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Map-based Visualization Platform
Traffic Behavior Analytics
Project Goals
Extreme weather events can be a crucial factor that adversely impacts traffic volumes. Obtaining a better understanding of weather factors affecting traffic flow can eventually help both government and other infrastructure agencies. So, this research was conducted to understand the effect of climate events on traffic behavior. The purpose of this research was to analyze and discuss the impact of precipitation, temperature, visibility and wind speed on hourly weekday traffic flow volume in Atlanta, Georgia. This study focused on investigating which weather variables affect traffic volume, developing a machine learning based predictive technique to derive weather-traffic volume decision rules, and building a decision support tool.
This is my Master's in Geography Thesis project. I researched, designed, and built the application under the guidance of Dr. David Sathiraj and Dr. Fahui Wang.
Define Research Question
To have a better understanding of the impact of extreme climate events on traffic volume in Atlanta, this research mainly focused on analyzing and examining the following research questions:
• Does precipitation, temperature, visibility and wind speed as extreme events have a significant impact on hourly traffic volume in Atlanta?
• If so, does the impact have a specific pattern? Is the impact different based on different times of the day and volumes of precipitation, temperature, visibility and wind speed?
• Is it possible to statistically correlate these impacts?
• Is it possible to develop a machine learning model that can account for interdependent weather variables and predict impacts on hourly traffic volume?
For the purpose of answering these research questions, this study analyzed and examined the impact of weather events on hourly traffic volume. These data came from 48 permanent traffic counter sites and was analyzed by applying statistical techniques to study correlation and machine learning models to predict traffic volume impacts under extreme weather events.
Choosing a study area
This research generally focuses on the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which is one of the most important business capitals of the southern U.S. With more than 5,000,000 population, the city is one of the busiest in terms of activities and transportation. According to the Georgia Department of Revenue Motor Vehicle Division Registration, there are almost 3,000,000 personal passenger cars in the area, and more than 500,000 daily ridership. Moreover, Atlanta received an average annual rainfall of 49.71 inches (1263 millimeters) which is 27% more than the average in other similarly sized US cities (NOAA). This is the perfect combination of these two variables, thereby making Atlanta the best candidate for this research.
Data Collection
• Hourly Weather Data
Weather data used in this analysis were collected from 4 climate stations retrieved from the Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) weather data archives of the National Centers of Environmental Information (NCEI). This analysis retrieved almost 225,000 records of hourly weather observations spanning the time period, 2011 - 2015. These data were then converted from UTC timezone to Atlanta’s local timezone which is the Eastern Time Zone, while implementing daylight savings time. One major problem was that the data were collected at isolated observation sites, which were used to capture temperature, wind speed, visibility and precipitation data at the traffic observation sites. This research uses spatial interpolation techniques such as Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Kriging and radial basis function (RBF) to estimate the weather variables geographically.
• Hourly traffic variables
This research was conducted using hourly traffic data recorded by 48 Automatic Traffic Recorder (ATR) sites for the 5-year period from 2011 - 2015. The ATR stations were permanently installed on the Road Inventory network to count the number of all vehicles passing through each counter location on State Routes, major county roads, and major city streets continuously 7 days a week, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. This traffic dataset consisted of latitude and longitude of the sites, names of the roads where each camera was located, amount of hourly traffic volume, and datestamp that the camera recorded the traffic volume. This research collected traffic data through a web-based GIS from Transmetric LLC company and stored it in a local PostgreSQL database.
Data Analysis
• Correlation Analysis
This research applied three statistical test including Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and T-test in R programming by the same procedure as follows: every statistical comparison analysis was used to compare traffic volume in normal weather conditions and extreme weather conditions. Each model separately analyzed traffic volume from each weather variable, station, and hour of day. It is important to realize, for some cases, numbers of base cases outnumbered extreme cases more than five times. To avoid issues from different sample sizes, this research applied a bootstrapping technique by randomly picking equal numbers of extreme case records and base case records and recreated the t-test model 100 times. The p-values were sorted in ascending order. Then, p-values at the 80 percentile was chosen to be a representative of the group. If more than 80% of the results fell under 0.05, it was understood that there was a significant difference between the means of the extreme and base case groups. The total of 1,152 p-values from the comparison between traffic volume from every traffic station (48) and every hour of day (24) were stored in a table.
• Machine Learning
This research used a decision learning tree method to investigate the impact of extreme weather events on traffic volume because it allowed all of the independent variables to be considered at the same time and did not assume an underlying distribution. Decision tree learning was one of the most widely used predictive machine learning techniques. This method was a non-parametric supervised statistical method for classification and regression. The purpose of this model was to predict values of a target variable by producing tree structures.
Design & Develop Information Visualization
The visualization platform was developed to visually encode the results of this traffic behavior analysis to help users easily perceive the information. I started by derive data format of each information that I wanted to present.
This application was the end product from the research. I did not have a chance to talk and conduct a user research to expand its potential. This app was built just to show the results the research without considering possible potentials that it could help users such as urban planner, commuters, and others who might get benefits from this information. We might be able to develop a better decision support tool and visualization that can support multiple uses and provide better information to groups of users. |
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Domo Knowledge Base
Creating Columns in Workbench 5 Using Calculations
You can create new columns in DataSets in Workbench 5 by building calculations based on the data in other columns. For example, you might have a column containing values with one or more decimal places. You could create a new column in which all of the values in the original column are rounded up or down to the nearest whole number, using the CEILING or FLOOR functions, respectively. Workbench 4 contains over 80 such functions you can use in constructing calculations. Categories of functions include logical (such as AND, NOT, IF, etc.), mathematical (such as ACOS, RND, and SUMLIST), statistical (such as AVERAGE, MAX, and STDEV), text (such as CONCATENATE, MID, and SUBSTITUTE), and date and time (such as DAY, EOMONTH, and TODAY). You can find descriptions of all of the functions in the Workbench 4 user interface.
Training Video - Creating Columns in Workbench Using Calculations
Learn how to create new Workbench columns using calculations.
You build calculated fields for a selected DataSet job in the Calculated Field Transform Editor. You access the Calculated Field Transform Editor for a DataSet by adding a Calculation transform.
To add a calculated field in Workbench 5,
1. In Workbench, click wb5_jobs_icon.png in the left-hand icon bar.
2. In the Jobs listing, double-click the job for which you want to create a calculated column.
3. Click Transforms to expand that section of the pane.
4. In the Add a transform menu, select Calculated Field Transform.
5. Click the wb5_add_transform_icon.png button.
The Calculated Field Transform Editor appears.
6. Enter a name for the new column in the Column Name field.
7. Build your calculation in the Calculation field using the column names in the Available columns listing and the functions in the Available functions listing.
You can add column names and functions to a calculation by double-clicking them in the list.
You can filter the functions by category by selecting the desired category in the Category menu. All functions are accompanied by descriptions; you can see the description for a function by clicking that function. In addition, each function shows its proper usage. For example, the SUM function is represented as SUM (p1, [p2],...). This means that you are summing the values in all referenced columns, which are indicated by p1, p2, and so on.
8. Click Validate to ensure that your calculation is valid.
Note: In calculations, column names cannot contain non-ASCII characters. You can reference a column in a calculation using Column# where # is the 1-based column order. For example: CONCATENATE(Column2,Column3)
9. Click Apply when finished.
10. Click wb5_save_icon.png at the top of the pane to save your transform.
The next time you run the job, the newly calculated column will be added to your DataSet. |
blood tree 4
If all trees “bled” like this, it would probably be harder to cut them down.
Residents of Chongqing, China, were very surprised when they realized a tree in the middle of a bustling area would start “bleeding” when its trunk was cut into. This isn’t some sci-fi horror trick either.
It’s likely that the tree is a Dragon Blood Tree, a specific species that emits a dark red sap that looks eerily like blood when the leaves or wood are cut. Usually they’re found on sub-tropical islands around the world, such as Socorta, Morocco and the Canary Islands, but it seems this one has found a happy home in Southwest China.
The sap or “dragon blood” has been used as dye, varnish on violins and as medicine for hundreds of years. Not surprisingly, as the mystical name implies, it was also used in ritual magic and alchemy.
▼ I’m bleeding, I’m bleeeeeeeding!
blood tree 1
blood tree 2
blood tree 3
blood tree 4
The tree is listed as “vulnerable” on the endangered species list, so be sure to appreciate the tree in all its gory glory if you ever come into contact with it. Or, if horror films have taught us anything, when inanimate objects start to bleed, run away as fast and as far as you can.
Source: Toychan
Images: Xinhua Net
Feature image: YouTube/sina premium |
I'm reading a beginner's JavaScript book with some code that compares the coder's input (var answer) to a randomly chosen string from an array (answers). It's a guessing game.
I am confused about the way a string is chosen randomly. The code appears to be multiplying the Math.random function by the answers array and its length property. Checking around, this appears to be the standard way to make a random selection from an array? Why would you use a math operator, the *, to multiply... out... a random string based on an array's length? Isn't the length technically just 3 strings? I just feel like it should be something simple like index = answers.random. Does that exist in JS or another language?
var guess = "red";
var answer = null;
var answers = [ "red",
var index = Math.floor(Math.random() * answers.length);
if (guess == answers[index]) {
answer = "Yes! I was thinking " + answers[index];
} else {
answer = "No. I was thinking " + answers[index];
It's easy in Python.
>>> import random
>>> random.choice(['red','green','blue'])
The reason the code you're looking at is so common is that typically, when you're talking about a random variable in statistics, it has a range of [0,1). Think of it as a percent, if you'd like. To make this percent suitable for choosing a random element, you multiply it by the range, allowing the new value to be between [0,RANGE). The Math.floor() makes certain that the number is an integer, since decimals don't make sense when used as indices in an array.
You could easily write a similar function in Javascript using your code, and I'm sure there are plenty of JS utility libraries that include one. Something like
function choose(choices) {
var index = Math.floor(Math.random() * choices.length);
return choices[index];
Then you can simply write choose(answers) to get a random color.
• I imagine that Python's 'import random' calls something similar to what I wrote out manually in the JS code. – nicedwar Jan 30 '12 at 22:34
• Hm, there are other ways to do this, but probably at some level, yes. If I had to rewrite it in pure Python the code would be nearly identical to yours above. – Matt Luongo Jan 30 '12 at 22:41
• 4
that's why Python comes with batteries included – fortran Apr 11 '13 at 11:02
• 1
In the JS function you need to declare index with var. As it currently stands, index is a global variable. – Pavel Strakhov Jul 7 '13 at 18:17
• Hm, I certainly don't need to... :) but agreed, global variables are obviously undesirable. Editing now. – Matt Luongo Feb 20 '14 at 19:12
Math.random gives you a random number between 0 and 1.
Multiplying this value by the length of your array will give you a number strictly less than the length of your array.
Calling Math.floor on that will truncate the decimal, and give you a random number within the bounds of your array
//array length = 5;
var rand = Math.random();
//rand = 0.78;
rand *= arr.length; //(5)
//rand = 3.9
rand = Math.floor(rand);
//rand = 3
//array length = 5;
var rand = Math.random();
//rand = 0.9999;
rand *= arr.length; //(5)
//rand = 4.9995
rand = Math.floor(rand);
//rand = 4 - safely within the bounds of your array
• Oh I see. It sounds like each item in an array is actually a number. So I have to generate a decimal, multiply that by an array item's number, then round that down, get it translated back to a string and compare that to the string that was input. That sure is complex. – nicedwar Jan 30 '12 at 22:25
• A point that's often missed, is that Math.random may return 0, but never returns 1 (as you say, "strictly less than the length of your array"). Which is why it works so nicely multiplying by length (length is 5, but we want a number between 0 and 4). Seen lots of examples of even experienced programmers forgetting that point as soon as it's not about array indices, but other random integers. E.g., using Math.random() * 10 (wrong) rather than 11 (correct) to get a random integer between 0 and 10. – JimmiTh Jan 30 '12 at 22:27
• @nicedwar - not quite. Arrays are indexed by integers. The first array member is arr[0] the next is arr[1] and so on, up to arr[arr.length - 1]. You need to get a random number in the range [0, arr.length - 1] and the algorithm above does that. Once you have that number, you can index the array with it. – Adam Rackis Jan 30 '12 at 22:28
• @TheKan - really good point. – Adam Rackis Jan 30 '12 at 22:29
• @JimmiTh: From MDN: If extremely large bounds are chosen (2^53 or higher), it's possible in extremely rare cases to calculate the usually-excluded upper bound. – doublep Feb 25 '15 at 9:59
Here you go
function randomChoice(arr) {
return arr[Math.floor(arr.length * Math.random())];
• Math.random() will return a number between 0 and 1, multiply that number by the array length and the biggest it could possibly be is the array length, however it will have a decimal if random didn't return exactly 1. Math.floor() removes that decimal if it exists and does nothing otherwise. – Lotus Jul 24 '15 at 0:40
Popular Underscore javascript library provides function for this, which can be used similar to python's random.choice :
var random_sample = _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
Math.random and similar functions usually return a number between 0 and 1. As such, if you multiply the random number by your highest possible value N, you'll end up with a random number between 0 and N.
In Python it is...
import random
print random.choice(a)
var choiceIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * yourArray.length)
No. Vanilla JS does not provide any method like the following. You have to calculate, unfortunately.
function sample(array) {
console.log(sample([1, 2, 3]));
console.log(sample([11, 22.3, "33", {"a": 44}]));
Try it out here.
But, if you are using lodash, the above method is already covered.
let _ = require('lodash');
console.log(_.sample([11, 22.3, "33", {"a": 44}]));
Try it out here.
import random
random.choice([1, 2.3, '3'])
Try it out here.
using a single data type,
[1, 2, 3].sample
using multiple data types,
[1, 2.34, 'a', "b c", [5, 6]].sample
Try it out here.
Updated: JavaScript example added.
Your Answer
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Related topics
Innovator of Math Studies Dies
July 27, 1995
TOKYO (AP) _ Toru Kumon, whose system for learning mathematics spread from his son to his neighbors and then to the nation, has died. He was 86.
Kumon died Tuesday of a acute breathing difficulties, his Kumon Institute of Education said today. It did not elaborate.
Kumon was a high school math teacher in 1954 when he invented a study method to help his son Takeshi, a second-grade pupil who was poor in math.
Takeshi progressed rapidly using the method, which emphasizes intense drill and repetition aimed at building both speed and accuracy.
The institute was set up in 1958, said Akio Ogata, a spokesman for the institute. The number of people now learning by the Kumon method is 1.64 million in Japan and 540,000 abroad, including 70,000 in the United States, he said.
Kumon is survived by his wife and three children. |
Greening Your Pool
Summer fun at a backyard or community pool offers healthy exercise and recreation, but traditional pool chemicals can expose swimmers to chlorine and other potentially harmful chemicals. Chlorine wreaks havoc on skin and hair by stripping away natural oils, causing skin to dry out and hair shafts to break. As the chemical of choice for pool sanitation and municipal water treatment systems, chlorine is designed to attack and destroy organic materials.
The water chlorination process causes a reaction with natural organic substances in the water to form trihalomethanes, or THMs. Chloroform is one THM typically found in the highest concentration in swimming pools. It has been shown to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. Pool chemicals are absorbed through the skin and respiratory system, with the surrounding air in indoor pools posing a particular hazard of THM exposure. Chlorine can also cause rashes and breathing problems such as asthma.
With safer residential and commercial options available, health risks can be minimized. There are several systems available, all designed to eliminate or significantly reduce the need for pool chemicals. Options include_
• Pool ozone generators- Ozone has been proven to purify and sanitize pool and spa water faster and more effectively than traditional chemical methods. Water is treated up to three thousand times faster with ozone, eliminating undesirable by-products, such as chloramines and bromamines (created by use of traditional chlorine and bromine chemicals). Ozone's primary by-product is oxygen.
• Pool ionizers- Ionizers can save 70 percent to 90 percent on the cost of chemicals by killing bacteria and algae in the pool. To maintain clean and clear water, the only other item needed is a sanitizer (preferably non-chlorine) added about once a week to shock and kill all the organics in the pool. Options include a solar ionizer that combines solar electric power generation with ionization.
• Ultraviolet Light System- UV light sterilizes pool water, destroys chloramines and other toxic by-products of chlorine, and helps to control algae. Chlorine use is reduced by up to 90 percent, improving water quality and atmospheric conditions.
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Why Alpha Centauri? Breakthrough Starshot and NASA Search for Alien Life Nearby
NASA's Eduardo Bendek says research on the solar system next door is critical, but risky.
The hype surrounding Breakthrough Starshot’s $100-million gambit to launch laser powered nanocrafts into deep space is understandable. It’s a fascinating project and represents a bold new direction for research. But there are still a lot of unanswered questions about the project, not the least of which is why Yuri Milner, who’s ponying up the rubles for the effort, wants to focus so heavily on Alpha Centauri.
What exactly makes Alpha Centauri so special? What do we already know about it, and what makes us think there might be extraterrestrials or habitable worlds lurking around that neck of the woods?
Few people understand those questions better than NASA scientist Eduardo Bendek, who has spent his career researching Alpha Centauri and his whole life watching over it. “I grew up in Chile,” Bendek tells Inverse. “You could see Alpha Centauri with the naked eye.”
Alpha Centauri visible in the night sky on January 6th, 2016, at Villarica Volcano, Chilean Patagonia
Bendek and his colleague, Ruslan Belikov, are working on a mission proposal to build and launch a space telescope to Alpha Centauri and study its potential for sustaining habitable worlds. He says that, according to data gathered by the Kepler Space Telescope and other instruments, there’s probably an 85 percent chance that the star system hosts a habitable, Earth-like planet. That’s why we want to get there so badly.
Let’s back up for a second though. For the uninitiated, Alpha Centauri is, at 4.37 light-years away (25 trillion miles), the closest star system to our solar system. It has three stars: a binary pair called Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, and a small red dwarf called Alpha Centauri C (or Proxima Centauri), which is thought to be gravitationally bound to the other stars, or might even just be passing through as a transient. And, if Bendek is right, it represents the environment most plausibly conducive to hosting observable life.
Bendek says there are three reasons Alpha Centauri holds the attention of researchers. For one, its binary star system “duplicates the probability of finding a habitable world.” The stars are far apart from one-another (like the distance of Uranus from the sun) and pretty stable, so the local habitable zone is roughly twice the size of the one in our star system. The second reason is that both of those stars are quite similar to our own sun — with very similar masses and brightnesses. “They are a lot more friendly to life” than other stars are, says Bendek.
The third reason is the simple one. Alpha Centauri, in galactic terms, is right next door. We can actually get there within a generation.
All that said, Alpha Centauri presents a significant unknown: We don’t know if it hosts any planets at all. Bendek and others think it likely does, but they’ve yet to prove it. That’s part of what makes the Starshot project such a risky, eccentric investment. It’s also the main reason Belikov and Bendek’s own proposed mission, the Alpha Centauri Exoplanet Satellite (or ACESat), hasn’t been approved for funding yet by NASA. Space telescopes are crazy expensive to build, and NASA needs to know they will find something. ACESat flips the script by focusing on just one star system instead of many. Yes, there’s an 85 percent chance of finding some good stuff. There’s also a 15 percent chance of disappointment. NASA is risk averse in a way that Yuri Milner isn’t.
Bendek is working to refine the mission in order to limit the risk of finding nothing more than a big, black empty. And he says Starshot could potentially benefit from that new plan if he can help the program aim its nanocraft shotgun at something smaller than a star system.
Media via Eduardo Bendek, ESO, Claus Madsen |
How Much Is A Stick Of Butter? Many Measurements!
Cooking and baking with butter requires careful monitoring both of amounts and temperature. Too much butter and things get soupy. Too little and your baked goods can be flat and dry. Butter may come wrapped in wax paper or in a tub, so careful measuring is critical.
In short, 1 stick of butter is about 4 Oz. (113.4g) or 8 tablespoons or half a cup in total.
1 Stick Of Butter Equals?
4 oz. sticks of butter (113.4g)
The following questions can make or break your kitchen experience:
• How many tablespoons in a stick of butter? 8 tablespoons total
• How many sticks of butter in a cup? 2 sticks
• How many ounces in a stick of butter? 4 ounces, or half a cup
• How many grams is a stick of butter? 113 grams
SEE ALSO: How long does butter last?
How To Measure Butter Sticks And Blocks
Butter generally comes 4 quarters to a box, and each quarter is half a cup, so a full box is two cups of butter. You can also purchase butter in blocks, so the whole box is one big rectangle of butter, still containing two cups. You can learn more about measurements in our guide to how many tablespoons are in a cup.
There will probably be lines printed on your sticks or block of butter. Cut the butter through the wax paper while cold but not frozen, as frozen butter breaks rather than splitting cleanly and you’ll get uneven lumps that will make your measurement inaccurate.
Cutting frozen butter can also be dangerous. Putting a lot of pressure on a knife handle and forcing your way through cold butter is a good way to damage the blade of your knife, cutting board and (most importantly) fingers.
When The Recipe Calls For Creamed Butter And Sugar
Creaming butter and sugar together introduces air into the fat, so when you add your flour and baking soda or powder, you get puffier cookies. Cold butter just doesn’t cream well and may force your mixer to work much harder than it has to.
Experts with America’s Test Kitchen suggest putting that cold stick of butter into a Ziploc and beating it with a rolling pin to flatten it and get it ready to mix with sugar.
You can soften frozen butter quickly by placing it in a fairly deep bowl and floating the bowl in a container of hot water. Make sure no water gets in the bowl; all you’re doing is providing a warm, cozy environment for the butter to soften. As it softens, you can cut small portions away to increase surface area and speed up the thawing process.
Never microwave cold butter for baking! Liquid butter is great on lobster, but it makes for terrible cookies. You need the sold fat structure for the best texture when blending butter and sugar.
Why Buy Butter In A Tub?
Butter can also come in a tub. To measure tub butter properly, a Wonder Cup can be very helpful. This cup has a stopper on the bottom and a sleeve with measurements printed on it.
Simply slide the sleeve to note how much volume of any product you need, then fill the void. As you push the stopper up into the sleeve, the tube is wiped clean. This tool is also very handy for peanut butter, shortening, molasses and corn syrup.
Butter is fat, and fat absorbs odors. Unless you go through butter fairly quickly, it may spend a lot of time in your refrigerator or cooler, absorbing any and all odors left to build up in your refrigerator. If it takes you some time to use up butter, airtight tubs may be the best way to go.
Final Thoughts
Look through any old community or church cookbook, and you’ll find tons of recipes that call for butter. This is because it’s a very consistent fat.
It has a standard texture, melts at about the same temperature, and will hold air so leavening agents can act on it.
Also, butter has a great mouthfeel. Your baked goods will maintain a consistent texture and stay moist and delicious with real butter.
Unfortunately, if you’re in a pinch and need a substitute for butter, there aren’t many options that can replace it.
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Margin Call
The term margin call refers to a demand for additional assets to ensure the minimum level of assets is available to support an investment position. A margin call can occur when an investor buys securities using borrowed funds.
When purchasing securities, it is possible for the investor to borrow funds from a brokerage firm to pay for a portion of the purchase price. The investor's margin, or margin requirement, represents the funds the trader must provide to support their investment position.
When purchasing securities on margin, the investor needs to be aware of two thresholds. The initial margin is the percentage of funds the trader must provide when first purchasing the securities. The initial margin for common stock, as established by the Federal Reserve Board, is 50%. If the price of the securities declines, the investor must ensure they maintain sufficient equity in the position. A margin call will be made by the broker to the investor if their equity falls below the maintenance margin threshold, which is typically 30%.
A margin call is a demand by the broker made to the investor to increase their equity position. The investor can do this by placing additional money in their account or by selling securities.
An investor would like to buy 1,000 shares of Company ABC common stock at a price of $60.00 per share on margin. The initial margin provided by the investor is 50% of the purchase price, or $30,000. The maintenance margin required by the broker is 30%, which means if the price of the security falls by 20% or more, a margin call will be made to the investor.
For example, if the price of the security falls 20%, it will be selling at $48.00 per share, which leaves the investor with equity of:
= $48.00 x 1,000 shares - $30,000 (borrowed from broker)
= $48,000 -$30,000, or $18,000
This leaves the investor with margin of:
= $18,000 / $60,000, or 30%
Since the investment has reached the minimum margin threshold of 30%, a margin call would be made to the investor if the price of the security falls below $48.00 per share.
Related Terms
ask price, non-equity option, bid price, market maker |
Physical Therapy plays a vital role in helping patients manage and overcome chronic pain. Therapists use a variety of evidence-guided treatments to deal with chronic pain. The idea is to go low and slow, often times, physical therapists are able to gradually increase the intensity of active exercises over time. Another important component is to educate the patient about how brain and central nervous system hypersensitivity contribute to their chronic pain. We encourage our patients to never give up, that this does NOT have to be a way of life!
What are the causes of chronic pain?
The causes of chronic pain vary widely. While any condition can lead to chronic pain, there are certain medical conditions more likely to cause chronic pain. These include:
• Trauma/injury
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Fibromyalgia
• Limb amputation
• Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Some diseases, such as cancer and arthritis, cause ongoing pain. Which chronic pain, however, pain is created in the nervous system even after physical tissues have healed.
Chronic pain affects each person experiencing it differently. In some cases, chronic pain can lead to decreased activity levels, job loss, or financial difficulties, as well as anxiety, depression and disability. Physical therapists work together with chronic pain patients to lessen their pain, and restore their activity to the highest possible levels. With treatment, the negative effects of chronic pain can be reduced.
What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by excessive fatigue and body pain. It is often preceded by a viral illness and is associated with symptoms like muscle aches and pains, joint pains, difficulty sleeping and at times, depression.
The symptoms are unpredictable and can vary from mild discomfort to excruciating pain. Depending on its severity, this condition has the potential to alter the lives of the patient and family members, and requires a comprehensive treatment plan.
For decades, the healthcare community has debated the best way to treat chronic fatigue syndrome. Most patients required a combination of medical intervention and physical therapy. Let’s take a closer look at how physical therapy can effectively combat chronic fatigue syndrome.
The Importance of Supervision
A supervised, progressive exercise program is the foundation of physical therapy treatment for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.
The first time you meet with your physical therapist, the therapist will determine the extent of the disease. This will help the physical therapist understand what your requirements are and chart out a plan for treatment. The therapist will assess the patient’s underlying ability and initiate an intervention program.
Starting with a series of simple stretches and exercise programs, you can expect in an improvement in motion and strength. This allows the body to become stronger and cope with the pain at the same time.
For example, a patient may be asked to walk for a few minutes a day. As time progresses, the patient is able to walk faster, and over longer distances. Supervised, progressive exercise is the key. Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by days when the patient feels really active and energetic, and other days when they feel tired and listless. Physical therapy helps improve the physical and the mental state of the patient over a period of time.
The Life Altering Impact of Physical Therapy
Physical therapy can change lives, in more ways than one.
It can help treat most types of pain and dysfunction in the body by identifying the underlying cause and its impact on bones, muscles and joints. You’ll be surprised with everything we can do. The best way for you to discover this is to schedule an appointment and come in to our office.
For patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, physical therapy can transform quality of life. It helps patients strike the right balance between rest and movement. This is achieved with an exercise program that is simple, progressive and supervised. An improvement in physical function can positively impact every aspect of the patient’s life, including emotional and mental state.
Pick up the phone and give us a call today. Physical therapy can have a life altering impact on you and your family. We will bring a smile to your face. Thank you, and we appreciate the opportunity to serve you. |
Meet WFIRST, The Space Telescope with the Power of 100 Hubbles
WFIRST ain’t your grandma’s space telescope. Despite having the same size mirror as the surprisingly reliable Hubble Space Telescope, clocking in at 2.4 meters across, this puppy will pack a punch with a gigantic 300 megapixel camera, enabling it to snap a single image with an area a hundred times greater than the Hubble.
With that fantastic camera and the addition of one of the most sensitive coronagraphs ever made – letting it block out distant starlight on a star-by-star basis – this next-generation telescope will uncover some of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos.
Oh, and also find about a million exoplanets.
Continue reading “Meet WFIRST, The Space Telescope with the Power of 100 Hubbles”
Uh oh, a Recent Study Suggests that Dark Energy’s Strength is Increasing
Staring into the Darkness
The expansion of our universe is accelerating. Every single day, the distances between galaxies grows ever greater. And what’s more, that expansion rate is getting faster and faster – that’s what it means to live in a universe with accelerated expansion. This strange phenomenon is called dark energy, and was first spotted in surveys of distant supernova explosions about twenty years ago. Since then, multiple independent lines of evidence have all come to the same morose conclusion: the universe is getting fatter and fatter faster and faster.
Continue reading “Uh oh, a Recent Study Suggests that Dark Energy’s Strength is Increasing”
Gravitational waves were only recently observed, and now astronomers are already thinking of ways to use them: like accurately measuring the expansion rate of the Universe
Neutron stars scream in waves of spacetime when they die, and astronomers have outlined a plan to use their gravitational agony to trace the history of the universe. Join us as we explore how to turn their pain into our cosmological profit.
Continue reading “Gravitational waves were only recently observed, and now astronomers are already thinking of ways to use them: like accurately measuring the expansion rate of the Universe”
If There is a Multiverse, Can There be Life There Too?
The Multiverse Theory, which states that there may be multiple or even an infinite number of Universes, is a time-honored concept in cosmology and theoretical physics. While the term goes back to the late 19th century, the scientific basis of this theory arose from quantum physics and the study of cosmological forces like black holes, singularities, and problems arising out of the Big Bang Theory.
One of the most burning questions when it comes to this theory is whether or not life could exist in multiple Universes. If indeed the laws of physics change from one Universe to the next, what could this mean for life itself? According to a new series of studies by a team of international researchers, it is possible that life could be common throughout the Multiverse (if it actually exists).
The studies, titled “The impact of dark energy on galaxy formation. What does the future of our Universe hold?” and “Galaxy formation efficiency and the multiverse explanation of the cosmological constant with EAGLE simulations“, recently appeared in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The former study was led by Jaime Salcido, a postgraduate student at Durham University’s Institute for Computational Cosmology.
Einstein Lecturing
Albert Einstein during a lecture in Vienna in 1921. Credit: National Library of Austria/F. Schmutzer/Public Domain
The latter was led by Luke Barnes, a John Templeton Research Fellow at the University of Sydney’s Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Both teams included members from the University of Western Australia’s International Center for Radio Astronomy Research, the Liverpool John Moores University’s Astrophysics Research Institute, and Leiden University’s Leiden Observatory.
Together, the research team sought to determine how the accelerated expansion of the cosmos could have effected the rate of star and galaxy formation in our Universe. This accelerate rate of expansion, which is an integral part of the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (Lambda-CDM) model of cosmology, arose out of problems posed by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
As a consequence of Einstein’s field equations, physicist’s understood that the Universe would either be in a state of expansion or contraction since the Big Bang. In 1919, Einstein responded by proposing the “Cosmological Constant” (represented by Lambda), which was a force that “held back” the effects of gravity and thus ensured that the Universe was static and unchanging.
Shortly thereafter, Einstein retracted this proposal when Edwin Hubble revealed (based on redshift measurements of other galaxies) that the Universe was indeed in a state of expansion. Einstein apparently went as far as to declare the Cosmological Constant “the biggest blunder” of his career as a result. However, research into cosmological expansion during the late 1990s caused his theory to be reevaluated.
Artist’s impression of the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) cosmological model of the Universe. Credit: Wikipedia Commons/Alex Mittelmann, Coldcreation
In short, ongoing studies of the large-scale Universe revealed that during the past 5 billion years, cosmic expansion has accelerated. As such, astronomers began to hypothesize the existence of a mysterious, invisible force that was driving this acceleration. Popularly known as “Dark Energy”, this force is also referred to as the Cosmological Constant (CC) since it is responsible for counter-effecting the effects of gravity.
Since that time, astrophysicists and cosmologists have sought to understand how Dark Energy could have effected cosmic evolution. This is an issue since our current cosmological models predict that there must be more Dark Energy in our Universe than has been observed. However, accounting for larger amounts of Dark Energy would cause such a rapid expansion that it would dilute matter before any stars, planets or life could form.
For the first study, Salcido and the team therefore sought to determine how the presence of more Dark Energy could effect the rate of star formation in our Universe. To do this, they conducted hydrodynamical simulations using the EAGLE (Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments) project – one of the most realistic simulations of the observed Universe.
Using these simulations, the team considered the effects that Dark Energy (at its observed value) would have on star formation over the past 13.8 billion years, and an additional 13.8 billion years into the future. From this, the team developed a simple analytic model that indicated that Dark Energy – despite the difference in the rate of cosmic expansion – would have a negligible impact on star formation in the Universe.
They further showed that the impact of Lambda only becomes significant when the Universe has already produced most of its stellar mass and only causes decreases in the total density of star formation by about 15%. As Salcido explained in a Durham University press release:
“For many physicists, the unexplained but seemingly special amount of dark energy in our Universe is a frustrating puzzle. Our simulations show that even if there was much more dark energy or even very little in the Universe then it would only have a minimal effect on star and planet formation, raising the prospect that life could exist throughout the Multiverse.”
For the second study, the team used the same simulation from the EAGLE collaboration to investigate the effect of varying degrees of the CC on the formation on galaxies and stars. This consisted of simulating Universes that had Lambda values ranging from 0 to 300 times the current value observed in our Universe.
However, since the Universe’s rate of star formation peaked at around 3.5 billion years before the onset of accelerating expansion (ca. 8.5 billion years ago and 5.3 billion years after the Big Bang), increases in the CC had only a small effect on the rate of star formation.
However, the team’s studies also cast doubt on the ability of Multiverse Theory to explain the observed value of Dark Energy in our Universe. According to their research, if we do live in a Multiverse, we would be observing as much as 50 times more Dark Energy than what we are. Although their results do not rule out the possibility of the Multiverse, the tiny amount of Dark Energy we’ve observed would be better explained by the presence of a as-yet undiscovered law of nature.
As Professor Richard Bower, a member of Durham University’s Institute for Computational Cosmology and a co-author on the paper, explained:
“The formation of stars in a universe is a battle between the attraction of gravity, and the repulsion of dark energy. We have found in our simulations that Universes with much more dark energy than ours can happily form stars. So why such a paltry amount of dark energy in our Universe? I think we should be looking for a new law of physics to explain this strange property of our Universe, and the Multiverse theory does little to rescue physicists’ discomfort.”
These studies are timely since they come on the heels of Stephen Hawking’s final theory, which cast doubt on the existence of the Multiverse and proposed a finite and reasonably smooth Universe instead. Basically, all three studies indicate that the debate about whether or not we live in a Multiverse and the role of Dark Energy in cosmic evolution is far from over. But we can look forward to next-generation missions providing some helpful clues in the future.
These include the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), and ground-based observatories like the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). In addition to studying exoplanets and objects in our Solar System, these mission will be dedicated to studying how the first stars and galaxies formed and determining the role played by Dark Energy.
What’s more, all of these missions are expected to be gathering their first light sometime in the 2020s. So stay tuned, because more information – with cosmological implications – will be arriving in just a few years time!
Further Reading: Durham University
Precise New Measurements From Hubble Confirm the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe. Still no Idea Why it’s Happening
In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble made the groundbreaking revelation that the Universe was in a state of expansion. Originally predicted as a consequence of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, this confirmation led to what came to be known as Hubble’s Constant. In the ensuring decades, and thanks to the deployment of next-generation telescopes – like the aptly-named Hubble Space Telescope (HST) – scientists have been forced to revise this law.
In short, in the past few decades, the ability to see farther into space (and deeper into time) has allowed astronomers to make more accurate measurements about how rapidly the early Universe expanded. And thanks to a new survey performed using Hubble, an international team of astronomers has been able to conduct the most precise measurements of the expansion rate of the Universe to date.
This survey was conducted by the Supernova H0 for the Equation of State (SH0ES) team, an international group of astronomers that has been on a quest to refine the accuracy of the Hubble Constant since 2005. The group is led by Adam Reiss of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and Johns Hopkins University, and includes members from the American Museum of Natural History, the Neils Bohr Institute, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, and many prestigious universities and research institutions.
The study which describes their findings recently appeared in The Astrophysical Journal under the title “Type Ia Supernova Distances at Redshift >1.5 from the Hubble Space Telescope Multi-cycle Treasury Programs: The Early Expansion Rate“. For the sake of their study, and consistent with their long term goals, the team sought to construct a new and more accurate “distance ladder”.
This tool is how astronomers have traditionally measured distances in the Universe, which consists of relying on distance markers like Cepheid variables – pulsating stars whose distances can be inferred by comparing their intrinsic brightness with their apparent brightness. These measurements are then compared to the way light from distance galaxies is redshifted to determine how fast the space between galaxies is expanding.
From this, the Hubble Constant is derived. To build their distant ladder, Riess and his team conducted parallax measurements using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) of eight newly-analyzed Cepheid variable stars in the Milky Way. These stars are about 10 times farther away than any studied previously – between 6,000 and 12,000 light-year from Earth – and pulsate at longer intervals.
To ensure accuracy that would account for the wobbles of these stars, the team also developed a new method where Hubble would measure a star’s position a thousand times a minute every six months for four years. The team then compared the brightness of these eight stars with more distant Cepheids to ensure that they could calculate the distances to other galaxies with more precision.
Illustration showing three steps astronomers used to measure the universe’s expansion rate (Hubble constant) to an unprecedented accuracy, reducing the total uncertainty to 2.3 percent. Credits: NASA/ESA/A. Feild (STScI)/and A. Riess (STScI/JHU)
Using the new technique, Hubble was able to capture the change in position of these stars relative to others, which simplified things immensely. As Riess explained in a NASA press release:
Compared to previous surveys, the team was able to extend the number of stars analyzed to distances up to 10 times farther. However, their results also contradicted those obtained by the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Planck satellite, which has been measuring the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) – the leftover radiation created by the Big Bang – since it was deployed in 2009.
By mapping the CMB, Planck has been able to trace the expansion of the cosmos during the early Universe – circa. 378,000 years after the Big Bang. Planck’s result predicted that the Hubble constant value should now be 67 kilometers per second per megaparsec (3.3 million light-years), and could be no higher than 69 kilometers per second per megaparsec.
The Big Bang timeline of the Universe. Cosmic neutrinos affect the CMB at the time it was emitted, and physics takes care of the rest of their evolution until today. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/A. Kashlinsky (GSFC).
Based on their sruvey, Riess’s team obtained a value of 73 kilometers per second per megaparsec, a discrepancy of 9%. Essentially, their results indicate that galaxies are moving at a faster rate than that implied by observations of the early Universe. Because the Hubble data was so precise, astronomers cannot dismiss the gap between the two results as errors in any single measurement or method. As Reiss explained:
“The community is really grappling with understanding the meaning of this discrepancy… Both results have been tested multiple ways, so barring a series of unrelated mistakes. it is increasingly likely that this is not a bug but a feature of the universe.”
These latest results therefore suggest that some previously unknown force or some new physics might be at work in the Universe. In terms of explanations, Reiss and his team have offered three possibilities, all of which have to do with the 95% of the Universe that we cannot see (i.e. dark matter and dark energy). In 2011, Reiss and two other scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their 1998 discovery that the Universe was in an accelerated rate of expansion.
Consistent with that, they suggest that Dark Energy could be pushing galaxies apart with increasing strength. Another possibility is that there is an undiscovered subatomic particle out there that is similar to a neutrino, but interacts with normal matter by gravity instead of subatomic forces. These “sterile neutrinos” would travel at close to the speed of light and could collectively be known as “dark radiation”.
Any of these possibilities would mean that the contents of the early Universe were different, thus forcing a rethink of our cosmological models. At present, Riess and colleagues don’t have any answers, but plan to continue fine-tuning their measurements. So far, the SHoES team has decreased the uncertainty of the Hubble Constant to 2.3%.
This is in keeping with one of the central goals of the Hubble Space Telescope, which was to help reduce the uncertainty value in Hubble’s Constant, for which estimates once varied by a factor of 2.
So while this discrepancy opens the door to new and challenging questions, it also reduces our uncertainty substantially when it comes to measuring the Universe. Ultimately, this will improve our understanding of how the Universe evolved after it was created in a fiery cataclysm 13.8 billion years ago.
Further Reading: NASA, The Astrophysical Journal
Further Reading: IUCAA, The Astrophysical Journal
Rise Of The Super Telescopes: The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
NASA's Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) will capture Hubble-quality images covering swaths of sky 100 times larger than Hubble does, enabling cosmic evolution studies. Its Coronagraph Instrument will directly image exoplanets and study their atmospheres. Credits: NASA/GSFC/Conceptual Image Lab
In this series we’ll look at the world’s upcoming Super Telescopes:
The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST)
It’s easy to forget the impact that the Hubble Space Telescope has had on our state of knowledge about the Universe. In fact, that might be the best measurement of its success: We take the Hubble, and all we’ve learned from it, for granted now. But other space telescopes are being developed, including the WFIRST, which will be much more powerful than the Hubble. How far will these telescopes extend our understanding of the Universe?
“WFIRST has the potential to open our eyes to the wonders of the universe, much the same way Hubble has.” – John Grunsfeld, NASA Science Mission Directorate
The WFIRST might be the true successor to the Hubble, even though the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is often touted as such. But it may be incorrect to even call WFIRST a telescope; it’s more accurate to call it an astrophysics observatory. That’s because one of its primary science objectives is to study Dark Energy, that rather mysterious force that drives the expansion of the Universe, and Dark Matter, the difficult-to-detect matter that slows that expansion.
WFIRST will have a 2.4 meter mirror, the same size as the Hubble. But, it will have a camera that will expand the power of that mirror. The Wide Field Instrument is a 288-megapixel multi-band near-infrared camera. Once it’s in operation, it will capture images that are every bit as sharp as those from Hubble. But there is one huge difference: The Wide Field Instrument will capture images that cover over 100 times the sky that Hubble does.
Alongside the Wide Field Instrument, WFIRST will have the Coronagraphic Instrument. The Coronagraphic Instrument will advance the study of exoplanets. It’ll use a system of filters and masks to block out the light from other stars, and hone in on planets orbiting those stars. This will allow very detailed study of the atmospheres of exoplanets, one of the main ways of determining habitability.
WFIRST is slated to be launched in 2025, although it’s too soon to have an exact date. But when it launches, the plan is for WFIRST to travel to the Sun-Earth LaGrange Point 2 (L2.) L2 is a gravitationally balanced point in space where WFIRST can do its work without interruption. The mission is set to last about 6 years.
Probing Dark Energy
In a nutshell, there are two proposals for what Dark Energy can be. The first is the cosmological constant, where Dark Energy is uniform throughout the cosmos. The second is what’s known as scalar fields, where the density of Dark Energy can vary in time and space.
We used to think that the Universe expanded at a steady rate. Then in the 1990s we discovered that the expansion had started accelerating about 5 billion years ago. Dark Energy is the name given to the force driving that expansion. Image: NASA/STSci/Ann Feild
We used to think that the Universe expanded at a steady rate. Then in the 1990s we discovered that the expansion had accelerated. Dark Energy is the name given to the force driving that expansion. Image: NASA/STSci/Ann Feild
Since the 1990s, observations have shown us that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. That acceleration started about 5 billion years ago. We think that Dark Energy is responsible for that accelerated expansion. By providing such large, detailed images of the cosmos, WFIRST will let astronomers map expansion over time and over large areas. WFIRST will also precisely measure the shapes, positions and distances of millions of galaxies to track the distribution and growth of cosmic structures, including galaxy clusters and the Dark Matter accompanying them. The hope is that this will give us a next level of understanding when it comes to Dark Energy.
If that all sounds too complicated, look at it this way: We know the Universe is expanding, and we know that the expansion is accelerating. We want to know why it’s expanding, and how. We’ve given the name ‘Dark Energy’ to the force that’s driving that expansion, and now we want to know more about it.
Probing Exoplanets
Dark Energy and the expansion of the Universe is a huge mystery, and a question that drives cosmologists. (They really want to know how the Universe will end!) But for many of the rest of us, another question is even more compelling: Are we alone in the Universe?
There’ll be no quick answer to that one, but any answer we find begins with studying exoplanets, and that’s something that WFIRST will also excel at.
Artist's concept of the TRAPPIST-1 star system, an ultra-cool dwarf that has seven Earth-size planets orbiting it. We're going to keep finding more and more solar systemsl like this, but we need observatories like WFIRST, with starshades, to understand the planets better. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Artist’s concept of the TRAPPIST-1 star system, an ultra-cool dwarf that has seven Earth-size planets orbiting it. We’re going to keep finding more and more solar systems like this, but we need observatories like WFIRST to understand the planets better. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“The coronagraph will provide revolutionary science, capturing the faint, but direct images of distant gaseous worlds and super-Earths.” – Paul Hertz, NASA Astrophysics Division
The difficulty in studying exoplanets is that they are all orbiting stars. Stars are so bright they make it impossible to see their planets in any detail. It’s like staring into a lighthouse miles away and trying to study an insect near the lighthouse.
The Coronagraphic Instrument on board WFIRST will excel at blocking out the light of distant stars. It does that with a system of mirrors and masks. This is what makes studying exoplanets possible. Only when the light from the star is dealt with, can the properties of exoplanets be examined.
This will allow detailed measurements of the chemical composition of an exoplanet’s atmosphere. By doing this over thousands of planets, we can begin to understand the formation of planets around different types of stars. There are some limitations to the Coronagraphic Instrument, though.
The Coronagraphic Instrument was kind of a late addition to WFIRST. Some of the other instrumentation on WFIRST isn’t optimized to work with it, so there are some restrictions to its operation. It will only be able to study gas giants, and so-called Super-Earths. These larger planets don’t require as much finesse to study, simply because of their size. Earth-like worlds will likely be beyond the power of the Coronagraphic Instrument.
These limitations are no big deal in the long run. The Coronagraph is actually more of a technology demonstration, and it doesn’t represent the end-game for exoplanet study. Whatever is learned from this instrument will help us in the future. There will be an eventual successor to WFIRST some day, perhaps decades from now, and by that time Coronagraph technology will have advanced a great deal. At that future time, direct snapshots of Earth-like exoplanets may well be possible.
But maybe we won’t have to wait that long.
Starshade To The Rescue?
There is a plan to boost the effectiveness of the Coronagraph on WFIRST that would allow it to image Earth-like planets. It’s called the EXO-S Starshade.
The EXO-S Starshade is a 34m diameter deployable shading system that will block starlight from impairing the function of WFIRST. It would actually be a separate craft, launched separately and sent on its way to rendezvous with WFIRST at L2. It would not be tethered, but would orient itself with WFIRST through a system of cameras and guide lights. In fact, part of the power of the Starshade is that it would be about 40,000 to 50,000 km away from WFIRST.
Dark Energy and Exoplanets are priorities for WFIRST, but there are always other discoveries awaiting better telescopes. It’s not possible to predict everything that we’ll learn from WFIRST. With images as detailed as Hubble’s, but 100 times larger, we’re in for some surprises.
“This mission will survey the universe to find the most interesting objects out there.” – Neil Gehrels, WFIRST Project Scientist
With all of the Super Telescopes coming on line in the next few years, we can expect some amazing discoveries. In 10 to 20 years time, our knowledge will have advanced considerably. What will we learn about Dark Matter and Dark Energy? What will we know about exoplanet populations?
Right now it seems like we’re just groping towards a better understanding of these things, but with WFIRST and the other Super Telescopes, we’re poised for more purposeful study.
New Theory of Gravity Does Away With Need for Dark Matter
Erik Verlinde explains his new view of gravity
Let’s be honest. Dark matter’s a pain in the butt. Astronomers have gone to great lengths to explain why is must exist and exist in huge quantities, yet it remains hidden. Unknown. Emitting no visible energy yet apparently strong enough to keep galaxies in clusters from busting free like wild horses, it’s everywhere in vast quantities. What is the stuff – axions, WIMPS, gravitinos, Kaluza Klein particles?
Estimated distribution of matter and energy in the universe. Credit: NASA
It’s estimated that 27% of all the matter in the universe is invisible, while everything from PB&J sandwiches to quasars accounts for just 4.9%. But a new theory of gravity proposed by theoretical physicist Erik Verlinde of the University of Amsterdam found out a way to dispense with the pesky stuff.
formation of complex symmetrical and fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.
Snowflakes exemplify the concept of emergence with their complex symmetrical and fractal patterns created when much simpler pieces join together. Credit: Bob King
Unlike the traditional view of gravity as a fundamental force of nature, Verlinde sees it as an emergent property of space. Emergence is a process where nature builds something large using small, simple pieces such that the final creation exhibits properties that the smaller bits don’t. Take a snowflake. The complex symmetry of a snowflake begins when a water droplet freezes onto a tiny dust particle. As the growing flake falls, water vapor freezes onto this original crystal, naturally arranging itself into a hexagonal (six-sided) structure of great beauty. The sensation of temperature is another emergent phenomenon, arising from the motion of molecules and atoms.
So too with gravity, which according to Verlinde, emerges from entropy. We all know about entropy and messy bedrooms, but it’s a bit more subtle than that. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system or put another way, the number of different microscopic states a system can be in. One of the coolest descriptions of entropy I’ve heard has to do with the heat our bodies radiate. As that energy dissipates in the air, it creates a more disordered state around us while at the same time decreasing our own personal entropy to ensure our survival. If we didn’t get rid of body heat, we would eventually become disorganized (overheat!) and die.
The more massive the object, the more it distorts spacetime. Credit: LIGO/T. Pyle
The more massive the object, the more it distorts space-time, shown here as the green mesh. Earth orbits the Sun by rolling around the dip created by the Sun’s mass in the fabric of space-time. It doesn’t fall into the Sun because it also possesses forward momentum. Credit: LIGO/T. Pyle
Emergent or entropic gravity, as the new theory is called, predicts the exact same deviation in the rotation rates of stars in galaxies currently attributed to dark matter. Gravity emerges in Verlinde’s view from changes in fundamental bits of information stored in the structure of space-time, that four-dimensional continuum revealed by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. In a word, gravity is a consequence of entropy and not a fundamental force.
Space-time, comprised of the three familiar dimensions in addition to time, is flexible. Mass warps the 4-D fabric into hills and valleys that direct the motion of smaller objects nearby. The Sun doesn’t so much “pull” on the Earth as envisaged by Isaac Newton but creates a great pucker in space-time that Earth rolls around in.
In a 2010 article, Verlinde showed how Newton’s law of gravity, which describes everything from how apples fall from trees to little galaxies orbiting big galaxies, derives from these underlying microscopic building blocks.
His latest paper, titled Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe, delves into dark energy’s contribution to the mix. The entropy associated with dark energy, a still-unknown form of energy responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe, turns the geometry of spacetime into an elastic medium.
“We find that the elastic response of this ‘dark energy’ medium takes the form of an extra ‘dark’ gravitational force that appears to be due to ‘dark matter’,” writes Verlinde. “So the observed dark matter phenomena is a remnant, a memory effect, of the emergence of spacetime together with the ordinary matter in it.”
This diagram shows rotation curves of stars in M33, a typical spiral galaxy. The vertical scale is speed and the horizontal is distance from the galaxy’s nucleus. Normally, we expect stars to slow down the farther they are from galactic center (bottom curve), but in fact they revolve much faster (top curve). The discrepancy between the two curves is accounted for by adding a dark matter halo surrounding the galaxy. Credit: Public domain / Wikipedia
I’ll be the first one to say how complex Verlinde’s concept is, wrapped in arcane entanglement entropy, tensor fields and the holographic principal, but the basic idea, that gravity is not a fundamental force, makes for a fascinating new way to look at an old face.
Physicists have tried for decades to reconcile gravity with quantum physics with little success. And while Verlinde’s theory should be rightly be taken with a grain of salt, he may offer a way to combine the two disciplines into a single narrative that describes how everything from falling apples to black holes are connected in one coherent theory.
Dark Energy Illuminated By Largest Galactic Map Ten Years In The Making
Further Reading: SDSIII
Next Time You’re Late To Work, Blame Dark Energy!
Illustration of the Big Bang Theory
Further Reading: Physical Review E |
World News
Parts of Spain and Portugal braced for 47C heatwave
Parts of Spain and Portugal braced for 47C heatwave
Tyler Roys, a meteorologist from website AccuWeather, said it is possible that "between Friday and Sunday temperatures could reach 49 degrees centigrade in south-west Spain and in parts of southern Portugal".
The highest temperature ever recorded in Europe was 48 degrees in Athens in 1977, closely followed by 47.3 in Amareleja, Portugal in 2003 as well as in Montoro, Spain previous year.
North of the border, however, temperatures aren't likely to top the mid 20s with cloud and rain expected for most of the coming week.
Temperatures could climb back up to 31C in London this weekend, with sunshine returning to most of the country.
However, climatologist Fatima Espírito Santo of the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere, told the Observador that the increase is not a heatwave, because the spell of higher temperatures will only last three days, not five. Fires typically flare late in the day when the weather is hottest. The country's highest ever recorded temperature was 47.4 C (117.3 F) in 2003.
Because of the heat, Sweden's highest point, a glacier on the Kebnekaise mountain, is melting several centimeters a day.
Portugal's weather agency says eight places in the center, south and east of the country have broken their local temperature records amid a heatwave.
"Then, as furnace heat over Spain moves northwards over the weekend, computer models indicate temperatures in southern England rising to 36C". Met Office forecaster Sophie Yeomans says that the heatwave is directly connected to "a plume of very dry, hot air from Africa".
More news: Ohio judge orders man’s mouth taped shut during sentencing
Francois Jobard, a forecaster for Meteo France, said the hot air mass from North Africa could cause temperatures in Portugal and Spain of 45C until Saturday and perhaps hotter. In Greece, a wildfire killed 91 people last month.
"Oh it's awful", said tourist Paul Snell.
"I've been here in the summer but it has never been this hot". Two died of heatstroke in the southeastern region of Murcia, Spanish radio Cadena Ser reported, while another man died in Barcelona on Friday, emergency services said.
Even animals are desperately searching for relief from the heat.
Combined with high pressure in charge, blue skies every day, and the ground already warmed up, that leads to a day-on-day build, combining to produce these intense temperatures.
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During this course you are going to learn what a function is and how to prove that something is a function from a t-chart.
What is a function?
A function is where every x-value goes to exactly one y-value.
What is a function?
• Every y-value goes to one x-value
• Every x-value goes to one y-value
• Every value goes to a y value
• There is no set standard to make something a function.
What information do you need to be a function?
To know if something is a function you must have or know the x-values and the y-values. This means make a t-chart.
What information does a t-chart tell us?
• The y and x values, damian and range
• The y values only
• The x values only
• None of the above
Example of a T-Chart
How to create a t-chart
You must have the x and y values
• The x and y values must be on the t-chart
• You do not have to label a t-chart
The x-value represents the domain and the y-value represents the range.
The -value represents the domain and the -value represents the range.
How do you set up a t-chart? |
Mann Condensor microphones Mann Microphones
Mann microphones
Mann Condenser Microphone Tech Basics
They all do one thing
Microphones appear in an almost endless variety of shapes, sizes and design types. Their purpose is same: to convert acoustic vibrations to electrical energy so it can be amplified or recorded. Most achieve this by the action of the air vibrating a diaphragm connected to something that either creates or allows a small electron flow. Recording, sound reinforcement, broadcast, telecommunications, all have specialist microphones that have evolved over the years to suit particular intended purposes. One purpose is studio recording and a common product is the condenser microphone.
The Studio Condenser
There are many types of studio condensers but they can be narrowed down to two basic types: cardioid and omni-directional. Some of the more complex studio condensers have variable pattern control and have multiple patterns that can be selected to manipulate its pick up characteristics
How it works?
Imagine the classic “studio Mic”. You may have seen pictures of the gold disc capsule often with a wire screwed into the centre on one side and the gold plate with little holes on the other. Inside the mic will be some electronics and a power supply. Some microphones have the power supply in a separate box. The gold discs represent two electrically charged plates, one that can move and one that is fixed. This is in effect, a capacitor with a positively and negatively charged electrode, and an air space between.
A pressure gradient device?
The cardioid condenser microphone is a pressure gradient device, responding to the differences in sound pressure on each side of the diaphragm. In operation, sound passes the diaphragm depressing it and causing a change in the spacing between it and a charged metal back plate. The electrostatic attraction between the plates increases. This change in capacitance and distance between it and the back plate causes a change in voltage potential that can be amplified to a recordable level. To boost this small variation in voltage, originally a vacuum tube and later FET transistors were employed. This is why a battery or phantom power is needed to charge the plates and also to run the pre amp.
The directional effect
The directional effect of the cardioid microphone is achieved by adding little holes in the back plate. The holes create a sound entrance and delay network. The object is to delay the arrival of sound at the rear of the diaphragm to coincide with the same sound at the front. This way the sound is cancelled out. The size and position of the holes determines the frequencies that will be cancelled. The Mann microphone capsule has a second diaphragm at the back, but more about that later.
The multi pattern microphone
Another type of condenser microphone is the Multi pattern condenser type. This design is generally composed of a single plate between two diaphragms. A variable resistor set between the two diaphragms and the plate determine how much signal from each diaphragm is fed to the pre amp. In this system the rear diaphragm in conjunction with the holes that run through the plate become part of the phase shift when the unit is selected to a cardioid pattern. As a result, this microphone can have selectable patterns ranging from a tight cardioid through to a figure eight and finally to full omni directional.
Mann Double Diaphragm Tube Mic. inside detail
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Scoliosis is a common disease, especially among students who are sitting in the wrong position, office workers sitting long and in the wrong position, or heavy workers carrying. There are two types of scoliosis without deformed structure and scoliosis with structural deformities. Scoliosis is not deformed structure is not disturbed when standing on the side of crooked curves, the disease is common in long legs, short legs, abdominal discus ...
Scoliosis is a form of structural distortion that is still standing on the side of the crooked curve, a common congenital disease. According to Western medicine, the treatment of scoliosis most likely undergoes surgery. Symptoms of back pain, severe, patients with hump, crooked, compressed the vertebrae leading to muscle atrophy, causing vasospasm, circulatory can not nourish, reduce movement, great effect To labor and living.
Regarding treatment, in the case of scoliosis, the treatment is mainly to reposition the sitting posture, work properly. Then the patient can follow the following methods.
Lesson 1 - Lying: The patient is usually on a hard bed, using a cushioning pillow to get the correct posture.
Lesson 2 - Standing: When the scoliosis of the spine is lower than the shoulder should heal, so to balance the shoulder, the patient often exercises stand shoulder. Accordingly, raise the raised hand side up high, straight on the wall, hold this posture for 30 seconds, day from 10 to 20 times.
Lesson 3 - Flexibility: Use curved chairs to stretch the spine. The patient lying on a chair, relaxed, headed toward the ground, performed in two positions: Position 1 (2 hands squeezed on the nape, 2 legs stretched out on the chair, Lifting about 10 times, then leaning to the left, right 15 times each Side posture (patient sitting on the chair, two legs squeezed into the arm chair as a fulcrum, two hands squeezed on the nape of the neck Pulling the person from sitting to sitting position, then tilt his head, he left and right 15 times.
VINH DUC is applying the methods of physiotherapy for short wave, infrared, acupressure, massage, spine mobility, motor exercise PW ... to treat, bring treatment effect very High, is a reliable address for patients with myopathy.
Treatment at Vĩnh Đức
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March 24, 2019
The Impact of watching Violent Movies and playing Violent Games
Movies, known as motion pictures and computer games are produced for pastime, pleasure and entertainment. Various kinds of movies and the electronic games are produced with the help of modern technology. Special effects and some backdrops are created by computer in film industry as well. Nowadays, youngsters across the world are addicted to violent games and violent movies. The stories of the violent movies and games portray homicide, cruel killings, vendetta, kidnap, act of terrorism, sexual assaults and serial killings and the people or characters in the stories neglect the law enforcement blatantly. The scenes and stories are almost horrific and violent from the beginning to end of the story. Amid the occurrences of racial conflicts and religious conflicts in some western countries and in Middle East countries, the violent movies escalate the conflicts rapidly. Surprisingly, the acts of cruelty, brutality and atrocity in some regions in the world are identical to the stories in the violent movies. It seems that the terrorists’ horrendous and atrocious acts of brutality may be connected to the content of violent movies. The violent movies produce negative impacts to the viewers especially the youngsters. The negative effects of the violent movies are that some people do not hesitate to kill the other people when conflict or dispute arises and do not obey the law in the society. The violent T.V games and violent movies also influence the youngsters and even the emotions of children of under 10 year years old. Evidently, in America, school violence is a great panic for the parents concerned as some school children committed killing spree or shooting at classrooms, friends and teachers by using their parents’ guns. These miserable incidents frequently occur in some states of America. It is learned that the impact of watching violent movies and playing violent games is grater in western countries than in eastern counties.
The kids and adolescents in every society across the world prefer to watch violent movies and to play violent games rather than other kinds of movies and games. This situation is still a mystery. Why do they enjoy watching violent movies rather than non-violent movies?
In Myanmar, school children also like to play games on T.V or computer or smart phone. Of the school children, school boys are more addicted to games than the school girls. After doing their homework, Myanmar school boys play games on any available electronic devices at home. The parents of Myanmar parents cannot limit the duration of playing games as their offspring are extremely addicted to games. Sometimes, the children even fail to do their homework and the excessive game-playing does affect their study. Once they are exposed to video games, they will have passion for playing video games. Mostly, the children play violent games which are captivating with unusual characters and graphics. Not only the violent stories of the games, but also the graphic descriptions of characters are attractive and appealing to the players. During summer vacation in Myanmar, parents usually send their children to take basic computer course in urban areas. As soon as the children obtain the knowledge of how-to-operate-computer, they start playing computer games, installed in it. Myanmar adolescents are fond of playing games and addicted to violent games. They play a video game at least once per day, either on a large console, tablet computer or smart phone, spending about three hours more or less. Normally, they play at home but they like to sit and play in video games center or shops. While staying at home, they hardly ever help their parents in household chores because they always stick to playing video games especially violent games. Some of the names of popular violent games are “Counter strike”, “Assassins”, “Grand Theft Auto”, “Halo” and “Mortal Kombat”, etc. An exposure to games with violent content may turn ordinary children and adolescents into violent people in the real world. Due to influence of violent games, the US has the highest homicide rate in the world. While attending classes at school, the school authority detains the school children’s tablets, smart phones and other electronic devices and returns them to the school children when the school is over. Laptop computer is allowed to bring into the classrooms for doing school lessons with it, but the teachers have to prohibit playing games in the classroom. Otherwise, the school children might use these electronic devices for playing games and disturb the teachers who teach in the classroom.
Most of the settings and themes of the violent games are created in battle fields or killing fields or traps between two or more groups using sophisticated weapons or normal weapons or magical power etc. The electronic games are created by writers, computer specialists, artists and graphic designers. We recognize their innovation and their art of creation on non-violent stories, but the violent stories they have written or drawn can mislead to the youngsters. The graphics of non-violent games are rather amazing and the stories are amusing, fantastic, appealing and entertaining to all of us regardless of age. We, the elders cannot blame and obstruct our children to play modern games played on T.V or on computer for enjoyment. Actually, playing these games are enjoyable pastime for youngsters and some adults. Nonetheless, we shall need to educate our youngsters on the negative effects of playing violent games. If they play a lot of violent games, they would become the aggressive persons. Even then, the children’s minds are filled with thoughts of aggression and violence. As for children, parents’ vigilance and teachers’ guidance are important to protect the potential negative behaviors. The elders were shocked to hear about some of the themes in the games. Parents were worried about the realism, target, context and goals of the violent games.
The violent movies influence people of all ages indeed. They arouse aggressive feeling and emotion on the viewers. The violent movies are made with horrendous and callous scenes of homicide. Some violent movies vividly play the story or episode of thriller or inhumane torture or cold blooded murder or sexual assaults. People like to watch violent movies because they are captivating with unusual stories or strange stories. Psychological studies say; “Watching violent movies really does make people more aggressive, but only if they have an abrasive personality to start with.” Those who watch violent movies a lot can turn to be aggressive and unkind persons as their minds are influenced by the content of violent movies.
According to The Lord Buddha’s analysis, naturally a man has two types of minds—the mind which takes delight in good deeds or meritorious deeds and the mind which is obsessed by bad deeds. In secular world, man is usually urged or stimulated to commit sins or breed cruelty or act aggressive behaviors. In the mean time, some people watch a lot of violent movies and their minds get obsessed with atrocious acts, seen on the screen. Then these people do not hesitate to commit brutal and cruel killings or theft or sexual assaults or misdeeds in real world. Moreover, the children who watch violent movies are prone to aggression and this can make stronger impact to their environment— school and friends .The adolescents, certain unwise adults and children are victimized by the contents, acts and the themes of the violent movies produced especially from the western countries.
Nobody can say that the violent movies and games are harmless to the viewers or players in the world. Isn’t it? Why don’t governments around the world ban all that stuff? Respective governments should protect their posterity from the dangerous impact or negative effects of watching imported violent movies and playing violent games. Otherwise, school violence, severe crimes and inhumane acts will overwhelm in a certain society. It is a must to ban a variety of violent movies and violent video games in every society so that we can lessen violent behavior on youth. However, the non-violent movies must not be banned. There is a wide range of subjects and genres in film production .The feature films or movies such as romance, adventure, science fiction and comedy are non-violent movies which do not do any harm to the viewers of all ages.
Movies are made to entertain or educate or dispense knowledge to the people when they are at leisure. Unfortunately, some inconsiderate and selfish film makers produce such violent moves for movie lovers around the world. Concerning video games, the producers intend to entertain the gamers with fantastic playing methods. Despite a variety of video games, the violent games become popular among the players amazingly and incredibly. Anyway, parents must draw the guidelines about the amount of time children can play games at home and be sure that other activities, such as playing with friends, time with family, doing homework, playing sports etc. In order to protect the potential youth violence, parents, authority and guardians must provide their children with a good balance and discipline. The youth of today in a certain society should be gentle, kind and brilliant so that they would become good leaders or good citizens in future!!!
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Prebiotics and Probiotics – What’s the Difference?
Intestinal health is key to the body overall health. The brain and gut are in constant communication, not just through it’s complex network of neurons but also through a number of chemicals and hormonal pathways, creating what is generally referred to as a brain-gut axis. This is why the enteric nervous system is often referred to as our body’s second brain, which can operate independently from the central nervous system.
Amongst the symptoms of a bad intestinal health are:
✓ Bloating
✓ Reflux/Heartburn
✓ Osteoporosis
✓ Anemia
✓ Chronic fatigue leading to depression, weight gain and sleep disturbances
✓ Autoimmune disorders
✓ Acne, eczema and skin rushes
✓ Chronic dysbiosis such as yeast infections/candida
✓ Dry skin or hair
✓ Food intolerances
The first variable that determines our gut’s health is the intestinal microbiota, the ecosystem of microorganisms that live in our gut, with more than 500 species, leading to a total of over 100 trillion living bacteria.
They play many important roles, from helping digest food, to boosting immune defences.
Those good bacteria are usually referred to as probiotics, and we should aim to always replenish these bacterial colonies as they are extremely sensitive to heat and stomach acid, and their number may decrease in a vicious circle started by a number of illnesses.
Two of the main probiotic bacteria are Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. Both can be taken in the form of supplements or included in the diet. It is important to read product labels, looking for “active, live cultures” and preferentially raw, unpasteurized, perishable ingredients, as many products on the market contain a concentration far below what is the daily needed intake.
Usually organic products should be preferred as they are not typically heat-treated after fermentation, leading to a higher concentration of good bacteria.
A very important support that we can give to these probiotic bacteria, to keep them healthy and thriving, is to provide them with a constant stream of prebiotics.
Prebiotics are soluble fibers, non-digestible in humans, but that serve as their critical food source. They are different from insoluble fiber – what most people refer to when they talk about dietary fiber and that helps to release waste from the bowel – as their function is to keep probiotics fed.
As an additional benefit of prebiotics, a compound called butyric acid is produced when the probiotics break down prebiotic foods in the colon.
Butyric acid is the preferred form of fuel for the cells that line the colon, and it serves to acidify the environment as well, making it harder for harmful bacteria to survive.
There are two primary useful prebiotics for the gut: inulin and oligofructose.
One side of the colon prefers inulin (the left) and the other that prefers oligofructose (the right).
In other words, our bodies need both prebiotics and probiotics in order for the gut to properly function.
This post has been written by Natalia Otero Sancho, The Chelsea Nutritionist, who is available to conduct your very own bespoke nutritional therapy consultation at Lomax. Please contact or call 020 7352 0598 to book your consultation, now.
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Creation and Evolution
In recent times we have witnessed the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, the 150th anniversary of the publication of his book “On the Origin of Species” and the 140th anniversary of his 1871 publication “The Descent of Man” in which he proposed human evolution and the unity of all races of human kind. Since then there have been a multitude of books, articles, documentaries, that have discussed, argued, and expanded on the theory of evolution, and its conflict with the Biblical version of the creation.
Recently Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their book The Grand Design argue that invoking God is not necessary to explain the origins of the universe, and that the Big Bang is a consequence of the laws of physics alone, though they fail to explain who created the laws of physics. In response to criticism, Hawking has said; “One can’t prove that God doesn’t exist, but science makes God unnecessary.”
There is however a growing number of scientists who have, and are still arguing, and confirming that the universe and the creation of life can not have happened accidentally. The physicist Paul Davies argues that the claim that science is “free of faith” is “manifestly bogus
The popular press appears to suggest that the creation of the universe without God is correct and not the Biblical story, giving all sorts of explanations. What they fail to answer is why only man has developed as the dominant race, if evolution was so even, why are we not living a “Star Trek” picture of life where we share ideas with all the other creatures in our world? The Bible has the answer if we are prepared to look. Man’s dominance over the animals was by God’s design Man was to “Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.” Genesis 1:28.
Scientists tell us that the earth is millions of years old; and although they agree on the sequence that God took to create life, many belittle the Biblical timescale of 6 days. It boils down to how long is a day, We know it as 24 hours, on Venus it is 243 Earth days, and in heaven – ‘With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like a day’ (2 Peter 3.8).
If all this is too mind-bending you may prefer this simpler explanation.
A little girl asked her father: ‘How did the human race appear?’ The father answered, ‘God made Adam and Eve; they had children; and so was all mankind made.’ Two days later the girl asked her mother the same question. The mother answered, ‘Many years ago there were monkeys from which the human race evolved.’ The confused girl returned to her father and said, ‘Dad how is it possible that you told me the human race was created by God, and Mom said they developed from monkeys?’ The father answered, ‘Well, Dear, it is very simple. I told you about my side of the family, and your mother told you about hers.
Arguments for an intelligent designer are demonstrated in the properties of DNA, the molecules in our cells that carry our personal genetic code. Atheist biologist Richard Dawkins observed in his book River Out of Eden, “The machine code of the genes is uncannily computer-like” So, who designed and programmed DNA? Gene Myers, one of the lead scientists on the Human Genome project, stated in an interview in 2000: “‘What really astounds me is the architecture of life,’ he said. ‘The system is extremely complex. It’s like it was designed. There’s a huge intelligence there.’” After a lifetime of atheism, the philosopher Anthony Flew wrote in his book “There is a God” that the evidence leads conclusively that there is a God. He asked the question: “How did the first reproducing creature ever get its DNA?” and the rationality of the universe convinced him that there is a God, who wrote the laws of nature.
It seems that scientists can only find what God has already created – probably the reason why each headline is called a “discovery.” What do you think, and while you are thinking you may like this story:
God was sitting in heaven one day when a scientist said to Him. ”God we don’t need you anymore. Science has finally figured out a way to create life out of nothing – in other words, we can now do what you did in the beginning.”
“Oh, is that so? Explain…” replied God.
“Well,” says the scientist, “we can take dirt and form it into the likeness of you and breathe life into it, thus creating man.” “Well, that’s very interesting… show me” God replied. So the scientist bends down to the earth and starts to mould the soil into the shape of a man. “No, no, no…” interrupts God, “Get your own dirt.”
George Jevons
courtesy of
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Ditch the Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes, the “Black Death of the 21st Century,” affects more than 20 million Americans today. That is three times more cases than in 1990.
Diabetes Mellitus comes from chronically elevated levels of Glucose (simple sugar) in the bloodstream, which can overwhelm the kidneys and spill into the urine. It causes 50,000 cases/year of kidney failure, 75,000 cases/year of lower extremity amputations, 650,000 cases/year of vision loss, and 75,000 deaths per year.
Apart from those statistics, diabetic patients are more likely to suffer strokes and heart failure. In fact, diabetic patients without a history of coronary artery disease may have the same risk of heart attack as nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease.
I don’t know about you, but I had always associated sugar in the diet with the onset of Type 2 Diabetes. But addressing sugar consumption is only addressing the symptom. The cause of this disease is actually due to high-fat and high-calorie diets.
Glucose is not the enemy, in fact. Glucose is the primary fuel for all of the cells in our bodies. It comes from carbohydrates, which are complex sugars. Carbohydrates break down during digestion, and glucose is released into the bloodstream. The pancreas releases insulin, which acts like a key to allow glucose to enter cells. Mitochondria within the cells use glucose to create energy.
So what happens with Type 2 Diabetes?
The pancreas still produces insulin, however something is blocking the insulin from accessing the muscle cells of the body; and that something is Saturated Fat, specifically fat from from animal sources.
The body has a certain number of fat cells, and they don’t actually increase, but they do swell when fat from the diet is added to the body. These fat calls can swell so much that they spill fat stores into the bloodstream. This is common in people who are obese, but a slim person who consumes a high-fat diet shows the same amount of free-floating fat in the bloodstream. Fat in the bloodstream can build up in the muscle cells and create toxic breakdown products, free radicals, cause inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. This is known as LIPOTOXICITY. When a person consumes saturated fat from animal sources, insulin action and secretion is impaired within hours.
Why animal sources of fats and not just any fat source?
Palmitate, a saturated fat found in meat, dairy and eggs has been shown to create insulin resistance. Oleate, a monounsaturated fat found in nuts, olives and avocados, has been shown to protect against the negative effects of saturated fats.
Poultry is the most fattening meat, with chickens now having 2-3x more calories from fat than protein.
What if one only eats meat once a week? Here are some of the figures:
Vegetarian men decrease their odds of getting diabetes by half. Vegetarian women, by 75%. However, individuals eating a whole food, plant-based diet have no prevalence of diabetes.
Studies have now shown that damage caused by Type 2 Diabetes begins even in individuals who are Prediabetic (showing elevated blood sugar levels). They may already be experiencing organ damage. Today, many children are prediabetic and overweight. It has been recommended that children give up eating meat entirely to prevent childhood obesity. Children who consumed a vegetarian diet grew up leaner and taller.
What else is causing Type 2 Diabetes? Scientists have found “obesogenic” chemical pollutants that disrupt the metabolism and predispose one to obesity. The source of these chemicals? Contaminated food. 95% of people exposed to these chemicals received them through the consumption of animal fat. People with high levels of these pollutants have been shown to have 38x the risk of diabetes. Your own fat can be storing these chemicals in the body. Hexachlorobenzene is one of the identified chemical pollutants. The highest source=canned sardines. However, the most contaminated food source overall=SALMON. 2 dozen pesticides have been found in salmon fillets, and farmed salmon was the worst, with 10x more PCBs present. Those who don’t lose excess weight can store these harmful chemicals in the body for 50-75 years!
The good news is that Type 2 Diabetes is Preventable, Treatable, and Reversible!
First, let’s address drugs and surgery for treatment.
Blood-sugar-lowering drug therapy has shown an increase in mortality among patients. Insulin treatments accelerate aging, worsen diabetic vision loss, promote cancer, obesity and atherosclerosis. The trouble is, these treatments are looking at the symptom, and not the root of the disease. You can lower your blood sugar as much as you like, but if fat is still gunking up the works, glucose is still not able to access muscle cells and will stay in the bloodstream.
Gastric bypass surgery has shown to be just as effective, even less so, than the post-op calorie-restrictive diet, and includes risks such as bleeding, leakage, infections, erosions, herniation, and severe nutrient deficiencies.
So, calorie-restriction works, but no one wants to starve themselves.
Fortunately, studies have been done, and one can go on a Whole Food, Plant-Based diet to prevent, treat and reverse Type 2 Diabetes.
A WFPB diet increases the intakes of nearly every nutrient the body requires. Meat consumption has shown significant weight gain even after adjusting calories. However, one can eat as much as one likes on a WFPB diet. Even if one doesn’t lose weight, insulin requirements can drop by 60-100% within 16 days. Patients have been able to reduce and even go off their medications by sticking to a 90% WFPB diet. Just eating 5 cups of legumes/week has been shown to be just as effective at slimming the waist and improving blood sugar levels as calorie cutting, with the added benefits of improved cholesterol and insulin regulation. There has also been shown an improvement in mood, and the diet has proven to be easiest to adapt to long-term.
Diabetic Neuropathy occurs in up to 50% of patients.Neuropathy has been associated with trans fats, which occur naturally in meat and dairy. These trans fats can cause inflammation in the body. The inflammation and lack of blood flow can damage the nerves, and cause pain. There is no effective medical treatment, however, it has been shown that a WFPB diet can bring pain relief within 4 days, even before blood sugar levels are under control.
The body has a wonderful ability to regulate and heal itself. When one stops consuming foods that gunk up the functioning of the body and causes inflammatory responses, the body can begin to clean up and function normally.
What I am most amazed at is the quick response. People who have studied the effects of WFPB eating have seen people respond positively within just two weeks.
If anyone is suffering from obesity, prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes, why not try it out, as an experiment, for two weeks?
The simple diet can be something like this: An All-You-Can Eat 90% WFPB Diet.
-One big salad/day
-Bean and veggie soup
-Handful of nuts and seeds
-Fruit at every meal
-I lb. of cooked greens
-Whole grains
-Restrict animal products (treat them like a condiment)
-Just avoid refined grains, junk food and oil (all processed foods, especially fast foods)
Or one can follow Dr. Michael Greger’s Daily Dozen List.
With all of the benefits, and no bad side-effects, why not try it out? If the end result is that one loses excess weight, feels better, has more energy, less pain, sleeps better, digests better...in essence, improves the quality of life in general...why not start now?
The main resource for this article has been How Not To Die, by Dr. Michael Greger. One can find his sources and more information on nutrition at NutritionFacts.Org. You can find a link to his Daily Dozen Sheet there as well.
The fact is that Food-Related diseases are the top causes of death and disability within the US. I have heard the illegal immigrants are breaking the nation’s healthcare budget (that is for another article to discuss), but, in fact, ¾ of the budget goes into dealing with food-related diseases. 75% of the budget goes into dealing with preventable diseases. What we put into our bodies affects our overall health. We can use food as medicine; food is that remarkable.
Follow this link to listen to an interview with Dr. Neal Barnard on Reversing Type 2 Diabetes:
Source: http://www.nutritionfacts.org |
American researchers come up with a way to generate electricity from CO2
3 April 2017
In a flow cell battery, two liquids are separated by a membrane that doesn't allow them to mix, but does permit the flow of ions. As ions are exchanged between the denser CO2 solution and normal air solution, the voltage changes at the manganese oxide electrodes in either tank. This stimulates the flow of electrons between the two connected electrodes and voilà: electricity. When the ion concentrations have normalized, you can effectively recharge the battery by refilling each tank with the opposite solution, reversing the flow of electrons. The Penn State scientists were able to do this over 50 times before seeing a drop in performance.
Using CO2 in a flow cell battery isn't an entirely new idea, but this version has an average power density of 0.82 W/m2 -- nearly 200 times higher than anything developed previously, according to the researchers. Other CO2-based fuel cell systems are capable of much more, but they are also much more complicated, using other energy dense fuels and requiring high temperatures to operate.
Penn State's battery, on the other hand, works at room temperature and uses inexpensive materials and processes. Even so, the team admit it may not be economically viable to make use of their research on a large scale just yet. The dream, though, would be to integrate these batteries into fossil fuel power stations, repurposing their CO2 emissions to make even more energy. While more work needs to be done to improve performance and viability, anything that can make light of a bad (and worsening) situation can only be a good thing.
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Game: SOMA TicTacToe Creative Commons, Attribution + Noncommercial (BY-NC)
Authors: Michal Bukáček, Ivan Zelinka
This content is provided in languages:
SOMA TicTacToe is scientific experiment, evolutionary algorithm in the game. Designed for experimental use, representing the state space search using evolutionary SOMA algorithm. Here are rules of this game for repeats: First player who has five same symbols (crosses or circles) in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game. The opponent tries to achieve the same.
Technical requirements
Workforce in Mathematics
15 min
Education Level
6-12 years
15-18 years
Science Discipline
Home use
Classroom use
Knowledge prerequisites
Beginner: material is applicable to all students
Operating system
Installation effort
Some effort required, you'll need to install some programs
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Being a Pessimist Isn’t Necessarily Bad, According to Science
Positive thinking has long been hailed as a route to success, health, and happiness. But pessimism may actually help some people achieve their goals.
Paper Boat Creative/ Getty Images
Paper Boat Creative/ Getty Images
I am typically prepared for a disaster. Seriously, I have a kit in my car just in case I find myself at the scene of a car crash, or if a tornado hits. That’s because I don’t want to be unable to help someone if I’m in that situation, and while statistically it’s unlikely, in reality, statically unlikely things happen every day. As a side benefit, my friends regularly rely on my supplies for smaller incidents, so it’s not wasteful.
— George Bernard Shaw
Obviously men and women around the world use positive thinking as a way to achieve health, wealth, and happiness. Optimistic thinking helps them overcome challenging obstacles, while navigating situations they originally thought were impossible to get through.
Being an optimist is great, but a new study has found that there are benefits to being a pessimist.
Believe it or not, having a negative outlook may be the secret to living a healthier life.
Researchers have found a new type of pessimist, called the “defensive pessimist”: people who use negative thinking to help reach their goals.
Fuschia Sirois, a researcher in health psychology at the University of Sheffield, explains how this particular type of pessimism gives some people an edge.
The “defensive pessimist” actually harnesses negative thinking as a means for reaching their goals.
Research has shown that this way of thinking can not only help some people succeed, but also bring some unexpected rewards. However, the most common form of pessimism, which involves simply blaming oneself for negative outcomes, has less positive effects.
In addition, researchers suggest that defensive pessimism is a strategy that people who are anxious use to help them manage their anxiety, which might otherwise make them want to run in the opposite direction of their goal rather than pursue it.
The crucial factor is setting low expectations for the outcome of a particular plan or situation – like expecting that you won’t get hired after a job interview – and then envisioning the details of everything that might possibly go wrong to make these worst-case scenarios a reality. This gives the defensive pessimist a plan of action to ensure that any imagined mishaps won’t actually happen – such as practising for the interview and getting there early.
The benefits of defensive pessimism also extend to actual performance. One study shows that this has everything to do with negative mood. When prompted to be in a good mood, defensive pessimists performed poorly on a series of word puzzles. However, when they were put in bad mood, by being instructed to imagine how a scenario might have negative outcomes, they performed significantly better. This suggests that they harness their negative mood to motivate themselves to perform better.
In conclusion, the key difference that separates defensive pessimists from other individuals who think negatively – such as those who are simply anxious or depressed – is the way they cope. Whereas people tend to use avoidance to cope with anticipated problems when they are feeling anxious or depressed, defensive pessimists use their negative expectations to motivate them to take active steps to feel prepared and be more in control over outcomes.
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Classic Computer Magazine Archive COMPUTE! ISSUE 134 / OCTOBER 1991 / PAGE 10
200 million miles per hour. (IBM's newest multichip package, part of their new System/390 computer series) (product announcement)
by Alan R. Bechtold
It's hard to imagine, but IBM's newest multichip package is actually capable of speeding electric impulses between computer chips at the rate of 280 million miles per hour. The record-breaking package, which holds 121 silicon chips inside a densely packed ceramic module, is currently in production as part of IBM's new System/390 series of large computers.
To take advantage of the increasing speed of computer chips, computer architects must design equally speedy connections between chips. In IBM's new package, 121 chips are tightly packaged just three-eighths of an inch from each other, which is an industry record.
The chips are mounted directly on a new IBM material called glass ceramic, which effectively transmits signals from one chip to another. They're connected by tiny wires made of copper, an excellent conductor of electricity. The package resembles a multilayered sandwich.
Although the new IBM chip package isn't intended for use in microcomputers, once the technology is tried and true, it could eventually trickle down to the PC platform. |
Difference between revisions of "Massachusetts"
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Revision as of 06:54, 13 September 2018
Capital Boston
Nickname The Bay State
Official Language English
Governor Charlie Baker, R
Senator Ed Markey, Democratic
(202) 224-2742
Senator Elizabeth Warren, Democratic
(202) 224-4543
Population 6.745 million
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Its capital city is Boston. The name is derived from the Indian tribe that lived there, the "Massachusett". It is one of four states officially known as "commonwealths"; there are no practical differences between a "commonwealth" and a "state". It is well known for being a bastion of American liberalism and is known, along with California and New York, for being one of the "bluest" of blue states.
In December, 2015, Massachusetts was ranked first in a survey of the best states to live in.[1]
The state Constitution of Massachusetts, like all of the other 50 states, acknowledges God or our Creator or the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe. It says:
The colony was a major center of the American Revolution, as events such as the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party helped to create a desire for national independence among the Americans. The first battles of the war were fought on April 19, 1775 at Lexington and Concord; the first great American victory was the expulsion of the British from Boston on "Evacuation Day," March 17, 1776.
Massachusetts was home of the Kennedy family, with President John Kennedy, Attorney general and later New York Senator Robert Kennedy, and Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, who was the third longest-serving Senator in U.S. history. During the 2004 Presidential Election the Democratic super-majority in the state legislature blocked the Republican Governor Mitt Romney from appointing an interim senator should John Kerry be elected President. The legislature changed the law back again after Ted Kennedy's death, allowing Governor Deval Patrick, a Democrat, to appoint a temporary replacement for Kennedy. He chose former Democratic National Committee chairman Paul Kirk. Kirk did not seek a full term of his own, and a special election was held on January 19, 2010.
Republican State Senator Scott Brown pulled a major upset, defeating Democratic Attorney General Martha Coakley in the election. Brown rode on a wave of voter anger at President Obama and his health care overhaul and won by a 52%-47% margin.[2]
Its current U.S. Senators are John Kerry (who unsuccessfully ran for President in 2004) and Elizabeth Warren, who defeated Scott Brown's re-election bid in 2010.
The current governor is Charlie Baker, a Republican, who took office in early 2015.
Baker's predecessor was Deval L. Patrick, who was the first Democrat to take the office in 16 years, and the first African American to win the post.[5][6] He was elected in 2006 over Republican and former Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey,[7] is A strong liberal in the state that legalized homosexual marriage, Patrick signed a bill which allowed out-of-state gay couples to marry in Massachusetts. In a speech afterward, Patrick was recorded openly mocking gay marriage opponents by stating, "In five years now, ... the sky has not fallen, the earth has not opened to swallow us all up."[8] Patrick did not run for re-election in 2014.
Massachusetts has been a blue state in presidential elections since 1928 except when it favored Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Wilson Reagan both terms. In the 1972 Presidential election it was the only state (along with the District of Columbia) to support George McGovern over Richard Nixon. Though its congressional and legislative delegations have been almost entirely Democtratic for decades, Massachusetts often elects Republican Governors.
Elected Officials
Notes and references
1. http://247wallst.com/special-report/2015/11/23/most-livable-states/
2. See statistical analysis of 2010 vote
3. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Massachusetts/id/1896007
4. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Massachusetts/id/1896007
5. http://www.mass.gov/
6. http://www.nndb.com/gov/911/000051758/
7. http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/governor/patrick/
8. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/07/31/massachusetts-gov-patrick-signs-allowing-gay-marriage-non-residents
See also |
What If We Could Trick The Brain Tumor Cells To Move Outside The Skull?
• In 2014, researchers developed a mechanism that lures cancerous brain cells outside the skull.
• FDA has recently awarded them the ‘breakthrough therapy designation’ for their groundbreaking discovery.
Despite cancer therapies that include surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the recurrence rates of tumor cells remain obstinately high. In some cases, tumors are inoperable because of their intricate locations and sizes within the brain.
Glioblastoma — one of the most aggressive cancers that spread within the brain — is notoriously difficult to treat and in spite of maximum treatment, it usually reoccurs and spreads throughout the brain by following blood vessels and nerve fibers to invade new locations.
In 2014, researchers at Georgia Tech developed a mechanism that can trick cancerous cells to move in a new direction, essentially luring them outside of the brain. Now, FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has awarded them the ‘breakthrough therapy designation‘ for their groundbreaking discovery.
Migrating Cancer Cells
Rather than invading new locations, the migrating cancerous cells latch onto customized nanofibers and follow them to a target region where they can be easily captured and destroyed. The methodology allows scientists to partially move tumor cells from hard-to-access locations to operable ones.
To do this, researchers used a thin nanofiber film (made of polycaprolactone polymer) that mimics the structure of blood vessels and brain, which cancerous cells typically use to invade other regions within the brain.
Reference: NCBI | doi:10.1038/NMAT3878 | Georgia Tech
Although the technique won’t completely eliminate the tumor, it was able to reduce the brain tumor size in animal (rat) models, indicating that it’s possible to treat such aggressive cancers more like a chronic disease.
moving brain tumor cells outside the skull Courtesy of researchers
However, the technique has to undergo extensive testing before it is implemented on humans. Since it is a lot less dangerous than using pharmaceutical chemicals, it could be preferable to existing radiation and drug therapies.
Accelerating the Development Process
Developing new treatment methods and proving they are suitable for humans is a difficult and time-consuming process. It could easily take more than 10 years. However, FDA breakthrough therapy designation can speed up the development and review of new medications for life-threatening diseases.
This breakthrough therapy designation is extremely useful for studies that involve long-course diseases in which an extended period of time is required to evaluate the necessary clinical benefits of treatments.
The nanofiber developed by researchers is still not approved for clinical use: they will have to prove its safety and effectiveness in people first. And even if the method enters the market, sponsors may be required to carry out post-marketing trials to describe and validate its clinical benefits. If further trials fail to do that, the FDA will disapprove this method.
The team has already demonstrated their method by migrating tumor cells from location A to location B in a rat. They successfully reduced the growth rate and size of the tumor by 90%. It’s been five years now, and during this time period researchers have tweaked their technique multiple times.
With researchers’ vision and dedication, this exceptional work is now closer to reality. By moving the inoperable tumor to an operable location, it could give hope to all people who are fighting the greatest battle of their lives.
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Iron Poisoning
Buy at Amazon
This PDF on iron poisoning comes from another source, it seems to have been removed from a larger work. I don’t know where it came from, I got it some years ago from a poorly packaged DVD of “survival documents” I found on ebay. But it does a good job of succinctly describing iron poisoning and its basic treatment. The document is only one page long, and it appears to come from a toxicology manual or some other reference for physicians.
I am going to paraphrase whatds in the manual by showing excerpts from the iron poisoning wikipedia page
Iron poisoning is an iron overload caused by a large excess of iron intake and usually refers to an acute overload rather than a gradual one. The term has been primarily associated with young children who consumed large quantities of iron supplement pills, which resemble sweets and are widely used, including by pregnant women; approximately 3 grams is lethal for a two-year-old. Targeted packaging restrictions in the US for supplement containers with over 250 mg elemental iron have existed since 1978, and recommendations for unit packaging have reduced the issue from several fatalities per year to almost zero since 1998.
The first indication of this type of poisoning is stomach pain, as iron is corrosive to the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach. Nausea and vomiting are also common symptoms and bloody vomiting may occur. The pain then abates for 24 hours as the iron passes deeper into the body, resulting in metabolic acidosis, which in turn damages internal organs, particularly the brain and the liver. Iron poisoning can cause hypovolemic shock due to iron’s potent ability to dilate the blood vessels. Death may occur from liver failure.
Iron Poisoning
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Universe Guide
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10 Lacertae
10 Lacertae Location in Lacerta
Primary Facts on 10 Lacertae
10 Lacertae's Alternative Names
The Id of the star in the Yale Bright Star Catalogue is HR8622. HIP111841 is the reference name for the star in the Hipparcos Star Catalogue. The Id of the star in the Henry Draper catalogue is HD214680.
Flamsteed designations are named after the creator, Sir John Flamsteed. Sir John numbered the stars in the constellation with a number and the latin name, this star's Flamsteed designation is 10 Lacertae with it shortened to 10 Lac.
Location of 10 Lacertae
Radial Velocity and Proper Motion of 10 Lacertae
All stars like planets orbit round a central spot, in the case of planets, its the central star such as the Sun. In the case of a star, its the galactic centre. The constellations that we see today will be different than they were 50,000 years ago or 50,000 years from now. Proper Motion details the movements of these stars and are measured in milliarcseconds. The star is moving -5.46 ± 0.14 miliarcseconds/year towards the north and -0.32 ± 0.22 miliarcseconds/year east if we saw them in the horizon.
10 Lacertae Luminosity
Luminosity is the amount of energy that a star pumps out and its relative to the amount that our star, the Sun gives out. The figure of 9,051.86 that I have given is based on the value in the Simbad Hipparcos Extended Catalogue at the University of Strasbourg from 2012.
Physical Properties (Colour, Temperature) of 10 Lacertae
10 Lacertae Radius has been calculated as being 3.70 times bigger than the Sun.The Sun's radius is 695,800km, therefore the star's radius is an estimated 2,575,548.22.km. If you need the diameter of the star, you just need to multiple the radius by 2. However with the 2007 release of updated Hipparcos files, the radius is now calculated at being round 6.03. The figure is derived at by using the formula from SDSS and has been known to produce widely incorrect figures.
10 Lacertae Apparent and Absolute Magnitudes
10 Lacertae has an apparent magnitude of 4.89 which is how bright we see the star from Earth. Apparent Magnitude is also known as Visual Magnitude. If you used the 1997 Parallax value, you would get an absolute magnitude of -2.67 If you used the 2007 Parallax value, you would get an absolute magnitude of -3.73. Magnitude, whether it be apparent/visual or absolute magnitude is measured by a number, the smaller the number, the brighter the Star is. Our own Sun is the brightest star and therefore has the lowest of all magnitudes, -26.74. A faint star will have a high number.
Distance to 10 Lacertae
Using the original Hipparcos data that was released in 1997, the parallax to the star was given as 3.08 which gave the calculated distance to 10 Lacertae as 1058.97 light years away from Earth or 324.68 parsecs. It would take a spaceship travelling at the speed of light, 1058.97 years to get there. We don't have the technology or spaceship that can carry people over that distance yet.
In 2007, Hipparcos data was revised with a new parallax of 1.89 which put 10 Lacertae at a distance of 1725.73 light years or 529.10 parsecs. It should not be taken as though the star is moving closer or further away from us. It is purely that the distance was recalculated.
Using the 2007 distance, the star is roughly 109,133,948.53 Astronomical Units from the Earth/Sun give or take a few. An Astronomical Unit is the distance between Earth and the Sun. The number of A.U. is the number of times that the star is from the Earth compared to the Sun.
Source of Information
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Additional 10 Lacertae Facts and Figures
Visual Facts
Primary / Proper / Traditional Name10 Lacertae
Alternative NamesHD 214680, HIP 111841, HR 8622, 10 Lac, BD+38 4826
Spectral TypeO9V
Constellation's Main StarNo
Multiple Star SystemYes
Star Type main sequence Dwarf Star
Colour blue
GalaxyMilky Way
Absolute Magnitude -2.67 / -3.73
Visual / Apparent Magnitude4.89
Naked Eye VisibleYes - Magnitudes
Right Ascension (R.A.)22h 39m 15.68
Declination (Dec.)+39° 03` 01.0
Galactic Latitude-16.98 degrees
Galactic Longitude96.65 degrees
1997 Distance from Earth3.08 Parallax (milliarcseconds)
1058.97 Light Years
324.68 Parsecs
2007 Distance from Earth1.89 Parallax (milliarcseconds)
1725.73 Light Years
529.10 Parsecs
109,133,948.53 Astronomical Units
Galacto-Centric Distance24,348.09 Light Years / 7,465.00 Parsecs
Proper Motion Dec.-5.46 ± 0.14 milliarcseconds/year
Proper Motion RA.-0.32 ± 0.22 milliarcseconds/year
B-V Index-0.20
Radial Velocity-10.10 ± 0.30 km/s
Semi-Major Axis7825.00
Stellar Luminosity (Lsun)9,051.86
Companions (Multi-Star and Exoplanets) Facts
Exoplanet CountNone/Unaware
Estimated Calculated Facts
Radius (x the Sun)6.03
Effective Temperature16,954 Kelvin
Sources and Links
SIMBAD SourceLink
Multi-Star System
Proper Motion mas/yr
H.D. IdB.D. IdStar CodeMagnitudeR.A.Dec.SpectrumColourYear
214680+38 4826.0A4.90000-4.00000-1.00000O5Blue
Related Stars
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L.B. Doyle
One of Fairfield's least-noticed historical figures is a man who probably met more interesting people than the bulk of the community combined.
In early May 1863, a great Civil War conflict was fought in the Virginia township of Chancellorsville. Losses were predictably horrific on both sides, but Gen. Robert E. Lee, the Confederate general, eventually oversaw a victory for the rebels.
Lytle Berrie Doyle was one of those Confederate soldiers. (Alternate spellings on his name are "Little" and "Lyttle" and "Berry" or "Berrie.")
He had joined the rebellion in the Army of Virginia and eventually became a lieutenant (5th Virginia Infantry) under the command of Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Doyle was wounded in the battle on May 3. He recovered and returned to duty only to be captured on May 19, 1864 at Spotsylvania Court House, Va. He was held prisoner at Old Capitol in Washington, later moved to Fort Delaware and eventually camps in South Carolina and Georgia before subsequently being released in a prisoner exchange. Apparently, he served under Lee until the war ended in 1865.
Doyle was born in North Carolina. His family owned a farm in eastern Augusta County, Virginia. We have learned that is not especially productive farmland. It's likely the Doyles raised cattle or wheat. Other members of his family were also in Indiana before and after the war.
Sometime earlier than that, a girl named Lavina Hannah Quigley rose to uncommon heights. She was born in Fairfield in 1847, the fifth of five daughters, three of whom were born in Pennsylvania. The Quigleys came to Indiana (probably to live in the Farm Hill area) from Lancaster PA, in the early 1840s. Details of the family aren't important for this story, though there is relationship to a man called Hunter Burk, whose farm was adjacent to the Farm Hill school.
At 16, Lavina (also known as Vina, Vene and Hannah) began her teaching career at the school. She also taught at Saltwell and Egypt Hollow schools. We don't know how much she taught, or to what degree of regularity, and the one-room operation probably only enrolled a few students from the nearby farms. This information has been gleaned from her obituary, written in 1921 by her son, Jesse. Apparently, she taught for about 6 years, according to the obit. It's hard to tell what sort of teaching occurred. Reading, poetry, manners, etc.
About that time, Doyle evidently came to Fairfield. One assumes a certain curiosity accompanied that arrival, he being a war veteran of the rebellion and all. The story can be what you want it to be.
And so this sweet young innocent was swept off her feet by this Southern stylist. Charm, grace, a real business, a couple of dollars in his pocket ... the rest is history, so to speak. On April 1, 1867, Lytle Berrie Doyle and Lavina Hannah Quigley were married in Fairfield.
Lavina "Vene" Hannah Doyle (Thanks, S.B.)
Why Doyle came to Indiana is speculation, but he brought with him a skill for harness and saddlemaking, doubtless learned in that area of Virginia. Some Southerners believed that Indiana was sympathetic to their cause on some levels. It's likely he knew this. We now believe he came to Indiana with his older brother, Jesse L. Doyle.
Doyle was listed as proprietor of the hotel in an 1882 Franklin County Atlas (although they didn't produce all that many atlases in those days). He sold the hotel in 1887. Lavina died in 1921, a couple of years before his death. Both are buried in Sims-Brier Cemetery at New Fairfield.
What evidently happened is that Dr. Zachariah Ferguson sold a house to Doyle and his bride in 1869 for $650. A news report of the time: "Mr. Doyle is occupying part of it for his saddle and harness shop, and is selling work cheaper than any other shop perhaps in the county. Persons wishing anything in the harness line should give him a call before purchasing elsewhere."
Ferguson was multi-faceted, it appears, and was something of a hotelier in his own right, in addition to running a doctor's office, he probably peddled home remedies, managed an apothocary, maybe owned some livestock. He was a Mason, which was a big deal. Nothing suggests he wasn't honorable.
Harness work was an important business in those days and Fairfield was considered a hotbed for the craft.
The family links get far more complex after that, since a Doyle daughter, Mary Beulah (1882-1969), ended up marrying Alton Trusler, who was from the influential and affluent Trusler family of Fayette County. Alton Trusler's father, Milton, is credited with helping implement rural free mail delivery while actively engaged in politics at several levels and as a key leader in Indiana Grange. A plaque to him is at a hard-to-find farmhouse on Bentley Road, just east of Blooming Grove on Causeway Road. The Truslers were also quite prominent in Civil War affairs, on the Union side. One wonders if conversations over dinner drifted. ... Ah, melancholy.
Doyle apparently decided to scoot over at some point, and a woman named Susanna Ogden ran the hotel in the early 1900s and for several years after that. Doyle presumably retained his saddle and harness business. They had a son, Percy, who became something of a bigshot in the Anderson area around the time the natural gas boom was yielding promise and profits. There were other children, some more notable than others during the days when Fairfield was less likely to be considered a backwater town. Lola Doyle, who only lived two years (1868-70) is listed in the Brier Cemetery.
L.B. Doyle, in his obituary in 1923, was said to be the last living charter member of the Fairfield Masonic Lodge, which was founded ostensibly by Dr. Ferguson. One wonders if his Confederate past was ever called to task. He entered the CSA as a corporal and advanced in rank rather rapidly. Attrition impacted that.
The hotel was still around in the 1960s and was occupied by the Luker family for many years.
Not many Confederate soldiers were buried in the Fairfield cemeteries, though at least one is in Old Franklin Cemetery east of town, a man named Samuel Hilton, whose service record shows he was absent without official leave for most of the war. It would appear that Doyle and Hilton had little in common but it's probable that they knew each other. |
Toad Watching
The Jersey toad (Bufo spinosus, known locally as the Crapaud) has an iconic status and was once a familiar sight in island ponds and waterways. Recently numbers have declined and so, since 2005, conservationists have been using toad sightings to create an island wide picture of the toad’s distribution, abundance and breeding patterns.
What do we know already -
Watch out for tadpoles
Now is the time of year you can witness tadpoles if your lucky enough to have pond in your garden or at school. We recently went pond dipping at D’Auvergne school where we found loads of tadpoles in the first stage of their development - without any legs.
Over time you get to see them change as they undergo metamorphosis, which is the process where they grow legs, absorb their tail and eventually turn into adult toads.
Did you know that when an animal undergoes metamorphosis their DNA doesn’t change even though they completely change their appearance. |
Step 3
Step 3: Group Formation
If the first contacts are made and all information is exchanged, the group formation can be started, thereby initiating the eventual allocation of tasks and agendas.
First of all each participation school needs to form its team of teachers. At this moment the number of participating pupils needs to be known.
The co-ordinating school should form a management team. Keep participating schools informed with up-to-date information on a regular basis.
Depending on the situation a general co-ordinator is chosen. Presumably the initiating school performs this task. In this way it will be clear from the beginning who’ll take the responsibility for the implementation. In a different situation, the group as a whole could select the general co-ordinator.
Finally each school has to select its contact, who’ll act as a focal point. All the information can be put in a table as follows. This table merely serves as a guideline of a format to get a clear picture of the group as a whole:
go to the next step » |
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Africa Speaks
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African Heritage in the Caribbean
Maureen Warner-Lewis Speaks
TriniView.com Reporters
March 13, 2007
Maureen Warner-Lewis
Maureen Warner-Lewis
Maureen Warner-Lewis, a professor of African-Caribbean languages and orature at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, lectured on "African Heritage in the Caribbean". This lecture, which took place at the National Library, Port of Spain on 7th March, 2007, was second in a four part series put on by the University of Trinidad and Tobago under the series titled "The Classical and the Contemporary". Professor Warner-Lewis provided much historical data linking several African retentions in the Caribbean with what exists on the African Continent. Some of her work that details these African connections and survivals are documented in some of her books including: Trinidad Yoruba, From Mother Tongue to Memory (1982); Guinea's Other Suns: The African Dynamic in Trinidad Culture (1991); and Central Africa in the Caribbean: Transcending Space, Transforming Culture (2003).
Professor Warner-Lewis began the lecture by explaining that our African heritage are the things that we inherited from Africa in the Diaspora that have remained a legacy in these parts.
She stated that the purpose of Africans being brought to the Caribbean by the Europeans was to procure their labour through slavery for agricultural work. They engaged in activities such as farming and animal rearing. Africans contributed centuries of unpaid labour to the Americas and labour after Emancipation was paid for, but according to Professor Warner-Lewis, was "paid for very pitifully." Plantation agriculture involved the growing of sugar cane, the preparation of the land, hoeing, weeding, cutting, the distillation of rum, the processing of the sugar cane, tobacco cultivation in some territories such as Cuba and Tobago (which the professor explained comes from the word tobacco), cocoa, coffee and other crops. Other activities that the enslaved Africans engaged in were the clearing of land, the felling of forests, the breaking of rocks, the construction of roads, bridges, forts, sugar works, aqueducts, windmills, lighthouses, slave quarters, the reclamation of land to build wharves and other infrastructural developments.
Subsistence farming was popular apart from their regular work on the fields. The enslaved Africans were allowed to grow and harvest some of their own food supply on their little plots near their huts. These plots of land usually existed on the periphery of the estates and they worked these plots on Saturday's or Sunday's. The excess produce/surplus was traded in markets which were usually conducted on Sunday. The tradition of Sunday markets continues in Trinidad. In essence it was the labour of the Africans that was largely responsible for the development of the Caribbean and of the Americas.
The role of women as market sellers/traders was also very noticeable in the era of enslavement and even in the post-slavery epoch which mimicked the scene in West Africa where the gender division of labour in markets is quite evident. Women sell certain type of crops such as vegetables and ground provisions and the men would sell what would be termed as 'male produce' such as yam. This gender division in the market place is still very noticeable in Jamaica although this is changing gradually.
Warner-Lewis also explained that Africans contributed to the growth of a small black middle class in the 19th century as traders and artisans. This group was comprised of people who were newspaper owners, editors, pharmacists and teachers (such as J.J. Thomas). Later on women joined in as nurses, teachers, postmistresses and other professions.
Maureen Warner-Lewis is also known for her extensive research in the African language presence in Trinidad. She told the gathering that she began this research in the late 1960's and 1970's and met with people who remembered their parents or grandparents who were from Africa. Many of them had informed her that their parents were cacao farmers, small sugar cane farmers and some owned their own sugar mills. Others were involved in the lucrative trade in cocoa and coffee beans which were sold to Portuguese traders by collectors. It was the growth of a landed middle class and then later on in the century, the establishment of black professionals through the education of subsequent generations that lead to the development of a small black middle class in the 19th century. A popular trend was for some agricultural landowners to also work for the government.
In terms of foods, the heritage of foods included yam, dasheen, eddoes, bananas, plantain, ochro and ackee (in Jamaica). Quickly making the comparison, Professor Warner-Lewis pointed out that in the Dahomey and eastern Ghana regions, ackee was/is eaten with meat, whereas in Jamaica it is largely eaten with saltfish. Other foods include: bene (sesame seeds) in bene balls, Guinea corn or sorghum (popular in Barbados and Curacao), maize (especially in cornmeal foods such as kuku, oil down in Trinidad and Tobago, or rundown in Jamaica) stewed beans and pounded foods such as yam, cassava, breadfruit and ackra.
Language is another important retention that is evident throughout the Caribbean. Some of these language similarities exist in our creole expressions such as 'door mouth' which is a very West African way to express a door entrance and 'day clean' which expresses the dawn or the first light of day. In a number of West African languages the word for day is near to the word for face, so the expression of 'day clean' gives the metaphoric image of the light of the sun cleaning the face of the world. The game 'warri' which originated in the Gold Coast and which is very popular in Antigua, still carries its original West African name. 'Susu', which is from the Yoruba word, 'esusu' is both an African language retention and economic banking system where there is a rotation of funds pooled by various persons to a central banker to be shared on an agreed upon time. The person who draws a hand gets a certain lump sum of money which can be used for all sorts of things.
'You all' or 'all yuh' is a very creole expression which is derived from our West African language heritage that makes clear distinction between the singular and the plural and that is expressed in the "all you". In standard English 'you' means second person singular and second person plural so that the 'all' is understood and is not necessarily expressed verbally. Also, West African language does not make a distinction between the pronoun for he and the pronoun for she. This has remained in the French patois/creole language where one pronoun, 'e', is used for he or she.
Some other words that have remained with the Africans in the Caribbean include: 'mumu' (which in several West African languages means dumb with its correlative 'stupid'), 'bubu' (from Central Africa which refers to matter in the eye), 'nansi' (as in Nansi story) and 'anansi' (the folkloric spider), 'jumbie' (from Angola meaning a ghost or a ghostly entity that returns from the dead), 'tolum' (from Congo which means to pull out teeth or to drag one's self), 'lahay' (which comes from the Congo word 'laha' which means to be seated begging for money or in Trinidad, 'worthless'), kongorie (creature that resembles a worm but crawls on multiple legs on its underbelly), maribole (yellow wasp), 'god horse' which is a translation of a Yoruba phrase referring to the praying mantis and 'locho' (Congo word "meanness"), 'tabanka' which means to sell out completely or to go completely overboard refers to an extreme feeling of sadness usually after a breakup in Trinidad parlance, 'kaiso' (Ibibio which means 'well-done') and 'dwen' or 'douyen' which refers to the soul of a child who has died in West Africa and in Trinidad, a child who has died before having been received into the Christian church.
Grammar, which Warner-Lewis insists is not about the 'accuracy' of language but rather the sequence of words in a sentence, also has taken some pattern from Africa. According to the professor, with language in the Caribbean, sometimes called creole, the use of the subject is usually followed by the adjective, for example 'he sick', 'I late', 'he late'. In other words, what is being described follows immediately on the subject without any apparent use of a verb intervening. The descriptive word in this regard, functions as a verb. In the Caribbean we have borrowed this West African construction for the noun subject and then the descriptive word that functions as a verb.
Another West African formulation is 'is late he late' which means 'he's really late' or 'is mad he mad' meaning he is very mad or crazy. The extra late or mad which functions as an adjective in English, functions as a verb in the creole languages. In the sentence, "I done eat" the verb suggests the completion of the action and the repetition of 'good' in "it good, good" implies the degree of goodness. In standard English very or really would indicate the degree of goodness.
Idioms such as the idea of being stubborn expressed by the ears being blocked in many West African languages, "stick break in your ears" is a common figure of speech in our creole language. "Cold have me" is another way of expressing that you are suffering or that the cold 'has held you' which is a common African expression. "I is people too," meaning that the person should be respected because he/she is a person too. "You stay there" meaning you believe the thing is to your own detriment or ignorance. These are all examples of idioms that exist in the Caribbean.
In terms of folktales, Anansi stories, mainly from West and Central Africa are still very popular; characters such as tortoise, hare, spider, dwen/douyen and socouyant (from the Fula/Fulani people in West Africa and the Soninke people of the Savannah Belt) have been admired by many generations in the Caribbean and the Americas.
Musical instruments were another part of our African legacy that Warner-Lewis touched on. The shapes and construction of drums have been retained, the use of percussion instruments such as the tamboo bamboo (ntambu which the word tamboo evolved from is a Congolese word for drum) and hitting sticks on a piece of material as in the bottle and spoon tradition in Trinidad.
The 'sansa' or the thumb piano is another instrument that was brought from Africa to the Caribbean. It was played in Trinidad earlier on in our history but is not played here any more or at least not publicly. Versions of the sansa appear in Jamaica and Cuba as the rumba box. Other instruments include the 'benta' which is played in Curacao and Jamaica, the cocolute in Grenada which is a version of the 'berimbau' used in Brazilian capoeira, bamboo horns as in Haiti and also in Jamaica and the use of calabashes in nets with buttons which makes a clattering sound.
The morphology of the Steelpan and the Steel orchestra also has continental African influences. Although there was no Steelband in Africa, Warner-Lewis explained that the trend of using the same family of instruments to comprise a band is very common in Africa. There are orchestras made out of cow or elephant horns, drums where some drums play higher tones, some medium tones and some lower tones which is in keeping with West African languages which are tonal, xylophone orchestras which follows the same premise of varying tones and other such instruments. She noted that there are also great similarities in tones and methodology of the pan and the xylophone. The xylophone (in its treble ranges) is very similar to the treble sounds made in the first pan/treble pan of the Steelpan and this idea could have been considered during the early construction of the Steelpan.
Also similar to the Steelpan orchestra is that in West Africa, the main body of music starts only after the 'gong-gongs' or the metal part of the orchestra begins. In some places they use cow horns which they hit with sticks. In the Steelband, a car wheel steel rim beaten with a straight piece of steel rod is the percussive instrument to lead the band. Warner-Lewis then showed the gathering a slide showing an East African man playing the xylophone who first explained his family history before playing the instrument. The professor explained that stating their family history before introducing themselves is a very African habit which is still done today. The xylophonist hit the xylophone with a straight stick with a padded end so the sound was somewhat muted for a softer effect. The stick that strikes the Steelpan instrument also mimics this.
African religious survivals are also another element that exists in the Caribbean and in the Americas. The importance attached to dreams and people believing that spirits (especially of their deceased relatives) talking to them is an African way of relating to the world. The concepts behind obeah and the use of charms and amulets has also been transplanted into the Caribbean. According to Professor Warner-Lewis, obeah is related to the belief that some people can arrange to have done on their behalf, the exorcising of greater psychological or spiritual force over another person who does not possess that same intensity of spiritual energy.
The maintenance of rights for dead family members is also very common. Relatives of the deceased feel an obligation to celebrate their dead ancestors annually and feel that if they don't they would become ill or that they would lack good fortune. Rights such as the 'saraka' in Trinidad, Grenada and Curacao; the nation dance in Curacao; the 'cumena' in Jamaica which comes from the Congolese verb 'camama' (which is to feel obligated to carry out a ritual or responsibility), the 'etu' which is from the word 'etutu' practiced in Jamaica; and the 'Kele' which is practiced in St. Lucia where they offer unsalted food to the deceased. A remnant of this can be seen in the Rastafarian tradition where they believe that the use of salt in food will lessen their spiritual energy.
Danced religious festivals to honour nature deities and community ancestors is also very evident in the Orisha religion in Trinidad and Cuba (Regla de Ocha), 'Winte' in Surinam, 'Cumfa' in Guyana, 'Vududu' in Trinidad among the descendants of the Rada people and 'Voodoo' in Haiti. During these religious festivals there are religious sacrifice and spiritual possession by the deities that are being invoked.
Lastly, Professor Maureen Warner-Lewis spoke about the masquerade tradition in the Caribbean. The tradition of 'camboule' which she insists is not a French word, comes from the Congolese word, 'cambula' meaning a parade or procession usually accompanied by call and response, singing and percussion. In Trinidad Carnival, the 'pretty mas' comes from a French and European tradition, but the 'street' aspect of Carnival is African in origin. In the masquerade, spirits are hidden behind the mas wearing shredded banana trash, frayed rope or multi-colored strips of cloth, which in a brief clip that she showed is common in Africa. In fact, in Chinua Achene's "Things Fall Apart" he mentioned the importance of the 'egwuwu' or masked spirits in Igbo rituals. Moko jumbies are also common in various parts of West Africa and are popular here in Trinidad; dabbing the body with paint, or mud, like the blue devils is also popular in J'ouvert mas which is a carry over from Africa; and dangerous spirits being restrained by chains as in blue devil or dragon mas is also a transplant from the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The slide that Warner-Lewis provided showed masqueraders from Igbo/Ibo country carrying whips and whipping each other which is reminiscent of our jab jabs.
After the hour-long lecture, Professor Warner-Lewis invited the members of the audience to participate in a brief question and answer session. One audience member asked about the importance of griots as transmitters of African history through the oral tradition. Warner-Lewis attested to this fact and stated that in the Caribbean, some of our African history was retained, although informally, via this method. Some of our tales and legends also had with them, pieces of our African cultural history.
Another question was asked requesting her to link the details of her lecture to the situation in Trinidad and Tobago where some individuals see themselves as African and some as Indians. Warner-Lewis expressed that there is no race because we are all human beings and the same blood runs through our veins. She went on to explain that there are different ethnicities that exist that may separate humans into groups based on cultural differences but we here in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean must recognize our similarities rather on our differences. Despite the fact that some in the audience seemed pleased with her response, others were in total disagreement with her ideas as they pertained to race, ethnicity and nationality.
Overall, Professor Maureen Warner-Lewis provided the audience with an informative lecture, though some of her views could be debated.
Trinidad Yoruba: From Mother Tongue To Memory by: Maureen Warner-Lewis
Guinea's Other Suns: The African Dynamic in Trinidad Culture by Maureen Warner-Lewis
Central Africa in the Caribbean: Transcending Time, Transforming Cultures by Maureen Warner-Lewis |
The aftermath of refugees arriving by boat along the coast of Greece
Adelina Fontes is currently stationed in Camp Moria as a volunteer in the island of Lesbos, Greece. Prior to the refugee crisis, Lesbos was a popular tourist spot for it's beautiful beaches. Today the hotels are still fully booked, but instead of fanny pack ridden tourists, it's filled with refugees who've traveled for hours by boat and bus in the hopes of starting a new life across Europe.
Adelina Fontes (L) and another volunteer in Camp Moria
Adelina Fontes (L) and another volunteer in Camp Moria
The term refugees is a broad one, and surrounds more than just the Syrians. The current refugee epidemic categorizes Syrians, Afghans and Iraqis as "Priority Refugees". In Camp Moria, they are the only ones able to get paperwork to enter Europe.
Economic migrants such as Moroccans, Pakistanis, Algerians and others escaping economic turmoil are caught in limbo on the island. Unable to get paperwork to enter Europe, migrants pretend to be Syrian, but are usually caught by Frontex, the European Union's border patrol.
One of the most notable branches of NGOs (non govenmental organization) on the ground is the UNHCR (United Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees). In Greece, every single refugee must go through the UNHCR in order to get paperwork to continue their trip. Over 1,000 refugees are stationed at the UNHCR at any given time, but resources and workers are limited. Food is provided once a day through organizations like "Good Samaritan" and "Save the Children". Workers have limited hours despite the amount of people arriving on shore at night and only recently did they get a 24 hour medic.
"They don't have enough supplies for the refugees...sometimes we have to sneak food and dry clothes under the fence to them"
Refugees are expected to wait in wet clothes for hours, even days. Two children died last week from Hypothermia while waiting on line. Hypothermia is the leading cause of death amongst refugees in the camps. Private organizations and volunteers outside of the compound fill the holes that NGOs like the UNHCR can't cover. Independent volunteers like Adelina feed, dress and prepare hundreds of people a day before they make their trek across Europe. Out of a whopping 28 countries within the European Union, only Germany and Austria currently have open doors for refugees.
It's Winter in Greece.
On the ground, volunteers are running out of men's shoes and refugees must wear socks with warming blankets tucked inside. The smell of wet clothes, un showered bodies, vomiting refugees and baby diapers permeate the air. Over 1,000 people stay within the UNHCR compound. When they run out of space, private volunteers set up tents outside of the compound for families to stay in. Economic migrants have stayed here for weeks in political limbo for a lack of better options. They can be fined up to $10,000USD for sneaking into another country.
"We have to tell people to lie and say they are going to Germany or else they'll be forced to turn around"
From Camp Moria, refugees must either take a cab or bus to the port in Mitilene. Sometimes taxis increase their rates so much that refugees walk over an hour to the port. With the Greek economy in turmoil, strikes happen frequently and refugees are left in the dust. As of January 28th, ferries are on strike until Sunday, January 31st. Only 3 ferries will leave to Athens that day. From Athens, bus routes generally take refugees to Macedonia, where they will show paperwork to make their way to Germany or Austria.
Before getting to Camp Moria, refugees must hire a smuggler in Turkey to take them across the water to Greece. Last year over 600,000 people people entered Europe from Turkey's point of entry. A small number compared to the 2.2 million Syrians, 300,000 Iraqis and 50,000 Afghans who are currently living in Turkey trying to make a new home for themselves. The number continues to grow. Last year Turkey was offered over $3.48 billion USD to tighten us security on it's shores and mitigate the refugee situation. In return, Turkish citizens would have visa free travel to Schengen countries and a deal to join the EU.
What does tightening up security in Turkey mean?
It means the demand for a boat goes up. Refugees pay approximately $1,000 Euros per person for the trip to Greece. These plastic raft like boats are overpacked (sometimes with over 60 people in a boat made for 30) and sent off to sea in the dead of night to escape getting caught by border patrol. Smugglers send off these boats on their own sometimes, choosing one of the refugees on the boat to man the ship. Last week alone, two boats capsized, 43 people, 17 of which were children, drowned. It seems refugees are paying more to die than to live.
"There was a boat last week where the adults were up to their necks in water, and they were literally holding up babies above their heads for hours"
Last week five volunteers of Humanity First and Prem Aid were arrested after they rescued refugees from a sinking boat. They were accused of "human smuggling" and now face up to four years in prison. One of the members, Salam was ordered to pay 10,000 Euros to make bail. This is a situation where harsh politics are thrown around in place of drawing humanity from one another.
Over 3500 refugees died crossing the waters in 2015.
Last week Denmark announced they would start confiscating money and jewels from refugees to pay for their stay. Chinese artist Ai Wei Wei shut down his exhibition in Denmark over the Danish laws regarding the refugee status. The EU is in talks to set up concentration camps for refugees in Greece. Sweden is considering expelling over 80,000 refugees this year.
Since 2012, the US has only received 2,000 refugees. This year, President Obama vowed to take in 10,000 refugees. Canada has opted to take in 25,000 refugees. Australia has vowed to take in 12,000 refugees.
Compare these numbers with some of the other European countries. Germany, one of the only countries with it's doors still open granted 44,910 refugees last year and registered 240,000; expecting more than a million this year. Lebanon has 1.2 million refugees. Turkey, as mentioned earlier has 2.2 million.
The European Union has been criticized for it's mishandling of the refugees.
The only way we can help is to educate ourselves and keep the conversation going. No solution can be found if no one is talking about the problem. One of the reasons for the backlash in the US for accepting refugees is the fear that many Syrian refugees may be "terrorists" or ISIS sympathizers. This is ignorance. They are being accused of what they are running away from. Maybe if people realized that these refugees are not terrorists, that there is room to help, that we could open the doors a little more.
"Either we rebuild Syria or we start spreading the influx of refugees across the globe and not just Europe."
The conflict in Syria will only continue, and pretty soon Germany and Austria will have to close their doors too as they hit oversaturation. The refugees will be landlocked in Greece and Turkey. Turkey, with it's precarious history with the Kurds is another recipe for disaster. The Kurds have been persecuted for years, even as recently as 1993. The question remains, how will refugees be treated in Turkey and other countries when they are no longer wanted?
We need the rest of the world to step in and accept refugees so that it's not just on a few countries that are handling the breadth of people. Besides reaching out to your government, you can also donate money and clothing to volunteer organizations on the ground. It also helps to use a little perspective and consider if you were in their place. You can also start your own donation group
I'm collecting warm winter clothing and shoes in the NYC area this week to send to Adelina in Greece. She has selflessly taken off from work and flew over 4,000 miles to volunteer to help the #Syrian #refugees in Greece. I will be sending out two shipments - one by this Friday 1/29, one by next Wednesday 2/3. If you have donations let me know and I will come meet you to grab them! Email me at chau@chaufornow.com or message me here. Feel free to share and repost.
The refugees urgently need:
- Warm Winter Jackets (in all sizes)
- Socks, folded together (in all sizes)
- Waterproof walking shoes sizes 39 - 43, tied together
- Sweat pants/trousers for men in sizes S/M and warm leggings for women
To send clothing and supplies:
PIPKA CAMP, Neapoli, Mitilene 81100, Greece
Contact: info@lesvossolidarity.org
To donate to Adelina:
To follow Adelina's day by day accounts on the ground:
To donate to STARFISH FOUNDATION- Help for Refugees in Molyvos
Should you prefer to send us a donation so we can buy needed items on Lesvos and support the local community?
Your gift is most welcome!
For donations in Greece:
National bank account number: 407/001155-00
Name of account holder: AΣΤΕΡΙΑΣ (or ASTERIAS)
Name of bank: National Bank of Greece
Bank place: Mithymna
For international bank transfers:
IBAN: GR4001104070000040700115500 |
8 Common Food Misconceptions
Every day we struggle with our food choices. Our busy schedule demands more time, thus we tend to buy food that is just conveniently available in the market, without considering its nutritional value. However, a lot of today’s media is spreading health awareness to the mass. Consequently, more people became health conscious and became more selective with their food. However, sometimes the information that we receive is deceiving. Here are the eight common food misconceptions:
1. Eggs are bad for you. The yellow part of the egg contains fat and cholesterol which contributes to clogged arteries and heart attacks. But when consumed in moderation, egg white is actually good for your health. It contains choline (which helps in brain function), vitamin D and lutein, among other nutrients.
2. Low-fat/fat-free food is healthier. Fat is one of the key flavor components of most food. Hence, products that claim to be low-fat could be loaded with sugar and additives to improve their taste. Also, people tend to eat something when it’s low-fat/fat-free. Before buying food products, it is always wise to check the label.
3. Brown sugar is better than white sugar. It is believed that brown rice is healthier than the white variety because it is less processed than its counterpart. However, this is not true when we talk about sugar. The traces of the minerals found in brown sugar are very minimal. Thus, both varieties are relatively the same.
4. Food products that are labeled as organic are always healthy. The labels on the packaging of food products are deceiving. It may claim that it has natural or organic contents on it but, the its nutritional value is too low. Remember that it may still contain white flour and sugar, which are highly refined food components.
5. Energy drink is a great way to energize yourself. A bottle of energy drink contains higher caffeine than a cup of coffee. It also contains loads of calories which is not good for the health.
6. Carbohydrates make you fat. It actually depends on which source. Carbohydrates are used by the body as its main fuel. Those that are from plant sources are considered “good” as it contains fiber and nutrients. On the other hand, sugary food and refined products such as pasta and white bread has the “bad” carbohydrates. It is actually eating more calories that will contribute to your weight gain.
7. Healthy food options are expensive. This is not true. Healthy food options do not require spending a lot of money. Affordable fruits and vegetables are available everywhere. Though organic choices cost more, they are actually an investment to your health.
8. Fresh fruits are better than its frozen counterpart. Frozen fruits have as much nutrients as fresh fruits have. Freezing locks the nutrients up until it is defrosted.
Alkaline Water Ionizer Purchasing Guide
If you live in an area in Singapore where tap water tends to be more acidic than usual, then it might be a wise idea to purchase an alkaline water ionizer to stabilize the water’s pH level. However, shopping for an alkaline water ioniser machine is no easy task as there are a lot of misinformation involved, as well as a lot of scams. To help keep you from getting tricked by scammers, here are some of the key features you need to check out in a water ionizer, as well as some scams you may very well avoid.
Key Factors to Look Out For
• Water Filters
There are several machines that have dual or single water filter systems. These filters are used to remove any impurities from regular water. A machine with a single filtration system could be a good choice if your water is already relatively pure, while a unit with a double filter system would be ideal if the water quality is really bad. The filter’s cost of replacement and longevity of use are the other factors to consider, since it could impact the money and time it would take to maintain your alkaline water ionizer.
• Plates
Aside from the filtration system, the machine’s plates are also one of the key features you should closely look out for. There are three types of plates that are often used in water ionizers, namely the mesh, slotted and flat and solid plates. Solid and flat plates are more durable and easier to clean, while the slotted and mesh plates are lighter-weight and cheaper. The only problem with these types of plates is that they will not provide with lasting benefits of alkaline water. Opting for the solid plates, on the other hand, may increase the life of your chosen filtration system.
Also, note that the more plates you have in your machine, the more powerful your alkaline water ionizer also becomes. You could use up to seven plates to fully optimize its water production and filtration power.
• ORP or pH Range
A quality water ionizing machine is capable of providing both acidic and alkalized water, while producing a relatively high negative oxygen reduction potential (ORP) value. Alkaline water ideal for drinking typically has a pH level of seven and up. If possible, opt for a water ionizing machine when you get alkaline water in Singapore that allows you to choose your pH value based on how you will use the water, such as for cleaning, cooking or drinking.
Other than its pH range, do opt for a machine capable of measuring the water’s ORP. Fluids with a higher negative ORP number are more efficient at reducing free radicals, which causes cell damage and speeds up one’s aging process. With that in mind, ensure that you look for a unit with a pH range of about four to 11 with at least a negative 800 ORP when choosing an alkaline water ioniser machine.
• Company’s Reputation
Surely, you would want to purchase from a company you trust, especially if you are purchasing a product that could help improve your health. Some of the things that you can check to verify if you are dealing with a reputable company in Singapore is the provider’s factory compliance testing, their warranty on products repairs and defects, their product quality certifications, company associations, and their customer service ratings.
• Warranty
When you are searching for an alkaline water ionizer, you will realize that most of them come with lengthy warranties. So if possible, opt for a water ionizing machine that has this type of warranty to ensure that your investment will be protected for a longer period of time. Although this shouldn’t be the only factor that you need to consider, it would be wise to put a huge emphasis on the product’s warranty.
Alkaline Water Ionizer Scams to Avoid
• Paying for More Plates
You will often see machines that are for sale that has nine or 11 plates. You could even pay surplus for these plates, but they may not really do any good. This is why five- or seven-plate models are the most ideal option. A five-plate model can already function effectively, but if you could afford to pay more, then opt for a seven-plate model instead. It will provide you the clean and safe alkaline water that you and your family needs.
• Claims About Titanium and Platinum Poisoning
These scare tactics are often designed to convince you to purchase expensive products that contain medical-grade materials that you don’t really need. Truth is, no platinum and titanium poisoning from water ionizers have been reported, which makes this statement a complete nonsense.
• Use of “Safe” Containers
Some alkaline water ionizer companies claim that their products are safer just because they are made with “FDA-approved” containers. But the truth is, all water filtration systems are made with FDA-approved materials. Also, even with an FDA approval, chemicals such as BPA that usually comes from plastic may contaminate the water. So instead of opting for an FDA-approved container, choose a machine made of BPA-free plastic.
• Dump and Run Water Ionizing Companies
One of all too the common scams in the water filtration industry is companies purchasing low quality water ionizers, putting their names on it, and then selling it to you at a huge mark-up. These companies usually undercut established brands in terms of price, sell several low quality filtration systems, and when a customer complains they just close their shop and disappear. To keep yourself from falling in this kind of trick, ensure that you only purchase your alkaline water ionizer from established companies Singapore.
Knowing what key features to look out for in an alkaline water ionizer – along with the scams you need to avoid – is one of the best way of ensuring that you purchased the right water filtration system. So be sure to keep these things in mind so you could make the most out of your investment.
Why Breakfast is Important
Some of us are too preoccupied in the morning preparing for work or school to bother with breakfast. For others, a cup of coffee seems enough to last until lunchtime. But eating breakfast is considered by doctors the most important meal of the day.
Your Body Needs to Recharge
The word breakfast means that you’re breaking the fasting period during the night. While you sleep, the body’s processes slow down but you still use up the energy you have stored in the day. Think of breakfast as your body’s way to recharge.
Your Brain Needs It
A whole day at the office demands a lot from our body especially our brains. Most of the energy your body converts is used up by this organ. If it doesn’t have enough glucose levels, you’ll feel like a zombie throughout the day. Don’t be surprised if you find it hard to concentrate and remember things.
It Affects Your Mood
Not only does it affect your performance, but your mood as well. “Hangry” isn’t a myth. When your body lacks fuel, it looks for other sources it could convert to glucose for energy. A mind that can’t focus is more likely to make mistakes and become irritable. You wouldn’t want to ruin the rest of the day by snapping at a persistent co-worker.
Think of Your Weight
Skipping breakfast isn’t gonna make you slimmer. Even if you’re dieting, you’re not supposed to skip meals. Dieting just means cutting down on food, not avoiding meals altogether. Studies show that those who eat breakfast find it a lot easier to manage their weight.
You Need It if You’re Exercising
A cup of coffee or a bowl of cereals isn’t enough for your body to make up for low levels of glucose when you wake up. If you exercise regularly, your body needs fuel to function efficiently. You don’t need to opt for sugary meals because there are alternatives that taste just as good as cereals.
Kids Need it Most
A growing child needs a lot of energy to perform and grow. Proper and timely meals, including a healthy breakfast, will help them focus at school. It’s also a great way to avoid eating too much junk food. Kids can be picky though, so breakfast should consist of different healthy but tasty choices.
Think of Long-Term Effects
You may not feel anything now while you’re in your 20s, but skipping breakfast regularly can lead to obesity, heart diseases, diabetes and hypertension. Why? Well, your body will later want to compensate for the lack of fuel first thing in the morning. You’re more likely to binge-eat during lunchtime and dinner.
A Good Way to Start the Day
Eating meals together with the family will help kids develop good eating habits. Breakfast shouldn’t be different from family dinners. You can start your day better while talking to your parents and siblings. It’s good not just for everyone’s health but it aknenarben entfernen creates a healthy living atmosphere.
Biting Off More than You Can Chew
The Best and Worst Foods for Your Dental Health
Getting whiter teeth may seem like the most common issue when it comes to dental care but this does not mean that we should neglect overall good dental health. For healthy teeth and gums, dentists always advise us to brush and floss regularly, and also to always have regular dental visits.
Experts also stress on the importance of our food and drinks choices when it comes to maintaining stronger and healthier teeth. Of course it goes without saying that sugary and staining foods and drinks should be kept to a minimum. However, there are also other foods and drinks that are ruining our teeth below detection.
Worst of the Bunch
• Citrus
Citrus fruits rich in vitamin C such as lemon, orange, grapefruit and lime are crowd favorites. Unfortunately, while these fruits may be great for your diet, they are also highly acidic. Eating fruits or even drinking citrus-fruits infused water daily will make you at risk of tooth problems due to enamel erosion. As the enamel erosion worsens, the more sensitive and more prone to damage our teeth gets. Fight these negative effects by instantly drinking water immediately after consuming citrus fruits and making sure that you wait for at least 30 minutes before brushing your teeth.
• Wine
Another healthy beverage, red wine contributes in keeping your heart healthy and happy. As a side effect though, you may experience a bit of staining from red wine and even the safer white wine. The fruit acids present in wine also contribute in enamel corrosion.
• Dried fruits
We see dried fruits as a healthy alternative to candy. When it comes to dental health, the negative effects outweigh the positive ones. Since dried fruits do not have water, you are left with eating something with concentrated amount of sugar. Its chewy and sticky texture makes it possible for bacteria to be trapped in between the teeth.
Best of the Best
• Water
Water, in its purest form, is good for your dental health. It rinses away bacteria, sugars and another nasty substances stuck in your mouth and in between teeth. Water with fluoride helps in protecting the teeth against erosion. Most tap waters in the country today contain fluoride.
• Dairy
As our parents always tell us when we were young, drinking milk helps in producing stronger bones and teeth. And since milk is the number one dietary source of calcium, it is no surprise that eating or drinking something with dairy helps strengthen and repair teeth.
• Leafy vegetables
Leafy greens are high in fiber and require quite a lot of chewing. Chewing helps produce saliva in the mouth in order for cleaning and the neutralizing of acids.
• Sugar-free gum
Hewing on sugarless gum, instead of those with sugar, will clean up acid and bacteria from between teeth. When you’re stuck outside and can’t brush your teeth after a meal, pop a piece of sugar-free gum to clean up any trapped food particles in your mouth and between teeth.
Reasons Why Junk Foods are Exceedingly Popular
The big question is: if junk foods are bad for the health, then why is it exceedingly popular here in Singapore and around the world? The thought that it is bad for the health should be enough to scare people and not touch it but we all know too well that junk foods are too pleasurable to deny it.
Junk foods refer to stuffs that we consume that has little to no nutritional value. The ingredients are bad for the health. Junk foods include candy, soft drinks, burgers, fries, hotdogs, cookies and chips. The question still remains – why is it popular? Here are some reasons behind it popularity:
Junk foods are cheap
Restaurants are famous to serve junk foods but despite the fact, you still find many people eating there. The obvious reason is that junk foods are cheap. You can eat at restaurants several times a week and do not see yourself broke at the end of the day because of its price.
Junk foods are readily available
Aside from its cheapness, junk foods are readily available. Vending machines for example are everywhere. You see convenience stores every corner. It takes time and effort to prepare a healthy meal but for junk foods, eating is easier and more convenient.
Junk foods are delectably complicated
Junk foods offer a burst of complicated flavor at the same time. For example, one moment it is sweet and then next salty. Savouring complicated flavors is preferred by many people.
While it is true that many Singaporeans are delighted with junk foods, it is time that we abandon it. If it is so hard to resist, maybe there is nothing wrong with a little. |
cereal crops
Cereal crops are annual plants of the grass family including wheat, rice, corn, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and rye. Their grain forms the staple diet for most of the world. Though lacking in calcium and vitamin A, they have more carbohydrate than any other food, as well as protein and other vitamins. Cereal crops are relatively easy to cultivate and can cope with a wide range of climates. |
Fertilizers can’t do the whole job of keeping your lawn healthy and beautiful because they can’t raise the pH of acidic soil. Poor lawns are often the result of acidic soil. Lime is an excellent way to correct low soil pH. Fall is the best time for liming your lawn because the soil expands and contracts as the temperature fluctuates during the winter months. This motion works the lime into the soil. Also, the increase of moisture during the fall and winter helps “percolate” the ground and coats the soil with lime particles.
Lime comes in three forms: pulverized, which is a fast-acting powder recommended for the garden; granular, which is sugar-textured and dust-free; and pelletized, which is fast-acting and dust free. Granular and pelletized forms can be applied to the lawn with a drop or rotary spreader. Application rates for the different types of soil are listed right on the back of the product bag. Generally, fifty pounds of lime per thousand square feet will raise the pH ½ of a point.
How do soils become acidic? Over the years, calcium and magnesium, the alkaline components in the soil, become replaced by hydrogen and are lost in drainage water. Also, while nitrogen is essential for good growth of grass, heavy applications make the soil more acidic. Not only does lime correct the acidity of the soul by reducing the toxic amounts of aluminum, manganese and iron, but it also supplies calcium and magnesium, which are essential for plant growth. Other benefits of applying lime include less leaching of potassium, making phosphorus more available and speeding the decomposition of organic matter in the soil for reuse by the plant.
How can you find out if your soil is too acidic? Bring in a soil sample, ½ cup taken from a depth of 6 inches, for a free pH test or, for a complete analysis of your soil, contact your county agent for a Soil Test Kit. |
Using the Lauterbach debugger
A typical use case is to implement a new feature in the IDE and build the executable file. After the Lauterbach launch configuration starts, through a PRACTICE script, the executable file is downloaded to the target.
The program is then started and debugged inside the Lauterbach debugger. When an error is detected and its location identified, you can right-click in any window with source code and select Edit source to return to the IDE. The IDE opens the requested file and positions the cursor on the correct line.
After you correct the error, you can set a breakpoint at the same location from the IDE. The breakpoint is communicated to the Lauterbach debugger. After you rebuild, reload, and restart the program, the processor then stops at the new breakpoint.
As with IDE projects, all source code needs to be organized within projects. If a source file isn't part of a project, the Eclipse plugin can't communicate breakpoints or provide the required functionality.
If you need to change the IP address, add a static arp entry on the Windows host:
arp -s ip-addr 00-C0-8A-80-42-23
And edit the NODE=ip-addr line in config.t32 before running t32w95.exe.
To obtain basic access, run these commands:
Programming flash example
FLASH.Create 1. 0xFF800000--0xFF80FFFF 0x02000 AM29LV100B Byte
FLASH.Create 1. 0xFF810000--0xFFFEFFFF 0x10000 AM29LV100B Byte
FLASH.Create 1. 0xFFFF0000--0xFFFFFFFF 0x02000 AM29LV100B Byte
flash.erase 0xfff00000--0xfff1ffff
flash.program 1.
data.load h:\ipl.bin # SREC Format
PRACTICE startup scripts
The Lauterbach debugger software uses a startup script written in the Lauterbach scripting language, which is called PRACTICE. The software includes a few PRACTICE scripts to boot some boards in common use at QNX. The file called T32.CMM is available from:
;Default startup program for TRACE32
;This startup program can be modified according to your needs.
;choose hex mode for input
radix hex
;Add some extra buttons to the toolbar
toolitem "Source/List" "list" "Data.List"
toolitem "Memory Dump" "dump" "Data.dump"
toolitem "Register" "reg" "Register /SpotLight"
toolitem "Watch" ":var" "Var.Watch"
toolitem "Stack" ":varframe" "Var.Frame /l /c"
toolitem "Automatic Watch" ":varref" "Var.Ref"
toolitem "List Breakpoints" "break" "Break.List"
toolitem "List Symbols" "symbols" "sYmbol.Browse"
;Recall and Define History File
autostore , history |
Age-Related Cognitive Decline
A decline in memory and cognitive (thinking) function is considered by many authorities to be a normal consequence of aging.1 2 While age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) is therefore not considered a disease, authorities differ on whether ARCD is in part related to Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia3 or whether it is a distinct entity.4 5 People with ARCD experience deterioration in memory and learning, attention and concentration, thinking, use of language, and other mental functions.6 7
ARCD usually occurs gradually. Sudden cognitive decline is not a part of normal aging. When people develop an illness such as Alzheimer’s disease, mental deterioration usually happens quickly. In contrast, cognitive performance in elderly adults normally remains stable over many years, with only slight declines in short-term memory and reaction times.8
People sometimes believe they are having memory problems when there are no actual decreases in memory performance.9 Therefore, assessment of cognitive function requires specialized professional evaluation. Psychologists and psychiatrists employ sophisticated cognitive testing methods to detect and accurately measure the severity of cognitive decline.10 11 12 13 A qualified health professional should be consulted if memory impairment is suspected.
Some older people have greater memory and cognitive difficulties than do those undergoing normal aging, but their symptoms are not so severe as to justify a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Some of these people go on to develop Alzheimer’s disease; others do not. Authorities have suggested several terms for this middle category, including “mild cognitive impairment”14 and “mild neurocognitive disorder."15 Risk factors for ARCD include advancing age, female gender, prior heart attack, and heart failure.
Rating Nutritional Supplements Herbs
Vitamin B12 (for treating people with B12 deficiency only)
Vitamin B6
Huperzine A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit. |
Does Arrhythmia Need Treatment
Does Arrhythmia Need TreatmentArrhythmia is one of the common Cardiovascular Diseases. There are many reasons leading to arrhythmia. Does arrhythmia need treatment? Read on to learn more information.
Does arrhythmia belong to heart disease? Does arrhythmia need treatment?
For many laymen, the typical symptoms of heart disease are arrhythmia, then does it mean that arrhythmia is heart disease? Experts point out that heart disease has a wide range, arrhythmia is only a symptom, and serious arrhythmia does not exclude heart disease. Due to different age, time, duration and complications, it is suggested to go to see a doctor once arrhythmia appears.
Whether arrhythmia needs treatment or not depends on your medical conditions.
1. The speed of heartbeat
Heartbeat is to adjust the speed and intensity of its beating with the needs of the body. Not al abnormal heartbeats need to be treated. It is not necessary to treat the condition that the heart beats faster or slower, but does not affect the cardiac output. According to statistics, when the heart rate is no less than 40 times per minute or no more than 140 times per minute, it will increase the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. If the duration is longer, it is recommended to check in the hospital.
2. The duration of arrhythmia
For some people, it may be due to some reasons that the heartbeat in recent days is more severe, and breathing is also a bit difficult for patients. This arrhythmia mostly does not need treatment, but needs be observed for a period of time depending on the condition of the disease. If the arrhythmia is urgent and can not recover for a long time, and the attack is frequent, timely medical treatment is recommended.
3. Whether there are any complications.
Arrhythmia is a kind of symptom. If the symptoms are serious, it is often accompanied by other complications, such as dizziness, chest tightness, shortness of breath, limbs weakness, pale skin, sweating, even cramp, coma and so on. At this time, it is necessary to seek medical treatment in time to avoid some sudden diseases, especially middle-aged and elderly people.
4. Whether there is primary disease.
For patients with heart disease, hypertension and other diseases, when arrhythmia occurs again, the situation is urgent. If necessary, direct surgical treatment is needed. At that time, importance should be attached.
Arrhythmia has a great impact on the human body. Whether it needs treatment or not, it is recommended to refer to the doctor's advice, and to avoid relying too much on the understanding of network common sense. If it is due to premature beats and other reasons, it is necessary to further check whether it belongs to organic heart disease, which requires drug control of the heart rhythm. If the diagnosis is simple sinus arrhythmia, you should exclude cardiac diseases and other major diseases, see if there is uprush, subsidence, or writhing discomfort; or dizziness, panic, breathlessness and so on. Once these reactions occur, patients can improve their myocardial ischemia by moderate drug intake, coupled with adjusting their life patterns, not tired, not excited, not smoking, not drinking.
Finally, it reminds people with arrhythmia that they must combine work and rest, and pay attention to more rest and less physical work. Especially those who have undergone surgery should maintain a stable mood, avoid constipation and stopping medication so as to induce a recurrence of disease. For more information on cardiovascular disease, please leave a message below or contact online doctor.
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6 Effective Treatment Methods for IgA Nephropathy
6 Effective Treatment Methods for IgA NephropathyIgA Nephropathy is the most common chronic glomerulonephritis, which often presents gross hematuria after a cold. And it is also one of the main causes of uremia.
Causes of IgA Nephropathy
After infection of respiratory mucosa, gastrointestinal mucosa and genital mucosa, human body will produce a large number of glycosylated IgA1, which stimulates the abnormal immune system to form immune complexes. With blood circulation, they go into kidneys, inducing immune inflammation in the kidney. This is IgA Nephropathy.
IgA nephropathy caused by different infections has different severity of illness conditions. Some are asymptomatic hematuria, some are naked hematuria, some are mild albuminuria, some are massive albuminuria, some will be accompanied by hypertension, crescent formation, and eventually turn to uremia, some have no obvious symptoms throughout their lives. In a word, the difference is quite large. Hematuria with mild to moderate proteinuria is more common in clinic, and 40% of patients have hypertension.
If the urinary protein exceeds 3.5g/24h, or if there is gross hematuria or hypertension, it indicates that the disease will progress faster, and it often takes about 10-20 years to develop into uremia. If there is only a small amount of occult blood and urinary protein, the prognosis is generally better.
How should IgA Nephropathy be treated?
1. ACEI or ARBs
IgA nephropathy with hypertension often indicates poor prognosis and should be treated actively. ACEI or ARBs should be the first choice for treatment. They can also reduce urinary protein while lowering blood pressure.
In most patients with IgA nephropathy and elevated blood pressure, one antihypertensive drug is often ineffective and requires combination of calcium antagonists, diuretics and beta-blockers.
2. Chinese Medicine
IgA nephropathy has not yet been treated with specific drugs. For many patients, their proteinuria can not get complete remission after routine treatment. In such a case, Chinese Medicine Treatment can be used together. Patients can use Traditional Chinese Medicine after syndrome differentiation in large-scale Chinese medicine hospitals, which can improve marked efficiency.
3. Fish oil
The effect of fish oil is not clear, but its side effects are few. Some IgA nephropathy patients have decreased urinary protein after taking fish oil. After 3 months of ACEI or ARBs treatment, if 24-hour urinary protein level has not been reduced to less than 1 g, fish oil treatment may be considered. Generally, imported fish oil has higher purity and obvious efficiency. After taking, pay attention to monitoring urinary protein and serum creatinine to see if it is effective.
4. Steroids and immunosuppressants
If the 24-hour urinary protein of IgA nephropathy patients has not been reduced to less than 1 g after treatment with ACEI or ARBs and traditional Chinese medicine, it is necessary to consider the use of steroids (prednisone) and/or other immunosuppressive agents to inhibit renal inflammation and alleviate proteinuria.
IgA nephropathy is generally not too sensitive to steroids, and its side effects are large, so it is necessary to carefully grasp the indications. "Low-dose steroids + leflunomide" is often better than steroid alone, and its side effects are smaller and safer.
5. Tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy can alleviate clinical symptoms, reduce proteinuria and delay disease progression, but not all IgA nephropathy requires tonsillectomy, and its advantages and disadvantages need to be weighed. If frequent tonsillectomy infection causes IgA nephropathy recurrence, tonsillectomy may be performed.
6. Other treatments
Most IgA nephropathy patients have low immunity and need antibiotics after bacterial infection.
Patients with edema need diuretic treatment. Thiazide diuretics (such as hydrochlorothiazide tablets) or loop diuretics (furosemide) can be used.
Patients with elevated cholesterol may use statins (such as atorvastatin or simvastatin).
Some diuretics and lipid-lowering drugs also have the effect of reducing urinary protein.
In conclusion, IgA nephropathy generally does not progress very fast, but lack of specific drugs, and it is prone to renal failure if it can not be controlled well for long term. Most patients need standard comprehensive treatment and follow-up once a month to 3 months. To avoid renal failure and uremia, we should keep communication with doctors and adjust drugs in time during treatment. For more information on IgA Nephropathy, please leave a message below or contact online doctor.
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How AI* Can Help Patients Cope with Chronic Diseases like Allergies
*artificial intelligence
Meet Lawrence (photo filter: Deep Art Effects)
Red eyes, a runny nose, an itchy rash, shortness of breath, or swelling…. most of us have experienced these symptoms at least once. According to a Statista survey, around 20% of adults in the U.S. suffer from allergies. Moreover, more than 50 million Americans suffer from allergies each year.
Besides those statistics, there are also economic costs on society. The total annual cost is estimated to be around $24.8 billion for allergic rhinitis, $94.5 billion for asthma morbidity, and $10.8 billion for asthma mortality.
Having a disease obviously has a huge impact on one’s personal life and lifestyle. Recently I shared in a blog post my experience with my son and how I brutally realized that medicine operates a lot through a trial and error method.
The development of AI technology is a top priority in healthcare applications. It can bring value to physicians and patients in different aspects of disease management, from diagnosing allergies to cancer to heart disease.
For example, researchers at Stanford created a model for diagnosing skin cancer. With a database of 130,000 skin disease images, the algorithm is able to diagnose the potential for cancer. The final version of the prediction model was tested against 21 certified dermatologists and showed that it matched the performance of human professionals.
Consider another example of predicting the risk of heart attack: a model developed by experts from the University of Nottingham outperformed doctors in predicting which patients face the risk of a heart attack. The model predicted 7.6 percent more heart attacks compared to human doctors.
This is just the beginning of a widespread implementation of AI technology that is able to demonstrate astonishing predictive accuracy.
How the medical research program on allergies can help users cope with their disease?
The app was created to fully deliver on precision medicine using AI to provide insights and help assist in diseases management and prevention.The application of blockchain technology is designed to allow the decentralization of users’ data to ensure privacy and security.
Step by step we are implementing various medical research programs to help people cope with their diseases. We call these research programs data trials as described by our chief Science Officer Jeremy Howard in a recent blog post. Currently, we are running the first AI driven data trial: The program is called “Can AI predict your risks for allergies?” and aims to help people actively track and control their allergy disease and symptoms in order to lead a healthy lifestyle.
The current state of AI technology allows us to learn about a large amount of real-world data with relatively low computational cost. These advantages are applied to various domains, including healthcare, and are specifically beneficial for allergy research purposes. With this in mind, intends to fully utilize the advanced technologies towards the betterment of health management. has built an AI and machine learning platform which includes proprietary datasets and models to aid in the development of predictive models with other real-world data.
The app interface is designed to collect useful data to help build effective predictive models.
In the phenome section, AI technology uses selfies to predict biometric data, like weight, height, age, sex, etc. This information increases over time and with the improvement of the model are able to help users change their lifestyle).
In the exposome section, by entering your location and other geographical related data, our predictive model can help a user learn how their environment may influence their health.
The physiome section, the app collects information on daily activity from tracking devices, like Fitbit or Apple Health.
With a full set of data, the predictive model can provide patterns of disease and a user can better understand their behaviors, triggers in allergy symptoms, and their disease states thanks to convenient visualization.
In we are very sensitive to providing accurate information to our medical research users, healthcare providers, and patients. We thank all the participants for their input and strive to provide them with useful insights through a points system. By joining data trials, users can earn points for tracking their symptoms during the program. They can later turn points into valuable rewards (we will share more about the reward system later).
Meet Lawrence
Lawrence grew up in one of the most polluted cities in the US and has been suffering from allergies since childhood with a full list of typical allergy symptoms: from asthma attacks to hay fever to eczema and so on. A doctor once told him that in his case they had seen nearly everything on the scale of allergy symptoms. It’s not hard to imagine how limited and inconvenient this kind of lifestyle must be. With the goal of helping people like Lawrence, has developed a research program with the support of our advisors from Harvard Medical School.
Currently, is running a data trial that handles information about participant symptoms, lifestyle, and environmental conditions and provides insights on allergy patterns and helps patients become more mindful about their disease and how to improve their lifestyle to reduce unnecessary risks of perpetual symptoms. Our goal is to facilitate a platform for people with their healthcare management to improve their quality of life.
If you are suffering from an allergy and are tired of dealing with the symptoms and consequences, we invite you to join our medical research program, “Can AI predict your risks for allergies?”
Learn more, download the app here.
Sam De Brouwer, Cofounder, Chief Operating Officer |
Jedidiah Preble
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Captain Jedidiah Preble
Brigadier General Jedidiah Preble (born 1707, York Maine, d. 1784) was Captain of Infantry in Samuel Waldo’s Regiment, whom he brought land from and settled in Falmouth, Maine (present-day Portland, Maine).[1][2] He served in the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). He also fought in the Battle of Grand Pre (1747). He accompanied John Winslow on his expedition up the Kennebec River and participated with him the following year in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour (1755) where he was wounded.[3][4] He then participated in the Cape Sable Campaign. After the British took control of the Saint John River, they took control of the final river the Penobscot. Preble became commander at the newly built Fort Point (formally Fort Pownal) on the Penobscot River (1759).[5] He was also active in the American Revolution.
He was the father of Edward Preble, after whom Preble St. and Fort Preble are named. |
• picture
• picture
PRI's Environmental News Magazine
Bugling Signals Cultural Survival
Air Date: Week of
It's elk hunting season in the northern Rockies, but for Native Americans like the Crow people, the elk are more than prey. Reporter Mary Boyle spoke with Lawrence and Jennifer Flatlip, in Billings, Montana, about their daughter's special gift for calling elk, and what that means for their people.
CURWOOD: This time of year the shrill bugling of the bull elk echoes throughout the northern Rockies. It's mating time for these majestic animals. It's also a call to trophy hunters from around the world. Armed with high-powered rifles, they head into the wilderness in search of meat and magnificent antlers. But for some native peoples, the elk bugle is more than a call to hunt. Producer Mary Boyle has this sound portrait of Lawrence, Jennifer, and Lauren Flatlip, a Crow Indian family.
(Flowing water, a flute)
LAWRENCE: The elk was basically used by Native Americans all over the United States before Columbus and before the Spanish came. And for some of the families of the Absaloga were children of the raven or crow, whichever you prefer to call us. Some of the families basically hunted the elk. And it was a sacred animal, or a spirit animal.
JENNIFER: The elk is so powerful and so -- yet so versatile. We beckon its strength to come to our young men. For the Crow people it's part of our soul, it's part of our spirit, it's part of our lives. And so it becomes a real family tradition to hunt the elk, to kill it, but also to be mindful and to manage which elk is killed. And not to abuse the gift of killing the elk.
JENNIFER: Young men are like the mother's child. You are the mother's child. But they go on the hunt and they kill an elk and they come back and they have become the father son. And he takes on the role of going into emerging into adulthood, manhood. And he's leaving his boyish ways.
(Singing continues. Elk bugling by Lauren)
LAWRENCE: My great grandmother on my father's side and then on my mother's side, they bugled. They bugled for elk. They hunted elk and in my family as far as I can remember there was elk bugling all the way to the plains days. And when I was growing up, I thought everybody in the whole world knew how to bugle.
(Bugling by Lauren continues)
JENNIFER: The significance of the elk bugle itself is -- is the bull elk calling to the cow. It's a kind of a mating call. And Lauren, our daughter, has a necklace that's 5 generations old. And as she bugled she was given the elk tooth necklace. And through giving that necklace to her, she also has the right to bugle and she has the -- the elk is her medicine animal, her spirit animal. You think that spirit animals won't come any more, because we're living in 2 worlds. And we think that the elk and our heritage and our ways are -- are not connecting any more. But when Lauren bugled and she studied the elk, we were so -- so overwhelmed that our daughter, not as a warrior but as a young girl, could bugle, and have the same spirit connection to our heritage, to our ancestry, to our people the Crows.
(Bugling on flute)
LAUREN: When I first bugled, I felt scared, the first time. And then, and when I went up to the mountains, then I felt confident. And then I wore my elk tooth dress and had all elk teeth on the top of it. And my elk tooth necklace. And I felt like it was watching me, watching over me.
(Bugling by Lauren)
JENNIFER: And when she would bugle as a little girl, the men would weep. The women would cry. Because it made them say we are still alive as a Crow people. We are still going on in this world, and that the elk reminded us.
(Flowing water. Lauren bugles)
CURWOOD: Jennifer, Lauren, and Lawrence Flatlip live on the Crow Reservation in Pryor, Montana.
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Audio devices of AudioChain
The term audio device in the context of AudioChain means a simulation of a real hardware audio device as you would use in a sound recording studio. A real world recording studio may have a hardware mixer and several devices plugged into it, for example a reverberation, a compressor, a hard drive or tape recorder.
This way the AudioChain software comes with two types of audio devices:
The source audio device is a type, that produces audio data. While an audio track can only have one source audio device, it must have a source audio device to be useful in any way.
AudioChain comes with two noteworthy source audio devices: the recorder and the drum computer. The drum computer produces sounds by reading a pattern and by using some sample files. So this produces sound only. The recorder has the recording capability and "produces" any previously recorded audio data.
audio device chain
Multiple chainable audio devices can be added to a track and form a sequentially audio device chain. The devices can be minimized, disabled, removed and reordered via the up and down arrow buttons.
The number of chainable audio devices is not limited for an audio track. But be aware that each audio device uses computer resources and distorts the natural sound.
There are several chainable audio devices in the AudioChain software. For example: reverberation, compressor, equalizers, sample peak programme meter, volume, frequency analyzer.
Keep in mind: the best sound is you with your instrument and the correct microphone mix for recording. If this inital source audio data is bad, the use of audio devices won't improve the things. |
Assassin Bug – Zelus luridus
Assassin Bug – Zelus luridus
Family Reduviidae (Assassin Bugs) / Subfamily Harpactorinae
Live adult assassin bugs photographed in the wild at northern Illinois locations.
Assassin Bug - Zelus luridus
Reduviidae is a large cosmopolitan family of about 7000 species of predatory insects in the suborder Heteroptera. It includes assassin bugs (genera: Melanolestes, Platymeris, Pselliopus, Rasahus, Reduvius, Rhiginia, Sinea, Triatoma, and Zelus), wheel bugs, and thread-legged bugs (the subfamily Emesinae, including the genus Emesaya).
Adult assassin bugs range from 4-40 mm, with an elongated head and distinct narrowed neck, long legs, and a prominent, segmented tube for feeding (rostrum). The most distinctive feature of the family is that the tip of the rostrum fits into a groove in the prosternum, where it is rasped against ridges there (stridulitrum) to produce sound, a tactic often used to intimidate predators, rivals and attract mates.
Assassin bugs use their rostrum to inject a lethal saliva that liquefies the insides of the prey, which are then sucked out by means of a cybarial pump through another passage in the rostrum. The legs of some species are covered in tiny hairs that help them hold onto their prey while they feed. As nymphs, some species will cover and camouflage themselves with plant debris, or the remains of dead prey insects [1]. Some species have been known to feed on cockroaches or bedbugs (in the case of the masked hunter) and are regarded in many locations as beneficial. Some people breed them as pets and for insect control. Some assassin bug groups specialize on certain prey groups, such as ants (feather-legged bugs – Holoptilinae), termites, or diplopods (Ectrichodiinae).
Assassin Bug - Zelus luridus
NOTE – This species does not carry or transmit Chagas disease.
Reduviid bugs in the genus Triatoma, commonly called triatomine bugs, kissing bugs, or cone-nosed bugs, can carry the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease, also referred to as American trypanosomiasis. Triatomines are primarily nocturnal and feed on the blood of mammals (including humans), birds, and reptiles.
Chagas disease is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the disease in 1909. It is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors that are found only in the Americas. In the United States, Chagas disease is considered a Neglected Infection of Poverty (NIP), since it is found mostly in those with limited resources and limited access to medical care.
Infection is most commonly acquired through contact with the feces of an infected triatomine bug, but can also be passed from mother to baby, by contaminated blood products, organ transplants, or, rarely, through contaminated food or drink. [2]
Triatomine bugs are currently found over the lower 2/3rds of the U.S., including Hawaii. Their range is expanding rapidly due to climate change, and they can live indoors and in a variety of outdoor venues: in chicken coops, dog houses, in rodent nest or animal burrows; in rock or wood piles, beneath the bark of trees, or under concrete walkways and patios.
Kissing Bug range map
Triatomine bug range in United States [2]. Map courtesy CDC
Because most indoor structures in the United States are built with insect-resistent sealed entryways, triatomine bugs rarely infest indoor areas of houses. However, in areas of Latin America where human Chagas disease is an important public health problem, the bugs nest in cracks and holes of substandard housing, i.e. those with thatched roofs or mud walls.
Discovery of immature stages of the bug (wingless, smaller nymphs) indoors may be an indication of infestation; they are likely to be in one of the following settings: in pet bedding, areas of rodent infestation, and in bedrooms, especially under or near mattresses or night stands. In fact, the larvae of the assassin bug Reduvius personalis is one of the known predators of the human scourge, bed-bug Cimex lecticularis [1].
Transmission of Chagas disease from a bug to a human is not easy. The parasite that causes the disease is in the bug feces. The bug generally defecates on or near a person while it is feeding on his or her blood, generally when the person is sleeping. Transmission occurs when fecal material gets rubbed into the bite wound or into a mucous membrane (for example, the eye or mouth), and the parasite enters the body [2].
Romana's Sign
Romaña’s sign: Swelling of the eyelid is a marker of acute Chagas disease. The swelling is due to bug feces being accidentally rubbed into the eye, or because the bite wound was on the same side of the child’s face as the swelling. [3]
Image: CDC
It is important to note that not all triatomine bugs are infected with the parasite that causes Chagas disease. The likelihood of getting Chagas disease from a triatomine bug in the United States is low, even if the bug is infected [2].
This bug does NOT carry or transmit Chagas disease
1. James Rennie, Insect Architecture, Vol 2. pg. 165 “Structure of Larvae”
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Parasites – American Trypanosomiasis, or Chagas Disease”
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Suborder Auchenorrhyncha – Cicadas & Planthoppers
Suborder Sternorrhyncha – Aphids, scales, mealybugs, jumping plant lice |
Difference between revisions of "B.C."
From Conservapedia
Jump to: navigation, search
(clean up & uniformity)
m (See also: linked BCE and CE)
Line 7: Line 7:
* [[A.D.]]
* [[A.D.]]
*[[Anno Mundi]]
*[[Anno Mundi]]
*[[BCE and CE]]
Latest revision as of 16:19, 10 October 2018
B.C. literally means "before Christ" and is the dating mechanism used for older dates in human history. However, due to a miscalculation, the calendar start time does not correspond to the exact year of Jesus' birth, which actually occurred a few years earlier.
Firearms Term B.C.
See also
1. Boyd, Matthew J., "Basic Firearms Terminology Defined." Guns and Shooting Online - Chuck Hawks.com, 2012. Accessed February 19, 2015 |
The term isn't easily defined—and some say it could actually be problematic.
By Kasandra Brabaw
Updated January 04, 2019
When Lay’s potato chips challenged Americans with their slogan “betcha can’t eat just one!” in the 1960s, the company was making a pretty safe bet. Potato chips, like pizza, ice cream, and fries, make the list of the top 10 most “addictive” foods. We know that certain features of these foods, like being high in sugar and low in fiber—the kinds of foods that are designed to burn fast and taste really good—trigger your brain’s pleasure center and make it difficult to stop eating.
But when we say these foods are “addictive,” do we really mean it? Can you literally be addicted to food?
It’s a controversial question among researchers. “Food addiction is not universally recognized by medical professionals, but there are individual practitioners who believe, based on their view of current research, that it is a concept that has utility,” says Chevese Turner, chief policy and strategy officer for the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA).
Unlike alcoholism or addiction to narcotics, you won’t find food addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Yet, you will find programs akin to Alcoholics Anonymous that treat food addiction. Despite the addiction not being universally recognized in the medical community, there are people out there trying to “fix” it.
RELATED: 9 Ways to Help a Friend With an Eating Disorder
Unlike alcohol or narcotic addiction, though, trying to get treatment for food addiction could be dangerous. Eating disorder experts worry that a treatment plan that asks supposed food addicts to abstain from certain foods could encourage disordered eating. And, to be honest, the “symptoms” of food addiction, according to Food Addicts Anonymous, are a little questionable. The website asks: "Have you tried different diets or weight loss programs, but none has worked permanently? Do you eat in private so no one will see you? Do you avoid social interactions because you feel you do not look good enough or do not have the proper fitting clothes?"
It's easy enough to imagine just about any plus-size person who lives in the United States answering yes to these questions. “People who have drafted themselves into the anti-fat-person army feel comfortable and justified in judging fat people’s food choices. Whether they are shaming us for eating something that they don’t think we should be eating, or congratulating us for eating something of which they approve, fat people can find ourselves dealing with all kinds of inappropriate interactions involving food,” fat activist, Ragen Chastain, wrote in her blog Dances With Fat.
We live in a culture that polices food intake and shames and bullies people of a certain size. Does that mean that every plus-size person is actually a food addict? Of course not.
RELATED: 10 Body-Positivity Moments of 2018 That Were Major Wins for All Women
Other symptoms listed by Food Addicts Anonymous sound more legitimate. "Have you found yourself vomiting, using laxatives, diuretics, or exercising a lot to avoid a weight gain after you have eaten a lot?," the website asks. This kind of symptom certainly points to disordered eating, if not food addiction.
Perhaps the closest recognized eating disorder to food addiction is binge eating disorder. But BED and food addiction are not the same thing. “Food addiction is defined as causing a preoccupation with foods that provide intense pleasure and dopamine increases like drugs, alcohol, shopping, gambling,” Turner says. “While people with BED may binge on highly palatable foods, bingeing is only one part of the behaviors associated with the disorder and, therefore, treatment is complex.”
Often, people who binge also engage in restrictive behaviors like over-exercising and fasting, Turner says. People who have BED also tend to have depression, anxiety, PTSD, or other mood disorders. While treatment for food addiction typically calls for avoiding white flour, sugar, and other so-called “addictive” foods, treatment for BED is more involved. BED treatment tries to address underlying issues, including traumatic experiences and mental health, as well as decrease the urge to binge and restrict food. “Body image and acceptance are a big part of BED recovery as well,” Turner says.
In treatment for food addiction, restriction not only typically goes unaddressed, it’s encouraged, Turner says. While eating disorder experts agree that some foods are engineered to be as tasty and addictive as possible (like those Lay’s potato chips), many worry that the concept of food addiction could be more harmful than helpful.
If you are struggling with an eating disorder and are in need of support, call the National Eating Disorders Association Helpline at 1-800-931-2237. For a 24-hour crisis line, text “NEDA” to 741741.
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Hip abductors and pelvis shape.
"The shape of the human pelvis reflects the unique demands placed on the hip abductor muscles (gluteus medius and gluteus minimus), which stabilize the body in the frontal plane during bipedal locomotion. This morphological shift occurred early in hominin evolution, yet important shape differences between hominin species have led to significant disagreement about abductor function and locomotor capability in these extinct taxa." -Warrener
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2017 May;300(5):932-945. doi: 10.1002/ar.23558.
Hominin Hip Biomechanics: Changing Perspectives.
Warrener AG1,2. |
Tolerant and multicultural, Palmyra stood for everything Isis hates
Syria’s ancient city prospered by integrating migrants and allowing worship of many gods. It couldn’t be further from Isis’s monocultural savagery
A picture from 2009 shows a part of the ancient city of Palmyra.
‘Palmyra is not just a spectacular archaeological site, beautifully preserved, excavated and curated.’ Photograph: Christophe Charon/AFP/Getty Images
In May 2015, Islamic State captured the modern city of Palmyra. The adjoining Unesco world heritage site is a breathtaking archaeological complex like no other. In the 2nd century AD this oasis city in the Syrian desert was one of the grandest and wealthiest places in the world, with a total population about the size of modern Cardiff. Much of the ancient civic and sacred architecture still survives. Perhaps most evocative is the colonnaded street more than 1km in length: in antiquity, caravan traders from all over the Middle East would have processed along this road with their spices and silks towards the city’s religious heart, the magnificent temple of Bel, eyed from above by hundreds of statues of Palmyrene benefactors.
The future of this extraordinary site is precarious. At the time of the initial occupation, an anti-Assad Syrian radio station carried an interview with Abu Laith al-Saoudi, an Isis commander, who vouched that only the idolatrous statues would be destroyed; “concerning the historical city we will preserve it and it will not undergo damages inshallah (‘if God wills it’)”. Whatever deity reigns in Isis fantasy firmament, however, must have been in a capricious and malign mood.
On 23 August 2015 it was reported that the temple of Baal Shamin, one of the best-preserved and most unique buildings on the site, had been levelled by explosives.
Palmyra is not just a spectacular archaeological site, beautifully preserved, excavated and curated. It also offers antiquity’s best counterexample to Isis’s fascistic monoculturalism. The ancient city’s prosperity arose thanks to its citizens’ ability to trade with everyone, to integrate new populations, to take on board diverse cultural influences, to worship many gods without conflict. Painful though it is to say it, and unlikely though it is that its asinine followers realise it, Isis have chosen their target exceptionally well.
The city rose to prominence in the 1st century AD. Located in a fertile oasis in the middle of the Syrian desert, it was a natural stopping-off point for those travelling from the western cities of Damascus, Emesa (modern Homs) or Apamea, to the Euphrates valley in the north. Most valuable of all for its prosperity, however, were the southern and south-eastern routes down to the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf, which brought exotic goods from India, Indonesia and China. The archeological remains testify to the moment when the entire Eurasian land mass joined up, culturally speaking. It grew rich from the taxes (up to 25%) levied on market goods – and, of course, on the water and provisions that a bustling oasis city could monopolise.
General view of the ancient Roman city of Palmyra
‘But the columns, capitals and pediments that dominate the temple architecture, and the theatre, baths and aqueduct, were not forcibly imposed by the Romans.’ Photograph: Uncredited/AP
Ethnically, the first settlers were Arabs and Aramaeans. As the city grew, local nomads put down roots, and then immigrants from further afield. Incoming communities preserved cultural links by retaining the gods of their homelands.
Palmyra had an extraordinary variety of gods, deriving from territories as far afield as modern Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Palestine and Lebanon. There was also the mysterious “god with no name” – the object of much scholarly speculation. But the city had a strong collective identity too. Ancient middle-eastern cities tended to worship gods in triads, and Palmyra was no exception: Bel, Yarhibol and Aglibol were acclaimed by the whole city, regardless of ethnicity. The imposing, iconic temple of Bel still stands, at the end of that kilometre-long colonnade – for now, at least.
It is surely high on the Isis hit list.
Ancient Palmyra was also defined by its political geography. To the east lay the massive empire of the Zoroastrian Parthians, centred in modern Iran. To the west was the Mediterranean basin, dominated by Rome. It was Rome that first pushed its boundaries eastwards to encompass Palmyra, adding another layer of cultural richness. But the columns, capitals and pediments that dominate the temple architecture, and the theatre, baths and aqueduct, were not forcibly imposed by the Romans; the Palmyrenes actively chose to absorb these features of a distant civilisation, having first attracted the craftsmen to build them. They also opted for Greek forms of civic governance for their city, which was managed by a council made up of the local gentry – exactly the same set-up as in Athens, Corinth or Delphi.
Archive footage shows the city of Palmyra before it was overrun by Islamic State and many of its treasures destroyed or sold.
This combination of cultural hybridity and economic savvy was in fact so successful that Palmyra developed imperial ambitions of its own, which erupted forcefully in the 3rd century AD, when Zenobia famously proclaimed herself Queen, and for a time seized from the Romans large parts of Syria, and Arabia too, threatening to expand into Egypt. The Emperor Aurelian eventually put down the insurrection and re-established Roman control. Zenobia’s defeat marked the beginning of the end of Palmyra’s exuberant diversity and archaeological splendour. Within 100 years, the Roman Empire was Christian, and the opportunities for theological and hence architectural inventiveness were gone. In the 7th century came Muslim occupation, and in time the city was absorbed into the Damascus-based Umayyad caliphate.
Although Christians and Muslim occupiers repurposed the ancient city’s buildings as churches, fortresses and mosques, however, they left them largely intact. It has taken a savagery distinctive to the 21st century to threaten their destruction altogether. Syria’s heritage is under attack now from an unprecedentedly toxic combination of religious absolutism, facile identity politics, postcolonial grievance, incendiary technology and adolescent folly. That it is Palmyra at risk, antiquity’s icon of cultural diversity, is a horrible irony. |
Week 4- April 26
1. Quiz and Review
2. Attendance and Week 7
3. Where we have been and where we are going
—— Basic capabilities
—– Build towards English
—– More than English?
—– What Limits??
—– Prove Capabilities: Transistors
—– Compare Transistors with Nerves
—– Compare People with Computers
4. Read Code: Competency #1
5. Craps
——– Review Movie and Number Guess
——- English Craps
——- Code from English
——- Finish..
6. Write Code: Competency #2
——– Problem senario: Teacher’s Aid
——- Tool Kit: counter, sum, high, even/odd (etc..)
——- English to JavaScript
7. Tic Tac Toe
8. Seminar
9. Presentation:
10. Is There anything you can teach a person to do in English
that you cannot teach a computer to do in JavaScript?
——- Is every job taught in English
11. Can a computer learn on its own? Create? Feel? Evolve?
——– How can a computer learn?
——– Teacher and Reading? Teacher no longer needed
——- Learn on its own from its own experience
——- Create? Pattern matching, cross disciplines: Darwin, etc
——- Emotions? Seek 1s in ‘Mood zone’ What you do??
——- What problems do we need emotions to solve??
——- How can a computer evolve? Hardware? Software?
12. Kurzweil Video
13. To Do list
14 Work Time |
Amazing Cartoon Facts You Probably Never Knew
1. The inspiration to use very large eyes in anime and manga came from American Cartoon characters such as Betty Boop , Mickey Mouse, and Bambi.
2. MEL BLANC, who was the voice of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck and many other popular cartoon characters, died 25 years ago today on July 10, 1989.Daffy-Duck-Cartoon-Vector-8-500x5001
3. Paul Winchell , the person that voiced the cartoon character ‘ Tiger’ was also the man that designed the first Artificial Heart.
4. Mel Blanc’s real name was Melvin Blank but he changed the surname after a teacher told him he would amount to nothing with a name like Blank.
5. The type of carrot Bugs Bunny usually eats is a species called Danvers. Mel Blanc hated carrots.
6. Bugs Bunny was the first cartoon character to appear on a stamp; Popeye was the first to have a statue erected in his honour.
7. There are 151 main characters in The Simpsons.
8. In the late 17th century the word ‘cartoon’ was applied to any drawing on stout paper or card.
9. The Oscar for best animated short film was first awarded in 1932 at the fifth Academy Awards.
10. Ed, Edd and Eddy is cartoon network’s longest running series, running for almost 11 years.Eds
11. The reason why Mickey Mouse was drawn with white gloves was because walk Disney thought the normal mouse nails were too violent for children to watch. Many Cartoon and video character have copied the trend.
12. Donald Duck Cartoons are taken incredibly seriously on Christmas Eve in Sweden.
13. Walt Disney dislike the goofy cartoons and only continued the series to make work for his animators.
14. In 1843, the magazine Punch became the first to apply it to humorous drawings.
15. Shaggy’s ( from scooby doo ) real name is Norville .Original_Shaggy
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Post meodingu on Tue Jan 11, 2011 5:15 pm
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C++ is often considered to be a superset of C, but this is not strictly true.[21] Most C code can easily be made to compile correctly in C++, but there are a few differences that cause some valid C code to be invalid in C++, or to behave differently in C++.
One commonly encountered difference is that C allows implicit conversion from void* to other pointer types, but C++ does not. Another common portability issue is that C++ defines many new keywords, such as new and class, that may be used as identifiers (e.g. variable names) in a C program.
Some incompatibilities have been removed by the latest (C99) C standard, which now supports C++ features such as // comments and mixed declarations and code. On the other hand, C99 introduced a number of new features that C++ does not support, such as variable-length arrays, native complex-number types, designated initializers and compound literals.[22] However, at least some of the new C99 features will likely be included in the next version of the C++ standard, C++0x:[23][24]
C99 preprocessor(including variadic macros, wide/narrow literal concatenation, wider integer arithmetic)
long long
cstdbool (stdbool.h)
cstdint (stdint.h)
cinttypes (inttypes.h).
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Quick Jump to Chapter Header: EnviroNet Learning
Practice Quizzes
1: Which of the following is true about our ancestors?
A: Hunter-gathering societies lived in harmony with nature. Extinction was unknown.
B: The agricultural revolution witnessed an increase in plant production but not people production.
C: The production of surplus food allowed for the development of cities.
D: Only with the development of modern technology has population growth accelerated.
2: Which of the following statements about human carrying capacity is the most likely true?
A: We have exceeded our carrying capacity as exemplified by world hunger.
B: Human technology has been responsible for periodically increasing the carrying capacity.
C: The earth can probably support 40-50 billion people on a vegetarian diet.
D: In all likelihood, human do not have a carrying capacity.
3: A country that actually has a declining population is
A: the U.S.
B: Japan.
C: Britain.
D: Germany.
4: The current world population is about ____________ billion while the current population of the U.S. is ____________ million.
A: 6.6 & 300
B: 4.2 & 250
C: 6.2 & 215
D: 5.2 & 245
5: Which of the following factors do the authors of the text feel would be the most effective in controlling population growth.
A: the demographic transition
B: abortion
C: increasing the death rate
D: education
6: Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
A: Modern contraceptive use is too expensive for much of the developing countries.
B: Abortions in the LDCs are almost as common as in the MDCs.
C: Female education is one of the best methods of population control.
D: Raising the social status of women has been shown to be very ineffective in controlling population.
7: Population control measures
A: have been fairly successful in India due to its early recognition of the problem.
B: have been instituted in China primarily on voluntary, incentive-based criteria.
C: have generally been unsuccessful in those countries with the highest populations.
D: are successful only if compulsory methods are employed.
8: The populations of North and Latin America were 166 million in 1950. By 1990, the population of North America increased to 276 million and Latin America to 488 million. What has been the percentage increase by both countries?
A: North America= 166 percent increase; Latin America= 269 percent increase
B: North America= 66 percent increase; Latin America= 170 percent increase
C: North America= 70 percent increase; Latin America= 110 percent increase
D: North America= 60 percent increase; Latin America= 70 percent increase
9: Canada's growth rate in the early 1990s was 1.38 percent per year. At this rate how long would it take to double Canada''s population?
A: 19.7 years
B: 35 years
C: 50.7 years
D: 96.6
Cover Thumbnail
Link: Jones and Bartlett Publishers |
Mohai Island, People and Language Sun, 17 Mar 2019 17:21:57 +0000 en-GB hourly 1 Tekuo : what and where? Sat, 16 Mar 2019 15:50:04 +0000 Continue reading "Tekuo : what and where?"]]> Tekuo is an Eath-like planet, inhabited by sentient hominids. It is a little smaller than our world and orbits its sun in 385.33 days. Its leading civilisations, like Mohai, are at a slightly higher level of development than ours.
The exact location of Tekuo is currently unclear. It may be in our universe or in a parallel one. For the majority of Earth dwellers travel to Tekuo remains impossible. However, it is possible if you have access to a means of hyperspace teleportation, such as a quantum entangled object linked to another on Tekuo.
Side effects of your journey are likely to include nausea and dizziness. You would also need time to adapt to local conditions such as climate, air pressure, gravity and the length of the day.
In many ways, Tekuo is a similar planet to Earth, so adaptation would not be difficult. It is around 90% the size of Earth and hence has similar gravity and air pressure.
Like Earth it lies in the habitable zone of its solar system, so experiences similar temperatures. Tekuo is warmer and wetter than Earth. (Only 24% of it is land, compared with 29% of Earth). It receives a little more sunlight than Earth and has no land at the poles to harbour large ice fields.
Polar climate zones are therefore smaller and tropical zones larger. There is less land and more water and hence less desert.
The planet has a simple geological plate structure. There are just three continents. These are close together, but drifting slowly apart after a Pangaea. All are drifting north-west, but at different rates and in slightly different directions.
On most maps, the continent of Aheku is shown in the south-east. It is shaped rather like the Italian island of Sicily and extends from Equatorial regions into the southern hemisphere. The island of Mohai lies off the east coast.
The continent of Umanga is conventionally shown in the north-east, due north of Aheku. Umanga is shaped like a bow-tie or perhaps a butterfly. It lies entirely in the northern hemisphere.
Teohiti lies to the west of the other two continents. It is shaped a bit like Ireland. Most of its land lies in the southern hemisphere.
Beyond the continents, lies the Great Ocean (also known as the World Ocean). It contains several notable island groups. Most of these are near plate boundaries.
The similarity of Tekuo to Earth means that its lifeforms evolved in similar conditions and hence display a marked degree of convergent evolution to the creatures we are familiar with.
Nonetheless, there are some striking differences. The greatest difference is the presence of what we would call supernatural beings.
The proximity of the continents means that lifeforms, languages and cultures vary less from place to place on Tekuo than they do on Earth.
Tekuo has a class of mammals, including a species of sentient hominid: the Ike. The Ike are like the humans of Earth, but shorter and more squat. They are the most advanced of Tekuo’s natural creatures, but they lack the powers of the supernaturals.
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Languages of Tekuo : a typological overview Wed, 02 Jan 2019 20:13:50 +0000 Continue reading "Languages of Tekuo : a typological overview"]]> It is estimated that there are some 6,000 to 7,000 languages here on Earth. Tekuo is only 90% the size of Earth and only 24% of it is land (compared with 29% of Earth). This land is less densely populated than Earth. Not surprisingly then, Tekuo harbours fewer languages than our world. The effects of modern communications and education lower the total further still.
Tekuan linguistics is more advanced than ours. All languages there have at least adequate documentation. There is also more agreement about what constitutes a language. Tekuo is thought to harbour just 1800 natural languages. The planet’s three continents are all fairly close together, so the languages of Tekuo exhibit much less variation than those our world.
A famous paper* has examined the language families of Earth and concluded that the first human language, dubbed Proto-World, must have had Subject-Object-Verb word order. A similar study on Tekuo has concluded that Proto-Tekuan must have been Subject-Verb-Object. This explains a lot of the features of Tekuan languages.
There are six possible ways to arrange Subject (S), Verb (V) and Object (O). Most languages favour one of these patterns. All six are used on Earth, though 45% of languages are SOV and 42% SVO. On present-day Tekuo, SVO dominates:
• Mostly SVO= 62%
• Mostly VSO=18%
• Mostly SOV=9%
• Mixed=11%
None of the other three possible orders (VOS, OVS, OSV) are dominant in any Tekuan language, though all are used somewhere as occasional variants.
The dominance of SVO as a sentence order has consequences for phrase order. Tekuan languages are predominantly head initial:
• Mostly head initial phrases=58%
• Mostly dependent initial phrases=32%
• Mixed=10%
Here on Earth a plurality of languages favour suffixing, but on Tekuo a plurality favour prefexing:
• Mostly prefixing=33%
• Mostly suffixing=26%
• Little or no affixation=23%
• Mixed/other=18%
The predominance of SVO on Tekuo means that transitive alignment is overwhelmingly nominative (if we include languages showing alignment by word order with those marking alignment explicitly). Where ergativity exists, it is more consistent. No Tekuan languages are only ergative in certain tenses or with certain persons. Active and trigger alignments are a little more common than here. No other alignment types are found:
• Nominative=85%
• Ergative=6%
• Active-Stative=5%
• Trigger=4%
As on Earth, most languages are indirective in their ditransitive alignment, but large minorities use secundative or double object alignments for some or all of the time.
• Indirective=55%
• Secundative=20%
• Double Object=17%
• Mixed=8%
Marking strategies on Tekuo also reflect the predominance of SVO. Zero marking is far more common than on Earth and double marking comparatively rare.
• Mostly head marking=34%
• Mostly dependent marking=32%
• Mostly zero marking=26%
• Mostly double marking=9%
Tekuo’s sentient hominids, the Ike, appear to have evolved in North West Aheku. This is the area with the greatest genetic diversity and the oldest archaeological sites. It also has the largest phoneme inventories. All this can also be said of East Africa, the cradle of humanity in our world.
Finally, we should note that constructed languages are more important on Tekuo than on Earth. Global auxiliary languages are only slightly more popular, but regional auxiliary languages are widely used. On Earth we often see languages used in fiction, film and TV become popular, but on Tekuo several personal languages have also developed sizeable fan and speaker communities.
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Lemohai : a linguistic overview Sun, 30 Sep 2018 16:37:42 +0000 Continue reading "Lemohai : a linguistic overview"]]> Lemohai is a contemporary language from the planet Tekuo. Its speakers are a race of Ike, who call themselves the Romohai. They are found mainly on the island of Mohai, though some moved to colonies abroad during the island’s Imperial Era.
There are some 15.6 million native speakers in all. Around 12.1 million live on Mohai, whilst the rest live in nearby countries, mostly in ports and large cities. The language is also used as a lingua franca across much of North-East Aheku and is widely studied as a second language.
Lemohai is a member of the Northern branch of the Maritime language family and is related to several other languages along the north-east coast of Aheku.
During the Metal Age, while Mohai was part of the Kuna Empire, its speech was much influenced by Lekuna. Lekuna in turn, contains a sub-stratum influence from Senduri, a Yelé language.
Lemohai later borrowed words from other neighbouring languages, chiefly those its own colonies. Another source of loan words was Öklane. Öklan ruled much of North-east Aheku for a short period, though not Mohai. Other modern influences include Lehekon and Loa Bateng.
The Proto-Maritime people were formed in the Metal Age from the fusion of two branches of the Yelé with a group of invaders known as the Suliq. The original home of the Proto-Maritime culture was the islands of Mohai and Pheku. Later they expanded into the Tepi peninsula, then, later still, along much of the north-east coast of Aheku. Mainland and island dialects of Proto-Maritime gradually moved apart, until they became the separate languages we know today.
Lemohai currently has three main dialects: Northern, Southern and Central, though large urban areas also have their own distinct speech patterns.
The morphosyntactic alignment of Lemohai is accusative-secundative. There are also two genitive cases. Word order in the unmarked clause is Subject-Verb-Object. Phrases are consistently head-initial.
The language is analytic, as grammar is expressed through particles and word order rather than inflections, but a rich system of derivational morphology is available. The language is particularly rich in derived verb forms, especially those concerned with valence adjustment.
Lemohai phonology is characterised by nasal vowels, sibilants and simple syllables. The writing system is a syllabary.
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The island of Mohai Sat, 29 Sep 2018 19:07:23 +0000 Continue reading "The island of Mohai"]]> The island of Mohai lies to the east of the continent of Aheku on the planet Tekuo. It lies in the tropical zone and has a monsoon climate. It has an area of 162,350 square kilometres (62,683 square miles) and a population of 13.2 million. This works out at 81.8 people per square kilometre.
It has a similar area to Cambodia, Tunisia, Wisconsin or Florida. The population is comparable to that of Zimbabwe, Senegal or Illinois. The population density compares to that of Italy.
Mohai is a long island lying on a south-west to north-east axis. It measures some 450 miles by 150. It consists mostly of low, rolling hills and coastal plains with rich volcanic and alluvial soils. These rise towards a central spine of rocky mountains, some of which are extinct or active volcanoes.
The island is a republic with its capital at Orisu, a port city on the west coast in the central region. The second city, also a port, is Durako in the north-west. The island is divided into eight provinces which have a large degree of autonomy. Mohai also rules a number of small islands and archipelagoes. Some of these have a degree of local autonomy, but none are large enough for full provincial status.
The population includes a few small minority groups, but 12.1 million are ethnic Romohai who speak Lemohai and mostly follow the Zutane faith.
The economy is strong. Citizens of Mohai enjoy one of Tekuo’s highest standards of living, thanks to their high-tech economy and strong service sector.
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What have the Romohai ever done for us? Sat, 29 Sep 2018 16:03:01 +0000 Continue reading "What have the Romohai ever done for us?"]]> It is sometimes said on Tekuo that the Romohai are an inventive lot. This may or may not be the case, but if you have a good idea on Mohai, there’s a whole infrastructure to help you test it and bring it to market.
Workplaces are co-operative and non-hierarchical. Universities are integrated into society and the economy. Small, regional banks make their money by investing in new products and services rather than playing the stock exchange. This infrastructure has been exported to the former Romohai Empire.
What else though, have the Romohai contributed? The following are perhaps worth a mention:
An important, ancient contribution is the Zutane faith. Zutane translates as “studying the pattern” or “following the paradigm”. It is based on finding and following the divine plan for your life. This pleases the supernatural beings with whom the Ike share their home planet.
Zutane arose from the ancient Proto-Maritime culture on Mohai and nearby Pheku. In early modern times it was reformed by the prophet Yedin and his followers who led a reformation movement within Zutane called Zayedin. This movement was also based on Mohai.
Another invention with ancient roots is the sport of hebano. It began as a game in which hundreds of players tried to move a ball towards a tree guarded by opponents. In the early modern era it began to be played on roller skates between two small teams. The aim was now to throw the ball at a pole in the opponent’s territory. The game is now played professionally throughout Tekuo.
The language of the Romohai, is of course, Lemohai. This is a mellifluous tongue with some neat grammatical features. It is descended from the ancient Proto-Maritime language which was invented on Mohai and Pheku. (At that time though, local people did not yet identify theselves as Romohai).
Constructed languages such as Esperanto struggle to grow here on Earth, but they have been taken up widely on Tekuo. One such is Laheku. This was invented in Mohai in the early modern era as a regional auxiliary language for the continent of Aheku. It is still widely used, though mostly in North East Aheku.
The internet arrived earlier on Tekuo than on Earth. It even predated television and radio. It began on Mohai when cinemas started streaming their films down wires into the homes of wealthy neighbours. As technology improved, it came to resemble our internet, but with more government control.
A recent Romohai invention was the maglev monorail train. Maglevs float on a cushion of air, raised up by opposing magnets. They travel very fast and are ideal for rapid transit on a long, thin island. Their spread across the planet has made plane journeys less attractive. They are thus good for the environment, despite using a lot of energy.
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What does Lemohai sound like? Fri, 28 Sep 2018 18:35:42 +0000 Continue reading "What does Lemohai sound like?"]]> Modern Standard Lemohai has a total of twenty-eight phonemes. Their sounds vary a little according to their phonetic environment. They are arranged in simple syllables.
The language has a so-called “pure” vowel system, consisting of five oral and five nasal monophthongs. These keep their full value in all circumstances. In theory, they are never swallowed-up and cannot form diphthongs or triphthongs.
Where two monophthongs meet, a slight hiatus is sounded between them. So words like Mohai and Tekuo consist of three syllables not two.
In rapid or colloquial speech, diphthongs will sometimes be encountered, though the practice is non-standard.
The vowels are:
a, e, i, o, u = /a, ε, i, ɔ, u /
aN, eN, iN, oN, uN = /ã, ɛ̃, ĩ, ɔ̃, ũ/
In the standard language, nasal vowels are sounded at the same point of articulation as their oral equivalents. They are written with a following n or m. This is not normally sounded as a consonant.
Mid-open vowels (e, eN, o, oN) are raised to mid-close position when adjacent to a or aN, presumably in order to differentiate them.
Front vowels e, eN, i and iN become central /ə, ə̃, ɨ, ɨ̃/ before velar and glottal consonants (g, k, kh, h, w and the unwritten /ʔ/).
Where two vowels meet at word boundaries and the first is oral and the second is stressed, an unwritten glottal stop /ʔ/ is inserted between them unless a pause intervenes. Where two identical vowels meet, /ʔ/ is always inserted.
However, if the first word normally ends in a nasal vowel, the final N is sounded consonantally, so a glottal stop is not required.
Where two vowels meet in compounding and one is stressed, that vowel is retained and the other deleted.
Where both are stressed or both unstressed, only the second is retained. Where the first word ends in two vowels and the second starts with a stressed vowel, then the last vowel of the first word is again deleted.
The language has eighteen consonants. Eight are voiceless occlusives, five of which are plain.
p, t, k, s, h = /p, t, k, s, h/
The three plain stops have aspirated counterparts.
ph, th, kh = /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/
In addition, plain stops are aspirated after nasal vowels. This change is reflected in writing on compounding, but not across word boundaries.
H is pronounced /ç/ before front close vowels i or iN. When h moves to /ç/, it does not trigger the centralistion of preceding front vowels.
H is not permitted after a nasal vowel. On compounding, h is usually deleted from this position. Many speakers now retain h after nasal vowels when it has moved to /ç/. Prescriptivists have yet to accept this practice.
The other ten consonants are voiced. Four are voiced occlusives.
b, d, g, z = /b, d, g, z/
There are also six voiced sonorants.
m, n, l, r, y, w = /m, n, l, ɾ, j, w/
Non-nasal sonorants l, r, y and w are nasalised after nasal vowels. Word initial r is a trill, /r/, but it is a flap elsewhere.
Supra-segmental Features
Lemohai is a syllable-timed language. Only the following syllable types are allowed:
In writing, of course, this often takes the form of CVN.
Regular stress falls on the penultimate syllable, i.e. on the penultimate vowel. However, a heavy final syllable (one with a nasal vowel) takes the stress instead. Exceptionally, stress falls on syllables indicated by an acute diacritic: á, án, ám. Stress is light and is accompanied by a high pitch accent.
Young speakers employ a limited form of nasal harmony. Where an oral vowel immediately preceeds a nasal vowel in the same word, it too is nasalised. The practice is frowned upon by older speakers, who refer to it as “nasal slur”.
Lemohai has three regional dialects: northern, southern and central. The standard language, as described above, is the language of the educated classes of the capital Orisu. Orisu lies in the central dialect zone.
In working class speech throughout the island, nasal vowels eN and oN are sounded in mid position, whilst their oral counterparts remain mid-open (except as indicated below).
Working class speech in the central zone is distinguished by the pronunciation of the vowel sequences ei and ou as /e/ and /o/ respectively. H has become a glottal stop for some speakers.
In the northern dialect, the old phoneme /ŋ/ has been retained. It has moved to /n/ elsewhere. H is always pronounced /x/. The dialect shares this last feature with the nearby Letepi language.
In the southern dialect, h is always pronounced /h/ and front vowels are never centralised. Mid-low vowels e and o are raised to mid-close position when unstressed. Dental-alveolar sounds (n, d, t, z, s) move to alveo-palatal /ɲ, dʒ, tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ before front close vowels i and iN.
Writing System
The Lemohai alphabet is written from left to right in simple, geometric characters. It is largely phonetic. It is a variant on the Classical Lekuna alphabet which derives in turn from the Pamak script.
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Proto-Maritime : a linguistic overview Thu, 27 Sep 2018 18:42:03 +0000 Continue reading "Proto-Maritime : a linguistic overview"]]> The Proto-Maritime language, the ancestor of the Maritime language family, was spoken by the Proto-Maritime people who lived on the islands of Mohai and Pheku off the north-east coast of Aheku.
The language arose as a result of the mixing of two cultures in the years after Omu Hemwan -186X (equivalent to around 1500 B.C. in Earth terms, or 3,500 years ago). Until OH -186X, the islands were the sole preserve of two groups of the Yelé people.
That year saw the beginning of a mass migration to the islands by a group of invaders from the south, known as the Suliq. Over time, the Suliq and the Yelé on Mohai and Pheku merged and developed a culture and language quite distinct from the Yelé cultures of the mainland.
What the newly merged people called themselves and their language is unknown, but modern scholars refer to them as Proto-Maritime. The PM people kept no written records, so their language is known to us only through reconstruction.
Nevertheless, a vocabulary of 1500 words can be reconstructed with some confidence. It consists mostly of words related to everyday activities, nature, sailing and agriculture.
Number vocabulary is of particular note. PM counted in base 6, though all its modern descendants use base 12. Base 12 was an invention of mathematicians at the Kuna imperial court, during in the Classical Age. It grafted easily onto Base 6.
Like its descendants, Proto-Maritime displayed accusative-secundative alignment. Unlike its descendants, it had a single genitive case and lacked classifiers.
PM was characterised by its velar and uvular consonants and moderately complex syllable patterns.
As Proto-Maritime was a contact language it had little in the way of agglutination or inflexion. Grammatical relations were expressed by word order and vocabulary.
Mood and aspect were expressed with adverbs and co-verbs. Possession was shown by placing two nouns together. Singular, paucal and plural number were expressed with particles. There were formal and informal pronouns. Derivational morphology existed, but was less extensive than in later Maritime languages.
PM was known to favour Subject-Verb-Object word order in sentences and to put the noun first in noun phrases. Variant word orders cannot be reconstructed with any confidence, though no doubt some existed.
Looking further back, some linguists now think that many of the languages of North-East Aheku can be traced Proto-East-Aheku. To these linguists PEA is the ancestor of Suliq, along with the Yelé languages like Senduri, Transmontane languages such as Loa Bateng and Pamak, and Bangwa languages like Moawapa.
As yet, the PEA hypothesis remains highly conjectural. Many of the features it purports to explain can also be explained by long-term areal contact between languages. It is therefore not covered on this site.
The descendants of Proto-Maritime may be divided into two groups: Northern and Southern Maritime. These are descended respectively from Old Lemohai and Old Lepheku. By the classical era, the Proto-Maritime culture had spread to the Tepi Peninsula and gone on to conquer much of the coastal plain of North-East Aheku.
A number of distinct Maritime languages emerged during the classical era. Five have survived into the modern era. There are now three Northern Maritime languages: Lemohai, Lekuna and Letepi. There are also two Southern ones: Lepheku and Lehekon.
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What did Proto-Maritime sound like? Wed, 26 Sep 2018 19:39:22 +0000 Continue reading "What did Proto-Maritime sound like?"]]> Proto-Maritime is reconstructed as having 22 phonemes. It was characterised by its three points of vowel articulation, a lack of voicing contrast amongst consonants and the prominence of velar, uvular and pharyngeal sounds. Syllables were simple or moderately complex.
The standard model of PM phonology has stood the test of time, but some uncertainties remain. These are indicated below. The language was unwritten. It is believed that there were two dialects, one spoken on Mohai, one on Pheku. Little is known about them, however.
PM had three short monophthongs each with a long equivalent, giving a total of six. Long vowels are written here with a macron.
a, i, u = /a, i, u/
ā, ī, ū = /a:, i:, u:/
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used here to indicate typical values. In practice, the sound of each vowel would have varied widely according to context. It is believed that long vowels varied in similar ways to short vowels, however this is not certain.
Diphthongs & Triphthongs
The combination of any monophthong with short i or u was a valid diphthong in PM. I and u reduced nearly to /j, w/ whilst a kept its full sound. At this stage, it is no longer possible to tell which vowel reduced in the diphthongs iu and ui.
The language does not appear to have possessed any triphthongs. That is to say there are none in the corpus of reconstructed words.
Vowel Allophones
Close vowels were lowered to close-mid position when adjacent to uvular consonants. So i would then be pronounced /e/ and u would become /o/.
The central vowel /a/ became a back vowel, /ɑ/, when adjacent to a uvular.
Proto-Maritime had four plosives, all voiceless. All are written here with their IPA characters.
p, t, k, q = /p, t, k, q/
The language had four nasal consonants. These were all voiced and articulated at the same points as the voiceless plosives. The use of the digraph nq should not be taken to indicate that the uvular nasal was voiceless. The symbol was just chosen on analogy with q, to indicate uvularity.
m, n, ng, nq = /m, n, ŋ, ɴ/
There were also four corresponding fricatives. All were voiceless. Note that f and h were not pronounced in the English manner.
f, s, x, h = /Φ, s, x, χ/
Other Consonants
Finally, the language possessed four voiced, non-nasal sonorants.
l, r, y, w = / l, ɾ, j, w/
Consonant Gemination
Any consonant could be geminated. Geminates are written double in this transcription: kk, etc. Geminate ng and nq are written here as ngg and nqq respectively.
Consonant Allophones
Velar consonants became uvular before uvulars. Spelling was changed accordingly. So k+q became qq. Conversely, uvular consonants became velar before velars: q+k became kk, and so on. Alveolar and labial consonants were deleted before uvulars, for example: t+q became q.
S was in free variation between laminal and apical varieties. Its strict phonetic transcription was therefore /s̻ ~ s̺ /. The first of these sounds is more hissing, the latter more hushing.
L became /ʟ/ in syllable coda position.
R became trilled word initially and when geminate: /r/ or /rr/ .
Supra-segmental Features
Only the following syllable types were permitted in Proto-Maritime:
(C)V, (C)V:, (C)VV, (C)VC
Any consonant could appear in onset position. Any could be found as a coda, except y and w.
Stress fell on the penultimate syllable unless the final syllable was heavy (i.e. unless the final syllable was CV:, CVV or CVC). Heavy final syllables took the stress instead. Secondary stress occurred two syllables before the syllable with primary stress.
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Of tags and categories Wed, 26 Sep 2018 19:32:49 +0000 Continue reading "Of tags and categories"]]> This site may be searched with the use of tags and categories.
Tags are used more liberally and are meant for searching for specific topics. They are applied “post-coordinately” as we librarians say. So a post on Proto-Maritime phonology is tagged twice, as “Proto-Maritime language” and “phonology”.
A search on “Proto-Maritime language” alone will get you material on all aspects of that language and a search on “phonology” alone will enable you to compare phonological material across languages.
Tags are further used to indicate all the subordinate themes in a post. The number of tags applied to each post can therefore get quite large.
Search by monthly archive has been disabled. I do not post every month and my material is not time-dependent unlike, say, the content of a news blog.
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Tekuo, astronomy and hard sums Sun, 26 Aug 2018 16:18:45 +0000 Continue reading "Tekuo, astronomy and hard sums"]]> My study area lies on Tekuo, an Earth-like planet inhabited by sentient hominids. Tekuo is one of seven planets orbiting a class G2 sun, known as Ayu. The first four planets in the system are rocky. Tekuo is the third of these. Three gas giants lie in the outer part of the system. Tekuo is the only planet in the system to lie in the habitable zone.
Ayu has 1.02 times the mass of our sun, Sol. The luminosity of a body is the cube of its mass, which makes Ayu 1.07 times as luminous as Sol.
It is a good job that Ayu is brighter than Sol, because Tekuo lies further from Ayu than Earth does from Sol. The distance from Ayu to Tekuo is 1.03 times the distance from Sol to Earth. This distance is the square root of Ayu’s luminosity and hence the distance at which Tekuo receives the same amount of light as Earth.
The time it takes a planet to orbit a sun is the square root of the cube of the distance between them. So Tekuo’s year is equivalent to 1.05 Earth years, that is to say 385.33 days.
Tekuo is around 0.9 times the size of Earth. Earth has a single moon, 0.0123 times its size. Tekuo has two moons, Haoni and Suruam. Together, these are 0.01 times the size of their planet.
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Articles sur Childhood development
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Featured Q & A - Speech-Language Disorders and Treatment
Why is assessment and treatment of oral sensory-motor skills important when treating the “r” sound?
March 2019
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Answer from Lisa Wright, Speech-Language Pathologist in Glen Allen, VA, USA
Every year, I receive several cases of children of all ages who cannot accurately produce an “r” sound. Many have already had years of therapy with limited success. The first thing I do with these children is assess their oral sensory-motor skills. I assess the stability of the jaw using the Talktools’ bite blocks and ARK Grabbers. I look for adequate jaw strength, grading, and direction of movement. Can they maintain a bite for 15 seconds? And if so, do they fatigue or complain that it hurts/stings/is hard? I watch as they bite looking for a grinding pattern to sustain the bite or a lateral jaw slide as they repetitively bite on the Grabbers. Any discomfort, fatigue, or inappropriate jaw movement is a sign of a weakened, ungraded, and/or un-dissociated jaw.
I also look at their ability to move their tongues to various places within the mouth as they stabilize the jaw, as well as dissociate the tongue from the jaw and grade tongue movement. The tongue should move to a designated spot quickly and precisely without tremor or jaw movement. This is indicative of structure isolation (i.e., dissociation and grading) which is critical for speech clarity.
The mentalis muscles go from the bottom lip down to the chin. These muscles play a role in everting the lower lip which some people do when producing the “r” sound. I assess this muscle by having the child hold a tongue depressor between the lips horizontally. What I often see is tremoring, crinkling, or dimpling in the chin indicating the mentalis muscles are working overtime to support the tongue depressor. These muscles shouldn’t have to work so hard.
Poor jaw stabilization (involving the jaw elevator and depressor muscles), imprecise tongue movements, and poorly dissociated and graded mentalis and lip muscles make it difficult for a child to produce a crisp “r sound. In traditional therapy, children are shown placement and expected to learn to say the sound. But, sometimes the oral mechanism is not graded, dissociated, or coordinated enough to support the placement. If that is the case, then the multiple trials of do as I say practice will simply not achieve the goal of accuracy.
I recently had the opportunity to assess, via tele-practice, a 10-year-old boy who lives in a different country from me. This child has been unsuccessful at achieving a production of “r” sound despite working with several different speech therapists in his country.
I am new to tele-practice, but I am not new to assessing oral sensory-motor skills. So, I needed a way to assess this child’s oral sensory-motor skills without being present to probe, watch, and listen. For our first evaluation session, I asked his mother to gather a spring loaded clothes pin, a tongue depressor (or Popsicle stick) and a clean pencil.
To assess his jaw stability, I had the child put the clothes pin on his molars and bite it closed 15 times on the left and then on the right. He could do the first 10 or so bites but struggled for the remaining 5. He told me this was hard and that it made his cheeks sting. While biting on a clothes pin involves different motor plans than jaw grading for speech, this task can be indicative of poor jaw stability, grading, and endurance. Fifteen to 25 repetitions is used in exercise physiology by physical and other therapists.
The child’s mom was unable to find a tongue depressor or Popsicle stick, so I assessed lip closure and his mentalis muscles by telling him to make fish lips and hold the pencil between his lips horizontally without using his teeth. He could not hold it for 2 seconds and there was significant tremor in his chin. Even through the computer monitor, I could see it was dimpled and puckered possibly indicating a problem with lip grading, dissociation from the jaw, strength, and endurance.
I assessed the child’s tongue movement by giving him verbal directions such as “move your tongue tip to the top left back molar.” He was able to do all of these movements with relative ease. Therefore, he had some good tongue and jaw dissociation.
His homework for the first week was:
*Bite the clothes pin 15 times a day on both sides (working the jaw elevator and depressor muscles in a graded manner). This activity may also work the back and base of tongue needed for tongue retraction.
*Hold the pencil between fish lips for 10 seconds daily (working on his buccinator, orbicularis, and mentalis muscles).
*Drink 1 milkshake or smoothie every day using a challenging straw (also working his buccinators, orbicularis, and mentalis muscles). I gave instructions on proper, therapeutic straw usage. Because of this, he declared I was the best speech therapist ever!
Session 2 was one week later. The child was able to bite the clothes pin without fatigue. His mother had ordered the ARK purple and green “P” Grabbers, and he was practicing with those as well. The child was still unable to hold the pencil between his lips, so I moved him to holding a piece of folded paper between his lips. This was easier, and he was successful.
Additionally, the child enjoyed the milkshakes and smoothies and told me he thought he needed to do that homework more often. Since he now had the Grabbers, I had him put the long part of each one between his lips, blow hard, pop the tube out of his mouth, and vocalize while popping. This produced a perfect “r” sound likely because he everted his lower lip, retracted and elevated his back and base of tongue, and had appropriate intraoral pressure.
I drew a road on the screen and asked him to draw one on the paper in front of him. I told him to put his tongue behind his front teeth and lick the roof of his mouth as if peanut butter were stuck and he needed to clear it away. We did that a few times. He was instructed to “freeze” his whole mouth when his tongue reached the back. Then, I asked him to make a sound. He produced a perfect retroflex “r” sound. We did numerous trials of “r” while running his finger along the road. We put stop signs on the road and practiced stopping the “r” at the stops signs and then starting again.
Finally, I added vowels to the end of the road, and he was able to produce the “r” sound in syllables accurately and with ease. Without palatometry or ultrasound, we were unable to know if his “r” sound was produced in retroflex (i.e., tongue curled) or with the sides and back of tongue raised. The retroflex “r” sound is often used to establish the sound until the sound can be produced with the back of the tongue.
The child’s homework for week 2 was to continue with the ARK Grabbers and straws, as well as to practice the “r” sound in syllables. Therapy continued weekly via tele-practice. Each session lasted 30 minutes. We did a quick warm up with oral sensory-motor work followed by a rapid drill with the “r” sound in the beginning of words. Then, we focused on a vocalic “r” sound (i.e., the “r” sound following a vowel) in words and phrases using more traditional therapy techniques.
At the four month mark, we took a 3-week break. At this point, the “r” sound was at least 90% accurate at the conversational level. When he had errors, it was due to his rapid rate of speech. When cued to slow his rate, he self-corrected. We had two more sessions focusing on conversation and making a chart of all he had learned and why the various exercises and techniques were helpful. Then, he was discharged. And reluctantly, he admitted that he was going to miss seeing my face on his computer screen each week.
About the Author
Lisa Wright is a speech-language pathologist with a private practice in Glen Allen, VA. She works with the pediatric population with a special interest in treating children with autism, social communication disorders, apraxia, and children with motor related speech disorders. She is also passionate about helping parents advocate for their children with special needs. She is a sometimes blogger at 0newordatatime.wordpress.com and maintains a Facebook page devoted to developmental milestones and tips for parents to encourage speech and motor skills. She can be reached at In2speech@aol.com |
Lesson 13: Did you know that?–Kiến thức đời sống gia đình
Lesson 13: Did you know that?
General Knowledge Quiz
A When did the Berlin Wall come down?
B 1989.
A When did the first American walk on the moon?
B 1969.
A Where are the Andes mountains?
B In South America.
A Who did the actress Elizabeth Taylor marry twice?
B Richard Burton.
A Who won the 100 metres in the Seoul Olympics?
B Carl Lewis.
A How many countries are there in the European Community?
B Twelve.
A How much does an African elephant weigh?
B Five to seven tonnes.
A How fast does Concorde fly?
B 2,500 kilometres an hour.
A How far is it from London to New York?
B Six thousand kilometres.
A How old was Charlie Chaplin when he died?
B Eighty-eight.
A What languages do Swiss people speak?
B German, French, Italian, and Romansch.
A What did Columbus discover in 1492?
B America.
A What sort of music did Elvis Presley play?
B Rock ?n` roll.
A What happens at the end of the story Cinderella?
B She marries the prince.
A What happened in Chernobyl in 1986?
B There was a nuclear explosion.
A Why do birds migrate?
B Because the winter is cold.
A Which newspaper does Queen Elizabeth read?
B The Times.
A Which language has the most words?
B English.
1 Why do you want to go?
2 Where does he work?
3 She works in a bank.
4 Who won the match?
5 Did she marry him?
6 How old is she?
7 Johnny Page played the guitar
8 Where did you go last night?
It was about two o`clock in the morning, and… and suddenly I woke up. I heard a noise. I got out of bed and went slowly downstairs. There was a light in the living room. I listened very carefully. I could hear two men speaking quietly. ?Burglars!` I thought. ?Two of them!` Well, I was really frightened, so I went back upstairs, and immediately phoned the police from my bedroom. The police arrived quickly. They opened the front door with a special key and went into the living room. Then they came upstairs. ?It`s all right now, sir,` they explained. ?We turned the television off for you!`
A What`s the title of the book?
B It`s called The Monkey`s Paw.
A What sort of story is it?
B It`s a horror story.
A Who are the main characters?
B Old Mr and Mrs White and their son, Herbert.
A What`s it about?
B A monkey`s paw which is magic. It can give people three wishes, but the wishes don`t bring happiness.
A What happens in the end?
B The son dies in an accident at work.
A Did you enjoy it?
B Yes, I did. It was very interesting.
A Do you recommend it?
B Yes, I do.
The Girl with Green Eyes
Part 1
?Of course,` the man in the brown hat said, ?there are good policemen, and there are bad policemen, you know.`
?You`re right,` the young man said. ?Yes. That`s very true. Isn`t it, Julie?`
Julie didn`t answer and looked bored. She closed her eyes.
There were seven people in the carriage. There was the man in the brown hat; the young man and his wife, Julie; a mother and two children; and a tall dark man in an expensive suit. The young man`s name was Bill. He had short brown hair and a happy smile. His wife, Julie, had long red hair and very green eyes ? the colour of sea water. They were very beautiful eyes.
Part 2
Bill and the man in the brown hat talked and talked. The tall dark man took out his newspaper and began to read. Julie opened her eyes and looked at the back page of his newspaper. She read about the weather in Budapest and about the football in Liverpool. She wasn`t interested in the weather and she didn`t like football, but she didn`t want to listen to Bill and the man in the brown hat. ?Talk, talk, talk,` she thought. ?Bill never stops talking.`
Then suddenly she saw the tall man`s eyes over the top of his newspaper. She could not see his mouth, but there was a smile in his eyes. Quickly, she looked down at the newspaper again. She read about the weather in Budapest for the third time. Then she looked at the tall man`s hands. They were long, brown hands, very clean. ?Nice hands,` she thought. He wore a very expensive Japanese watch. ?Japan,` she thought. ?I`d like to go to Japan. ?She looked up and saw the man`s eyes again over the top of his newspaper. This time she did not look away. Green eyes looked into dark brown eyes for a long, slow minute.
Part 3
Bill and his new friend went to buy something to eat and drink. The train was nearly at Plymouth. The tall dark man stood up, put the newspaper in his bag, and left the carriage. The train stopped at the station. A lot of people got on the train, and two women and an old man came into the carriage.
The train moved slowly away from Plymouth station, and Bill came back to the carriage. ?Where`s Julie?` he said. ?She`s not here.`
The little girl looked at Bill. ?She got off the train at Plymouth,` she said. ?With the tall dark man. I saw them.` ?Of course she didn`t!` Bill said. ?She`s on this train. She didn`t get off.`
?Yes, she did,` the children`s mother said suddenly. ?I saw her too. The tall man waited for her on the platform.`
?He waited for her?` Bill`s month was wide open.
?But … But he read his newspaper all the time. He didn`t talk to Julie. And she never talked to him. They didn`t say a word.`
?People don`t always need words, young man,` the children`s mother said.
?But I don`t understand,` said Bill. ?She`s my wife. Why did she go? Why did she leave me? What am I going to do?`
(Adapted from a story by Jennifer Bassett)
This is a British Rail talking timeable, giving train times from London King`s Cross to Newcastle, Monday to friday. For weekend train times, phone 071 276 2477. Here are the departure times from King`s Cross and the arival times in Newcastle.
0700 arriving 1005
0840 arriving 1130
0945 arriving 1245
1130 arriving 1437
1200 arriving 1455
A Good morning. Can you tell me the times of trains back from Newcastle, please?
B Afternoon, evening? When do you want to come back?
A About 5 o`clock this afternoon.
B About 5 o`clock. Right. Let`s have a look. There`s a train that leaves at 4.45, and there`s another one at 5.25.
A And what time do they get in?
B Back at King`s Cross at 7.15 and 8.20.
A Thanks a lot.
A Hello. I`d like a ticket to Newcastle, please.
B Single or return?
A Return, please.
B Day return or period return?
A I want to come back this evening, so a day return.
B How do you want to pay?
A Cash, please.
B Forty-eight pounds fifty, please.
A Twenty, forty, sixty pounds.
B Here`s your change and your ticket.
A Thank you.
This is a British Rail announcement. The train from Edingbrugh arrives on platform eight at 0830. Edinburgh train, platform eight 0830.
The train from Hertford arrives on platform six at 0835. Hertford train, platform six, 0835.
The train from Newcastle arrives on platform fifteen at 0845. The train is forty minutes late. Newcastle train, platform fifteen, 0845. Forty minutes late.
The train from Darlington arrives on platform nine at 0855. Darlington train, platform nine 0855.
The train to Peterborough is on platform twelve, departs 0825. The train to Peterborough, platform twelve, 0825.
The train to Newcastle is on platform seventeen, departs 0840. The train to Newcastle, platform seventeen, 0840.
The train to York is on platform five, departs 0900. The train to York, platform five, 0900.
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Published on December 5th, 2017 | by Madhudvisa dasa
India’s Holy Cow Becoming Extinct — Video
Gaurapada: You are in the middle of the universe. [Laughs] Hare Krsna, welcome to Radha-kund. [Laughs] Radha-kund is a small village, maybe 3000 people only. But at certain times you will see, big-time is like one day 4 million people coming through this small town. The beauty of a small town is that still you can see more about Vedic culture, Vedic way of living and the main basis of Vedic lifestyle was that the cow was in the centre. That is the beauty here you can you can see, if we cross to the other side. Most houses they still have like one or two cows in the house. And in the morning the cows, somebody comes and picks them up and the cows go somewhere and they will be milked and if like now it is the rainy season. They will go afterwards to the fields then have some grazing. In the evening the person comes back with all these cows and every cow knows exactly where it lives. It goes inside the house .. he’s milking his cow. [Laughs] I don’t know what’s… first of all give the cow food, so it is relaxed, calf comes and drinks and then they start milking… every morning this tree gives hundreds of flowers… and if I don’t pluck them now for Krsna, then the monkeys will eat them because there is some milk inside. And in the morning the monkeys are very hungry. So they have to eat something. So they attack this tree, you know. Destroy it.. so every morning this tree gives. I take about 50 to 200 flowers. So we have a beautiful temple downstairs.. Nanda-kisor. And they are from Manipur. Every morning I bring the flowers… you can see it is Manipur style. And it has been worship now for three or four generations. Hare Krsna. .. Radhe Radhe.. around here..
Madhudvisa: Hare Krsna..
Gaurapada: Hare Krsna… Radhe.. Hare Krsna.. this is the road to Sudevi’s gosala. Sudevi is from Germany, she spent, I think from before she was 20 years old. She came to India with her parents and never left. So she is now like 25 years in India, in Radha-kund and in the last five years she took very much interest in the cows. So she had a few cows and it increased, so we will see when we come there…. this is just a house with a cow.. Hare Krsna!
Mataji: Hare Krsna.
Gaurapada: So this is like typical village life, you know. They have a small house a hut and at least one cow, or two cows and a Buffalo. The ideal cow has two beautiful horns and a hump. From the sunlight the cow can make gold and it is all done in this hump. And because of that there will always be a yellow tinge in the milk. And that yellow tinge in the milk is gold. So of the cow has not a hump and nice horns you will not find the goldish layer on top of the milk. So the Vedic culture they say there can only be peace if the cow has its right position in society and the brahmana.
Passerby: Heh Radhe!
Gaurapada: Heh Radhe!
Madhudvisa: Hare Krsna..
Gaurapada: This is Sudevi’s place, gosala. Where she keeps her cows.. it’s on the other side of Radha-kund…. Hare Krsna, Mataji is here?
Cowboy: Ha.
Gaurapada: The cows are very curious they all look at us and think who are they? So most of these cows they were just on the street in very unhealthy condition. So she took them all to the asrama and took care of them… let us see the other cows in the back… they are bringing cows inside… Sudevi really has a big family. Just to manage 100 cows, 150 cows.. you need a big workforce.. the floors are continuously swept..
Krsna Dasa: So many young calves.
Gaurapada: Ah.
Krsna Dasa: So that means she has many cows milking, giving milk?
Gaurapada: No. It is because the people after.. when the new cow is born..
Krsna Dasa: Yeah?
Gaurapada: The, it gets milked for six months, maybe one year and then it stops. So they need to impregnate again the cow.
Krsna Dasa:Uhuh.
Gaurapada: So the small calf Is abandoned. So Sudevi takes all the small cows in her asrama.
Krsna Dasa: Are they cows or are they bulls prabhu?
Gaurapada: Both. Sometimes they keep.. sometimes [they are] dead(?)
Krsna Dasa: Hm.
Gaurapada: Hare Krsna!
Sudevi: Radhe-Syama.
Gaurapada: How are you?
Sudevi: Thank you.
Gaurapada: You can tell something about your…?
Sudevi:Yes, they are all collected from the street and nearly all of them. A few are born here but most of them are from the street. They have been abandoned and they are very little and they are not able to take care of themselves. Or when the mother has not enough milk or no milk at all. The cow is often abandoned also but mostly the calf’s are just left to themselves somewhere and most of them die. I estimate from experience from maybe 100 who are abandoned somewhere. Maybe one or two will survive.
Gaurapada: That’s all.
Krsna Dasa: If they are not taking care of .. on the street..
Sudevi: So bad.. yes on the street. If nobody takes them in and nobody will take them in, excepting myself.
Krsna Dasa: And they are left to themselves? …
Sudevi: They are left to themselves, they find no food, they get weak and you can see they are undernourished anyway. Because they get no milk, when they are still little. The milk is expensive and the food is expensive. So the milk will be sold and the calf which needs at least 3 litre In one day. He will get maybe half a litre. He will, mostly he will not be able to survive, somehow or other he may survive until the age of 4 or 5 months and then he will get some illness somehow or other because he has no resistance.
Krsna Dasa: Up to 4 or 5 months they are not able to eat solid food?
Sudevi: Yes they eat solid food but it is not.. they eat solid food after one month. After 15 days sometimes but that is not sufficient they need the milk. They need the vitamins and they cannot live without milk. If I don’t take them they will be caught and taken to the slaughterhouses because the dead cow is much more worth now that a living cow.
Krsna Dasa: Why is that?
Sudevi: Because the meat is expensive. They export the meat into all the countries and I never know what I shall feed them in the next month. Or maybe even after 10 days. In the winter we had also difficult. I had no food at all. We had only this dry rice grass and they were getting very thin and then I had even given away some which I greatly regreted because I had to bring them back. They were on the point of even worse in another place.
Krsna Dasa: At the same time you have to be realistic. You have limited space here.
Sudevi: Yes, I’m sorry that I cannot be…
Krsna Dasa: You have to say at a certain point that the gosala is full.
Sudevi: Yes but I cannot feel.. I don’t know if it is a weakness or a strength but I cannot be realistic because I cannot refuse. I cannot say no. As far as they are concerned.. to suffer in a bad condition. I have to take them in and leave it to God to take care of the future. So many die also. They come in a condition and you cannot help them anymore. You can just relieve the suffering.
Krsna Dasa: And when a cow dies what is the procedure? What are you doing with them? Do you bury them in..?
Sudevi: We bury them in the back. In the back there is a kind of jungle or it is not a jungle but that is what people call it. It is land on which you cannot grow anything.
Krsna Dasa: Wasteland?
Sudevi: Wasteland, it’s too salty. And there we bury them with flowers and agarbatti, and mala and when they. I sit with them before they die and chant the maha-mantra. So they may hear God’s name when they leave the body and they get caranamrta also. And Syama-tulasi at the time of death as far as I am able. When I know it and the time of course. So many I hope, I have sent quite a lot over there. To Goloka Vrndavana.
Krsna Dasa: How many?
Sudevi: Oh, a few hundred probably.
Krsna Dasa: A few hundred, so every week one dies?
Sudevi: Often, much more. Many die, many die… you can film in the room? You have light? I want to show you one…
Krsna Dasa: This is a very small calf, what…
Sudevi: He came from another gosala, he was born after only eight months. He was born in one months too early. And they brought him here because his mother rejected him and then she had no milk so. Only three days before he came he drank milk in the beginning quite well but since yesterday he drank no milk. His name is Damodara.
Krsna Dasa: Damodara you give him that name?
Sudevi: Yes.
Krsna Dasa: Hm.
Sudevi: Nothing more we can do, if they have no, if they are not meant to live. If they are.. may be he just had so much karma left over and now if I have time and sit with him and he leaves with hearing the mantra he may go straight over there and that may be much better than living a long life full of suffering and because in an animal body and then he may die somewhere nobody cares eh.
Krsna Dasa: Hm.
Sudevi: And he may not eh.. regret it too much. If I am able to sit with them and I think it’s not so bad that they leave the body eh.
Krsna Dasa: So the soul in this body will go back straight to Krsna…
Sudevi: If you believe that the maha-mantra has that effect..
Krsna Dasa: Yeah.
Sudevi: At least I try to do it eh.. and I hope it is so because we…
Krsna Dasa: On top of that, on top of that he .. leaves the body in Vraja.
Sudevi: Yes.
Krsna Dasa: And in Radha-kund which is spiritually speaking the highest place in the universe.
Sudevi: Yes.
Krsna Dasa: So when you leave your body here it is very very auspicious.
Sudevi: And he has also got many carun-tulasi and caranamrta. He drank milk in the beginning, it was too little. In the first day, but he got fever and I called the doctor. Whatever the reason he is too weak to live and he is now finishing his time.
Krsna Dasa: Such a tender body. So beautiful.
Sudevi: So tiny.
Gaurapada: So they don’t like the bulls anymore?
Sudevi: Yes, the tractors have replaced them. Tractors are now everywhere. They do all the fieldwork and the male calves which used to do the work before they are considered to be useless. When they are little they are abandoned on the steet and they mostly die on the steet. If they don’t die then they are caught later and sold to the slaughterhouses. Because …
Gaurapada: In Vedic civilisation the bull had his purpose, clearly.
Sudevi: Yes, he used to do the fieldwork and he used to pull the carts. But now there are very few carts in existence. There are a few but very few. Most of the bull calves they die. Because nobody wants them and sooner or later when they are not lucky enough to stay in a gosala. They will be sold to the slaughterhouses.
Gaurapada: So India has a big problem eh. Soon any..
Sudevi: And there you can find hardly any cows and calves anymore. When I came from Delhi last time I could hardly see any cow Until I came close to this place. There used to be cows everywhere and even now in the villages you find much less. I don’t think that in 10 or 20 years there will be hardly any cows left they will all be killed. I sees that because I watched that sinse 30 years, I’ve been here for 30 years and I see how the number of cows keeps coming down and there are less of them and less. And there were so many in villages in Radha-kund, there were so many cows before and in Govardhana. Now there are hardly any left they are all caught. They are all caught and at night they come with big trucks and they catch them and pull them in and kill them. Horrible.
Madhudvisa: It seems that you personally don’t get anything from this.
Sudevi: No, only a kind of satisfaction of my soul. [Laughs] through all the difficulties that is what keeps me going because I see a suffering relieved. And some get well and they start running around and they are some respond. With gratefulness and love and that is what makes me happy actually, that. There’s nothing else for me in this world. Of course we have always need milk for the motherless, the calves without mothers. Who are too sick, too weak and if, so sometimes I have to buy one because we have very few milk cows only and the milk is never sufficient. So sometimes I have to buy or other and I bought this one. Her name is Raja Kumari. You cannot find them on the steet.. they are too beautiful. This is our little one. Gopal ala(?). His name is Gopal… We take milk because we need milk for the little ones. So, who have no mother. We take half a litre and the rest is for the calf otherwise they would not be enough for the calf. The problem with the cow is that they have not enough milk actually. Nearly all at least over here.
Gaurapada: If they get more grass they will?
Sudevi: Well yes, of course if they would grow green grass the milk would increase. And when we have a cow who does not have enough milk to take we do not take milk. Then the calf will drink it all. There are a few, 4 or 5 of this type of cows. We don’t just have enough milk which means that people, nobody will be willing to feed them. Excepting in this place. Because if they cannot profit from the cows. So the village people will not keep them. Food is expensive and they need milk for themselves and their children also, also to sell. So the problem is that the cows do not have enough milk. I don’t know how other gosala’s manage selling milk.
Gaurapada: Other gosala is wouldn’t allow the calf to drink so much milk…
Sudevi: No, no. Not at all. Or the local people they will just give enough to the calf to keep it alive until the cow gives milk and then it will die later because it is too weak to survive it has not assistance. That’s mostly happening. So there are less and less calves and cows. Because they don’t survive and those who survive and grow they will be taken to the slaughterhouse. I think in 10 or 20 years there will be not many cows will be left in this country. Only very few. It is horrible, you can’t allow yourself to think about it… he is from the steet. His name is Ramdas, I found him when he was four or five, six months old. Ramdas, he was tiny, he was tiny. He is doing work now. He pulls the cart, he brings the green food. We have two or three of them. Of bull, oxen. Look, she is taking care, she is taking care of a motherless calf. She came from another gosala, she was on the point of dying.. The one who is bringing from the backside, that is from another gosala. When she came she was lying flat. Her name is Uma. And she, this is her third calf and until now when ever she had the calf. She has adopted another one, she has taken care of another motherless. We have until now not taken milk from her because she is a nursing mother of the motherless calf’s. This little one is from another gosala. She had left, her mother died and she was on the point of starvation and on the point of death. So she is still thin, but picking up compared with before. I want to say I got her from Vrndavana I found her on the [indistinct] in Vrndavana. She was little and she had maggots in her foot, in the hoof and the blood was coming out. I put her on a Tonga and brought. That was before the gosala. I had a little place in the village. So she is one of the first ones and she’s so good natured. Uma, she was with me before the gosala started…
Krsna Dasa: Your best friend?
Sudevi: Yes, one of my few best friends [laughs]. She is actually the one who might protect me when the dacoits come. We had dacoits two times.
Madhudvisa: Really?
Sudevi: And she will not, wouldn’t recommend anybody to climb the wall in the night she will not, he will not probably survive because we have a few here who will attack if the strangers climb in the night. At the wrong time.
Madhudvisa: How do the dacoits come?
Sudevi: Yes two times dacoits came. The first time I was alone and they took everything. All the money and whatever there was worth more than 100 rupees. And since then I need people to stay here in the night. I have to pay people to sleep here, otherwise I cannot stay alone. Because if they hear a Western woman is staying, they think of money. There are dacoits in this country… This is the second one, Nataraja. His name is Nataraja. Nataraja. When he came he was maybe already one-year-old and he had such bad experience with people. He would push you with his horn and kick you with his legs and I thought I will not be able to keep him when he grows up. But now he is very sweet. Now he is very sweet. He does work with Ramdas, together with Ramdas. Now you see this one. He will feed the own(?) And another one. [ Hindi] these are all on the point of starvation these adopted ones. When we got them. Only now they are getting well.
Krsna Dasa: She’s a very rare cow who allows other calf’s to…
Sudevi: Well not if you don’t watch her, she will, she is very… Uma is the one who will not allow anybody .. but this one we have to… now we have to use a little force… more calf’s [cows] don’t want to feed others.. she came two days before, she is an old cow she can’t stand up. She came from Salt(?). This one over, the yellow one, broken leg I don’t even remember if she was brought I don’t remember where from. And this one has three legs only, she came from, where did she come from.. Dkasinder(?). No from Aligarh. Or Alvar(?) something like that.
Madhudvisa: So you’re taking from all over the place?
Sudevi: Yes, yes and she is from Koshi(?) And she cannot stand without help and she needs to be put. One leg needs to be put in a kind of sling. This thing.
Krsna Dasa: She has to be pulled up.
Sudevi: Yes, this one she will, she has come to die here. Many come to die only. She hardly eats. She will just finish her time here. And this yellow one she is also old. She does not stand anymore and has a broken leg. She managed to stand with that broken leg for quite a few months actually. She came in the winter and she survived but now she doesn’t stand up anymore. We put her in this machine, kind of sling, yes. We pull up with a type of, there are put inside and then they are pulled up. To on their feet. She is also a Sindhi cow she came from Mathura. She had an accident, both her hoofs were cut up to the bones. She couldn’t stand for months, we didn’t know whether she would live or die. You can see here the foot it is still very short and the other one, both. You can see it? And it was big wounds. And she is still weak she doesn’t put up as she should.
Gaurapada: The doctor comes regular?
Sudevi: No, I do most of the work myself. I’ve learned the daily work, like for fever. What to give for fever or for wound, antibiotic and pain. If there’s something which I do not know then I will call the doctor. The doctor whom I call he will take 100 rupees just for looking and if he does something. He, kind of operation or whatever he will take more. He will take 200 or 500.
Krsna Dasa: So in this way if you do it yourself you will save a lot of money.
Sudevi: Yes, of course and the doctor is not always available. So it is much more practical to learn the minimum that you can take care of everyday needs yourself. Special cases, I have learned from experience, I watch the doctor what he does and I went around with him and wrote down what he gives in which case. So I learned it. For years the doctor came every day. It was quite some expense. In the beginning we had no medicine also and then we spent maybe 1000 rupees every day on doctor’s and medicine. And now most of the medicine is given by donors and doctor’s work mostly I do myself. So some money is saved. Sometimes we have 20 to 25 who need wound cleaning, everyday broken legs, accident, dog victims of dog attacks. But sometimes there are less, sometimes there are 5 or 6. Nowadays we may have 8 or 10.. Maybe, we don’t count actually. I write down every day what injection we give to whom. And the wound cleaning, I used to do everything in the beginning myself. But em…
Gaurapada: You can train somebody.
Sudevi: Yes I trained the boys. Two of the boys they can do that now because my own body is starting to give a problem with the knees. That is one of the consequences of living in Indian in a Western body. You get trouble soon with your body.
Gaurapada: So they are Brijbasis?
Sudevi: They are born here, I mean they are adapted to the circumstances. The climate.
Gaurapada: They are happy here, they are appreciating? I mean the people around.
Sudevi: The local people?
Gaurapada: The local people.
Sudevi: Yes, they appreciate greatly. I’ve had words with them but they do don’t change what they do. [Laughs] but this place is greatly appreciated and respected.
Madhudvisa: So there is still a feeling to protect…
Sudevi: Yes, they know what should be done. But it is by word of mouth, not by heart. They do not follow up on the words. They know very well that they are doing wrong and what should be done and what should not be done. That is the problem with the whole of India. They have all the knowledge, God has given all the knowledge, the Bhagavad-gita. They know actually they know everything without being taught like us. Yet, they choose the wrong way. They choose to do the wrong things. So there will be consequences of course. If you have knowledge, you are so lucky to be born in a place where you have all the knowledge kind of together with the mother milk. Without even having to study or learn. Yet you are choosing out of greed. You may say they are poor, of course they are poor. It is true, so there may be a little excuse. Yet there are limits to the excuse because they cause huge suffering. To these poor little ones. She would have died now..
Madhudvisa: [indistinct]
Sudevi: There is no place for them to graze. Only fields that are desert like, wasteland.
Gaurapada: So there’s really no choice but to put them on the streets. How to keep them?
Sudevi: Yes they’re very poor people, so they may be an excuse if they have to choose either to feed their children or to feed the cows. They may be excused but there are quite a few who do have the money and could keep the cows and yet they will abandon them and the calf and will not feed the calf and they do it out of greed for money .. and…
Gaurapada: The villages around they just bring, take a cow and em, the cow is dry, they bring the cow..
Sudevi: Yes, Ramesa Baba in Varsana, he does it also. I can do that because I know it will be the death of the calf. And they will take all the milk and because they have to give the cow, give the cow back anyway. They don’t care for the calf at all. They will just take all, the calf will starve and if he survives somehow by some miracle he will die later because he is so undernourished and so weak. So I can’t do this. I just, many people come and ask me for milk cows. Or for a calf or for.. but I can’t because it means the death of the calf. He is suffering and he will be bound in one place and he will be unhappy and the cow will be exploited and the calf will die. So I can do that, I’m sorry. I know I should.. I can’t do it. People are very selfish, it is Kali yuga.
Madhudvisa: Yes.
Sudevi: I don’t think you can improve on Kali yuga. It is just the way things are in this time. In this time and age, I don’t think it will improve it may even get worse. I take them in without discrimination, without knowing what to feed them tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. That is, nobody else does it and that is, it may be very difficult one day and I may not have food in the winter to feed them all. And there will be no place also, place is limited. You’re on your feet from the morning, in the morning I have two hours. I take two hours until they finish the food and I do a little mala and puja and then the whole day. Not even noon time, there’s time for rest.
Krsna Dasa: If you see a calf drinking milk from the udder of the mother. Simply by watching you make spiritual advancement.
Sudevi: Fantastic, I’ve never read that…
Krsna Dasa: So you are well situated..
Sudevi: Maybe.
Krsna Dasa: Spiritually speaking. Because this is what you see every day. In Kali yuga it becomes very very rare to see it. The calf is taken away after birth immediately.
Sudevi: Yes they don’t even see the calf ever.
Krsna Dasa: Hm, and the mother who would like to give milk in this way is forced to give milk by injections and by machines.
Sudevi: Yes.
Krsna Dasa: In the West.
Sudevi: Like among humans, you have, they are all individuals. They have all their own character each little calf. You may not believe it but each calf has his own character. And his likes and dislikes. So some cows, not all are sweet, [laughs] not all are sweet. We have some rascals also. Ungrateful, unfriendly, and actually aggressive also sometimes. Some cows they don’t want a child, they reject them. Then, we had a few cases when the cow, she just went away from giving birth to the calf, went away, never came back. She will not give milk also, it happens.. She may be dangerous for the strange people. [Hindi] because she has a calf. You’r lucky actually that she didn’t say anything to you… most of the milk I will feed to the calf’s. And a little I give to the people. This is about the milk we get. And I will feed a few calves with that milk. They drink from a little pot. Bhagavat! Oh Bhagavat! Bhagavat! Actually he is not the one who is supposed to drink but he used to drink when he was little. So he likes it because he likes the milk… He doesn’t drink always, he should.. There is another one, she will not refuse. You can give as much as you like.. He came three days ago. He is blind from birth. His name is Surdas.. and he came two days ago. He was sick with fever.. And she has a broken leg, old one.. She was by the dogs, dogs caught him, he was swollen like that… you should see she was… she cannot properly walk, her legs are… she is very weak… the little one over there he also gets milk but he does not, he has to be given from the bottle.. She is dying, she is sick, you see. Liver is down, liver is finished.. he is from the steet. That is how you find them. On the point of starvation but he drinks from a bottle he does not drink from the pot.. She has one, look, one eye has come, from an accident.. We have some old tulasi leaves from yesterday, she might leave the body any day. Some caran-tulasi. And this [indistinct].. prasad candan.. such sweet faces. Such sweet faces… You don’t want to drink your milk? He doesn’t, drink always, sometimes he refuses.. Surdas.
Madhudvisa: He’s too big now maybe?
Sudevi: No, they drink milk, if they can get it until two years of age. But I don’t know why he doesn’t. Sometimes they don’t like their milk. You have children also who don’t like their milk sometimes.
Krsna Dasa: You’re bhajan, has changed? Improved?
Sudevi: No, I have no time for bhajan at all actually. To tell the truth. [Laughs] because I have to run after them all the time. Only the early-morning I have maybe two hours, I take out and in the daytime there is no time. And in the evening I am too tired. I just..
Krsna Dasa: So you’re bhajan is your go-seva.
Sudevi: Yes, that’s it.
Krsna Dasa: You have got the cows .. to Krsna.
Sudevi: Yes, that’s it. This life I have to do this and maybe I can do bhajan in my next life.
Cowboy2: No other country has as great a gosala.
Sudevi: They say, people say here, local people say. There is no greater bhajan than service to the cows. So when I tell that to somebody else, they say well show me where it is written in the sastra? You find many places there is something written about the glory of the cows but you can find people also who say without sadhana you cannot attain to God. Well maybe this is sadhana..
Krsna Dasa: Then Krsna was taking care of 900,000 cows of Nanda Maharaja.
Sudevi: Yes.
Krsna Dasa: He was chanting all their names.
Sudevi: Yes. He knew all their names.
Krsna Dasa: And on every bead he was chanting one name of one cow.
Sudevi: Yes. There is a great difference between Krsna and us. [laughs]
Krsna Dasa: So, I think you probably do the same by calling the names of all your cows. That is your chanting.
Sudevi: Well you may call it the mood. It may be.
Indian Cows
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6 Responses to India’s Holy Cow Becoming Extinct — Video
1. Aman says:
Hare Krishna!
Nobody is thinking about serving cows in India. In villages people send young boys to cities for studying and bringing wealth, fame and prestige to their parents. So there is nobody to work for them at home only. Those who are there they also spend time in frivolous activities. So they keep just enough cows they can feed and in return get as much milk. They do not care for cows and bulls at all. I’m says this on my own experience as I belong to a village and my family members, like everyone’s, want all materialistic advancements do not care for cows. Recently there was a ban on illegal slaughterhouses in my state and because of this many animals started breaking into fields and eat little crop so people are criticizing the government over this also. So this is the current situation here in Uttar Pradesh, India and nowhere it is better. Only chanting of Hare Krishna can save the cows. Because Krishna is the saviour of cows.
2. Aman says:
While reading this I felt like I was in the spiritual world.
3. cidanandas says:
Mataji Sudevi will go straight to Goloka Vrndavan!
4. Acaryaratna dasa says:
I am just a Cowboy looking for my cows!
Even in the ISKCON goshala at Sridhama Mayapur this is what happend during the mid 1990ies. Within a period of one year, more than 11 calves died of starvation; whereas the local brahmacaries fought with western residents about their daily quota of milk. The at that time goshala incharge complained: We just had to many calves, because the bull broke lose and did more than he was supposed to do.
5. Manish says:
These situation has already spread all over India. I’m from West Bengal, and here too the same situation, the cows are kept just to many money with some exception of course. Very few people have the Vedic wisdom regarding cows. Many Brahmanas like my family used to tame cows. We had quite a number of cows in our house when i was a kid but now all is gone. Everyone is too much stepped on materialism. Ignorance and atheism runs rampant everywhere, even when you see someone doing puja in temple, you can hear them praying for money, fame, cars, and all mundane materialistic desire. They have forgot the taste of the nectar of spiritual wisdom. Cows are kept in unsanitary condition, on medicines and injections, just to produce milk which they can sell after adulterating it with water many a times. Cows are the greatest wealth for a Brahmana, and its very sad to see the demise of cows.
Still stories like Sudevi, brings forth joy and a sense of hope. She is a great devotee and she is serving Krishna unrelentingly, and is literally struggling. Many of us could learn a lot from her.
Hare Krishna…
6. Deborah Elder says:
Hare Krishna!
Thank you for posting this candid video. Maybe 20 years ago I would plan to save my money and move to India. I am so sad to hear how the balanced, sensible, sustainable Vedic ways are changing in India – in such a small town too. But isn’t that the way of this material world – even the ‘best’ things decay.
Sudevi inspires me by remembering the spiritual truth right where she finds herself living and working for Krishna.
All glories to Srila Prabhupada.
(Missoula, Montana)
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What To Know About The 60 Ton Press
A lot of machines are being used in the machining trade, usually ones which make the production of devices, implements and gears workable. The process evolved from long term work in metals that has been going on for thousands of years. These thousands of years have helped people come up with more innovations and progress for this trade.
The fact that metals are hard to work on is something that requires a lot of power tools and presses. The 60 ton press for instance is relied on along with some relevant machines that are used on factory floors. These will be part of industries and plants which manufacture certain items to feed the same industries and provide consumer goods.
Most of the materials that the press address come in sheets. Whether they are steel, aluminum or copper plate, these require a certain amount of pressure to cut into or stamp and make into useful items. Usually, the process today is highly automated while there are certain use for presses in the quality, testing and repair categories.
Presses of course use some kind of power to make them work, and it could include hydraulic, steam and power driven units. These machines are controlled digitally today, but there might also be some manual ones for refined manual use. There is creativity in this last and older process, and this is done with the help of expert employees and implements.
For some industries, the presses could be programmed for mass production. Which is to say, they automatically stamp and roll out some components or parts, many of them in a day. Other machines will be stamping out other kinds of parts and these are all taken together and put in an assembly line within the same factory.
These are highly complex industrial processes that have taken decades to perfect in the modern twentieth century. The settings for these could have been shops in the old sense, ones run by manual labor. But there, the mechanisms for change and progress were already working as many things were being made by the thousands even then.
The press machine could stand alone or work in conjunction with things like reflux or reflow soldering units. The item they press out could be refined by sandblasting and other techniques. The size and shape of the item is something they have been programmed to precisely make, and this is possible through computer controls.
Computers nowadays enable factories to centralize their control systems. This is usually located above the factory floor and is attended by an entire crew. These are not separated and could therefore work together closely, making the work that much more efficient.
The thing with pressing is that it comes from an artistic method which sculpted or etched stamps on metal. While the process today is mechanical, it still owes a lot to creativity in design and even some technical terms. Which is to say that these are as much a product of the imagination as things which were produced from mathematical formulas.
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New Imperialism in Africa
What was new imperialism? New Imperialism refers to the colonial expansion adopted by Europe’s powers and, later, Japan and the United States, during the 19th and early 20th centuries; from the Franco-Prussian War to World War I The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed “empire for empire’s sake,” aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions and the emergence in colonizing . 2. Define the white man’s burden and the scramble for Africa?The white man’s burden was a term used to describe when the Europeans decided to colonize Africa and then went on to spread the Christian religion and spread the idea of democracy to the heathens of the African continent.
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The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Imperialism period, between the 1880s and World War I in 1914. 3.
What were the criticisms of the New Imperialism?The negative effect of new imperialism was the fact that Africa was divided among the natural boundaries and not by the cultural boundaries affecting Africa in the long run and also stripping Africa of all their natural resources and destroyed their government. 4. How did the Berlin Conference affect Africa? The 14 European powers that held this conference had no considerations of the peoples of Africa. They had decided to split Africa based on environmental boundaries and not on the tribal boundaries which would later case war and the dysfunctional government that Africa had today. |
What is a psychology research outline? Assignment
A psychology research outline is a paper that comprises basic info concerning a particular psychology research paper. In this documents, a writer describes fundamental issues connected to the main body of your academic assignment. Exist a few steps allowing to compile an appropriate assignment. Primarily, one needs to formulate a catchy title, next create an outline, create the main part of the paper, add conclusions and end with a reference list.
Psychology research paper outline is an essential structural element as it allows to decide on a scope of the future assignment. It helps to decide on the issues, which you are going to include in the discussion section of your paper. It may be difficult to cover an extensive topic and discuss everything in detail. For that reason, you have to compile a scheme that will allow choosing the most important issues of your psychology research.
By preparing a short content or, so-called, plan you establish a limit for yourself. It allows you to create a coherent and cohesive topic, that suits the demands of the scholarly supervisor. The adequately created outline will serve as a solid foundation for your paper. As a rule, research outline has to comprise three main section. It should be an introduction, main body, and conclusion. These main sections are the key points for the writer, on which he has to focus. Outline for psychology research paper is a handy tool that allows compiling a proper assignment following all standards.
The aim of psychology research paper outline
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A task to prepare a psychology research paper is serious and time-consuming. It demands serious approach and responsibility from a writer. Moreover, to create a coherent, cohesive and sense-loaded document, a writer needs to have a deep knowledge of psychology and key issues related to this branch of studies. Exist a few steps that help to create a psychology research paper. One of the primary steps, which is the next after the formulation of the topic is the creation of an outline for psychology research paper.
An outline resembles a short and condensed plan illustrating the main points that will be covered in a future paper. It is a helpful instrument that helps a lot in the process of writing. A student having a properly compiled outline does not need to think over the info he is going to include in his research paper. A template allows following the prepared in advance logical order. With the help of the plan, a student writes more quickly and effectively. It avoids the implementation of useless info and overloading the research paper with plenty of irrelevant facts.
Psychology research paper outline template
As each academic paper or its structural element, a psychology research paper outline has its template. A template is a scheme illustrating the main structural section that should be included in the outline. In the psychology research paper, outline example should be present three main sense sections. Those are an introduction, main body, and conclusion. Each of these should comprise a certain portion of info. Following the established order will help to create a sound and sense loaded research paper.
1. The introduction is an opening part. As a rule, intro should include a thesis sentence or the theme of the research. Apart from that, it should comprise a purpose of the whole work. This section may also present an explanation of the choice of topic and subject of studies. It is also possible to emphasize the significance of the study and its role in the scientific branch. The introductory part should provide the background for the target audience and give the basic info about the topic you chose.
2. In the main body, the task of a writer is to provide supporting arguments and examples supporting or denying the thesis. The task of a student is to choose suitable and persuasive statements that will help to motivate his position or the point of view. The last structural element is a conclusion.
3. A concluding part has to include the summary of the main points discussed in the paper. It is the closing sense section, where the student has to arrive at his final position and present the conclusion. The writer has to bear in mind the fact that he should explain to the target reader, why he has arrived at a specific conclusion and prove it referring to a thesis and facts from the main body of his psychology research paper.
Psychology Research Paper Outline Example
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halftone - Photomechanical process for reproducing continuous-tone photographs. Printed with one color of ink, the halftone process gives the appearance of blacks, whites, and grays by converting the image into a pattern of clearly defined dots of varying sizes. The halftone process creates the illusion of tone gradation. The largest dots appear darkest and are in the shadow areas of the image, while the smallest dots seem lightest and represent the highlight areas. Intermediate sized dots reproduce the various middle tones of gray in a photograph.
headband - In books, a small ornamented band of cotton or silk placed at the head or tail of a volume between the cover and the backs of the folded signatures.
high tack (adhesives) - Showing properties of strong, fast bonding, as in adhesives. Usually non-repositionable.
highlight - The brightest light accents in the subject of a photographic image. Therefore, the lightest of whitest parts in the positive and the darkest areas of a negative.
hinge - A small piece of neutral or acid free paper such as mulberry tissue that is folded in half and glued to the artwork and the backing or sometimes is not folded but laid across the top edge of the art and onto the backing. The term also applies to a strip of tape used to join the mat to a backing piece of board to create a folder mat.
hinging papers - Usually lightweight but strong Japanese papers of various weights combined with organic and reversible adhesives (as in wheat or rice starch paste). They form archival hinging system for attaching artwork to album pages or mounting board.
hololography - Recording on a photographic material the interference pattern between a direct (reference) light beam and one reflected or transmitted by the subject. The resulting hologram is usually viewed by coherent light, giving the appearance of three dimensions. Within limits, changing the viewpoint from which a hologram is observed shows the subject as seen from different angles.
hydration - In paper, when the chemical components in paper are combined with moisture and the paper expands.
hydrolysis - The decomposition of organic compounds, such as paper, by the interaction of water. The presence of acid or alkali ions compound or hasten the process.
hygroscopic - Absorbing moisture from the air. Most paper is mildly hygroscopic. Table salt as a example is very hygroscopic.
hypo (fixer, fixing bath) - Originally an abbreviation for sodium hyposulfate, but now used to refer to sodium thiosulfate, the chemical agent used in fixing baths to remove unexposed silver halides from silver emulsion film and paper. It is also more generally used to refer to a fixer solution which may also contain certain acids and/or hardening agents.
hypo clearing agent - A washing agent, specially designed to remove residual hypo fixer (especially sodium thiosulfate) from prints or papers, and shorten final washing times. |
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_MultiProcess UDF : run multiple commands at the same time
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What is MutiProcess UDF ?
MutiProcess allows you to run several external programs at the same time and retrieve the exit code of each process. Originally, I created this UDF for my own need, to speed up the execution of many programs.
How does it work ?
MutiProcess works with jobs and tasks. A job is a list of tasks to execute. A task is the execution of an external program (like you can do with Run() )
When you launch a job, MutiProcess executes a specified number of tasks simultaneously. Each time a task finishes to execute, a new task is executed, in order to keep the maximum number of tasks simultaneously.
Example, you want to launch 50 instances of notepad.exe (odd, isn't it?) with a maximum of 10 instances simultaneously. MutiProcess starts the first 10 processes, then it waits for one process to be finished. Since a processes is finished, MutiProcess launchs the next waiting task and so on, until the end of the tasks list.
You can launch several jobs at the same time, each one with a lot of tasks if you want. Each job and task is identified by an uniq identifier (ID).
How can I use it ?
First, you have to create a MultiProcess job, using _MultiProcess_Create. It returns the ID of the job.
Next, you have to add the tasks you want to execute in your job (for example : notepad.exe, ping, ...some external command), using _MultiProcess_AddTask. It returns the ID of the task.
After that, you can launch the job using _MultiProcess_Run
You can wait the end of execution of a job by using _MultiProcess_WaitClose
You can cancel the execution of a job using _MultiProcess_Close, even if some tasks are in execution (it's possible to force the process to close)
You can use _MultiProcess_SetOnEvent to call you own functions each time a job or task changes of state (start running, finished...). It's a good way to get the progression of the job.
After all, you can get the result of each task, using _MultiProcess_GetResult. The result of a task is the exit code of its process.
Here I want to process a "ping" command on 50 computers in my network. I could use the AutoIt Ping() function, but I use MultiProcess to launch 5 "ping" commands at the same time, to increase the time of execution .
The external command that I want to launch is cmd /c ping 192.168.xxx.xxx -n 1 | find "TTL" : this command returns 0 on success and 1 on error.
In the example, I give 2 methods to do the same thing : the first one with MultiProcess , the second with the AutoIt Ping() function. It's just to show you the difference of time execution.
#Include <Array.au3> ; Just used for _ArrayDisplay
#Include "multiProcess.au3"
; Build an array of hosts to Ping (the 2nd element of the array will contain the result (online/offline)
Local $sSubNet = "192.168.1."
Local $aHosts[50][2]
For $i = 0 To UBound($aHosts) - 1
$aHosts[$i][0] = $sSubNet & ($i + 1)
ConsoleWrite("Ping " & UBound($aHosts) & " hosts with MultiProcess method, please wait..." & @CRLF)
Local $hTimer = TimerInit()
; Create a Multiprocess job
;~ ; Add a task, (external command) - returns an ID
$aHosts[$i][1] = _MultiProcess_AddTask(@ComSpec & ' /c ping ' & $aHosts[$i][0] & ' -n 1 | find "TTL"', @SystemDir, @SW_HIDE)
; Launch the MultiProcess job, with a max of 5 simultaneous processes
; Wait until the job finishes to execute
; Get the results of each task
;~ Local $aResult = _MultiProcess_GetResult()
$iExitCode = _MultiProcess_GetResult($aHosts[$i][1]) ; Retrieve to exit code of the process
$aHosts[$i][1] = $iExitCode ? "------" : "Online" ; The command returns 0 on sucess
ConsoleWrite("Elapsed time (in ms) : " & TimerDiff($hTimer) & @CRLF)
; Now, Classic method, using the Ping() function
ConsoleWrite(@CRLF & "Ping " & UBound($aHosts) & " hosts with AutoIt Ping method, please wait..." & @CRLF)
$hTimer = TimerInit()
$iRes = Ping($aHosts[$i][0]) ? "Online" : "------"
I don't know if someone will by interested by the UDF, so if needed, I will provide more examples.
Download link : multiProcess.au3
Edited by jguinch
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Any ideas how you might pull off a job as an admin user without running the whole script as that user. Previously I used runas but, that isn't really an option here. Ideas or possible a new feature.
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Cool, I just did such a thing to my needs. I thought exactly the same idea
Edited by gil900
Thank you so much for existing, Autoit and it's community is awesome and gave me very much!
I am so grateful so I contributed 100$ because I feel that this is the right thing to do :)
If anyone also thinks that he should contribute because he benefits from Autoit, I suggest doing the same
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Mechanics of Mozzarella: Section Properties of Pizza in SOLIDWORKS
My mother always told me to never play with my food, but little does she know, you can get a lesson in engineering from it! In this article, I will discuss this with one of my favorite foods: pizza! As delicious as it is, it can prove to be a little bit difficult to eat it. We’ve all been there, unless your pizza is super thin and crispy, the slice will droop.
Pizza Simulation
Still, humans are resourceful and have found ways to tackle the challenge. First, there are some who try to duck their heads and ambush the slice from below. While this gets the job done, it can be messy if the maneuver is executed incorrectly. Not to mention, then you become that person that droops a pizza over his/her face to eat it.
Some have found that they were able to subdue their pizza by using both of their hands. While effective, this technique can be dangerous to wielder. Many recount near death experiences, coming from the brink of dehydration as they were unable to hold a drink with what would, otherwise, be a free hand.
Another controversial technique is to leave the pizza on the plate and bring tools called “forks” and “knives” to it! This is polarizing among activists, who note that cutting up a pizza with cutlery is inhumane to the pizza, which should be treated with more respect. Once again, you become THAT person that eats a pizza with a knife and fork.
Surely, there must be a better way! We have technology! We have SOLIDWORKS!!! Well, the most recent development from the world’s top pizza researchers gives us this technique: the pinch.
This is when you pick up the slice of pizza by the crust and pinch the piece of pizza in half. This magically coerces the pizza to stand at attention, ready to be enjoyed.
Pinched Pizza Simulation
But why does this work? Let us step back and ask the question: Why do pizzas droop in the first place? When we hold a slice of pizza by the crust, the force of gravity is pulling down on the pizza, the average location of the force at the center of mass. This force is far forward from the fixed point (human hand) that is holding the crust. This situation is analogous to a cantilever beam and results in a net bending moment that makes the pizza droop (annoyingly) downwards!
This makes sense, except how does crimping the pizza on the end help with this at all?? Crimping does not change the mass (or gravity of the Earth) so the magnitude of the weight force remains the same. The location of the center of mass hasn’t changed either (assuming you haven’t taken a bite out of it while reading this, of course), and the location of the hand hasn’t changed either. So, the net bending moment is the same too! What gives?!
There is another property that determines the net deflection on a cantilever beam: section properties specifically. That’s right, the shape of the beam affects how a beam bends under load. It is this property that explains why civil engineers love the I-beam so much. The I beam is really good at resisting bending moment because of its I shape. Specifically, the I shape has a high second moment of area (or principal moments of inertia of the area) property. If you look on this page, it gives the formulas for many cross section shapes. I looked for hours and was unable to find the equation for pizza. That’s not a problem though, because we can calculate it with SOLIDWORKS!
Pizza 3D CAD Model
Here, I’ve made a you guys a slice of pizza! But this pizza isn’t for eating, its for science…and then eating. So how can we find the second moment of area of this pizza at a particular location? It is a section property, so we need to section it first! Click the section tool at the top of the heads-up view toolbar. I’ll place a section plane about an inch from the crust (no I didn’t eat it already)!
Cross Section of 3D CAD Pizza
Now, the cross section here is basically a rectangle and can be manually calculated if you’re a nerd and like math but it can also be computed with SOLIDWORKS. Go to the Evaluate tab and click on “Section Properties”. A window not unlike mass properties appears. Select the section face and click “Recalculate”. SOLIDWORKS will display the results in that window.
Section Properties Snapshot
Many numbers are displayed in the window, because SOLIDWORKS calculates the moments of inertia with respect to many axes at once, but the value we are looking for is listed as Ix = 3759 mm^4. This is the principal moment of inertia with respect to the x axis (the neutral axis).
Now, let’s apply our secret technique and then recalculate Ix! Here is my masterful crimp of this slice as well as its section:
CAD Pizza Model with Crimp & Cross Section
That cross section looks wildly different, but let’s see what the numbers say!
Section Properties after Pizza Pinch
We can see that, even though the cross-sectional area remained virtually the same at 925mm², the Principal Moment of Inertia of the Area Ix ballooned to over 130982mm^4, an increase of 35 times!
So that’s good and all, but how exactly does a large Principal Moment of Inertia correspond to resistance in bending for a cantilever pizza?
Let’s consider the equation that describes the maximum deflection in a cantilever beam under uniform distributed load where:
• delta (δ) is maximum deflection
• q is the uniform distributed load
• L is the length of the beam
• E is the Modulus of Elasticity (a material property)
• And I is the Principal Moment of Inertia of the Area.
The real take away is this: the equation for deflection is inversely dependent on the Moment of Inertia. In layman’s terms, when the value of Ix gets large, the value of the deflection diminishes…and that’s exactly what we like in our pizza. Thanks for following along!
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Public Release:
Scientists teach computers how to analyze brain cells
NIH-funded researchers and Google show machine learning can be applied to biomedical research
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
IMAGE: Researchers trained a computer program to analyze brain cells. This image shows the program 'thinking,' as it considers what cellular structures to identify. view more
Credit: Image courtesy of Dr. Finkbeiner, Gladstone Institutes and UCSF.
"This approach has the potential to revolutionize biomedical research," said Margaret Sutherland, Ph.D., program director at the NINDS. "Researchers are now generating extraordinary amounts of data. For neuroscientists, this means that training machines to help analyze this information can help speed up our understanding of how the cells of the brain are put together and in applications related to drug development."
A team led by Steven Finkbeiner, M.D., Ph.D., director and senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, and professor of neurology and physiology at the University of California, San Francisco, explored whether computers could be trained to identify structures in unstained cells.
"Every day our lab had been creating hundreds of images, much more than we could look at and analyze ourselves. One day, a couple of researchers from Google knocked on our door to see if they could help us," said Dr. Finkbeiner, the senior author of the study.
Using Deep Learning, Dr. Finkbeiner's team trained a computer program to analyze brain cells by showing it stained and unstained images. Then, to test whether the program had learned anything, the researchers challenged it with new unlabeled images.
"Deep Learning takes an algorithm, or a set of rules, and structures it in layers, identifying simple features from parts of the image, and then passes the information to other layers that recognize increasingly complex features, such as patterns and structures. This is reminiscent of how our brain processes visual information," said Dr. Finkbeiner. "Deep Learning methods are able to uncover much more information than can be seen with the human eye."
Dr. Finkbeiner and his colleagues plan to apply these methods to disease-focused research.
This study was supported by NINDS (NS091046, NS083390, NS101995), the NIH's National Institute on Aging (AG065151, AG058476), the NIH's
National Human Genome Research Institute (HG008105), Google, the ALS Association, and the Michael J. Fox Foundation.
For more information:
Christiansen E. et al. In silico labeling: Predicting fluorescent labels in unlabeled images. Cell. April 12, 2018.
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Major Types Socialization
Major Types Socialization
There are different ways of socialization; The main ones are: primary or childhood socialization, secondary socialization and maturity, de-socialization and re-socialization. Other minor forms of socialization are: anticipatory socialization and reverse socialization (Calhoun et al, 1994; Henslin and Nelson, 1995; Soroka, 1996 Macionis, 1997)
1. Top of Childhood Socialization
It is also called basic or early socialization. The terms "primary", "basic" or "early" all mean great importance to childhood socialization. Many of the personality makeup of individual forged during this period of life. Socialization at this stage of life is a milestone; without it, we would cease to be social creatures. The son of man is a biological creature or organism is transformed into a social being, especially in the early stages. Therefore, children must be socialized properly from birth to five years in particular, because they are basic and essential. A child who does not receive adequate socialization during this period will probably be a shortage in his / her social, moral, intellectual and personality development. Some grew development of anti-social attitudes, aspirations and skills.
2. Secondary or Adult Socialization
While socialization is a problem on offer for children and young people, it is a never ending process that continues in the future life. Secondary or adult socialization is required when an individual take on new roles, reorient themselves according to their social status and roles change, as in the beginning of married life. The socialization process at this stage can sometimes be severe. For instance, fresh graduates entering the world of work start their first job, there are many new features to be controlled. Intense adult socialization can happen to immigrants. When they go to other countries, you may need them the language, values, customs, and many other custom and folkways may prove really know the serious and difficult experience with economic difficulties. While it may be fairly stated that childhood socialization experience what kind of people we are, the challenge remains of socialization in late adolescence and adult stages. This is done so particularly in the context of the rapidly changing world of complex societies.
3. The rehabilitation and socialization
In the lives of individuals, and to pass through various stages and experiences, it is necessary reorganization and de-socialisation. Rehabilitation means the approval of adults with a radically different customs and life ways which are more or less completely different from the previous values. Reconstruction, the rapid and fundamental changes in adult life. The change can provide a Life way ask for a new one that is completely different from, and incompatible with the former. This happens too often asks adult life in modern society sharp transitions and changes. De-socialization usually precedes reconstruction. De-socialization refers to stripping individuals of their former lifestyle, beliefs, values and attitudes so that they can perform other partially or completely new lifestyles, attitudes and values. Individuals have to leave their old values and taking on a new part of the new social groups. De-socialization and re-socialization often takes place in what is called total institutions, comprehensive and often isolated from the community. They demand a thorough de-socialization of newcomers before they come after the full membership. Total institutions include: psychiatric hospitals, prisons, churches and other groups, and military units. In any case, the joining of the new institutions must first be de-socialized before they can be socialized again.
Reorganization may also mean socializing people back to their old values, according to their former way of life again, spending a relatively long time in the overall institution. This is because they might forget the most basic values and practices of the first group or society. This form of rehabilitation can be regarded as reintegration, renew the help of former members of the community their memories of their past lifeways, skills, knowledge, etc.
4. anticipatory socialization
Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of adjustment and adaptation in which individuals try to learn and internalize the roles, values, attitudes and practices of social status or profession for which they are likely to be employed in the future. They do this in anticipation of the upcoming real socialization. It is a kind of rehearsal and preparation first have a sense of what it will look like new roles. However, anticipatory socialization is not appropriate when the nature and extent of life transition is complex. It can be extremely difficult to predict what will happen.
5. Reverse Socialization
Reverse socialization refers to the process of socialization, the dominant socializing people, such as parents, need to pass themselves to be socialized with people who like to socialize children. This idea seems to be associated with the fact that socialization is a two way street. It is the influence and pressure of socializees to induce directly or indirectly change the attitudes and behavior itself socializers. Reverse socialization, children, for example, can be made to socialize with their parents in a number of roles, skills and attitudes that are lacking in the latter.
7. Agents and Components Socialization
Agents of socialization are different groups of people and institutional structures that are responsible for training new members of society. Some of them can be formal, while others are informal. They will help individual members in all activities of their society.
There are three components socialization process. May socialize either a newborn child can be a new recruit in the army or police or a freshman at a college or a trainee medical service. On the other hand, there are socializers parents, peer group, community members, teachers or members of the church can be. Both socialize Socializer together and not in a vacuum but in a social environment plays a major role in the process of socialization. The foregoing some social environments socialization institutions. The most socializing agent is the family, peer relationships, school, neighbourhood (church), the mass media, etc. The institution of the family is generally considered the most important agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the main contact between a child and his / her parents and siblings. The contacts are also between the child and guardian when the real parents are not available. Besides the parents, there are other agents of socialization (in modern society), such as day care centers, nursery and kindergarten as well as primary and secondary schools and universities. It seems to have taken the various agents of socialization partial functions of parents, especially in modern society, where women are leaving their traditional responsibilities from home by lure of work outside the home. The school is part of a conscious effort and a society to socialize children. Unlike parents and schools, peer groups play a very important role in the process of socialization. Sometimes peer pressure, whether positive or negative, can be as strong as the parent. The peer group can send existing social values and the development of new and different culture of its own with special values.
The mass media such as television, radio, films, videos, tapes, books, magazines and newspapers are also important means of socialization. The most important influence on children coming from the television, as studies show. The effects are both positive and negative. Negative effect appears to be greater for parents and other interested bodies to worry about how the television socializing children. For example, studies show that watching violence on television can encourage aggressive behavior in children.
8. Multiple and Conflicting Influence of Socialization
Until now, the idea of socialization is presented appears biased towards structural functionalist view of society and socialization. Therefore, it would be useful to some ideas that can help add the balance of the image. A critical conceptualization of socialization, the contradictory and ambiguous origins and influences of socialization should be highlighted.
If we consider is a good example for students in the health sciences, it is in this context is important. An example might be alcohol and tobacco. Evidence shows that the consumption of tobacco and alcohol is rapidly increasing in the developing world. There are underlying and contradictory processes of socialization behind this phenomenon. The conflicting influences arise when on the one hand, families, schools and medical institutions warn young people not to consume these products; and on the other hand, global companies such products fully enter the battle in getting products to young people, through the attraction of television advertising.This example shows that the often conflicting, competing messages come from various sources of socialization. The various agents of socialization is not given the balance of power, control and dominance. International companies, vigorously promote the culture of consumerism depth using powerful global media tend to play a dominant role in influencing the attitudes and lifestyles of young people (Personal communication. Teketel Dr. Abebe, Addis Ababa University, Department of sociology and Anthropology)
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Proton-Pump Inhibitors and Heart Disease
Given my understanding of human physiology, I consider the act of digestion and assimilation of nutrients to be one of the most important things that our bodies do. Off the top of my head, I can list at least 10 things that stomach acid is absolutely essential for. In other words–it’s REALLY important. Then consider the fact that age and stress begins to drastically lower our stomach’s production of acid. With this fact in mind, one would begin to ask how a class of drug that further lowers an already too little production of acid could hold the #3 spot in drug use. A very good question and one that I can’t really answer because it doesn’t make sense if one understands how digestion works. The proton pump inhibitors (names like Prilosec, Nexium, Aciphex, Protonix) shut down digestion. Because of this, they have been linked to osteoporosis, liver problems, weakening of the lining of the gut, C. difficile infections and now (as if the list already wasn’t bad enough), heart disease. Given how incredibly rare making TOO much stomach acid is, one should ask what is the purpose of this med being used in patients. The only viable use is if someone has a bleeding ulcer, in which case this class of drugs will save a life. Ironically, most people given PPIs are actually making too LITTLE stomach acid and supporting digestion (apple cider vinegar, digestive enzymes, stress mang’t) goes a long way towards eliminating symptoms.
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Coefficients and the aMAZEing Math Maze
In this site we will try to explain coefficients as well as help those of you who may be a bit lost in the Math Maze. Question 12a was about factoring quadratics. In the famous words of that great mathematician -
When factoring a quadratic where the coefficient of the squared variable is 1, find two integers that multiply together to give you the third term and add together to give you the coefficient of the middle term.
Oh wait, I said that. Sure, sure, someone else probably said it first, but let them get there own website. Notice the word coefficient in the description. What the heck does that mean? For that matter, what do integers, terms, and quadratic mean? I'm glad you asked.
Integers are whole numbers along with negative numbers. Whole numbers being 0, 1, 2, 3, ... No fractions. But, whole numbers don't include the negative numbers while integers do include the negatives.
A term, in mathematics, is a group of numbers multiplied or divided together. Expressions and equations are composed of terms that are either added or subtracted from each other. Sometimes a term is a number and a variable multiplied times each other like 7x would be 7 times x where x is the variable and 7 is the coefficient. Those two combine to make a term.
Did you miss it? I just defined it in the paragraph about terms. I can be so clever at times.
Quadratics is an expression or equation where the highest exponent is 2.
In the above image, the red numbers are coefficients. Note that the exponent of x in the term 3x is 1, the default exponent. You could think of the term -7 as being negative seven times x to the zero power, since anything to the zero power is 1.
We will get back to definitions in a bit, it's time to talk about question 12a
Remember, the question wants us to find the term that cannot be factored using integers.
Answer a) is x^2 + 4x + 4 2x2 = 4 and 2 + 2 = 4 so this one can be factored.
Answer b) x^2 + x - 20 well (5)(-4) = -20 and 5 - 4 = 1 so this one also works.
Answer c) x^2 + 4x - 5 works with 5(-1) = -5 and 5 - 1 = 4
So the answer is d) x^2 + 4x + 5 there are no two integers with a product of 5 and a sum of 4.
Question 12b - the last chance to move forward!
The pressure is on, keep your cool - I know you can do this!!
Which one of these trinomials can not be factored using integers?
A) x2 + 3x + 4
B) x2 + 3x - 4
C) x2 + 3x - 28
D) x2 + 3x + 2
Which of the above could not be factored using integers?
A) B) C) D)
A bit more about Coefficient
There are a lot of places that use the word, A free resource for definitions is You could give it a try.
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Attention Magnetic Knowledge Other
magnetic knowledge
• 1 What are the principal properties of a permanent magnet?
Permanent magnets are identified by the following principal magnetic properties:
Maximum energy product (BH)max, in unit of GOe (gauss-oersteds, CGS unit) or J/m3 (joules per cubic meter, SI unit), 1J/m3=4π×10 GOe, Remanence Br, in unit of Gs or T, Coercivity HcB, in unit of Oe or A/m, Intrinsic coercivity HcJ, in unit of Oe or A/m. Other magnetic properties of permanent magnets are: Curie temperature (Tc), operable temperature (Tw), temperature coefficient of remanence (α(Br)), temperature coefficient of intrinsic coercivity (β(HcJ)), recoil permeability (μrec), demagnetization curve square degree (Hk/HcJ),.
In addition to magnetic properties, physical properties of permanent magnets include density, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, etc. Mechanical properties include Vickers hardness, Young’s modules, compression strength,tensile strength, impact resistance and so on. Besides, one important performance indicator of permanent magnets is the surface state and its corrosion resistance.
• 2 What is magnetic field strength?
In 1820, H. C. Oersted discovered that a current-carrying wire could deflect nearby magnetic needle, revealing the basic relationship between electricity and magnetism. And then the electromagnetics were born. Practice has shown that the strength of the magnetic field generated by the infinitely long wire passing through the current is proportional to the magnitude of the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the wire. The magnetic field strength is usually expressed in H. The unit of magnetic field strength in SI unit system is A/m, and 1 A/m is the magnetic field strength of an infinitely long conductor carrying 1 amp of current at a distance of 1/(2π) from the conductor. In CGS unit system (cm-gram-second), the unit of magnetic field strength is 1Oe (Oersted). To commemorate Oersted's contribution to electromagnetism, the magnetic field strength of an infinitely long wire carrying 1 amp of current at a distance of 0.2 cm is defined as 1Oe (Oersted), 1Oe=1/(4π)103A/m.
• 3 What is magnetic polarization (J),magnetization(M) and the difference between them?
Modern magnetism have shown that all magnetic phenomena originate from current, rather than the ‘magnetic charge’ that was originally imagined. Magnetic materials are no exception. The magnetic phenomenon originates from the movement of basic particles in the atoms inside the material. The collective effect causes the material to exhibit various macroscopic magnetic properties. Based on the molecular current assumption, a closed annular microcurrent (molecular current) is equivalent to a small magnetic needle, the magnetic dipole.
Defining the maximum torque generated by unit magnetic fieldto a magnetic dipole of materials under vacuum is the magnetic dipole moment pm, and the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments per unit volume of material is the magnetic polarization J with unit T (Tesla, SI unit). In the CGS unit system, the unit of J is Gs, 1T = 104Gs.
Defining the magnetic moment of a magnetic dipole is current I multiplied by current loop area a, m=Ia. And its unit in the SI unit system is A?m2. The vector sum of the magnetic moments per unit volume of material is the magnetization M. The unit of M is A/m in the SI unit system same as magnetic field strength and Gs in the CGS unit system.
The relationship between magnetic dipole moment and magnetic moment is pm0m, where μ0 is vacuum permeability. And the relationship between J and M is J=μ0M, where μ0=4π×10-7H/m in SI unit system and μ0=1 in CGS unit system. the magnetic polarization is equal to the value of the magnetization in CGS unit system.
• 4 What is the magnetic induction (B), magnetic flux density (B) and the relationship between B, H，J and M?
Both theory and practice have shown that when a magnetic field H is applied to any medium, the magnetic field strength inside the medium is not equal to H, but is expressed as the sum of H and the magnetic polarization J of the medium. The magnetic field H can be provided by an external current or an external permanent magnet. And it can also be provided by the permanent magnet medium itself which is called Demagnetizing field---see ‘What is demagnetizing field?’ Since the magnetic field strength inside the medium is expressed by the induction of the magnetic field H through the medium, it is called the magnetic induction and recorded as B to distinguish from H:
B= μ0H +J= μ0(H+ M) (SI) (1)
B= H +4πM(CGS)
The unit of M is A/m in SI unit system same as magnetic field strength and Gs in CGS unit system(1T=104Gs).
For non-magnetic media such as air, water, copper, aluminum, etc., the magnetic polarization strength J or the magnetization M are almost equal to 0, so the magnetic induction B of the medium is completely from the magnetic field strength H. And in CGS unit system, magnetic induction is equal to the value of magnetic field strength H in different units.
Since magnetic phenomenon can be visually represented by magnetic lines of force, magnetic induction B can be defined as the areal density of magnetic flux, magnetic flux density. magnetic induction and magnetic flux density are conceptually equivalent.
• 5 What is the demagnetization curve of a permanent magnet?
For ferromagnetic materials, the response of magnetic induction B to magnetic field H is usually hysteretic. By plotting B against H (usually in rectangular coordinates) a close loop will be generated which is called a hysteresis loop. There are infinite hysteresis loops for a permanent magnet according to the magnitude of the external applied fields. Generally, we designate the possibly maximum hysteresis loop as the major hysteresis loop of a permanent magnet. Fig.1a shows the typical major hysteresis loops of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet. The relationship of B-H is known as the standard curve, and that of J-H is known as the intrinsic curve. The two curves are correlated at every point by equation (1). i.e. we can derive one from the other by equation (1).
The demagnetization curve is the second (or equally the fourth) quadrant of a major hysteresis loop. The demagnetization curves for the typical Nd-Fe-B magnet are shown in Fig.1b, , one of which is B-H curve(or B demagnetization curve), the other is J-H curve(or J demagnetization curve).
The B-H curve is used for magnetic circuit design to represents the energy output of the magnet on calculating the energy in air gap. the intrinsic curve J-H is used to determine how the external field changes the intrinsic characteristics of magnet. When permanent magnet meet with an external field, the force or torque on the magnet will be given by the interaction between the intrinsic polarization and the external field.
The operating point of permanent magnet is a point on B-H demagnetization curve defined by the coordinates (Hd, Bd), for example point D, shown in Fig.1c. The operating line for a given permanent magnet circuit is the straight line OP passing through the origin and the operating point D on the B-H demagnetization curve with a slope of Bd/Hd. The ratio of the magnetic induction to demagnetizing force Bd/Hd is also known as magnetic permeance coefficient of the magnet or circuit. Then，the operating line is also called permeance coefficient line.
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Fig.1: Typical hysteresis loops (a) and demagnetization curves (b) of a permanent magnet. The operating point and operating line of a permanent magnet are illustrated in (c).
• 6 What is the remanence of a permanent magnet? Why is the magnetic polarization J and the magnetic induction B of any measurement point on the demagnetization curve of the permanent magnet necessarily smaller than the magnetic residual Jr and Br values?
A typical characteristic of the B and H response hysteresis of permanent magnet materials is that the magnetic polarization J and the internal magnetic induction B will not disappear but maintain certain values when the material is magnetized to saturation under external magnetic field in the closed circuit and then returned to the state where the external magnetic field is cancelled. The values are called the residual magnetic polarization Jr and the residual magnetic induction Br of the material. According to the relation (1), when magnetic field H = 0, Jr = Br, and both the value and unit of Jr and Br are the same, therefore, they are collectively described as remanence.
When magnetic field H ≤ 0, equation (1) gives J≤ B and there are two demagnetization curve(J-H and B-H). , the magnetic polarization J of the permanent magnetic material decrease from Jr as the absolute value of the reverse magnetic field H increase from 0, which denotes J≤Jr. For modern hard ferrite and rare earth permanent magnetic materials, the J demagnetization curve display as a straight line with positive slope in the region where the absolute value of H is low. Accordingly, B decrease from the maximum value Br = Jr to 0, then becomes negative; if the B = 0 point is still in the straight line section, B demagnetization curve is very close to a straight line but with slope k >μ0.
• 7 What is the coercivity of a permanent magnet? What is the intrinsic coercivity of a permanent magnet?
On the B demagnetization curve of the magnetic material, the magnetic induction B = 0 when the absolute value of the reverse magnetic field H increases to a certain value HcB. The absolute value of the reverse magnetic field H is called the coercivity HcB of the material. And when H = -HcB, the magnets do not exhibit magnetic flux, so the coercivity HcB can characterize the ability of the permanent magnetic materials to resist the external reverse magnetic field or other demagnetization effects. The coercivity HcB is an important parameter in magnetic circuit design.
It is worth noting that coercive force HcB is always smaller than remanence Br0. it can be seen from equation (1) that B = 0 when H= -HcB, which leads to μ0HcB=J. Q6 has shown that the value of the magnetic polarization at any point on the J demagnetization curve is always smaller than the remanence Jr. Therefore, HcB<Jr0 = Br0. In CGS unit system, the value is HcB<Jr = Br. For example, when a magnet has a remanence Br=12.3 kGs, then its coercivity HcB cannot be greater than 12.3 kOe. In other words, remanence Jr is the theoretical upper limit of coercive force HcB.
When reverse magnetic field H =-HcB, there is B = 0 and the magnet does not show magnetic flux, but magnetic polarization J of the magnet maintain a considerable value in the initial magnetization direction, that is, the vector sum of microscopic magnetic dipole moment inside the magnet is not 0. Therefore, H =-HcB does not correspond to the state in which the macroscopic magnetization inside the magnet disappears. When the absolute value of reverse magnetic field H further increases to certain value HcJ, the magnetic polarization of decrease to J = 0, i.e. the vector sum of microscopic magnetic dipole moment inside the magnet is 0. the absolute value of reverse magnetic field H is described as intrinsic coercive force HcJ of the material.
The intrinsic coercivity HcJ is a very important physical parameter of permanent magnet materials. For a magnet with HcJ>>HcB , , the magnetic polarization J remains in the original direction even when absolute value of the reverse magnetic field H is greater than HcB but less than HcJ that the induction B is already reversed. the B of magnet can still return to the original direction due to the retention of J After the magnetic field H is cancelled. In other words, as long as the reverse magnetic field H has not reached HcJ, the permanent magnet material has not been completely demagnetized. Therefore, the intrinsic coercive force HcJ is a primary indicator of permanent magnet material to maintain its original polarization against external reverse magnetic field or other demagnetizing effect.
The unit of coercivity HcB and intrinsic coercivity HcJ are the same as the unit of magnetic field strengh.
• 8 What is the maximum energy product ‘(BH)max’of a permanent magnet?
On the demagnetization curve of the permanent magnet (second quadrant of B-H curve), different coordinates correspond to different working states of the magnet. Bm and Hm (absolute values of horizontal and vertical coordinate) corresponding to one point on the B demagnetization curve represent the correlated magnetic induction and the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the magnet (the direction of the magnetic field is opposite to the direction of magnetic induction). The product (BmHm) represents the ability of the magnet to output power. It is equivalent to the magnetic energy stored by the magnet per unit volume, which is called as magnetic energy product. At the Br point and the HcB point of B demagnetization curve, there is (BmHm)=0, indicating that the magnet's ability to output power is 0, i.e., the magnetic energy product is 0. The magnet with maximum value of (BmHm) indicate that the magnet has the greatest ability to output power. The maximum value of (BmHm) is called as maximum magnetic energy product of the magnet, or simply the magnetic energy product, denoted as (BH)max or (BH)m. Therefore, it is generally preferred for a magnet in magnetic circuit to operate with maximum energy product. Due to Br≥μ0HcB, maximum energy product(BH)max ≤ Br2/4μ0.
The unit of energy product is J/m3 in SI unit system and GOe in CGS unit system (4π×10GOe = 1 J/m3).
• 9 What is the curie temperature (Tc), and what is the operable temperature Tw of the magnet? What is the relationship between the two?
With the increasing of temperature, as the thermal vibration of the particles inside the material is intensifying, the microscopic orientation of magnetic dipole is gradually disturbed. Macroscopically, the magnetic polarization J of material decreases as temperature increases, and there exists a transition temperature above which the magnetic polarization J is reduced to 0. Then, the material performs as nonmagnetic similar to air. The transition temperature is defined as the Curie temperature Tc. The Curie temperature is an intrinsic property of magnetic material. It is only related to the chemistry of the magnetic material, rather than the microstructures.
At a certain temperature, the magnetic performance of single permanent magnet or magnetic circuit composed of permanent magnets is considerably lower (e.g. a confined limit of 5%) than those at room temperature. The temperature is referred to as the operable temperature Tw. Since this reduction limit depends on the application of the magnet, the so-called operable temperature Tw of the magnet is not a material intrinsic parameter. That is, the operable temperature is varied on application conditions such as geometric factors or magnetic circuit structure- for the same magnet.
the Curie temperature Tc of the magnetic material represents the theoretical operating temperature limitation. In fact, the actual operable temperature Tw is much lower than Tc. For example, ternary Nd-Fe-B magnet has a Tc of 312℃, while its actual operable temperature Tw is typically less than 100℃. By adding heavy rare earth and other metal elements such as Co and Ga into alloy, the Curie temperature Tc and the operable temperature Tw of Nd-Fe-B magnet can be remarkably improved. It is worth noticing that the operable temperature Tw is not only related to the Tc, but also related to the magnetic properties such as HcJ and the role of magnet in magnetic circuit. bonded magnet, which is a composite system of magnetic powder and binder, its temperature resistanceof binder may also become a constraint of Tw.
• 10 What is the demagnetizing field?How to determine the demagnetizing factor and the operating point of a permanent magnet?
When permanent magnet provides magnetic induction B, it also applies an internal magnetic field Hd opposite to intrinsic magnetization M. The magnetic field is called a self-demagnetizing magnetic field and is simply named as demagnetizing field. In a strictly closed magnetic circuit, permanent magnet does not provide external field and there is no demagnetizing field inside the magnet. When external magnetic field is zero, demagnetizing field is the only magnetic field existing inside permanent magnet, which interacts with magnetization M of the magnet to an equilibrium state. The correlation between Hd and M is the demagnetization factor N:
Hd = -NM （SI） （2）
Hd = -N·4πM （CGS）
0 < N < 1
Once the demagnetization factor is obtained, the operating condition of the permanent magnet and the magnetic circuit is determined. Therefore, it is very important to decide the demagnetization factor of a permanent magnet for circuit design.
Unfortunately, the characteristic parameters of magnetic materials are actually inhomogenious, and M is usually not so uniform that Hd is not often anti-parallel to M everywhere in the magnet, even if the shape is as simple as cube and cylinder. In the general form of mathematics, demagnetization factor N should be a tensor matrix of 33, which is difficult to calculate with simple formula. The calculation of demagnetizing factor can be solved by Finite Element Method (FEM) with computer in which the magnet is divided into many minor simple regions wherein all physical properties are assumed to be uniform. The only exception is an ellipsoidal-shaped magnet magnetized along the long or short axis (of course, sphere is a particular case of ellipsoid), where M is uniform and N is a parameter which can be calculated using an analytical formula. In addition, for other shaped magnets, it is also practical within a reasonable error range by assuming that M is uniform and N is a parameter only related to geometric features. This method played an important role especially before the popular application of FEM numerical calculation. As cylinder is one of the most common shapes for magnet, people have measured the demagnetization factors N by experiment with relation to ratio of the magnet length to its diameter (Fig.2).
Given the demagnetizing factor of a permanent magnet, it is easy to decide the operating point and operating line of a magnet. By substituting equation (2) into equation (1), we get:
Bd = (1-1/N)μ0Hd = Pc·μ0Hd （SI） （3）
Bd = (1-1/N)Hd = PcHd （CGS）
Pc = 1-1/N < 0
According to the definition in Q5, the line OP with the slope of Pc is the operating line, and the intersection point D of the OP and the B-H curve is the operating point (refer to Fig.1c). For example, a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet cylinder with diameter 12.5 mm, assuming there are no yoke iron, what will be its length so that the magnet can be operated near its maximum energy product? In Fig.1c, assuming HcB and Br of the magnet are equal in absolute value, we know that the product of (BdHd) is maximum when the operating line OP has an angle of -45 degrees to the coordinate axis. This means the slope of operating line OP is -1.0, and thus, N=0.5 according to equation (3). As can be seen from Fig.2, the ratio of length to diameter of the magnet L/D is 0.47 and the length of cylindrical magnet is 5.88 mm.
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Fig.2: Relationship of demagnetizing factors N to the ratio of length to diameter L/D for cylindrical magnet (measured by experiment).
• 11 What is the recoil permeability (μrec) and demagnetization curve square degree (Hk/HcJ) of a permanent magnet?
Under dynamic working conditions, the external reverse magnetic field H or the demagnetizing field Hd inside the magnet changes periodically, and then the operating point D also periodically reciprocates as shown in Fig.1c.The B-H curve is a small loop which is defined as the dynamic loop of the magnet, and the slope of the line connecting the two endpoints of the small loop is the recoil permeability μrec. Obviously, the recoil permeability μrec characterizes the stability of the magnet under dynamic operating conditions and is also the squareness of the B demagnetization curve of permanent magnet. Therefore, it is one of the important magnetic property indexes of permanent magnet. For sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet, the B demagnetization curve is a straight line and HcB is approximately equal to Br. Its dynamic loop is a section of the B demagnetization curve and recoil permeability μrec is equal to the slope of the B demagnetization curve with μrec = 1.01~1.10. The squareness of bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet is poor with μrec = 1.15~1.20. The smaller the rec, the better the stability of the magnet under dynamic operating condition. It is worthwhile to note that if the B demagnetization curve of the magnet is not a straight line, the recoil permeability rec of magnet has different values at different operating points. It is very important to design the magnet in the most stable operating state at this time.
On the J demagnetization curve of magnet, the reverse magnetic field with J = 0.9Jr is defined as Hk, and Hk/HcJ can visually represent the squareness of the J demagnetization curve of the magnet. For sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet with high HcJ, HcJ is much larger than HcB. When the reverse magnetic field is larger than HcB but smaller than HcJ, the corresponding B demagnetization curve has entered the third quadrant. It can be seen from equation (1) that if the J demagnetization curve of the magnet is still a straight line, the B demagnetization curve of the corresponding third quadrant also remains straight, and the rec of the magnet remains a small value. Moreover, the reverse magnetic field is cancelled, the operating point of the magnet can still return to its original position. Therefore, Hk/HcJ is one important magnetic property indexfor permanent magnet, as well as the μrec, which characterizes the stability of magnet under dynamic operating condition.
• 12 Magnetic materials are divided into several categories, how are they divided?
Magnetic materials are classified into permanent magnetic materials and soft magnetic materials. Materials with an intrinsic coercivity greater than 0.8kA/m are usually called permanent magnetic materials, and those with an intrinsic coercivity less than 0.8kA/m are called soft magnetic materials. The conventional permanent magnet materials are AlNiCo alloys, FeCrCooalloys, hard ferrites, rare earth magnets and composite permanent magnets; the most widely used soft magnetic materials are FeSi alloy (silicon steel sheet) and various soft ferrites.
• 13 What is Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets,how many categories does it fall into?
Nd-Fe-B (neodymium-iron-boron) is the strongest permanent magnetic material discovered in 1982 The molecular formula of the main phase is Nd2Fe14B (2:14:1 phase) which has a tetragonal lattice structure.. Besides the main phase Nd2Fe14B in Nd-Fe-B material, there are small amounts of rare earth-rich phase (Nd-rich phase), boron-rich phase as well as other phases. The main phase and the Nd-rich phase are the two most important phases that determine the magnet characteristics of Nd-Fe-B magnet. Today, Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets have been widely used in computers, medical devices, communication devices, electronic devices, magnetic machinery etc.
There are three families of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets commercially available, that is, sintered, bonded and hot pressing /thermal deformation magnet. Sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet is fully densed and anisotropic material which provides the highest available magnetic energy products of any materials, ranging from 26 to 50 MGOe. While bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet is produced by the rapidly quenched alloy-powders compounded with polymer binders, which shows comparably low magnetic energy products. This is mainly because the commercially available bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet is magnetically isotropic and it is not a fully densed material. The hot-pressed Nd-Fe-B magnet is isotropic dense magnet prepared by hot-pressing of the melt-spun microcrystalline powder, which will later be hotdeformed to induce anisotropic orientation-. The magnetic properties of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet are often much higher than those of the bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet. But the bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet has its special advantages. For example, it can be fabricated by compression and injection molded processes and offers complex shapes with higher dimension precision than sintered magnets. Moreover, unlike the anisotropic magnet that must be magnetically oriented in a preferred direction during the molding process, the isotropic bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet can be conveniently magnetized in any direction: axial, radial and multi-polar which implies complex magnetization capability over anisotropic magnets. Furthermore, isotropic bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet is made from rapidly quenched powders with fine-grained microstructure which is comparably stable in chemistry. Hot-pressed/thermal deformed magnets are less oriented than sintered magnets, so the magnetic properties are lower than the latter, but much finer grains give them higher HcJ and better corrosion resistance.
• 14 What is the main phase of Nd2Fe14B？
The main phase Nd2Fe14B is the only hard magnetic phase in Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet with uniaxial anisotropy, its volume fraction accounts for more than 90 % in magnet, so it is called the main phase. The crystal structure is shown in Fig.3, where lattice constant a= 0.882nm, c = 1.224nm. The c axis is the easy magnetization axis. Each unit cell contains 68 atoms within four formula units. The intrinsic magnetic properties of Nd2Fe14B phase is Curie temperature Tc=585K, room temperature anisotropy constant K1 = 4.2MJ/m3, K2＝0.7MJ/m3, magnetocrystalline anisotropy field μ0Ha＝7.3T, and saturation polarization Js＝1.61T. Its basic domain structure parameters: the domain wall energy density γ=30MJ/m2, domain wall thickness δ=5.2nm, single-domain critical size Dc=0.26μm. If alloy elements are added to the magnets, the crystal structure of the main phase will not change, but the intrinsic magnetic properties of the magnets will change to some extent. The purpose of adding alloy elements is to improve the intrinsic coercivity or other properties of magnet. It is worth noticinng that adding any alloy element (except for a little Co) to the magnet will reduce the saturation polarization Js of the main phase Nd2Fe14B.
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• 15 What is the Nd-rich phase, what does it mean?
Besides the main phase Nd2Fe14B, another important phase in Nd-Fe-B magnet is the Nd-rich phase. The composition and structure of the Nd-rich phase are very complicated withThe content of Nd range from 55% to 95%, and its crystal structure can be fcc (face center cube), dhcp (double six square) or amorphous state with regard to the composition and process of magnet alloy. the composition and structure of the Nd-rich phase in ingot are different from that of the sintered magnets or the annealed magnets. The existence of Nd-rich phase is an important source for the high coercivity of large block Nd-Fe-B magnets. It is important for researchers to investigate the control of Nd-rich phase.
The domain wall in magnet without Nd-rich-Phase can move easily during the process of magnetization or reverse magnetization. On the macroscopic view, the magnets are easily magnetized or demagnetized, and the coercivity of the Nd-Fe-B magnets is very low. If the main phase Nd2Fe14B is surrounded by a non-magnetic Nd-rich phase,The movement of domain wall inside the magnets is limited to a single grain during the magnetization or demagnetization process. On the macroscopic view, the Nd-Fe-B magnets are more difficult to be magnetized or demagnetized, and the coercivity is higher.
The oxygen in the Nd-Fe-B magnet is mainly concentrated in the Nd-rich phase, which destroys the Nd-rich segregation to the main phase Nd2Fe14B grain, so oxygen has a great influence on the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B magnet. In addition, oxygen plays an important role in the eutectic behavior of the Nd-rich phase and the boundary characteristic between the Nd-rich phase and the main phase after sintering.
• 16 What is the fabricating process routine of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet?
The sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets are usually formed by powder metallurgical processes. The general fabricating process routine is as follow:
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• 17 What is grain boundary diffusion process (‘GBDP’)? And what is the main features of the magnet with GBDP?
Generally speaking, grain boundary diffusion process (GBDP) means that the heavy rare earth, including Dy or Tb, is introduced on the surfaces of the sintered or annealed magnet, and then diffuses into the magnet through grain boundary by heat treatment, so that intrinsic coercivity can be enhanced drastically. Compared with conventional alloy addition, the heavy rare earth elements by GBDP are distributed on the surface of main phase grains forming a high anisotropy layer and enhancing the coercivity more effectively without significant reduction of remanence and maximum energy product. Therefore, plenty of heavy rare earth can be saved with this GBDP method to achieve same coercivity.
As the original magnet in the GBDP, one dimension of the magnet s should always be limited. the main features of GBDP magnets is that the concentration of diffused elements from surface to center decrease gradually. There is similar gradient distribution of the heavy rare earth in the main phase grain from surface to center, especially the main phase grain close to surface of the magnet.
• 18 How about the mechanical properties of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets?
The typical mechanical properties of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets are as follows.
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Obviously, sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet is the typical brittle material. During the machining, assembling and application of the magnet, attention should be paid to preventing the magnet from being subjected to severe impacts, collisions, and excessive tensile stresses which may result in cracking or chipping of the magnet.
Noting that sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets often have strong magnetic force, personal safety must be considered carefully when handing magnetized magnets. corresponding assembly tools must be equipped in advance Especially for magnetized magnets with large dimension,to prevent fingers from being pinched by strong attraction force between magnets.
• 19 How about the machining process of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets?
machining process of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets:
Magnetblocks——Profile modification——Cutting——Fine grinding——Chamfering——Coating——Inspections——Finished products
Profile modification of magnets is usually carried out by centerless grinder for cylindrical magnet and plane grinder for rectangle magnet, so that magnet blocks can achieve regular external profile and specified dimension.
The cutting process is usually employed for final shape machining by inner diameter diamond slicer, wire cutter or wire saw.
Fine grinding process is usually carried out for final dimension and geometric tolerances by using plane grinder, double-side grinder ,etc.
Edge chamfering is a pre-treatment step before electroplating to decrease the thickness deviation of coating layer due to the relatively concentrated current density in edges during the electroplating process. Since the conventional finished products are small in size and varied in shape, vibratory tumbling technology is most suitable for chamfering of the product in mass production. Vibratory tumbling equipment, with high production efficiency and high chamfering speed, has been widely used for sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets.
Plating/coating is employed to form a protective layer on magnet, barrel plating iswidely used in electroplating process , while rack plating is often used For large magnets. coating types for sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet, such as Ni plating, Zn plating, alloy plating and composite plating, are chosen based on the application environment and appearance requirements of products.
In addition to electroplating, sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets can also be coated by physical vapor deposition (PVD) method which includes evaporation, sputtering, and ionization with coating layers such as Al, Zn and Cr. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can form nitrides or carbide coatings of Ti, Cr. Besides, the surface protection of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet can also be achieved by chemical passivation, electroless plating, paint bathing, thermal powder spraying, epoxy coating and so on.
• 20 How about the plating process of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets?
The plating process of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets can be roughly divided into the following three stages.
• Pre-plating surface treatment
The magnet should be degreased, cleaned, etched (activated), recleaned, etc. The surface of magnet before plating, which has a direct effect on the coating quality of products, needs to be free of oil, dirt and rust.
• Plating
After surface treatment, the plating quality mainly relys on the solution chemicals and plating conditions. Therefore, technical specifications should be satisfied strictly, including chemical compositions, additive contents, working temperature and current density.the plating time shoulde be controlled according to the coating thickness requirements and the deposition rate.
• Post-plating treatment
Post-plating treatment is also an important process step for plating. For example, magnets after plating are further subjected to neutralization treatment and cleaning in general. Sometimes, gloss treatment (lighting), passivation and organic coating are also needed to meet the special requirements of product.
• 21 What are the inspection items for semi-finished and finished sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet?
Inspection for semi-finished sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets mainly includes dimension, geometric tolerance inspection. The details are as follows.
• Dimension Inspection——Length, width, thickness, outer diameter, inner diameter, arc angle, etc.
• Geometric tolerance Inspection——Parallelism, roundness, perpendicularity, surface roughness, profile tolerance, corner/edge radii, etc.
Inspection for final products mainly includes six aspects: dimension, geometric tolerance, magnetic performance, reliability test, coating, surface adhesiveness and appearance. The details are as follows.
• Dimension, geometric tolerance Inspection——Length, width, thickness, outer diameter, inner diameter, arc angle, parallelism, roundness, perpendicularity, surface roughness, profile tolerance, corner/edge radii, etc.
• Magnetic Performance Inspection——magnetic properties at room temperature such as magnetic moment, magnetic angle deviation, surface field distribution, etc.
• Reliability Test——high temperature flux loss, corrosion resistance ( Pressure Cooker Test , Humidity Test, Salt Spray Test, Weight Loss Test, etc.
• Coating Inspection——thickness of coating, hardness, coating adhesiveness, etc.
• Surface Adhesiveness Inspection——surface tension, bonding strength for magnets assembly, etc.
• Appearance Inspection——sorting of surface imperfections such as cracks, pin-hole, and chips, etc.
The items mentioned above are conventional inspection for semi-finished and Finished Products. They can be adjusted according to customer’s requirements.
• 22 What are the manufacturing process of bonded Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets?
Bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets are prepared by magnetic powder compounded with polymer binders (rubber, plastic or resin) and other additives in a certain proportion. According to the development history of the quenched Nd-Fe-B magnet technology, bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet is also called ‘MQ-I magnet’. There are four techniques that are currently used to produce bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets, which include compression molding, injection molding, extrusion, and calendaring. The first two are the most commonly employed techniques.
屏幕快照 2018-09-18 15.29.19.png
Fig.4 The Manufacturing Process of bonded Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnet
• 23 What features do bonded Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets have?
• Compression Molded Magnets
In compression molded magnets, the Nd-Fe-B magnetic powder is mixed with the smallest portion of resin: the best compression molded magnets have a density of 6.4 g/cm3. The principal advantage of compression molding is the highest productivity, together with the relatively poor density uniformity along the pressing direction. oxidation may occur rapidly when Bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets are exposed to moisture. Therefore, all compression molded magnets must be coated prior to application. thin-walled, ring-shaped magnets are predominant in a variety of spindle and stepping motors.
• Injection Molded Magnets
The primary advantage of injection molding process is that net-shaped parts with complex shapes and tight tolerances can be achieved in mass production. Another feature of injection molding is that it can be integrally formed into components with other metal or plastic parts, resulting in a considerable saving in assembly costs. The injection molded magnets have higher mechanical strength but lower magnetic properties than the compression molded ones. Because the magnets have a higher volume portion of binder, coating is not necessary for most applications.
• Extrusion Molded Magnets
Extrusion Molded Magnets have higher magnetic properties than injection molded magnets because of less resin content. Extruded magnets have lower porosity and better corrosion resistance than compression molded ones. For certain applications coating is unnecessary. Magnets of over 1 meter in length can be achieved, and one set of extrusion mold can make products of different lengths. Magnets of same dimensions along the length can be continuously extruded with propertiesof nearly no deviation.
• Calendaring Molded Magnets
Calendaring is a rolling process for making continuous flexible sheets, which have lowermagnetic propertiesthan injection molded magnets because of lower volume ratio of magnetic powder. Calendaring Molded Magnets can be made into strips, rolls, large area sheets and so on. various machining processes such as punching, bending and cutting are available. The application for Calendaring Molded Magnets include a variety of motors, sensors, and holding devices.
• 24 What is a hot pressed / hot deformed magnet?
The quenched Nd-Fe-B powder in certain particle size range obtained by over-quenching or optimal quenching speed is subjected to hot pressing / deformation under a protective atmosphere or under vacuum at 700℃ to 800℃. the obtained fully densed nanocrystalline isotropic magnet is called hot pressing magnet. According to the development history of the quenched Nd-Fe-B magnet technology, this magnet is named as ‘MQ-II magnet’.
Based on the basic principle that the easy magnetization axis of NdFeB grains will align to the deformation direction during the hot deformation process, anisotropic magnet is obtained by large deformation under vacuum or protective atmosphere. The obtained anisotropic full-density neodymium iron boron magnet is called hot-deformed magnet, which is also named ‘MQ-III magnet’ according to its sequence in history.
• 25 What are the amorphous/ nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials?
Iron-based amorphous soft magnetic ribbon was produced by rapid quenching at 106℃/s from liquid metal consisting of Fe, Si, B and small amount of Cu and Nb additives. The atomic structures of Amorphous alloy is random, while Extremely small and uniform, nano-crystalline(~10nm) grains may obtained by heat treatment of this ribbon above the crystallization temperature. This nano-crystalline structure leads to superior soft magnetic properties than amorphous alloys. Amorphous and nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials are characterized with high permeability, high magnetic induction, low coercivity，low power loss, excellent performance over wide frequency and excellent temperature stability, which are known as new energy-saving materials in the 21st century. They are widely used in IT and power electronics industry. They promote the high-frequency, miniaturization trends of electronic products subject to environment protection and energy saving.
• 26 What is magnetic field lines and what are its features?
The magnetic field line is defined as a line which is paralell to the magnetic induction at any point. The magnitude of magnetic inductionparallel to is proportional to the density of the magnetic field line. Understanding the basic characteristics of magnetic field line is the basic of analyzing magnetic circuit.
Both theory and practice show that magnetic field line has the following basic characteristics:
• The magnetic field lines always start from the N pole,terminate on the adjacent S pole, and form a closed loop. This phenomenon is called magnetic flux continuity theorem in electromagnetism, and is described by Maxwell equation as:
▽·B=0 (4)
The above equation is also called Gauss’s law of magnetic field which means that the divergence of any magnetic field is zero, that is, the total magnetic flux through any closed surface is equal to zero, and the magnetic field line is always a closed loop.
• Similar to the current, the magnetic field line always takes the path with the minimum magnetic resistance (the maximum magnetic permeability), therefore the magnetic flux line is usually a straight line or smooth curve, and there is no magnetic field line that bends at right angle.
• A magnetic field line can never cross another field line. Any two of them of the same direction will expel each other.
• The magnetic field lines are always perpendicular to the polar surface of ferromagnetic materials when ferromagnetic materials are not saturated. When ferromagnetic materials are saturated, the magnetic field lines within ferromagnetic materials behave the same as non-ferromagnetic medium(such as air, aluminum, copper, etc.).
Due to the above characteristics, the magnetization of the medium depends on the magnetic properties and geometric shapes of the medium. In general, the medium is in the state of inhomogeneous magnetization, which means that the magnetic lines inside the medium are usually not parallel lines, but in curves unevenly distributed. In addition, there is electric insulator in nature, but there is no magnetic insulator. And the difference of materials in magnetic permeability is less than the difference in electric conductivity, which leads tonormal magnetic flux leakage in magnetic circuit. The phomenon of the existing inhomogeneous magnetization and normal flux leakage makes the accurate calculation of magnetic circuit very complicated.
• 27 What is magnetic circuit? What are the open circuit state and closed circuit state in the magnetic circuit?
Magnetic circuit refers to the component which is composed by one or more permanent magnets, current-carrying wires and soft magnets in a certain dimension with a specific air gap. Soft magnets can be pure iron, low carbon steel, Fe-Si alloy, Ni-Fe alloy, Ni-Co alloy and other materials with high magnetic permeability. Soft magnets, known as yoke iron , plays the role in controlling the direction of magnetic flux, increasing local magnetic induction, preventing or reducing magnetic flux leakage, and enhancing the mechanical strength of the entire component.
The state of a single magnet without soft magnets is usually called open circuit state. When a permanent magnet is in a magnetic circuit with soft magnets, it is in the closed circuit state。It is worth noticing that this title is different from the true closed state in which there is no air gap and the permanent magnet does not provide external magnetic field .
• 28 What is Ampere’s law？
The relationship between the magnetic field strength H and the current density J in Maxwell’s equation is:
▽×H=J (5)
Its integral form is:
屏幕快照 2018-09-18 15.17.33.png
It means that the line integral of the magnetic field H along any loop is equal to the integral of current in any surface bounded by that loop, which is known as the Ampere’s Law. Ampere’s Law and flux continuity theorem are two basic equations for solving all magnetic circuit problems.
It takes more than 2000 years from the discovery of natural magnets attract iron and can be used as a compass for navigation, to the discovery of relationship between electricity and magnetism in 1820. Around 1825, Ampere and Ohm proposed their epochal laws respectively. In the same year, William Sturgeon made the first electromagnet in human history. In 1830, Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry discovered electromagnetic induction. In 1832, William Sturgeon invented the rotary electromagnetic engine. In 1856, Werner Siemens of Germany invented the epoch-making motor. In 1873, J.C. Maxwell of the Royal Academy of sciences in London, expressed the complete laws of electricity and magnetism, in systematic and accurate mathematical form, the Maxwell equation. At this point, the theory of electromagnetism is basically mature. Maxwell’s equation embodies the contributions of many outstanding scientists worthy of eternal remembrance from 1820 to 1860. They are: Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, Gauss, Weber, Helmholtz, Henry, Joule, Lenz, Poisson, Maxwell, Lorentz, Biot and so on.
• 29 How does the design and calculation of the magnetic circuit generally be carried out? How to select the properties of the magnet according to the magnetic circuit?
Usually, there are two methods for magnetic circuit design and calculation. one is based on parameter analysis according to the magnetic circuit theory , the other is the finite element method based on modern electromagnetic field theory. The accuracy obtained by the former method is poor for many magnetic applications, While the latter method can obtain accuracy above 10-3
and has been used widely with the popularization of computer technology.
In the case of small air gap (Lg/Dm< 0.15, Lg for gap spacing, Dm for magnet diameter or short edge length), soft magnetic materials with high Bs such as Fe-Co alloy or mild steel should be selected and settled in front of the magnet to improve the magnetic field in air gap; in the case of medium gap (0.15 < Lg/Dm< 0.5), magnets with high Br is preferred; in the case of big gap (Lg/Dm> 0.5), magnets with high HcJ is preferred.
图片 1.png
Fig.5Magnetic circuit diagram |
The Green Goose
By George deGrasse
On July 12, 1943 I was an eighteen year old Army Air Force Aviation Cadet at Santa Ana, California Army Air Force Classification Center.
Here cadets would take a battery of written and physical tests which took an entire day. Depending on the successful completion of the tests
the cadets would be classified as pilot , bombardier or navigator trainees and shipped out to the appropriate bases. If any of the tests were failed we would be "washed out." One part of the test was a required interview with a psychiatrist.
I reported as ordered to the psychiatrist , an Army Air Force Major, and as I sat in front of his desk I wondered what this was all about. After a few general questions: Why did I want to fly , why did I enlist , etc. He said : " Repeat after me .The green goose flew over the gray mountain" I replied " The gray goose flew over the green mountain.
Shaking his head he said "You transposed the sentence and got the colors of the goose and the mountain wrong. " He paused and looked at me expectantly. I looked back at him and replied : "What difference does it make as long as he gets over the mountain?"
After blurting this response I was horrified as I realized I had not only smart-mouthed a Major but probably had destroyed my life-long desire to fly.
He looked at me silently slowly shaking his head for a short time ( two years to me).Then pointing to the door he said: "Get out!" I rose extremely quickly and saluted .As I did I thought I saw a slight quivering about his mouth. But. .
Incidentally, I got a commission and fulfilled my dream and became a flyer. |
Megaloblastic Anaemia, Folate Deficiency and Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Megaloblastic anaemia is a form of anaemia in which the mean cell volume of erythrocytes is increased.
Vitamin B12 and folate are two essential nutrients which are integral to the biochemical pathways of DNA synthesis. They are therefore in considerable demand by the bone marrow because of the high rate of DNA production and cell turnover in the bone marrow.
Deficiency of either or both of vitamin B12 and folate can cause megaloblastic anaemia.
Folate / folic acid rejoices in the formal name of pteroylglutamic acid and is a yellow, water-soluble molecule that is found in green vegetables, liver and kidney and to a lesser extent in some fruit but can be destroyed by cooking.
The normal daily requirement is approximately 100micrograms while a typical daily intake considerably exceeds this at 250micrograms. The body stores of folate are an impressive 10000 to 12000micrograms so developing a deficiency takes some doing. Folate concentrations are higher in rapidly growing tissues than stable tissues.
Folate is absorbed in the jejunum and the duodenum. The folate may be ingested in polyglutamate forms and these are deconjugated at the surface of the enterocyte. Within the enterocytes the folate is converted to methlytetrahydrofolate.
The folate is transported in the blood as two thirds unbound and one third bound to albumin. It enters cells by active transport and tends to remain inside the cell. However, hepatocytes can liberate their stores of folate.
There are many causes of folate deficiency.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is a more complex molecule than folate. Strictly speaking vitamin B12 is actually a collection of very similar molecules all of which are composed of a cobalt atom situated in a corrin ring where the corrin ring is attached to a nucleotide. The chemical name for this formation is cobalamin and various prefixes may be added to distinguish the subtypes of vitamin B12. The main form of vitamin B12 is cyanocobalamin.
Only micro-organisms are able to synthesise vitamin B12; even plants cannot manage the feat. The main dietary sources are milk, eggs, fish and meat. Clean vegetables, fruit and nuts do not contain vitamin B12 unless they are contaminated by bacteria.
The normal daily requirement of vitamin B12 is 2 micrograms and the normal intake is 5 to 30 micrograms. Total body stores are around 2000 to 5000 micrograms so there is a considerable reserve.
The absorption of vitamin B12 is quite complicated. Vitamin B12 in food is released by proteolysis in the stomach. The free vitamin B12 then binds to R factor, a glycoprotein synthesised in the stomach. The R factor protects the vitamin B12 on its journey into the small bowel. Within the small intestine pancreatic trypsin liberates the vitamin B12 from the R factor and allows it to bind to intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is actually made in the parietal cells of the stomach. The vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complexes makes its way down the small bowel to the terminal ileum where specific receptors allow the enterocytes to absorb the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex. The vitamin B12 is released from the intrinsic factor and is attached to a carrier protein, usually transcobalamin II to enter the blood.
Vitamin B12 is integral to the metabolism of folic acid and many of the consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency are actually due to an inability to generate appropriate forms of folate. However, vitamin B12 is also involved in the metabolism of fatty acids in a process that is independent of folate. This lipid metabolism is essential in the nervous system for the synthesis of myelin.
The causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include the following.
Megaloblastic Anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia results from impaired synthesis of DNA in the bone marrow. The bone marrow cells are able to continue the development of their cytoplasm along the specialised lines which are appropriate for that type of blood cell but their nuclear division and modification is retarded. The term nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony may sometimes be employed.
The two commonest causes of megaloblastic anaemia are vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency. A more comprehensive list is as follows.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a macrocytic anaemia. Both alcohol and hypothyroidism can cause macrocytosis without necessarily causing anaemia.
The bone marrow trephine in megaloblastic anaemia can be quite scary because it resembles an acute leukaemia due to the presence of megaloblasts and general hyperplasia. These are the large cells that have disordered nuclear maturation and are actually erythroid precursors. The defective development of the nucleus means the proportion of early precursor cells is increased. There is also hyperplasia of the myeloid cells; giant metamyelocytes are a characteristic feature.
The blood film exhibits macrocytes. Hypersegmented neutrophils are common. Poikilocytes are seen. In severe cases some megaloblasts may enter the circulation.
Clinical Features
Folate deficiency tends to produce only a macrocytic, megaloblastic anaemia. However, it should be noted that folate deficiency in early pregnancy predisposes to the development of fetal neural tube defects.
Vitamin B12 deficiency has more diverse features. There can be a sore, beefy red tongue, anorexia and weight loss. Indigestion and diarrhoea may occur. Jaundice is sometimes encountered.
Some patients who have vitamin B12 deficiency develop neurological features that include irritability, poor concentration and in severe cases dementia. Subacute combined degeneration of the cord is a syndrome in which the long tracts of the spinal cord, the posterior nerve roots and peripheral nerves are damaged due to impaired myelin metabolism. Subacute combined degeneration of the cord causes paraesthesia, including conscious proprioreception and vibration sense, decreased reflexes but upgoing plantar responses and ataxia (because proprioreceptive feedback to the cerebellum is lost).
The features of the disease which caused the deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folate may also be present.
The full blood count will demonstrate the anaemia and macrocytosis; there may also be a reduced white cell count and/or thrombocytopenia. The blood film may disclose features that suggest megaloblastic haematopoiesis.
Vitamin B12 and folate levels should be measured. If either of them is low then appropriate investigations should be carried out to determine the cause. Iron levels should also be checked because if the deficiency is due to malabsorption this may also have impacted on iron absorption.
A bone marrow trephine will often not be necessary because detection of vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency usually explains the anaemia.
The underlying cause of the deficiency should be treated.
Folate can be replaced with oral supplements but vitamin B12 is usually given as injections, one every three months. Care must be given when replacing folate in isolation. If the patient has an undetected vitamin B12 deficiency then the surge of folate can consume the remaining vitamin B12 and precipitate subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. |
cpustat(8) a tool to measure CPU utilization.
cpustat [ options ] [delay [count]]
cpustat is a program that dumps the CPU utilization of current running tasks (that is, processes or kernel threads). cpustat is useful to monitor the activity of long lived processes in a system, such as daemons, kernel threads as well as typical user processes.
cpustat shows only the tasks that have measured any change in their CPU activity between each sample interval (as indicated by an increment in the CPU tick count stats of utime and stime in /proc/$pid/stat). cpustat thus only reports activity of busy tasks that are still alive at the time of each sample snapshot and hence will not account for very short lived processes that exist between each sample period.
For each running task that has consumed some CPU during the sample time, the following information is displayed:
Heading Description
%CPU Total CPU used (in percent)
%USR CPU used in user space (in percent)
%SYS CPU used in system (kernel) space (in percent)
PID Process ID
S Process State, R (Running), S (Sleeping), D (Waiting, Disk Sleep), T (Stopped), t (Tracing stopped), W (Paging), X (Dead), x (Dead), K (Wakekill), W (Waking), P (Parked).
CPU CPU used by the process at time of sampling.
Time Total CPU time used by the process since it started.
Task Process command line information (from process cmdline or comm fields)
cpustat was designed to try and minimize the CPU overhead of process statistics gathering and reporting. It is therefore ideal for small embedded devices where CPU is limited where measuring CPU utilisation may affect the overall CPU statistics. For this reason, it is not as complex as tools such as top(1) that have a more feature rich user interface.
cpustat options are as follow:
calculate CPU utilisation based on all CPUs. For example, if a process is using 100% of 1 CPU and the system has 4 CPUs, then the utilisation will show as 25%. The default is to show utilisation on a per CPU basis.
get command information from process comm field.
strip directory basename off command information.
compute and show the distribution of CPU utilisation by task and by CPU.
By task, this breaks the CPU utilisation of each task into 20 ranges from minimum to the maximum and shows the count of tasks found at in that paricular utilisation range. Useful to see any outliers and to characterize the typical per task usage of the CPU.
By CPU, this shows the user and system CPU utilisation by per CPU.
show grand total of CPU utilisation statistics at the end of the run. This is the total cumulatave CPU used by each process, averaged over the entire run duration.
show help.
ignore cpustat in the statistics.
show long (full) command information.
-n task_count
only display the first task_count number of top tasks.
-p PID
only display process that matches the given PID.
run quietly, only really makes sense with -r option.
-r csv_file
output gathered data in a comma separated values file. This can be then imported and graphed using your favourite open source spread sheet. The %CPU utilisation (system and user) for each process at each sample time is output into a table.
show short command information.
show time stamp. If the -r option is used then an extra column appears in the CSV output file with the time of day for each sample.
-t threshold
ignore samples where the CPU usage delta per second less than the given threshold.
calculate total CPU utilisation.
show extra CPU related statistics, namely: CPU load average over 1, 5 and 10 minutes, CPU frequency (average of all online CPU frequencies), number of CPUs online.
Dump CPU stats every second until stopped.
cpustat -n 20 60
Dump the top 20 CPU consuming tasks every 60 seconds until stopped.
cpustat 10 5
Dump CPU stats every 10 seconds just 5 times.
cpustat -x -D -a 1 300
Gather stats every second for 5 minutes with extra CPU stats and show CPU utilisation distributions per task and per CPU at the end of the run. Also, scale CPU utilisation by the number of CPUs so that 100% utilisation means 100% of all CPUs rather than 100% of 1 CPU.
cpustat was written by Colin King <[email protected]>
This manual page was written by Colin King <[email protected]>, for the Ubuntu project (but may be used by others).
Copyright © 2011-2016 Canonical Ltd. |
Ormus Alchemy
Alchemy is an ancient philosophy whose initial practitioners and specialists claim assert that profound and intense powers originate from antiquity.
This relates to the making of the Philosophers Stone, capacity to change base metals into silver, gold or noble metals, and talks about youth and longevity, which is The Elixir of Life.
It expounds the possibility that nature and its spirit and soul resided in stone, water, metal and organic matter.
This philosophy strongly portrays this as the key to health and enlightenment.
The ancient alchemical process commencing from the Dead Sea salt and concluding with noble metals that are isolated (such as gold silver and platinum) in mono atomic form, finally results to Ormus.
Another name for ORMUS is ORME which stands for Orbitally Rearranged Monoatomic Elements.
Ormus is a group of substances that are said to illustrate a variety of phenomenal and miraculous properties, which may include super conductivity at room temperature and also possess supposed healing abilities.
Ormus' chemical characteristics are identical to that of precious metals in an unusual state of matter, where the metals occur as single separate atoms and do not form any crystals or bonds.
Another theory is that Ormus is the essence of life, which means it is the material that the life force and soul of every single living organism is made from, or rather where it originates from.
Ormus is theorized to have the following characteristics: It has the ability to;
- Heal any and all diseases including AIDS and Cancer.
- Read another person's mind.
- The ability to act as a superconductor.
- Rectify any errors in found in the DNA.
- To some extent levitate or raise the earth's magnetic field.
- To be fused to a transparent glass.
- Emit gamma radiation
- Have the characteristics of a flash powder, of emitting explosions of light.
Ormus Alchemy enables advancement in the area of consciousness and in particular, the area of spiritual consciousness.
It facilitates an individual to explore a new level of consciousness.
It also enables the remembrance of dreams. It helps in the healing of any damaged DNA. Likewise, it enhances meditation by decreasing stress and increasing the sense of well being.
It also reduces aging by reducing scars, wrinkles, grey hair and stretch marks, revitalizing the person's youth.
In addition, it reverses hair loss and in turn increases hair growth. Its products are anti-fungal antibacterial and antiparasitic, which are good for detoxification purposes.
Finally, their products help reduce soreness in muscles and joints because they have anti-inflammatory functions.
Ormus Alchemy products can be in form of Manna (Liquid Ormus) which can be ingested.
They are also infused in moisturizing lotions and oils for application on the body. These products vary in their function.
It is certain that Ormus Alchemy is a revolutionary technology and it is the key to the future wellness of the world's population.
With the growing popularity of people who continue use it and benefit from it, in due time, these products will be heralded as the greatest and utmost scientific discovery of our modern times.
Ormus Minerals Nutrition Formulas
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Blue Whistling Thrush Facts and Photos
Information about the Bird Blue Whistling Thrush
It measures 31-35cm (12-14in) in length. Weight across the subspecies can range from 136 to 231g (4.8 to 8.1oz). For comparison, the blue whistling thrush commonly weighs twice as much as an American robin. Among standard measurements, the wing chord can measure 15.5-20cm (6.1-7.9in) long, the tarsus is 4.5-5.5cm (1.8-2.2in) and the bill is 2.9-4.6cm (1.1-1.8in). Size varies across the range with larger thrushes found to the north of the species range and slightly smaller ones to the south, corresponding with Bergmann's rule. In northern China, males and females average 188g (6.6oz) and 171g (6.0oz), whereas in India they average 167.5g (5.91oz) and 158.5g (5.59oz).
More inforamtion about Blue Whistling Thrush Facts and Photos. |
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Printed circuit board
A printed circuit board or PCB interconnects electronic components without discrete wires. Alternative names are printed wiring board or PWB.
The simplest PCB is a layer of copper foil glued to a sheet of plastic, often an epoxy glue reinforced with fibreglass. The excess foil is removed, usually by chemical etching, and components are attached to the remaining foil, usually by soldering.
Printed circuit technology normally uses photolithography to make the conductors. Sometimes it uses mechanical deposition to attach conductive layers to an insulating substrate.
The photomask is usually prepared with a photoplotter from data produced by a technician using computer-aided PCB design software. Some persons claim that they can produce low-resolution photoplots by printing a design to a laser printer, printing on the sheets used to make transparent presentations.
PCBs are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They are harder to repair than wire wrap boards. They require much more design than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed equipment.
Printed circuits were first used in World War II for rugged radios, but entered commercial use in the 1950s.
Before printed circuits, point-to-point construction was used. For prototypes, or small production runs, wire wrap can be more efficient.
Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components were then soldered to the PCB. This method is called through-hole construction. This could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine.
However, the wires and holes are wasteful. It costs money to drill the holes, and the wires are merely cut off.
In the 1960s, a technique called surface mount was invented. It became widely used in the late 1980s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or pads that could be directly soldered to the surface of the PCB.
Often an automated machine removes the parts from reels, and sticks them to the PCB. A silk-screened application of solder paste, a mixture of solder and flux, holds the parts in place.
The board is pre-heated, passed through an oven containing infrared lamps whose heat melts the solder, then slowly cooled. The pre-heating and controlled cooling prevent the parts from cracking when one edge of the part is cold and another edge is hot from the solder.
The parts and pads of the PCB are designed so that the surface tension of the molten solder centers the parts on their copper pads.
The result was components that were one quarter to one tenth of the size and weight, and half to a quarter of the cost of wire-mounted parts.
See also electronics, wire wrap. point-to-point construction.
Usually an electrical engineer designs the circuit, and a technician designs the PCB. PCB design is a specialized skill. There are numerous tricks and standards used to design a PCB that is easy to manufacture and yet small and inexpensive. (see PCB layout guidelines).
Some PCBs for high-frequency RF work use plastics with special characteristics in order to avoid detuning the radio. PCBs in vacuum or spacecraft often have solid copper or aluminum cores to carry away components' heat.
The width and spacing of conductors on a PCB is very important. If conductors are too close, solder can short adjacent connectors, and the PCB will be difficult to repair. If too far apart, the PCB may be too large and expensive.
Removing large areas of copper wastes etchant and increases pollution. Also, a PCB etches more consistently if all regions have the same average ratio of copper to bare plastic. Therefore, designs may widen connectors, leave unconnected copper in place, or cover large areas of bare plastic with arrays of small, electrically isolated copper diamonds or squares.
Most PCBs have between one and sixteen conductive layers laminated (glued) together. In more complex PCBs, two or more of the layers are dedicated to providing ground and power. These ground planes and power planes detune accidental antennas, and provide efficient distribution of power. Multi-layer boards are needed for complex digital circuits such as computers.
Ground and power planes are rectangular sheets of conductor that occupy entire layers. They distribute electrical power and heat better than simple conductors. Specialized conduction-cooled designs rely on the PCB to conduct away all the waste heat, unlike the air-cooling method more commonly used.
Multilayer PCBs have alignment marks and holes to align layers and permit the PCB to be mounted in equipment that automatically places and solders components. Some designs place alignment and etch test-patterns on break-off tabs that can be removed before installation.
Layers may be connected together through drilled holes called vias. Either the holes are electroplated or small rivets are inserted. Vias cost $0.02 to $0.50 depending on the design. High-density PCBs may have blind vias, which are visible only on one surface, or buried vias, which are visible on neither, but these are expensive to build and difficult or impossible to inspect after manufacture.
Holes are drilled with tiny carbide drill-bits or by lasers. The drilling is performed by drilling machines with computerized placement using a "drill tape" or "drill file."
Component leads are inserted in holes or mounted on the surface "pads" and electrically and mechanically fixed to the board with a molten metal solder.
A silkscreen legend on the top or bottom surface of the board provides readable information about component part numbers and placement that aids in manufacturing and repair.
PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coat, which is applied by dipping or spraying. The coat prevents corrosion and electrical shorting from condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax. Modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber or epoxy. Some are engineering plastics sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber.
PCB designers often design power supply circuits, including placement of bypass capacitors. These store power for high-speed integrated circuits, and are usually mounted near the integrated circuit.
PCB designers must often renumber components.
To aid manual repair, diodes, capacitors and integrated circuits should be oriented in the same way.
Printed Circuit Manufacturing Guides |
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Comprehending life and nature is a significant for school education. Though a student learns a lot from theory classes; the actual and real understanding and mastery comes through practical knowledge, applications and experiments.
Hence a laboratory becomes an inevitable resource contribution for teaching biology and is an important predictor of academic achievement. Biology laboratories in schools have made way to mould a huge community of researchers and scientists who have contributed significantly to science and medicine. The laboratory is given a central and distinctive role in biology education, and educators have suggested that rich benefits in learning biology come as a result of using laboratory activities.
Laboratory in Ibn Al –Hytham Islamic School is fortified with state-of-the-art facilities, multimedia resources and is designed to allow group and individual learning. The lab provides facilities for playing and learning in a naturally beautiful and welcoming environment. Learning Biology is enhanced and the understanding level is improved when students are engaged in laboratory for practical experiments. The laboratory is well equipped to perform experiments on basic genetics, human welfare, biotechnology, ecology, biomolecules, cell division, enzymology, plant and human physiology, chromatography. The laboratory also has facilities for analysis of biomolecules in food, metal ions in water and soil; slide preparation, flower dissection, DNA isolation, water holding capacity of soil etc. Our lab is constantly being updated to satisfy to the empirical needs of our young innovative minds and goal is to provide fully adequate facilities where students can attain reliable data and pursuit of their scientific thirst for knowledge. |
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First Steps
The simplest FastAPI file could look like this:
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
async def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
Copy that to a file
Run the live server:
uvicorn main:app --reload
The command uvicorn main:app refers to:
• --reload: make the server restart after code changes. Only use for development.
You will see an output like:
INFO: Started reloader process [17961]
INFO: Started server process [17962]
INFO: Waiting for application startup.
That last line shows the URL where your app is being served, in your local machine.
Check it
Open your browser at
You will see the JSON response as:
{"hello": "world"}
Interactive API docs
Now go to
Swagger UI
Alternative API docs
And now, go to
FastAPI generates a "schema" with all your API using the OpenAPI standard for defining APIs.
A "schema" is a definition or description of something. Not the code that implements it, but just the abstract description.
API "schema"
In this case, OpenAPI is a specification that dictates how to define a schema of your API.
This OpenAPI schema would include your API paths, the possible parameters they take, etc.
Data "schema"
The term "schema" might also refer to the shape of some data, like a JSON content.
In that case, it would mean the JSON attributes, and data types they have, etc.
OpenAPI and JSON Schema
OpenAPI defines an API schema for your API. And that schema includes definitions (or "schemas") of the data sent and received by your API using JSON Schema, the standard for JSON data schemas.
Check it
If you are curious about how the raw OpenAPI schema looks like, it is just an automatically generated JSON with the descriptions of all your API.
You can see it directly at:
It will show a JSON starting with something like:
"openapi": "3.0.2",
"info": {
"title": "Fast API",
"version": "0.1.0"
"paths": {
"/items/": {
"get": {
"responses": {
"200": {
"description": "Successful Response",
"content": {
"application/json": {
What for?
This OpenAPI schema is what powers the 2 interactive documentation systems included.
And there are dozens of alternatives, all based on OpenAPI. You could easily add any of those alternatives to your application built with FastAPI.
You could also use it to generate code automatically, for clients that communicate with your API. For example, frontend, mobile or IoT applications.
Recap, step by step
Step 1: import FastAPI
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
async def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
FastAPI is a Python class that provides all the functionality for your API.
Technical Details
FastAPI is a class that inherits directly from Starlette.
You can use all the Starlette functionality with FastAPI too.
Step 2: create a FastAPI "instance"
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
async def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
Here the app variable will be an "instance" of the class FastAPI.
This will be the main point of interaction to create all your API.
This app is the same one referred by uvicorn in the command:
uvicorn main:app --reload
If you create your app like:
from fastapi import FastAPI
my_awesome_api = FastAPI()
async def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
And put it in a file, then you would call uvicorn like:
uvicorn main:my_awesome_api --reload
Step 3: create a path operation
"Path" here refers to the last part of the URL starting from the first /.
So, in a URL like:
...the path would be:
A "path" is also commonly called an "endpoint" or a "route".
Building an API, the "path" is the main way to separate "concerns" and "resources".
"Operation" here refers to one of the HTTP "methods".
One of:
• POST
• GET
• PUT
...and the more exotic ones:
• HEAD
In the HTTP protocol, you can communicate to each path using one (or more) of these "methods".
When building APIs, you normally use these specific HTTP methods to perform a specific action.
Normally you use:
• POST: to create data.
• GET: to read data.
• PUT: to update data.
• DELETE: to delete data.
So, in OpenAPI, each of the HTTP methods is called an "operation".
We are going to call them "operations" too.
Define a path operation function
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
async def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
The @app.get("/") tells FastAPI that the function right below is in charge of handling requests that go to:
• the path /
• using a get operation
@decorator Info
That @something syntax in Python is called a "decorator".
You put it on top of a function. Like a pretty decorative hat (I guess that's where the term came from).
A "decorator" takes the function below and does something with it.
In our case, this decorator tells FastAPI that the function below corresponds to the path / with an operation get.
It is the "path operation decorator".
You can also use the other operations:
• @app.put()
• @app.delete()
And the more exotic ones:
• @app.options()
• @app.head()
• @app.patch()
• @app.trace()
You are free to use each operation (HTTP method) as you wish.
FastAPI doesn't enforce any specific meaning.
The information here is presented as a guideline, not a requirement.
For example, when using GraphQL you normally perform all the actions using only post.
Step 4: define the path operation function
This is our "path operation function":
• path: is /.
• operation: is get.
• function: is the function below the "decorator" (below @app.get("/")).
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
async def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
This is a Python function.
It will be called by FastAPI whenever it receives a request to the URL "/" using GET.
In this case, it is an async function.
You could also define it as a normal function instead of async def:
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
If you don't know the difference, check the "In a hurry?" section about async and await in the docs.
Step 5: return the content
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
async def root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
You can return a dict, list, singular values as str, int, etc.
You can also return Pydantic models (you'll see more about that later).
There are many other objects and models that will be automatically converted to JSON (including ORMs, etc). Try using your favorite ones, it's highly probable that they are already supported.
• Import FastAPI.
• Create an app instance.
• Write a path operation decorator (like @app.get("/")).
• Write a path operation function (like def root(): ... above).
• Run the development server (like uvicorn main:app --reload). |
Some of the dangers of pesticide exposure are painfully obvious – just ask the many people suffering from non-Hodgkin lymphoma after years of exposure to glyphosate. However, some negative effects are far more insidious, sneaking up on people so slowly that they don’t even make the connection to pesticide exposure. Case in point: the poor sense of smell that many aging farmers are experiencing after using these chemicals.
A study carried out by researchers from Michigan State University uncovered the link and explained why this is more concerning than you might think. They looked at more than 11,200 farmers throughout a period of two decades. When the study began, 16 percent of those participating reported experiencing a “high pesticide exposure event.” Referred to as an HPEE, this might entail a problem like spilling a large amount of pesticides on their body.
Twenty years later, the farmers were asked if they were suffering from olfactory impairment, which is a loss of their sense of smell. The researchers found that those farmers who had reported an HPEE had a 50 percent greater likelihood of having a poor sense of smell in the follow-up. (Related: Continued exposure to pesticides increases your risk of these potentially deadly diseases.)
The researchers also found that washing immediately with soap and water following the event could reduce the risk. When compared to farmers who had never had an HPEE, those who did but washed within the first three hours of exposure had a 40 percent greater risk of smell problems, while those who waited four hours or longer to wash saw double the risk.
A few chemicals in particular stood out: the weed killers 2,4-D, pendimethalin, metolachlor, and alachlor, along with the insecticides lindane and DDT. In addition to being associated with impaired smell, other studies have linked exposure to these chemicals to neurogenerative diseases like Parkinson’s as well as dementia. Interestingly, a poor sense of smell is an early symptom of both diseases.
The study’s lead author, epidemiology professor Honglei Chen, said that choosing farmers for the study provides more reliable data than using the general population because they understand pesticides better and are more likely to recall which ones they used and when or if they experienced high exposures. Their findings were published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.
Your sense of smell is more important than you realize
If you’re familiar with the mix of smells that permeate the air in hospitals and nursing homes, two places that older people might spend significant amounts of time, you might think that losing your sense of smell as you age is a blessing in disguise. However, scientists say it’s no laughing matter; studies show that older people with a poor sense of smell actually have a greater likelihood of dying earlier.
Chen hopes scientists can learn more about the factors involved in this. He was recently awarded a five-year, $5 million grant by the National Institutes of Health to further explore the role of pesticides in olfactory impairment and how this relates to diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. His team plans to study 2,200 farmers, using home visits to assess motor symptoms and cognitive function as well as standard smell tests.
Losing your sense of smell can have a big impact on your life. The olfactory system is considered one of your body’s most vital warning systems, alerting you to the presence of potentially harmful substances in your environment like toxic gases and warning you away from spoiled foods. It can also affect your quality of life and reduce your enjoyment of food.
Pesticides are unquestionably dangerous to humans, and as this study shows, the extent of the damage isn’t always immediately apparent. That’s why it’s important to be very wary of manufacturers’ claims that these products are “safe”. They can make the data say whatever they need it to say to get their products approved and sell them, but large groups of people coming down with the same health problems after years of exposure to pesticides tell the real story.
Sources for this article include:
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POPs and the Food Chain
Feeding relationships are more complicated than the simple definition 'food chain' suggests. Some species feed on organisms in two or more trophic levels and change their food sources during their life history. Studies in this area, that include both an assessment of the trophic position and the body burden of the contaminants of interest, are scarce. An extensive work has been done in recent years in the Baltic Sea. Pollutant concentrations in aquatic animals are determined by the levels both in the surrounding water and in their food. Most persistent organic pollutants are found in greater abundance in aquatic animals than in the planktonic algae, but their concentration levels are strongly influenced by their chemical-physical characteristics. According to the study carried out in the Baltic Sea, two of the more toxic PCB congeners occur in higher concentrations in consumer organisms such as herring and cod than in phytoplankton. The same tendency has been demonstrated for the three most toxic PCDDs, including TCDD, but other PCDD congeners exhibit a different behavior. Zooplankton and fish, for instance, show significantly lower levels of the fully chlorinated octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) than phytoplankton. In general, the bioavailability of such a molecule appears to be limited by its comparatively large size and its extremely low water solubility, which can limit its passage from one link to another in the food chain; biological barriers are more difficult to cross for molecules with such properties. As a measure of positions in these food chains, concentrations of the nitrogen isotope 15N, which becomes enriched compared with i4N in conjunction with metabolism, have been determined. Fish are the main constituents of the diet of some mammals such as seals, otter (Lutra lutra), mink (M. viso) and in bird species, particularly birds of prey and water birds. It is among these animals at the top of aquatic food chains that the most serious toxic pollutant problems have been found. A difference in biomagnification potentiality exists between aquatic and terrestrial food chains. In aquatic gill-breathing organisms, POPs do not undergo a marked biomagnification through the food chains because the species live in such close contact with the aquatic environment that the tendency for concentrations of pollutants to increase is counteracted by a constant tendency to achieve equilibrium with pollutant levels in the surrounding water (Figure 1). On the contrary, food is the principal source of persistent organochlorine insecticides for most trophic levels in terrestrial systems. Unlike gill-breathing animals, aquatic mammals do not take up persistent pollutants from the water, and they are equally unable to rely on the reverse process of their direct outward release from tissues into the water. In mammals and birds, concentrations of toxic substances are instead determined by the balance between their intake in food and detoxification mechanisms, which for persistent and bioaccumulating substances are slow. A further risk for nonaquatic animals is that many detoxification mechanisms include the formation of more polar metabolites to be excreted by water-based fluids, but the need for them to conserve water reduces this possibility. Among them, herbivores have more efficient systems for metabolizing foreign compounds than carnivores because of the nature of their diet. A critical window in the lifetime of these organisms is when they suffer starvation or a serious disease resulting in the use of their fat reserves, the tissue which have accumulated the highest levels of the contaminants, releasing a significant dose to reach the vital organs.
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Public Release:
Laser-driven electron recollision remembers molecular orbital structure
Forschungsverbund Berlin
IMAGE: Continuum electronic wavepackets for strong-field ionization channel 1 and 2 in 1,3-trans-butadiene shortly after ionization. view more
Credit: MBI Berlin
Scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI) in Berlin combined state-of-the-art experiments and numerical simulations to test a fundamental assumption underlying strong-field physics. Their results refine our understanding of strong-field processes such as high harmonic generation (HHG) and laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED).
Strong infrared laser pulses can extract an electron from a molecule (ionization), accelerate it away into free space, then turn it around (propagation), and finally collide it with the molecule (recollision). This is the widely used three-step model of strong-field physics. In the recollision step, the electron may, for example, recombine with the parent ion, giving rise to high harmonic generation, or scatter elastically, giving rise to laser-induced electron diffraction.
One of the commonly used assumptions underlying attosecond physics is that, in the propagation step, the initial structure of the ionized electron is "washed out", thus losing the information on the originating orbital. So far, this assumption was not experimentally verified in molecular systems.
A combined experimental and theoretical study at the Max Born Institute Berlin investigated the strong-field driven electron recollision dynamics in the 1,3-trans-butadiene molecule. In this molecule, the interaction with the strong laser field leads mainly to the ionization of two outermost electrons exhibiting quite different densities (Figure 1). The state-of-the-art experiments and simulations then allowed the scientists to measure and calculate the high-angle rescattering probability for each electron separately. These probabilities turned out to be quite different both in the measurements and in the simulations. These observations clearly demonstrate that the returning electrons do retain structural information on their initial molecular orbital.
|
Are or Our?
The Quick Answer
What is the difference between are and our?
Are is like am and is. (They are all forms of the verb to be in the present tense.) For example:
• We are currently driving to London.
Our means belonging to us. (It is a possessive pronoun.) For example:
• Our house is full of construction workers.
Are or Our?
The words are and our are both extremely common in English, and they sound similar. However, their meanings are very different.
Are is to is as were is to was. In other words, are is from the verb to be.
Look at this table:
PronounPersonVerb To Be in Simple Present
IFirst person singularam
YouSecond person singularare
He/She/ItThird person singularis
WeFirst person pluralare
YouSecond person pluralare
TheyThird person plural are
• They are looking forward to Christmas.
• Age is something that doesn't matter, unless you are a cheese. (Luis Bunuel)
Our means belonging to us. Our is a possessive adjective.
• This is our dog.
• We love even when our love is not requited. (Mortimer Adler)
• All our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them. (Walt Disney)
The other possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, their, and whose.
See Also
What are verbs? What is the simple present tense? What are possessive adjectives? What are possessive pronouns? List of easily confused words |
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Moments ofreason1
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Moments ofreason1
1. 1. Sound On Moments of reason Click to advance slides
2. 2. Old age is winter, alas, for many people, but for those who are wise and optimistic, it is the happy and fruitful time of harvest.
3. 3. So long as one continues to be amazed, one can delay growing old.
4. 4. The entire life of a human being depends upon ”yes” and “no” uttered two or three times between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five.
5. 5. Old age arrives suddenly, as does the snow. One morning, on awakening, one realizes that everything is white.
6. 6. It is by growing old that one learns to remain young.
7. 7. If someone declares that he is able to do everything at sixty that he was able to do at twenty, then he was not doing very much when he was twenty.
8. 8. Old age embellishes everything. It has the effect of the setting sun on the beautiful twilights of autumn.
9. 9. As one grows old, one generally rids himself of his shortcomings because they no longer serve any useful purpose.
10. 10. There are four great periods in the life of a man; the one where he believe in Santa Claus, the one where he no longer believes in Santa Claus, the one where he is Santa Claus, and finally the one where he looks more and more like Santa Claus.
11. 11. The good side of this, as old as one might be, is that one is always younger than he will ever be.
12. 12. The person who considers himself too old to learn something has probably always been that way.
13. 13. Have a nice day |
04/01/19 Volume 3 Issue 39
Best You Guru™
Express Yourself
We are all born with the DNA structure common to humankind. We have similar genome makeup. We have approximately three billion pairs of DNA and only a tiny fraction is unique to the individual. We are 99.9% genetically similar to each other. Approximately 00.1% of our genetic makeup separates us. This may be a little uncomfortable for some but humans share 50% of their DNA with a banana.
The questions arise as to why are there so many different types of people and personalities. What separates us is our genetic expression. Each of us born with a closet full of clothes and what we wear is often determined by fashion trends, weather, scheduled activities, and numerous other factors. Sometimes we need to bundle up to protect us from freezing cold weather. Sometimes we wear shorts and sandals to keep us cooler because of the heat. Sometimes we wear what is fashionable. We wear what fits our environment. We too often wear what hides us. Our genetic expression, the way we relate to our world, is determined by what surrounds us. The surrounding environment is critical in shaping the individual and how they relate to the world.
We are unique like everyone else. We like to think we are different but community acceptance means conformity. Too often modern communal standards discourage individuality. Too often society demands similarity. The danger is conformity may hide individual uniqueness and gifts of greatness. Advancing societies require the genius found in uniqueness. Personality conformity is not what is best for our survival, growth, or happiness. Uniqueness and conformity are engaged in a lifelong battle for control. The who and what surrounding the individual is a reflection of our condition and often of our acceptance. But the who and what surrounding us does not always represent our inherent potential. What we are immersed in shapes us. What envelopes us molds us. Our abilities to reveal our potential greatness is influenced by our environment. The greatness is within but may never be revealed. How we relate to the world is often guided by how the world sees us. Our happiness and success in this world often can depend on our ability to maintain an honest genetic expression.
Childhood begins a pattern of indoctrination. Too many children need to recover from their childhood. Adults spend their entire lives relearning the truth about themselves or adopt what is told about them. People either develop their unique greatness or become a product of the socialization process fitting the illusions of others. Everything we are is encoded into our DNA. Everything we do is part of our genetic expression. Genes are the hardware. Genetic expression is the software. A computer with only hardware and no software is of little value. Epigenetics concerns itself with how genes are programmed. The study of rats provides us insight into behavioral programming, the software. Licked rats act differently than non-licked rats. The care of the mother is translated through biochemical signals go into the nucleus and into the DNA and this programs offspring differently. The mother is programming the genetic expression of her offspring. It is not the biological mother that is most important in behavior patterns of rats. It is the fostering mother that is critical.
Our genetic makeup is our inheritance. The quality of our life is found in the way we express our genetic makeup. People are prone to constant genetic changes based on experiences. As stress increases children develop more autism and autoimmune diseases. To change genetic expression, to change a life, requires a new narrative and often a new surrounding environment. The interactions of our world have dominance over who we are. Childhood adversity can rewrite a child’s unique gift of greatness. Changing life’s current narrative can correct the effects of adversity.
Action step: Write a short story about yourself. Make a list of natural talents. The talents you had as a child. The talents you had before your teenage years. Not the skills you learned in life but your natural talents. They may be covered or buried but you still possess them. Now write down how you can use your natural talents to live a positive, productive, and happy life.
Contact us at BestYouGuru@yahoo.com and/or www.BestYouGuru.com
"Best You Guru" and "Best You" are Trademarks TM of Harry and Robin Shivery. The use of display of these trademarks are at the sole discretion of Harry and/or Robin Shivery. |
CCL: CIF format
Sent to CCL by:
Quoting "Grigoriy Zhurko reg_zhurko,+," <>:
I know about this program but I need not a program but algorithm for computing the coordinates of all atoms. I want to implement CIF visualization in Chemcraft.
As a former Mercury developer I think I can give you some hints.
The simple answer is, that you have to generate additional atoms from the asymmetric unit via the symmetry operators, then you have to check which (if any) of the newly generated atoms form bonds to your molecule.
There are several implementation details that you have to be careful with:
1. When determining bonds, you must take the 3D periodicity into account. If an atom has fractional coordinates (-0.344, 1.225, 0.8790), then symmetry-related copies of that atom must also be present at (-0.344, 0.225, 0.8790), (0.656, 1.225, 0.8790), (0.656, -1.775, 0.8790), (-0.344, 1.225, 6.8790) etc. In other words, you can always add or subtract an integer from any fractional x, y or z coordinate. This is especially important if one or more of the atoms of the asymmetric unit are outside the unit cell, because in that case symmetry operators like inversions or mirror planes (in their standard forms as they appear in cifs) will generate atoms with coordinates at the other side of the unit cell (i.e. very far apart), even if some of their periodic copies may be close enough together to form a bond. 2. Compounds such as polymers, catena compounds or zeolites form infinite networks rather than discrete molecules. Since infinite structures cannot be displayed, you must choose an arbitrary cutoff. There is no "right" or "wrong", so your target of 251 atoms for the zeolite structure is arbitrary. One full unit cell, or one full unit cell + the fits atom outside the unit cell along each chemical bond are reasonable values. 3. Cifs may contain more than one molecule, for example because the crystal structure incorporated a solvent molecule (or several solvent molecules) or because the compound crystallised as a co-crystal or as a salt. The compound may also have multiple molecules in the asymmetric unit. 4. Some atoms are on special positions: one or more of the symmetry elements produce the same atom at the same position (for example if the atom is sitting on a mirror plane). These must be detected and removed: imagine the energies a QM program would produce for two atoms on top of each other. The user cannot see the second atom because it is in the exact same place as the first, so leaving in these atoms would be a very annoying "feature" of your algorithm. Because atomic coordinates in cif files are not exact, rounding errors must be taken into account. E.g an atom with coordinates (0, 0.333, 0) is probably on a three-fold axis and its exact coordinates are probably (0, 1/3, 0). The difference between 3 * 1/3 = 1 and 3 * 0.333 = 0.999 is a rounding error that your algorithm must cater for, otherwise you will have atoms that are only, say, 0.01 A apart. You should probably *first* convert to Cartesian coordinates, because that makes it easier to judge what chemically reasonable tolerance values are: a fractional difference of 0.001 is entirely reasonable if the unit-cell parameter for that coordinate is 1000 A, because 0.001 * 1000 A = 1 A, which is a C-H bond length. 5. All information about the entire crystal structure is contained in one unit cell: if you first normalise all fractional x, y and z coordinates to lie within [0,1) and you then apply all symmetry operators to all atoms in the asymmetric unit and you then normalise all fractional x, y and z coordinates of all symmetry-generated atoms to [0,1) and you then remove all duplicates, then you are guaranteed to have found all relevant atoms. Now you have to find bonds and to remove all molecules that are symmetry-related to other molecules, and you have to expand the problem cases from point 2 to something "chemically reasonable". When normalising to [0,1), bear in mind rounding errors: you are probably better off keeping all atoms between [-d,1+d], where d is something small like 0.0001, and then removing duplicates where you allow for 3D periodicity and rounding errors again: so -0.000003258, 0.000001825, 0.9999988234 and 1.00000578 are all equal within rounding errors.
Most, if not all, of this is probably described somewhere, you may try the CCL archives or a google search.
Besides that, Mercury 2.3 was unable to open my CIF files from the zeolite database ("Could not read symmetry operator" is shown).
The symmetry operators in the file that you attached look like this:
' +x +y +z '
according to the cif specification ( ), commas should be used as delimiters, so the the line should have looked like this:
' +x, +y, +z '
(Actually, it is more usual to write it like:
The single quotes are only necessary if whitespace in the form of spaces or tabs is present in the string.)
But even when I change that, I still get two more error messages.
First, the cif that you attached contains element symbol "T". Although this can be used to specify tritium, tritium is not recognised by Mercury and even if it was, this is not what is meant in your crystal structure: the atoms are meant to be Silicon (element symbol "Si").
Second, the space-group name and the space-group symmetry operators in your file are not consistent: the space-group name is Imma, but the symmetry operators specify space group Pmmb, a non-standard setting of space group Pmma. So which of these two is correct? If you try both in Mercury, you will see that symmetry operators in space group Pmmb only generate enough additional atoms from the asymmetric unit to fill half the unit cell: the other half is left empty. With the symmetry operators from space group Imma, which has twice as many symmetry operators as Pmmb, the entire unit cell is filled. This makes Imma the correct space group. (I looked at the symmetry operators and the I-centring has been omitted.)
So the cif file that you attached, the format of the symmetry operators is incorrect, half of the symmetry operators are missing and the cif contains a non-existing element.
Best wishes,
Dr Jacco van de Streek
Senior Scientist
Avant-garde Materials Simulation
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
Pabellón de África
Nombre oficial
Pabellón de África
Sitio de los países participantes oficiales (WEB)
Africa Pavilion
Theme / Exhibition
The joint African pavilion consists of exhibitions provided by 28 African countries, and exhibits are displayed, from north to south, according to the geographical location of the host countries. Visitors can view virtually the entire African continent as if taking a real tour of the countries concerned. Under the general theme "The Great Ballad of Africa," the exhibitions present colorful attractions of various African countries.
At the center of the pavilion is a symbol zone with a huge object of art that symbolizes the African continent. The zone also features exhibits that tell the story of the oldest fossils of the modern primitive man, a discovery in Africa that buttresses the theory that Homo sapiens originates in the continent. The skulls, discovered in Ethiopia in 1997, have been named Homo sapiens idaltu, the word for "elder" in the local Afar language. A large screen presents "The Cradle of Mankind and Africa: the Mother Nature."
The exhibition areas of the participating countries are filled with exhibits that symbolize their rich cultures and traditions. The art gallery contains native masks, tableware, clothing and other objects that portray the African history and traditions. The facade of the pavilion features wall paintings on African sceneries, enhancing the African mood of the exhibitions.
An African bazaar in the pavilion sells merchandise from the various participating countries. |
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New and Future Technology
WiTricity What is it? This summer, Intel researchers demonstrated a method--based on MIT research--for throwing electricity a distance of a few feet, without wires and without any dangers to bystanders (well, none that they know about yet). Intel calls the technology a "wireless resonant energy link," and it works by sending a specific, 10-MHz signal through a coil of wire; a similar, nearby coil of wire resonates in tune with the frequency, causing electrons to flow through that coil too. Though the design is primitive, it can light up a 60-watt bulb with 70 percent efficiency.
When is it coming?
A year or two from now you'll also be able to purchase laptops, tablets, mobile phones and other consumer electronic devices that don't need any wires, because their power needs will be met by wireless transmission.
"Instead of having a different charging cord for every device you own, you can have one location where you put your mobile phone or your laptop, and it will stay charged automatically, says Morris Kesler, chief technology officer at WiTricity of Watertown, Mass. "There's no reason that these devices need a cord anymore.â€
WiTricity, an MIT spinoff, offers highly resonant wireless power transfer technology that "is applicable in any situation where a device has a cord or a battery that needs to be charged, Kesler says. It doesn't take much imagination to envision the benefits of not having to pack up those bulky AC bricks and yards of cords into your carry case each time you hit the commute trail to work and home again. Consider not having to worry about trading off computer performance for battery life. When, not if, this technology becomes mainstream, planes, trains and automobiles can all be retrofitted with wireless charging so while you passing the time your laptop is topping off its battery or you are finishing up work on the train ride home that would have had to wait for an AC outlet. Finally, an answer to the issue of what do you want more, computer performance or battery life, why not both?
New types of RAM could revolutionize your PC
The Next Big thing? The memristor, a microscopic component that can "remember" electrical states even when turned off. Think of it as RAM that doesn't lose its memory when turned off. Imagine how fast your computer would be if you entire computer RAM only on RAM and didn't need the time drawback of accessing saved data from a drive. I know right? That is what memristor does for you. It's expected to be far cheaper and faster than flash storage. A theoretical concept since 1971, it has now been built in labs and is already starting to revolutionize everything we know about computing, possibly making flash memory, RAM, and even hard drives obsolete within a decade.
New chips that blur the line between computer memory and storage are starting to move beyond niche applications and could change how we use PCs . The chips would enable the same instant-on capability that’s common on tablets, but at much higher performance, ”We’re seeing the development of new solid-state storage technologies that are starting to play a role,” he said. "MRAM is one that we’re seeing playing a role providing a non-volatile memory technology, and there’s some talk about resistive RAM doing some things.”
Conventional memory chips—called DRAM—store ones and zeros using a electrical charge in each memory cell, but Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) uses a magnetic charge. Resistive RAM (RRAM) is based on a sandwich made from two materials, with the center layer having a different resistance to the material that makes up the outer layers.
PCs today use DRAM to run programs and temporarily store data required by the system and software. The contents of the DRAM are lost when the power goes off, but with MRAM or RRAM it would be possible to instantly resume a computing session even after the machine has been switched off.
Flash memory, commonly found in tablet PCs, already offers persistent storage after the power is removed, but the new chips would outperform flash, according to their developers.
RRAM will eventually deliver 20 times faster write performance, 20 times less power consumption and 10 times more durability than NAND flash memory.
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am certain that you have your personal hobbies. For individuals individuals who’re interested in gardening, these pointers for the potted plant might be helpful to make sure that your vegetation is searching nice healthy. Unhealthy plants can provide the sense of neglect.
Dust and grime may accumulate around the leaves of the potted plant within the time. Aside from leading to the leaves to appear dull and dirty, additionally they clogged pores and avoided cells to operate correctly. Your potted plant can become an eyesore rather than functioning like a decoration. Spend a while to cleanse your plant by sprinkling the leaves with water and dry all of them with moist cloth.
You have to put some fertilizer towards the soil every so often. Your potted plant needs the fertilizer to replenish lost nutrition towards the soil. If you’re unclear about the best time for you to nourish your plant, search for the flower. The optimum time to fertilize your plants is when they’re flowering.
You should also look after the root because it also needs oxygen and water. Make certain the soil isn’t too firm because of dryness. Look into the water and soil the guarana plant when needed – some herbs requires frequent watering and the same thing goes towards the plants that you devote outdoors. Because the soil obtainable in the container is restricted (in comparison towards the one on the floor), you have to alter the soil every so often. This belongs to the procedure to make sure proper drainage and enough nutrition towards the plant.
Different plants require different quantity of sunlight. A number of them need sunlight and a few might not survive within the hot sun. If you’re planting a plant with multiple colors, you may want to expose it to sunlight. Begonias, for example, need sunlight to blossom, but an excessive amount of sunlight may dry them. If you’re maintaining your potted plant indoor, just make certain you drive them outdoors every so often, or use appropriate lamp to assist plant growth.
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Under this head we will consider macaroni, tapioca, etc. Italy has long been famous for the excellent quality of macaroni produced there. It grows a wheat which is harder and more glutenous than that grown in most countries, though Russia produces a wheat of similar quality. Until recently very simple machinery was used, and the output for each factory was small. At the present time, a single press can manufacture into macaroni ten to twenty barrels of flour a day. The three most common forms of the paste are macaroni, spaghetti, and vermicelli, but there are, besides these, many fanciful forms, and special small pastes used in soups. America has good machinery and skilled labor, but this soil and climate have not yet grown a wheat which is equal to that of Italy and Russia for this purpose.
Pastes Used in Soups
Pastes Used in Soups
Macaroni is considered an excellent form of food, being both very wholesome and digestible. When made of good flour it contains a large amount of nutriment in the form of starch, protein and mineral matter. It is so dry that there is practically no loss in weight, and it is an economical article of diet. It can be prepared in a great variety of ways, and should often find a place on our tables.
Sago is a starchy substance, made from a species of palm growing in the low lands of the East Indies. The tree does not grow high, but has a thick trunk, and at a certain time in its growth there is only a thin shell of wood on the outside, the entire central portion being filled with a starch-bearing substance. The starch is extracted by a series of manipulations and made into the sago of commerce. There are several varieties of sago. That which has been simply dried is like other starch, insoluble in cold water, but swells and becomes clear when boiled in water. There is another variety which has been so treated in the manufacturing process that it is partially soluble in cold water. Sago is sometimes adulterated by the addition of potato starch. Such can be easily detected by the use of the microscope, as the granules of potato starch are larger and more regular in outline.
Tapioca is manufactured from the large, succulent roots of the tropical plant known as "manihot." It is extensively cultivated in tropical America, and on the coast of Africa. The roots are grated, and the starch left to-settle from the extracted juice.
The pulp which remains may be made into a bread-like cake called "cassava." or dried and used for porridge, etc. There is one variety, the juice of which contains a poisonous acid, but it is driven off by heat, so that the prepared products are wholesome. When the starch has settled, it is dried on heated plates, and constantly stirred. This gives us the tapioca of commerce. Brazil arrowroot has the same source as tapioca, but it is dried without heating, and is known as "tapioca meal," or "Brazilian arrowroot."
Arrowroot is the name of the starch derived from the root of some species of maranta. Arrowroot gives the most transparent and delicate liquid, when cooked, of any of the starches commonly used, and is esteemed in cookery, and is much used for infants and invalids. The plant from which arrowroot is made is largely cultivated in Bermuda and Jamaica. It is also grown to some extent in Georgia and Florida. The roots, or, more properly, rhizomes, are the starch-bearing portion of the plant. The amount of starch produced varies at different ages of the plant, but when at their best, the roots produce about twenty-five per cent, of starch. This starch is sometimes adulterated with potato starch.
Cornstarch is the only other starch used to any considerable extent for food, though there is no perceptible reason why wheat and potato starches should not be used if they are sufficiently cheap to render their use advisable.
References: Enc. Brit. "Tapioca," "Arrowroot," "Sago;" Chemistry of Cookery - Williams - pp. 186-190; Goodholme's Domestic Cyclopedia, p. 340; Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia; Century Dictionary & Cyclopedia; Chambers' Encyclopedia. |
Osu Caste System: The Discrimination of Marrying an Osu person
I chose to look on this topic when I heard a lady share her story about how she was seen as “curse” because of her tribe. She explained that she got pregnant for a man and the man denied the kids that she is an “OSU” When I try to know what it is all about. I was shocked that it is an old tradition still carried by the Igbos. We are in the 21st century and it seems like the younger generation can’t let go of the mistake of their forefathers. The young generation of Igbos (Eastern part of Nigeria) forbids marrying an “Osu” lady I found this article on Naij that went into details on this topic: Image result for osu in igbo tradition
The historical background of Osu and the status quo: According to a journal, ‘The Osu Caste Discrimination in Igboland: Impact on Igbo Culture and Civilization in Nigeria’, the system in Nigeria and southern Cameroon can be traced back to an indigenous religious belief system practised within the Igbo nation. It is the belief of many Igbo traditionalists that the Osu are people historically owned by deities and are therefore considered to be a ‘living sacrifice’, an outcast, untouchable and sub-human (similar to the Roman practice of homo sacer).
In this 21st century, this form of discrimination is still very much alive among Igbo speaking people in states such as Enugu, Anambra, Imo, Abia, Ebonyi, Edo and Delta in Nigeria. It is believed that modern-day Osu in Igboland is descendants of individuals who volunteered and were sacrificed to the various gods.
These forefathers pledged themselves and their descendants to these gods. They enjoyed protection and privileges but were segregated from ordinary folks. These Osu people married, fraternized and socialized among themselves. It is a practice that has a far-reaching impact on the marriage institution than any other consideration as it is still a taboo just like in the days of old, for an ordinary Igbo person to marry an Osu person.
The veracity of the issue is that these people did not choose to be born as Osu. Should another Mary Slessor come to the rescue? Segregation or discrimination is not part of God’s agenda when he created man. The traditions of men have allowed it to thrive from generation to generation.
If certain traditions have been abolished in the country, why is the Igbo community still holding tenaciously to the dehumanizing Osu caste system that seeks to hold down some people in the society perpetually? The admonition for the Igbos Victims of the Osu caste system could lose their sense of worth due to the segregation and discrimination against them. For the women who could not marry on the basis of this discrimination, they could resort to prostitution with the attendant negative consequences on the society.
Read Also2019: Why South East should produce Nigeria’s next Vice President –…
Segregation or discrimination of this kind breeds social disharmony and undermines cohesiveness in Igbo land (Eastern part of Nigeria). It is about time the governors of the states in Igbo land, monarchs, opinion leaders, civil society groups, youths and all stakeholders rose in one accord to put an end to this scourge of mankind.
The Namibian Tribe Where “Sex” Is Offered To Guests
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Is Hurricane Florence More Dangerous Because of Climate Change?
The warmer the world, the wetter and more destructive are hurricanes, concluded meteorologists and scientists who study climate change and hurricanes. Studies have seen that in general, climate change makes hurricane worse, and now hurricane Florence shows exactly how much humans are to blame for the extreme weather events.
Jonathan Overpeck, who is the dean of the environment school at University of Michigan, explains:
“Florence is yet another poster child for the human-supercharged storms that are becoming more common and destructive as the planet warms.”
Scientists have refrained from connecting climate change and some weather events, but as evidence piles on, studies using statistics and computer models came with a grim conclusion. Peter Stott, a climate scientist at the University of Exeter, had studied Hurricane Harvey and found that the odds of heavy rains were increased due to the global warming. One of the scientists tried to replicate the Harvey analysis and apply it to Florence. However, there are not observations, just forecasts and not enough computer simulations.
The Laws of Thermodynamics
Climate scientist Michael Mann at the Pennsylvania State University explains that we “just need the laws of thermodynamics” to see that the hurricanes are a result of climate change:
“I think we can say that the storm is stronger, wetter and more impactful from a coastal flooding standpoint than it would have been BECAUSE of human-caused warming. And we don’t need an attribution study to tell us that in my view.”
Kim Cobb, Georgia Tech climate scientist, added that there are many peer-reviewed studies which link wetter storms to climate change:
“We have solid data across decades of rainfall records to nail the attribution – climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events.”
Scientists added that every degree that makes the air warmer adds almost 4% more water and energy to the storm.
Weather Underground Meteorology Director Jeff Masters concluded that in the case of hurricane Florence, climate change first warmed the ocean and made the intense rainfall more destructive. |
Dynamite comes in small packages!
Sunflower seeds may be tiny, but they offer a world of nutritional benefits that are hard to beat.
The oil & minerals contained in these little seeds provide you and me with so many benefits, they should be on the shelves of chemists and doctor’s offices.
We all know that sunflower seeds are healthy, but are you actually aware of what happens to your body when you eat them?
Here are 15 positive ways your body responds when you consume fresh, raw sunflower seeds.
#1. Brain Power
Sunflower seeds are like food for your brain. There are three ways you can improve your mental health with this powerful superfood. If you struggle with depression, headaches or insomnia, then try sunflower seeds as a remedy for all three.
There’s an essential amino acid in sunflower seeds that generate serotonin in our brains. This is a hormone that makes us feel happy, elated and content with life. That means you’re less likely to suffer from depression when you eat them.
Migraines and Headaches
Potassium is effective at balancing out your blood pressure. It’s high blood pressure that brings on headaches and dreaded migraines.
Sunflower seeds are nature’s headache tablets. if you suffer from migraines or headaches, add sunflower seeds to your diet to counter high blood pressure.
Insomnia and Anxiety
Another benefit can be attributed to magnesium, which helps you sleep and reduces stress & anxiety. More sleep? Less stress? That sounds like the kind of mental health I’d sign up for!
#2. Flu Prevention
You didn’t think sunflower seeds could prevent flu, did you? Well, they do. Why? Because they contain zinc! Zinc is a natural immune booster. It will fight off colds and flu before they have a chance to spread throughout your body.
Believe it or not, sunflower seeds also contain vitamin C. And you already know that vitamin C is excellent for the immune system, don’t you? A healthy immune system also means that your body repairs itself quicker. Not only external wounds but also internal cell damage.
Folic acid contained in sunflower seeds will repair and maintain your cells. This may not sound like much, but it ultimately means that your body stays strong against infections free radicals and disease.
#3. Different Heart Benefits
Most of us know that sunflower seeds are great for the heart. What you may not know is that they promote heart health in two very important ways.
Cholesterol Removal
Because the oil in sunflower seeds is polyunsaturated and monounsaturated, it actively flushes the cholesterol out of your arteries. Replacing bad fat with good fat is the best way to keep your heart healthy and to prevent cholesterol-related problems later in life.
Blood Pressure
High blood pressure can cause a lot of damage to your heart. It’s another problem sunflower seeds prevents. As you get older, it’s wise to eat sunflower seeds to ensure a strong heart and regulated blood pressure.
Wondering how much sunflower seeds to eat daily? Keep your heart pumping at optimum health by snacking on a quarter cup of sunflower seeds every day. You’ll even notice the difference in your breathing and your energy levels.
#4. Sleep and Stress
There are few things more disruptive to your health than a lack of sleep and/or stress. We already looked at how magnesium affects the brain to encourage sleep and mitigate stress. But sunflower seeds also have two substances that are active anti-depressants; choline and tryptophan. Sleep disorders are usually a result of anxiety. Choline and tryptophan also act against anxiety and help you manage your stress rather than being overcome by it.
#5. Digestion Benefits
It’s amazing to think that a seed with so many benefits can hold oil yet still retain a consistency that provides fibre. That’s exactly what sunflower seeds offer. They’re not only packed with healthy fats, but they assist your stomach with digestion. Sunflower seeds keep you regular throughout the week and even clean out your colon. The stomach is an organ that processes a lot of unhealthy foods. Sunflower seeds actively alkalinize your colon and keep your intestines functioning normally.
#6. Prevents and Combats Diabetes
Oxidative damage? Want to know what it is? It’s the process of your organ cells breaking down because of unhealthy food, radiation and stress. Sunflower seeds are full of antioxidants which protect and repair cell damage.
Because diabetes is directly caused by glandular and hormonal problems, sunflower seeds have proven to be a powerful preventative food that mitigates diabetes. Eating sugary foods will accelerate diabetes, but sunflower seeds will counter the problem. If you are worried about the damage excessive sugar consumption has had on your organs, cut down on sweet snacks and opt for a handful of sunflower seeds instead.
In this way, sunflower seeds benefit for weight loss too. It’s an all-around healthy snack that not only promotes health but a balanced weight too.
#7. Sunflower Sprouts for Your Lungs
It’s worth including sunflower sprouts into this list. Sprouting your sunflower seeds changes the dynamic of the food and offers a whole new range of vitamin & mineral benefits.
One of those benefits is the prevention of pathogens which affect the lungs. Eating sunflower sprouts will assist with the following lung related issues:
• Runny nose
• Chest congestion
• Mucus build up
• Lower lung infections
Don’t discount the seeds themselves for healthy lungs. Ultimately, the benefits to your blood pressure and cell-building capabilities will also affect your lungs positively. Add to that a healthy heart and a solid immune system; and you’ve got an absolute superfood on your hands.
#8. Eye Health
Did you know that shiny eyes are a sign of good eyesight?
The oil in sunflower seeds has vitamin A, an important vitamin your eyes need. Cataracts is one of the most common eye health problems today. This is caused by a dryness of the eyes which ends up forming a layer over the eyes—making it harder for light to enter in.
Sunflower seeds are rich in Carotenoids (beta-carotene). Carotenoids act as an internal eye moisturizer. This prevents eyes from drying out and cataracts disease from forming.
#9. Nerve Health
How do you know when your nervous system is acting up?
• Your muscles will begin to contract involuntarily
• You will feel aches or numbness in your legs, arms or hands
• You may begin to twitch or your legs will become restless
These symptoms are caused by calcium. Yes, you heard right. When calcium rushes into your nerve cells, it activates them and causes them to be overstimulated. Magnesium prevents this from happening and keeps your muscles relaxed. As soon as your body lacks magnesium, you may begin to see these nerve problems arise.
As we’ve already seen, sunflower seeds contain a lot of magnesium. This regulates your nerves and keeps the calcium where it belong out of your nervous system.
#10. Bone Health
Similar to nuts, sunflower seeds are an excellent source of protein and oils. Protein is essential in promoting healthy bones and preventing the onset of various bone diseases. The oils in these seeds are also necessary to prevent crippling bone conditions that cause immense pain and discomfort.
Your bones are always developing, growing and repairing themselves. If they aren’t able to do this, they will begin to weaken—which is excruciating for sufferers.
This condition is called osteoporosis, and it affects over 80% of geriatric Americans. Sunflower seeds are rich in vegetarian protein, making them an excellent countermeasure against this crippling disease.
The oil from sunflowers often gets a bad rap because of its association with cholesterol. But eating a healthy portion of sunflower seeds on a daily basis will provide your body with enough essential oils to prevent arthritis.
Not only does sunflower oil prevent this disease, but it has also been shown to cure arthritis. Suffice to say that eating a small portion each day will keep this disease at bay throughout your later years.
#11. Energy Booster!
I love foods that give me energy. Sunflower seeds are top of the list. Mixing sunflower seeds with raisins and other nuts is a great energy boosting snack. Vitamin B1 is a natural energy booster, and sunflower seeds are full of this vitamin. Also known as thiamine, vitamin B1 helps your body absorb food and convert it into energy.
Combine that with the protein and oil components of this snack and you have a natural energy booster that’s hard to rival.
#12. Acne Remedy
Acne is caused by a combination of oil build up and clogged pores. It mostly affects teenagers, but adults have been known to suffer too. Sunflower seeds contain several acids that provide your skin with more elasticity. This food actually softens your skin and thereby opens your pores, preventing acne.
Other skin problems such as psoriasis and eczema are also combatted thanks to these helpful acids. Skin elasticity and softness is the countermeasure to many skin problems. So if you or someone you know suffers from acne, suggest a diet adjustment with regular intake of sunflower seeds.
#13. Prevents Cancer
The anti-oxidant properties in sunflower seeds to prevent cancer. Vitamin E, copper and selenium are powerful cancer-fighting weapons. Sunflower seeds are also considered a relatively high alkaline food. If you know anything about the body’s alkaline/acid balance, you know that most diseases cannot survive in an alkaline environment and that includes cancer.
Include this snack as a part of a high nutrient eating plan. Combining it with green vegetables, grains and other healthy foods you will prevent cancer and live a more energetic life.
#14. Sunflower Seeds Benefits for Skin
Vitamin E goes directly to your nails, hair, and skin. This is good news for your skin because it gives it that wonderful glow that makes us look young and healthy.
The same way the sun provides your skin with vitamin E, sunflower seeds feed your skin with this essential vitamin. It’s not only a cosmetic benefit, but it’s also super healthy for your skin cells. Vitamin E will protect your skin from damage caused by dryness. It’s like life for your skin!
#15. Anti-aging for Your Hair
Your hair has the same qualities as your skin to look shiny and moist. Sunflower seeds add this desirable quality to your hair, so why bother with these expensive shampoos and conditioners? Moisturize your hair from the inside out and you’ll prevent hair damage by strengthening it.
A moderate helping of sunflower seeds will also prevent hair loss. Balding is often caused by a dry scalp, so keeping your scalp moist with the oil in sunflower seeds is a great way to stop hair from falling out.
One of the other sunflower seeds benefits for hair is preventing it from going grey. The properties in these amazing seeds will help you retain your hair color well into your life. It’s all about keeping your hair moist and healthy from the inside!
What About Side Effects?
When we analyze sunflower seeds benefits and side effects, we find that the benefits far outweigh the side effects.
So are there any side effects to eating this healthy snack? The short answer is yes, but only if you overdo it. Like with any food, too much of a good thing is not good.
Eating too many sunflower seeds has been said to cause hair loss. Strangely enough, eating this snack will actually prevent hair loss by feeding your scalp with essential oils and moisture-retaining properties, but too much has the opposite effect.
Also, bear in mind that eating any food that’s rich in oil can make you gain weight. While sunflower seeds help you lose weight in small portions, too many will make you pack on fat.
Another possible side effect of eating too many sunflower seeds is sodium intake. Too much salt isn’t good for your blood pressure or your heart. So when eating sunflower seeds, be sure to measure a healthy portion.
How to Eat Sunflower Seeds
Looking for inventive ways to get sunflowers into your diet? Here are a few suggestions:
• Add it to your breakfast cereal. Sunflower seeds absorb the milk, so you don’t have to worry about it adding a grittiness to your meal.
• Including sunflower seeds to a stew or casserole will add a wonderful nutty flavor to the dish.
• Feel free to bake with sunflower seeds. Add them to cookies, brownies and especially oatmeal cookies.
• Sprinkle sunflower seeds into a salad. Again, the nutty flavor adds a whole new dimension to your meal.
• Eat it as a snack. Sunflower seeds are convenient and low GI. Grab a handful if you’re feeling hungry and you’ll feel satiated for a decent amount of time.
A Tasty and Convenient Snack
Experts debate about how much sunflower seeds to eat daily, but the consensus is approximately one-quarter cup per day.
From this portion, you will receive a healthy dose of:
• Protein
• Essential omega oils and fats
• Magnesium
• Potassium
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
• Fiber
This is a snack with the best of both worlds. It’s healthy and delicious. The nutty flavor of sunflower seeds make it a perfect addition to many dishes like casseroles, salads, breakfast cereals and even cookies!
It’s also a convenient snack that you can carry with you to work or in the car. Sunflower seeds are not hard to eat. They’re not messy either.
If there is such a thing as the perfect food, I’d say we may have found it. |
Heavy metals
Dr Daniel J Bell et al.
Heavy metals is a vague term for a group of metallic chemical elements that under some definitions can refer to the vast majority of the metals known to science. In biological/medical terms heavy metals are a much smaller group, that for many practitioners is restricted to those that are potentially toxic. Of course, several of these metals are beneficial - indeed essential - for normal physiological function. However when they enter the body in large amounts or in different forms they may be poisonous.
Toxic heavy metals may include:
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SIBO (Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth) 2.25 Hour Glucose Test #901-C
Lab Tests Plus – SIBO Tests from Lab Tests Plus on Vimeo.
SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) is a condition in which abnormally large numbers of bacteria – the types that are normally found in the large intestine – are present in the small intestine. When not functioning properly, the migrating motor complex (MMC) fails to effectively sweep intestinal contents into the colon during periods of fasting. Once in the small intestine, these bacteria proliferate and feed off carbohydrates from food, creating fermentation gases, specifically methane and hydrogen. SIBO breath testing measures these gases.
SIBO can be a cause of many health problems, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and protein/fat malabsorption. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in SIBO since it has now been implicated in the pathophysiology of certain diseases previously not classically associated with overgrowth. The World Journal of Gastroenterology claims a definitive association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and SIBO, suggesting that SIBO be excluded before diagnosing a patient with IBS.
Common conditions associated with SIBO:
Constipation Malnutrition
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Leaky Gut Syndrome
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Acid Reflux
The Hydrogen/Methane breath test is a reliable and convenient method to help in assessing and classifying dysbiosis and SIBO.
Test #901-C is the 2.25 Glucose challenge option for higher specificity in the upper small intestine. 2.25 Hour Method reduces the likelihood of false positive results. It is guided by the findings of the 2017 North American Journal of Gastroenterology: Hydrogen and Methane Based Breath Testings in Gastrointestinal Disorders: The North American Consensus. Glucose Challenge is more specific to upper SIBO while lactulose is a more sensitive measure of SIBO in the distal small intestine. NOTE***DO NOT ORDER THIS TEST IF YOU ARE DIABETIC***
What Is This Test For?
The Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Breath Test provides valuable information in the diagnosis of small bowel overgrowth of bacteria, otherwise known as SIBO. Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth describes a condition in which bacteria from the large intestine have migrated to the small intestine. SIBO can also occur when bacteria native to the small intestine have simply overgrown. Using a breath test to diagnose SIBO is simple, non-invasive and inexpensive. A breath test specifies which gases are present, in addition to the location and severity of bacterial overgrowth.
With lactulose, there is greater ability to diagnose overgrowth in the distal end of the small intestine, which is thought to be most common. With the glucose challenge, absorption occurs faster so the test more accurately diagnoses proximal overgrowth, which is considered more specific to the bacteria of concern. While clinicians and researchers alike debate which method is superior for SIBO testing, we know that the patient is best served by doing both.
The large intestine (colon) has a quantity and variety of bacteria different from those of the small intestine.The small intestine houses approximately 10,000 bacteria per milliliter of fluid, as compared to the large intestine which houses approximately one trillion bacteria per milliliter of fluid. The primary function of the colonic bacteria is the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, resulting in the formation of short chain fatty acids which stimulate epithelial growth and differentiation in the colonic epithelium.
The primary functions of the small intestine are those of digestion and absorption of nutrients from our food. The bacteria in our small intestine aid in digestion and absorption, produce valuable nutrients, support gut immunity and protect us from other invading organisms. Through enzymes produced by the pancreas and along the brush border of the small intestine, carbohydrates are digested and their nutrients absorbed into general circulation. Bile from the liver and gall bladder digest fats and promote the peristaltic action of the small intestine (migrating motor complex) that moves food through to be further digested and absorbed along the length of the small intestine.
Why is SIBO a Problem?
The misplacement of normal colonic bacteria into the small intestine results in fermentation, rather than the normal digestion and absorption that are the primary functions of the small intestine. When carbohydrates ferment rather than digest, hydrogen and methane can be produced in measurable quantities. The process of fermentation rather than digestion creates a host of symptoms that can be difficult to treat effectively without diagnosing and addressing the root cause.
What Does This SIBO Breath Test Measure?
Hydrogen – Bacteria produce hydrogen through the process of fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrates. A small amount of hydrogen is normally produced from limited amounts of unabsorbed carbohydrate reaching the colon. However, large amounts of hydrogen may be produced if there is malabsorption of carbohydrates and/or bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine, allowing a larger amount of hydrogen to reach the colon. The hydrogen produced by the bacteria is absorbed through the wall of the small and large intestines. The hydrogen-containing blood travels to the lungs, where the hydrogen is released and exhaled in the breath. Elevated hydrogen levels tend to be associated with IBS-D (diarrhea) and faster transit times.
Methane – About 15 percent to 30 percent of people have gut flora that contain Methanobrevibacter smithii, which converts four atoms of hydrogen into one molecule of methane. These subjects may not exhale much hydrogen in the breath test despite having SIBO or carbohydrate malabsorption, as excess hydrogen produced as a result of fermentation is converted into methane. Elevated methane levels tend to be associated with IBS-C (constipation) and slower transit times. Both hydrogen and methane are produced by bacteria and are not a normal product of human metabolism. Too much hydrogen, methane or both is a positive test for bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine.
Refer to test kit instructions for more specifics on how to do the collections and detailed instructions on medications, circumstances, underlying medical conditions, supplements, diet, etc. that may affect the results of the test.
√ Lab Test
√ Doctor’s Review of Test Results
√ Doctor’s Recommended Course of Action
NOTE: This test is not available to residents of New York or Maryland. Any orders originating from the state of New York, Rhode Island or Maryland will automatically be canceled. Any samples originating from the state of New York or Maryland will be discarded.
Lab Test
√ Doctor’s Review of Test Results
√ Doctor’s Recommended Course of Action
This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Always consult with your professional health care provider if you are taking any medication. |
Money can't buy happiness, but poverty harms mental health
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People often say that money can't buy happiness; however a new collection of scientific studies published this week (Friday 27 April 2018) highlights how living in poverty can significantly harm people's mental health.
The research, published in the journal Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, indicates that a chronic lack of money can be damaging to 's health and wellbeing – something which currently isn't widely acknowledged by and mental healthcare providers.
Edited by Dr. Jaime Delgadillo, Lecturer in Clinical Psychology at the University of Sheffield, the international collection of research featured in a special edition of this journal indicates that people living in poverty are more likely to develop problems, which could be related to their increased exposure to adverse life events and a chronic state of unmet material and emotional needs.
The studies presented in the journal examine the relationship between social inequalities and psychological care. Together, the findings show that people living in poverty are less likely to start treatment for . Once they do start treatment, they are more likely to have ongoing mental health problems after the treatment is completed, and they face a range of material (e.g. lack of transportation) and social (e.g. stigma) barriers to accessing support. The studies also indicate that people living in poor neighbourhoods are less likely to recover from depression and anxiety symptoms after psychological treatment, compared to people from more affluent neighbourhoods.
Furthermore, research suggests that mental health practitioners often fail to recognise the role that socioeconomic factors have on their patients' wellbeing, and are therefore less able to understand their plight and to meet their needs. This may be further complicated by educational and social class disparities between professionals and patients.
Dr. Delgadillo, who edited the collection of research papers, said: "It's becoming clearer that poverty and are closely connected, but this connection is yet to be recognised by policy makers and providers.
"People living in poverty face a range of barriers when it comes to getting appropriate support for mental health problems. They often can't afford basic things like childcare support or transportation needed to get to . There is also still considerable stigma around mental health problems and asking for support can be very difficult, particularly for people living in poverty. What's more alarming is that working in the poorest neighbourhoods often lack funding and resources to meet the increased demand for treatment.
He added: "Money can't buy happiness, but increased funding for mental health and social care services would certainly help to enable the poorest in our society to access the help that they need."
Explore further
Self-rating mental health as 'good' predicts positive future mental health
More information: The collection of research can be accessed via: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17461405
Citation: Money can't buy happiness, but poverty harms mental health (2018, April 27) retrieved 24 April 2019 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-04-money-happiness-poverty-mental-health.html
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Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator.
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A sharp, sudden pain or discomfort in teeth when you come across certain substances (sweet or sour foods) and temperatures (hot or cold) is known as tooth sensitivity.
Some of the common factors that lead to tooth sensitivity are cracked teeth, tooth whitening, dental decay, gum diseases, thinning of the enamel due to improper brushing, poor oral care, and certain dental procedures and treatment like deep filling, crown fixing and teeth cleaning.
Simple ways to get rid of tooth sensitivity
1. Oil Pulling With Coconut Oil
Coconut oil pulling is an effective remedy that aids in lowering the streptococcus bacteria in your mouth. Coconut oil possesses antibacterial properties that help to reduce the plague and lessen the tooth sensitivity. The truth is oil filling is found to promote oral health and prevents a problem like bad breath, toothaches, and gum disease.
Take 1 tsp of extra-virgin coconut oil in your mouth.
Swishing it in your mouth for 20 minutes. Dribble out and rinse your mouth with warm water.
Do this regularly in the morning before eating or brushing your teeth. You can also use sesame oil.
Note: Do not gargle or swallow the oil as it contains harmful bacteria from mouth.
2. Salt Water
Salt water is a perfect choice of treatment to get instant relief from tooth sensitivity. Salt water has the potential to balance the pH of the mouth, which creates an alkaline environment in which bacteria cannot live on. Further on the salt water can also treat gum sores and reduce the after effects of recent dental treatments.
Add ½ tsp of salt in a cup of warm water.
Flush your mouth with this solution and hold It for a few minutes.
Spit out the solution and flush your mouth with water. For best result do this twice daily.
3. Clove / Clove Oil
Clove is proven to possess strong anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anesthetic properties for these reasons it is widely used to reduce tooth pain and combat oral infections.
Mix 5- 7 drops of clove oil in a glass of lukewarm water and then flush your mouth with this solution.
4.Guava Leaves
Guava leaves are used as an age-old remedy in Ayurveda to get relief from pricking pain of tooth sensitivity. Proven by studies the presence of flavonoids in Guava such as quercetin, kaempferol, rutin with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties help to relieve a toothache and tooth sensitivity.
Chew 2 tender fresh guava leaves for a few minutes and then spit it.
5. Garlic
The abundance of allicin in garlic makes it a potent antibacterial agent and a natural anesthetic that helps to get relief from tooth sensitivity. It also kills the germs that cause infections and cavities.
Make a paste by crushing 2- 3 pods of garlic with little water and ¼ tsp salt. Apply this mixture on the affected areas, let it stay for 15-20 minutes and then rinse with warm salt water. Repeat it twice daily for a few days. |
• Big enough for us but not big enough for you. Don't try anything. We'll kick your asses!
• Would like like the diameter, radius, perimeter, surface area, or volume?
• It's bigger than a bread box.
• Check it out:
• Enormous!
• Too big to walk around in a single day.
• About the same size as Venus.
• "It's a small world, but I wouldn't want to have to paint it." - Steven Wright
• Most people picture Earth as a ball with the North Pole at the top and the South Pole at the bottom. Earth, other planets, large moons, and stars -- in fact, most objects in space bigger than about 200 miles (320 kilometers) in diameter -- are round because of their gravity. Gravity pulls matter in toward the center of objects. Tiny moons, such as the two moons of Mars, have so little gravity that they do not become round, but remain lumpy instead. To our bodies, "down" is always the direction gravity is pulling. People everywhere on Earth feel "down" is toward the center of Earth and "up" is toward the sky. People in Spain and in New Zealand are on exactly opposite sides of Earth from each other, but both sense their surroundings as "right side up." Gravity works the same way on other planets and moons. Earth has a diameter of about 7,900 miles (12,700 kilometers). The diameter of Jupiter, the biggest planet in our solar system, is more than 11 times as large as the diameter of Earth. Earth, however, is not perfectly round. Earth's spin causes it to bulge slightly at its middle, the equator. The diameter of Earth from North Pole to South Pole is 7,899.83 miles (12,713.54 kilometers), but through the equator it is 7,926.41 miles (12,756.32 kilometers). This difference, 26.58 miles (42.78 kilometers), is only 1/298 the diameter of Earth. The difference is too tiny to be easily seen in pictures of Earth from space, so the planet appears round. Earth's bulge also makes the circumference of Earth larger around the equator than around the poles. The circumference around the equator is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 kilometers), but around the poles it is only 24,859.82 miles (40,008.00 kilometers). The circumference is actually greatest just south of the equator, so Earth is slightly pear-shaped. Earth also has mountains and valleys, but these features are tiny compared to the total size of Earth, so the planet appears smooth from space
• Really, Really Big.
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Sleeping hamster
Researchers at Ohio State University Medical Center have found that hamsters exposed to chronic dim light at night over a few weeks were prone to symptoms of depression. The darkness-deprived rodents reduced their physical activity compared to hamsters in normal light-dark conditions, showed greater signs of distress when stressed, and were less interested in things that once delighted them, like sugar water, according to The research suggests the same could be true for humans.
The American Medical Association also warns that over-exposure to light suppresses melatonin, a hormone believed to fight tumors and cancer. Plus, changes in the body’s circadian rhythms from light-dark imbalances could make one more susceptible to obesity, diabetes and reproductive problems.
Meanwhile, light pollution from TVs, computers, streetlights, mobile devices, insomniacs’ bedside lamps, traffic and neighbors has supposedly surged over the past 50 years, a trend that coincides with increases in depression, the article states. |
Home | Testimonials | Bees, Wasps & Ants | Scorpions & Spiders | Poisonous Fish, Mosquitoes & Snakes | Contact Us
Information about specific insects - bees, wasps and ants
Bees, wasps, ants, hornets etc. are all part of the hymenoptera family, one of the largest, both by the number of species (over 100,000) and by the high degree of their complexity and diversity of behaviour. They inhabit the world over and their venomous function is particularly developed.
Bees are part of the hymenoptera family. It has a large number of species, more than 20,000 in total. Bees are not aggressive per se, unless they feel threatened, which is the case if you are less than 10 metres from a bee hive or from their 2 or 3 pollen gathering paths. Certain other conditions can raise bee stingstheir aggressiveness - beessuch as wind, a storm, artificial perfumes, alcohol or even sweat. Their barbed sting, which comes off during the attack, stays in the wound with a pulsating venom pouch attached which keeps dispensing the poison even after the bee has flown off to die.
The bumble bee, from the Apides family, like the honey bee, has a safe reputation, but it may occasionally sting man. The effects of a hymenoptera sting can be negligible, but in a certain number of cases very strong reactions are experienced which may lead to the person’s death. Aspivenin is very effective against poisoning from insect stings, although this in no way excludes recourse from seeking immediate medical attention in the case of a serious reaction on the part of the victim.
In the case of bee stings, it is important to try not to rub the wound as this only serves to squeeze the venom sac attached to the sting, and push even more venom into the wound. The vacuum created over the wound site by the Aspivenin® pump actually bursts the venom sac and draws poison back up the shaft of the sting itself. Once this has been done the sting itself should be extracted with a pair of tweezers.
The wasp is part of the hymenoptera family. It is characterised by its narrow waist and its black and yellow striped robe. It is an omnivore. Like the bee, the venomous device is an ovipositor (an organ used to lay eggs). Transformed into a sting, and with venom glands, it is used to paralyze prey or it acts as a defensive weapon. Since wasp stingsits sting, unlike the bee’s, is smooth, it can sting repeatedly. It’s the most aggressive hymenoptera, especially in the Autumn when food is scarce. Their nests are usually underground or located in attics or roofs and there may be up to 10,000 individual wasps in a nest. The queen lives for about a year and the workers often just a few weeks. Their work is allotted according to task.
hornet stingsWasps and hornets of the Vespides family are responsible for the largest number of sting attacks in Europe. It must be noted that while the hornet is not very aggressive, it remains more dangerous because its sting can inject its venom directly into the blood. The effects of a hymenoptera sting are generally negligible, but in a certain number of cases very strong reactions are experienced which may lead to anaphylactic shock and even the person’s death.
Aspivenin® is very effective against poisoning from all insect stings, and used promptly will significantly, and painlessly, help to reduce the amount of venom in the wound. This in no way excludes immediate recourse to medical care as soon as possible for those people who suffer from an extreme allergic reaction such as anaphylactic shock, although use of the Aspivenin® immediately will help to reduce the allergic reaction.
ant bitesThe ant is part of the hymenoptera order. It is probably the most common creature on the planet. The ant, or formicidae, family lives in large communities or nests. There are several types of individuals; two female castes comprising workers and reproducers (known as "gynes") and males. Workers make up the majority of the society. They are what one sees most often in nature. The ant bitefemales have a complete, mainly defensive, venom device. Ants are not always stingers in spite of a venom gland and a non-functioning sting, although in that case they bite. In temperate zones, even multiple bites are rarely dangerous, though they are irritating and often quite unpleasant.
However, some tropical species can cause strong, if not serious, reactions. For instance, the Fire Ant not only bites, but then projects its venom (made partly of extraordinarily formic acid) onto the wound it inflicts. The Aspivenin pump, tested in real life conditions by ant bitesPharmaciens sans Frontieres in the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle proved its worth in many cases of bites from giant ants. The research involved a local Indian tribe called the Shuar-Ashuar, and a satisfaction rate of 97% was recorded after using the Aspivenin pump for the treatment of giant ant bites, scorpion stings, tarantula attack and snakebites.
Aspivenin® will quickly reduce the pain and discomfort of an ant bite, and help to alleviate the symptoms of an allergic reaction; this does not exclude recourse to medical care as soon as possible, in serious cases, when bitten, for example, by the giant ants of the Amazonian forest.
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HTML Tutorial
Chapter: 3
HTML Documents
HTML Basic Examples
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<title>Your HTML Title</title>
<h1>Your heading</h1>
<p>Your paragraph.</p>
try this
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
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HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
<p>Your first Paragraph</p>
<p>Your second Paragraph</p>
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HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
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Note: The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements..
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), and size (width and height) are provided as attributes:
<img src="image/freeeducation.jpg" alt="" width="104" height="142">
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