurons making you lethargic, and less intelligent – Lowers your IQ up to 10 points. It is main ingredient in antidepressants like Prozac and also is the main ingredient in Rat Poison! Oh, yeah, it also causes Dental Fluorosis – ugly disfiguring pitted teeth/
• Triclosan – An endocrine disruptor that can lead to increased risk for prostate, ovarian and breast cancer It can also produce antibiotic resistance, which severely lower your immune system function and weaken your bones and teeth. It also causes precocious puberty in girls, and undescended testicles in boys/
• Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) – A foaming agent that makes stuff taste bad afterwards. It is actually a pesticide, and cancer causing chemical too. It also causes canker sores and irritated skin.
• Diethanolamine (DEA) – Another hormone disruptor that causes cancers of the stomach, esophagus, liver, and bladder. It is rated 10 on a scale of 1 to 10 of toxicity!
• Glycerin and Propylene Glycol (PG) – An industrial oil that is used in paint and antifreeze, and it can cause skin, eye, lung and organ problems.
• Asparatame and Artificial Sweeteners – Most are cancer causing chemical substances. And create methanol (non-organic) poisoning giving you headaches, dizziness, nausea, tinnitus, intestinal problems, weakness, vertigo, chills, numbness, pain in your extremities, moodiness, neuritis and memory problems.
• Microbeads – Tiny plastic pellets that attract toxins and can become trapped in between your teeth and cause tooth infections. They also poison the environment when the rest goes down the drain and to the ocean where sea life become infected and many can’t handle it. It also grinds away your tooth enamel!
restore enamel
Dental Fluorosis
Bacteria, Heavy Metals and Lethal Toxins like Fluoride are all around at your mainstream dentist’s office. Fluoride actually Causes tooth decay and dental fluorisis (ugly pitting and enamel loss on your teeth), it doesn’t prevent it. It harms your pineal gland, weakens your immune system, makes your bones brittle as well as causes dental fluorosis. Visit the Fluoride Alert Network for more info. And that’s not all that’s lurking around your traditional dentist office.
You have toxic heavy metals like aluminum and mercury (amalgam dental fillings) and X-Rays which are cancer causing radiation waves that goes into your HEAD and Body! They cover themselves and you with a thick lead apron and, hide behind a wall and then fire away at your head! If you’ve gotten any type of X-ray you need to get some natural zeolite powder (detoxes mercury, radiation, fluoride, viruses, bacteria and boosts your immune system) before and after your dental visit. Radiation, Heavy Metals, and Fluoride can kill your white blood cells (immune system) and cause cancer tumors.
liquid zeolite
Mercury is a very harmful substance used by non-Holistic dentists. Mercury is in the new fluorescent light bulbs and is so toxic you are supposed to dispose of them by in a hazardous waste container! Fluoride and Mercury in particular, destroy brain cells, and lower your IQ substantially. Luckily the zeolite powder mentioned above gets rid of radiation, mercury and fluoride too!
These harmful chemicals clog up your pineal gland (where you have spiritual connection and experiences.) Mercury, is one of the most toxic substances known to man, right behind nuclear radiation. Why do you think your dentist wears a mask? YouTube it and you’ll find the truth for yourself and make the right choices for you and your family’s health and life.
mercury fillings
Mercury Fillings
There is another big problem with the methods they are using, and people are paying for it with their teeth, not to mention their lives as well! Amalgam Mercury Fillings are harmful to not only your teeth, but also your immune system and your brain. Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that you are supposed to call poison control or hazmat if you break a thermometer or fluorescent bulb.
It is a brain and nervous system poison, so I highly suggest you get them out if you have them. You can replace them with healthier and better looking enamel fillings. I know a few people that have had relatives pass on, because of bad reactions to the chemicals they use (you can even smell how terrible it smells when you walk in to a traditional dentist’s office).
Mercury Removal
Make sure you choose a safe Mercury Removal. Before you actually have your mercury fillings removed there is something you need to do. Make sure you have some zeolite and take it a hour before you have your mercury amalgam fillings removed, and then immediately after. Use it for the next two or three days to make sure any mercury particles, dust or gas has been safely removed from your body. You can get very sick if you don’t and it can be circulated to your brain where it can cause Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Dementia or memory loss.
It will also help protect you if your dentist has used a fluoride treatment or dental x-rays on you. Most people aren’t aware that the #2 cause of death in the U.S. is from non-holistic medical treatments! People actually get sicker in a medical setting (hospital, doctor or dentist office) than any other place. I use these zeolites before I visit sick friends. In fact here is a story of an unfortunate “dental treatment gone bad” Flesh Eating Bacteria Death from Dental Office Visit. There is a much better way, it costs less, it hurts less and you actually feel better while doing it (you can do it at home).
tooth enamel repair
Tooth Enamel Restoration
Can tooth enamel be restored naturally and successfully? Absolutely! Enamel destroying chemicals are not natural but have been placed in traditional dental care products, not because they help, but because they get return customers! To get natural tooth enamel restoration you need to stop what is eating away your natural enamel and use what builds enamel naturally. If your teeth were healthy, you would not need them, and they know this. Do not be fooled by their “bogus” science (a lot of what passes as “science” is science paid for by the chemical and drug companies to get the result they are looking for, they don’t pay them millions of dollars to say their chemicals are not safe.
You can research it for yourself online and find out the truth about mercury, radiation and fluoride safety. In fact there is a warning on toothpaste “Do Not Swallow! Call poison control center immediately if swallowed.” Safe? Yeah right! Stop using any toothpaste with fluoride in it. There are better and safer fluoride free toothpastes that actually strengthen your teeth instead of weakening them like fluoride does. Also make sure to get the fluoride out by using a zeolite based Pure Effect Filters!
holistic dentist
Tooth Enamel Repair
A good holistic dentist is one that uses natural and non-toxic methods that encourage natural bone growth and tooth enamel repair and restoration. They only use things that are beneficial for your teeth and whole body and nothing else. If you have mercury amalgam fillings (the metal ones) you should visit a holistic dentist and have them safely removed as soon as you can, as you are poisoning your whole body. Alkaline is key to healing, and things like natural toothpaste, oral probiotics and drinking alkaline water daily will help restore your tooth enamel naturally!
Once they are removed you can begin to remineralize your natural tooth enamel and encourage gum growth as well. One natural supplement that will help you grow tooth enamel is neem oil. Neem has been used for centuries in India, and their teeth are better in general than most “modernized” dentistry. Your tooth enamel protects your tooth as well as your immune system, brain and healthy digestion.
woman with beautiful teeth
How To Restore Tooth Enamel
How to Restore Tooth Enamel. You most certainly can restore your natural healthy tooth enamel by choosing a new toothpaste and toothbrush that make it simple but very effective. Most traditional toothpaste has things like fluoride and glycerin that actually eat away your enamel and destroy your immune system. Not only does it help you restore your teeth enamel, but it helps make your teeth whiter, stronger, freshens your breath long-term, and even boosts your natural immunity (immunity starts in your mouth!)
The best way to restore tooth enamel naturally is to start by using an ionic toothbrush, with an enamel remineralizing toothpaste, then use a drop of neem enamelizer. In between brushing use oral probiotics to keep your mouth in the correct PH and filled with healthy bacteria that will allow your enamel to heal naturally. Use the following holistic dental care products and restore tooth enamel naturally:
• Neem Enamalizer (You only need 1 drop!)
• Jade Remineralizing Whitening Immunity Toothpaste Enamel Toothpaste (Natural Enamel Building Minerals Rebuilds natural tooth enamel while you brush, also Whiteness and Strengthens Your Immune System!)
• Ionic Toothbrush (Repels Plaque and tartar buildup with Negative Ions, feels like a professional dental cleaning afterwards. It doesn’t scrape off healthy enamel like an ordinary toothbrush, it actually protects it instead)
• Evora Plus (This is highly recommended – You use this after the other 3 supplements. It coats your teeth with healthy probiotics that don’t allow unhealthy, plaque and gingivitis causing pathogens to take hold, and it freshens, and whitens your teeth too, pretty cool huh?)
tooth enamel repair
Enamel Toothpaste
Choose a natural Enamel Toothpaste that has a small particle size that is able to coat your teeth with natural tooth enamel. This is the easiest approach to natural tooth enamel repair because it’s something that you can do normally many times a day. The more you do it (you don’t need many strokes, just contact and simple brushing, ionic toothbrush preferred) the faster you build healthier tooth enamel and strong teeth for now and the future!
Jade Enamel toothpaste (has no harmful additives like Glycerin, Fluoride, Triclosan, SLS, Artifical Sweeteners, Propylene Glycol, DEA, or Microbeads) and is one of the best, because it has natural tooth enamel minerals that are small enough to get into your tooth and deposit, making new hard tooth enamel. It also brightens and whitens your teeth while boosting your natural immunity!
ionic tooth brush
Ionic Toothbrush
Once you stop using what is causing your enamel to break down quickly (namely, electric or abrasive tooth-brushing, mercury and fluoride) you will repair your natural tooth enamel. An Ionic Toothbrush is highly recommended as it doesn’t brush away your enamel, it repels by using ions, which is like opposite magnetic charges that repel plaque and tarter off your tooth naturally.
I stop using my fancy electric toothbrush (that was brushing away my tooth enamel) and started using my ionic toothbrush (which uses natural repelling instead of harsh brushing) and now my teeth are clean, strong and healthy! Just use it with an enamel building toothpaste like Jade’s (as shown above) and tooth probiotics to keep your mouth filled with healthy bacteria (keeps the bad ones out) and freshens your breath and improves digestion too!
evora plus
Oral Probiotics
Oral Probiotics are healthy bacteria that protect teeth instead of cause tooth decay. If you have these healthy bacteria in your mouth, they outnumber the ones that cause tooth and gum disease. They also make your breath smell better and protect your tooth enamel.
Begin using natural tooth enamel building dental products (wipes out tooth decay causing pathogens and adds natural minerals to teeth) like an enamel building toothpaste and tooth probiotics after your brush (these replace the harmful bacteria with natural healthy ones) like Evora Plus. This has a natural side effect of whiter teeth and naturally fresh breath, it’s all in the proper type of bacteria.
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1. great site, i like it. greetings.http://www.paletesplasticos.com
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Constructing a Concept of Number
Karenleigh A. Overmann
Numbers are concepts whose content, structure, and organization are influenced by the material forms used to represent and manipulate them. Indeed, as argued here, it is the inclusion of multiple forms (distributed objects, fingers, single- and two-dimensional forms like pebbles and abaci, and written notations) that is the mechanism of numerical elaboration. Further, variety in employed forms explains at least part of the synchronic and diachronic variability that exists between and within cultural number systems. Material forms also impart characteristics like linearity that may persist in the form of knowledge and behaviors, ultimately yielding numerical concepts that are irreducible to and functionally independent of any particular form. Material devices used to represent and manipulate numbers also interact with language in ways that reinforce or contrast different aspects of numerical cognition. Not only does this interaction potentially explain some of the unique aspects of numerical language, it suggests that the two are complementary but ultimately distinct means of accessing numerical intuitions and insights. The potential inclusion of materiality in contemporary research in numerical cognition is advocated, both for its explanatory power, as well as its influence on psychological, behavioral, and linguistic aspects of numerical cognition.
numerical cognition; numerical elaboration; extended cognition; Material Engagement Theory; materiality
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Central/North America
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal is one of the most strategic artificial waterways in the world and one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken.
Walled City of Tulum (Mexico) Editor Wed, 03/13/2019 - 21:25
Tulum is the site of a pre-Columbian Mayan walled city which served as a major port for the ancient city of Coba, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Tulum is situated on the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. Tulum was one of the last cities built and inhabited by the Maya.
Mesoamerica (Central/North America) Editor Thu, 02/07/2019 - 20:57
Mesoamerica, which literally means "middle America" in Greek, is a historical and cultural region in North America. It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica. |
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word processing
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Change the selected text to uppercase, Lowercase, or other common capitalization's.
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creates and prints labels.
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in a text document, this feature automatically moves to the next line when the next line hits the right margin.The only time you strike the enter key is when you are inserting a blank line or beginning a new paragraph.
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Checks the spelling and grammar of the text in a document.
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Opens the zoom dialogue box to specify the zoom level of the document. Also note the shortcut in the right corner of the screen |
The origin of metal rich globular clusters
Are the metal rich globular clusters in our galaxy part of the bulge (present view) or the thick disk (older view )? Answering this question will involve analysis of the cluster system in our galaxy and also of that in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). The significance is that the globular clusters formed very early in the life of the Galaxy. Within the current framework of galaxy formation ideas, the thick disk would be a very natural place for the clusters to form.
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Hercules Killing Cacus at his Cave by (Hans) Sebald Beham, 1545
Cacus is a character in Roman mythology. He was a hideous, three-headed, fire-belching shepherd who lived in a cave in the Aventine Forest in Italy. His cave was covered with the bones of the people he killed. Human skulls and human arms were hanging above the cave entrance. Cacus' parents were Hephaestus and Medusa.
Hercules had stolen the Geryon's cattle. He was driving the herd through Italy when Cacus crossed his path. Cacus stole some of the animals. He dragged them backwards to his cave to confuse Hercules.
The next morning, Hercules missed the animals at once. He went to Cacus' cave. Cacus had put a huge rock at the entrance but Hercules tossed it aside. Cacus tried to drive Hercules off by belching fire. Hercules grabbed him and "battered his face to a pulp."[1] Hercules put together an altar to Zeus. He later set up his own worship at the site. Some say it was not Hercules who killed Cacus but a huge shepherd named Garanus or Recaranus, a friend of Hercules'.
Notes[change | change source]
1. Graves 1960, p. 499
References[change | change source]
• Graves, Robert (1960), The Greek Myths, London: Penguin Books, pp. 498–99
• Kerényi, Karl (1959), The Heroes of the Greeks, London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 169–70, ISBN 0-500-27049-X
• Moroz, Georges (1997), Hercules, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., p. 62, ISBN 0-440-22732-1
Other websites[change | change source]
Media related to Cacus and Hercules at Wikimedia Commons |
Maradona by Kusturica
By | February 15, 2018
“Symbolic! Unforgettable! To be treasured forever” remarked the commentators on what is called “The Goal of Century, which was Maradona’s goal against England in the 1986 World Cup. Throughout the semester there has been a recurring theme of how soccer became a medium for having international connections without violence, as in 1920, Jules Rimet, the president of FIFA, dreamt of channeling the conflicts of the world into “peaceful contests in the stadium.” In Emir Kusturica’s Maradona documentary, the audience sees Maradona through the eyes of Kusturica as the revolutionary the footballer, the man, the God, the family man, the drug-addict, and the legend. Kusturica values Maradona not only as a virtuoso player, but also as a man with a political view. As a result, throughout the documentary, there is this interplay between Maradona, soccer, and world politics. This relationship between soccer and international politics, as well as the comparison between soccer and war, which was touched on in Eduardo Galeano’s Soccer in the Sun and Shadow, were two major themes that stood out to me when watching the film.
In the decades that followed World War II, Latin America’s economic landscape changed drastically, as Great Britain and the United States both held political and economic interests in Latin America, whose economy developed based on external dependence. During the late 1970s and throughout the 80s, the U.S. pursued their interests through puppet governments and the elite classes who often ignored the demands of the peasant and working class. As a result, there were many major civil wars and pro-communist revolutions that erupted in Central America. Additionally, in 1982, the Falklands War broke out between Argentina and England over two British territories in the South Atlantic. The political and military conflict is portrayed throughout the movie,and the West is portrayed as this “evil.” The representation of the West as an evil is not only seen through Maradona’s eyes, but also through Kusturica’s when he shows the destruction of buildings in Serbia that were destroyed by Western forces and through his cinematography choices, as he puts the faces of western powers such as Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles, Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan and George Bush on the bodies of animated cartoons.
These political tensions in the 1980s were manifested through the rivalries in the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the reason why Argentina’s victory over England was so meaningful. The “Goal of the Century” was so symbolic, unforgettable, and significant because Argentia was triumphing over a great world power, England, in soccer. In an interview with Maradona, he tells Kustrica that through soccer, Argentina’s national team was representing the dead who had died fighting in the Falklands War. Maradona states that beating England “was like winning a war, winning a football war” and this football war was “what spurred [the team] on.” Furthermore, when Maradona is asked about the infamous hand goal against England, Maradona says, “I was so thrilled with that goal, it was if I’d stolen an English man’s wallet, it felt like getting away with a prank.” This statement makes it seem that he didn’t care if they won in a beautiful fashion or an ugly one, as long as they won, it didn’t matter. Additionally, he states that the goal was so thrilling because he got away with something so illegal. It was like this “injustice” of using his hand to score a goal was karma for what the West was doing to Argentina at the time. Soccer seemed to be the place where roles could be easily reversed and that the underdog could triumph. Unlike the events going on in world politics, where England and other major powers were triumphing over these smaller countries in war, Kusturica remarks that these football matches were where these small countries could triumph ethically over these larger countries.
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Home > Have a question? We're here to help. > Account how-to > What's an SPF record?
What's an SPF record?
Many internet service providers out there are looking for ways to make it easier to verify the legitimacy of inbound emails and prevent bad things like spam (where someone sends you email you didn't want) and phishing (where someone sends you an email you didn't want and says, "Hey, what's your bank account password?"). Over the past few years, Hotmail in particular has taken greater measures to help authenticate inbound emails by implementing a program called Sender ID. It uses something called an SPF record to make sure that the email address you're sending from is one that you've authorized to send on your behalf.
In this guide, we'll cover the basics of how an SPF record works and how to make sure yours is up to date.
What's an SPF record?
An SPF record is the part of your domain's technical signature (known as a DNS entry) that allows receiving servers to see which senders (like Emma) are allowed to send emails on behalf of your domain. It's important to make sure that Emma is listed on your SPF record, since we're sending emails on your behalf.
Will it take me long to update?
No. Including the time it will take you to read this guide, it shouldn't take more than fifteen minutes for you and your email administrator to add Emma to your SPF record.
How do SPF records work?
Most email domains have a Sender Policy Framework (SPF) record. It's a document that basically says: "This is who we are, and these are the people who send our emails." Emma's own SPF records are up to date, but since we're sending on your behalf, with your email domain in the From Address, it's important to make sure you've added Emma to your SPF record, too.
When servers receive an Emma-powered email, they'll check our domain's technical record (called a DNS record) to make sure the return-path address (ours) matches the IP address (also ours). Easy. That checks out every time and always has. And most servers stop there. But some hosts will also check your domain's SPF record to make sure our domain and IP addresses are authorized to send on your behalf.
What happens if they don't?
If your email doesn't pass both tests, a small (but growing) portion of servers may not deliver your email. Specifically, Hotmail has implemented a program called Sender ID that checks SPF records. If we're not listed on your SPF record, Hotmail recipients may see a note at the top of your email that says something to the effect of: "The sender could not be verified by Sender ID." It should only affect the display of your email, not its actual delivery. For now. But in the future, it's possible that Hotmail may require this step for delivery, and that's why it's a good idea to set up your SPF and Sender ID records now.
Are SPF records a good thing?
Yes, indeed. Any efforts by ISPs and corporate servers to curb the amount of spam, spoofing, phishing and other bad emails that get in the way of the good ones is something we're all pulling for. And we're hopeful other ISPs will implement similar email authentication policies very soon. Like other efforts underway, Sender ID won't single-handedly solve the problems of spam, spoofing, phishing and the like, but it's yet another step in the right direction.
Will publishing an SPF record somehow give people access to my stuff?
No. All you're doing is publishing a record that ISPs and hosts will access, in the way hosts access such things, when they receive your emails. And since more and more companies are using email service providers these days, adding Emma to your SPF record is a natural part of using Emma's service.
How do I do it?
So glad you asked. Learn more about adding Emma to your SPF records.
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There’s been a lot in the news about inclusive workplaces, but what does that mean and how do you create one?
An Inclusive workplace is a working environment that values individual and group differences within its work force.
An inclusive workplace makes diverse employees feel integrated and welcome, but also valued. Everyone in that workplace should be given equal opportunities and be treated fairly.
It has been proven that a diverse and inclusive workforce is ultimately more productive and innovative and will have a lower turnover of staff. Staff were also shown to be more committed, had a better sense of well-being, were more productive and were more likely to co-operate with co-workers.
If you think more could be done to make your workplace more inclusive, then there are a number of steps you can follow.
1. Educate your Staff.
• Make sure that everyone who works in your business is aware of what an inclusive workplace is and what is expected of them.
• Organisations such as Stonewall or the Government website can help provide help and advice.
1. Set Policies.
• Make sure that you have a “Diversity and Equality Policy”, each member of staff should be issued with this when they join your company.
• By communicating these policies about fairness when it comes to things such as recruitment, promotion, bonuses, pay, dress code, time keeping and treating colleagues with respect you are clearly stating what is expected.
• If someone does go against this policy, then their behaviour must be dealt with.
1. A Way to Report Problems.
• Ensure that your staff know how they can report a problem if they feel that they are being treated unfairly.
• Create a system where employees can report any issues either openly to a line manager or anonymously.
• It might be for new employees you have a “buddy system”, where an employee that has been there for a while can act as a mentor to a new staff member.
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Beagle 2 is Ready for Launch
In less than five days the UK’s Mars Express mission will lift off, carrying the smallest lander ever sent to the Red Planet, the Beagle 2, in search of life. Weighing in at only 32.7 kilograms, the Beagle 2 will land on the surface of Mars on December 25 in the Idisis Basin near the Martian equator using a similar airbag technology employed by the Mars Pathfinder in 1997. Once safely on the surface, it will open up like set of solar panels like a 5-petaled flower and then use a robot arm to reach about 1-metre around it to collect samples and analyze them for the presence of life. |
How to React During an Earthquake
Co-authored by wikiHow Staff
Explore this Article Dropping, Taking Cover and Holding On (Indoors) Forming the Triangle of Life (Indoors) Surviving Earthquakes Outdoors Article Summary Video Questions & Answers Related Articles References
Earthquakes happen when the earth's crust shifts, causing seismic waves to quake and crash up against one another. Unlike hurricanes or floods, earthquakes come without warning and are usually followed by similar aftershocks, although the aftershocks are usually less powerful than the quake. If you find yourself in the middle of an earthquake, there's often only a split-second to decide what to do. Studying the following advice could be the difference between life and death.
Dropping, Taking Cover and Holding On (Indoors)
1. 1
Drop to the ground. The drop, cover, and hold on technique is the cousin of the famous "stop, drop and roll" for fires. While it's not the only method of protecting yourself indoors during an earthquake, it is the preferred method of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the American Red Cross.[1]
• Big earthquakes occur without much, if any, warning, so it's recommended that you drop to the floor as soon as it hits. A small earthquake could turn into a big earthquake in a split-second; it's better to be safe than sorry.
2. 2
Take cover. Get under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture. If possible, stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, such as lighting fixtures or furniture. If there isn’t a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.
• Do not:
• Run outside. You're more likely to get injured trying to get out of the building than staying put.
• Head for a doorway. Hiding under a doorway is a myth.[2] You're safer under a table than you are under a doorway, especially in modern houses.
• Run to another room to get under a table or other piece of furniture.
3. 3
Stay inside until it's safe to get out. Researchers have shown that most injuries happen when people try to change the place of hiding or when the place is crowded and everyone has a goal to get outside safe.
4. 4
Hold on. The ground may be shaking and debris could be falling. Hold on to whatever surface or platform you've gotten under and wait for the shaking to subside. If you were unable to find a surface to hide under, continue to keep your head shielded by your arms and tucked down low.
5. 5
Stay in a safe place. If you find yourself in bed while an earthquake strikes, stay there. Hold on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a heavy light fixture that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe place.
• Many injuries are caused when people leave their bed and walk across broken glass with their bare feet.[3]
6. 6
Remain inside until shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research suggests that many injuries occur when people inside buildings attempt to move to a different location inside the building or try to leave.
• Be careful when you do go outside. Walk, do not run, in case of violent aftershocks. Collect yourself in an area without wires, buildings, or crevasses in the earth.
• Do not use elevators for egress. The power can go out, causing you to be trapped. Your best bet is to use the stairwell if it's free. Plus, the elevator likely has a Seismic mode which stops the elevator and renders itself inoperable after an earthquake.
Forming the Triangle of Life (Indoors)
1. 1
Use the Triangle of Life method. This is an alternative to drop, cover, and hold on. If you can't find a desk or a table to duck under, you have options. Although this method is disputed[4][5] by many of the world's leading earthquake safety officials, it could save your life in the event that a building you're in collapses.
2. 2
Find a structure or piece of furniture nearby. The triangle of life theory is that people who find shelter near, not under, household items such as sofas are often protected by voids or spaces created by a pancake collapse. Theoretically, a collapsing building would fall on top of a sofa or desk, crushing it but leaving a void nearby. Devotees of this theory suggest that sheltering in this void is the safest bet for earthquake survivors.
3. 3
Huddle in the fetal position next to the structure or piece of furniture. Doug Copp, the main proponent of the triangle of life theory, says that this safety technique is natural for dogs and cats and can work for you, too.
4. 4
Consider this list of what not to do in the event of an earthquake. If you can't find a safe place to duck nearby, cover your head and get into the fetal position wherever you are.
• Do not:
• Go under a doorway. People under doorways are commonly crushed to death if the door jamb falls under the weight of the earthquake's impact.
• Go upstairs to get under a piece of furniture. Stairs and staircases are dangerous places to tread during an earthquake, as they could collapse or break without notice.
5. 5
Know that the triangle of life method is unsupported by scientific findings and/or expert consensus. The triangle of life technique is controversial. If you find yourself with several options about how to proceed during an earthquake indoors, attempt the drop, cover, and hold technique.
• There are several problems with the triangle of life technique. First, it's difficult to know where triangles of life form, since objects in a quake move up and down as well as laterally.
• Second, scientific studies tell us that most deaths in earthquakes are linked to falling debris and objects, not falling structures.[6] The triangle of life is predominantly based on earthquakes that cause structures, not objects, to fall.
• Many scientists believe that it's also more likely to sustain injuries trying to move somewhere instead of staying put.[7] The triangle of life theory advocates moving to safe areas over staying put.
Surviving Earthquakes Outdoors
1. 1
Stay outdoors until the shaking stops. Don't try to 'heroically' rescue someone or venture indoors. Your best bet is to stay outside, where the risk of collapsing structures is diminished. The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings, at exits, and alongside exterior walls.
2. 2
Stay away from buildings, street lights and utility wires. These are the main risks of being outdoors when an earthquake or one of its aftershocks is in progress.
3. 3
Stop as quickly as possible if you are in a vehicle and remain inside. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges, or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake.[8]
4. 4
Stay calm if you are trapped under debris. Although it may seem counter-intuitive, waiting for help is probably your best bet, if you find yourself trapped under immovable debris.
• Do not light a match or a lighter. Leaking gas or other flammable chemicals may accidentally light on fire.
• Do not move about or kick up dust. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or piece of clothing.
5. 5
Be prepared to face a possible tsunami if you are near a big body of water. A tsunami happens when an earthquake causes an extreme underwater disturbance, sending powerful waves towards shores and human habitation.
• If there's just been an earthquake and its epicenter is in the ocean, there's a good chance you'll have to be on the lookout for tsunamis.
Community Q&A
Add New Question
• Question
What should I do if on a plane on the ground? Would I be safe?
Jo W
Community Answer
The plane will rock with the movement of the ground, and you would be OK. Luggage lockers may come open above your head, so cover your head and wait until the shaking stops.
• Question
What can I do if I am a preteen alone with a baby?
Community Answer
If you are with the child at the time of the earthquake, ODPEM advises using the Stop, Cover and Hold On technique, but with one hand holding the baby close to your chest and the other holding on to the object you are taking shelter underneath.
• Question
Why do you have to go under a something during a earthquake?
Community Answer
To protect yourself from things dropping on you. For example, if you are under the kitchen table and glasses and plates fall off the sideboard, they won't hit you. The object may move in a stronger quake, so make sure you are holding on.
• Question
How do I survive when I'm outdoor hiking in Nepal?
Community Answer
You will have a higher chance if you find a nice big flat area, sit down, and stay away from trees, buildings, wires, and anything high.
• Question
What should I do if the earthquake happens while I am at school?
Community Answer
Get under your desk and listen to any directions given to you by your teacher. Typically, you will be required to stay indoors until the shaking stops, and then you will be led outside. If you get separated from your class, try to get to the safe, meeting place your class has decided on at the beginning of the year. If your school does not have one, get to a field, away from any buildings or trees.
• Question
What if there is no bamboo furniture or table and I only have a glass table?
Community Answer
Do not go under the glass table and try to use the triangle of life technique. The glass could shatter and seriously injure you.
• Question
How would I escape from an earthquake if I was taking a bath?
Community Answer
Get out of the tub immediately and find something sturdy to crawl under, such as a table or bed. Stay where you are until you are sure that the earthquake and aftershocks are over. When you are sure carefully and slowly leave the building. Don't be concerned if you are naked--just quickly cover up as you are leaving. Your life is more important then your modesty.
• Question
What should I do if I'm at sea during the earthquake?
Community Answer
Try to leave the water, if you can, and get to higher ground immediately. If the earthquake has been a big one, then you should be prepared for a tsunami.
• Question
Are there any signs of earthquakes before the actual 'rumble'?
Community Answer
Dogs and other animals have been known to panic in the moments preceding an earthquake. Other than that, there is typically no warning.
• Question
Where is the safest place to be during an earthquake? Most people said an open field but can't it tear open? And what if the table collapsed?
Community Answer
A gully opening up and the earth swallowing you whole is extremely unlikely. If you are indoors, go beneath a sturdy table or another piece of furniture that won't collapse. As mentioned above, most injuries result from falling objects, so focus on protecting yourself from that.
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wikiHow Video: How to React During an Earthquake
Article SummaryX
To react during an earthquake, start by staying as calm as possible. If you're in bed, stay in bed and protect your head with a pillow. If you're inside of your home or another building, drop to the ground immediately and find cover under a table or doorway. If you're in a car, stay in the vehicle and find a place to stop as quickly as possible that's away from large trees, buildings, and utility wires. For tips on what to do if you're outdoors when an earthquake strikes, read on!
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• If you are driving in a mountainous area, you may need to know How to Get out of a Car That's Hanging over a Cliff and How to Escape from a Sinking Car.
• If you are at the beach, seek higher ground.
• If you're in an airport, run to the exit or go to a safe place.
• When an earthquake hits, stop worrying about saving electronics like cameras, phones, and computers or other material objects because your lives are more important.
• Protect small children and infants. They will most likely not understand what's happening Get them under something sturdy with you and stay with them until the earthquake stops.
• Try to bring your pets if they're close to you.
• Although saving people may feel like the right thing to do in the event of an earthquake, in this situation, you should try and save yourself before venturing to attempt to help others.
• If you feel that the earthquake is a small magnitude earthquake, be prepared because a bigger magnitude earthquake might be coming next.
• Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur.
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Categories: Featured Articles | Earthquakes and Tsunamis
In other languages:
Español: actuar durante un sismo, Italiano: Reagire Durante un Terremoto, Português: Agir Durante um Terremoto, Русский: вести себя во время землетрясения, 中文: 在地震时求生, Français: réagir durant un tremblement de terre, Bahasa Indonesia: Menghadapi Gempa Bumi, Deutsch: Sich während eines Erdbebens richtig verhalten, Nederlands: Reageren op een aardbeving, 日本語: 地震発生時の対処, العربية: الاستجابة أثناء وقوع زلزال
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❶The first step in the Order of Operations is to simplify parentheses and brackets from the inside out. Now remove the parentheses symbols and simplify addition and subtraction in the order that they appear combine like terms.
Order of Operations
Barriers of critical thinking richard paul pdf: Writing custom xpath in selenium
Solve Equations with Order of Operations
Order of Operations Example
I want mistakes to be seen as normal and as an important part of learning. I would rather surface those mistakes than try to avoid them. About midway through the warm up I bring their attention to number 3, which I know has been the source of some confusion and, hopefully curiosity. Some of them are so excited to notice this they are acting the expert and sharing their ideas with the group and getting them involved in the problem.
I love the team building! When we go over the warm up I first poll the class to see if they think each problem is true or false, they walk us through the solution. After each of the first two, which are both incorrect, I ask them to imagine what someone might have done in order to arrive at the given wrong answer.
I am hoping that someone who DID arrive at that answer will speak up as the expert who knows what "someone" might have done. In the back of the room I have a large chart paper that is similar to the homework chart they have been working on.
Some of them worked on it over a weekend. They were told ahead of time that they were not expected to be able to complete all of the numbers as there were a few numbers I was unable to come up with myself.
Happily, some students take this as a challenge! Their task today is to check the expressions that they and their "math family" group came up with. When they have agreed that an expression is correct they fill out the team chart, which I make on a different color paper - one for each math family team, and send someone in their group to write it on the class chart in the back of the room while other members continue checking another expression.
I really want groups to keep trying to write expressions for the numbers that their team did not come up with yet. I try to challenge them by saying things like: Each team has a different color marker and periodically I will go check for mistakes on the large chart and go get that team to figure it out.
Students from other teams also notice mistakes and bring them to my attention. When I do white boards I have them all raise their boards at the same time. What that means though is that some students finish earlier than others.
Later in the year I will put up "stretch" problems for them, but this early in the year I want them to get into the practice of helping each other. They instead should be looking to see if they all agree or if they or someone needs help. Students are allowed to begin their homework in class as soon as they get it. I ask the class why they think I did not tell them in the directions to use the correct order of operations. Some will be confused by the word evaluate and need to be reminded that it means to find the value or the answer.
Writing and comparing ratios Unit 6: Proportionality on a graph Unit 7: Percent proportions Unit 8: Exploring Rational Numbers Unit 9: Exploring Surface Area Unit What Were They Thinking?! Number Talk whole number addition. Add to Favorites 1 teachers like this lesson. SWBAT share multiple methods to do mental addition of whole and rational numbers. Big Idea Improving number sense and using number properties. Number Sense and Operations. MP4 Model with mathematics.
MP7 Look for and make use of structure. Warm Up 15 minutes. I display wrong answers that I got by making common expected mistakes on the screen for them to look for in addition to disagreement amongst the group: Number Talk whole number addition 39 minutes. The problem string I used for this first number talk was: Brandon and Cristina share different methods. Angelina starts to let go of her ones. Angelina persists in counting by ones.
Rational Numbers and Integer Practice.
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The order of operations is a very simple concept, and is vital to correctly understanding math. Unlike reading, where we always work left-to-right, sometimes problem math we need to work one part of a problem before another, or the final answer could be incorrect! Order Of Operations Homework Sheet Order of operations homework sheets. sheet Welcome to the order of operations worksheets page at Math-Drills. Order page includes Order of Operations worksheets using whole numbers, decimals and fractions.
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All About What Is Fusion in Chemistry
So How About What Is Fusion in Chemistry?
More solar energy is given in the space than that is on the upper layer of the planet. With hot fusion extensions, you must use heat. The heat necessary to melt the ice is going to be provided by the water.
Finally, as soon as you are applying for schools, you want to use the research that you did for your advantage. Breadth-first is certainly not the manner that you’re educated to produce in school, also it may be difficult to do. To start with, elect for things you must reach with your paper.
In the fourth period, the process is likely to detect benefits. When you publish the buy, we commence attempting to discover the writer to complete your mission based on your requirements. To have the ability to rate some thing, you prefer to examine it with all the best case of the specific thing.
From time to time, spinal fusion is utilized to treat back pain even in case the anatomical origin of the problem may not be located. The registered office address must be displayed. The dining table appears to turn into naive enough.
Even a decade ago it’s very simple to count the array of service providers. So there’s a significant risk in promoting the use of technology. There are a great deal of services in order to supply writing facility suppliers exist.
The Fundamentals of What Is Fusion in Chemistry Revealed
The procedure for solidification and the architecture proved alike beautiful. The business said it would construct and test a compact fusion reactor in under a year and build a prototype in five decades. Additional maturation of the EPI system was proposed to be run at PPPL.
The Unexposed Secret of What Is Fusion in Chemistry
Over the last few months Fusion has been working through the worldwide patent filing approach. Out-group employees sometimes try to conform. The majority of the techniques utilized by the contract laboratory are much like established USGS procedures.
What Is Fusion in Chemistry and What Is Fusion in Chemistry – The Perfect Combination
The end result is that unless there’s enough kinetic energy for those molecules to move apart, they have a tendency to stick together. Atoms have an inclination to find stability by becoming electrically neutral dependent on the octet rule. When fusion happens, this mass difference cannot be lost.
For any specific temperature, a specific proportion of the nuclei will have sufficient energy to fuse. For any particular temperature, a specific proportion of the nuclei will have enough energy to fuse. A plasma is just a gas that’s been completely ionized, so that there’s a blend of positive ions and electrons.
A wonderful quantity of energy is important to allow fusion to occur. So it needs argumentative thesis a lot of energy to visit a gas instead of as much energy to visit a liquid. So it takes a lot of energy to visit a gas instead of as much energy to visit a liquid.
Fusion primarily occurs during the major sequence of a star. Nuclear energy is a rather dangerous weapon that could kill hundreds or even thousands of people in an instant with the usage of its radiation and the tremendous explosion that it may create. Nuclear weapons are able to wipe out entire cities in a few of seconds.
Things You Should Know About What Is Fusion in Chemistry
Write down everything you find it possible to consider carefully your subject. The opening statement must choose the use of the essay. Nuclear power is the true answer.
Some techniques place the graft over the rear part of the spine. On the right, the exact same observation can be observed on the spectra plotted employing a DSC instrument. Obtaining precisely the same result in a controlled reaction is considerably more challenging.
Specifically, it’s the formation of a typical chemical molecule of two nuclei which have a high energy potential for fusion. The various sorts of nuclear fusion are differentiated by the very first atoms undergoing the procedure and the atom due to the fusion. Each fission releases a few neutrons.
Nuclear Fission The procedure for dividing an extremely heavy atom into smaller atoms is referred to as nuclear fission. Hence the nucleus is simply positively charged. Every atom comprises nuclear energy in its center referred to as nucleus.
Another benefit of fusion fuel is the fact that it is fairly straightforward to extract from raw materials. It comes in an assortment of forms. The theory behind nuclear fusion is actually quite uncomplicated.
What Is Fusion in Chemistry – Dead or Alive?
To the contrary, even in the event you understand that the niche of your research will be saturating the marketplace, then probably it’s the proper time to maneuver to a different research issue. In accord with the tactic for which you are going to want to concentrate on, there are particular issues to think about concerning how to compose a response papers towards a documentary you will want to make. Nuclear power is controversial for a number of explanations.
Who Else Wants to Learn About What Is Fusion in Chemistry?
There are many benefits of having hair extensions and you’ll probably acquire several types to satisfy your requirements and your pocket. Now, the possible energy function between any 2 kinds of molecules will differ, but nevertheless, it will always have the exact same standard form. Now he or she would try to attain the best solution.
Whatever They Told You About What Is Fusion in Chemistry Is Dead Wrong…And Here’s Why
In the exact first reaction, both organic compounds ought to be condensed. Or If you wish to buy metabolism chemistry definition. The quantity of fissionable material essential for the chain reaction to sustain itself is known as the critical mass.
Choosing Good What Is Fusion in Chemistry
Two numbers are connected to the symbol. Heat is most likely the simplest energy it is possible to utilize to modify your physical state. Nuclear power is controversial for numerous aspects.
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LaPiere, R.T. (1936). Type-rationalizations of group antipathy. Social Forces, 232-237.
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LaPiere (1936) sought to address the cause of outgroup antipathy. To illustrate his concept of "type rationalizations," LaPiere examined the relations between Armenian immigrants (minority group) and the rest of their community (majority) in Fresno, CA. LaPiere assessed the community's attitudes towards Armenians and examined government records to determine if reality matched people's perception of Armenians. The findings indicated that, in many instances, people's perceptions did not match reality. For example, creditors expressed that they believed Armenians were "untrustworthy" and likely to break credit contracts, but on the contrary, LaPiere found that Armenians generally had above-average credit ratings.
LaPiere demonstrated that people are likely to endorse negative attitudes towards minorities to justify discriminating against them even when reality did not match their perceptions. By revealing this discrepancy, he demonstrated that the actual behavior of an outgroup does not necessarily cause outgroup antipathy from the majority group. His work is considered a classic in psychology because it is a pre-cursor to system justification research.
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Punch, or the London Charivari, Volume 1, Complete eBook
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The Fleet is a very peculiar isolated kingdom, bounded on the north by the wall to the north or north wall; on the south, by the wall to the south or south wall; on the east, by the wall to the east or east wall; and on the west, by the wall to the west or west wall. The manners and habits of the natives are marked with many extraordinary peculiarities; and some of the local customs are of an exceedingly interesting character.
The derivation of the word “Fleet” has caused many controversies, and we believe is even now involved in much mystery, and subject to much dispute.
Some commentators have endeavoured to establish an analogy between the words “fleet” and “fast,” with the view of showing that these being nearly synonymous terms, “the fleet is a corruption from the fast, or keep fast.” Others again contend the origin to be purely nautical, inasmuch as this country, like the ships in war time, is mostly peopled with pressed men. While a third class argue that the name was originally one of warning, traditionally handed down from father to son by the inhabitants of the surrounding countries (with whom this land has never been in high favour), and that the addition of the letter T renders the phrase perfect, leaving the caution thus, Flee-it—now contracted and perverted into the commonly used term of Fleet.
As we are only the showmen about to exhibit “the lions and the dogs,” we merely put forward these deductions, and tell our readers they are welcome to choose “which_h_ever they please, hour little dears!” while we will at once proceed to describe the manners and habits of the natives.
One great peculiarity in connexion with this strange people is, that the inhabitants are, from the first moment of their appearance, invariably adults; and we can positively assert the almost incredible fact, that no bona fide occupant of these realms was ever seen in any part of their domain in the hands of a nurse, enveloped in the long clothes worn by many of the infants of the surrounding nations. Like the Spartan youths, all these people undergo a long course of training, and exceed the age of one-and-twenty before they are deemed worthy of admission into the ranks of these singular hordes. They have no actual sovereign, but merely two traditionary beings, to whom they bow with most abject servility. These imaginary potentates are always alluded to under the fearful names of “John Doe and Richard Roe;” though they are never seen, still their edicts are all-powerful, their commands extending to the most distant regions, and carrying captivity and caption-fees
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Lesson 1: Explanation
An explanation of the preceding conversation
Text in this color indicates literal meanings.
For the sake of comprehension, literal meanings are not always translated word-for-word.
Kul fest, va? Nice party, huh?
means fun. It can also be used to mean nice in this sense.
Va is short for vad (what).
Ja, det är det. Yes, it is. (That it is.).
Vi jobbar tillsammans. We work together.
The verb to work is att jobba.
When there is a subject (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) the verb gets an r:
Jag jobbar (I work or I am working).
This is one of the more common things to neglect, even for advanced learners, so make a special note of it.
Är du också lärare? Are you also a teacher? (Are you also teacher?)
Professions don't get an article (a teacher).
Ja, det är jag. Yes, I am. (Yes, that am I.)
Kommer du från Stockholm? Are you from Stockholm? (Come you from Stockholm?)
Nej, jag är faktiskt inte svensk. No, I'm actually not a Swedish. (I am actually not Swede.)
Like professions, nationalities don't get an article, either.
Är det sant? Really? (Is it true?)
Det är spännande! That's exciting!
Spännande (exciting) is very commonly used, even for things you might find much less than exciting.
Hur länge har du varit i Sverige?
Jag har varit här i nästan tre månader.
How long have you been in Sweden?
I have been here for almost 3 months.
The perfect tenses (have lived, has been, had seen) are very similar to English, though many English speakers learning Swedish note that they are more common in Swedish.
Men du pratar så bra svenska! But you speak such good Swedish!
There are several words for speak or talk in Swedish. Prata is standard and neutral.
Det är en liten stad. It is a small town.
Stad comes from the German word Stadt. It can mean either town or city, but not village. Village is by.
Du då? How about you? (You then?)
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The Shifters were granted the rare power to change physical form by the goddess Ayzy, the goddess of spring and new life. They were scattered across all the lands, but came together when prejudice forced them out of their various homes. Many people feared the Shifters’ abilities to become something completely inhuman. This led to the murder of anyone possessing such powers. The Shifters fled persecution and eventually formed a society of their own in the deep forests of Algoma.
When they were discovered in 321, the Algoman king Kegan was sympathetic, despite his people’s objections. He allowed the Shifters to keep their land, without requiring any taxes. The Shifters were also allowed to keep their own laws, not required to follow Algoman law unless outside their territory.
The Shifters’ lands were rich in cocoa and spices, allowing them to create a strong trading partnership with Algoma. The successful trading agreements led to a decrease in the general prejudice against the Shifters, but did not completely destroy it. Many people still fear the Shifters’ ability to alter their bodies into those of animals, but the culture as a whole has more respect than in previous generations, at least in Algoma.
The ability to change physical form does not appear in any other culture outside of the Shifter territory in Algoma. Some Shifters may choose to leave their land and may have families elsewhere, but it is very rare that one would wish to do this. More often, Shifters travel for trade and bring partners into the Shifter society, rather than leaving it themselves.
The Shifter culture is built on respect and the idea of community. Communal farms are the source of both food and income for all. The society has a leader, usually someone whose animal form is that of a magical creature, as they are the rarest and strongest.
At the age of eighteen, young Shifters are encouraged to begin looking for a romantic partner. There are no rules requiring Shifters to be married or even to form lasting relationships of any kind, but the expectations of many in the society is that the younger generation will continue to expand the community by having children.
It is also required for all able-bodied community members to become a part of the military. The Shifters have their own army that exists to protect the community from intruders who may wish them either physical, emotional, or economic harm. In times of war, the Shifter army may voluntarily or at the request of the Algoman court, assist the Algoman army in protecting their lands. There is no formal agreement, only the understanding that losing Algoma may mean the loss of their own lands to an invader’s control.
Those who are excused from military service include: women who are pregnant or have young children, the elderly, those with animal forms that would not be able to fight well, those with any sort of disability, those specialized in healing, and those who are traders or apprenticed to be traders – though military training is recommended in case of trouble while traveling.
Most Shifters can change into common animals, while some can transform into a magical creature. It is incredibly rare to have the ability to become a magical creature, and those who can are often selected to be the community’s leader at some point in their lives.
Each Shifter can only transform into one animal. There has never been a documented case of a single individual having more than one animal form.
Shifters are named partially after their animal form. Each has a unique first name, followed by a second name that is that of his or her animal form. For example, NAME ANIMAL.
Treatment of Women
The Shifters view women as being as capable as men in nearly any communal position. There are no serious prejudices against women in the Shifter society. Only women who are with child or who have small children are expected to remain focused on the care of the home and child. Once the children are somewhat independent, the woman may return to whatever position she held before, if she wishes.
Though the community ideally wishes to grow and expand, if any Shifter chooses not to marry or have children, he or she is not pressured by the society as a whole. Individual parents may decide to pressure their children, but the community allows all its members to live however they wish to, as long as no harm comes to the community.
This also applies to same-sex relationships. Some amount of prejudice may exist in parts of the community, but as a whole, the society doesn’t mind. It is especially unimportant if either or both Shifters involved contribute to the community through military service or trading.
Crime is taken very seriously in the Shifter culture. Murder results in a penalty of death, while theft results in fines and exile if the crime is repeated. Rape results in the castration of the offender. In the case of a woman committing the crime, the punishment is exile from the community. |
Common Bunt of Wheat - UNL CropWatch, August 28, 2013
Common Bunt of Wheat - UNL CropWatch, August 28, 2013
August 28, 2013
Common bunt (also known as stinking smut) is a disease of wheat that was recognized in the 18th century. It occurs worldwide and is of major economic importance. In Nebraska, common bunt occurs frequently but to varying extents, especially in the eastern half of the state.
Causal Organisms and Disease Cycle
Common bunt in wheat
Figure 1. Bunt balls containing spore masses of the common bunt (stinking smut) fungus. Common bunted grain is usually discounted and can be rejected at the elevator.
Common bunt is caused by two fungi: Tilletia tritici and T. laevis. Spores of these fungi survive on seed or in soil. In the fall following wheat planting, the spores germinate in response to moisture to form hyphae (tubular filaments of a fungus, also known as mycelia). The hyphae penetrate (infect) the coleoptile (protective sheath around the first true leaf) before seedling emergence.
Germination and production of infectious hyphae are favored by cool, wet weather. In an infected wheat plant, the fungus grows and inhabits the terminal meristematic tissues (dividing cells responsible for growth), particularly the flower primordia (first tissues to form) of the head. In a susceptible cultivar, mycelium proliferates in the developing ovary, displacing all tissues in the pericarp (outer layer of the ovary) and eventually forming black spores known as teliospores.
Infected plants may appear stunted but are not readily distinguished until head emergence. Bunted heads are slender and retain their green color longer than healthy heads. Glumes and awns spread apart exposing bunt balls (“kernels” full of black spore masses). The bunt balls (Figure 1) are dull gray to brown and resemble kernels but are more rounded. They remain on the head and give off a strong pungent, fishy odor. At harvest, bunt balls rupture, releasing fishy-smelling teliospores. In severely affected fields, dark spore clouds form during harvesting.
Economic Importance
Common bunt reduces both wheat yield and grain quality. Affected grain has a pungent, fishy smell, is discounted in value, or can be rejected at the elevator. This year (2013) and in previous years, a number of wheat growers had their grain rejected at the elevator due to common bunt. If large areas of fields or entire fields are severely affected, a significant economic impact can result from failure to sell grain.
This fall you can take the most important steps to manage common bunt:
• Plant certified, pathogen-free seed.
• Treat seed with a fungicide before planting.
• Choose resistant cultivars.
For more information on common bunt, see NebGuide G1978, Loose Smut and Common Bunt of Wheat.
Are Common Bunt or Other Wheat Smuts Toxic to Animals?
Conventional wisdom is that common bunt is not toxic to animals, but individual animals may experience allergic reactions when exposed to fungal spores. Animals may refuse to eat rations containing wheat contaminated with common bunt. That opinion, or parts of it, appears in several publications about smutty wheat without reference to a source for the opinion.
Toxicological assessment of animal exposure to common bunt is complicated by the various types of wheat smuts and the names given to them. The risk of adverse effects depends on the specific fungus infecting the ingested feed. Smuts occur regionally depending upon which pathogenic organisms can survive in the regional climes.
There is limited university information to support the opinion that ingestion of smut-contaminated wheat is not harmful to animals. We found no credible evidence that wheat smut is toxic to animals. Indexes of veterinary toxicology textbooks do not include “smut” or “bunt” in their listings. That supports the opinion that the risk of adverse health effects to animals ingesting smut-contaminated feed is minimal. Since smut is a fungal disease and some fungi produce mycotoxins, it is logical to wonder if smut fungi might produce such compounds. We found no indication that smut fungi produce mycotoxins.
Recommendations for Feeding Smut-Contaminated Wheat To Animals
Even though there is no apparent risk of feeding smut-contaminated wheat to animals, it is safest not to feed it. Otherwise, follow these general guidelines.
1. Dilute the smut-contaminated grain with other components of the ration. Blend in the contaminated component as thoroughly as possible so the animals cannot selectively avoid eating that component. The required dilution may need to be determined by trial-and-error. (See items 2 and 3.)
2. The taste or odor of feed containing smut-contaminated wheat may cause feed refusal by some animals. Sufficient dilution may mitigate this.
3. Nutritive content of smut-contaminated wheat should be assessed so its impact on the nutritive value of the total ration is considered during ration formulation.
It is safer to avoid feeding it to breeding stock, young animals, and lactating or gestating animals.
Smut-Dust Fires
The historical record includes dust explosions and fires associated with smut-infested grains. The risk of such incidents today is likely significantly different because of current scientific knowledge, safety, and fire protection policies and practices. But smut-infested wheat can produce a cloud of spores when it is agitated, so precautions against a dust fire or explosion should be taken when handling the grain.
Stephen Wegulo, Extension Plant Pathologist
Michael Carlson, Diagnostic Toxicologist/Analytical Chemist |
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Markov Models and Hidden Markov Models
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Markov Models and Hidden Markov Models
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In this post will give introduction to Markov models and Hidden Markov models as mathematical abstractions, with some examples.
In probability theory, a Markov model is a stochastic model that assumes the Markov property. A stochastic model models a process where the state depends on previous states in a non-deterministic way. A stochastic process has the Markov property if the conditional probability distribution of future states of the process.
System state is fully observable System state is partially observable
System is autonomous
Markov chain Hidden Markov model
System is controlled
Markov decision process Partially observable Markov decision process
Markov chain
A Markov chain named by Andrey Markov, is a mathematical system that representing transitions from one state to another on a state space. The state is directly visible to the observer. It is a random process usually characterized as memoryless: the next state depends only on the current state and not on the sequence of events that preceded it. This specific kind of "memorylessness" is called the Markov property.
Let's talk about the weather. we have three types of weather sunny, rainy and cloudy.
Let's assume for the moment that the weather lasts all day and it does not change from rainy to sunny in the middle of the day.
Weather prediction is try to guess what the weather will be like tomorrow based on a history of observations of weather
simplified model of weather prediction
Wewill collect statistics on what the weather was like today based on what the weather was like yesterday the day before and so forth. We want to collect the following probabilities.
Using above expression, we can give probabilities of types of weather for tomorrow and the next day using n days of history.
The larger n will be problem in here. The more statistics we must collect Suppose that n=5 then we must collect statistics for 35 = 243 past histories Therefore we will make a simplifying assumption called the "Markov Assumption".
This is called a "first-order Markov assumption" since we say that the probability of an observation at time n only depends on the observation at time n-1. A second-order Markov assumption would have the observation at time n depend on n-1 and n-2. We can the express the joint probability using the “Markov assumption”.
So this now has a profound affect on the number of histories that we have to find statistics for, we now only need 32 = 9 numbers to characterize the probabilities of all of the sequences. (This assumption may or may not be a valid assumption depending on the situation.)
Arbitrarily pick some numbers for P (wtomorrow | wtoday).
Tabel2: Probabilities of Tomorrow's weather based on Today's Weather
“What is w0?” In general, one can think of w as the START word so P(w1w2) is the probability that w1 can start a sentence.
For first-order Markov models we can use these probabilities to draw a probabilistic finite state automaton.
1. Today is sunny what's the probability that tomorrow is sunny and the day after is rainy
First we translates into
• P(w2= sunny,w3=rainy|w1=sunny)
P(w2= sunny,w3=rainy|w1=sunny) = P(w2=sunny|w1=sunny) *
= P(w2=sunny|w1=sunny) * P(w3=rainy|w2=sunny)
= 0.8 * 0.05
Hidden Markov model
A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a statistical Markov model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved (hidden) states. A HMM can be considered the simplest dynamic Bayesian network. Hidden Markov models are especially known for their application in temporal pattern recognition such as speech, handwriting, gesture recognition, part-of-speech tagging, musical score following, partial discharges and bioinformatics.
Well suppose you were locked in a room for several days and you were asked about the weather outside The only piece of evidence you have is whether the person who comes into the room carrying your daily meal is carrying an umbrella or not.
Table 3: Probabilities of Seeing an Umbrella
The equation for the weather Markov process before you were locked in the room.
Now we have to factor in the fact that the actual weather is hidden from you We do that by using Bayes Rule.
Where ui is true if your caretaker brought an umbrella on day i and false if the caretaker did not. The probability P(w1,..,wn) is the same as the Markov model from the last section and the probability P(u1,..,un) is the prior probability of seeing a particular sequence of umbrella events.
The probability P(w1,..,wn|u1,..,un) can be estimated as,
Assume that for all i given wi, ui is independent of all uj and wj. I and J not equal
Next post will explain about “Markov decision process” and “Partially observable Markov decision process”.
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November 1918
A long andvaried history
The Harwich Haven is the only natural deep-water harbour between the Thames and the Humber. Its geography means that great navies have gathered here and people and goods have passed through it for centuries. Surprisingly, though, little is made of the recent military history, not least the momentous events at the end of the First World War when an entire fleet of submarines was brought in and sold off, their crews taken back to Germany without coming ashore. The U-Boats started coming in on the 21st November 1918 and they were anchored off Felixstowe until April 1919.
The armada of over one hundred German U-Boats that ended up in the safe waters of the Harwich Haven had targeted supply lines across the Atlantic in an effort to blockade Britain. Ultimately this policy planted the seeds of German defeat as it provoked the Americans into joining the war. But, initially, unrestricted submarine warfare was a success; in March 1917, for example, twenty-five per cent of all British-bound shipping was sunk and the government was eventually forced to introduce rationing and marshall a Women’s Land Army to help feed a nation with only a few weeks supply of grain left.
German U Boat crew handing over their boat.
A British Navy Minesweeper crew member.
German crew leaving their submarine.
a picture
Specifically, they allow us a unique opportunity to: shift the nation’s focus back from what’s been the well-marked commemoration of events in Europe between 1914 -1918 to the UK; engage with the often forgotten war at sea and how Germany’s submarine blockade created shortages at home; understand how surrender and the Armistice worked on the ground; and explore the consequences of a failed peace settlement for ordinary people in many countries caught up in the escalating refugee crisis of the 1930s as the world marched to war again. Something we explore further in the Sanctuary activities of our project.
Harwich then is the ideal location for a project that not only looks at the surrender of a large, and previously successful, military force but, as importantly, the impact it had on the Home Front, an element of our current
BBC World War One at Home - Harwich, Essex: Over 100 U-boats Surrender
Shortly after the Armistice in November 1918, Harwich was where dozens of German U-boats officially surrendered to the Allied forces. Their exact number is not known, but there were estimated to be between 120 and 150 U-boats in total, along with various other German ships and support machinery.
German U Boat crew handing over their boat.
An arial view of surrender taken from flying boat stationed at Felixstowe.
U Boat avenue across Harwich Haven. |
Primary and secondary questions
Life only has a couple of primary questions we must answer. For example:
Who are you?
Where do I come from?
Why am I here?
Where am I going?
What am I suppose to accomplish?
And then there are infinite number of secondary questions:
How do I provide for my family?
What makes me happy?
Where will I go to school?
Who do I vote for?
Should I vaccinate my kids?
Should marijuana be legalized?
Answering the primary questions can help guide us in the never-ending string of secondary questions. But it doesn’t mean you will be able to answer everything question that comes your way.
In fact, secondary questions will sometimes contradict primary answers.
That is tension that each of us has to learn to live with. We are all a walking contradiction.
If you want to build a house, build a strong foundation. Strong foundations are built by asking and answering life’s most pressing questions. |
This question already has an answer here:
I have had many teachers who have told me that zero is a natural number but then there is those teachers who say its not. why is that ?
marked as duplicate by Daniel Fischer Jan 7 '15 at 23:51
• 2
$\begingroup$ You may start to see more references to "positive integers" and "non-negative" integers in more advanced math classes to avoid any confusion on this point. $\endgroup$ – Todd Wilcox Jan 7 '15 at 22:28
• $\begingroup$ Whenever I use the term "natural number", I tend to make sure that it doesn't matter whether $0$ is included. The term's kind of got unresolved issues that make it less useful (since it's wholly unhelpful to say, "We take the naturals to include 0" when, as Todd notes, "non-negative integer" works just as well) $\endgroup$ – Milo Brandt Jan 7 '15 at 22:31
• 2
$\begingroup$ @Meelo 'Non-negative' does not sound very elegant. I propose 'pozerotive':) $\endgroup$ – guest Jan 7 '15 at 22:33
• 2
$\begingroup$ It's just a matter of convention. Each textbook should tell you what it means by "natural number". As a general rule, I find that $0$ is included in algebra and combinatorics texts, but excluded in analysis and applied math texts. $\endgroup$ – GEdgar Jan 7 '15 at 22:41
• $\begingroup$ @ToddWilcox even this is not completely universal though; some consider 0 as positive and negative. $\endgroup$ – quid Jan 7 '15 at 23:07
I think this is primarily based on peoples' differing definitions, not any fundamental misunderstanding. There's no harm done when a student is learning grade school math.
However, using a "typical" construction of the natural numbers using set theory, $0$ is a natural number. The natural numbers are defined by using a function
$$ S(a) := a \cup \{a\}$$
so that $n+1 := S(n)$, and $0$ is defined as the empty set. Starting at $0$ and not at $1$ is then consistent with the definition of the size of a set (cardinality): two sets have the same size if there exists a bijection between them. Since the number $1$ is defined by
$$1 := \varnothing \cup \{\varnothing\} = \{ \varnothing\}$$
then it has one element, as you might expect.
The natural numbers are those we use for counting objects. Some authors include $0$ as a 'natural' number of objects to have and some don't. There is no consensus in the mathematical community. We do know that the number zero came much later in human history than the rest of them, so some argue that it is less 'natural', but on the other hand it is perfectly normal to consider zero objects (not as abstract as considering -4 objects) so it may be a natural number. It depends on the author.
• $\begingroup$ Minor point: We do know that the number zero came much later in human history than the rest of them. This is true in let's call it Eurasian mathematics. Anthropologists get very excited about this topic, as there are some primitive cultures where zero is present. $\endgroup$ – Simon S Jan 7 '15 at 22:45
• $\begingroup$ @SimonS That's really cool. I guess my education has been a bit too Eurocentric :( $\endgroup$ – Johanna Jan 7 '15 at 22:48
I think that modern definitions include zero as a natural number. But sometimes, expecially in analysis courses, it could be more convenient to exclude it.
Pros of considering $0$ not to be a natural number:
• generally speaking $0$ is not natural at all. It is special in so many respects;
• people naturally start counting from $1$;
• the harmonic sequence $1/n$ is defined for any natural number n;
• the $1$st number is $1$;
• in making limits, $0$ plays a role which is symmetric to $\infty$, and the latter is not a natural number.
Pros of considering $0$ a natural number:
• the starting point for set theory is the emptyset, which can be used to represent $0$ in the construction of natural numbers; the number $n$ can be identified as the set of the first $n$ natural numbers;
• computers start counting by $0$;
• the rests in the integer division by a $n$ are $n$ different numbers starting from $0$ to $n-1$;
• it is easier to exclude one defined element if we need naturals without zero; instead it is complicated to define a new element if we don't already have it;
• integer, real and complex numbers include zero which seems much more important than $1$ in those sets (those sets are symmetric with respect to $0$);
• there is a notion to define sets without $0$ (for example $\mathbb R_0$ or $\mathbb R_*$), or positive numbers ($\mathbb R_+$) but not a clear notion to define a set plus $0$;
• the degree of a polynomial can be zero, as can be the order of a derivative;
I have seen children measure things with a ruler by aligning the $1$ mark instead of the $0$ mark. It is difficult to explain them why you have to start from $0$ when they are used to start counting from $1$. The marks in the rule identify the end of the centimeters, not the start, since the first centimeter goes from 0 to 1.
An example where counting from $1$ leads to somewhat wrong names is in the names of intervals between musical notes: the interval between C and F is called a fourth, because there are four notes: C, D, E, F. However the distance between C and F is actually three tones. This has the ugly consequence that a fifth above a fourth (4+3) is an octave (7) not a nineth! On the other hand if you put your first finger on the C note of a piano your fourth finger goes to the F note.
I would say that in the natural language the correspondence between cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers is off by one, thus distinguishing two sets of natural numbers, one starting from 0 and one starting from 1st. The 1st of January was day number $0$ of the new year. And zeroth has no meaning in the natural language...
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Geography and Global Domination
Geography and
Global Inequality
A summary of the main ideas
proposed by Jared Diamond in his
book Guns, Germs, and Steel
Yali’s Question
Jared Diamond is a biologist and anthropologist
On Papua New Guinea Diamond befriended an aboriginal man
named Yali
Yali asked Diamond, “Why is it that you white people developed
people had little cargo of our own?”
In short, how can we account for western societies’ (European
nations and their offshoots) disproportionate levels of power
and innovation?
Diamond’s Thesis
Geographical factors determined the development of
civilizations and patterns of conquest
“…history followed different courses for different
people because of differences among people’s
environments, not because of biological differences
among people themselves.”
Proximate Causes (such as guns, germs, and
steel) were the result of Ultimate Causes (such as
access to plants and animals that could be
Unequal Starting Points
According to Diamond, different societies developed
at different rates due to unequal starting points
The ability to develop the proximate causes of
dominance—guns, germs, and steel—depends upon
geographical factors that determined the relative
ease with which a group of people could hunt,
gather, & farm
In other words, the easier it was for people to farm
(using domesticated plants and animals), the more
likely they were to develop advanced civilizations
Plant Power
Certain grains such as
wheat and barley have
much larger seed sizes,
thus making it
worthwhile to gather
them instead of hunting
Areas where grains with
large seed sizes grew
were naturally more
conducive to settlement
and farming
Sources of Plant Production
Farming and planned food production were
developed in many different regions around the
world. So what made the fertile crescent different
than these other regions?
Taming Beasts
Key to successful sedentary
villages is the ability to
domesticate animals for food,
energy, and other services
To be domesticated, animals
must be naturally inclined to
breed in captivity and be safe
around people--they must have
passive temperaments
The most common
domesticated mammals are
sheep, goats, cows, oxen, pigs,
and horses
The ancestors of most modern
domesticated animals inhabited
Eurasia and North Africa
Mammalian Domestication
What factors make some animals capable of domestication while others
are not?
Just like plants, all animals are not created equal. Most animal species
would not benefit people even if they were tamed and, of the species
that might be beneficial to people, only some are capable of being
tamed. Also like plants, potentially beneficial mammalian species were
not evenly distributed around the world.
Runners take your marks…
Imagine a race in which each runner starts at a very different place on
the path. Naturally not all the runners would finish the race at the
same time. Just like that race, different regions domesticated plants
and animals at different times in history. Because of this, some regions
developed advanced civilizations earlier in history than others.
An Unfair Race
Not only are the starting points different, but some places can
more easily adapt imported technologies, plants, and animals
As villages and settlements grow, they often trade goods,
services, and ideas with nearby villages; however, trade may be
limited by physical geography such as mountains, large bodies
of water, deserts, and harsh climates.
Plants and animals that flourish in some environments may not
survive in other environments (for example, why are there so
few palm trees in Oregon, but lots in California?)
The extent to which technology, such as new crops or breeds of
domesticated animals, can spread depends upon the ease with
which different communities of people can adapt them to their
own climate and region
Axis of Power
Crop and animal diffusion depends upon similarity of climates.
Thus, the ease with which fertile crescent crops spread across
the world can be understood as a result of similar climates
along an East-West axis.
Farming Leads to Conquest
So how do crops and domesticated animals lead to
advanced civilizations and conquest?
Once people can stop moving around and have access to stored
food they have more leisure time to devote to innovation and
More food and more time also results in more births
As populations increase societies adopt rules and codes of conduct
to regulate the increasing interactions between people and groups
Population pressures also lead to competition for scarce resources
(the roots of conflict and wars), as resources increasingly become
scarce and populations continue to grow, people look elsewhere for
new resources
Ultimately nearby populations are forced to either adopt their
neighbors’ technological advantages or be conquered (either
through violence or overwhelming numbers)
What About Disease?
History demonstrates that
not only is conquest
typically the result of
technological imbalance but
also immunity imbalance
Most deadly diseases are
mutations of animal
disease. Proximity to
animals transmits the
Societies with domesticated
animals have more
exposure to diseases and
build immunities
As societies spread,
diseases spread with them
So why isn’t the Middle East more
Climate change and overuse of the land in the Middle
East led to the collapse of many of the advanced
societies in the region (but not before their
technology spread)
Europe was the chief beneficiary of the Middle East’s
head start because of similar climates and the
relative ease of transportation and trade via it’s seas
and rivers, thus Europeans ended up having a
technological head start in the race toward guns,
germs, and steel
Europe’s Advantage
Crops, domesticated
animals, and ideas from the
fertile crescent spread
throughout Europe, kickstarting sedentary farming
European societies
developed quickly due to the
rapid diffusion of technology
from the Middle East
(allowing Europe to skip over
the long periods of time
normally necessary for such
advancements in technology)
To Sum Up…
Global inequality is a result of which societies had natural and
geographical head starts leading to earlier advances in technology
Immediate (proximate) causes of conquest such as guns, germs, and
steel are really just the natural outgrowth of the more distant (ultimate)
causes such as physical geography and availability of plant and
animals that can be easily domesticated
So what does the title of Diamond’s book mean?
Guns represent the weapons of war developed due to conflict over
resources and ultimately used to conquer others
Germs represent the diseases resulting from domesticated animals, which
devastate unexposed populations (intentionally or not)
Steel represents technological innovations (especially in tools,
communications, and transportation) which provide conquering
civilizations the advantage over competing societies
Resources Used
Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W.
Norton & Company, NY, NY.
All the charts and tables used are from this
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If you haven't already started exploring Docker then you will have no doubt heard and read about it. Docker containers are challenging VMs as a new favourite tool for devops and developers alike. In this article, we will take a look at the basics and what a Docker image vs container is all about.
You are probably already well familiar with the typical virtual machine setup. In essence, you select your server configuration, such as memory, CPU and so on and then an operating system to run upon it. Underlying the virtual machine, somewhere in the stack, is some physical hardware and the resources are shared between virtual machines. The host hardware performs a balancing act of sharing resources between all the virtual machines, giving more computing power when required and shifting it around accordingly.
This is the defacto offering for most hosting providers - you "own" the virtual machine and are entirely responsible for its running.
In the VM scenario, all instances of the virtual machines are running an operating system. The inherent cost is giving up your resources to the OS which leaves whatever is left over for the job of running your application. If you have a virtual machine with 2 gigabytes of the memory, the operating system might be consuming 1 gigabyte before you have even served your first user request.
Docker takes a different approach that is best visualised.
The Docker approach does away with the notion of a guest OS and instead acts as more of an application broker to the host OS.
Does this mean the operating system is abstracted away through "emulation" ? Docker for Windows actually runs a minimal Linux on Windows using Hyper-V (although this is big over simplification and in a recent beta, it actually becomes possible to run native Windows containers!).
What are containers?
The term "container" probably conjures up an image of a shipping container which is the perfect analogy. Your apps run inside a container and everything that it needs is then within the container. For example, if your application were to make use of an native image processing library to resize images users might upload, then this library would be added to your container.
What are images?
Images are essentially a snapshot of a container that are then used to base containers upon. For example, if you were to build a Node app, you would typically use an existing Node container image. These are described in an aptly named Dockerfile.
This is a Dockerfile taken from a Node.js-based Divio project.
FROM node:8
COPY package.json .
RUN npm install
COPY . /app
# noop for legacy migration
RUN echo "#!/bin/bash" > /app/migrate.sh && \
chmod +x /app/migrate.sh
CMD npm start
In this example, the FROM directive tells Docker that we want to use a Node image as a basis for a Node.js application. Specifically, it refers to the Node repository at Docker Hub. In this case, since we specify node:8, it references Node 8.12.0-jessie.
You can find images for almost everything at Docker Hub which is a large community repository for Docker images.
You can probably already begin to see the benefits just with this simple example configuration.
Why Docker ?
Use your resources more effectively
The most obvious is, of course, that the computing resources are entirely dedicated to your containers. If you pay for a certain specification then that is actually what is made available to you without having consider the loss of resources to be shared with a guest OS. It becomes easier to understand scaling and resource consumption without having to factor in the guest OS.
Continuous deployment and testing
Docker has quickly become a top topic in dev-ops for its savings in setup and configuration time. In the example above, one line gave us a working Node environment that is ready to run our application.
This is amplified during development, especially in a team environment. Rather than needing to install your development repeatedly across the team, perhaps mixing Linux, OS X and Windows, you can simply use a container and be assured of the same environment. Your development machine is kept clean with everything neatly inside the container.
Your local working environment then perfectly matches your testing, pre-production and production environments with no risk of different binaries or libraries. One test can cover everything without needing to worry about differences in environments.
Version control and recovery
By having everything in your container, patches and changes can be easily versioned through Git. In contrast, if you were to install a patch directly on your VM, replicate across your other environments then find it leads to a another issue, rolling-back can be messy and cause breakage along the way. Perhaps someone in the team has a patch or change whilst others stay on another version causing lost time in debugging environments.
No vendor tie-in
Anywhere Docker can run, you can run your container. This means without changing a line of code, you can run your container on AWS, Azure and others. Perhaps a customer wants to move an application to there own data centres long after a project finishes - the container can be readily migrated without needing to review deployment scripts or vendor-specific steps.
How does Divio work?
Divio doesn't use traditional virtual machines.
All applications run on Divio are container-based. When you first install the Divio Desktop application, it will automatically install Docker and configure it accordingly if it is not already installed. Further, the Divio CLI (command-line) can simplify working with Docker and wrap some more complex commands.
Checking a development environment with divio doctor
When you run your application, a container is built and run on your machine locally. When you deploy to either testing or production, an identical container is then also deployed for you.
If you want to get started quickly with Docker, head to the Divio Control Panel and create a new project then use Divio Desktop to sync it with local environment and you have your first Docker container up and running in a minute or so.
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academic writing, essay mills, essay mill
College studies are indeed full of complicated academic complications. One of the most dreaded complications among college students is to write essays on a regular basis. There is no room for complacencies during college years and students have to write lengthy essays one after the other. One of the types of essays that students are required to write during initial years is five paragraph essays. These types of essays are a way for teachers to teach students how to basically structure an essay adhering to specific guidelines and appropriate writing formats. A five paragraph essay has a basic essay structure comprising of an introductory paragraph, followed by the main body and a conclusion. The purpose of this article is to guide students on how to write a five paragraph essay. If you are new to writing essays than follow some very useful tips right below to learn to write five paragraph essays.
Begin with an Appealing Introduction
Everything has a start and an end. Your five paragraph essay starts with an appealing introduction. The purpose of an introductory paragraph is to guide the readers about the main theme of the essay. It is a microcosm of an entire essay. Therefore, you need to be very careful in terms of what main arguments you need to introduce into the introductory paragraph before elaborating them in the main body. The introduction must consist of brief background on the topic, a thesis statement and an appealing start as to lead the readers into reading the entire essay with interest.
The Main Body
In the case of writing five paragraph essays, the main body must comprise of……
Kindly visit our order/inquiry page for further assistance.
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The card game Rummy is a fun, easy-to-learn game played by two to six players. Rummy is a race to see which one of the players can meld their cards first. Below is the video tutorial and explanation.
Rummy Tutorial:
How To Play Canasta
How To Play Gin Rummy
How To Play Golf
How To Play President
Needed: 52 card deck; 2-6 players; pen and paper for scorekeeping
• 2 Players = 10 cards each
• 3-4 Players = 7 cards each
• 5-6 Players = 6 cards each
Objective: The objective of the game is to be the first player to play all his/her cards into melds. A meld is a set of 3 or 4 cards with the same rank, or a run of 3 or more cards in the same suit.
Game Play: The player left of the dealer goes first. The player has the option to draw the top card of the deck, or the top card of the discard pile. Once a card is drawn, the player has the option to lay down any possible melds, or can lay off a card onto any meld on the table. A lay off means adding a card to an existing meld. For example, adding the forth 5 to a meld of three 5s, or adding a 2 of diamonds to the run of 3 of diamonds to 6 of diamonds. Each player’s turn ends by discarding 1 card. Play continues clockwise until a player has played all his/her cards. A round can end in 3 ways, players can meld their last cards, lay off their last card, or discard their last card.
Scoring: The winner of the round is awarded the points from the other players’ cards remaining in their hands. An ace is worth 1 point. The 2s through the 10s are worth face value. For example, a 6 is worth 6 points. A face card is worth 10 points. A game is played to an agreed upon amount, such as 150.
If a player that has not laid any cards on the table is able to meld and/or lay off all of his/her cards in one turn, it is known as going rummy. When a player goes rummy, he/she is awarded double the points in the other players’ hands.
• The ace is always low.
• Once a meld is laid on the table it cannot be moved or separated.
• If a player draws from the discard pile, the drawn card cannot be discarded on the same turn.
• If the middle deck runs out during game play, the top card of the discard pile remains as the discard pile. The rest of the discard pile is shuffled and becomes the new deck to draw from. |
Everybody should know by now not to leave their dogs in a hot car in the sunshine, but in this weather your pet can develop potentially fatal heatstroke anywhere.
Because a dog's sweat glands are confined to their nose and the pads of their feet, they feel the hot weather much more than us.
Panting is the only way to regulate the body temperature and it that doesn’t work your pet can suffer possibly fatal damage to their brain, vital organs or nervous system.
Vets generally say be wary of taking most dogs out in temperatures of over 31C, 90F and make sure they are not left in a garden or hot room.
Obese, elderly, sick and dogs with breathing issues are most at risk and a lack of drinking water, obesity, and overexertion can exacerbate the problem.
A shot of a 3 months old boy pug puppy.
Watch out for breeds with flat faces and short noses because they really struggle in these kind of temperatures.
And remember dogs can take 60 days to get used to a large rise or fall in temperatures, so the sudden mini-heatwave will be a problem for them.
But how do you know when your pet is in danger of overheating because of a dangerous rise in body temperature?
Try hosing your dog down to stop long haired varieties becoming too hot
The signs to look out for:
Heavy panting or rapid breathing
Lethargic, drowsy or uncoordinated
Excessive drooling
Glazed eyes
Weakness or seizures
Bloody diarrhea
Seizures or collapse
Dog in car
Dog in car
How to avoid it
Never leave the pet in a parked car, even for a few minutes, and break the window if you see an animal trapped in a vehicle who is clearly in trouble.
Walk your dog before the sun comes up in the morning or after sunset and if they are outside in the day make sure they have access to complete shade.
Avoid long car journeys
Stay off hot pavements. As well as burning your dog’s paws, heat rising off concrete and asphalt can overheat smaller breeds.
Limit the walks. Too much physical exertion in hot weather can cause heatstroke.
Make sure your dog has plenty of drinking water to stop them becoming dehydrated and ensure they are drinking it.
Gently hose or sponge them down with cool water to lower their body temperature.
Consider using a rectal thermometer to take your dog’s temperature
Dogs getting out of the water
Dogs getting out of the water
What do if they have heatstroke:
The RSPCA say for the best chance of survival, dogs suffering from heatstroke urgently need to have their body temperature lowered gradually.
Move him/her to a shaded/cool area.
Allow the dog to drink small amounts of cool water.
Once the dog is cool, take him/her to the nearest vet as a matter of urgency. |
Sewing in the 19th century
Hey, Amy. You awake? I only have a quick question for you.
Uh, yeah, sure. Funny. (Not really).
I'm just curious about this whole business about Charlotte sewing a ball gown for the lady of the house. I think that's really going beyond her position as a maid, if she has to hand stitch it and all.
I'm wondering how she feels about it. Where will she ever find the time? According to Godey's Lady's Book, it takes at least ten hours to sew the simplest of a child's dress by hand, so just imagine creating a gown.
No, I'm pretty sure sewing machines haven't been invented for every day use yet, but I'll check.
The first workable sewing machine was patented in 1790 by Thomas Saint, a British inventor. In 1830, a tailor in France, Barthelemy Thimonnier, took out a patent for the first sewing machine that consisted of a hook-tipped needle, similar to an embroidery needle that produced a chain stitch.
It wasn't until 1851 though, that Isaac Singer, an American inventor, businessman and wannabe actor, made crucial improvements to the design of the sewing machine, including the first rigid-arm machine.
sew machine 2.jpg
In the mid 1800s, when you currently live, a sewing machine in the home is considered a luxury.
Isaac Singer has already made his fortune, and has recently retired. The Singer Company, though, is on a course of mass marketing that will see it become the largest sewing machine seller in the world.
It won't be until the 1870s when sewing machines will become more of the norm in Canadian households. Refined technology will allow for the purchase of a reliable machine at a good price.
So, it looks like Charlotte may be hand stitching the entire gown after all. |
Fruit bats typically eat a large variety of fruits ranging from mangoes to avocado. They are capable of adapting to eat whichever fruits are available to them in their habitat; they also use the same trees for sleeping. More »
Fruit bats live in the tropical areas of the world, such as the Middle East, Asia, Australia and Africa. They prefer locations with warm climates because they do not hibernate in cold weather. More »
It is nearly impossible to legally keep a fruit bat as a pet. Obtaining the proper permits on state and local levels is not easy, as no state issues a permit to keep a bat without the necessary training and experience. More »
Different types of bats eat different foods, and their diets may include insects, fruits or blood. Some bats have diets that are beneficial to humans, feeding on insects that spread disease or destroy agricultural crops. More »
Bats live in a variety of cool, dark places, including caves, tree and rock crevices, attics and sheds. Bats spend the entire day sleeping and venture out during the night time hours. They hibernate in the winter due to ... More »
Several types of animals eat bats as part of their diet, including owls, hawks, snakes and spiders. Although bats have many predators, there are only a couple that use bats as their only food source. More »
Bats occur in a variety of color schemes, but most bat species are brown, gray or black. Some bats have reddish-brown colors as well. Bats do not rely heavily on their coloration for survival, as their nocturnal activity... More » |
2013 Essay Contest Winners
First Place: Sarah Volkman, Little Miami High School
Essay: Former Solicitor General Erwin Griswold believed that the right to be let alone is the underlying principle of the Constitution's Bill of Rights. I absolutely agree with Griswold's statement because I feel that the main principle the Founding Fathers had in mind when creating the Bill of Rights was to protect the personal lives of Americans from governmental intrusion. Because of this, I believe that the First and Fourth Amendments in particular have an incredibly influential impact on protecting my right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Perhaps the most noticeable rights Americans enjoy are derived from the freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, and press guaranteed in the First Amendment. It is this primary amendment that gives America its aura of freedom, because if expression was repressed, oppression of the people would soon follow. As George Washington said, "If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter." It is when the people can't voice their views that tyranny begins. The government has no control over my opinions and thoughts, so logically there is no reason that they should be able to stop me from sharing these views that I hold. One of America's greatest attributes is the diversity — of religions, of political ideologies, of beliefs -- found within our democracy, and it is the First Amendment that protects our ability to maintain this diversity. Thanks to the Bill of Rights, I can help to build upon the diversity by openly sharing my thoughts with others, with no interference on the part of the government.
If it were not for the protection against unreasonable searches and seizures guaranteed in the Fourth Amendment, one can only imagine the havoc that could potentially consume each day. Without the need for warrants, a person's body, home, documentation, cars, and other personal belongings could be needlessly taken and scoured. Few, if any, Americans would be okay with a police officer showing up at his or her door and demanding to look inside for no particular reason. It is not the business or privilege of the government to know what is happening in one's personal life, assuming it is legal, and if it is not legal, then there would be a search warrant issued based upon probable cause allowing the supposedly illegal behavior to be examined further. Every day I am guaranteed the ability to sit in my own home and do whatever activity I choose to do without being interrupted by a government force. This freedom to live my own life holds immense value to me.
The Bill of Rights gives me the freedom to be myself, without worrying about what the government thinks about it. The first ten amendments were specifically designed by the founders of this country to protect the personal privacy of all Americans, a feat which they had great success in. Thanks to the Bill of Rights, my daily life remains unobstructed by the government.
Second Place: Matthew Duvelius, Lebanon High School
Thomas Jefferson once said, "A Bill of Rights is what the people are entitled to against every government, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference." This perfectly outlines the importance of the Bill of Rights and its role in America. As a citizen, the Bill of Rights has a huge affect on me daily. As citizens we are extremely lucky to have this document to protect and ensure us all of our freedoms and rights.
Perhaps the most famous section of the Bill of Rights is the First Amendment. This right is so important, because it protects our rights to speech, press, petition, religion, and assembly. Especially as a young adult just starting to explore my political views the freedom of speech is very significant. Freedom of speech gives me the protection and security to say whatever my opinions are, regardless of how the president or the governor or anyone thinks. I am not afraid to speak out against how things are, because thanks to the freedom of speech and the Bill of the Rights I know that I am protected to say my mind. This freedom is extended even farther when we as citizens are granted the right to petition and assemble. These two freedoms are important because if I wanted to, I could organize some event, in order to try to create a change. Also, I think especially in Lebanon, Ohio, I take for granted that I am treated 100% normally for being a Catholic. While that may not seem like a huge deal, in many other countries being a Catholic, or a minority religion, is very difficult. In these different types of countries all of the members of a minority religion are in constant fear of what others might do. However, because of the First Amendment, I feel perfectly safe in practicing my faith.
Another important part of the Bill of Rights is the Fourth Amendment. This amendment is so crucial in my life, because it protects me from any unlawful search and seizure. This guarantees my privacy I have as a citizen. While I do not have anything to hide, this amendment affects my life, because I know I can live in piece of mind, where I am not worried about anyone going through any of my personal belongings. The piece of mind allows me to live a normal life without a fear of having to hide something just because I do not want a person to find it.
Overall, the Bill of Rights' significance is so great, that many citizens do not realize how much it protects. It is amazing that after 237 years this document is still arguably one of the most important. Without the Bill of Rights, we as citizens would not be guaranteed near as many freedoms as we have now.
Third Place: Maria Heiselman, Mason High School
As most Americans know, the Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to our Constitution that gives each citizen certain rights that the federal government may not ignore or take away. These rights include: the right to a fair trial, to bear arms, to freedom of speech and religion, and the right to personal privacy. The Bill of Rights places restrictions on what the government can do and specifically lists the powers that the people will not give the government. But, how does the Bill of Rights affect my daily life?
I was first introduced to the Bill of Rights as an elementary school student. My teacher explained that each American citizen had rights and freedoms that those from other countries may not have. At this age, those statements sounded good, but really did not mean much. My interpretations were that I got to choose what flavor of ice cream to eat, what television program that I wanted to watch, and where I wanted to shop. It all sounded simple enough.
Today, as a high schooler, while I understand in theory these rights, I am not sure I can truly comprehend what having these rights means. Why? Because I have not had to experience what our Founding Fathers experienced. I have not had to fight for my freedom to speak openly, to protect my home from unreasonable search and seizure, or to be thrown in jail without probable cause. I, like most teenagers, have just accepted this as a part of my daily life. It is just another "entitlement" in what most call an "entitled" generation.
This "entitled" generation must now stand, take notice, and acknowledge that these rights are not to be taken for granted. In the past several months, several of our rights have been challenged inside and outside of the United States. From the right to bear arms, to whether same-sex marriage jeopardizes or is protected by the First Amendment, to whether the United States can protect Amanda Knox under the Fifth Amendment, the Bill of Rights are under constant scrutiny. However, in what other country would you be permitted to question or to discuss these topics other than the United States? Our First Amendment rights are unfathomable by those in many countries. We can write, blog, text, Facebook, tweet, and Instagram almost anything that comes to our minds without fearing the government. Our biggest fear is that our parents will take away our cellphone.
When you think about it, how incredible is it that the Founding Fathers wrote such comprehensive rights that would still be applicable on a daily basis over 200 years later? These rights give each of us the privilege to live a life that is free from fear, oppression, uncertainty, and discrimination. A Bill of Rights was written to protect American citizens from the government. It is this daily protection that enables me to live the American dream sought by our Founding Fathers.
Fourth Place: Ashley Brent, Springboro High School
The Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution has been vital to the survival of our sovereign nation. The freedoms granted to the American people in these first ten amendments allow us to live comfortable and opportune lives. These inalienable rights affect my life every day.
The First Amendment gives the freedoms such as religion and speech. The freedom of religion allows me to go to whichever church I please, and keeps me from being forced to believe any certain doctrine. Also, the freedom of speech allows me to not fear a punishment for speaking my mind and sharing opinions during discussions.
The Second Amendment allows the freedom to bear arms. Although I am against personally using a gun, it is good to know that if ever necessary, I could protect myself. Thirdly, the Bill of Rights grants that soldiers may not be quartered without consent. This does not apply to today very well, but it's an important protection that should still be appreciated. The Fourth Amendment protects from unreasonable search and seizure. I have never been, nor ever hope to be, suspected of a crime, so this is not entirely applicable to me but it affects me in that I am protected from random searches.
The Fifth Amendment protects people from giving self-incriminating statements. I have never been suspected of a crime, but this has affected my life in a fun way. I participate on Springboro High School's Mock Trial team, and this year's case focused on the violation of a girl's Fifth Amendment rights. As a prosecuting attorney, I had a challenge in finding a way for our argument to work around this vital amendment. I spent a lot of time working with this amendment as we went to the District and Regional Competitions this year.
The Sixth Amendment allows for a quick and speedy jury trial. In never having trouble with the law, I don't have experience with this amendment (nor the Seventh Amendment which protects the right to jury trial in civil suits), but eventually will be subject to a portion of it whenever I am called for jury duty. The Eighth Amendment protects citizens from excessive fines. I hope this will never apply to me, but if I ever get a parking ticket, it's nice to know it won't cost a million dollars.
The Ninth Amendment recognizes the other rights that we possess and grants that the Constitution will not restrict these rights. This gives me the freedom to choose where I go to college, what I do on my Saturday nights, and where I get my groceries. The Tenth Amendment says that the federal government won't hold all of the power. Under these amendments, I am protected to participate in the freedoms that I usually take for granted. The Bill of Rights, which may not entirely apply to my life at this time, gives freedoms that allow me to live a life that is led by me, not an overbearing government. |
When Was Acts Written?
ZA Blog on January 12th, 2018. Tagged under ,.
ZA Blog
When was Acts written
But why couldn’t Luke have written the book later?
It is possible Luke’s story isn’t really about Paul. Instead, it’s about the gospel arriving at Rome. In this view, it’s not important what Paul does after the gospel makes it to Rome; Paul’s imprisonment isn’t a factor in dating Acts.
This is a reasonable view, and it means Acts could have been written much later.
Let’s take a look at how we might come up with a date for Acts.
Why we need to start with Luke
Because Acts and Luke go together, we need to look at when Luke was written. To determine when Luke was written, the first thing we need to do is evaluate when the other Synoptic Gospels—Matthew and Mark—were written.
Why do we need to do this?
Because the most common view is that Luke used material from Mark, and we’re fairly certain that Mark was written sometime from the mid-50s to around AD 70. Here’s why: Mark assumes the church is suffering persecution or anticipates that possibility, making a date in the 60s plausible. Such a date fits the time of the persecution by Nero.
So if we know roughly when Mark was written, and we know Luke was written after Mark. The question, then, becomes how long after Mark Luke would have been written.
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Earliest and latest possible dates for Acts
We can also give some fairly firm early and late dates—in other words, dates that are so early and so late that Acts that it wouldn’t have been possible for Acts to have been written. We can find these early and late dates using evidence from Luke and Acts, as well as looking at remarks from the church fathers.
• The earliest date Acts could have been written would be within a few years of the last recorded event in Acts, which takes place probably in AD 62.
• The latest date Acts could have been written would have been immediately prior to the first references to the book from other literature. Irenaeus (Haer. 3.13.3; 3.15.1) contains some indisputable citations, as does Justin Martyr in Dial. 103.19. They were writing around AD 160, so that the latest possible date is around AD 160.
That gives us a range of possible dates between AD 60 and AD 160.
Was Acts written in the second century?
Let’s take a look at possible evidence for a date near the end of that range—in other words, in the second century.
On a comparison of Luke with material from Marcion, Josephus, Justin Martyr, and the Pseudo-Clementines, some scholars offer a date in the early to mid-second century.21
There are three reasons this is unlikely:
1. The tone of Acts does not really fit the tone of other documents of this period, such as 1 Clement (AD 95) and Ignatius (AD 117).
2. In addition, it is unlikely that such a late work would ignore Paul’s letters as much as Acts does.
3. Finally, possible allusions in 1 Clement 5.6–7 (to Acts 26), 2.1 (Acts 20:35), and 18.1 (Acts 13:22) argue against this date.
These allusions move the latest possible date from the mid-second-century limit down to the mid-90s.23
That limits our range from around AD 60 to the mid-90s.
5 reasons scholars argue for 80–90
Scholars usually give five reasons why Acts might have been written between AD 80 and AD 90:
1. The picture of Paul as a hero figure needs time to emerge.
2. The portrait of churches like Ephesus requires a period before the Domitian persecution of the mid-90s. If the church was undergoing intense persecution, it seems Acts would have noted it.
3. Some assert that the theology is late, even “early catholic.”
4. Luke is said to be after Mark, which, as we’ve seen, was written in the mid to late 60s.
5. The Lucan apocalyptic discourses with their description of the siege of Jerusalem and their focus on the city presuppose the fall of Jerusalem, which happened in AD 70. That’s an argument for dating Acts after AD 70.
Let’s take a look at why each of these arguments shouldn’t necessarily convince us of a date in the 80s or 90s.
1. The picture of Paul as a hero needed years or decades to emerge.
The suggestion that Paul needs time to emerge as a hero is not clear. His letters and Acts agree that he was a central figure in the church who generated some following and controversy.
But Paul’s letters show that James gained respect rather quickly. Why could the same not be true for Paul?
In other words, it is not necessary for years or decades to elapse for Paul to emerge as the hero in the story of Acts. Acts could have been written early and still portrayed Paul as a hero.
2. Acts does not describe churches under intense Roman persecution
The churches in Acts are not undergoing heavy Roman persecution, which means Acts could have been written any time before Domitian ruled in 81–96. (It also puts the date of Acts outside of Nero’s persecution in 64.)
This makes a date in the 80s or 90s less likely.
The debate about “early catholicism” in Luke-Acts continues, but it is by no means clear that Luke’s theology reflects a “late” theology. I. Howard Marshall has written about this in Luke: Historian and Theologian.
4. Luke was written after Mark, which is dated to the 60s.
The suggestion that Luke follows Mark is likely (even if one thinks Matthew, not Mark, is the first gospel in order).
How quickly would Mark have been in circulation and thus accessible to Luke, especially if Luke had associations with major leaders of the church?
The argument that time needed to pass for Mark to gain stature is similar to the argument that Paul as a hero figure needed time to develop.
Luke sought out whatever materials were in circulation (Luke 1:1). Since he mentions several such documents, “quasi-canonical” status was not a prerequisite.
Even though Mark was written in the 60s, this does not require many years or decades to pass for it to qualify as a document Luke would have used. Luke could have been written much sooner after the initial circulation of Mark.
5. Lucan apocalyptic discourses assume a date after the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70
The most central argument is that the eschatological discourses—where Jesus predicts destruction—assume a post-70 date. That’s because the temple, along with the city of Jerusalem, was destroyed in AD 70.
Here is what Jesus says in 19:41–44:
And here is what Jesus says in Luke 21:20–24:
These texts detail the siege and focus on the city of Jerusalem rather than on the temple alone, as the accounts in Matthew and Mark do.
But is Jesus referring to war and destruction in general, or is he referring to a specific event that, for Luke’s audience, happened in recent memory—the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70?
C. H. Dodd wrote that “war” language in the discourse is possible for Jesus before 70, because the language fits ancient military operations against Israel, as well as parallels descriptions in the Septuagint of the sacking of Solomon’s temple in 586 BC.
But Philip Esler, author of Community and Gospel in Luke–Acts: The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology strongly disagrees.
Esler argues that the details of these discourses cannot be attributed simply to “what inevitably happens in war,” because some of the features, such as building a circumvallation, total destruction of the city, and the marching off of all the captives, were not inevitable results of war.” In other words, he says that Jesus isn’t predicting an event that will happen in the future, he is referencing an event that, for Luke’s audience, has just happened.
But In making the critique, Esler misses a key point of the Old Testament connection: The Old Testament judgment was exercised because of covenant unfaithfulness. The point is the theology of risk Israel had because she was in need of returning to covenant in Jesus’ view. The parallel of Jerusalem’s total destruction, with siege and total defeat, could be expected as a covenantal act of God. Severe unfaithfulness could be seen to portend severe judgment.
In this view, it is not necessary to appeal to Jerusalem’s fall in AD 70 to determine when Acts was written.
In addition to this, a very good reason for dating Luke and Acts before AD 70 is that the fall of Jerusalem is not directly referenced anywhere in the text. That the fall is alluded to here is strictly an inference.
To sum up: the prediction of Jerusalem’s fall is one that Jesus was capable of making solely on the basis of his knowledge of how God acts to judge covenant unfaithfulness.
Thus, a major argument for a date in the 80s–90s does not work. Although a date in the 80s is popular and possible, it is not the most likely.
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Bible Contradictions Explained: 4 Reasons the Gospels “Disagree”
Why Acts was likely written in the 60s
This leaves another possibility, a date somewhere in the 60s.
Reasons for this date include the following:
1. The picture in Acts that Rome, knowing little about the movement, is still deciding where Christianity fits.
2. Failure to note the death of either James (AD 62) or Paul (ca. late 60s).
3. The silence about Jerusalem’s destruction, even in settings where it could have been mentioned editorially (e.g., Acts 6–7 [the Stephen account], 21–23 [Paul’s arrest in Jerusalem]).
4. The amount of uncertainty expressed about internal Gentile-Jewish relations, especially table fellowship, which fits a setting that parallels the Pauline letters that deal with similar tensions (Romans, Galatians, 1 Corinthians 8–10, and Ephesians).
This last reason is most significant and has not been developed enough in the discussion to date. Acts presupposes a racially mixed community, which in turn suggests an earlier date, not a later one. Details about the law, table fellowship, and practices that may offend (Acts 6:1–6; 10–11; 15) also suggest an earlier time frame.
That the Gentile mission still needs such vigorous and detailed defense further suggests this earlier period, since by the 80s the Gentile character of the Christian movement was a given. That believers need reassurance in the midst of intense Jewish pressure fits an early date as well.
When in the 60s was Acts written?
Now we’ve narrowed our likely date of Acts to the 60s. But can we narrow it even further?
Was Acts written in the early 60s
It’s possible Acts was written in the early 60s, but not likely. Here’s why.
The last event Luke discusses is Paul’s imprisonment in Rome. This imprisonment took place in the early 60s. The claim by those who stress this factor is that Acts was written just after this, in the early 60s.
It’s true that this is possible, but it assumes that Luke cares about Paul’s fate in Rome, when it may be that he is only concerned about the word of the gospel getting to Rome.
It’s worth asking: is Acts really about Paul, or is it really about the Gospel getting to Rome?
Given this uncertainty about what the ending indicates, a date somewhere later in the 60s is more likely than one in the early 60s.
Luke left the end of Paul’s career open-ended because that is where matters stood when he wrote, although it is possible he simply left the end of the Acts story here because the gospel getting to Rome shows the entry of the word into the key city of the Gentile world.
If this note of triumph is all that concerned Luke, then the end gives us no help on dating.
Was Acts written in the 60s?
That Paul’s death is not mentioned in Acts may be an indication that it is the early to mid-60s rather than the last third of the 60s, when it would have been more likely Paul had died.
Was Acts written in the late 60s?
Others suggest that texts such as Luke 11:49–51 presuppose the start of the struggle with Rome and offer a date in the later 60s.
This text says:
To get a 60s date for Luke, all the Synoptic Gospels need to be placed before the destruction, since his gospel is often seen to be the third one written. We are fairly certain Mark was written in the 60s. We also know that both Matthew and Luke incorporate material from Mark. And we know Luke was the last of the three Synoptic Gospels to be written.
In other words, to defend a date in the 60s requires a fairly tight window for the production of each of the Synoptic Gospels.
So, given all the evidence, when was Acts written?
Sometime in the late 60s—enough time for Mark to have been written and circulated—but not after AD 70.
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This post is adapted from material found in Darrell Bock’s Theology of Luke and Acts online course.
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Vision & Art: Neuroscience 320 at Wellesley College
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Form – Face Perception
All faces are composed of more-or-less the same basic elements (two eyes, a nose, a mouth, eyebrows) set up in roughly the same spatial configuration. Different faces are distinguished by subtle differences in the structure of these elements and their spatial layout. Most people possess an incredible capacity for recognizing a familiar face the instant we lay eyes upon it. Further, we are capable of gleaning important information about the individual’s emotional state, age, sex, and gaze from simply looking at them. Somehow, subtle differences in facial features and their configuration encode all of this information. The exact mechanisms underlying the processes by which our brain extracts this information have not been fully established, although scientists have recently made impressive advances.
Fusiform face area
A cortical brain region containing cells that respond overwhelmingly to faces has been identified—the fusiform face area or FFA. The cells in this region do not respond exclusively to faces, but the exceptions are typically face-like objects, such as a round clock, in which case it is believed that enough of the visual elements match the encoded neural face ‘template’ to activate the face-tuned cells.
Researchers have demonstrated that the spatial relationship of facial features, such as the distance between one’s eyes, is important for face recognition. One useful model for thinking about how these cells might be tuned is this: imagine that two cells exist who care about how far apart a person’s eyes are, and each has a slightly different sensitivity curve to the magnitude of eye displacement—put ‘eye displacement’ along the x-axis and intensity of cell response along the y (measured by firing rate), one cell’s sensitivity curve would peak at the left extreme and the other at the right, and the two would overlap in the middle, which would probably represent the average in the population the individual experienced growing up. Integrating the resulting responses would give the actual distance between a person’s eyes.
It is likely that other higher level features are encoded in this way. Caricatures provide some support for this hypothesis. A caricature is an image in which the facial features of an individual are exaggerated. If the neural basis for evaluating other aspects of facial features is encoded as described above, then extremes should activate the cells better than cases that don’t deviate as far from the norm. And as it turns out, caricatures tend to activate face cells more strongly than photographs.
Nixon Nixon Caricature
Resolution and Recognition
Humans have a remarkable capacity for recognizing faces at low resolutions. Take a look at the image below, can you tell who it is? Back away from your computer and try again. Now mouse over the image to reveal what shouldn’t be a surprise.
Can you guess who this is?
Vision scientists Harmon and Julsez published a block portrait of Abraham Lincoln in the ‘70s demonstrating this phenomenon. Three years later, Salvador Dali produced Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea, which when seen from 20 meters away becomes the portrait of Abraham Lincoln (Homage to Rothko). This 6.3 x 8.3 ft oil on canvas is two paintings in one. At a distance of no more than 20 meters onlookers observe a back-facing nude gazing through a window onto a harbor. Beyond 20 meters, a second image comes into view: a portrait of Abraham Lincoln. Like the Harmon and Julsez block portrait, which is actually inset at the lower left of the painting, the image of Lincoln is composed of colored tiles whose average hue and luminance are analogous to those of the pixels one should find in a low resolution pixilated photograph of Lincoln.
Dali's Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea
Contemporary artist Chuck Close executes a similar feat in his portrait work, but rather than creating one portrait out of another holistic image (like Dail’s Gala), he grids his canvases into tiles; each of the tiles can stand on its own as an abstract composition but when the whole set of tiles is viewed at a distance, a coherent portrait is seen. What Close’s paintings tell us about the psychology of visual perception is useful and surprising: highly detailed features are not necessary to face recognition. Moreover, it is the holistic configuration of features that matters, though researchers are still working to determine which configuration measurements (such as distance between the eyes) are most important and how those spatial relationships are encoded and evaluated. Further, researchers have found that our ability to recognize faces at increasingly low resolution increases with familiarity. Hence, Dali’s choice to depict the iconic image of Abraham Lincoln, one of the most widely familiar faces of his time, contributes to the success of this double-image perceptual-switching painting.
Facial Expressions
Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication governed by the contraction and relaxation of facial muscles. They convey information regarding the individual’s emotional status, though voluntary action can be used to override the involuntary expression in some cases. Darwin showed that facial expressions were universal across cultures, and even drew parallels with other species.
Facial expressions are most apparent at lower-resolution, probably due to blurring caused by subcutaneous fat above the muscles, as suggested by Maragaret Livingstone in her book Vision and Art: The Biology of Seeing. In the text, she points out that this can be observed in Leonardo DaVinci’s Mona Lisa where viewing Lisa’s mouth from your periphery draws out her illusory smile. It was also found that low resolution images of a woman baring a frightened face generated stronger responses in the amygdala, the brain region responsible for vigilance response, of subjects than did the fine details.
Created by : Kate Ciurej ‘08 and Donna Yee ’11
Created: July 9, 2008
Maintained By: Bevil Conway
Last Modified:July 21, 2013
Expires: July 21, 2013 |
Halcyon Ecology
Mark Prina
Psalm 104:24 How many are your works, O, Lord! In wisdom you made them all; the earth is full of your creatures.
Home Services
Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus).
Survey methods (I am grateful to Colin Hayes for these):
• Daytime observation of the pond surface (adults have to breathe)
• Egg search (early in the season, when there is less aquatic material to target)
• Torching (clear-water ponds at night, for adults, egg folds and larvae)
• Netting (damaging and unreliable; better in autumn for larvae)
• Bottle trapping (evening set/morning collect; very dependable)
• Searching natural or artificial refuges (logs, sheeting, loose soil or rubble)
Survey uses
• Presence/absence:
- 4 visits, spread through the breeding season (mid-March to mid June), at least 2 between mid-April and mid-May
- one visit may be all that’s needed to confirm presence
- all four needed to demonstrate absence
• Population size class assessment:
- 6 visits, spread as before, at least 3 between mid-April and mid-May
- peak count up to 10 = ‘small’
- peak count 11 to 100 = ‘medium’
- peak count more than 100 = ‘large’
Hedgerow Evaluation and Grading systems (HEGs)
This is a method for the rapid recording and ecological appraisal of hedgerows. The final ecological grading of an individual hedge extends from 1+ (very high value to 4- (very low value). |
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Avoid mentioning unimportant details and any unnecessary repetitions. It goes without saying for many skills out there, the more time you take to practice, the better your chances of having a good outcome. Outstanding Ways to Come Up with It. Academic level Undergraduate Bachelor Professional.
Deadline 14 days 10 days 6 days 3 days 2 days 24 hours 12 hours 6 hours 3 hours. Development of Critical Thinking Skills One of the best ways for you to develop an innate and exceptional ability to think critically as well as acquire unmatched analytical skills is via the completion of the various university and college writing tasks.
The best way to go about the analysis is by answering the questions below: Put yourself in the shoes of a magazine or newspaper editor. After going through the article, do you think that you would print it? Give detailed reasons as to how you came to your decision. Do you think that the article is well-written? Determine the tone used to write it, be it humorous, satirical or even severe.
Do you think the information is presented logically? Make sure that you analyze the presented ideas to see if they have a right organization and indicate this in your APA format article critique.
This will assist you in the evaluation of the writing piece unity and coherence. Is there any research provided by the author? If there is, ensure that you have determined if it is valid in your process of learning how to critique a research article. Also, mention if it contains any form of statistics or historical context. Want to save your time and take a break from paper writing? Descriptive Essay Examples A descriptive essay offers a description of a person, event, process, idea, or thing.
Descriptive essay writing utilizes illustrative language to describe all the above. Such compositions focus on creating an experience for Every day students get dozens of new assignments of all shapes and kinds, so it is more that simple to get lost in all of the rules and guidelines.
If you want to learn how to critique an article, you should first have a clear understanding of what this assignment is about. Generally, it is an objective analysis of any piece of work not depending on its genre , which includes your personal thoughts on the subject.
Many students fail to complete this task, as they simply provide a summary of the analyzed paper, forgetting about personal approach and challenging your own skills and knowledge. That is why it is so simple to make one of many mistakes, while completing an article critique. These mistakes may include:. If you follow all the recommendations, you will easily complete an outstanding article critique without any efforts! One of the ways of simplifying the whole process of completing the assignment is using an article critique example.
Many students decide to download such samples in order to get an overall idea of how the assignment should look like and what key points should be added. It is your way of making the whole process of creating an article critique simple and fun, following all the common rules and regulations.
One of the most popular formatting styles, while completing an article critique is American Psychological Association APA format, which has its specific rules and guidelines.
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A critique essay looks critically at a particular subject, area or topic. It means evaluating information, comparing and contrasting theories and analysing situations. A critical essay does not mean being overly critical, it rather involves being able to challenge points of view and asking questions. Like an essay, a critique uses a formal, academic writing style and has a clear structure, that is, an introduction, body and conclusion. However, the body of a critique includes a summary of the work and a detailed evaluation.
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Jacob in Cornwall
Stephen born 1551 in St Columb Major the son of Stephen Abraham could be Jewish as well. Elizabeth Pempero is the only one with the Pempero name. The persecution of the Jews first in Spain in 1492 caused many Jews to flee to Sicily. However the Manuels may have lived in Sicily for many hundreds of years since they were brought over as slaves and captives when Rome sacked Jerusalem in 63 AD. The persecution of new Christians and neglect and corruption by the nobility is the kind of thing that would force someone from Sicily to flee to Cornwall. Some of Lopes' immigrants to Bristol came to go back to Judaism. Opposition in 1540 caused them to scatter. Then the Pemperos, the Manuels and the Jacobs would be new Christians. The names Roger, Robert, and John were the names of popular Kings of Sicily. Edward was a famous king of England. The father of James Manuell surnamed himself Emanuel on the baptism records for St Columb Major in that record. Emanuel was a common name among the Jews first found in Sicily. John Manuel married Emblem Jacob in 1704 in Gwennap about 15 miles to the south of St Columb Major and the centre of a very large mining complex. A little research and there was a Thomas Jcabiss, son of James Jcabiss (Jacobus), Christened in St Columb Major in 1644. Perhaps the original name was pronounced Jcabiss. A little more research and Jacobis was a Sephardic Jewish surname in England, unlike the Crusade adopted name of Jacob. The spelling Jcabiss means the name must have been foreign to England and very likely Sephardic. Perhaps Jcabiss was changed to Jacob and a daughter named Emblem Jacob. There was a Lucas Jacob married in 1568 and a Pascow Jacob married in 1568 and a Stephen Jacob in 1605 in St Austell. There was a Roger Jacob married in 1588 in Breage. There was a Ralphe Jacobe married in 1606 in Newlyn East beside St Columb Major. There was also an Emblem Manuel born in 1579 of Humphrey Manuel. There was a Pastheia Jacob born to Jo Jacob in 1692 in St Agnes where Emblem Jacob was born. Jo of course is Joseph and Pastheia sounds very Italian/Spanish. Jo and John and Emblem Jacob must have been brothers and sister. There is a Prudence Jacob the father of Rebecca Jacob born 1689 in St Columb Major. This may be the connection from Jcabiss to Jacob. There was a Charles Jacob baptised in 1689 in St Agnes. Charles II was the King of Sicily in 1516 and was popular for building walls around coastal cities in 1534. Jacob Manuell married Elizabeth Jacob in 1743 in Falmouth where there was a new Jewish community, although if there was a connection it was many generations back. In the book, The History of the Jews in Aragon, Regestra and Documents 1213 - 1327, there are more than 40 entries with the first name Jacob - as common as the most common Sephardic name.
Some Jacob descendents from England are R1a1 from the Middle East. |
Quotations by Albert Einstein
Quotations | Speeches | Poetry
Albert Einstein, German-born theoretical physicist
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass-energy equivalence, E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." Works by Albert Einstein include more than fifty scientific papers and also non-scientific books. Einstein is revered by the physics community, and in 1999 Time magazine named him the "Person of the Century". He is probably the most recognized scientist in history, as well as one of the most important, counted among or even surpassing the achievements of Galileo, Isaac Newton, and Charles Darwin. In wider culture the name "Einstein" has become synonymous with genius. (Source: Wilkipedia)
Albert Einstein
3. At any rate, I am convinced that He [God] does not play dice. (In a letter to Max Born, 1926)
4. Before God we are all equally wise - and equally foolish.
5. Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen. (attributed)
8. Everything that is really great and inspiring is created by the individual who can labor in freedom. ("Out of My Later Years," 1950)
9. Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not one bit simpler. (attributed)
12. God may be subtle, but He isn't plain mean.
13. Gravity cannot be held responsible for people falling in love.
14. Great spirits have always encountered opposition from mediocre minds. The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly. (quoted in New York Times, March 13, 1940)
17. I never think of the future - it comes soon enough.
19. If A is success in life, then A equals x plus y plus z. Work is x; y is play; and z is keeping your mouth shut. (Observer, Jan. 15, 1950)
20. If I had only known, I would have been a locksmith.
21. If one studies too zealously, one easily loses his pants.
23. If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor.
24. If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts.
25. Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. (attributed)
27. It is the duty of every citizen according to his best capacities to give validity to his convictions in political affairs. ('Treasury for the Free World,' 1946)
28. It may affront the military-minded person to suggest a regime that does not maintain any military secrets.
29. If A equals success, then the formula is _ A = _ X + _ Y + _ Z.
_ X is work. _ Y is play. _ Z is keep your mouth shut.
30. If I had only known, I would have been a locksmith.
31. If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts. (attributed)
33. Imagination is more important than knowledge ...
35. Man usually avoids attributing cleverness to somebody else - unless it is an enemy.
39. Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one.
40. Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind. ("Science, Philosophy and Religion: a Symposium", 1941)
42. Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.
44. The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax. (attributed)
47. The independence created by philosophical insight is - in my opinion - the mark of distinction between a mere artisan or specialist and a real seeker after truth. (Einstein wrote in 1944)
49. The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is at all comprehensible.
51. The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources.
52. The significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them. (attributed)
53. The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking and we thus drift toward unparalleled catastrophe. (Telegram, 24 May 1946)
56. To punish me for my contempt for authority, fate made me an authority myself.
58. Truth is what stands the test of experience.
62. What really interests me is whether God had any choice in the creation of the world.
63. When you look at yourself from a universal standpoint, something inside always reminds or informs you that there are bigger and better things to worry about. (The World as I See It.)
66. You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war. (attributed)
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Don't Assume that fMRI and MEG Will Give You Comparable Results
Thursday, January 27, 2011
Accessibility: Intermediate/Advanced
There are three common methods of studying brain function in normal human populations: fMRI, MEG, an EEG. There is surprisingly little crosstalk between the techniques, mostly due to practical issues.For better or worse, labs tend to specialize in one technology.
It's often assumed that the relationship with techniques is straightforward, that it's simple to map results from one technique onto another. However, a recent study by Johanna Vartianen and colleagues suggests otherwise.
The group wanted to study reading using all three brain techniques. Participants performed the same experimental paradigm twice: once with simultaneous EEG and fMRI, and once with simultaneous EEG and MEG. Participants saw words, pseudowords, consonant strings, and symbol strings, and words embedded in noise. Their task was to detect immediate repetitions. The EEG results from the two sessions were comparable, so the researchers went on to compare the fMRI and MEG activation patterns for the experiment.
To summarize, activation patterns between MEG and fMRI did not show a straightforward relationship. In some regions, the two techniques showed the same pattern. For example, in the occipital lobe, both MEG and fMRI measures had more activation to noisy words than other types of stimuli.
If you look at the occipitaltemporal lobe however, the two techniques had opposite results. MEG showed more activation to real letters than symbols, while FMRI showed more activation to symbols then letters.
In the left frontal cortex the two regions had completely different patterns. FMRI activation was higher for words and pseudowords than symbols and noisy words. The MEG results showed no difference at all between stimulus types.
I guess this is one of these results that you don't see going in, but in hindsight make you hit yourself over the head. FMRI and MEG measure very different things, so it’s entirely possible that results would come out differently. FMRI measures cerebral blood flow on a timescale of several seconds, while MEG measures synchronous electrical activation with millisecond resolution. So ( as the authors suggest) non-synchronous activity may be lost in MEG. Meanwhile, fMRI picks up average activity over a longer time period and may miss short-term activity.
Interestingly, the authers mentioned that previous MEG results for the visual word form area were fairly robust to task differences, while fMRI results do seem to vary with task. Now I don't know the MEG literature well, but they're certainly right about the fMRI literature. In that case, I wonder what it is about the MEG that makes its results relatively task independent. Is it the better temporal resolution? Perhaps MEG analyses focus on early, bottom up processing, which may be relatively task independent?
Vartiainen J, Liljeström M, Koskinen M, Renvall H, & Salmelin R (2011). Functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygenation level-dependent signal and magnetoencephalography evoked responses yield different neural functionality in reading. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 31 (3), 1048-58 PMID: 21248130
Navaneethan Santhanam January 27, 2011 at 8:19 PM
Could you elaborate a little bit on what you mean by MEG results being more robust to task differences? Do you mean how the task was presented or the kind of task? For example, if the results (and by that I mean activation) were different for words vs. pseudowords, that makes complete sense to me. What tasks are the authors comparing and how do these vary in fMRI?
Livia January 31, 2011 at 11:42 AM
Sorry for the delayed response. I'm not sure about MEG. The authors didn't go into much detail, and I haven't looked up the references yet. In fMRI, the task varies widely, from one back, to outlier detection, to passive viewing.
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And when it comes to your health, it doesn’t get any more basic than water. More than half of your body is made out of water. Water is necessary for every single function that goes on inside of you. Water is even more vital to your body than food (and a lot of the healthiest foods on the planet are made mostly of water). The balance of water in our bodies is so important that even a reduction of just 10% can start to trigger serious, life-threatening malfunctions.
So does it really come as any surprise to learn that one of the most common reasons for stubborn weight gain, digestive issues and other chronic health problems is…(please insert dramatic drum roll here)…most people aren’t drinking enough water.
Doctors and health practitioners around the world are reporting that, due to poor eating and drinking habits, most people in the world suffer from some level of chronic mild dehydration, which affects weight, well-being, appearance, energy level, general health and longevity.
So why is it that so many of us seem to be missing the boat when it comes to water? That’s a difficult question to answer. However, what is becoming increasingly obvious is the dire health consequences that chronic dehydration is having on the health and weight of the nation – problems that could easily be prevented with simple, healthy drinking.
Take a look at these 7 reasons why dehydration could be a root cause for your weight gain and health issues, and how to develop safe, healthy drinking habits.
7 Reasons Water Is Important for Women’s Weight Loss
1. Dehydration Disorientation. Unfortunately, our bodies aren’t very good at telling us whether we’re thirsty or hungry. Many of the signals our bodies give us for thirst and hunger are the same – stomach discomfort, weakness, headache, dizziness, nausea, etc. – which makes it very difficult to know whether we should be reaching for a glass of water or a bite to eat. Usually, most of us end up reaching for the later, consuming calories our bodies weren’t actually asking for. Then, if you are still thirsty (which often happens if you eat instead of drink), the thirst/hunger symptoms persist, leading you to eat even more. This cycle of “silent” dehydration leads to overeating and weight gain.
2. Hydro-Powered Metabolism. Several research studies have shown that water significantly boosts your metabolism. A 2003 study showed that people who drank 8 to 12 glasses of water daily burned calories at a higher rate than people who were not well hydrated, even while at rest. German researchers repeated the study on patients who were overweight or obese, and their test subjects began burning 24 percent more calories within just one hour of drinking water.
3. Muscles Need Water to Grow. Healthy, toned muscles are key to maintaining a high metabolism and losing weight, even while you’re resting. Dehydration reduces blood volume, reducing the amount of oxygen and nutrients delivered to your muscles to keep them active. Dehydration also reduces your muscles’ ability to contract and work properly, which slows down your metabolism and ability to break down body fat.
4. Organ Overload. When you don’t drink enough water, your kidneys are not able to work properly, causing your liver to try and pick up the workload and fulfill the kidneys’ essential functions. However, this means that the liver is not able to attend to its other primary responsibilities – such as metabolizing stored fat – which gets put to the wayside while the liver attempts to perform organ double-duty.
5. Toxic Waste. The consequence of burning calories, breaking down fat, eating and exercising is the natural creation of toxins in your body. If you’re not getting enough water, these toxins don’t get flushed out, and build up instead in your body, blood and fat cells. The internal buildup of toxins leads to a slower metabolism, weakened immunity, fatigue, skin problems, inflammation, illness and diseases.
6. Rethinking Retention. Many people mistakenly believe that water retention is caused by drinking too much water. However, the truth of the matter is that water retention is caused by biochemical and hormonal imbalances, poor cardiovascular and cellular health, toxicity and – interestingly – dehydration. If you’re not drinking enough hydrating liquids, than your body may actually retain water to help compensate. The body responds to low water levels by storing water reserves outside of the cells, which can show up as swollen hands, fat feet and a puffy waist-line.
7. Liquidate Your Hunger. A 2001 study showed that subjects who drank an 8 ounce glass of water before a meal felt satisfied from eating fewer calories than subjects who ate a meal without drinking water first, leading them to eat more calories.
How Much Water Should You Drink?
Everyone’s water needs are different, depending on your weight, age, activity level, the environment and climate you live in, the time of year, your diet, whether you are nursing, etc. We each need to drink enough water to support S women drinking water from bottle outsideour bodily functions efficiently and healthily, while not drinking so much that we dilute important electrolytes in our blood (although that would take a lot of water).
The Institute of Medicine’s Food and Nutrition Board estimates that about 20 percent of women’s water needs are covered by the foods we eat, leaving about 72.8 ounces (on average) that we should be consciously drinking a day. That means you should be making an effort to drink a minimum of about 9 eight-ounce glasses throughout the day, and more if you are having caffeine, alcohol, salt and sugar, if you are living in a hot environment, if you are very active, if you are taking medication, etc. It’s a good idea to build drinking in to your daily routine, in order to make it an easy habit to attain and stick by. Keep refillable glass water bottles on your office desk, in the kitchen, in your car, in your purse, and any place you spend a lot of time.
New SLIMQUICK Pure Drink Mix is an excellent weight loss system designed to help encourage you to drink at regular intervals throughout the day, helping you stay hydrated, healthy and energized while effectively losing weight (use as directed on package instructions).
picture from
picture from
• Anonymous says:
Interesting, more water please. Can I take my multi-vitamin and my Co Q 10 with the Slimquick extra Strength pills?
• slimquickcoach says:
We always advise discussing any diet or fitness changes with a doctor. That being said CoQ10 and multi-vitmains should be okay to take with Slimquick but showing the vitamins and Slimquick Pure product you want to take to a doctor is the best course of action.
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The Average Thing #5: The Average Place pt.2
In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
The Average Thing #5: The average place pt. 2
This is a quick follow up on the last post: We're going to check our math and look at an alternate way of finding the average location: using the Mercator Projection.
Earlier, we saw that the origin of the average object was somewhere in the Hudson Bay in Canada. This seemed at odds with my intuition. I also had a feeling that the reason this result seemed weird was because my mental representation of the earth was not spherical, but cylindrical (e.g., the Mercator Projection).
To demonstrate this, let's test the simple case where we find the point between the middle of Canada and the UK:
In [6]:
canada = country_locations['Canada']
uk = country_locations['England']
#convert to radians
canada = to_radians(canada)
uk = to_radians(uk)
#convert to cartesian
canada = to_cartesian(canada)
uk = to_cartesian(uk)
#find average
averagepoint = ((canada[0]+uk[0])/2, (canada[1]+uk[1])/2, (canada[2]+uk[2])/2)
print to_latlong(averagepoint)
(68.71255890231265, -45.65693500322893)
In [7]:
from IPython.display import IFrame
jUuMCJX!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1462973875452''', width=800, height=600)
To visualize how this is really the mid point, we can look at that point on a 3D globe (external link):
The above visualization makes it clear how my intuition differed from reality - the shortest distance between the middle of Canada and the UK is not across the Atlantic, but crosses Greenland.
But let's, for a moment, be flat-earthers, and stick to our flat representation of the earth, like we do whenever we use a map or chart. In this case, we simply average the latitude and longitudes of all the points (see:
In [10]:
latlon_no_na = data.loc[data['GeoLocations'].isnull() == False]['GeoLocations']
latlon_no_na = latlon_no_na[latlon_no_na != '']
avelatlon = reduce(lambda x,y: (x[0] + y[0], x[1] + y[1]), latlon_no_na)
avelatlon = (avelatlon[0]/len(latlon_no_na), avelatlon[1]/len(latlon_no_na))
(49.76023781406744, -68.28145709782275)
Constructing the map this way gives us a point somewhere in Quebec, which is in line with how we might think of the average point if the world was flat:
In [11]:
KwMTYnNTMuMiJX!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1462977105095''', width = 800, height = 600) |
Stephen Hawking Warns Against Search for Advanced ET Life –“I am More Convinced Than Ever That We are Not Alone” (VIDEO)
"As I grow older I am more convinced than ever that we are not alone. After a lifetime of wondering, I am helping to lead a new global effort to find out," Hawking says in the film while exploring Gliese 832c, a planet that lies 16 light-years away and could possibly harbor advanced alien life.
Recently, the the Breakthrough Listen project announced that it is partnering with China's new FAST radio telescope –now the world's largest –to explore the hypothetical 'alien megastructure' that some speculate is causing a mysterious star known as KIC 8462852 seteep in an outer spiral arm of our Milky Way galaxy, some 1,480 light-years from Earth that is acting in ways the world's astronomy community has never seen before, defying all known explanations. At random intervals, its light dims by as much as 22 percent, and appears to have gotten dramatically darker over the past century.
Penn State and UC Berkeley astronomer Jason Wright has pointed out that these light patterns are similar to what we might expect if aliens built a Dyson Sphere, a megastructure around the star to harvest its energy. But the mystery persists as the search for natural explanations intensify.
Since August 2016, Wright has rounded up and analyzed some of the most common explanations from being an artifact of the instruments, to a solar system cloud, a comet swarm, the interstellar medium or Bok globules, to black holes. Read all of Wright's possible causes in at his fascinating blog, AstroWright.
Hawking often uses the example of Columbus’ expedition to the America’s to describe what could happen if an advanced civilization gets word of our existence, saying that that initial meeting "didn’t turn out so well".
Hawking’s warning is rooted in the idea that an alien civilization, especially one orbiting an ancient, dim red dwarf star that can pick up our signals and understand where they’re coming from, has the potential to be billions of years more advanced than us, making us an easy target to overthrow or invade.
Besides offering an ominous warning, the new 25-minute film highlights Hawking exploring other amazing destinations in our galaxy, such as Sagittarius A* – a supermassive black hole – and our Solar System’s very own Saturn, a planet that Hawking is intrigued by.
The Daily Galaxy via Curiosity Stream
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Finnish language
Also found in: Wikipedia.
Finnish language,
also called Suomi, member of the Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languagesFinno-Ugric languages
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
). Finnish is spoken by about 5 million people in Finland. Additional speakers totaling close to 1 million live in neighboring areas of Sweden and Russia and also in the United States. There are several dialects. In Finnish the first syllable of a word is stressed. The language has 15 cases for nouns, personal pronouns, and adjectives. It lacks grammatical gender and the article. There is a negative conjugation for the verb. Like the other Uralic and Altaic languages, Finnish has vowel harmony and agglutination. Postpositions are employed instead of prepositions. Suffixation is used to form derived nouns and verbs. The Finnish vocabulary has been enriched by words borrowed from the Germanic, Slavic, and Baltic languages. A modified Roman alphabet is used for writing Finnish, which has been recorded since the 16th cent.
See F. Karlsson, Finnish Grammar (tr. 1983); E. Holman, ed., Finnish Verb Handbook (1984).
References in periodicals archive ?
only the finnish language and finnish labor law are used on site construction lehto is the main contractor of the main contractor and the main contractor who manages the contractual obligations of the contractor.
He shows that the process was more complicated in the Diocese of Turku (that is, Finland) than in the rest of Sweden because some people spoke Finnish, and it was necessary to develop a written Finnish language before vernacularization could begin.
The poets, performance artists and creative writing lecturers recently launched the Finnish language version of their anthology SAMPO: Heading Further North.
Big Game" has some of the scenes with dialogues in the Finnish language, but most of the movie is in English.
The Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority approved today the Finnish language supplement to the share exchange offer document and prospectus, relating to the competition go-ahead from the European Commission (EC) unveiled earlier this week, SSAB said.
Musiikkibasaari is in Finnish only, but on the other hand the idea and most of its content is easy to understand and use without any knowledge of the Finnish language.
Voice and language solutions provider Nuance Communications Inc (NASDAQ:NUAN) said today that its Dragon Dictation and Dragon Search apps for iPhone, iPod touch and iPad are now available in Finland, supporting the Finnish language.
She said: "The school was founded for the purpose of making it easier for Finnish or half-Finnish parents to pass the language to their children and offer an opportunity to anyone interested in Finland or the Finnish language to study it in Cardiff.
ETRASS can be operated in English, Swedish, German, French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Danish, Dutch, Portuguese, Norwegian and Finnish language sets.
Songs have words; therefore, it is a necessity for those singers, voice pedagogues, and choir directors who wish to include Finnish vocal music in their programs to have a practical knowledge of the Finnish language, or at least its basic phonology.
They added that this naming of the language was a good solution, similar to naming of the Greek language as Elinika and of the Finnish language as Suomi.
by Finnish-American and local artists will be on display, and local Finnish experts will discuss the local Finnish community, Scandinavian literature and Finnish sauna and answer frequently asked questions about the Finnish language.
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USA - Google X Self Driving Car Project
Advanced Transport
Experts Warn That Autonomous Cars Could Make Us Reckless Drivers
Are autonomous systems making us forget how to drive?
Kyree LearyAugust 21st 2017
Giving Cars Control
The integration of autonomous cars into society appears inevitable. A number of companies and organizations, including Tesla and Apple, are already testing them on roads, and others, such as GM and Uber, are looking for ways to merge self-driving cars and the growing rideshare industry.
Once all the kinks are worked out, fully autonomous systems will allow drivers to do other things during their travels, such as sleep, eat, or text. However, some are concerned that driver-assist technologies are having an adverse effect on our ability to drive right now.
While cars that can travel across the country without any human input are on the way, they aren’t yet available. However, specific technologies that can handle tasks like checking a driver’s blindspots, making sure they stay in their lane, and ensuring they don’t rear-end the car in front of them are.
The problem is that relying on these systems can make drivers less likely to consider those tasks when they get behind the wheel of a car. The effect of this many not be immediate, but gradually, our driving capabilities will be impacted.
“There are lots of concerns about people checking out and we are trying to monitor that now,” Adrian Lund, president of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, told Bloomberg. “Everything we do that makes the driving task a little easier means that people are going to pay a little bit less attention when they’re driving.”
According to Bloomberg, the automotive industry is desperate to come up with ways to keep drivers-turned-passengers engaged and focused on their surroundings while their car handles an increasing larger share of the work, and several manufacturers are already making progress.
Nissan’s ProPILOT Assist brings a car to a stop if the driver doesn’t grab the steering wheel for over 30 seconds, while Audi’s “Traffic Jam Assist” feature gives a driver 15 seconds of hand-off driving before audibly warning them to place their hands on the steering wheel.
Conversely, GM’s Super Cruise eye-tracking technology doesn’t require that drivers keep their hands on the wheel, but it does force them to keep their eyes on the road. The system will pull the car over if the driver doesn’t respond to prompts to return their attention to the road soon enough.
Saving Lives
Even if autonomous systems do negatively impact our ability to drive, the trade off may be worth it. Nearly 30,000 people in the U.S. alone die from traffic accidents each year, and upwards of 2 million people are injured.
Even though laws meant to prevent distracted driving practices — texting or talking on phones, eating, fiddling with the radio, etc. — are on the books, not everyone abides by them, and in 2015 alone, nearly 3,477 people died as a result of distracted driving.
7 Benefits of Driverless Cars
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Meanwhile, numerous reports indicate that self-driving cars could be safer than human drivers, and they are most effective without any human input.
Earlier this year, the California Department of Motor Vehicles tracked the performances of autonomous cars from 11 companies, revealing a reduced number of incidents compared to their performance in 2016. Many of the incidents and accidents that were reported were caused by bad weather, debris on the road, or construction — not the technology of the autonomous cars.
Some of the most notable experts in the fields of science and technology think self-driving cars are worth the investment and much safer than their human-operated counterparts.
Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk has said that those skeptical of autonomous cars are slowing progress and “killing people,” while astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson explained in a tweet in June that car accidents will eventually become the leading cause of death if autonomous systems aren’t adopted: “When we cure all disease & stop aging, the leading cause of death will be Car Accidents, unless we develop Self-driving Cars.”
Autonomous cars may impair our ability to drive, but if they are able to meet the safety expectations of people like Musk and Tyson, that may be a fair price to pay.
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The Age of Teenage Anxiety
Being a teenager under neoliberalism can be hazardous to your mental health. Here are three ideas to make life as a teen a little less overwhelming.
Beltrami Studios / Flickr
“An adolescent’s world can be bleak,” said an official with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention this week. The agency just released the results of its National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which revealed an increase in teens reporting “feelings of sadness or hopelessness.” The report found that “during the 12 months before the survey, 31.5% of students nationwide had felt so sad or hopeless almost every day for 2 or more weeks in a row that they stopped doing some usual activities.”
Overall, the numbers portray a teenage populace that — while less likely than a decade ago to binge drink, for example — is increasingly discouraged.
To cope with the problem, the CDC urges intervention by schools and health-care providers. But we also shouldn’t neglect to ask bigger questions about how to actually make life better for teenagers. And while there’s no doubt that acute interventions by schools, service providers and caretakers can be crucial in many cases, making life better for teens requires thinking about how we arrange society as a whole — and how we might rearrange it.
Here are three large-scale reforms that would dramatically improve young people’s lives. Because they all involve major redistributions of society’s material resources, they can only be won through mass political struggle against entrenched capitalist interests. Perhaps that’s why we rarely hear them mentioned in typical conversations about public health: they require more political imagination than we’re used to.
These reforms would undoubtedly make life seem less bleak, less scary and less hopeless for teenagers — but not just teenagers. By emphasizing collective social wellbeing over private profits they would improve life for all of us.
Medicare for All
Nearly ten percent of American adolescents are medically uninsured. This means two million teenagers have no access to medical care that they can’t afford out-of-pocket, and since the majority of uninsured people live in poverty, that often means no medical care at all. Medicines to treat depression can cost up to $200 a month without insurance, and an ambulance ride goes for over $1,000 out-of-pocket in some places. Any serious program aimed at improving teen health, mental or otherwise, needs to start with a demand for universal health insurance, no exceptions.
But universal access to the current insurance system won’t cut it. In United States today, even people who are insured are frequently blocked from attaining the care they need. That’s because in the US health insurance provision is dominated by private companies oriented entirely around profit, and therefore materially motivated to reject clients, trim services, and deny claims wherever possible. Consequences for teenagers range from not having access to mental and behavioral health specialists — which are disproportionately out-of-network — to experiencing financial difficulties at home that are exacerbated by unaffordable deductibles and out-of-pocket expenses.
We need not only to design a system where everyone is insured, but also to shift the responsibility for financing health care from the private to the public sector. A single-payer healthcare or Medicare for All system, at least as socialists envision it, would not only guarantee that teenagers and their families have insurance, but that all care is cost-free at the point of service — no premiums, copays or deductibles. The system would be financed through taxes based on ability to pay. Contrary to neoliberal folk-wisdom that capitalist markets can provide everything society needs better and more efficiently than public programs, under a single-payer system Americans would see their healthcare costs drop while their access to health services goes up.
Unlike private insurance, where profit-driven companies play doctor for their clients by selecting which services they deem medically necessary, a single-payer insurance program would cover everything that requires a health professional, for everyone. Teenagers and their families would be able to access everything from ambulance rides to mental, reproductive and sexual health services, without prohibitive costs or corporate gatekeeping. This would not only make it easier to stage acute interventions when teenagers are in crisis, but it would also improve their families’ and communities’ overall financial and health outlooks. And that would make life a lot less bleak.
Stop School Privatization
Even in the United States, the beating heart of global capitalism, ordinary citizens tend to believe that some things are too vitally important to be left exposed to the free market. For a long time public education was chief among these, and there was a broad consensus that the government should provide free public education to the nation’s children with money raised through taxes.
But capitalism is driven by a compulsion to open and invade new markets, and when it lacks a viable opposition it will target even our most sacrosanct public institutions for privatization. For decades, as funding drained from local public schools — especially in poor and racially segregated neighborhoods — neoliberal reformers advocated privatizing them in whole or in part, through voucher schemes and charter schools. The worse those schools performed, the louder the privatization chorus grew, and the more plausible their solutions looked to desperate parents and students.
In other words, after years of denigrating and neglecting public education, neoliberals looked upon their handiwork with feigned horror and proclaimed that public education system irreparably broken. It must—for the kids, of course—be replaced by a labyrinthine patchwork of semi-private alternatives, which are partially publicly funded but from which someone always profits.
By allowing charter schools to siphon kids out of public schools, and by funding that outsourcing of education with public money, we’re subsidizing the “death by a thousand cuts” of our own public educational system. And when the institutions meant to serve teenagers are so visibly de-prioritized and allowed to decay, the teenagers are bound to notice. It’s hard to imagine that there isn’t a correlation between teenagers feeling demoralized and the deterioration of the institutions where they spend most of their waking lives — schools with larger class sizes, decaying equipment, fewer teachers at worse pay, evaporating art and recreational opportunities, and dwindling mental health support, all due to austerity budgets and neoliberal market-based reforms.
The enormity of the threat to public schools, and the magnitude of the task of restoring them, can’t be overstated. But a moratorium on charter schools would be a good place to start.
Tuition-Free Public University
The percentage of high-school graduates who immediately enroll in college bounces up and down, but has been trending upward over the last two decades. Nearly 70 percent of 2017 grads enrolled directly after graduation, up from roughly 60 percent in the early nineties. But that’s not because college is more affordable. On the contrary, private four-year non-profit college tuition costs more than doubled over the same time frame, while public university tuition tripled. And average student debt has increased by seven hundred percent.
High school students are in a bind. They know that a college degree increases their chances of getting a decent-paying job, but they also know that their families are unlikely to be able to afford that degree, and they’ll personally be on the hook for it—maybe for decades.
Will the earnings boost outweigh the debt, or vice versa? How the hell is a seventeen-year-old supposed to know? This predicament no doubt exacerbates young people’s feelings of pervasive discouragement. Already they must decide whether to begin their working life (if they haven’t already), or to sign over a significant portion of their future earnings to a student loan provider. It’s a startling and dehumanizing early encounter with the cruelties of capitalism.
And it’s unnecessary. It’s completely possible for our society to make public four-year universities tuition-free.
Public universities were once primarily reliant on public funding, but now more and more of them are primarily reliant on tuition for revenue, as well as lucrative corporate partnerships. Over the last forty years, austerity-minded administrations have intentionally and systematically disinvested from public higher education, just as they’re doing with public K-12 education.
This is not a natural unfolding of market processes; this is a political decision to transfer the cost of education from the whole of society — including corporations and the wealthiest few — to individual young people and their families. As with anything on the free market, you get what you can afford, and those who can afford the least miss out.
Under neoliberalism, education “is conceived as a form of ‘human capital’ rather than a social good, an investment security for one’s personal economic portfolio rather than the foundation of democratic citizenship,” writes Chris Maisano. If we can summon the political will, we can reverse the processes of privatization and commodification and reimagine education as a social good. We can start by wiping out tuition at public universities and funding them through progressive taxes instead, including appropriately high taxes on the industries that directly benefit from education and training provided at our public institutions.
Tuition-free public college would relieve a huge financial burden on teenagers. But more than that, it would send a different message about their social worth than the one they receive at present. Truly public higher education would communicate: you are more than just a buyer and a seller, a worker and a customer, a pawn of the anonymous rich. You’re a valued member of this society, your future matters to the people around you, and you’re not alone. |
33 terms
prentice hall constitution study guide
Terms in this set (...)
Salutary neglect
British policy that allowed colonists to rule themselves so long as britain also benefited
Why did England need the colonists to pay taxes
to pay for their 4 wars with france
What are the three types of problems that caused the Americans to revolt against England
revolutionary mood - national feeling favoring great change
the country wanted an independent nation
Thomas Paine
wrote a pamphlet Common Sense - advocated independence
Continental Congress
group of colonial leaders who debated and implemented action plans regarding the colonists relations with britain
Thomas Jefferson
outlined basic rights at the beginning of the Declaration of independence
unalienable rights
Rights that cannot be taken away
Grievances in the Declaration of independence
taxes without consent
controlling the colonists' trade
How long was the American Revolution
direct democracy
system of government where people participate directly in decisions through voting on issues developed by the greeks so more people could participate
Absloute monarch
all powerful king or queen
Common law
system of law based on accepted customs, traditions and past decisions
Form of government where people elect representatives to govern them
member of the Roman upper class who traced their ancestry to a senatorial family in the earliest days of the Roman Republic
member of the general body of the Roman citizens
write them down
organize according a system
magna carta signed
Magna Carta
Document that the people forced the king to sign that guaranteed them certain rights and privileges and limited the power of the King
Why was the magna carta important
it demonstrated that the monarchs power could be legally limited by the people
Bill of Rights(British)
1600s power struggle between Parliament and the King led to a civil war. It forced the king James II from his throne and selected his daughter Mary to be queen. Gave Parliament the rights and further controlled the rights of the monarch. Monarch couldn't make or reject laws without parliament's approval
Monarch needed the consen to parliament to raise taxes and maintain the army
Monarchy could not interfere with elections
Right to freedom of religion, petition other freedoms
period in European history characterized by a rejection of traditional social religious and political ideas in favor of education and reasoning.
John Locke
English political thinker and writer 1690 - two treatises on Government that said that the government should serve the people, not the other way around. said Government should arise from a contract or agreement between the people and their monarch and a ruler cannot justly deny people's basic rights
People would form a community and make a contract with each other, not with a ruler.
French - The Sprit of Laws Checks and Balances - Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
limits the power of the government by making the governing bodies accountable to one another
Separation of powers
divides powers among a number of authorities
government agency responsible for making laws
Consisting of two legislative chambers
Explain in detail George Washington's quote
"I am mortified beyond expression that in the moment of our acknowledged independence we should by our conduct render ourselves ridiculous in the eyes of all Europe. We are fast verging to anarchy and confusion."
shared features of state constitutions in 1780
. declared rights of citizens
. bill of rights (7 of 13)
. government existed only with the consent of the governed
. separation of powers
. elected legislature
. bicameral legislature
. governor (except PA)
Articles of Confederation
1777 The first constitution proposed to guide the United States
principles of the Articles of Confederation
. Congress would be the national governing body
. Congress had the power to declare war
. Congress had the power to sign treaties with another nation
. Delegates from each state would represent their states in Congress
. Each state would have an equal vote in Congress |
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Fermented foods for a healthy gut
Fermented foods such as kefir and kimchi are the new superfoods, and rightly so. But they’ve actually been popular across cultures for centuries as a way to preserve food and drinks before there was refrigeration.
How are foods ‘fermented’?
Fermentation is a process where bacteria, yeast or fungi break down and convert the sugars and starch in the food to lactic acid. The acidic environment created by lactic acid acts as a natural preservative and also encourages acidic-loving bacteria to flourish. It’s a process used time and again to produce bread, wine, beer, chocolate, coffee, tea and yogurt.
In the case of vegetables, the process begins by chopping them up and squeezing them with salt to create a brine. Vegetables contain bacteria and once in this briny solution, the bacteria digest sugar and starch and proliferate. Where the real benefit comes in is that the bacteria includes some of the strains of beneficial bacteria found in our gut; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We call these bacteria probiotic bacteria.
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What are the benefits of eating fermented food?
Because these bacteria favour an acid environment, they are more likely to withstand the journey through our digestive tract to the colon and once there, they colonise and convey many health benefits. Just a few of these benefits include improving digestion, boosting immunity, maintaining a healthy weight and optimising cognitive function. This means that by eating fermented foods you are adding to the number and variety of beneficial bacteria in your gut, improving the health of your microbiome.
A healthy microbiome reduces the risk of leaky gut syndrome, allergies and intolerances, irritable bowel syndrome and other autoimmune conditions. You synthesise more vitamin B and K and as the beneficial bacteria proliferate, they crowd out harmful bacteria all of which is good for your energy.
Where do I get fermented foods from?
Fermented foods are easy to make yourself using cabbage, carrots, beetroot, radishes or apples. You’ll need salt, water and a sterilised jar. Kefir can be made with dairy milk or a dairy-free alternative and kefir grains or kefir powder and a sterilised spoon and jar.
Foods are widely available in the shops. If you do buy from a supermarket, make sure the product has not been heat treated and pasteurised; this renders the bacteria inactive. This is typically the product found on a shelf so go for the one in the fridge. Once home, keep it in the fridge. Also take care choosing yogurt and kombucha which can be heavily sweetened.
The fermented foods listed below contain an array of strains of probiotic bacteria and as many of the foods are vegetable based, they are a great way for vegans to improve their gut health.
A cultured, fermented milk drink which originates from the mountainous region between Asia and Europe. It has a tangy taste a similar to yogurt but contains multiple strains of bacteria.
Fermentation makes it easier to digest, even by people who are lactose intolerant. It’s high in vitamins B2, B12, folate, calcium and magnesium.
A spicy fermented vegetable dish from Korea. It can be made with cabbage or other vegetables such as carrot, kohlrabi, green bean, onion or scallion and spiced up with garlic, ginger and Korean red pepper. This makes it a good source of vitamin A, B1, B2, C, iron, calcium and magnesium.
An ancient drink with a slight fizz that originated in China over 2000 years ago. Green or black tea is fermented with vinegar, bacteria and yeast. It is often found flavoured with herbs or fruit. Studies suggest that the drink has antimicrobial (fighting off e-coli and staphylococcus bacteria), antioxidant, anti-cancer and ant-diabetic properties. It contains polyphenols and B vitamins.
A yogurt or buttermilk-based drink blended with water, spices and sometimes fruit from India. It can be sweet or savoury.
Originating from Japan, it is a thick paste made by fermenting soybeans and brown rice or barley with a fungus called koji. It is often added to soups to thicken or add the great umami flavour. It’s found in refrigerated section in supermarkets. It is rich in vitamins B, E and K, folic acid as well as beneficial bacteria. Miso made using whole grain is healthier than hulled grains. It is also high in sodium (salt).
A traditional Japanese food, often eaten for breakfast and combined with soy sauce. It is made by boiling soybeans, then fermenting them with the bacteria bacillus subtilis. It is very nutritious as a good source of protein, fibre, and micronutrients including iron, copper manganese, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, selenium and vitamin C as well as probiotics.
With roots in Germany, Russia and China, sauerkraut (aka “sour cabbage”) is prepared by mixing cabbage with salt, then adding water. It provides a healthy dose of bacteria as well as fibre, Vitamins A, B C, and K, iron potassium, calcium and a host of other minerals. It is very easy to make and widely available to buy.
This Indonesian dish is made by fermenting whole soybeans in banana leaves until it forms a cake-like patty. Its texture and nutty flavour make it a popular meat alternative with vegans. There is more protein, fibre and B vitamins plus health benefits than unfermented tofu.
A semi-solid sour tasting food made by fermenting milk. It is probably the most popular fermented product found in nearly every culture around the world. It is an excellent source of protein, calcium, potassium, zinc and vitamins B6 and B12. Traditionally made using dairy milk from cows, sheep and goats, more recently vegan versions have become available using nut, coconut, soy and hemp milk. Shop bought brands can be highly sweetened and processed so choose live, plain yogurt and add your own fruit.
Learn more about nutrition in my best-selling book ‘How to Prevent Burnout’ and my latest book, Life Force. The revolutionary 7-step plan for optimum energy’.
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Interview: Dr. Thomas Dillehay on Moon Tears: Mapuche Art and Cosmology
February 02, 2009
“[O]ne of the elements of their culture that has helped the Mapuche to survive, even today as well, is their strong commitment to their cosmology and religion.”
Dr. Thomas D. Dillehay, a distinguished professor of anthropology at Vanderbilt University and Professor Extroardinaire at the Universidad de Chile, talks with AS/COA Online about the objects featured in Moon Tears: Mapuche Art and Cosmology from the Domeyko Cassel Collection—the current exhibition featured at the Americas Society. In a interview about how the history and rituals of Chile’s largest indigenous group are reflected in the exhibition, Dillehay emphasizes the ways that the Mapuche create linkages with their ancestors through ritual as well as some of the changes that have occurred in Mapuche communities over time.
In the late 1970s and 1980s, Dr. Dillehay directed excavations in Monte Verde, Chile, which included human artifacts dated at more than 12,500 years old. The discovery fundamentally changed migration theories of the Americas. He has authored 15 books, among them the award-winning 2007 publication Monuments, Empires and Resistance, as well as more than 200 refereed journal articles.
He is the guest curator for the Moon Tears exhibition, which reveals the sophisticated cosmology and social organization of the Mapuche from the late 1800s to the mid-1900s. Listen to the audio of Dillehay’s curatorial talk, titled Four Corners of the Universe.
Interview below.
Lonko Makuñ, Woven Poncho, Domeyko Cassel Collection.
AS/COA Online: The exhibition covers three areas: contact, conquest, and political organization. How are these themes significant in the relation to the Mapuche and the exhibition?
Dillehay: These are three themes that probably best speak to the Mapuche history and to their present day conditions. One, in terms of Latin American history, the Mapuches make up one of the largest ethnic groups in all Latin America and the Mapuche successfully resisted outside influence for more than 300 years. So that first theme speaks to the resistance to the Spanish conquest and their political organization from about 1550 up to the late 1800s.
Second, one of the elements of their culture that has helped the Mapuche to survive, even today as well, is their strong commitment to their cosmology and religion. So it is important that a part of the exhibition focuses on that particular element. Some of the most colorful and importantly symbolic items in the entire collection relate to their cosmology and their religious beliefs, so the biggest portion of the exhibit belongs to that.
Third, because this is an ethnic group of between 900,000 and a million people living in Chile and a little bit in Argentina, we have to speak to what their condition is today. So that third element addresses that.
AS/COA Online: You have been doing research related to the Mapuche for over three decades. What are some of the more striking changes you’ve seen in their society over that period?
Dillehay: I would say that, like may other ethnic groups around the world, the impact of modernization and globalization are the changes that are taking place, primarily economically. The Mapuche have been brought more into the economic fold of modern-day Chilean society, what with having access to markets for their agricultural products, particularly in the case of those Mapuche living on reservations that are close to Chilean towns. That’s not so true for people living out in the countryside who are still sort of unacculturated. People in those groups pretty much practice the old traditional life. It’s almost like stepping back three or four hundred years, in some ways.
But second to that, the reducciones [reservations] have just a certain amount of land that can sustain a growing population. The overflow population is usually the younger people who are leaving the reducciones—boys and girls below, let’s say, 20 years of age—and moving into the cities and to work. One of the striking features I’ve seen in the past 20 or 30 years was that the average age on the reducciones is increasing. It probably used to be somewhere in the 30s and it is probably in the mid or late-40s now.
AS/COA Online: What are differences between how the Mapuche and Chileans view land and space?
Dillehay: The Mapuche see land as their history. They read it much like an encyclopedia of their history and what they have symbolically etched across that landscape and the form of ceremonial fields, earthen mounds, old burial grounds. Where they live today as well they have names for the volcanoes and mountains, objects that are animated and carry ancestors’ spirits and guardian spirits of the individual. Of course, they’ve always economically treated the land differently with what is called slash and burn agriculture: You cut the forests and grow crops on the cleared land, then you allow it to lie in recovery mode for several years, then you cut somewhere else so you rotate the crops around and you don’t deplete the soil. That’s a different kind of traditional land use than what the Chileans see land for—mainly timber, cattle, grazing, crops, so Chileans have a very different relationship with the land; it is mainly economic.
AS/COA Online: Can you talk more about with this relationship between the current and the ancestral world and how the Mapuche view space?
Dillehay: To the Mapuche, what sustains them and what really builds their history is the linkage between them and their ancestors. They have two kinds of ancestors. There are the authentic ancestors and those are the ones you can actually name, much like you and I would name our grandparents and great-grandparents. These individuals are brought into ceremonial fields and mentioned in ritual ceremonies and always thought of.
And then there are what are called the mythical ancestors. These are the great ancestors such as warriors of past times, whose names are known but they really don’t belong to a specific lineage anymore. Those are just general ancestors in general whose names are not even remembered. They are the mythical ones who are up high in the Wenumapu or the upper heavens of the Mapuche world.
But there’s also a term called admapu in the Mapuche language, which means the traditional way of doing things and it’s sort of a moral conviction that a Mapuche should follow the ancestral ways, which are considered the correct and good ways of doing things. So it’s a very strong linkage between these people and their ancestor cults, which exist in most of their rituals.
AS/COA Online: Can you talk a little bit about how that connection to the ancestor world is manifested in the objects of the exhibition?
Dillehay: What you see—not so much in the textiles and the blankets in the exhibit, but in a lot of the jewelry—you see the human figures that are hanging off the chest pendants. In a number of the objects, those are the guardian spirits, the ancestors protecting the living and the person wearing the jewelry, particularly in this case women, but sometimes men have jewelry with these pieces on them too. Then there are birds and other animals that are stylized and depicted on a number of these pieces of jewelry that represent ancestral spirits. So there is a very strong symbolic, metaphorical connection between the person wearing the jewelry and the jewelry itself that reminds them of and link them to the ancestor world directly.
AS/COA Online: You have mentioned that the teams you’ve worked with have done ethnoarcheological studies of the Mapuche rituals. What’s involved in that process?
Dillehay: What we do, archeologists study material culture and space, too, of ancient sites. But ethnoarcheology is where you treat living sites in the same way, where you study the spatial pattern in a material culture and what it says about human behavior. So in the case of these ceremonial fields we’ve been studying them in great detail, mapping them and studying the kinship patterns, and the kinds and the movements of food and other goods throughout these rituals. Essentially, we treat them like living archeological sites.
Peñi Epatum, 19th century Silver Figures, Domeyko Cassel Collection.
AS/COA Online: In doing that, have you noted change as well in the way that rituals are performed in Mapuche communities?
Dillehay: Oh, yes. In the past 30 years or so, there have been several major changes. One involves greater influence from the Catholic and evangelical churches and religions where you begin to see more crosses and people even sometimes bringing the Bible into some nguillatun ceremonies. But mostly these ceremonies are still very traditional, very Mapuche, and very indigenous. Second, there are fewer participants. Both the modern or Western religions of all denominations have drawn off a significant portion of the Mapuche and converted them over to Catholicism and Christianity and so forth. As a result of that, fewer people have attended some of the more traditional ceremonies.
AS/COA Online: I’ve heard you use the term “rescue” in terms of this exhibit in terms of how these objects were brought together. Why the term “rescue?”
Dillehay: Going back to the original comment, in this rapidly changing world of the Mapuche, since they got greater contact with modernization and globalization, many people—particularly the young ones—want to abandon the traditional life and they don’t want to be Mapuche. A lot of them don’t, although a lot of them do, too. Most of these people live in poverty. There are collectors who are willing to pay for these objects and a lot of them are going out of the country, purchased and going to U.S. museums or to Europe, Japan, China and so forth. They are just being scattered, so one of the things that this collection does is gather these objects before they become sold off and dispersed. It at least puts them in one collection so we know where they are. They are very good quality pieces as well. So, in a sense, they’re being rescued.
AS/COA Online: Are there any pieces in the collection that you feel are particularly rare or particularly representative of some special aspect of Mapuche culture?
Dillehay: I think they all are. The jewelry pieces are pretty typical of what’s found throughout most of the Mapuche territory. But I think that the ritual blankets that are in the exhibit and the ponchos are exceptional and becoming quite rare to find. Also, the founding couple, termed Peñi Epatun—the two silver statues—are quite rare too, and I think very exceptional. As well there are a few pieces here and there, some of the more colorful headbands that are called Gnitrowes with the little silver beads on red and blue cloth, those are also difficult to find these days and they’re exceptional pieces. |
Culinary Genomics: Conversing with Your Genes
Here is a little-known fun fact: the food we consume at each meal "talks" with our genes. Yes, as improbable as it seems - a vibrant "conversation" occurs every time you eat or drink. While it has been known for centuries that food can be healing medicine, it was not until the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 that researchers were able to fully understand this food-gene conversation called nutritional genomics.
Today, we know that genes "listen" to the dietary information in a meal, switching on or off like Christmas tree lights. They orchestrate processes including digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients that promote health and longevity. But even more importantly, clinicians can now better understand the language of these food-gene interactions using genomic testing. In this era of genomic medicine and personalized health, the old adage "You Are What You Eat" has a new twist:
"You are the Sum of Your Food-Gene Interactions". A healthy "conversation" supports health and longevity; disrupted food-gene "conversations" can over time contribute to a chronic disease process. Genomic testing can proactively identify where there are faulty genes that need more support and enable us to develop personalized dietary strategies that can circumvent or alleviate a poor "communication" at the food-gene interface.
Centenarians from around the world are good examples who have intuitively mastered the "language" between their different food-gene interfaces to survive and thrive well beyond 100 years of age. They learned essentially by trial and error over many generations what foods and beverages support a healthy food-gene conversation. Fortunately, you don't have to wait generations to figure out what foods and beverages are best for your genes.
Genomic testing expedites that process. It matches the best foods to converse with your genes at each meal, maintaining a healthy food-gene interface and keeping your biological systems functioning optimally. Additionally, genomic testing can identify which nutrigenomic interventions are necessary to keep the food-gene conversation operational when there are gene "switches" that are malfunctioning.
Think back to that string of Christmas tree lights - if one or more bulbs malfunction, it prevents other lights on the same strand from turning on. In a similar way, if one gene is not working it can adversely affect other genes downstream in other cellular, biochemical and metabolic processes - increasing the risk of a chronic disease. We now know how to change all that. That is the power of nutrigenomics.
For the thousands of our patients who have benefited from genomic testing and nutrigenomic interventions, feeding your genes with the foods and beverages to support optimal gene function is not a slogan but a way of life. But that transition is not always easy. We understand that translating the science of nutritional genomics into practical steps that can be sustained over time can be challenging---even for the most organized person.
When trying to juggle the demands of work and home, and still finding the time to prepare and serve healthy meals for yourself and your family, simple and quick have to be the first two ingredients. Enter culinary genomics. Start with a few basic guiding principles-use organic or pesticide-free, whole, nutrient-dense foods that are fresh or frozen, as much as possible. Minimize or eliminate highly processed foods.
Try the "1/3" rule for your macronutrients- 1/3 healthy fat, 1/3 healthy carbs, and 1/3 lean protein. Recent research from Norway showed that this even distribution of calories between fat, carbs and protein was the best combination of macronutrients to "talk" to a healthy person's genes. Of course, everyone has a different genomic profile, and it is best to individualize these caloric recommendations using genomic testing whenever possible.
Nevertheless, this macronutrient information can be a good starting place to create a balanced meal. We recommend 4-6 servings of brightly colored fruits and vegetables (purple, red, yellow, green, orange) per day. Not only do they contain important vitamins and minerals, these "colors" signify higher content of key bioactives - constituents of foods that are not vitamins, minerals or other nutrients but unique molecules that "talk" to your genes.
Additional bioactives are found in many herbs and spices, including basil, cilantro, oregano, fennel, cumin and turmeric. Not only do they enhance the taste of a food or meal, they also contain these special molecules that "communicate" with important "master genes" involved in health and longevity. Maintaining a healthy food-gene interface doesn't have to be complicated.
We understand the challenge of juggling the demands of work and home, and still trying to create healthy meals. We believe many of you are already using these culinary genomic principles without even knowing that you are creating a healthy food-gene conversation.In our kitchen we love making meals that are easy to prepare, taste good, and are rich in nutrients and bioactives - and would like to share some of them with you. These recipes require only basic cooking skills and can be made in 30 minutes or less.
Many can be made ahead of time or used as leftovers for another meal. Try them out at home; see if you can come up with some of your own variations. Share with your co-workers and help each other be your healthiest to do all the things that are important in your life.
About the Authors
Dr. Veltmann is a scientist, healthcare practitioner, author, teacher and expert in genomic testing and interpretation. With over 40 years of experience as a researcher and practitioner, Dr. Veltmann has made a career of translating lab results into practical clinical applications for patients around the world. He achieved international recognition as the pioneering developer of the GENESIS Matrix holistic health model that explored the interactions between seven key variables to create better preventive health strategies.
As co-founder and Chief Science Officer of Genoma International, he brings his expertise in nutritional biochemistry and genomic science, teaching, and corporate wellness, along with clinical and genomic medicine. His previous positions include co-founder and CSO of Genomic Solutions Now and NCG Health Solutions; Chief Science Officer for Estrogen Gene Test and Medifood LLC along with a nutritional product and marketing consultant for Fortune 100 companies.
Roberta L. Kline MD is a board-certified Ob-Gyn, author, teacher, and entrepreneur with more than 20 years experience in traditional and functional medicine. Dr. Kline received her medical degree from the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, and completed her Ob-Gyn residency at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, earning multiple honors. After 10 years with the Air Force, she became a partner in a large Ob-Gyn practice, managing more than 40 employees.
As co-founder and CEO of Genoma International, she brings her expertise in practice development, education, and genomic science, along with clinical and genomic medicine. Her previous positions include co-founder and CEO of Genomic Solutions Now and NCG Health Solutions. |
Battery Waste
Home Battery Waste
Production of lead from secondary sourcesexceeds its primary production. As per an estimate, consumption of lead in the country is about 4.5 lakh tons out of which, only about 1.6 lakh tons of lead is produced from primary sources. Production of primary lead is also declining throughout the world. This means every year more and more lead is being produced through secondary route involving hundreds of small scale recyclers in the country. It is necessary to ensure that production of lead through secondary smelting is done only in environmentally sound manner, failing which will lead to serious environmental and health problems. The Batteries Management and Handling Rules enacted in the year 2001 with the primary objective of ensuring safe disposal of discarded lead acid batteries involving all stake holders. Rules are evolved to have proper control and record keeping on the sale or import of lead acid batteries and recollection of the used batteries for their recycling by registered recyclers to ensure environmentally sound recycling of used batteries. |
Lab Report
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Oct. 16, 2015
The NIF Target Bay. NIF’s 192 laser beams converge at the center of this giant sphere to make the tiny hydrogen fuel pellet implode. Credit: Damien Jemison
NIF finds a place in the sun
Fusion, the process that powers the sun and the stars, has the ability to produce a commercially viable cheap, safe, clean, virtually limitless, sustainable fuel source.
Livermore is on the cutting edge of this research at the National Ignition Facility. NIF is the world’s largest, most powerful laser and scientists are working on a process called inertial confinement fusion.
You take a pellet filled with deuterium and tritium gas and place it inside a gold plated cylinder. Then you shoot it with intense laser light. The light heats the inner walls of the cylinder, creating a superhot plasma that showers the pellet with soft X-rays. The X-rays heat the outer surface of the pellet, causing it to implode. The implosion compresses and ignites the plasma and burns the fuel, causing a fusion reaction. The ultimate goal is to get more energy out of the process than is put in to power it.
Lawrence Livermore researchers have come up with a method called capacitive deionisation that removes salt from seawater.
Water worth its salt
Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface and contain 97 percent of its water. But the energy needed to turn that salt water into drinking water is costly.
Now, thanks to new technologies, costs have been halved and huge desalination plants are opening around the world.
One of those methods is capacitive deionisation - essentially a magnet for salt. Michael Stadermann of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory believes “we should be able to do brackish water desalination at between half and a fifth of the energy of reverse osmosis.”
dark matter
Observations have provided hints that the dark matter around one of the central four merging galaxies is not moving with the galaxy itself.
Searching for dark matter
Dark matter is the invisible stuff that makes up a quarter of the universe, and 85 percent of all matter. But recent research shows that dark matter is more nuanced and complex than previously thought.
Lawrence Livermore researchers have created a new kind of fluorescent light that uses fewer rare-earth elements than current technology.
Can you see the light
There’s a new kid in town when it comes to fluorescent lights.
Lawrence Livermore and collaborators have created a new kind of fluorescent lighting phosphors that use far less rare-earth elements than current technology.
Rare-earth elements are hard to come by. The U.S. has access to a limited amount of rare-earth elements and relies on imports. Today the phosphors in fluorescent lighting consume more than 1,000 metric tons of rare-earth oxides yearly, including europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), cerium (Ce) and lanthanum (La), as well as even larger amounts of yttrium (Y) oxide.
While LED lighting will likely replace fluorescent tubes eventually, low-cost linear fluorescent lighting is expected to remain a dominant feature in the U.S. infrastructure for more than a decade. Therefore it is necessary to replace the current triphosphor blend discovered more than 30 years ago (based on a mixture of blue, green and red emitters) because of its high rare earth consumption.
This atomistic model shows two of the materials - magnesium tetrahydroborate Mg(BH4)2 and lithium imide Li2NH - that Lawrence Livermore researchers are studying for hydrogen storage systems.
It’s a gas
“There is general agreement that a successful solution would significantly reduce costs and ensure the economic viability of a U.S. hydrogen infrastructure,” said Brandon Wood, head of the Lawrence Livermore team. “Researchers have been looking at the storage problem for a long time, but there hasn't been enough focus on tackling some of the really challenging underlying problems, which is what we are tasked to do.” |
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Fibrogastroscopy (FGS) - this is an examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (the first
bend of the small intestine). A thin flexible tube (fibrogastroscopy) is passed through the mouth, going through the esophagus and reaching the stomach and the duodenum, looking for diseases of these organs such as: gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulceration and duodenal ulcers, benign and malignant tumours. Fibrogastroscopy allows specialists to take samples for the histopathology (for diagnostic verification), as well as to perform various therapeutic procedures (for proper treatment).
Fibrogastroscopy is appointed after an examination by a specialist and is carried out mostly with the following indications: difficulty in swallowing, swelling and pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, etc.
The examination is taken on an empty stomach, so the patient should not eat for at least 10 hours before the procedure. It is a short examination that lasts about 5-15 minutes.
At the beginning, the patient's mouth and throat are anaesthetized with local anaesthesia. A protector is placed in the mouth in order not to injure the instrument, and it gradually passes through it into the esophagus, the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum. The procedure is absolutely painless. Possible slight feeling of nausea.
Fibrocolonoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the lower part of the digestive system - the rectum and different sections of the colon. A thin, highly flexible tube with a fiber-optic system (colonoscope) is passed gently into your back passage (anus) and manoeuvred around the bowel. This will give the doctor a clear detailed image of your bowel and if necessary, allows him to take biopsies or perform various therapeutic procedures.
A screening colonoscopy is recommended every 10 years beginning at age 50 or over for adults without other risk factors. The aim of the examination is diagnostics of diseases of the rectum and colon in case of various symptoms: bleeding, pain and swelling in the lower abdomen, frequent episodes of constipation or diarrhea, unreasonable weight loss, etc.
Before carrying out the colonoscopy, the colon should be thoroughly cleaned. This requires specific preparation. Intake of solid foods should be stopped no later than 24 hours before the procedure. The day before the examination, the patients should take purgative medication, prescribed by a doctor.
The duration of the procedure is usually 20 - 40 minutes. During the procedure, air is pumped into the cleaned-out colon to keep it open so that the colonoscope could pass smoothly through the different parts of the colon, allowing the doctors get the best pictures. The air pressure may cause some discomfort. That’s why it is recommended to carry out the examination under intravenous anesthesia (short-term general anesthesia). After the end of the procedure the patient should be observed for about two hours. After the procedure, it is possible that you may have bloating and abdominal pain or scarce bleeding. |
Question: What was Auckland like historically?
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The largest town in New Zealand, in the N. island, with an excellent harbor in the Gulf of Hauraki, and the capital of a district of the name, 400 m. long, and 200 m. broad, with a fertile soil and a fine climate, rich in natural products of all kinds; was the capital of New Zealand until the seat of government was transferred to Wellington.
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What is an Ecovillage?
One of the Jatukik Providence Foundation’s proudest achievements has been the establishment of the pilot ecovillage in Kibeti. But what does it mean to be an ecovillage? Why does JPF believe that the ecovillages can be effective tools for providing communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with a long-term pathway out of poverty?
“ECO”- As the “eco” in ecovillage suggests, the primary focus of the ecovillage model is to create communities whose relationships with the natural world are both harmonious and sustainable. To achieve this goal, ecovillages utilize a number of green initiatives including but not limited to: supporting organic food production, use of renewable energy sources, preservation of natural surroundings through proper waste and energy management, maximizing use of local materials for construction and manufacturing, and protection of biodiversity. This model of effective and respectful use of natural resources makes a particularly compelling case for long-term sustainable development in the DRC, which ranks among the world’s poorest countries based on per capita GDP but one of the richest in natural resources and minerals. By sharing knowledge about agricultural techniques and energy and resource management, the ecovillage model aims to promote sustainable social and economic development in the DRC by creating a system in which the Congolese people can take advantage of the abundance of natural resources around them as a means to achieving growth and prosperity.
“VILLAGE”-Central to the ecovillage concept is the establishment of community. In addition to integrating harmoniously with nature, members of the ecovillage implement systems and infrastructure for democratic governance, commerce, and education. In the DRC, where a lack of good governance, public participation in the political process, and gender equality have stifled growth and reform, the ecovillage emphasis on self-governance and self-sufficiency represents a promising community model for the empowerment of women and democratic decision making.
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• Keep up the wonderful work , I read few content on this site and I think that your site is real interesting and has got bands of good information.
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Where did Labrador
Retrievers come from?
They can be traced to
Newfoundland in the
1600`s. Where a
stoutly built, short
haired dog, known as
the St. Johns dog, was
used by fishermen as
an aid in retrieving
nets, as well as
upland game, and
waterfowl. They were
exported to England,
and Scotland where
they were placed in
breeding programs by
Nobility. Eventually
Standards for the
breed were set, and
they were shown, as
well as entered in
field trials. In 1903
they we recognized as
a separate breed.
Saint John`s Dogs
One of the earliest
dogs to produce The
Chocolate Color
Phase can be traced
back to Buccleuch`s
One of the fundamental aspects of the early breeding programs was
the devotion to Dual Purpose Labradors. Dogs that would Conform
to a certain Standard, as well as perform as Working dogs. We see
no reason to deviate from that purpose.
Here are a few of the more Notable dogs that have had a Major
Impact on the Breed.
Banchory Bolo
Banchory Bolo
and a few of his Offspring
Charway Ballywillwill
in the center
Charway Ballywillwill
Kupros Master Mariner
Kupros Master Mariner
Buccleuch`s Avon |
advantages shear wall
advantages shear wall
What is a Shear Wall - YouTube
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Shear wall construction Britannica.com
Shear wall, In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-concrete wall or vertical truss. Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement 【Get Price】
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In residential construction, shear walls are straight external walls that typically form a box which provides all of the lateral support for the building.When shear . RHCBM walls are constructed by reinforcing the hollow concrete block masonry, by taking advantage of hollow spaces and shapes of the hollow blocks. It requires 【Get Price】 |
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The Beale Trumpet
This instrument was made in 1666 by trumpeter Simon Beale. During the civil war and the Protectorate Beale was state trumpeter to Oliver Cromwell. Following the restoration of the monarchy he was appointed as state trumpeter to Charles II. This instrument shows design features that suggest that Beale had done some collaborative work with Charles' other main trumpeter, Bull, who had accompanied the king during his exile in Europe and had picked up many continental fashions.
In later life it became the "luck" of Woodenham Hall. During the late 19th and early 20th century it was used by the butler to summon the house and guests to dinner.
In its current form the instrument has been soldered to together so that the joints cannot be removed. Analysis of the metal has shown that the bell is probably not original, although use of the profile in copies has shown that it works very well indeed. The mouthpiece is very large (almost the size of a trombone mouthpiece) and is also soldered to the mouthpipe. X-Ray analysis has shown that it has no back-bore which means that modern players have great difficulty with intonation. Despite this, it has been used in recent years and formed part of fanfare march for the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral during the celebratory service marking the centenary of the Art Fund. |
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Panama canal bridges the gap for the Americas
by Breonnah Colón - Editor- in- Chief
Fri, Nov 30th 2018 02:00 pm
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With the holiday season comes a strong sense of family, generosity and community. People seem just a little more pleasant with one another, willing to give a bit more than they typically would, all for the sake of wishing someone else a happy holiday. Be it due to Christmas, Kwanzaa, Hanukkah or sheer joy at sale prices and festive airs, Americans and others across the world become warmer to others and tend to be more positive and thankful.
With this same sense of appreciation and respect, we must pay homage to a country which has gifted the United States in a way not many other nations have. Panama has worked in collaboration with the U.S. on several different negotiations. However, perhaps the most impactful, not just for the two nations but the world as a whole, is the Panama canal.
Serving as a sort of land bridge connecting North and South America, Panama is bordered by Costa Rica along one coast and Colombia on the other. The area was one of great interest as a Spanish colony because it not only played a major role in conquering the Inca empire, but was also used as a point of transfer for shipping gold and silver to Spain in the 19th century, according to britannica.com
As the fight for liberation spread across Latin America, Panama along with Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia became known as the Republic of Gran Colombia. Several years later in 1830, the established republic dissolved and each nation took its own path to progress, save for Panama which remained part of Colombia for several more decades until 1903 when the U.S. helped the nation secede. With this newfound independence and established relationship with the U.S. another monumental moment was cemented into the history of these two nations: the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which granted the U.S. rights to area where the canal would eventually be built, as explained by history.state.gov
As airplanes and highways have allowed for trade to be done relatively quickly, it may be difficult to understand why the Panama canal was so important to U.S. interests. The canal serves as a way to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, allowing trade between the two to be done much faster and more efficiently than it had ever been done up until that point.
This was done not only for financial reasons, but also as a way for the U.S. to maintain its position as one of the most influential superpowers in the world. According to pbs.org, maintaining control over both oceans as the canal allowed, offered the U.S. the sort of stronghold no other nation in the world had, a critical strategy which played a large role in political relations and war at the time.
Construction lasted 10 years, from 1904 until 1914 with the help of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, according to cia.gov. In addition to its exceptional engineering, one unique fact regarding the canal’s construction is most of the labor force that actually worked on the project regarding U.S. construction came from the West Indies, which includes countries like Barbados, Guadalupe and Martinique, among others. This mixup of cultures allowed for a huge diversity in Panama, where the official language is Spanish but languages like Creole as well as other indigenous languages and even Arabic, are widely used.
As time passed, the U.S. eventually allowed Panama control over its canal, where it has been working to update, reconstruct and expand the structure until as recently as 2016. Between its exceptional biodiversity as well as its copious cultural diversity, Panama has proven it has much to offer the world. With the holiday season bringing the air of gratitude and hospitality, we cannot forget the impactful benefits we’ve been granted thanks to those living and working just a plane flight away in the other America.
stylus@brockport.edu | @b_co___ |
If your child is in second through sixth grade and knows all of his or phonics sounds but is not a “fluent reader”—for our purposes here, a child who can read books that are expected at his school at his grade level, you would be surprised the little things that you can do to help your student. In the next few days, I will give tips concerning this scenario.
Kids Reading This Summer–Just Do It!
Do not underestimate the power of simply reading. If your student is a reluctant or struggling reader, but can read, I recommend that you implement a daily silent reading time for your student.* (Actually, I recommend this for everybody—kids and adults, struggling or not!) There are many ways to implement this:
1. Go to the library and pull a series that your child will enjoy. (I will give some suggestions in days to come, but ask your friends what their kids are reading, ask your librarian for suggestions of books in areas that interest your child, etc.)
2. Consider a 15 to 30 minute silent reading time each day during the summer (or each non-vacation, weekday). You could set this up as a certain time that everybody reads or just make a declaration that everybody must read for fifteen minutes before other activities outside the home (i.e. swimming, friends, etc.).
3. Create a reading chart with squares that are worth fifteen minutes each. So many squares equal prizes or so many squares must be colored in per week. (More on creating your own summer reading program for your kids in upcoming posts.)
4. Get your child a series of chapter books that he or she will enjoy reading and have him or her read a book a week at his own pace and on his own timetable—as long as it is read by Friday at five or whatever the deadline might be.
5. Consider alternative reading materials, like comic books, magazines, books with individual stories in each chapter (as opposed to books in which one story is broken up into chapters), etc. if your child is extremely reluctant.
6. Do not make each reading a “lesson.” Discuss his reading, if desired, but the purpose of this is to get him reading—not necessarily to do reading lessons.
*See readability posts from earlier this summer for help in choosing materials at your child’s reading level.
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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//CiviCRM//NONSGML CiviEvent iCal//EN X-WR-TIMEZONE:America/Mexico_City METHOD:PUBLISH BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The Green New Deal DESCRIPTION:What is the Green New Deal? What Can It Do? What a re its Limitations? The Green New Deal (GND) is ge tting a lot of attention these days...and rightly so as the potential of the Green New Deal to addre ss climate change and global warming is the single most important issue of today. And tomorrow.\n \n Proponents of the GND are hopeful as it coincides with the scientific studies that show that we hav e 12 years left to turn our climate catastrophe ar ound. Not 50 years\, not 30 years\, but 12 years. As a world leader\, the USA bears great responsibi lity in leading the way in getting off fossil fuel s and onto wind and solar energy. Just as the name "\;New Deal"\; summons the memory of FDR and his New Deal\, it also raises the memory of ho w fast the USA ramped up the factories and work fo rce that made the weapons and machinery necessary to go to war in Europe. It was an incredible feat. It can be done again. So what is involved in the Green New Deal? Currently the GND is in the form o f a joint Congressional Resolution which lays out some principles but lacks the specificity or autho rity of laws. The bottom line is that it is techno logically possible but politically very difficult. There is more to the GND in the social arenas as will be addressed in the panel. But addressing the potential of transformative change in the Green N ew Deal'\;s target of net-zero greenhouse emiss ions is the #1 priority.\n \n Although the GND has raised a lot of enthusiasm in some quarters\, it also has its detractors and skeptics. The range fr om the powerful neoliberal conservatives in both p olitical parties who champion business as usual to indigenous and environmental leaders who question the timing and scope of the GND resolution. For e xample\, instead of advocating a fossil fuel free energy system the GND suggests net zero carbon emi ssion which some fear leaves wide open the opportu nity for carbon trading and carbon credits. In the latter cases coal\, oil\, and natural gas could b e used indefinitely. Carbon sequestration and carb on trading are among many schemes that will eventu ally be supported by industry as simply part of th e cost of doing business. Instead those who questi on the premises of the GND demand that fossil fuel s specifically be left in the ground. CATEGORIES:Talk CALSCALE:GREGORIAN DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20190322T130000 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20190322T130000 DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20190322T130000 LOCATION:Sala Quetzal\n La Biblioteca Publica\, Rejoj 50A\, Centro\n San Miguel de Allende\, GUA 37700\n Mexi co\n URL: END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR |
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Humanities Libertexts
3.6: Comparison and Contrast
• Page ID
• The Purpose of Comparison and Contrast in Writing
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing discusses elements that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then, analyzes two subjects by examining them closely and comparing them, contrasting them, or both.
Exercise 16
• Romantic comedies
• Internet search engines
• Cell phones
Exercise 17
• Department stores and discount retail stores
• Fast food chains and fine dining restaurants
• Dogs and cats
The Structure of a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay
1. According to the subjects themselves, discussing one and then the other
See the "Comparison and Contrast Diagram," which diagrams ways to organize our organic versus conventional vegetables thesis. The organizational structure you choose depends on the nature of the topic, your purpose, and your audience.
Given that compare-and-contrast essays analyze the relationship between two subjects, it is helpful to have some phrases on hand that will cue the reader to such analysis. See Table of "Phrases of Comparison and Contrast" for examples.
Table of Phrases of Comparison and Contrast
Comparison Contrast
one similarity one difference
Both conversely
Like in contrast
Likewise unlike
Similarly while
in a similar fashion whereas
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) - Comparison and Contrast Diagram
Exercise 18
Create an outline for each of the items you chose in Exercise 16 and Exercise 17 Use the pointby-point organizing strategy for one of them, and use the subject organizing strategy for the other.
Writing a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay
First choose whether you want to compare seemingly disparate subjects, contrast seemingly similar subjects, or compare and contrast subjects. Once you have decided on a topic, introduce it with an engaging opening paragraph. Your thesis should come at the end of the introduction, and it should establish the subjects you will compare, contrast, or both, as well as state what can be learned from doing so. Be sure to make an argument in your thesis; explain to the reader what’s at stake in analyzing the relationship between your stated subjects.
After you finish analyzing the subjects, write a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the essay and reinforces your thesis. See the student essay that follows, “Batman: A Hero for Any Time,” as well as the professional essays at the end of this chapter to read some examples of the compare-and-contrast essay.
Exercise 19
Choose one of the outlines you created in Exercise 18 and write a full compare-and-contrast essay. Be sure to include an engaging introduction, a clear thesis, well-defined and detailed paragraphs, and a fitting conclusion that ties everything together.
Sample Comparison-and-Contrast Essay
In “Batman: A Hero for Any Time,” Jacob Gallman-Dreiling compares the traditional portrayal of the superhero Batman with the modern version. As you read, look for the comparison and contrast phrases that the author uses to help the reader understand the argument he is making. What kind of organizational structure does the essay follow?
Jacob Gallman-Dreiling
English 1101
Dr. Cox
16 March 2013
Thesis: Although the framework of the Batman story always remains the same, the character has been re-imagined over time to suit the changing expectations of a hero through his characterization as well as that of those who surround him, both friends and foes.
1. The backstory for Batman has always remained the same.
1. Bruce Wayne is the son of wealthy socialites.
1. Bruce Wayne’s parents are murdered in front of him.
2. Bruce Wayne grows up to inherit his parents’ fortune.
2. Bruce Wayne becomes Batman to avenge the violence of his parents’ death.
1. Batman fights crime with the help of Commissioner Gordon and others.
2. Batman employs an arsenal of non-lethal weapons to aid him.
2. The characterization of Batman has changed to fit the changing expectations of a hero.
1. In the Silver Age of comic books, Batman was portrayed as a sunny, pulpy character.
1. Batman’s stories had to adhere to the guidelines of the Comics Code Authority.
1. Characters could not use concealed weapons.
2. Stories required “morals.”
3. Stories could not use kidnapping or excessive violence.
4. Stories incorporated elements of science fiction.
5. Stories had limitations on the portrayal of female characters.
2. Batman’s suits often had ridiculous properties he conveniently prepared for the upcoming mission.
2. In modern portrayals, Batman is a tortured and flawed character.
1. Batman is haunted by the death of his parents.
2. Batman has become a skilled detective and fighter.
3. Batman’s suit is more armor than spandex.
4. Batman is haunted by his mistakes.
5. Batman and Commissioner Gordon conspire to hide the truth about Harvey Dent from the people of Gotham.
3. The characterization of Batman’s associates has changed to fit the changing expectations of a hero.
1. In the Silver Age of comic books, Batman’s associates were correspondingly lighthearted.
1. Characters like Ace the Bat-Hound, Bat-Mice, and Batwoman were created to draw in children.
2. Issues were built around a villain-of-the-week.
2. In modern portrayals, Batman’s associates deal with real consequences and changes.
1. Dick Grayson grows up and goes to college.
2. Batgirl is paralyzed by the Joker.
3. Joker is given several conflicting backstories explaining his psychosis.
4. Catwoman has changed from a harmless cat-burglar to a reformed prostitute.
Student Essay
Jacob Gallman-Dreiling
English 1101
Dr. Cox
16 March 2013
Batman: A Hero for Any Time
Few ideas in this world are as timeless as that of a superhero. The ancient Greeks had Odysseus and Hercules. The British have Sherlock Holmes and Allan Quatermain. The Americans developed the modern concept of the superhero with characters like Superman and Spider-Man and created elaborate stories for the origin of their powers, much like the Greeks used when creating their heroes. While the world of superheroes was originally a white man’s club, the creation of Wonder Woman ushered in a new era of diversity. Now men, women, people of color, even those of differing sexual orientations are represented among the ranks of those who fight against evil. Though teams of superheroes like the Justice League of America and the XMen have enduring popularity, few superheroes have captured the imagination like Batman. Created in 1939 by Bob Kane and Bill Finger, a boy orphaned by violence grows to become the Caped Crusader, avenger of the fictional of Gotham. This comic book hero has spurred film, radio, and television adaptations, has spawned action figures and video games, and has maintained an uninterrupted comic book publication, something few other superhero titles can boast. Although the framework of the Batman story always remains the same, the character has been re-imagined over time to suit the changing expectations of a hero through his characterization as well as through the portrayal of those who surround him, both friends and foes.
The basic framework of the Batman story has stayed the same since his debut in May, 1939. At the age of eight, Bruce Wayne, the son of wealthy socialites, witnesses his parents’ murder at the hands of a desperate mugger and swears to avenge their deaths by waging war on all criminals. He grows up to inherit their fortune and the family company, using the money to fund charitable efforts and to reside in stately Wayne Manor. By night, he becomes Batman, ridding the Gotham City streets of menacing foes like the Joker, the Riddler, and Two-Face. He is aided in his fight by his sidekick Robin, Batgirl, and Commissioner Gordon, as well as his butler Alfred Pennyworth. His most enduring love interest is Selina Kyle, who is also known as the notorious cat-burglar, Catwoman. Batman eschews lethal weaponry such as guns, instead preferring to outwit his foes using his intellect to bring them to justice.
While the key details of Batman’s backstory have remained unchanged for almost seventy-five years, his characterization has changed to suit the ever-evolving expectations of a superhero. When the character debuted in the Silver Age of comics—the decades between 1950 and 1970—he was a sunny, pulpy character: he was billed as the “World’s Greatest Detective” and performed as such, while reflecting what is considered to be a more innocent time. His villains were grand, but he outsmarted them using his intelligence and science. The introduction of the Comics Code Authority in 1954 restricted not only the way that stories were presented but also the types of stories that could be presented. For instance, concealed weapons were forbidden, stories were required to have “morals,” and kidnapping and excessive violence were forbidden. As such, Batman’s stories began incorporating elements of science fiction. As the comics demonstrate, Batman famously repels aliens and an island of animatronic dinosaurs during this period. Also, female characters in the Batman stories of this time are poorly treated. The villain Catwoman had to be shelved due to regulations regarding women and violence, while the original Batwoman was brought on as a potential love interest to quiet the growing assertion of conservative culture warriors that Batman and Robin were, in fact, lovers. When this version of Batwoman was deemed unnecessary, she was written out. This period is also famous for Batman having “batsuits” with heretofore unseen special properties, such as fireproofing and thermal heating.
Modern portrayals of Batman show him as a deeply flawed, psychologically scarred hero. During the 1980s the Comics Code’s influence was waning, and writers like Frank Miller took advantage of this to tell brutal, psychological stories. Haunted by the murder of his parents, a modern Batman is dangerous and calculating. He has returned to his roots as a skilled detective and fighter, which has made him suspicious and paranoid. He is often depicted as having calculated how to defeat his allies, should the need arise, with contingency plans for everyone from Robin to Superman. Modern writers have a young Bruce Wayne train as a ninja before returning to Gotham to become Batman, so greater emphasis is placed on his stealth and fighting skills. The batsuit has reflected this change as well, shifting from a cloth/spandex suit to one that is very clearly body armor, built to withstand bullets and knives.
He is also haunted by his mistakes. After the death of Jason Todd, the second sidekick to go by the codename Robin, Batman spirals into anger and depression over not being able to prevent Jason’s death at the hands of the Joker. For the next decade, Jason’s murder haunts Batman alongside that of his parents as his greatest failure. He puts Jason’s costume on display in the Batcave as motivation. In the 2008 Christopher Nolan film The Dark Knight, Batman and Commissioner Gordon conspire to hide the truth of the popular District Attorney Harvey Dent’s descent into madness so that Gotham City will have a symbol of hope. While that decision is for the good of the city, it leads to Bruce Wayne’s reclusion and an eight year hiatus as Batman. Such dark, psychological stories would never have been allowed during the heyday of the Comics Code Authority.
Just as the portrayal of Batman has shifted to meet the current expectations of a superhero, so too have the depictions of the characters around him, both allies and enemies. During the Silver Age, Batman’s associates are, like Batman himself, light-hearted. Characters like Ace the Bat-Hound and the Bat-Mice were introduced to bring in more young readers, though these characters were rarely seen after 1964. Issues were built around a villain-of-the-week who is purely evil and has no outside motivation. These stories also tend to be episodic with no story arcs or even character arcs. The Joker is originally a calculating murderer, but his character becomes a gleeful trickster to comply with the Code.
As readers matured, the creative forces driving the various Batman outlets were able to tell more complex, meaningful stories. Thus, in modern portrayals, Batman’s associates deal with real, lasting consequences and changes. Beginning with Frank Miller’s The Dark Knight comic series, Batman’s friends begin their trials. Dick Grayson, the original Robin, grows up and goes to college, being replaced by the ill-fated Jason Todd. He becomes a hero in his own right, going by the codename Nightwing and becoming the leader of the Teen Titans. In the seminal 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke, Batgirl is partially paralyzed by the Joker, who shoots her through her spine as part of an effort to drive her father, Commissioner Gordon, insane. This condition lasts until the DC-Universe-wide reboot in 2011, and she is now able to walk and has resumed the mantle of Batgirl. The Joker himself has been given many different backstories, all of them horrific. Filmmakers give a nod to the Joker’s varied backstories in the film The Dark Knight by having the Joker give conflicting accounts of how he received his trademark scars. Catwoman is originally just a bored housewife who turns to crime, but beginning in the 1980s her story retroactively changes to her being a prostitute who turns to burglary to buy freedom for herself and her sister. Once a staunch villain of Batman, this new version of the character is portrayed more as an antihero; though she is not necessarily an upstanding citizen, the new Catwoman will join forces with Batman to fight evil when it suits her. These stories appeal to an audience craving depth and substance to their characters, far different from the Pre-Vietnam War era Batman stories.
While the key details to the Batman story never change, the way the character has been presented has changed over time, as has the way his associated characters have been presented. It is perhaps this adaptability that has allowed Batman to flourish in popularity for almost seventy-five years, with no signs of that popularity waning. As the demographic for Batman’s stories matures, the power wielded by the Comics Code Authority has diminished, making darker, more meaningful stories possible. Previously one dimensional characters were given subtleties and nuances, much in the way modern film versions depict the heroes of old, from Odysseus to Sherlock Holmes. As society’s norms change, this change is reflected in the way films, stories, and comic books depict superheroes. With all the changes occurring in culture worldwide, who knows what the next generation’s Batman will be like?
Online Compare-and-Contrast Essay Alternatives
Deborah Tannen compares and contrasts conversation styles in “Sex, Lies and Conversation: Why Is It So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other?
Alex Wright examines communication patterns, old and new, in “Friending, Ancient or Otherwise.”
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What is GDPR?
Born out of cybercrime threats, technology advances, and concerns about data misuse, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is not just one of many other data protection frameworks or requirements. GDPR is a mandate that impacts how organizations market, collect, process, use, and store EU data subjects’ personal data, giving consumers more say over what companies can do with their data. This regulation is standardizing data protection rules worldwide. Regardless of their location, companies that collect or process the personal data of EU data subjects must comply with GDPR. |
Understanding Prejudice
Understanding Prejudice
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College Student Assignments
Slavery and the U.S. Presidents
To learn about the relationship between early U.S. presidents and slavery, and to examine the role prejudice plays in shaping historical accounts.
Ask students to visit Slavery and the U.S. Presidents, read the material carefully (including quotations on slavery from each president), and write a 3-5 page paper answering the following questions:
1. Did you already know how many slaves the presidents held?
2. Were you surpised by any of the information you read?
3. Why isn't this information more widely known and taught?
4. How does prejudice influence the historical record?
5. Is it fair to judge presidents who lived a long time ago?
6. Does the slave record of U.S. presidents matter today?
7. Should Andrew Jackson be removed from the $20 bill? Why?
8. Do you favor U.S. government reparations for slavery? Why?
Instead of requiring a paper, instructors may simply ask students to visit the web site and be prepared to answer the questions above in class.
Note to instructors using Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination: For best results, this assignment should be given before students read Section III of the book (especially the chart on page 123). |
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How does double glazing work?
Double glazing is a great investment. Not only will it save you money on energy bills, but the improvement to your home’s energy performance can also improve your property’s value. But how does it work? Well, as Bristol’s leading installer of double glazed windows, we thought we’d shed some light on the subject.
How do double glazed windows work?
Double glazed windows are constructed from two panes of glass. One pane is on the outside and the other on the inside. These two panes of glass are separated by a spacer bar, leaving an air pocket between them. Having a cavity of air between the two panes of glass provides the window with additional thermal insulation. This is because the air that is trapped in between the glass is unable to circulate, meaning it conducts heat poorly. This leads to a reduction in the rate of heat loss from inside the house. However, an inert gas, such as Argon or Krypton, is usually fitted inside the cavity instead of air. These gases conduct heat poorer than air, meaning even less heat is lost from inside the house.
What is a spacer bar?
The spacer bar is a small bar that is used to separate the panes of glass on a double glazed window. As well as creating an air cavity between the two panes, they hold the desiccant. Spacer bars also have small holes in their surface to absorb water vapour from inside the sealed cavity.
Since double glazing became popular, aluminium was used to construct spacer bars. However, because aluminium is a highly conductive metal, the insulating qualities of the window were hindered somewhat. Modern spacer bars utilise something called warm edge technology. Warm edge spacer bars are insulated at the edge of the sealed unit where most heat is lost, which lowers the amount of heat lost through the window.
Double glazing units thickness vs triple glazing thickness
The overall thickness of a standard double glazed unit started at 20mm before expanding to 24mm. Nowadays however, the standard thickness of an Insulated Glass Unit (IGU) is 28mm. The current industry standard unit consists of one 4mm pane of low emissivity glass, one 4mm pane of plain annealed glass and a 20mm cavity of argon gas (4mm+4mm+20mm=28mm).
A triple glazed unit is fitted with a central pane of glass, 4mm in thickness. However, if the overall thickness of the IGU remains at 28mm, the thermal performance of the window will be affected negatively. Therefore, the overall thickness of the unit is increased by expanding the size of the gas cavities between the panes, which also improves the unit’s performance. The optimum size of a triple glazed unit is 44mm (4mm+16mm+4mm+16mm+4mm=44mm).
Double glazing U-value
U-values are a way of measuring heat transmittance through a structure. The unit for measuring them is W/m2k and the lower the U-value, the less heat is transferred through the structure. A standard 28mm double glazed unit will provide a centre pane U-value of 1.1 W/m2k. However, bear in mind that this measurement is only for the glass unit and not the whole window. The overall U-value of a double glazed window is affected by a number of factors, such as insulation quality and framing material.
Any replacement windows in existing homes must have an overall U-value of at least 1.6 W/m2k. Although, high-performance double glazing, like Residence 9 windows, can achieve an overall U-value of 1.2 W/m2k. The typical performance of a 44mm triple glazed unit is 0.9 W/m2k. However, if a second pane of low emissivity glass is used, U-values as low as 0.6 W/m2k can be achieved.
Benefits of double glazed windows
Double glazing offers homeowners a host of benefits, some of which are well-known and others which are not. The better-known benefits of double glazing include:
• Improving the energy efficiency of your home. This is important for a number of reasons, such as lowering your energy bills.
• A warmer home in the winter and a cooler one in the summer.
• Less outside noise making its way into your home, resulting in a more peaceful home environment.
• Increased security levels, especially compared to single glazing.
Taking advantage of these benefits is also easier than ever. Many companies, including us, offer a range of finance options so the costs of double glazing can be spread out over time.
Types of double glazed windows
Nowadays, double glazing is available in a variety of forms to suit the requirements of virtually any homeowner. Common applications for double glazing includes:
If you’re unsure whether or not the windows in your home are single or double glazed and would like to identify them, why not check out our short guide on how to tell if a window is double glazed?
Associated Windows are double glazing specialists located in Bristol. For more information on our products and services, please call 0117 9311777 or contact us online. |
Tree known for its peppery aroma
To better understand our native biodiversity we need to know how to identify native plants and animals. This will also allow us treat them with the love and respect they deserve.
Pepper Cinnamon
It is important for home owners and developers to leave in place native trees rather than plant exotic foreign trees that are not a natural part of the Cayman Islands. While the colourful non-native plants still have a place in our gardens, greater use of local plants will reduce dependence on fertilizers, chemicals and water, and benefit all wildlife by providing food and shelter.
Pepper Cinnamon (Canella winterana)
The Pepper Cinnamon tree is named after its strongly aromatic bark and fruits, and the peppery sensation experienced if a broken leaf is place on the tongue. The leaf itself is not aromatic unless crushed, and the ‘pepperiness’ varies between trees and seasons.
Traditionally, the leaves and bark were sometimes boiled to make a medicinal tea.
Rather an elegant tree, it has a straight trunk, and branches high to form a neat, rather open crown, with the branchlets ascending towards the tip.
The bark is textured by shallow vertical fissures: it is mostly firm, but may peel slowly in layers on old trunks. In colour it usually appears pale grey, mottled by lichens to give patches of white, mid grey, pinkish and greenish black.
The leaves are silky dark green above, and the flowers which usually appear around January and again in June are brilliant red. The soft berries are velvety crimson: they are avidly eaten by Caribbean Elaenias, White-crowned Pigeons (‘Bald Pates’) and other woodland birds. It used to be said that Bald Pates feeding on Pepper Cinnamon berries were ready seasoned for the cooking pot, but these pigeons have declined so severely in recent years, we don’t suggest you try for yourself!
This tree is found throughout the West Indies. In Cayman, it grows in dry woodlands and thickets, both on rocky ridges and on lower land, wherever the groundwater is not too salty. It’s quite common in undisturbed woodlands. It grows slowly.
Last week’s answer: Ironshore is formed by coral, mollusk shells and limestone cemented together over time.
Trivia question: What type of fish has huge, pectoral fins that often have brilliant, iridescent blue line and dot markings, usually found in shallow areas?
Look for the answer in next week’s feature!
Comments are closed. |
Passage 7
John is a paper boy.He deliversnewspapers to different houses in his street every day.He has about 80 customers.Half of his customers only take the newspapers on weekdays,and about half take the newspapers on weekdays and on Sundays.
John has to get up at 4:30 every morning to deliver his newspapers.It takes longer to deliver the newspaper on Sundays.The Sunday newspapers are twice as heavy as those on weekdays.
John is saving his money to buy a new bicycle.He is also saving money for college.He has already saved 500 dollars.
1.John ________ every day.
A.reads books B.sells newspapers
C.borrows books D.delivers newspapers
2.How many customers does he have?
A.About 40.B.About 120.C.About 80.D.About 20.
3.______of his customers only take newspapers on weekdays.
A.Two B.Eighty C.Forty D.Twenty
4.What time does he have to get up every morning?
A.3:30 B.4:30 C.5:30 D.6:30
5.John is saving his money to buy ______
A.a newspaper B.a new bag
C.a house D.a new bicycle
①deliver vt.投递②customer n.客户
③college n.大学
Passage 8
Sam lives in New York.His father has a shop and his mother is a doctor.He's seven years old now and has begun to go to school this autumn.It's a little far from their shop and his father drives a car to take him to school every day.So he's never late for class and his teachers like him.
It's Monday today.Miss Hunt is teaching them to count the numbers from one to ten.Sam is studying hard.Soon he can count them.Miss Hunt is happy and asks,"How many people are there in your family,Sam?"
Sam stood up and said,"Two,Miss Hunt."
"Who are they?"
"My father and mother."
"Oh?"Miss Hunt is surprised.She said,"There're three people in your family."
"But now I'm not at home.I'm at school,you know!"
1.Sam is ________.
A.an English boy B.an American boy
C.an English girl D.an American girl
2.Sam is in Grade _______ now.
A.One B.Two C.three D.four
3.Sam usually goes to school ________.
A.on foot B.by bike C.by car D.by bus
4.______,so Miss Hunt is happy today.
A.Sam is late for class
B.Sam studies Chinese
C.The children are good at English
D.Sam can count from one to ten
5.Which of the following is wrong?
A.Sam is at school now.
B.There're two people in Sam's family.
C.There're three people in Sam's family.
D.Miss Hunt doesn't know how many people there are in Sam's family.
Passage 9
There was once a captain who loved money so much that he cheated his sailors at the end of every voyage and took their wages.
On the last day of one voyage,the ship was in a small port.It was winter time,and the sea was very cold,so the captain said to his sailors,"If one of you stays in the water during the whole night,I will give him my ship.But if he comes out before the sun appears,I shall get his wages."
The sailors had heard about the captain's cheating,so they didn't trust him.But then one of them,who thought that he was cleverer than the captain,said that he would do it.He got into the water,and,though it was very cold,he stayed in it.When it was nearly morning,some fishermen lit a fire on the shore about half a mile away.
"You are cheating,"the captain said to the sailor."The fire's warming you."
"But it's half a mile away!"said the sailor.
"A fire's fire,"answered the captain."I have won."
The sailor came out of the water,and said,"Perhaps you think that you are clever because you have won my wages,but you can't cook a chicken."
"I can,"answered the captain.
"If you cook this chicken,"said the sailor,"I shall work for you without wages for seven years,but if you can't,you will give me your ship."
The captain agreed,took the chicken and said,"Where's the fire?"
"There it is,"answered the sailor."On the shore."
"But it's half a mile away,"said the captain angrily.
"'A fire's fire,'you said,"answered the sailor."If it is enough to warm me in the water,it is enough to cook your chicken."
1.The captain got the sailors'wages ________.
A.to buy a chicken for himself
B.and kept the money for future use
C.by cheating him
D.and said he would return the money soon
2.Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.All the sailors refused to get into the water because it was too cold.
B.The captain knew that the fire the fishermen made was enough to warm the sailor in the water.
C.The captain succeeded in cheating the sailor.
D.It was the sailor who was cleverer.
3.The captain insisted that the fire was warming the sailor because he ________.
A.didn't want to lose the bet
B.didn't believe the sailor's success
C.wanted to keep his promise
D.wanted to show his cleverness
4.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A.The sailors didn't trust the captain.
B.In order to help the sailor in the water,the fishermen made a fire.
C.The captain failed to cheat the sailor this time.
D.The sailor didn't get out of the water before the sun appeared.
5.What is the title of the story?
A.How a Captain Cheated His Sailor
B.How a Sailor Got a Ship
C.A Brave Sailor
D.A Fire Is Fire
|
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