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Past Medical and Social History – Lung Disease by Jeremy Brown, PhD Questions about the lecture My Notes • Required. Save Cancel Learning Material 2 • PDF Slides 04 EpidemiologicalFactors&History Basic.pdf • PDF Download Lecture Overview Report mistake 00:00 The past medical history is important, because respiratory disease can be a consequence or related to previous medical problems. And there are numerous examples, but the common important ones are asthma, which childhood asthma often returns in an older adult and, therefore, could explain somebody who's presenting with cough or breathlessness at that point. Previous tuberculosis for two reasons: One is that actually TB often causes chronic lung damage, which can cause the presentation that you're reviewing the patient for there—hemoptysis, for example—due to underlying bronchiectasis caused by previous tuberculosis or a mycetoma. And also, previous tuberculosis means the patient could have—well, has latent tuberculosis and therefore is at risk of reactivated tuberculosis disease, which might explain their presentation. Hay fever and eczema (atopy) we've already discussed as a risk for asthma. Cardiac problems are important really as a differential diagnosis for respiratory patients who are presenting with dyspnea or edema. So if somebody's got a past history of hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, all these are predisposed to left ventricular failure, which would be a cause of breathlessness as a differential diagnosis of somebody presenting to a respiratory clinic. 01:15 Previous cancer is important, because the patient may be presenting with metastases from the cancer now affecting the respiratory system such as, for example, pleural metastases and pleural effusion. Or because the treatment that they receive for their cancer—and the classic example for that would be radiotherapy for breast cancer—can cause damage to the underlying lung, and that might explain why the patient has respiratory symptoms at that time. And chemotherapy, for example, can cause both widespread lung damage in the form of interstitial lung disease but also makes patients more likely to get various types of infection, and that might be why they're presenting with lung disease. 01:50 Patients with bronchiectasis: One of the major causes is previous severe childhood infections, and so those would need to be discussed if somebody might have bronchiectasis. And connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis: They are all associated with various types of lung disease, specifically lung interstitial infiltrations, which could be a differential diagnosis in somebody presenting with fibrosis. And a very important point is that premature birth and poor lung development in very early life actually, by reducing your overall lung volumes, makes you more likely to develop diseases such as COPD in the future. And if somebody's presenting with relatively early onset of breathlessness, it would be worth working out whether they had a premature birth that might have predisposed them to an earlier problem than they otherwise would have developed. With lung disease, because the lungs are exposed to the environment, what you do in that environment has a very big effect on the potential diseases you might have. And the most obvious example for that is that if you smoke. But there are other substances which are relevant—for example, if you smoke cannabis or if you inject drugs. In addition, the jobs that you do can expose you to various dusts and things which may be relevant for lung disease—the classic example being asbestos exposure and the risk of asbestos pleural disease, the other main example being pneumoconiosis, which are associated with mining and factory work. But asthma can be made worse by antigens which are present in your work environment, and that's so-called occupational asthma. And hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a problem where you get lung interstitial… so you get interstitial lung disease due to inhalation of an antigen to which you're allergic, and that is often due to exposure to birds or, if you're a farmer, due to fungi which grow in the hay, etc. So it's very important with respiratory disease—and specifically for interstitial lung diseases, asthma, and patients presenting with infiltrates in the lung—to identify their occupational history and social factors that might be relevant for their presentation. 04:27 Lastly, if you have a lung disease and you are more breathless than you should be, then there is the issue about who's going to be looking after you. If you're… have MRC Grade 4, for example, and you're breathless on moving around the house, who will do the housework for you? Who will go and get the shopping for you? And these issues are important and a part of the social history and need to be discussed with the patient, so you get a full feel for the effects of whatever respiratory disease they may have on their actual function in life. So to go into substance use, misuse, and abuse in a bit more detail: Cigarette smoking is associated with COPD but also… and lung cancer; everyone knows that. But it also massively increases your chance of pneumonia. It makes asthma very difficult to control. It increases your chance of pneumothorax. And it is associated with interstitial lung disease as well. Alcohol is not a major problem for lung disease, apart from the fact that it makes you more likely to get infections such as pneumonia or tuberculosis, and it makes you likely to get aspiration. So it's a classic presentation is that somebody has been out for a drink in one night and the next day presents having aspirated, with a pneumonitis affecting one lung. Also, alcohol is a sedative, and that does cause problems for patients with sleep apnea and other problems of ventilation of the lung, where sedatives make the ventilation… the underventilation that's occurring even worse. 05:52 And patients with alcoholic liver disease will present with pleural effusions. Recreational drugs other than smoking and alcohol—cocaine, intravenous heroin, crack—they are all relevant for lung disease. COPD, emphysema, asthma, HIV infection, pneumothorax, lung infections, tuberculosis, bullae... They're all related to recreational drug use, and as many patients that I see who have used to use recreational IV drugs in their early life are now presenting with emphysema or bullae in their later life, age 40 to 50s. 06:31 So smoking history: This is described in pack years. This is a vital part of the respiratory history. You need to know whether the patient has smoked in the past, is smoking now, or has never smoked. So often when we ask a patient, "Are you a smoker?" they say no. But that could be because they gave up smoking three weeks ago. So you just need to define whether it's ex-smoker or never smoked. And we describe the cigarette exposure in pack years. And that is one pack smoked each day for a year is one pack year. So for example if you have somebody who smoked 10 cigarettes a day for 20 years, that's equivalent to 10 pack years. 07:13 If you have somebody who smoked for 30 years, 30 cigarettes a day, then that's 45 pack years. 07:18 In general, COPD and lung cancer, you normally have to smoke around 20 pack years to get the increased risk for developing both those disease. That's a rule of thumb; there are exceptions to that. And certainly, it doesn't mean you will get lung cancer or COPD if you smoke 20 pack years; it just means your chance of developing those diseases is much, much higher. Treatment history and allergies: Well, you have to know the patient's allergies if you're going to give them… especially antibiotics. 07:49 Because penicillin allergy is not uncommon, and you give somebody with a penicillin allergy an antibiotic which is penicillin-based, then that is incredibly dangerous and potentially fatal error. So allergies: vital. You must know… must ask specifically about allergies. 08:04 But also, drug diseases cause respiratory problems. The commonest example, perhaps, may be ACE inhibitors, which are used for hypertension, and they are a common cause of chronic, intractable cough. And unless you take a good treatment history and ask the patient directly, you may not get the fact that they're on an ACE inhibitor volunteered. 08:24 The treatment history also gives you the chance to double-check their past medical history, because many patients won't mention the fact that they have hypertension, but then when you ask them about what drugs they're on, it turns out they're on antihypertensives. 08:36 That's a very common example of how patients think about their diseases. 08:42 Family history for respiratory disease is important in certain circumstances. There are diseases that run in families—-asthma, for example—and there are inherited genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis. And in addition, prior tuberculosis exposure makes you… through your family members makes you likely to have latent tuberculosis, and that might reflect what's happening with your presentation in a future life. 09:11 So just to summarize the main learning points for the clinical assessment, the history side of the clinical assessment: 1. A good history is essential and will help you identify what the medical problem is in a very high proportion of patients who are presenting. It will at least identify the clinical question that needs to be answered by targeted investigation. And this requires a systematic approach to the history to ensure every aspect is covered that might be important. 2. The demography, the social history, of the patient is important, because that does identify whether they are at risk of certain diseases. And you need to learn about what those associations are so you can ask the relevant questions for people presenting with specific problems. 09:58 3. You do need to know what causes the symptoms. So you have to know what the common causes of cough are, what the common causes of breathlessness are. Now fairly obvious, most of this, but if you don't know the important causes of symptoms, then you will not be able to exclude or include those causes in a differential diagnosis when discussing a problem with a patient. And that does include the rarer causes as well, because part of the art of medicine is to make sure that you don't always make the common diagnosis. So if a patient's presenting with cough, say it's asthma. But in fact, actually, it may not always be asthma. There are the occasional patients with rarer conditions which may be coming, which you would miss unless you knew that might be a presentation for… a cause of cough. 10:50 4. One aspect that often is underdone by students is the detail of the history of the presenting complaint. So I've discussed earlier when talking about breathlessness: You need to find out how long the patient's been breathless; the periodicity—whether it's up and down, whether it's constant, whether it's progressive. And actually ask very specific questions to get a full feel for how fast if it's progressive it's deteriorating or how severe the breathlessness is; what it stops them doing. And that needs to be done for all the sort of symptoms that… all the symptoms that the patient's presenting with. Obviously, this requires a bit of practice, and taking a good history which is fast, efficient, and targeted to get the information you require will require a detailed underlying knowledge about respiratory disease as well as constant practice of actually the art of taking the history from a patient. 11:50 Thank you. About the Lecture The lecture Past Medical and Social History – Lung Disease by Jeremy Brown, PhD is from the course Introduction to the Respiratory System. Included Quiz Questions 1. Night sweats and COPD 2. Emphysema and weight loss 3. Night sweats and tuberculosis 4. Ankle oedema and severe COPD 1. A history of alcohol abuse in a patient presenting with a 5 year history of progressive dyspnoea. 2. A history of hay fever and eczema in a 25 year old presenting with chronic cough. 3. A previous history of tuberculosis in a 39 year old presenting with recurrent haemoptysis. 4. A history of rheumatoid arthritis in a 72 year old presenting with chronic progressive dyspnoea. 1. COPD. 2. Asthma. 3. Tuberculosis. 4. Sarcoidosis. 5. Cystic fibrosis. 1. Mining. 2. Construction worker. 3. Car mechanic. 4. Carpenter. 5. Radiologist. 1. Tobacco. 2. Marijuana. 3. Alcohol. 4. Sugar. 5. Heroin. Author of lecture Past Medical and Social History – Lung Disease Jeremy Brown, PhD Jeremy Brown, PhD Customer reviews 5,0 of 5 stars 5 Stars 4 Stars 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Star
Tales In Tech History: WiMax In the years before LTE and fixed line fibre became the norm, WiMax was touted as the UK’s connectivity solution Tech veterans of a certain age will remember the fact that WiMax networks were up and running in the United Kingdom and the United States in real world situations, long before LTE arrived on the scene. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) was touted as the way ahead before superfast broadband became a daily reality for UK residents thanks to the nationwide deployment of fibre cabling. But where did it all go wrong for WiMax? Why did such an established technology that was deployed in commercial networks around the world, and was a serious contender to be the technology of choice for 4G, just wither and die? Read on to find out. Wi-Fi On Steroids WiMax was sometimes referred to as “Wi-Fi on steroids” and it was used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It was similar to long-range Wi-Fi in some respects, but it could enable usage at much greater distances. This meant that WiMax, for a time at least, was considered to be a genuine replacement for the traditional landline (cable or DSL service), as it could be deployed either at home or office, or could provide mobile Internet access across entire cities (or indeed countries). And it should be remembered that a WiMax network could be deployed at relatively low costs in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL etc. This meant that WiMax was considered economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations. But what exactly was WiMax? Well, it is a family of wireless communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards. It actually dates back seventeen years to 2001, when the “WiMax” named was created by the WiMax Forum (formed in June 2001) to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The original IEEE 802.16 standard was first published in 2001, and it was initially designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates. This standard was amended in 2005 to the 802.16e standard (called “Fixed WiMax”), and the WiBro service in South Korea was launched in 2005. It used IEEE 802.16e and was able to offer a staggering 25Mbps (an amazing speed for the time). This allowed for video conferencing, HD video streaming etc. The 2011 update (802.16m or Mobile WiMax) even allowed for up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. Mobile WiMax was intended as a replacement for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or it was used as an overlay to increase capacity. Fixed WiMax was also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations. Doomed To Fail? But WiMax was facing a challenge. Despite it being first to market and having operational networks in the US with companies such as Clearwire, as well as a couple of trial networks in the UK, WiMax did have some challenges to overcome. Between 2005 and 2010, WiMax networks had begun appearing around the world. But by 2010 the tide was starting to turn against WiMax as cellular operators opted not to invest in building WiMax networks, and instead waited for the arrival of LTE. The LTE Standard had been finalised in December 2008, and the first commercial deployment of LTE was carried out by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm in December 2009. And from 2010 onwards LTE began to be increasingly adopted by mobile carriers around the world, because in part to the greater financial returns it could offer. But why did it fail? Well Silicon put that very question to UK Broadband in 2012 and was told back then that WiMax was already a doomed technology. UK Broadband, along with another firm Freedom4 (formerly Pipex Wireless) were the only two companies at that time which had the necessary spectrum to launch WiMax networks in the UK. UK Broadband had declined to invest in WiMax, leaving only Freedom4 to build a WiMax network in Milton Keynes and Stratford Upon Avon. UK Broadband told Silicon UK six years ago that while it had owned the necessary spectrum for WiMax, the decision to unbundle the local loop (i.e. fixed-line broadband) made the firm realise that there was no way wireless providers could compete against an unregulated home broadband market. 4G Contender It should be remembered that for a time, WiMax and LTE (Long Term Evolution) were locked in a battle to become the 4G standard for the world. UK Broadband’s chief executive, Nicholas James told Silicon that even most WiMax backers, including Clearwire in the United States (which has already built WiMax networks in many US cities), had already signalled their intent to move across to LTE. James explained it was never cost effective for WiMax networks to compete effectively against fixed-line broadband networks, and that WiMax was never a long-term solution. WiMax, he felt, just couldn’t compete in a competitive environment with multiple operators, unbundled local loop etc, and a wireless technology just couldn’t complete against fixed-line. “The problem with WiMax was the time it took to go mobile,” said James. He said that the WiMax IEEE 802.16e (fixed WiMax) standard has been around for years, but the mobile option (16m) had arrived a bit too late. According to him, mobile operators had recognised that mobile connectivity was the future, not a fixed wireless option, and hence they opted for LTE. “What happened was that LTE came along early enough so that all operators adopted it,” said James in 2012. “No one adopted 16m because there were no economies of scale. Indeed, all WiMax operators have signalled they will move to LTE.” In Conclusion James had one viewpoint for the failure of WiMax. Another possible reason for WiMax’s failure was compatibility. Although LTE arrived much later than WiMax, it was actually just an upgrade to existing networks. WiMax on the other hand was a brand new technology, and mobile operators who had already spend huge sums of money on 3G networks, were wary of investing heavily in a brand new technology. Most decided to wait until LTE was ready. Some may lament the fact, but they should take comfort in the fact that WiMax was a great technology. It offered incredible speeds (at the time) in a mobile environment, and it pioneered a lot of technologies such as MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output); Space-Time Frequency Coding etc. But thanks to its later arrival, LTE was able to incorporate some of those technologies into its standard. WiMax was a classic example of a technology doing a lot of things right, and despite it being the first in the market, it failed to capture the 4G crown, leaving LTE to win the day. Read also : Author: Tom Jowitt Click to read the authors bio Click to hide the authors bio
Frida in colours of capitalism \| The Daily Star 12:00 AM, July 13, 2018 / LAST MODIFIED: 06:08 PM, July 13, 2018 Frida in colours of capitalism Before she made it to our saris, chunky jewellery, phone cases, and magazine covers, Frida Kahlo was a genius, a socialist, a feminist, and an anti-imperialist nationalist, whose mere presence in history is radical. Her art challenged norms during her time and continues to do so today—if only we are willing to engage with her art on her own terms rather than through our liberal, bourgeois, feminist lens. Frida was born on July 6, 1907, in Mexico which means that she would have been 111 this year. She later chose to celebrate her birthday on July 7, 1910, the year of the Mexican Revolution, making her a 'Child of the Mexican Revolution'. Frida was undoubtedly ahead of her time. Her self-portraits are jarring, dealing with her disabilities, social disparity, her sexual identity—she openly dated men and women—at a time when it was deeply frowned upon and even unacceptable. She is a non-conformist who painstakingly and purposefully worked to create a persona that was powerful and political. She was a staunch leftist; her political identity was not covert. Part of the Mexican Communist Party, Frida also made no secret of her distaste for American capitalism. She was a trailblazer not just for women, but for LGBTQ people, and people with disabilities. After a tram accident which changed the course of her life, she struggled with and embraced her multiple identities, which can be seen in her self-portraits, making up the bulk of her work. Frida eschewed trends. At a time when French fashion was at the height in her country, she chose to dress in the traditional huipil tunics, enagua skirts, and headdresses, exhibiting her love for her Mexican Mestizo identity and heritage. Likewise, the indigenous flowers she wore in her hair and the native jewellery she used to adorn herself with, were also reflections of her nationalist stance. Art-historians look at Frida's choice to wear her traditional clothes as distinctly political and they argue that it allowed the artist to be more in tune with her country's pre-Columbian cultures in post-revolutionary Mexico. After having spent some time in America, Frida returned to Mexico and painted Self-Portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States (1932), printing Ford's name across the smoke-belching factory chimneys on the US side, showcasing her deep distaste for American capitalists. "I'm more and more convinced it's only through communism that we can become human," she wrote to an American comrade after the trip. Yet to experience her posthumously, raking in financial gains for businesses, boutiques, furthering the capitalist cause feels like a special kind of irony. But try as she might, Frida cannot escape the cult-hood status she has been exalted to. Far from the West, here in Bangladesh too, she is having a moment. She is on saris being sold at exorbitant prices, on jackets, mugs, earrings, pillow covers, fridge-magnets—you name it, chances are, Frida has been flattened, reproduced, and reprinted hundreds of thousands of times, helping to generate revenues. This adulation of Frida, limited to the superficial, simply celebrating her as a style icon, goes to undermine her ethnicity, her disability and her principles–all of what made Frida Kahlo, the icon that she is today. The 'sanitised' Frida Kahlo idolatry and the wave of commodification surrounding it, is not completely bad despite the many misgivings I have with it. It does make sense to see a resurgence of Frida Kahlo, a socialist figure, in Bangladesh, a country founded on principles of socialism. Yet, to see a watered-down narrative that is simply limited to trite symbolism leaves the story half-told. Frida challenged beauty norms, her unibrows and light moustache, a testament to her rejection of the then and present beauty standards. While Frida's radical aesthetics has the potential to challenge Euro-centric beauty standards in Bangladesh, her white-washed representation in our pop culture, with fair skin, moustache-free upper lips, and lightened unibrow, actively reinstates the Eurocentrism and able-bodiness that she so adamantly resisted. In Bangladesh, Frida is not a radical Mexican feminist, but a cultural icon imported from white, Western media. She stands for every day, mass-market, feminism targeted towards able-bodied, cis-gendered, privileged women. Thus, echoing a very timely and hard-hitting article on Dazed titled “Frida Kahlo is not your symbol” which says, “This ultimately leaves her inaccessible to minority groups while simultaneously allowing privileged people to embrace her without having to come into conflict with aspects of her that contradict their behaviours.” And, thus leaving Frida's legacy in peril. Will Frida remain simply a face on our t-shirts and saris, palatable as a cool figure? Or will Bangladesh, where feminism too is experiencing a new-found momentum, give Frida a full homage, where we will see her as she would want to have been seen? Complete with her politics, struggles, and sexual identity? Type START <space> BR and send SMS it to 22222 Type START <space> BR and send SMS it to 2222 Type START <space> BR and send SMS it to 2225 Leave your comments Top News Top News
Hard of Hearing need proper advocacy Clker-Free-Vector-Images / Pixabay The Hard of Hearing need proper advocacy when it comes to their hearing loss and their overall needs. Far too often, the cultural deafs will insist that the Hard of Hearing are being advocated for by them, but their promoted solution more often than anything else, is learning sign language for their region, such as ASL in the USA or BSL in the UK. What’s wrong with hard of hearing learning sign language? There’s nothing inherently wrong with learning a new language, however the Hard of Hearing aren’t already involved in Deaf Culture, and quite frankly Deaf Culture is excessively difficult for an outsider to get into, even if that very outsider is another individual either born deaf or went deaf as a child but was mainstreamed rather than being sent through a school for the deaf. Since the Hard of Hearing is already involved in one or more cultures from the hearing world, they tend to prefer largely to interact with the hearing world and continue to do so. So generally, the HoH individual will not gain any significant benefit learning sign language due to most hearing people not knowing sign language themselves. As a result, say an American HoH person does learn ASL, the only thing that opens up to them is being able to better communicate with deaf people who already sign. Now keep in mind signing deaf are only roughly 20% of the deaf population. Not all deaf people sign, I’m one of them. I can sign, but I prefer not to due to culture. So if you have deaf people who are lip readers and speaking because of our preference in culture as for who we all hang out with (friends, family, spouse, etc), how would sign language really even benefit me personally as an oralist? Answer is that it really wouldn’t in most cases. Same goes with the hard of hearing. The Deaf Culture cultural clash The exclusiveness and isolationist nature of Deaf Culture creates a cultural clash in which the mainstreamed deafs like myself, and the hard of hearing like my roommate who are already involved in one or more cultures from the hearing world in a stark contrast with how Deaf Culture is. For example. In the hearing world, one generally avoids being too blunt about something to the point of being rude. For example, if we hire a painter to paint a room, and we’re not pleased with the work. We’ll tell them something along the lines of “It’d be better off if you sanded the edges around here some and then paint back over it”. To someone involved in Deaf Culture, this is different. They’ll say in the same scenario for the same painter on the same wall on the same job, “This job is sloppy. Redo it.” There’s also the fact that within cultures of the hearing world, talk about bodily functions aren’t openly expressed such as the need to defecate, however discussions of bodily functions isn’t culturally taboo in Deaf Culture which many, including myself, are quite off put about. A hearing child in school will walk up to a teacher and whisper “May I go to the bathroom?” so that others don’t hear the request. The deaf child in school will simply stay where they are regardless of who’s looking at them and sign “I need to crap, right now.” Many people involved in Deaf Culture are heavily negative towards people who don’t already sign or who aren’t already part of their culture. Even worse is if you don’t have the “right” politics, they’ll alienate and ostracise you even further. An example of this is for the UK, if you were in support of Brexit, they’ll kick you out of their groups and push you away. In the USA, if you don’t think Donald Trump is “literally Hitler” and a “far right Nazi who’s hell bent on destroying America” then they also push you out of their groups to alienate, isolate and ostracize you. You have to walk on egg shells. And from what I’ve seen of Hard of Hearing people, they’re not some political monolith, they’re diverse in their thoughts, opinions and even their political beliefs, from some being left wing and right wing, some being authoritarian while others heavily libertarian. But primarily in Deaf Culture, you have heavy socialist leanings because of how Deaf Culture heavily relies on disability payments and on the hearing that signs (interpreters and CODAs) and are generally accustomed to having things handed to them. For example, I know of an instance in both Phoenix, AZ as well as in London, England in which the deaf were offered to make the decision on what to do with X amount of funds. They were offered two choices. 1. The funds can be used to provide sign language classes, classes to improve literacy and english comprehension, audiologist visits, hearing aids, cochlear implants and general education for taking care of your listening devices. 2. A club space for weekly social gatherings. Can you figure out which direction the cultural deaf went? If you picked option #1 you’re sorely mistaken. They picked #2. If they had picked #1 then they’d have benefited the hard of hearing, which is partly who that funding was also supposed to benefit and would’ve greatly helped deaf people who wanted to learn to sign and have better literacy and get help with getting listening devices that they otherwise couldn’t afford. So instead of helping out the majority of the deaf (roughly 80%) and the hard of hearing, they chose to solely think of themselves and literally have all the funding spent solely on themselves (the Culturally Deaf) as opposed to the deaf majority and the hard of hearing. How how did a minority manage to make it’s way into making that decision for everyone else at their detriment? Simple, they claim that offering hearing aids and CI’s and english literacy courses were “culturally offensive” and essentially used the hecklers veto in order to get option #1 removed from the table. So you could say it’s not so much that they picked option #2, but rather, complained and whined and protested until option #1 was taken out back and shot because of their cultural sensibilities that the majority of people the funding was meant for don’t share. So what’s the conclusion? The culturally deaf need to leave the hard of hearing and non-culturally deaf people alone and the culturally deaf need to stop thinking solely about themselves. They need to stop claiming to support the hard of hearing when they clearly don’t and need to stop claiming they’re helping the hard of hearing by insisting upon them learning sign language that won’t help them any. The hard of hearing and the non-cultural deaf are in the same camp together in that we are already involved in the mainstream cultures involving the world of sound and noise and would prefer to stay in our already existing cultures we’re a part of, instead of leaving those cultures in favor of one that’s alien to our own and often clashing with our own cultural sensibilities and taboos. Leave a Reply
Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (Translated by Robert K. Sherk By Robert K. Sherk It is a assortment in English translation of Greek and Latin resources for the examine of Greek and Roman heritage, assets that are frequently inscriptions and papyri. they don't contain the most important authors corresponding to Polybius and Livy. the place these authors have supplied us with the large define of the Roman presence within the Greek global, this assortment permits the scholar and reader to penetrate underneath what they need to let us know and to determine info in a different way unreported. a lot of this documentary fabric having by no means earlier than been translated into English, it's been all too usually ignored in schools and universities in any respect degrees. The topic of the current assortment is the Roman presence within the Greek East, the character of the Roman hegemony, the diplomatic strikes on either side, and the response of the Greeks, in the course of the interval from the final many years of the 3rd century BC to the dying of Augustus in advert 14. It comprises such fabrics as treaties of alliance and friendship, honorary decrees, respectable letters of Roman governors, decrees of the Roman senate, dedications of statues, Roman legislation, stories of embassies, non secular cults, felony judgements, loyalty oaths to Rome, athletic contests, calendars, and mins of an viewers in Rome given via the emperor. short statement and notes accompany the translations, making this ebook a suite to be welcomed via scholars and academics of old heritage. Show description Les Commentaires de Simplicius et de Jean Philopon à la by Golitsis Pantelis By Golitsis Pantelis In Greek overdue Antiquity philosophy outlined itself specifically during the interpretation of authoritative texts similar to Plato's dialogues or the treatises of Aristotle. This paintings appears on the final past due old commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, the pagan Simplicius and the Christian Philoponus (both sixth cent. AD). Golitsis demonstrates how otherwise the 2 contemporaries interpreted the philosophical culture and the way this led them to deducedifferent routes to discovering the reality. Show description Reise Know-How Kauderwelsch Griechisch - Wort für Wort: by Karin Spitzing By Karin Spitzing Die beste Brücke von Mensch zu Mensch schlägt die Sprache. Viele Griechen freuen sich außerordentlich darüber, wenn Besucher des Landes sich die Mühe machen, ihre Sprache zu lernen. 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Die Sprachführer der Kauderwelsch-Reihe orientieren sich am typischen Reisealltag und vermitteln auf unterhaltsame Weise das nötige Rüstzeug, um ohne lästige Büffelei möglichst schnell mit dem Sprechen beginnen zu können, wenn auch vielleicht nicht immer druckreif. Besonders hilfreich ist hierbei die Wort-für-Wort-Übersetzung, die es ermöglicht, mit einem Blick die Struktur und "Denkweise" der jeweiligen Sprache zu durchschauen. Das Buch enthält neben einer Fülle praktischer Tipps vor allem typische Gesprächssituationen und (so weit wie nötig) auch die wichtigsten Regeln der Grammatik. Ein Kauderwelsch-Sprachführer ist dabei so angelegt, dass guy möglichst schnell in die Lage versetzt wird, wirklich zu sprechen und kleine Unterhaltungen zu führen. Show description Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great (Women of the by Elizabeth Carney By Elizabeth Carney The definitive consultant to the lifetime of the 1st lady to play an enormous function in Greek political historical past, this is often the 1st glossy biography of Olympias. Presenting a severe evaluation of a desirable and completely misunderstood determine, Elizabeth Carney penetrates fantasy, fiction and sexual politics and conducts a detailed exam of Olympias via historic and literary resources, and brings her to lifestyles as she locations the determine within the context of her personal old, brutal political world. Individual examinations glance at: • the position of Greek faith in Olympias' life • literary and creative traditions approximately Olympias came upon during the later historic periods • varying representations of Olympias present in the main old sources. An completely compelling learn for college kids, students, and an individual with an curiosity in Greek, Classical, or women’s history. Show description Performance and Identity in the Classical World by Anne Duncan By Anne Duncan Actors within the classical international have been usually seen as frauds and impostors, in a position to intentionally fabricating their identities. Conversely, they have been occasionally seen as possessed through the characters that they performed, or as only taking part in themselves onstage. various resources demonstrate an uneasy fascination with actors and appearing, from the writings of elite intellectuals (philosophers, orators, biographers, historians) to the considerable theatrical anecdotes that may be learn as a physique of "popular functionality theory." This examine examines those assets, in addition to dramatic texts and addresses the difficulty of impersonation, from the overdue 5th century BCE to the early Roman Empire. Show description Greece, Financialization and the EU: The Political Economy by Vassilis K. Fouskas, Constantine Dimoulas By Vassilis K. Fouskas, Constantine Dimoulas Filenote: epub is retail. Tagged as non-retail as dedrm required guide removing of dl details at starting of epub dossier. Alf's software doesn't aid epubs dl direct from writer sites. When the worldwide monetary obstacle unfold to Europe and its vulnerable outer edge throughout the banking zone, few meditated that the genuine factors of the obstacle didn't live purely within the defective architectures of globalisation and ecu integration but additionally in a said power-shift to the 'global East'. The authors attach the 'local' with the 'global', and the 'local' with the 'European'. during this context, Fouskas and Dimoulas scrutinize the monetary, geopolitical and old underpinnings of the present Greek debt difficulty that threatens not only the unity of the eu Union, however the complete safety structure of the Euro-Atlantic international. through deciding on the 'debt problem' as being one of many 'birthmarks' of Greece glided by the country's one hegemonic grasp onto one other, they problem the present half-truths in regards to the modern debt hindrance in Greece and the Euro-zone. 'The authors have performed a good task when it comes to the point of interest of the publication. yet extra importantly their emphasis at the Political financial system size of the 'Great Recession' because it has affected Greece specifically provides an excellent worth to the e-book no longer continuously preferred by way of the profession.' - Philip Arestis, collage of Cambridge, UK 'The ebook, written from the point of view of lengthy traces via background, opens a brand new standpoint at the worldwide and the eu trouble. Intimate wisdom of Greece and its background is mixed with a globalist view of the financialized international. it's the pressure among the 2, which permits many attention-grabbing and new insights. even though i'm much less pessimistic approximately Greece or even extra pessimistic in regards to the way forward for the Euro-zone than the authors, the ebook is thought-provoking and unique and merits a wide readership.' - Heiner Flassbeck, United international locations convention on exchange and improvement (UNCTAD), Switzerland 'This is a lucid, artistic and insightful exposition of the Greek/Euro-zone obstacle. visible from the leading edge theoretical point of view of 'global fault-lines' and the power-shift to Asia, the authors have produced a notable and thought-provoking theoretical and ancient narrative, that is either a punchy polemic and a magnificent accumulating of empirical facts. it is strongly recommended studying for everyone wishing to come back to phrases with the worldwide power-shift that's unfolding sooner than our eyes.' - Bülent Gökay, Keele college, UK 'This is a primary ebook. It narrates the reality and the drama of the Greek humans attributable to remarkable neo-liberal guidelines of austerity - the true social danger.' - Giulio Sapelli, collage of Milan, Italy Show description On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms by Gail Fine By Gail Fine The Peri ideôn (On Ideas) is the one paintings during which Aristotle systematically units out and criticizes arguments for the lifestyles of Platonic kinds. Gail effective provides the 1st full-length remedy in English of this significant yet missed paintings. She asks how, and the way good, Aristotle is aware Plato's concept of kinds, and why and with what justification he favors an alternate metaphysical scheme. She examines the importance of the Peri ideôn for a few relevant questions about Plato's idea of forms--whether, for instance, there are types similar to each estate or in simple terms to a couple, and if purely to a couple, then to which of them; no matter if varieties are universals, details or either; and whether or not they are meanings, houses or either. high-quality additionally presents a basic dialogue of Plato's concept of types, and of our facts concerning the Peri ideôn and its date, scope, and goals. whereas she can pay cautious recognition to the main points of the textual content, she additionally relates it to modern philosophical matters. The publication may be beneficial for an individual attracted to metaphysics historic or modern. Show description By A. B. Bosworth During this learn, Bosworth appears at Alexander the Great's actions in principal Asia and Pakistan, drawing a bleak photo of bloodbath and repression akin to the Spanish conquest of Mexico. He investigates the evolution of Alexander's perspectives of empire and inspiration of common monarch, and records the illustration of Alexander by way of historians of antiquity. The booklet is directed to experts and basic readers alike. Show description Animals in Greek and Roman Thought: A Sourcebook by Stephen T. Newmyer By Stephen T. Newmyer Even though reasoned discourse on human-animal kinfolk is frequently thought of a overdue twentieth-century phenomenon, moral debate over animals and the way people may still deal with them will be traced again to the philosophers and literati of the classical international. From Stoic assertions that people owe not anything to animals which are intellectually overseas to them, to Plutarch's impassioned arguments for animals as sentient and rational beings, it's transparent that sleek debate owes a lot to Greco-Roman thought. Animals in Greek and Roman inspiration brings jointly new translations of classical passages which contributed to historic debate at the nature of animals and their dating to humans. the decisions selected come basically from philosophical and normal historic works, in addition to spiritual, poetic and biographical works. The questions mentioned comprise: Do animals vary from people intellectually? have been animals created for using humankind? should still animals be used for nutrition, recreation, or sacrifice? Can animals be our friends? The choices are prepared thematically and, inside of issues, chronologically. A observation precedes every one excerpt, transliterations of Greek and Latin technical phrases are supplied, and every access contains bibliographic feedback for extra reading. Show description Philosophical Grounds of Rationality: Intentions, by Richard E. Grandy, Richard Warner By Richard E. Grandy, Richard Warner H.P. Grice is understood mostly for his influential contributions to the philosophy of language, yet his paintings additionally comprises treatises at the philosophy of brain, ethics, and metaphysics--much of that is unpublished thus far. This selection of unique essays through such philosophers as Nancy Cartwright, Donald Davidson, Gilbert Harman, and P.F. Strawson demonstrates the unified and robust personality of Grice's ideas on being, brain, which means, and morals. An introductory essay by way of the editors offers the 1st assessment of Grice's paintings. Show description
I Studied, So Why Does My Mind Go Blank When I Take a Test? student taking a test mind blank Do you spend a lot of time and energy preparing for a test only to feel like your mind goes blank once you start the assessment? This is a common experience. It happens because of the way our brain takes in, stores, and then recovers learned information. There are three phases to learning and remembering something new: acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval. Acquisition happens when you encounter a new piece of information. Consolidation is when experiences, especially those linked to strong emotions, are encoded and stored. Retrieval is when the information is pulled from “storage” and you remember it later. When we experience short-term stress as a result of test anxiety, our brain activates a fight or flight response. This affects memory by inhibiting the prefrontal cortex, which is the area of our brain responsible for retrieval. As a result, we can not remember, during that moment, what we learned previously. Some stress, for example timing yourself while taking a practice test, may actually help with memory. However, when this stress becomes excessive or is more than we encountered while practicing, it is counterproductive to memory. So how can we avoid the experience of blanking out on our next test? We have to keep our anxiety and stress level under control. There are several strategies that help us do this: Exercise to Lessen Anxiety and Improve Sleep Patterns Exercise can produce chemical changes in your brain that are linked to reduced anxiety. Increasing your well-being and decreasing your anxiety level can lead to better memory. Exercise also helps to create more regular sleep patterns, which can assist with greater levels of memory. Try to make the conditions when you study similar to those in which you will be testing. Make Practice Conditions Like Test Conditions Having a new experience or an unpleasant surprise can be a stressor. Try to make your test-preparation as similar to your testing experience as possible. You can do this by finding out what your test will look like and then creating and taking a practice test. You can also prepare in an environment that is similar to your testing environment. So, if you will test at a desk with bright lighting, prepare at a desk with bright lighting. In addition, try to make the conditions when you study similar to those in which you will be testing. If your test is timed, time your practice until you are comfortable completing the number of required items in the given time period. Consider making your practice even a bit more stressful or difficult than you think the test will be. This could create relief as opposed to anxiety at seeing the actual exam on test day. Learn Yoga, Meditation, and Breathing Techniques to Counteract the Stress Response On test day, when you begin to feel anxious it can help to know deep breathing, stretching or centering techniques that can be used to regain focus and balance. Stress can have a long-term impact on your body. Changing how you respond to stress will not only help you remember more but also will help you stay healthier in the long-run. -Nina Parrish, M.Ed. Owner \| Parrish Learning Zone, LLC Subscribe to Our Blog via Email Let me know what you think
Making point mutations using CRISPR/Cas9 and the dpy-10 co-CRISPR marker To generate point mutations, we currently favor the use of single-strand oligo DNA (ssODN) repair templates (Zhao et al) in combination with the use of pha-1 rescue as a co-CRISPR marker. However, it is also possible to use dpy-10 as a co-CRISPR marker, as described by Arribere et al. In this approach, a guide RNA and ssODN repair template that convert wild-type dpy-10 into the dominant dpy-10(cn64) allele are co-injected with the sgRNA and repair template that generate the mutation of interest. The cn64 mutation causes a dominant Rol phenotype. P0 animals that produce Rol progeny are more likely to yield progeny that have also undergone your desired genome engineering. Selection of the sgRNA target sequence For oligonucleotide mediated repair, you will want the sgRNA target sequence to be close to the site you want to mutate (<30 bp) in order to minimize the size of the oligo that needs to be ordered. Designing the repair template Design an oligo nucleotide as follows: • Incorporate the desired mutation(s). • Incorporate mutations in the sgRNA target site to prevent recutting after repair. Ideally, mutate one of the Gs in the PAM sequence. If that is not feasible, incorporate silent mutations close to the 3'-end of the 20 bp recognition sequence. • Incorporate silent mutations that create a unique primer binding site, to enable detection of the desired change by PCR. In our hands, primers with several mismatches, even of the 3'-most nucleotide, still yield PCR product. Hence, we try to mutate 4-5 basepairs, including the 3'-most basepair if possible. Ideally, the changed sites are near the desired mutation, especially if the sgRNA recognition sequence is futher away from the desired mutation site. However, the mutations can be introduced anywhere, including overlapping the sgRNA target site. This would simultaneously prevent recutting after repair. • Use 35 bp homology arms flanking the first and last mutation. • Sense oligos with respect to the strand of the gene have been reported to work best. CRISPR mutation example Example of introducing a mutation. In this example, a Ser to Ala change is desired. A sgRNA target site is located nearby. The ssODN repair template contains the desired change, plus a number of silent changes that simultaneously alter the target site so it is no longer recognized after repair, and serve as a primer binding site that can be used to detect a successful genome edit event. Not indicated is a second primer needed for detection, which can be chosen anywhere in the next 300 - 2000 nucleotides. Primers to design mutation detection primers Schematic overview of primers to be designed. For the detection and sequencing of a successfully engineered point mutation, 4 primers need to be designed (see image above): 1. Primer F1 anneals to the left of the mutated site, and is used in combination with primer R1 to amplify a small region to be sequenced to confirm the mutation. Primer F1 also serves as the sequencing primer, so should not be placed too far away from the mutated site (generally < 250 bp away should result in a good sequence quality near the mutated site). 2. Primer F2 should overlap the mutation site, and should only anneal to the wild-type sequence. 3. Primer F3 should overlap the mutation site, and should only anneal to the mutated sequence (the forward detection primer in the template design figure). 4. Primer R1 is the reverse primer for all forward primers. Primers F2 and F3 are used to determine the genotype of (candidate) edited animals: • Animals that are homozygous wild-type will only show an amplicon using F2/R1. • Animals that are homozygous mutant will only show an amplicon using F3/R1. • Heterozygous animals will yield a PCR product with both primer sets. Inject the following mixture into 20-40 your adults (we currently do not use a fluorescent co-injection marker): • 50 ng/µl ssODN repair template carrying your desired mutation • 50 ng/µl sgRNA construct targeting your gene of interest • 50 ng/µl ssODN repair template to introduce the dpy-10(cn64) mutation. • 50 ng/µl sgRNA construct targeting dpy-10 • 50 ng/µl Peft-3::Cas9 (Calarco lab, Addgene plasmid #46168) Following the injection, place each P0 on an individual NGM plate. The sequence of the dpy-10(cn64) ssODN: The sequence of the dpy-10 targeting sgRNA: Detection of mutation by PCR 1. Wait until the first F1 progeny are adult. Select plates that contain Rol animals (dpy-10(cn64)/+). Note that in addition to repair of dpy-10, loss of function mutations in dpy-10 will also be generated. Hence, you may observe dpy-10(0)/dpy-10(0) Dpy animals, as well as dpy-10(cn64)/dpy-10(0) DpyRol animals. 2. Plates with a jackpot brood (>30% Rol progeny) have the highest chance of yielding animals with your desired edit. If such plates are present, continue only with those. If not, pick progeny from all plates with Rol animals. 3. Pick 50 - 100 F1 animals to individual plates, and allow these to produce progeny overnight. We usually pick a mixture of wild type and Rol animals. 4. Lyse the F1 animals, and use the F3/R1 primer pair to detect the mutation. 5. Recover the mutant strain from the F2 progeny of F1 animals that show the desired mutation by PCR. If the successful edit happened in a Rol animal, the cn64 mutation can easily be lost again as the F1 animal was heterozygous (unless your desired edit was near the dpy-10 locus and occured on the same chromosome as the dpy-10(cn64) editing event). Use primer sets F2/R1 and F3/R1 to identify homozygous mutant animals (this may not be possible if the mutation is lethal). 6. Use primer set F1/R1 to amplify the region containing the mutation and confirm by sequencing. Preferably this is done on a homozygous mutant animal. If this is not possible, the mutation can be characterized by sequencing a heterozygous animal, as each mutated site should result in a double peak.
Vibration Issues Vibration Issues Drive Shaft Vibration Issues There are five types of drive shaft induced vibrations that are associated with the installation parameters of a drive shaft. We’re going to explain all of them in hope that you can “head-off” a problem before it occurs. They are: • Transverse Vibrations • Torsional Vibrations • Inertial Excitation Vibrations • Secondary Couple Vibrations • Critical Speed Vibrations Transverse Vibrations Are caused by imbalance. All drive shafts should be balanced at their application speeds. • Think about this...when was the last time you DID NOT have your tires balanced • Drive shafts are heavy. • Drive shafts rotate much faster than a tire. Common sense says that we should not hesitate to balance an object that rotates faster than our tires...especially if there is a possibility that it can lead to a serious failure. All drive shafts should be inspected for missing balance weights at every service interval. A transverse vibration ALWAYS occurs at drive shaft speed, and occurs once per revolution. If you experience a vibration that is speed sensitive, have your drive shaft balance checked. Torsional Vibrations Are caused by two things: 1. The U-Joint operating angle at the “drive” end of the drive shaft 2. The orientation (phasing) of the yokes at each end of the drive shaft A torsional vibration occurs twice per revolution. Torsional vibration will cause the drive shaft, “downstream” of the front U-joint, to “speed up” or “slow down” twice per revolution. That means that a power supply producing a constant speed of 3,000 RPM can actually be attached to a drive shaft that is changing speed 6,000 times per minute. The amount of change in speed, called the magnitude, or size of change, is proportional to the size of the angle at the drive end of the drive shaft, or the amount of misalignment between the yokes at the drive and driven end of your drive shaft. Torsional Vibrations are SERIOUS Vibrations Why? Because when you vary the speed of a drive shaft, you not only vary the torque on all of its components, but you vary the torque on all of the components that are connected to the drive shaft. Torque is LOAD. When you vary the load, at twice per revolution, you start to bend components. You know what happens then.....the same thing that happens when you bend a can lid back and forth. IT BREAKS! When a drive shaft is assembled, its inner components usually consist of a slip yoke on one end and a tube yoke on the other end, and they are usually assembled in relation to each other. This is called PHASING. Most drive shafts are assembled with their yokes in line, or “IN PHASE”. Phasing affects torsional vibrations A drive shaft that is” in phase” and has the correct operating angels at the drive end of the shaft does not create a torsional vibration. Drive shafts that are NOT in phase will vibrate with the same twice per revolution as a drive shaft with incorrect operating angles. The easiest way to make sure your drive shaft is in its correct phase is to mark the tube and slip yoke every time you take it apart so you can put it back in its original orientation when you re-assemble it. Re-assembling a drive shaft out of phase is the #1 cause of torsional vibration. How do you make sure your drive shaft application will not create a torsional vibration? 1. Make sure the operating at the front of your drive shaft and the operating angle at the rear of your drive shaft are less than three degrees and are not equal within one degree. Make sure these angles are correct. You made need to shim the drive end or the driven end if the application. 2. To make sure torsional vibration does not enter your drive system, make the angles at each end of the drive shaft equal with each other to cancel out the torsional vibration. However the vibrations will still be there if the angles are too large...so do whatever necessary to make the operation angles small. 3. Make sure your drive shaft is in phase...the same phase as it was in when it was manufactured. Do not disassemble your drive shaft slip assembly unless it is absolutely necessary. Inertial Excitation Vibrations • Inertial vibrations are also caused by the operating angle at the drive end of your drive shaft. • Inertial vibrations are created when you start changing the speed of a heavy drive shaft. • Inertial vibrations also create bending on the drive shaft attaching components. • There is only ONE WAY to control an inertial vibration...ALWAYS make sure the operating angle at the drive end of your drive shaft is less than three degrees. • A large angle even if it is an “equal” angle will still cause inertia problems. Secondary Couple Vibrations • Secondary couple vibrations are also caused by the operating angle at the drive end of your drive shaft. • Every U-joint that operates at an angle creates a secondary couple load that traverse down the centerline of the drive shaft. Critical Speed Vibrations Critical speed occurs when a drive shaft rotates too fast for its length. It is a function of its rotating speed and mass and it is the RPM where a drive shaft starts to bend off its normal center line. As a drive shaft bends, it does two things: 1. It gets shorter. If it gets short enough, it can pull out of its slip and drop to the ground. 2. It starts to “whip” up and down or back and forth like a jump rope. If it whips far enough, it will fracture in the middle of the tube. Half Critical Speed Drivelines that are operated at a cruising speed of have a constant running speed that occurs at, or near, half critical speed may experience a continuous vibration that cannot be fixed balancing or any of the other common vibration remedies. This is a harmonic vibration all mechanical things have harmonic vibrations. This means your engine, transmission, transfer case, ring & pinion, axles, bearings, and yes they all contribute to driveline harmonies and vibrations. Now lets talk about C.V. (double cardan) drivelines. The benefit of a C.V. driveline is smoother operation and increased operating angles. It is important to adjust the pinion yoke to point up at the C.V. See Diagram Below: 6 degrees maximum operating angle is what a C.V. is supposed to operate at from the manufacturer. In the off road world the use of C.V. is more along the lines of 12° to 20° or more. This means higher maintenance and shorter life due to premature wear. You may need to cut & turn your axles. Each vehicle is its own beast. When you choose to modify your vehicle you are changing the geometry it was intended to operate at. Other changes such as gears and tires all affect the load being put on the vehicle also contributing to changes in the harmonics. Sometimes there is the one in a million that is a problem child. You have chosen to modify your vehicle and it will ride and drive differently.
The Portable Beat Reader Test \| Mid-Book Test - Hard Buy The Portable Beat Reader Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Short Answer Questions 1. What is the name of the West Coast literary revolution which was heralded largely by the Six Gallery reading? 2. In his letters to Kerouac, whom does Cassady write that he has been sleeping with, but her mother doesn't like him? 3. Herbert Huncke introduced William S. Burroughs to _____________. 4. When was Rotterdam bombed by the Nazis? 5. Where did Carl Soloman meet Allen Ginsberg? Short Essay Questions 1. Where does Jack Kerouac refer to his own style of writing in "On the Road"? What metaphor does the author make? 2. What is Ginsberg's subject in "A Supermarket in America"? 3. Describe Kerouac's depiction of the jazz band in the excerpt from "On the Road." To whom are they compared ? 4. Who is Micheal McClure? Describe his "Peyote Poem." 5. What are some examples of religious allusion in "Howl"? What do they represent? 6. Who is Lawrence Ferlinghetti? What is his role in the Beat movement? What is his poem "Dog" about? 7. Describe the symbolism in "On the Road" as it relates to the theme of American values. What is an example of Kerouac's metaphor of America? 8. Describe William S. Burroughs' excerpt from "Junky." What is significant about this subject? 9. What is the theme of the poem "Kaddish"? 10. What does Ann Charters write of the origination of the Beats in the Introduction? Essay Topics Write an essay for ONE of the following topics: Essay Topic 1 Compare the poems of Herbert Huncke in the text to the works of Allen Ginsberg. How do the writers differ in style? What themes and subjects are common? Essay Topic 2 Discuss the importance of the novel Go and John Clellon Holmes' impact on the Beat Generation. What was the response of the Beats upon Go's publication? Essay Topic 3 What was the San Francisco Renaissance? When did it take place? What was the Gallery Six reading about? (see the answer keys) This section contains 895 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) Buy The Portable Beat Reader Lesson Plans The Portable Beat Reader from BookRags. (c)2019 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved. Follow Us on Facebook
lawn care hudson nh 3 Reasons to Install a Retaining Wall Before Winter Water damage Structural damage landscaper hudson nh 3 Reasons to Get Rid of Those Leaves 2. It can impact the way your grass grows next season Fall Landscaping Chores Transplant shrubs Weed and fertilize Prep sprinkler system and outdoor faucets Lawn Maintenance Lawn Disease and How to Prevent It Maintaining a healthy lawn is the best way to avoid disease outbreak in turf grass. Your lawn requires optimal amounts of water and fertilizer, aerated, well-drained soil, and the right mowing system. If these factors are missing or in excess, the grass can become stressed and more susceptible to disease. Selecting a grass species that is adapted to the local climate and following through with proper maintenance are steps that can be taken to avoid severe lawn disease. Many common diseases are active under specific environmental conditions that affect the lawn for a short time. When the weather is more favorable, the lawn will often recover so long as cultural practices are followed. If conditions and practices that favor disease continue, it can result in long-term damage to your lawn, and that can be difficult to recover from. If you have a lawn that’s suffering from injury, identifying the cause will help you know how best to treat it. This can be difficult as diseases aren’t always the primary reason. Diseases typically start off as small patches or spots of drying grass that spread over time. If this damage is sudden and widespread, it’s possible pests or insects, weeds or too much or too little water or fertilizer can be contributing to the problem. Your grass could be damaged from dog urine, herbicides or other chemicals, poor drainage, competing for vegetation or thatch. Nearly all lawn diseases result from pathogenic fungi that infect blades, stems, or roots of the grass. These diseases have identifying symptoms, usually including leaf spots, white, powdery growth, thin, open grass, and small to vast areas of discolored or dying lawn. Rotted crowns and roots, yellow leaves, stunting and wilting are other signs of affected lawn areas. The most common causes of discolored lawns are from irrigation problems. Ensuring even water coverage, and that the grass isn’t getting too much or too little water is key. To prevent lawn diseases, use cultural practices to promote your grass to grow with a good recuperative ability. Irrigation, fertilization, mowing, soil cultivation, and thatch removal are good cultural practices to do to help prevent diseases. If you’re looking for experienced professionals with the tools to maintain your lawn and help fight off lawn disease, give ProScapes a call at (603) 635-4005. Reason You Need Regular Lawn Maintenance When your yard looks great, and all the pieces come together nicely, maintaining your yard will keep yourhorticulture lawn garden mower device at green plants and trees healthy, and help everything to thrive in the warm months. Here at ProScapes, we know what steps need to be taken to maintain your lawn so you can get the most out of it. There are some major components to lawn maintenance. • Appropriately watering your lawn, so the grass doesn’t dry out and change from green to brown. • Mowing helps build a thicker, heavier lawn by reducing the workload on grass plant’s root systems. The bigger the plant, the more water, and nutrients it needs. When the culm is smaller, it’s easier on the root system. • Fertilizing will add nutrients to the soil to provide to your grass. • Aerating helps keep your lawn healthy. It opens up compacted soil so oxygen can reach microbes which break down organic matter. • De-thatching is done by removing thatch material with a rake or a power de-thatcher. Thatch material is what collects around the base of grass plants. A small amount helps conserve water by blocking evaporation, but a heavy build up keeps water and air from reaching the soil. • Weeds pop up in any lawn and weeding is an ongoing process. If a lot of weeds pop up, your grass is weaker than it should be. Maintaining your lawn and keeping it healthy helps keep a healthy environment. Lawns filter pollutants from rainwater. Grass is an excellent groundcover; it’s more efficient at preventing erosion than bare soil. It reduces storm water runoff, absorbs and filters rainfall, and counterbalances hard, urban surfaces. Grass absorbs as much carbon dioxide as trees, cuts down on noise and air pollution, and dissipates heat to reduce the temperature. Grass and plants preserve nature and protect our natural resources. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and can offer natural shade strategies for your home to reduce a household’s energy consumption. Trees increase curb appeal and increase your property value. The professionals at ProScapes have the experience and tools to maintain your lawn. Give us a call at (603) 635-4005.
Chapter 5 Editing Your Writing: Tips and Tricks You can spend many hours creating a memo or proposal, but if the first thing readers encounter when they pick up your document is an embarrassing typographical error, some of the good work you’ve done will instantly be undone. Alternatively, if your ideas are wonderful but the document is wordy and repetitive, your readers may not even heed what you are trying to say. The good news: careful editing can turn a weak document into a powerful piece of writing. Editing takes place on many levels. It can range from a quick review of a short e-mail message to an exhaustive, and possibly exhausting, revision process involving many document drafts with contributions from multiple writers. This chapter describes tips and tricks used by professional writers and editors, as well as a series of checklists to remind you what to look for as you review your writing. With a systematic approach to editing, you can enhance your ability to address organizational flaws, improve sentence structure and word choice, and find and fix mistakes. The discussion on the following pages focuses on how to edit your own writing, but most of the concepts apply whether you are revising your document or someone else’s. Keep in mind that effective editing sometimes requires ruthlessness. One cannot afford to be timid or indifferent about making changes when important communications are at stake! 1. Invest in a reference library. Consider purchasing one or more of the following: a good dictionary A small paperback dictionary is helpful, but not sufficient. Smaller dictionaries have the advantage of being more portable, but they also contain less content, so words you need may not be included. If you purchase a print dictionary, buy one with some heft! If you use an online dictionary, make sure the content comes from a reliable source. Your dictionary should also be fairly current, as language is constantly evolving: over time new words are born, old ones can mutate, and other words die. a grammar book Syntaxis Press offers A Grammar Guide for Business Professionals. Alternatively, go to a local bookstore and browse the reference section for books whose layout and content you feel comfortable with. Look up a few grammatical issues in the ones that appeal to you most and read the explanations provided in order to determine which book(s) will be most helpful to you. a style guide A style guide typically offers advice on an array of writing, usage, and grammar points, but may also provide guidance on layout, format, and various other issues affecting the content and appearance of a piece of writing. There are a number of excellent style guides available. One respected reference work is The Chicago Manual of Style, which is available in print or through an online subscription at 2. Use your reference books. It is unfortunately rather common for people to buy dictionaries and other language guides and then leave them unopened on the shelf. Reference books aren’t helpful unless their owners refer to them! The more you use them, the more you will learn and the more adept you will become at finding the information you need. 3. Use the editing checklists at the end of this chapter. The checklists cover writing issues ranging from organization to style and word choice, and can remind you of what to look for as you revise. 4. Double-space during the revision process. In the earlier stages of revising, double-spacing your draft can make it easier to read and edit. Use a font that you find easy to read, even if the final font choice will be different. Some people like to increase the margins temporarily, too, as that makes the text appear less dense. Once you have the content in good shape, you can change the font and layout back to the preferred format. 5. Print your document. It is often easier to find typographical errors and other writing problems on a printed page than on the computer screen. Although it can sometimes be more efficient to edit electronically, many writers benefit from a combination of electronic and hard-copy editing. 6. Outline what you have written. Many people have been told to create outlines before they begin writing. Fewer people are familiar with outlining as an editing technique that can help them after they have finished a draft. In fact, though, outlining is a valuable tool to ensure that a writer is presenting his or her ideas in the best possible order. To create an informal post-draft outline, underline the thesis or main idea of your document. (If you can’t find a thesis, rewrite until you have one.) Then read through the entire document, jotting in the margin each new topic you come across. Once you have finished, analyze your thesis and margin notes to see whether you can find any structural failings. 7. Finish your first draft as far ahead of time as you can. If you spread the revision process out over a longer period of time, you will have more opportunities to come to your document fresh and to edit with a clear head. 8. Remember: there is no such thing as too many drafts. Professional writers often go through many, many drafts of a document before they feel satisfied with it. The goal is not to get a piece of writing perfect the first or second time (though if you can, you deserve congratulations!). Rather, the goal is to improve it through careful, thoughtful editing. Obviously you won’t have time to write multiple drafts of every e-mail, but the point is, you shouldn’t burden yourself with the goal of instant perfection. 9. Remember also: no pain, no gain. Effective editing involves careful thought and hard work; it isn’t supposed to be easy. If you find you are suffering mightily through the revision process, keep in mind that people all over the world are experiencing similar or identical feelings this very minute. You are not alone! 10. Don’t try to fix everything at once. Generally it is most efficient to edit first for organizational issues and then later for details such as sentence structure, word choice, and grammar. (Otherwise you may be fixing verb forms and comma placement in sentences that you will ultimately cut for structural reasons!) Be flexible, though. If you are perplexed about how to fix an organizational problem, for example, try spending a little time editing for something else: tone, wording, passive voice, and so on. Editing for other issues when you are stuck can be a helpful way to get to know your document better and understand its strengths and weaknesses more thoroughly. Sometimes that greater familiarity will lead to an organizational breakthrough. 11. Ask someone else to look at your document. A fresh perspective can be extremely helpful. If you do a lot of editing, perhaps you and a colleague could even arrange to review each other’s documents on an ongoing basis. 12. Review your document word for word. When editing for details such as grammar and word choice, read carefully. That means examining each word to make sure that it is correct and that it expresses accurately what you want to say. If you are editing on a printed page, use your pen or pencil to point at each word individually as you read; doing so can help ensure that you don’t skip anything. If you skim your document, it is practically guaranteed that you will miss problem areas. 13. Take advantage of technological tools. The grammar- and spell-checking features of your word-processing software can help you find mistakes. Do not, however, automatically accept every recommendation the software makes. Sometimes it will suggest the wrong word for a given situation, or complain that there is a grammatical error when there is none. Knowledgeable grammarians frequently turn off the grammar-checker, as they are able to find grammatical problems themselves and prefer not to have to wade through all the false error alerts, but the spell-checker is a useful tool for just about everyone. 14. Pay particular attention to your own writing weaknesses. If you know you have a persistent problem with introductions, spend extra time editing your openings. If you make frequent errors with, say, apostrophes, use the text search function in your software to locate any apostrophes quickly and make sure you have used them correctly. 15. Read your document aloud. Reading aloud enables you to hear the rhythm of your writing and thus identify places where the prose is awkward or choppy. It also forces you to read more carefully, making you more likely to notice typographical errors or missing words. 16. Take a break. If you are confronting a particularly tricky editing problem, leave the document alone for a while. Eat an apple (or a cheeseburger if you think that will be more helpful!), return some phone calls, go for a lunchtime jog. With a little distance between you and your editing problem, you will be more likely to find a solution once you return to your document. Editing Checklists The Introduction • Does your introduction contain a clear thesis (main idea)? • Does the introduction accurately indicate what will be covered in the following pages? • Is your introduction too broad? • Is your introduction too narrow or detailed? • Is your introduction an appropriate length? • Is your introduction likely to engage the reader? Document Structure • Does every body paragraph help support the document’s thesis? • Are the ideas presented in the best possible order? • Are there any complex ideas that should be broken down further into their constituent points? • Is there unnecessary repetition of ideas? • Are there too many very long or very short paragraphs in a row? • Does the document have a conclusion that summarizes key points — without merely repeating the introduction? Body Paragraphs • Can you determine the main idea of each body paragraph? • Does all of the content in a given body paragraph relate back to that paragraph’s main idea? • Do your body paragraphs include appropriate supporting details and examples? • Do any body paragraphs seem too long or too short? Sentence Structure • Do you see any overly long, convoluted sentences that could be broken down into two or more shorter sentences? • Are there any places in the document where you see too many short, simple sentences in a row? • Do you overuse a particular sentence structure? • Are there any opportunities to replace passive voice with active voice? • Do you use too many consecutive prepositional phrases? Word Choice • Is your language as precise and clear as it could be? • Do you see any examples of wordiness or unnecessarily ornate phrases that you could replace with more streamlined language? • Does your document contain any clichés or problematic jargon? • Are there any opportunities to replace linking verbs with action verbs? • Did you look up any words you are uncertain about to make sure you are using them correctly?
Tuesday, November 29, 2011 Mind Mapping for Teachers, Part 2: Chunking of Language This is the second part of a week-long series of guest posts on mind mapping by Hobie Swan, a professional writer from Boise, ID. Mr. Swan is interested in helping teachers find ways to incorporate this strategy into the classroom. As I writer, I can easily bristle at the idea of our trading in the well-crafted sentence for a few well-considered words. If it wasn’t so handy, I’d be a lot more resistant to this practice. But because of the visual nature of a mind map, people tend to use words much more sparingly that they do when writing a document (such as the one you’re reading right now that may seem to be droning on and on). What might otherwise take a paragraph to communicate can be done using just a sentence or phrase--maybe even in one single word--when you mind map. mind-mapping-for-students-full-5 by jean-louis zimmermann, on Flickr This makes the information in the map: 1. More easily understood: Children for whom English is not their native language, with dyslexia, or low literally levels often find it far easier to understand what is being communicated—and more able to interact with the information. 2. Contexually powerful: Because of the spatial nature of a map, the viewer finds context by seeing where a concept is relative to its neighbors. Communicating without these visual cues means that all meaning must be expressed using words—and we are back to the multi-page document. 3. Concise: Because the map is built with individual branches made up of a few words and maybe an image or icon, it’s possible to capture up to 10 or so pages of writing in one map. The ability to see all of the information in one view improves the ability to interact with that information. Note: Map branches can be “collapsed” so that the document isn’t cluttered with information you don’t need at any given moment. 4. Quickly digested: You plow through a written report. You scan a map. 5. Flexible: I’ll discuss this further in the article about writing. The main point is that by capturing information onto individual branches, the information can be quickly and easily dragged and dropped into similar groups, chronological order, or any other arrangement that best suites the current objective. The one thing I don’t dare put on a list like this, for fear of trivializing mind mapping, is that the way of capturing, organizing and sharing information is much more fun and engaging than simple “writing a report.” Today’s students live in a world filled with motion and images. For many of them, nothing could be more boring that having to reduce all of that excitement and action to “a page and a half” of writing. But turn them loose with a mind map, in which they can quickly capture and organize elements of the information sea in which they swim, and you may be surprised at what they come up with. Read the other entries in the series: Part 1: Introduction Part 3: Improving Student Writing Part 4: Improving Research
Creating accessible “tags” 1/2 In this example we will create accessible “tags” — you know, these buttons we use to categorize content or add a list of recipients, etc. Final design Here is an example of the expected design: Screenshot of several tags in a web page HTML structure As tags do not wander on their own, we will create an HTML list. Thus a user browsing with a screen reader will directly hear the number of tags on display. “List of X elements…”. Example 1 Open example 1 (new window) Removing a tag One must be able to remove a tag. We will add a “Remove” button on each element in our list. For users who cannot see the screen and browse with a screen reader, a plain “Remove” button is not sufficient. We will add the tag name in the button’s label to disambiguate, i.e. “Remove Sony from the list”. The use of a real button makes this functionality accessible to the screen reader, but also to people who cannot use a mouse and rely on a keyboard to move the focus (with the tab key). A button can indeed be focused naturally. <li>Alcatel<button>Remove Alcatel from the list</button></li> <li>Doro<button>Remove Doro from the list</button></li> <li>Apple<button>Remove Apple from the list</button></li> <li>LG<button>Remove LG from the list</button></li> <li>Sony<button>Remove Sony from the list</button></li> Example 2 Open example 2 (new window) And voilà! Simple and accessible tags. OK, it’s not very beautiful so far. Let’s decorate Now that our tags are accessible, we can decorate them. The ideal solution would be to make them look like the first illustration at the beginning of this article. We have several solutions. For example, we can start by replacing the button’s text by an “X” or a cross-shaped icon. Example 3 Open example 3 (new window) But wait, we’ve just lost screen reader users. The buttons are now vocalized as “X”. We can fix this for example with the aria-label attribute. <li>Alcatel<button aria-label="Remove Alcatel from the list">X</button></li> We’ll add some CSS to hide the button background and borders. button { background-color: transparent; border: none; color: #fff; font-weight: bold; Example 4 Open example 4 (new window) It works but it’s not perfect. You have to aim precisely to remove a tag, because the cross-shaped button is not that big. It’s not very nice to use and may really be a problem for people with a trembling hand or who have difficulties using a mouse. Since we know that removing is the only possible action, we could extend the clickable zone to the whole tag. Hence, even if you slightly miss the target, the remove action will be taken into account. <li><button aria-label="Remove Alcatel from the list">Alcatel</button></li> We add the cross via CSS: li button:after { content: "x"; margin: .25rem .25rem .25rem .75rem; padding-left: .4rem; border-left: .15rem solid #fff; Example 5 Open example 5 (new window) It’s better. Visually, we can see two things in each tag, the label and a remove button. Yet with a screen reader we only hear for the moment “Remove XXX from the list.” To correct this, we add a span containing the tag’s label. To prevent it from being displayed on screen (this would double the information), we add to it an accessible hiding class (sr-only). The text will only be read by screen readers. <li><span class="sr-only">Alcatel</span><button aria-label="Remove Alcatel from the list">Alcatel</button></li> With a screen reader, we now hear each tag’s label, then a button to remove it. Example 6 Open example 6 (new window) We still have one last problem: if we navigate the page with a keyboard (moving the focus with the tab key), we don’t know on which button the focus is. We add a bit of CSS to give emphasis to the focus. We also take the opportunity to do the same for hover. button:hover, button:focus { background-color: #f16e00; color: #000; Example 7 Open example 7 (new window) Optimisation (again) Our tags are accessible. Yet when we remove one tag with the keyboard, the focus stays on the vanished tag; so we don’t know where the focus is. This can be easily fixed with a bit of Javascript. We can focus the previous element, for example: Example 8 Open example 8 (new window) When a tag is removed, we see it disappears from the screen. But if we want a screen reader user to be sure that the tag was removed, we’ll have to vocalise a confirmation message to the user. To manage this, we can use our Javascript srSpeak function, which uses ARIA to make the screen reader speak. srSpeak($(this).text() + "removed"); Example 9 Open example 9 (new window) This time, our “tags” are genuinely accessible to the mouse, to the keyboard and to the screen reader.
So; here is a piece of my truth. Tomorrow I am beginning my last quarter of graduate school. Consider, if you will, Newton’s Laws of Motion. Here you go: Law 1: Every object persists in a state of rest unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it. Law 2: The acceleration of an object is tied directly to the power of the force acting on it, and also to the object’s mass. Put another way– the heavier the object, the greater the force you will need to move it. Law 3: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Picture a swimmer ready to turn. She places her feet against the wall and pushes. No matter how strong she is, the wall is stronger. Or, rather, the force the wall exerts on the swimmer is stronger than the force the swimmer can possibly exert against the wall. She is propelled forward through the water. The stronger the swimmer is, the more force she can exert against the wall. The more force she exerts– the harder she pushes– the faster she will get away from the wall. The faster she can leave it behind. Without the wall, she cannot change direction. She has to hit the wall first to start moving away from it. So, the swimmer has to plan for contact. If she simply collides with the wall, exerting only the force of the inertia she had built up from the swim, she will drift aimlessly in the water for a few feet. And then, unless she acts against the water, she will sink. But if she plans the collision carefully, tucks her feet underneath her body, and pushes– HARD– against the wall that is designed to stop her, she will find herself slipping away from it. Again– not for long– because the water exerts a force too, called drag. The swimmer has to keep moving, using her hands and legs and a lot of energy, to push against the water. Questions for your consideration: 1) How’s your inertia going? What forces are acting on you to change the direction of your trajectory? Is it time to make a change? 2) How far are you from your wall? Are you against it? Is it approaching? Have you already collided, and now you are drifting? If given another chance, would you plan your collision more carefully? Consider a few hard truths: The wall is a solid mass. The wall is unmoved by your attempts to break through it. The wall does not care if you crash. But the wall is there for a reason. Without the wall, you will drift. The wall is there to save you from aimlessness. So, instead of giving up, be a scientist. Be an engineer. Accept that there are some mountains that you cannot move. Remember your dreams, and use the wall against itself to get there. The wall is there to be the force that gets you where you want to be. Don’t believe the myth that you are moving backwards. Be a swimmer. Once you have turned, you will find that the water has changed. There’s no such thing as backwards, in time, science, or religion. Keep swimming. Get up. Fail Faster Twice a month (roughly) the instructional coaches in my building get together to trade notes and discuss plans for the future. We’ve been doing a book study on High Impact Instruction by Jim Knight, which I highly recommend to anyone who teaches, not just coaches. So, we were talking about the learning maps section in Knight’s book and learning targets, which is an innovation we’ve been studying as of late. One of the ladies in our meeting used to teach PE, so she talked about how learning targets come very naturally to her because it’s very obvious what you want the kids to do and it’s very obvious whether or not they have been successful at it. “There are a lot of ways to dribble a ball incorrectly,” she said, “but only one way to do it right, and the difference is obvious.” I thought back to my years as a music student. My music teacher would say something like, “Today we’re going to learn the G flat major scale,” He’d play it once, and we’d sing it back. If we were terrible at it, he’d say, “Almost– but you missed the fourth,” or something like that, and then play it again, and we’d try it again. The formative feedback is immediate, and ongoing. It’s easy to compare yourself against the model and try again, even more so with some coaching. After the PE teacher models dribbling, for example, she tells the kids, “Go,” and they all start dribbling. She walks around and adjusts posture, hand positions, etc, and then eventually blows the whistle and gives the whole group formative feedback, “You’ve almost got it. This time, try to use the pad of your fingertips, rather than keeping your hand flat.” She blows the whistle again, and it’s time to go again. This is why kids like video games– depending on which way they wiggle their thumbs, they immediately know if they’ve made the right choice, and they can immediately try again. What would that look like in a language arts or math class? Keep in mind that the definition of learning includes a change in behavior. Could we boil down our general ed classes so that the kids are given a target/model, a description that is literally as long as a tweet, and then an opportunity to try? At first, I thought, “Well they’ll fail immediately.” And then I thought, “Oh.” If they fail immediately, just as they would the first time they try to dribble a ball, the teacher now has an opportunity to provide formative feedback and then let them try again. Immediately. In a gym class, how often do you try dribbling the ball on the first day that dribbling is introduced? Probably about as much time as there is in the lesson. You spend the majority of the time engaged in the performance of understanding. We learn when we fail, not when we get it right all the time. Additionally– by giving them a clear target, but then releasing them to try right away, aren’t we giving them the opportunity to invent their own strategy and construct their own learning? AND FURTHERMORE– by curating this high failure, but low risk, environment– aren’t we automatically putting them into a growth mindset? What if we taught kids to try, and then try again, and then try some more, and then keep trying? What if we all taught like PE teachers? Professional “Development” Day 5 of sick kids at home! I’m going bananas! My kids are typically blissfully healthy– so much so that when they both came down with fevers on the same day last week, I wasn’t even sure what the name of their pediatrician is. I couldn’t recall where we kept the children’s Tylenol. I was vaguely aware of standard operating procedure, but had to remind myself on a few occasions that my six year old probably would not want to engage in the activities that I find most helpful when I am sick: pajama pants and binge watching Downton Abbey. As I was unexpectedly home for a few days, I had some time to do research outside of the norm. So, I read this article yesterday: Ed Weekly “Let’s End PD As We Know It” And in particular I liked this section: “My wife is a doctor, and by nature, a somewhat skeptical person. But she really likes professional development; it is consistently useful, practical, interesting, and well-targeted to what she wants to know. The modal presentation is by doctors and for doctors; a presenting doctor talks about a case or a series of cases connected to a particular condition or disease, briefly explores the underlying science, and explains how they treat it and why. Then there is time for discussion, as other doctors offer how they would handle the same case or condition and why. Attending doctors always have choice about which sessions to attend, and only presenters who are highly rated by the audience are asked back. Sometimes there are also talks by MD-PhDs about how the underlying science is evolving in the field, or by people from industry about broader trends in health care. But all of the talks about practice come from practicing doctors. When I asked if they would ever have a non-doctor present on practice, she looked at me like I was crazy. “Of course not,” she said. “Why not?” I asked. “Because we would never take them seriously,” she replied.” -The reason I liked this section, admittedly, is because it’s exactly what the EdCamp model is like. Teachers generate the discussions that day, powerpoints are frowned upon, and we have collaborative, problem solving sessions based on practice. Although some sessions get heated, hardly ever are they negative– very much unlike some PD I have attended when a consultant is brought in. In traditional PD, I have seen teachers read the newspaper, do crossword puzzles, storm out, argue with consultants, etc. As my school’s instructional facilitator, I have had teachers come to me to ask for consultant’s qualifications– and no matter how much education the consultant has, it doesn’t count. They want to know how much time they’ve had in a classroom. What is the established pecking order? Why do we have one? Why do we believe that some people have more to offer in the way of interesting ideas than others? However– obviously there are times when we want teachers (and doctors) to learn something that is mandated; not up for debate– especially if we find ourselves identified as a priority school, or if we otherwise find we are behind the best practice curve. How do we facilitate that kind of learning for professionals? For example, at some point, some surgeon decided to start doing gallbladder surgery through a scope, and now that is standard procedure. Did the hospitals hire surgeons who already had this skill, or did the hospitals train their existing surgeons in how to do it? What was that training like? Did the hospitals say to their existing surgeons– you have until the year 2000 to get board certified in laproscopic surgery, or did they just stop scheduling gallbladder surgeries with those doctors who refused to change their practice? Whatever they did– how can this be replicated in education? Anyway. Some of my ramblings from being stuck at home with my kids (who are totally adorable, but not exactly good conversationalists unless the topic is race cars or my little pony). Discussion welcome.
Wrist Ligaments The ligaments that stabilize the many connections inside the wrist joint are critical for normal functioning of the wrist. They are extremely short and tight ligaments rather than long cords like certain other ligaments in the body. Once they are torn, there is a short opportunity of around a month to get them repaired before they shrink away. After this time the strategy for recovering function of that ligament changes from repair to reconstruction and becomes a much larger scale treatment. Early after injury patients usually recall the specific injury event followed by pain, swelling, stiffness, and weakness. Later the patient may note primarily weakness and a sense of giving way when trying to use the wrist for more strenuous activities. Some patients note a “popping” or “clicking”. Pressure applied over the damaged ligament usually produces tenderness. The joint may have lost motion. But the key to the examination is testing the function of each specific ligament with stress maneuvers. A test called an arthrogram was previously used to test for breaks in the ligaments but has been shown to be highly inaccurate and not relevant to ligament function. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) is more accurate than arthrogram regarding breaks in the ligament but gives absolutely no information regarding the functional performance of the ligament and is far less useful than a physical examination by a dedicated wrist surgeon. The only truly accurate test for ligament injury is direct examination by a fiber optic camera (arthroscopy) while testing the ligament under stress. CONSISTS OF Early range of motion exercise Arthroscopic repair Tendon transfer or graft FEATURES Regaining full motion of the wrist is followed by strengthening of specific muscle groups Outpatient surgery, fiber optic camera guides ligament alignment Series of limited incisions allows rerouting of tendon material through passages in bone to stabilize joint ADVANTAGES Avoids surgery Heals the original ligament at its correct attachments Can be used at any time prior to collapse DISADVANTAGES Only useful for partial tears that do not affect wrist stability Some permanent stiffness resultsMore invasive, reconstruction can never truly reproduce the function of the original ligament Scroll/swipe > Sutures are removed in the office at 2 weeks and a cast applied. The ligaments must be immobilized to heal correctly. Pins that prevent forearm rotation are removed at 4 weeks post-op. Pins buried under the skin in the small wrist bones are removed under local anesthesia at 8 weeks post-op. Once all pins are out, exercises are started in outpatient therapy to regain as much motion as possible. Once motion has maximized, strength is developed. The whole process keeps the patient in rehabilitation for at least 4 months. Final range of motion and strength always remain partially diminished after major wrist ligament injuries. Houston Hand and Wrist
The genus Ornithogalum belongs to the Scilloideae subfamily within the Asparagaceae family (formerly Hyacinthaceae) and contains approx. 210 members. Some of them are commonly known as Star-of-Bethlehem. They are distributed in Europe (eg Turkey), Asia (eg Iran) and Africa (eg South Africa). There are orange, white and multicolored flowering species, which can be 10 to 80 centimeters high. Some of these species are poisonous and some are used in homeopathy. So shall Ornithogalum umbellatum be helpful against heartburn. A Honey Bee on Ornithogalum umbellatum A Honey Bee on Ornithogalum umbellatum. The Star-of-Bethlehem is a popular garden plant in Europe and North America. Tip: other members of the Scilloideae subfamily you can find in my plant identification project: plants & more. Ornithogalum balansae Ornithogalum balansae is native to Turkey and Caucasus.
Editor choice Can CBD Heal the Brain? Neuroplasticity and CBD CBD has taken the world by storm with its many proposed health benefits. Can CBD utilize neuroplasticity to help “heal” the brain? This article takes a look into what the research says and if the rumors are true. What is Neuroplasticity? Before we go any further let’s talk about what neuroplasticity actually means. It is a term that describes the brain rebuilding nerve connections that it might have lost or the brain creating new nerve connections. Sometimes nerves can become damaged through traumas such as brain injuries and the neuroplasticity of the brain allows the brain to “heal” itself and rebuild the damaged connections. Neuroplasticity also helps the brain with building new connections, like when you learn new information or have a new experience. It is what allows the brain to develop throughout our lives. Aging actually can lead to decreased neuroplasticity abilities in our brains. Younger children have a greater ability to adapt to changes in the brain since their brains are still forming and developing, and this process becomes more difficult the older you get. However, it is not impossible. Similar to physical exercise, with practice and repetition the brain is able to form stronger connections. Why Is It Important? Strengthening the neuroplasticity of the brain is important for a variety of reasons. It allows for recovery after some event that damaged the brain such as a stroke or a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The nerves rebuild themselves to restore brain function back to normal in good cases, or at least to somewhat improve function in the more severe cases. Neuroplasticity may play a role in mental health as well. Sometimes mental health disorders, such as depression, may result from neurons “misfiring” and it is thought that neuroplasticity may be able to help fix this. Depression might result from not only chemical misbalances, but also neuroplasticity issues as well. Another example is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some seem to think that the concepts behind neurogenesis (creating new neurons, or nerve cells) and neuroplasticity may lead to improved future treatments for PTSD. One big reason people started looking into neuroplasticity is dementia. Using this to help treat dementia or Alzheimer’s Disease is also a possibility in the future. As mentioned above, neuroplasticity declines with aging, which many think goes hand in hand with dementia. The main idea is that we can use neuroplasticity to help increase or maintain cognitive performance in those at risk for Alzheimer’s Disease or for those in early stages of it. Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 4 Editor choice Fab CBD Chews 750mg Fab CBD Chews 750mg Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 0 Best seller Glori Blends Relief ‘Pain’ 1500 MG Glori Blends Relief ‘Pain’ 1500 MG $175.00 $87.50 Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 1 Editor choice Pinnacle CBD Oil -1200MG Pinnacle CBD Oil -1200MG $109.99 $87.99 Another way neuroplasticity is important is for learning. Increasing neuroplasticity may help us increase our learning capabilities. For example, research is being done on learning disabilities and neuroplasticity. It is thought that using specific teaching strategies might increase neuroplasticity which in turn intensifies learning. There are other possible diseases or health concerns where neuroplasticity can play a role, such as neuropathy (aka nerve pain – usually associated with diabetes or fibromyalgia), but these are just a few highlights. What is CBD? If you are reading this you probably already know what CBD is, however, it is always nice to have a short review. CBD, or cannabidiol, is one of the cannabinoids (or chemical compounds) found in Cannabis sativa plants. Therefore, it can be derived from either hemp or marijuana plants. It does not have the psychoactive properties that THC exhibits. It is also safe and non-addictive. There are few side effects, if any. The most reported side effects are tiredness, diarrhea, and nausea. Many people take CBD for its numerous proposed health benefits. It is available in many different forms, such as tinctures, gel capsules, vaping, gummies, and topical products such as creams or salves. But, can CBD affect neuroplasticity and help with its associated diseases?Neuroplasticity CBD Mental Health Treatment What Does the Research Say? Most of the research is in animal models and examines the effects of CBD in the hippocampus region of the brain. This area of the brain is thought to deal with emotions, learning, memory, and coordination. Therefore, changes in the hippocampus could affect any one of these processes. Most of the studies found that CBD did impact neuroplasticity. The majority of them showed that CBD increased the creation of nerve cells or the remodeling of nerve cells in the hippocampus of the brain. Many of them concluded that this was one of the reasons for how CBD can cause anxiety relief or antidepressant-like effects. Others mentioned this was how CBD could impact coordination and movement or even how it helps with memory loss. The next section describes summaries of the studies that were reviewed for this article. There also were a couple of studies in humans that showed positive neuroplasticity changes as well, however this was in small groups. There is not a lot of human data out there that supports CBD and neuroplasticity. As it turns out, there might be a reason for this. In 1998, an article was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that discussed how the cannabinoids CBD and THC are antioxidants and neuroprotective. The authors suggested that because of their antioxidant properties, they would have therapeutic uses as neuroprotective agents, making them ideal candidates for drug targets for certain diseases. Due to this revolutionary report, the U.S. government issued a patent on “Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants”. The patent states: Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 4 Editor choice Fab CBD Chews 750mg Fab CBD Chews 750mg Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 1 Fab CBD Oil Drops 150mg Fab CBD Oil Drops 150mg Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 1 Editor choice Pinnacle CBD Oil -1200MG Pinnacle CBD Oil -1200MG $109.99 $87.99 Currently, this patent is still active. However, it will soon be expiring. The expiration date is April 21st, 2019 which is great news for all of the CBD research teams. This U.S. government patent has likely prevented many investigators from pursuing this research avenue for CBD. If they are not able to market CBD as a neuroprotectant and make money to pay for the trials they put on, then what is the point of doing it? There has not been an incentive for them to do research in this area, but now it seems that there might be. Therefore, this patent expiration could mean more clinically relevant studies being performed about CBD and neuroplasticity, as it relates to its neuroprotective and antioxidant qualities. This also could mean that they may come up with a drug product, similar to Epidiolex which is indicated for rare childhood seizures, for a neurodegenerative disease in the somewhat near future. Summaries of CBD and Neuroplasticity Studies Below are some brief summaries of the studies that were reviewed in this article, as well as links to the articles for more in-depth information if you are curious. The search was focused on CBD and neuroplasticity specifically, however some of the studies look at other compounds in addition to CBD. Some of them also look at other outcomes in addition to neuroplasticity, such as neuroinflammation. Cannabidiol reduces neuroinflammation and promotes neuroplasticity and functional recovery after brain ischemia This 2017 study looked whether or not CBD affected cognitive and emotional impairments in mice with bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). BCCAO is just a way for scientists to test ischemic injury to the brain in a research setting. Ischemic injury is the term for when the brain is not getting enough blood and therefore not enough oxygen. These mice were experiencing anxiety, memory problems, and despair from the brain ischemia. Half of the mice were given short-term (48 hr) CBD dosed at 10 mg/kg. They found that the CBD prevented both cognitive and emotional impairments, decreased the breakdown of nerve cells in the hippocampus region of the brain, decreased white matter injury, and decreased the glial response (brain cells that respond to damage in the central nervous system or CNS) from the BCCAO. Also, the mice treated with CBD had increased BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) protein levels, which is a protein responsible for the growth and maturation of brain cells, and therefore deals with neuroplasticity. CBD stimulated neurogenesis (creating new nerve cells) and dendritic restructuring in the hippocampus region of the brain as well which also relates to neuroplasticity. The authors concluded that this shows how CBD may result in recovery from ischemic injury to the brain, since it targets multiple aspects of the brain recovery. This 2017 article reviews various studies that relate to CBD, neuroplasticity, and psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, psychosis, and depression. Their review found that short term or repeated dosing of CBD increased neuroplastic changes in the brain. These changes included slowing the decrease in neurogenesis in the hippocampus and dendrite spines density as well as preventing glial response (described above). CBD was also found to affect regulatory pathways of cells that deal with autophagy (cell suicide) and other important pathways that deal with the breakdown of nerve cells.NeuroPlasticity CBD Brain Research The authors concluded that CBD could be a potential treatment for cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms associated with the breakdown of nerve cells, which may be useful for psychiatric disorders. Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on regional cerebral blood flow. This 2004 study compared a larger dose of CBD (400 mg) to placebo in a small group of humans (all of them were healthy male volunteers). They found that CBD increases activity in the limbic area of the brain, which is the area responsible for emotions and memories. This study also supports the theory that CBD may be able to help with dementia or psychiatric disorders. This 2013 study utilized a mouse model to test for a mechanism of CBD and stress. The study used a repeated dose of 30 mg/kg of CBD. They concluded that CBD may work by creating new nerve cells in the hippocampus of the brain, which led to anxiety relief in the mice. This 2005 study used a synthetic cannabinoid (aka HU210) in rats to determine if cannabinoids can promote the creation of new nerve cells. The authors suggest that the mechanism behind this is the ability of cannabinoids, such as CBD, to bind to the CB1 receptor which promotes proliferation (or creation) of nerve cells. Both acute and chronic administration increased the proliferation of nerve cells in the hippocampus region of the brain. However, only the chronic administration promoted anxiety relief and antidepressant-like effects in the rats. Of note, this study only discussed cannabinoids as a whole and did not mention CBD specifically. Cannabidiol normalizes caspase 3, synaptophysin, and mitochondrial fission protein DNM1L expression levels in rats with brain iron overload: implications for neuroprotection. This 2014 study looked at how CBD affects certain brain proteins that deal with neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease). The authors state that in another study they were able to show that CBD (in a dose-dependent manner – meaning that the higher the dose the more of the effect) could recover memory deficits in rats caused by too much iron in the brain. They suggest that having too much iron in the brain may be a possible cause of neurodegenerative disease and cognitive deficits (or memory issues). Another reason behind neurodegenerative diseases they mention is shortages in synaptic energy (dealing with mitochondria) and apoptosis proteins which are likely damaged due to the iron overload in the brain. In this study they looked at brain proteins involved with these processes when giving rats CBD. They found that CBD helped restore the damage from the iron by bringing the protein levels back to the normal levels they saw in the control group. From this, they suggest that CBD could be used to help with memory loss and neurodegenerative diseases. NeuroPlasticity CBD Brain ResearchThe anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol in chronically stressed mice are mediated by the endocannabinoid system: Role of neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling. This 2018 study looked at repeated dosing of CBD at 30 mg/kg for 14 days in mice to see if it is facilitated by cannabinoid receptors and if it affects the creation of new nerve cells or remodeling of dendrites (the branches of nerve cells). They found that CBD produces anxiety relieving effects from the CB1 and CB2 receptors and that this was associated with creation of new nerve cells and the remodeling of dendrites in the hippocampus region of the brains of mice. The authors conclude that CBD can prevent stress by activating CB1 and CB2 receptors which recruit proteins in the brain involved with creating new nerve cells and remodeling dendrites. Cannabis-based treatment induces polarity-reversing plasticity assessed by theta burst stimulation in humans. This 2009 study looked at the effects of Sativex, which contains both THC and CBD, on synaptic (the area of the cells where two nerve cells join together) plasticity in humans with multiple sclerosis (aka MS). They found that the endocannabinoid system does play a role in synaptic plasticity. Specifically, they looked at the motor cortex of the brain, which is the part of the brain that affects movement. Since their study population was made up of MS patients, this makes sense because they have motor coordination problems as part of their disease. Also, Sativex is indicated for symptoms of MS in the EU. Of note, this study did not solely look at the effects of CBD. Effects of Cannabidiol on Diabetes Outcomes and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Comorbidities in Middle-Aged Rats. This 2019 study looked at the effects of CBD neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity in rats with diabetes. They used a dose of 10 mg/kg of CBD daily for 30 days. They found that CBD did improve memory performance and reduced inflammation in the hippocampus region of the brain. Interestingly enough, they found that CBD did not affect neuroplasticity markers in these rats. The authors concluded that the neuroprotective effects of CBD are due to decreased inflammation, rather than neuroplasticity changes. This is a different conclusion than the other studies and may be due to the fact that these rats had diabetes, while the others did not. Further exploration into the difference in neuroplasticity changes between those affected with diabetes and those that are not would be an interesting area of future research. Cannabidiol reduces brain damage and improves functional recovery in a neonatal rat model of arterial ischemic stroke. This 2017 study looked into whether CBD could be useful in neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS). They used a single dose (5 mg/kg) of CBD in a neonatal AIS rat model.NeuroPlasticity CBD Brain Research They found that CBD did help with long-term recovery through improved function regarding areas such as strength and coordination. They also found that CBD decreased the loss of nerve cells and modulated other functions such as apoptosis. Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 1 Fab CBD Oil Drops 150mg Fab CBD Oil Drops 150mg Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 0 Best seller Glori Blends Relief ‘Pain’ 1500 MG Glori Blends Relief ‘Pain’ 1500 MG $175.00 $87.50 Added to wishlistRemoved from wishlist 1 Editor choice Pinnacle CBD Oil -1200MG Pinnacle CBD Oil -1200MG $109.99 $87.99 This supports the theory that CBD can induce positive neuroplasticity changes. This 2018 study was a review of studies that talked about therapeutic uses of CBD, one of which was neuroplasticity increases. They mentioned that reduced hippocampus volume has been observed in patients with mood disorders, PTSD, Alzheimer’s Disease, and schizophrenia, which is why creation of new nerve cells in the hippocampus is important because it would help increase the hippocampus volume. They mentioned several rat and mice studies (some of which are included in this article) that show CBD can affect neuroplastic changes such as the creation of new nerve cell and synaptic remodeling in the hippocampus of the brain. They also discussed some studies in rats that showed CBD as neuroprotective by preventing neurotoxicity and decreasing nerve cell damage. One interesting study they mentioned is about how higher THC and lower CBD levels in cannabis were associated with decreasing gray matter in the hippocampus of the brain and decreased cognitive performance. However, higher levels of CBD prevented these effects, suggesting it has a neuroprotective effect (which is likely from the creation of new nerve cells in the hippocampus from CBD). How Valid is the Research? It is important to keep in mind that, as with most topics surrounding CBD, most of this research is pre-clinical or anecdotal evidence due to it being performed in animal models or small groups of humans. This means that it is not definitive by any means but is hypothesis-generating. It allows for more specific research to be conducted and eventually clinical trials to be completed. However, this takes a lot of time and money – which is why the data is lacking. Therefore, currently professional judgement can be used when deciding if the data is “good” or not, and that varies from person to person based on their diverse experiences. Looking to the Future Taking all of this information into consideration, there seems to be support for the theory that CBD can enhance neuroplasticity, especially in the hippocampus region of the brain. This has future implications for brain injury recovery, mental health disorders, dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease, learning disabilities, and more. With the proper research and the upcoming patent expiration, CBD could become the “go-to” for most brain-related matters and help heal brains. Only time will tell!CBD Neuro Science Future Research 1. http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/what-is-brain-plasticity-why-so-important/ 2. http://mlib.kitasato-u.ac.jp/homepage/ktms/kaishi/pdf/KMJ48-1/KMJ48-1p16-25.pdf 3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452205004033 4. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zCEs1Rn6Dh8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA151&dq=neuroplasticity+and+ptsd&ots=mfG-pF6nkp&sig=YBKa6nB0xUCykC-j2oYFej4DxWs#v=onepage&q=neuroplasticity%20and%20ptsd&f=false 5. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201702/how-do-neuroplasticity-and-neurogenesis-rewire-your-brain 6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1508410 7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089662731200178X 8. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9453 9. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14737175.2016.1221344 10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569602/ 11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20965/ 12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584616302524 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2017.00269/full 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583744 15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298518 16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253627/ 17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893294 18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29510186 19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20633421 20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=30430393 21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28012949 22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161644/ Popular CBD Brands Compare items • Total (0)
Quick Write Titles as Metacommentary Chapter 10 (“But Don’t Get Me Wrong”: The Art of Metacommentary) Metacommentary is “a way of commenting on your claims and telling others how – and how not – to think about them” (129). Metacommentary is telling the audience how to interpret what has been said. They aid the reader by helping them understand why you are saying what you are saying. They prevent readers from getting confused and lead to a more developed paper. How can we use titles to tell the readers about your paper? Let’s look at some examples. Casso “Worth the Lie” Take 10-15 minutes to review the article. Work in groups of 2 or 3. What is Casso’s argument? How does Casso support the argument he is making? Find examples of ethos, pathos, and logos. Lance Armstrong crossing the finish line to win the 17th stage of the 2004 Tour de France.CreditCreditWolfgang Rattay/Reuters 1. Sort of cost-benefit analysis 2. Measuring praise and blame 3. Making the weaker argument the stronger one, playing devil’s advocate Group Presentation Take 10 minutes to plan your presentation. Solution Argument Examples One example of a solution argument essay that we have previously discussed in this class is “The Danger of a Single Story” by Chimamanda Adichie. To quote a CNN article on the Danger of a Single Story: Nigerian author Chimamanda Adichie believes in the power of stories, and warns that hearing only one about a people or nation leads to ignorance. She says the truth is revealed by many tales. She illustrates this with a story about coming to the United States, as a middle-class daughter of a professor and an administrator, and meeting her college roommate. Adichie says that her roommate’s “default position toward me, as an African, was a kind of patronizing, well-meaning, pity. My roommate had a single story of Africa. A single story of catastrophe.” Adichie also tells how growing up in Nigeria reading only American and English children’s books made her deaf to her authentic voice. As a child, she wrote about such things as blue-eyed white children eating apples, thinking brown skin and mangos had no place in literature. That changed as she discovered African writers, particularly the Nigerian Chinua Achebe. This is a great quote that highlights some of the moves we need to do in our article. It summarizes her topic, problem she is addressing, and solution; including examples she uses. Topic: Many people do not realize that they are getting only one story. A single story is incomplete and she says dangerous. Problem: Having a single story about an issue or group of people leads to stereotypes and incomplete information. Solution: To look for multiple stories of whatever issue or topic you are hearing. She recommends we get our news and stories from multiple perspectives. Reasons and evidence: She gives examples from her personal life to highlight that she has a personal connection. Background: She gives background information, citing quotes and examples that place her issue in a historical context. She also uses current examples to place the issue in a contemporary context. Who do you think her audience is? What do they value? Does she address those values? Sample Essays Clicking Originality Away: Social Media’s Effect On Young Female’s Self Esteem Papers Please! The Illegal Immigration Problem Creating Structure Structure is very important to making an argument. It needs to be deliberate and well organized. You cannot come across as being all over the place. An argument needs order in order for the audience to follow along. Here is one possible outline to use to build your paper: 1. Position (thesis) 2. Background 3. Reason with evidence 4. Reason with evidence 5. Reason with evidence 6. Reason with evidence 7. Counterargument with refutation 8. Conclusion with so what question addressing audience
eLearning Inspired by Game Design As you've trained employees on job-related skills, you've probably encountered a couple of outcomes: Some may get bored and zone out, others could appear interested and then fail to integrate their new knowledge into their performance, and a few could leave the training and excel at work. Ideally, you want most (if not all) of your employees to find the path to a solid learning experience. How do you achieve that outcome? Studies suggest a number of methods, though the one you choose comes down to your company's needs. According to a study published in Sage journals, interaction is one of the key factors in developing good learning outcomes when using digital tools. It just so happens that video games are a very interactive platform, and they hold some clues for designing a training program that keeps your employees engaged and uses modern eLearning courseware tools. The same strategies that make video games fun could help you teach your employees. Covert guidance Many video games are designed to teach players a skill set they'll use later in the story. For instance, a player might have to fight a low-level monster with certain skills. Defeating that monster teaches the player a strategy for beating that monster, even if the process doesn't feel like an education. Later in the level, the player may encounter a boss monster with similar skills. The player already knows how to defeat it thanks to the smaller obstacles he or she faced. While the boss is more challenging than the low-level monster, knowledge of the tools needed for winning are what matter. Breaking this down, the strategy of teaching players is easy to apply to eLearning. You'll need a couple of things: example problems and real-life scenarios. Look for eLearning videos that teach a certain skill and offer examples. For instance, the video might display something like "What Susan should do if she's dealing with a tough client." The video will give employees an example of what to do, providing them with the skills they needs to handle the situation in real life (facing tough clients can be akin to fighting a boss in a game). Achievement as motivation When you accomplish something, your brain releases dopamine, a feel-good chemical. This is called reward, and it's a feeling your brain wants to experience again. So, your mind analyzes how to obtain the reward and yearns to go through the steps that brought it that satisfaction. Games make use of this system by adding achievements. For instance, you might get points for completing a goal. Your eLearning program can use reward to inspire employees too. Consider giving some form of recognition for finishing training videos. The sense of reward could help motivate employees to watch more videos. Using game mechanics to develop an integrative and engaging training program requires eLearning courseware. You can get a free trial of Thinkzoom to see what those videos could be like. Join 1,000+ companies using Thinkzoom to increase employee engagement Start a Free Trial Get ej4 blog posts delivered straight to your inbox
On what day since the beginning of excavation they met? n = 8 Solution in text n = 3 / 12 +(n-3)/12 + (n-3)/10 = 1 11n = 78 n = 7811 ≈ 7.090909 Calculated by our simple equation calculator. Showing 0 comments: 1st comment Be the first to comment! Next similar examples: 1. Pediatrician 2. Pumps 3. Pool 4. Working time - shortening worker The media often speculates about the change (especially to shorten) the working time of the five-day eight-hour working week to another working model. Calculate how many hours a day the employee would have to work a day at 3-day work week if he must work t 5. Server 6. Gimli Glider gimli_glider Aircraft Boeing 767 lose both engines at 42000 feet. The plane captain maintain optimum gliding conditions. Every minute, lose 1910 feet and maintain constant speed 211 knots. Calculate how long takes to plane from engines failure to hit ground. Calculate 7. ŽSR 8. Negative percentage trabant In 2004, the company had a loss of 40900 Euros. Two years later he was already in profit 48900 Eur. Calculate what percentage of the company increased profits in this two years. 9. Mailbox post Mailbox is opening at regular intervals 3 times a day. The first time is opened at 8:00 and the last at 19:00. Calculate hours when mailbox is opened during day. 10. Forestry workers 11. Hay bags 12. Road repair 13. Greenhouses sklenik Two workers would make installation of greenhouses for 54 hours. For how many hours does the installation 9 workers? 14. Five inlets pipe2_5 The tank can be filled with five equally powerful inlets. If the tank is filled by four of these inlets, it takes a total of 30 minutes to fill one-third of the tank. How many minutes does it take to fill an empty tank if it is filled with all five inlets? 15. TV fail old_tv The TV has after 10,000 hours average 25 failures. Determine the probability of TV failure after 200 hours of operation. 16. Train and car car_vs_train The train and the car started at a constant speed to journey. When the train travels 87 km, the car travels 97 km. How many km travels the train when the car travels 87 km? 17. Map
Arctangent + right triangle - examples 1. Trapezoid MO 2. River 3. Slope of track sklon_1 Calculate the average slope (in promiles and even in degrees) of the rail tracks between Prievidza (309 m AMSL) and Topoľčany (174 m AMSL), if the track is 44 km long. 4. Cube - angles cube_diagonal_1 Calculate angle between the wall diagonal and cube base. Calculate the angle between the cube body diagonal and cube base. 5. Road cesta Between cities A and B is route 13 km long of stúpanie average 7‰. Calculate the height difference of cities A and B. 6. Stairway steps What angle rising stairway if step height in 17 cm and width 27 cm? 7. Climb scenic_road Road has climbing 1:27. How big is a angle corresponds to this climbing? 8. Pyramid jehlan Pyramid has a base a = 5cm and height in v = 8 cm. a) calculate angle between plane ABV and base plane b) calculate angle between opposite side edges. 9. Two forces 10. V-belt 11. Slope of the pool 12. Road route-66 Average climb of the road is given by ratio 1:15. By what angle road average climb? 13. Height difference road What height difference overcome if we pass road 1 km long with a pitch21 per mille? 14. Descent of road znacka_klesanie Road sign informs the gradient is 10.3%. Calculate the angle which average decreases. 15. Map - climb Lanovka_na_skalnate_pleso On the map of High Tatras in scale 1:11000 are cable car stations in the Tatranska Lomnica and in the Skalnate Pleso with distance 354.6 mm. Altitude of this stations are 949 m and 1760 m. What is average angle of climb of this cable car track? 16. Railway 17. Sun rays 18. Church tower usti-kostel Archdeacon church in Usti nad Labem has diverted tower by 186 cm. The tower is 65 m high. Calculate the angle by which the tower is tilted. Result write in degree's minutes. 19. Bevel zkoseni I have bevel in the ratio 1:6. What is the angle and how do I calculate it? 20. V-belt See also our right triangle calculator.
Rincon De La Vieja Rincon de la Vieja is an active andesitic complex volcano in Costa Rica, located about 25 km from the city of Liberia. The main summit of the volcano complex stands 1916 meters above sea level, and it’s protected in the Rincon de la Vieja Volcano National Park. It’s one of 7 active volcanoes in Costa Rica. Another name for Rincon de la Vieja is the “Colossus of Guanacaste”. Seen from the air, Rincon del la Vieja is clearly an active volcano. There are a total of 9 major eruptive centers. You can see several large craters, with the youngest craters located in the southeast region. The last major magmatic eruption in the region happened about 3,500 years ago when about 0.25 cubic km of material was released in a plinian eruption. All the rest of the eruptions have come from the prominent crater that contains a 500-meter-wide acid lake. There have been a total of 16 major eruptions since historical records began. The most recent event was in February, 1998, but for most of the time, the volcano just spews gasses and ash. There are many hot bools and bubbling mud on the slopes of the volcano, and these just add to the reasons tourists visit the park. Hikers can climb up the crater, birdwatch, go river rafting, and do many other activities. Climbing to the top of Rincon del la Vieja volcano is an 8 km hike through two types of forest. The last 2 km is up a 50-degree slope. There are several lodges and hotels in the area for tourists. We have written many articles about volcanoes for Universe Today. Here’s an article about many famous volcanoes, and here’s an article about another volcano in Costa Rica, Arenal.
Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter 2.0 Ken Sheridan and I worked on a device to accurately measure the level of water in a tank, or on a lake, river or estuary. This document details the result of this work. Thanks Ken for the write-up. If you have any comments about the design, feel free to contact me and I'll try to update this page to match. Over the years since we first posted this many people have built these circuits with varying degrees of success. I've tried to include every suggestion and improvement, but of course there are so many ways of building such a sensor that caveat buildor! Capacitance Probe A basic probe design. A simple probe can be made using insulated wire. The insulation is then the dielectric of an cylindrical capacitor with the inner conductor as one plate and the water as the other. The probe is not suitable for distilled or very pure water because it is not conductive enough. It works well even in relatively clean water such as roof runoff water in a plastic tank. PVC plastic coated multistrand hookup wire will work but is porous and may eventually give trouble. Better to use the PTFE (teflon) equivalent. Enamelled copper wire gives a high capacitance per unit length because the insulation is very thin and this is suitable for short probes of up to about 200mm. For long probes a pipe with a sliding clamp to tension a single wire works well. Keep the wire away from the pipe to avoid turbulence effects. The problem with a single wire is sealing the end under water, especially the PTFE type. It may be possible to melt-seal the end but it is easier and more reliable to make a loop to form a U shape so that both ends are out of the water, connecting one or both ends to the electronics, with the metal frame being the other connection to the electronics common and to the water. A benefit is that the capacitance per unit length is doubled but in the case where the probe is being used to measure wave height it must be aligned so that both arms of the wire are normal to the wave, otherwise an error could result. Light springs can be used at the top to maintain wire tension. Make sure there are no sharp edges at the bottom of the U where the wire is held to the frame. A plastic pulley gives a smooth turn. The probe needs to be attached to something fixed like the side or top of a water tank, or to a pier. If the water depth is not too great a stake can be driven into the bottom of a river or dam and the probe attached to it (which also provides a good grounding point). The electronics should be above water in a waterproof box that is attached to the metal probe frame. The box cannot be separated some distance away from the probe because the capacitance of a cable would be too great compared to the probe capacitance. The output cable can also bring low voltage unregulated DC power to the unit. It can be long and even be under water back to dry land if required. Corrosion will be a problem, even with freshwater such as a rainwater tank. Make sure all external joins are soldered then coated in epoxy and heatshrink tube. If possible run the PTFE wire via a grommet into the sensor electronics unit as nothing sticks to teflon. The original prototype was mounted a meter from the tank being measured, and the signal was delivered to the PCB using a piece of coax thorugh a grommet. Water wicked along inside the coax and corroded the copper inside the cable. The DC bias provided by the oscillator will make things worse. A low temperature coefficient large capacitor inseries between the sensor and the oscillator can solve this problem, but is expensive and will reduce sensitivity. Better to avoid the problem in the first place! The Eureka tower ballast tank probe Bottom detail Top detail Installed in the tube PCB sensor Andy Bartram writes: You may be interested in my probe. I wanted to record fairly small changes ie 0-250mm in a v notch weir - I had made some pressure sensing devices some time back to do 0-2M but at 250m there is a significant temp problem unless you use expensive sensors, 0.1% resistors and high spec op amps. My sensor is a piece of double sided PCB one side in contact with the water and the other using some mylar sail tape as the dielectric. I'll send you a pic. Ground side Mylar side (covered in mylar sail tape) Electronics Units Analog Electronics Unit Andy Bartram writes: I think you might need a load (10k) on the output of the analog circuit. It seems they made the output transistors without bias current. Therefore they produce horrible crossover distortion with audio signals unless you bias an output transistor with a DC load as a class-A amplifier. A different circuit which is less sensitive to parts choices and supply voltage, at the cost of an extra 7555. Digital Electronics Unit In many applications a digital value is desired (for storage, analysis or accuracy). Although the above circuit can be used as an input to an analogue to digital unit, a more elegant and robust solution is to go directly to digital from the probe. The capacitance probe is connected to an ICM7555 running in astable mode. The 7555 has an advantage as an oscillator for this application because the timing capacitor is grounded. The probe will be the timing capacitor. The period of oscillation is proportional to the capacitance and therefore to the water level. The period is measured using the capture feature of any Microchip PIC microcontroller that has the CCP (Capture, Compare and PWM) hardware. In this schematic and code example, a 16F88 is used. The output of the ICM7555 is connected to the CCP1 pin. Timer 1 is setup to count the crystal frequency divided by four, so the count increments every 0.25 microseconds with a crystal frequency of 16MHz. The timer runs freely and rolls over to zero after the maximum count is reached. CCP1 is setup to capture the timer 1 count after sixteen cycles of the 7555 oscillator, thus giving a larger count for better resolution, and some averaging. The difference in the timer 1 counts between successive captures is the measurement. The time taken for the measurement is only a few milliseconds maximum, so further averaging can be done by taking multiple measurements without affecting the dynamic response in applications where a wave profile needs to be measured. Only one resistor is needed on the 7555 in astable mode compared to two with a standard 555. The resistor should be a low temperature coefficient type eg. from the RC55 series from Farnell or equivalent. The value required can be determined by immersing the probe to the maximum level and setting the resistor value so that the 7555 frequency is about 5kHz. This will be the minimum frequency and the maximum period of oscillation. Typically, this is around 1nF. The 7555 frequency can drift with temperature (see curve in data sheet) and for this reason the air temperature can also be measured so that a correction can be made if required, either in the PIC program or in post-processing of the data. Generally it is better to perform this correction using a computer to convert the values with suitable high precision. Alternatively, record the response of the probe over the desired temperature range and correct for this. In this example, the ambient temperature near the 7555 is measured using an LM35 analog temperature sensor. The level measurement can be scaled to water level in the PIC or in the post processing of the data. The measured value is generally more than enough for the probe resolution. In the code example, the measured value is output without scaling to the RS232 serial port in ASCII format so that the data can be viewed and saved to a file using a terminal program such as gtkterm on Linux, Teraterm or Hyperterminal in Windows. Temperature is also output in degrees Celcius. Only the 7555, the temperature sensor and a local +5V regulator really need to be near the probe - if the cost can be justified, a MAX485 can be used to transmit the 7555 pulses differentially (RS422 mode) via a twisted pair cable, eg. CAT5 data cable, to the rest of the electronics at some distance. At this end there is another MAX485 to convert the differential signals back to single ended. Other pairs in the cable can be used for the temperature and to send unregulated DC to the remote regulator. PCB stakes are also known as PCB risers. A photo of the original prototype board hooked up to a rainwater tank. Notes from Darrel's implementation "I had some time to think things over while my power was out for the last two weeks. Here is a summary of what I think I've learned:" 1. Probe needs to be able to be installed seprately from the holding device (stake). 2. Probe needs to be able to be easily removed for maintenance. 3. Upper 3/4 of probe used for best resolution. 4. Lower section of probe has less resolution. 5. Leads from probe to control box connect to same point on PCB. 6. Leads from probe to control box need to be short as possible to minimise self-inductance, self-capacitance and interference. 7. Leads from probe need to be separated to reduce stray capacitance. 8. Aluminum + stainless steel is bad because of electrochemical corrosion. 9. Tight curves in wire are bad because of the increased chance of wire or insulation damage. 10. Curves in sensing portion of the wire will slightly affect linearity. 11. Probe wire and stake need to be the same length. Once asked questions How much can the minimum frequency (max probe) of the 7555 be above or below 5Khz and how critical is this value? That value was found empirically. It should work a bit lower, but if higher you will run out of range sooner. For example, with 5kHz vs a 10kHz base frequency you'll measure depths as: 5kHz 10kHz 5kHz Top 10kHz 1/2 20kHz 3/4 40kHz 7/8 80kHz 15/16 10kHz Top 20kHz 1/2 40kHz 3/4 80kHz 7/8 Can a LM34 be used (my pond has to get well below zero to freeze because of the wind and water movement)? You can use either (just remember to calibrate), or any other temperature sensor (including digital ones). Is the surface area of the stake critical? No, don't think so.
You are here: Civilisation > Books > From Octavian To Augustus Augustus: Liked to present himself as the redeemer of national morality (photo: Til Niermann) Octavian, the future Emperor Augustus, dawdled through much of his youth before leaping into action at the decisive moment. His great-uncle, Julius Caesar, had encouraged him to gain the military experience required for a political career, but Octavian was slow to heed his advice. Even his parents seem to have assumed — and hoped, for his sake — that he would turn down his inheritance when he was named as the late dictator’s adopted son and primary heir. The fact that Octavian accepted it without hesitation was the first sign that there was more to him than met the eye. There is nothing hagiographical about the late Jochen Bleicken’s monumental and highly readable biography of Rome’s first emperor, now published in an elegant translation by Anthea Bell from the 1998 German original. Through his early years, Octavian is presented as incredibly lacklustre, not to say spoiled. His father, a politician, came from an upper-class family from Velletri, south-east of Rome. His mother was the daughter of one of Julius Caesar’s sisters, and married handsomely, first Octavian’s father, then a distinguished senator. Perhaps the young Augustus had it too easy. In 45 BC, the year before Caesar died, the 18-year-old future heir had no political or administrative experience to speak of, and no military experience in the field. Mark Antony, who was one of Caesar’s reserve heirs, had all three. Bleicken has dedicated the first few hundred pages of his 620-page book (excluding the extensive endnotes) to untangling the crisis that arose after the assassination of Caesar. Brutus and Cassius and the other so-called Liberators believed that they had freed Rome from tyranny, but as Cicero realised, their act “was carried out with the courage of men but the understanding of boys . . . The tree was felled, but the roots were not torn out.” There was always going to be chaos in the wake of Caesar’s death, but things might have been marginally less chaotic had Octavian taken his parents’ advice and rejected the role as heir. Mark Antony would still have faced a considerable struggle to put Rome back on an even keel, but who knows how quickly the situation might have been resolved without the conflict that resulted in the casualty-heavy Battle of Actium between Antony and Octavian. Although Octavian’s late leap to military prowess was significant in his rise, Bleicken also emphasises the way in which his beneficence presaged his victory. Whereas Antony kept hold of what he had acquired of Caesar’s goods after his death, Octavian handed over much of his inheritance to the citizens of Rome, who were always grateful for gifts. Then, at the age of 27, he charmingly asked them for their pardon for the chaos of the civil war, before providing the veteran soldiers with new settlements. The loyalty of the military was a sound investment for a man whose life would often be under threat. View Full Article Post your comment
Car: Chrysler K-310, 1952 A frenzied round of trans-Atlantic dealing between America’s Chrysler Corporation and Italy’s Carrozzeria Ghia preceded the unveiling of this handsome coupt in 1952. 1952 model car Chrysler K-310 The huge wheels of Chrysler’s K-310 show car helped to emphasise its rakish appearance. Originally, Fiat sought Chrysler’s help in training its manufacturing technicians. Then Chrysler realized that Italy’s car-styling brilliance could help to upgrade its image. Ghia and Pinin Farina both tendered for the business by building one-off bodies. Ghia’s car, the Plymouth XX-500 sedan, was no beauty, but Chrysler was impressed at the workmanship and modest cost. Soon Chrysler’s American-designed prototypes were brought to life in Ghia’s Turin workshops. The K-310 was the first commission with a design overseen by Virgil Exner, Chrysler’s “ideas man.” “K” commemorated Kaufman Keller, Chrysler’s president, and “310” denoted its supposed power (although the engine in the Chrysler Saratoga chassis only gave 180bhp). 1952 model car Chrysler K-310 1952 model car Chrysler K-310 Ghia duly translated the drawings and scale models into a completely hand-built, full-size car—for just $20,000. Exner had made features out of normally concealed components, such as the spare-wheel shape molded into the boot lid. The large wheels emphasized the car’s rakish lines, while the small, egg-crate-style radiator grille highlighted the low hood line. With the K-310, Chrysler showed it could design cars every bit as exciting as those from Ford and General Motors. And they had the added cachet of being “Made In Italy.” “The wheel is one of mankind’s greatest inventions. Why attempt to hide it?” Virgil Exner, Chrysler chief designer Video model car Chrysler K-310 Specification model car Chrysler K-310 PLACE OF ORIGIN: Detroit, Michigan, and Turin, Italy ENGINE: V8-cylinder, 331ci (5,424cc) LAYOUT: front-mounted engine driving the rear wheels BODYWORK: two-door, five-seater coupé TOP SPEED: unknown
Tips That Can Help You Live With Cancer By \| November 4, 2018 While nobody chooses cancer, it is possible to choose healthy decisions that can lower your chances of getting the disease. This article contains some helpful tips and advice that you can use in your daily life to help you to cope with the disease. It is said that lowering your sugar consumption can halt cancer cell growth. Cancer cells feed on sugar, and eliminating it from the diet can sometimes starve the cancer cells. Although doing this may not get rid of the cancer, you can use it along with other therapy in your fight against the disease. When you are battling cancer, it is imperative that you get enough exercise. Exercise helps your circulation by getting your blood flowing. By being active, the treatment you are getting can go throughout your whole body simpler. TIP! During the treatment process, you should offer to accompany a cancer patient to his or her doctor appointments. You will be able to ask questions they had not thought of before and support them through this difficult experience. Don’t let the thought of some mild discomfort discourage you if you need to be screened for breast cancer. It will be over in just a few short minutes. Feeling uncomfortable is no excuse for skipping a screening, as you could spot something early enough to save your life. If someone you care about has recently gotten the diagnosis of cancer, listen to them. Doing this can be hard sometimes, but the cancer victim you know really could use any chance they can to express their emotions. For the best results, focus on being a good listener rather than trying to solve their problems or give your own interpretations. Being physically active reduces your risks of getting colon cancer by as much as 40%. People who engage in regular exercise are much healthier and able to avoid diseases that increase the chances of developing cancer. Try to stay active. TIP! Be proactive in accepting the challenges and changes that living with cancer brings. Be prepared to fight the good fight. If a family member is suffering from cancer, you should always attend any doctors appointments with them. Having a second pair of ears to listen for information and someone who may be thinking more clearly about questions or concerns is a great idea. Wild Salmon The notion that alcohol is somehow helpful in cancer therapy is false. The protective effects of wine come from the grapes, not the alcohol. Drinking lots of alcohol increases, not decreases, your risk of cancer. TIP! The myth that alcohol prevents cancer is untrue. Wine is beneficial in preventing cancer only due to the grapes it contains. A lot of people know that a fish like wild salmon is healthy for them. Are you aware that salmon contains Omega-3 fatty acids which help prevent cancer? Having wild salmon a few times a week can assist you in fighting the growth of cancer cells in your body. Don’t continue seeing a doctor who doesn’t openly communicate with you. You need to be able to ask questions when they come up. You must get your questions and concerns addressed right away. TIP! If you find that your doctor is not available to answer questions as they arise, it may be time to choose another doctor. Questions will arise all the time. All the sugary drinks that you drink actually increase the risk of you getting cancer, so limit or get rid of the sugary drinks. The excessive sugar and calorie content of these drinks can contribute to weight gain, and being overweight increases the risk of certain types of cancer. Dealing with cancer is easier when you have people to talk to, so support groups with people who are sharing the same struggles can be very beneficial. The Internet has an abundance of resources, such as support groups, forums and websites, so that you can find the right support system. Having this release outlet can be a huge emotional benefit. TIP! If someone you know has cancer, find them someone to talk to. The Internet has a lot of information on support groups nearby, so they can find someone to talk to. Cancer will bring many new people and friends into your life. In addition to doctors, nurses and medical assistants who help attack your physical disease, you’ll need people who provide support and empathy, so that you don’t develop depression or other mental problems along with the cancer. Graciously allow these people to help you, because you can’t face cancer alone. If you are a caretaker for a friend or family member with cancer, don’t be shy about asking their doctor questions of your own. If you don’t ask questions, you might not understand the disease or treatment plan well enough to give the cancer patient the support and help he most needs. Do not go to any doctor who does not make himself available to discuss your condition in a timely manner. You need someone you can ask questions of when they come up. You should be able to have any and every concern addressed immediately. Treating a loved one with cancer the same as you did before their diagnosis is key to their recovery. Cancer patients need to know that you care, and feel positive vibes from you for the sake of their recovery. Negative vibes can make them feel feel bad or guilty. TIP! If you have a family member suffering from cancer, make it a point not to let their disease become a factor in how you treat them. Anyone suffering with cancer must have positive energy from all their surrounding family members and if they feel people are acting in a sad way towards them, they may get down themselves. Be aware of what symptoms could mean cancer, and when you are most at risk. The more informed you are about the signs and symptoms of cancer, the more empowered you will be to identify these signals and take appropriate action. There are many types of clothing that aren’t going to keep the sun from damaging your skin. If you are unable to find any at stores, check online. TIP! Not all clothing is going to keep the damaging sun rays from making their way to your skin. You can look for the proper sun protection clothing in stores, or online. If your cancer medication and treatment is upsetting your stomach, eliminate coffee from your diet. Caffeine may increase the problem so it is probably best to completely eliminate it. You should also avoid other caffeine sources, like soda and chocolate. Any step you can take to prevent having cancer is better than any way to treat it. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Simply using a good sunscreen, and protecting your skin from prolonged sun exposure is extremely effective in preventing melanomas. Cancer Diagnosis Life does not stop simply because you are sick. As much as you are able, maintain your regular daily activities. The things you enjoy doing are the things that you should keep as a part of your life. It will bring you pleasure and a positive influence to your days. TIP! Even though you are sick, life still goes on. Keep doing what you enjoy until your body says you cannot. Whether you had a recent cancer diagnosis or if you’ve been fighting it a while, you might want to get into a support group. At a support group, you will be able to speak with other cancer patients and learn different techniques for coping with the disease. Family members should also attend as they too will be impacted by your cancer diagnosis. Alcohol can increase your risk of cancer. Some cancers are more prevalent in those who drink a lot of alcohol. For example, alcohol consumption has been linked to throat, mouth and esophageal cancers. If you do decide to drink, try to at least do so with moderation. TIP! No level of alcohol consumption has been found to be safe in terms of contributing to your overall cancer risk. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol makes you far more vulnerable to certain types of cancer. Talk to your doctor about your treatment. Ask him to describe the physical effects of the treatment and address any concerns you have. If you know how the treatment will affect your body, it’ll be easier to deal with any physical changes or problems. If hair loss is starting to affect you, talk with other individuals about treatment options so that you are more fully prepared. When a loved one is diagnosed with cancer, it is very important for them to know that they have people around them that love them. Therefore, tell them that you love them often. Even if you work to show that you love them, sometimes, they need to hear it out loud. Hearing these words can help to reassure a cancer patient that no matter what happens you will be there for them. TIP! Sometimes, the best thing you can say to someone who has cancer is nothing more complicated than, “I love you”. Even if you work to show that you love them, sometimes, they need to hear it out loud. Don’t be outside in the sunlight from 10 am to 3pm. You can significantly reduce your risk for skin cancer by scheduling your outdoor activities before or after these hours. Make certain to have three daily meals. Even if you do not feel hungry, medications will work better if you have a full stomach. Eat starchy foods if nausea is overwhelming you. Fruits and vegetables are another good option. TIP! Always remain committed to eating three times daily. The treatments may leave you without an appetite, but your medications work best when taken on a full stomach. Reducing your risk of cancer is much simpler than beating it. Being able to avoid skin cancer is greatly increased by avoiding sunburns, not tanning and using sunscreen whenever you can. Ovarian cancer is typically treated with two steps, surgery and chemotherapy. Depending on your specific situation, you may need to have your ovaries, fallopian tubes or possibly your whole reproductive system removed to rid your body of all cancer cells. Chemotherapy involves the use of chemical agents as a treatment to kill cancer cells and prevent more from developing. Chemo is usually done after surgery, although some women are treated this way prior to surgery. TIP! Usually chemotherapy and surgery are the common treatments for ovarian cancer. There are varying degrees to which surgery can be applied. It is important to listen to your body. Rest if you feel fatigued. Healthier foods can also help if you are feeling tired and run down. Don’t ignore the messages that your body is sending to you. Follow what your body is telling you. Talk to those who have cancer about the future as though you truly believe they will be there. Let the person know that you have faith in the ability of proactive and positive thinking to overcome cancer. By being open about the future years, they will feel positive about what lies ahead. TIP! Talk to those who have cancer about the future as though you truly believe they will be there. Do not avoid the subject, but instead, offer support and encouragement. By now, you have read many different ideas and insights regarding cancer. By utilizing the advice from this article, hopefully you have discovered some ways that you can make fighting this horrible disease just a little bit more manageable. Use the tips from this guide to help you manage your cancer easily. Having someone else drive you as you go to and from appointments for your cancer treatment. Living with cancer may be tiresome, especially when dealing with the side effects from your treatments that can make you less mobile and lower your reaction times. Just be cautious and have someone else drive.
Local knowledge on ankole cattle in In Afghanistan, the Kuchies traditionally keep camels, sheep, goats, horses and donkeys and, until recently, their flocks accounted for one third of the sheep and goats in the country. A rusty dark red coloured coat is predominantly seen although dun and black can also occur. If the normal herbs failed to induce it out, the husband of the woman was required to climb with a mortar to the top of the house, raise an alarm and slide the mortar down from the top of the house. The primary strategy of the Baptist Union of Uganda in recent years has focused on entering population centres and geographical areas where there is no Baptist presence. In Ankole, Bride’s Aunts Test The Grooms’ Libido Educated Nyankore find more economic opportunity in the capital than near home, and are separated physically and culturally from their heritage and clan structures. Breeding Behaviour The gestation of an Ankole is approximately nine months after which a single calf is born weighing between 30 to 50 pounds. Ruhanga was believed to be the maker and giver of all things. These smallholders are the backbone of the local, national and regional food security. Some of the servants in the royal court would also commit suicide. EPDs can also be used to help match genetic potential of the herd to the nutrition level of the environment. If a person died with a grudge against someone in the family, he was buried with some objects to keep the spirit occupied so that it would fail to have time to haunt those with whom the deceased had a grudge. Their predominant colour is brown with several shades and patterns; with a minimum occurrence of white and black Ankole cattle as many farmers select against these colours. They inhabit the present districts of Mbarara, Bushenyi, and Ntungamo in western Uganda. Ina bull named C. However, the offender had to be fined by paying a big bride wealth. Accordingly, after every death, the persons affected would consult a witch doctor to detect whoever was responsible for causing the death. The Nyankore, although a numerous group now, were not pivotal in the early history of Uganda. Such a person could also be regarded as a sorcerer and could easily be suspected of having caused the death of the person who had just been buried. The "balokole" are legalistic and judgmental, and believe that by sinning they can fall from saving grace. The abode of Ruhanga was said to be in heaven, just above the clouds. The first recorded knowledge of Dexters in America is when more than two hundred Dexters were imported to the United States between and It was very degrading and brought shame on the family concerned.Cattle breeds. While more respondents in Mbarara kept indigenous Ankole cattle than the dairy breeds, the reverse was true of Kampala with most respondents keeping dairy breeds than the indigenous Nganda cattle (Figure 2). From herdboy to commercial cattle farmer. The Ankole Long-Horned Cattle of Uganda Mike Burgess. Sometimes I would wait all night in the queue at the local dipping station to make sure the cattle were dipped the following morning.” Cyril Ramaphosa’s Ankole bull sells for R May 12. The Presidents Cattle Beef Cattle Production Ankole Watusi Long-horned, humpless domestic cattle were well established in the Nile Valley by B.C. These cattle, known as the Egyptian or Hamitic Longhorn, appear in pictographs in Egyptian pyramids. Ankole-Watusi Cattle: Recognizable by their prominent long horns that help to disperse body heat, this breed of cattle is one of many breeds of the Sanga family. For example, hardy Ankole cattle, raised across much of East and Central Africa, are being replaced by high-yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows and could disappear within the next 50 years. In Vietnam, the proportion of indigenous sows dropped from 72 per cent in to just 26 per cent eight years later. Local knowledge on ankole cattle in Rated 3/5 based on 33 review
Vietnam dbq Vietnam War Essay There would be a temporary division on the 17th parallel in Vietnam. President Johnson knew his popularity was lost and decided not to run for reelection. In fact, it was those advisers who would play an increasingly important role in planning for Vietnam, relegating the interagency approach—which never went away—to a level of secondary importance within the policymaking process. Notwithstanding all this, our fellow-citizens have always manifested toward the French a tolerant and humane attitude. Free response, part C: Until local boards had selected those for the draft, and most of those selected were usually minorities and Vietnam dbq working class youths. The size of those forces would be considerable: Doc B Crude, yet effective. Doc F The draft escapees were not blamed for wanting out of the war. The National Liberation Front, also known as Vietcong, was a guerilla group who supported the communist North Vietnamese and opposed to the Diem rule. James Fallows describes how he witnessed fresh graduates from high schools were being drafted Document F. They asked how a small country like Vietnam could cause the world to fall to communism. The media brought all the horrors of the war to life. The wall is feet long and in a bronze statue called Three Servicemen was added to the site. It was the first program for federal assistance in education. Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Confederation were effective in solving the problems that confronted the new nation. If the Domino Theory had occurred, the United States would suffer a horrible loss to foreign affairs, something they were not able to handle at that time. Hatred of Racism and their hatred of War. Because of the harsh conditions of the Vietnam war, many men skipped on their drafts. Excepts from several letters Glenn Munson, ed. Soldiers were embarrassed to wear their uniform when coming home. Thousands of people attended this anti-war rally. Those pressures were rooted in fears about domestic as well as international consequences. Personal reflection sentence starters for essays lohri essay in punjabi language dictionary short essays should be separated into subdocuments in word ftce gk essay single core to dual core comparison essay gutachten beispiel dissertation proposal living together vs marriage essay compare essay on maa in punjabi funny copyright vermerk beispiel essay cctv camera tv lines comparison essay.DBQ Essay. Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.). “The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against. Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Vietnam Dbq The Vietnam War: A National Dilemma 1 INTRODUCTION I. Approach and Rationale T his teaching unit, The Vietnam War: A National Dilemma, is one of several such units co- published by the Organization of American Historians (OAH) and the National Center. Why Did the US Enter the Vietnam War Vietnam became another test in the containment of communism for the United States. Overlooking the native roots of the revolution and the tenacity of the people fighting for their own land, American leaders are going to make the mistake of looking at Vietnam from a globalist point-of-view, and the events through a Cold War lens.5/5(1). Photo DBQ Set #2 1. What do you see in the photo? What is going on? 2. What events probably forced the man holding the sign to make the decision to protest about the Vietnam War? Vietnam dbq Rated 0/5 based on 59 review
“Researchers and practitioners have struggled to compare the costs of different storage technologies,” Trancik said, “because of the multiple dimensions of cost and the fact that no technology dominates along all dimensions. Storage technologies can only be compared by looking at the contexts in which they are going to be used.” Selling at the peak price For example, the team found that in Texas, pumped hydro systems can provide added value today for solar or wind installations. In these systems, excess power is used to pump water uphill to a reservoir for storage, and then the water is released through a turbine to generate power when it is needed. The increased revenue the plant can produce by waiting to sell the power into the grid until spot-prices for electricity — the constantly changing market rate that electricity distributors pay to producers — are at their peak would exceed the costs of the added storage system. Further, they found that such pumped hydro storage provides more value than a storage system using lead-acid batteries, even though its power capacity components would cost several times more. This is because a pumped hydro system has lower energy-capacity costs than a lead-acid battery system. (Energy capacity refers to the overall amount of energy that can be stored in the system; power capacity refers to how much energy can be delivered at a given moment from that system). A compressed air storage system could also add value comparable to that of the pumped hydro system. However, batteries are attractive, the researchers noted, because they can be installed essentially anywhere and do not rely on natural features that exist only in some locations. Whether an energy storage system is worth the cost today varies widely by location because of large variations in the frequency and magnitude of spikes in the price and how the solar and wind resources fluctuate over time, she said. But the cost characteristics of the optimal storage systems are similar in all locations, the researchers found, because of certain common, emergent properties of electricity price fluctuations. “This means that these results can be used to inform investments in storage technology development by the private sector and government, and can inform engineering efforts in the lab,” Trancik said. “The results would have been less general and less useful to technology development efforts if we’d found that the direction of optimal cost improvement, trading off energy capacity and power capacity costs, was different across locations.” Costs still need to drop In one somewhat counterintuitive finding, researchers said that as the cost of wind and solar power systems comes down, the cost of storage systems will need to come down as well or they will no longer be profitable. That’s because at some point it would be more profitable to simply add more generating capacity rather than more storage capacity. The researchers noted that there is a window of opportunity now for storage to be adopted in the marketplace. But they warn that the incentives will diminish over time if no action is taken now, and if wind and solar costs fall further. Information provided by MIT (http://www.mit.edu).
How to improve your (picky) child’s eating habits happy girlsIs your child a fussy eater? Does your child only want to eat one type of food (like bread? Or rice?)? Or does s/he refuse to eat a particular type of food due to its texture, appearance or smell? While some children don’t make a fuss about eating, others have very strong preferences when it comes to food. What should parents do when those preferences aren’t healthy or balanced? Here are some practical tips on how to improve your child’s eating behaviour: 1. Set specific times for meal times and try to have meals together as a family. Children are more willing to try a particular food when they see others eating it. 2. Avoid making a separate meal for your children. If they know you will make a specially prepared meal for them if they are fussy, that is what they will demand from you. Dr. Ardyce Yik finds this is quite common in Hong Kong, where children often eat dinner at an earlier time than parents. 3. Try to avoid big meal-size snacks between meals. If children eat too much for snacks or “graze”/ snack throughout the day, they won’t be hungry at mealtimes. 4. Feed them healthy snacks. Nutritious snacks are a great way to provide added nutrients to growing bodies and to replenish energy. Remove all junk food from your home, or at the very least, don’t eat junk food in front of your children. Children usually follow your actions, not your words. 5. Try a variety of healthy foods and snacks with them and see what they prefer. By adding healthful, whole foods into your diet, you are showing them what they should be eating. By letting them choose among healthy options, you are fostering independence and teaching them responsibility. 6. Get your children involved and let them participate in the process of preparing meals. It can be shopping for foods at the supermarket or cooking a meal together. Through these opportunities, children learn about healthful food choices, how to read food labels and how to properly prepare a meal, all of which foster lifelong skills for better health. For younger children, they can help count the eggs or wash the vegetables. When they are involved in the meal preparation process, they are more willing to try new foods and eat what they helped to prepare. 7. For those who have a strong preference for texture or appearance, be creative in how you cook and present certain foods. For example, if your child likes crunchy or crispy foods, try making yam/ sweet potato/ lotus root chips (slice the vegetable, drizzle with olive oil and bake until crisp). If your child doesn’t like sauces, skip the sauce altogether. If your child only eats foods of a certain colour, slowly introduce other foods by feeding foods of that particular colour mixed with small amounts of other minced or diced foods. Happy meal planning! Posted in Babies/ Children, Emotional/ Psychological Health, General, News Update, Nutrition \| Tagged , , , , , \| Leave a comment How to boost fertility and IVF success Planning for a successful pregnancy? Many couples are encouraged, after a few months of trying without success, to consider assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as IUI or IVF. Though these fertility procedures help bring the sperm and egg (closer) together, they are rather costly and often stressful- not to mention not always successful. In fact, the success rate for IVF procedures is only 20% to 40% for those in their thirties. Various factors affect your ability to conceive and carry a healthy baby to term. A successful embryo transfer doesn’t necessarily translate into a successful pregnancy. Whether you are trying to conceive naturally or attempting the IVF route, the following are important things to consider: 1. Are you experiencing miscarriages? There may be underlying conditions or reasons affecting your ability to carry a baby to term. For example, people with a MTHFR gene defect may be prone to recurrent miscarriages. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR for short) is an enzyme that is responsible for the conversion of folic acid to its active form folate. If you have a MTHFR gene mutation, your body cannot break down folic acid into folate, and studies show that people with a MTHFR gene mutation are more susceptible to recurrent miscarriages, pre-eclampsia and a baby born with spina bifida. Keep in mind that while recurrent miscarriages are often multi-factorial, Dr. Yik usually tests her patients for MTHFR mutation when frequent pregnancy loss is unexplained so that proper treatment can be given to those with a MTHFR gene defect. Other reasons for recurrent miscarriages include nutrient deficiencies, poor egg quality, immune responses and thyroid hormone imbalances. 2. Dr. Yik plays a supportive role in helping each of her patients improve egg quality and uterine lining, promote pelvic circulation and optimise overall health. She has helped women doing IVF successfully conceive (these women are often those who have tried IVF on its own without success). There have even been cases where patients, after adopting a certain dietary and lifestyle regimen, fall pregnant before their scheduled IVF procedure. What about age, you ask? Yes, it’s true that fertility decreases as you age. But did you know that your biological age may be different from your chronological age? The good news is, you can lower your biological age through lifestyle (and naturopathic medicine under the direction of a trained practitioner). There are ways to prevent aging and in some cases, even reverse it. 3. What you consume has a direct impact on your fertility! According to a study carried out by the Harvard School of Public Health, women who ate the highest amounts of monounsaturated fat had triple the chance of IVF success. These women were 3.4 times more likely to have a child after IVF. In contrast, women who ate mostly saturated fat, found in butter and red meat, produced fewer good quality eggs for use in fertility treatment. Another study looked at 4000 Danish women and found that women who drink five or more cups of coffee a day actually halve their chance of getting pregnant via IVF. Furthermore, a 2018 study from Human Reproduction concluded that women who consumed a Mediterranean diet had significantly higher success rates of IVF compared to other women. These studies confirm that what we eat can either boost our fertility or curb it. Dr. Yik uses dietary guidelines, medicinal herbs and nutraceuticals to help the body be in optimal state to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy. Many women in Hong Kong may resort to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to boost fertility, using herbs that traditional Chinese doctors prescribe. Some of Dr. Yik’s patients who’ve tried TCM first before seeing Dr. Yik find that they get pregnant sooner on her fertility protocol. She uses a more holistic approach, taking into consideration your age, egg quality, uterine/ ovarian/ reproductive health, hormones, cervical health and general well being. For those who use TCM concurrently, Dr. Yik advises patients to make sure they know the source of the TCM herbs- often they are sourced from China and may contain harmful heavy metals or contaminants. 4. Could it be the toxins? A detox (for your body, for your liver) can be a great way to remove toxins which have accumulated in your body all these years. A study done in Hong Kong on 150 infertile couples undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) versus 20 fertile couples found that the infertile couples had significantly higher blood mercury then the fertile group. Over 1/3 of infertile men had abnormally high mercury and about 1/4 of the infertile females had high mercury levels. High levels of PCBs have also been linked to IVF failure. A detox and liver cleanse (scheduled 3 to 6 months prior to conception) can help to remove toxins, rebalance hormones and improve reproductive health. Remember, numerous factors affect your ability to conceive and carry a healthy baby to term. Find a fertility doctor who looks beyond IUI or IVF to help your body prepare for and boost your chances of an optimal pregnancy. Posted in Anti-Aging, Babies/ Children, Fertility, Hormonal (Endocrine) Imbalances, Immunity, Men's Health, Nutrition, Pregnancy, Stress Management, Toxins and Our Health, Women's Health \| Tagged , , , , , \| Leave a comment How to support your immune system to prevent the flu kid2In an effort to curb seasonal influenza, the Hong Kong government has announced that all kindergartens and childcare centres will close starting tomorrow, one week ahead of the Chinese New Year holiday. Besides getting the flu vaccine, what else can we do to protect our health? Your immune system protects you from infectious bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that cause disease and even death. “The strength of your immune system is what determines who gets sick and who doesn’t,” explains Woodson Merrell, MD, director of integrative medicine at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City. We know that adequate sleep, regular exercise, limiting alcohol consumption and not smoking are essential to good health, but what more can we do to improve our immune system? 1) Elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra) enhances the immune system and studies show that people taking elderberry recover from the flu faster than those who don’t. In one randomised study of 60 adults with flu-like symptoms, those who took 15 mL of the elderberry syrup Sambucol® four times a day saw symptoms clear up on average four days earlier than those who took a placebo (the placebo group also took more painkillers and nasal sprays). Researchers note that it is the extract of elderberry that is effective, not the tea, jam or jelly. Check with a qualified practitioner or doctor for appropriate dosages. 2) Vitamin D supports the immune system. Researchers in Japan have found that besides getting the annual flu shot, vitamin D is also a potent flu-fighter. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing vitamin D3 supplements (1200 IU/day) with placebo in school-aged children, researchers found that the children receiving the sunshine vitamin had a 42% reduction in getting influenza A compared to those not receiving it. The study also found that the group not getting the vitamin D had six times more asthma attacks. “Vitamin D helps your body produce a protein called cathelicidin that fights bacteria and viruses,” says Carlos Camargo, M.D., an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. In Dr. Yik’s practice, she finds that many adults and children in Hong Kong are deficient in vitamin D, regardless of how much sunshine they get. Before you start taking vitamin D supplements though, get your level checked so you can supplement at the correct dosage. Too much vitamin D puts you at a higher risk for kidney stones. 3) Up to 80% of our immune system lies in our gut, so it makes sense to boost immunity through the gut! Studies show that probiotic supplementation increases T-cell count, which makes you less vulnerable to infections. In a study involving 3- to 5-year-olds, daily probiotic supplementation for 6 months reduced fever, rhinorrhea, cough and antibiotic prescription incidence, as well as the number of missed school days attributable to illness. Different strains of probiotics treat different conditions, so it’s important to find the right type. A supplement with various probiotic strains including a high(er) amount of Lactobacillus rhamnosus is beneficial for boosting immunity. Posted in Allergies, Babies/ Children, General, Immunity, Men's Health, News Update, Nutrition, Women's Health \| Tagged , , , , \| 1 Comment Who’s breathing the most polluted air in Hong Kong? Tuen Mun was the most polluted district for the fifth consecutive year, followed by Yuen Long in second place and Tung Chung in third. Though overall air quality improved in 2018, hazardous ozone levels were at a record high in Hong Kong, according to the Environmental Protection Department. Ozone is the primary component of smog, created by a chemical reaction that occurs when sunlight interacts with particulates (soot) from motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and dust from power plants. Ozone irritates the lung airways, exacerbating asthma and other lung ailments. Fine particles (PM10, PM2.5), widely considered the most dangerous of air pollutants, can penetrate deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and a worsening of the condition of people with heart and lung diseases. The World Health Organisation considers them a Group 1 carcinogen, proven to cause cancer in humans. These particulates can also cause bronchitis and are linked to birth defects. There are nutraceuticals and medicinal herbs which support and strengthen lung function. Dr. Yik has helped numerous patients breathe easier in this polluted city of Hong Kong. If you are concerned about your health and would like to protect your respiratory system, discuss with your naturopathic doctor how you can support lung function and detoxification processes. Do vitamin E supplements prevent cancer, or promote it? Do vitamin E supplements increase or decrease a person’s risk of developing cancer? It turns out that the answer lies in your genes. Genetic variation may increase the cancer risk in some individuals while decreasing the risk for others. In a new study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, researchers found that certain variations in a gene called “COMT” were responsible for vitamin E’s impact on the risk of cancer. This COMT gene encodes the production of an enzyme called “catechol-O-methyltransferase” (COMT), which influences the way in which a person’s body processes vitamin E. The COMT variant that researchers know the most about has three different variants comprising different alleles: met/met, val/met, and val/val. The study found that women with the met/met variant of COMT who took vitamin E supplements had 14% lower cancer rates than women with the met/met allele who took a placebo. At the same time, individuals with the val/val variant of COMT who took vitamin E supplements had 15% higher cancer rates compared with participants with the same genetic variant who took a placebo. Dr. Yik is seeing more and more people interested in genetic testing. Sometimes it’s needed to rule out certain gene defects (click here to read about MTHFR gene testing for fertility and other health concerns). Sometimes it’s requested just out of curiosity. This study shows how genetic variation can determine of the benefits and possible harms of dietary supplements. Bon Voyage! Tips on how to stay healthy while traveling. Traveling this holiday season? Or just a frequent flyer? The following tips will help you stay healthy while you are away from home: 1.Probiotics can prevent traveler’s diarrhoea! Many studies show that probiotics are able to effectively prevent traveler’s diarrhoea. The particular formula is a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum along with the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. If you want to protect yourself from digestive/ intestinal illness, take a probiotic supplement containing the above strains. Taking a probiotic can also support your immune system and help with regular bowel movements. 2. Keep hydrated by drinking adequate amounts of water throughout your trip. Minimize caffeinated or alcoholic beverages as they are dehydrating. 3. Stock up on antioxidant supplements, glutathione in particular if you are flying. Glutathione is a vital antioxidant involved in protecting the body from free radical damage and helps to “recycle” other important antioxidants. Flying exposes us to more radiation (long-term exposure of which could increase risk of cancers and degenerative diseases) as we are at a higher altitude. A paper from the American Journal of Epidemiology found a higher incidence of acute myeloid leukemia among 2740 Air Canada pilots compared with the general population. The paper concluded that “monitoring of in-flight radiation exposure and long-term follow-up of civil aviation crew members is needed to further assess cancer incidence and leukemia risk in this special occupational group” (Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:137–43). Reduce the harmful effects of radiation (and stress!) while flying by ensuring adequate antioxidant support. 4. Airline “snack boxes” available on shorter flights are usually high in fat and/or sodium and filled with refined carbohydrates. Try to eat a healthier meal before a short flight to avoid hunger on the plane. If you do get hungry, check out #5. Remember to keep hydrated. 5. Healthy snack alternatives you can pack for your flight: • nuts or pre-made trail mix • fresh fruits like apples, oranges, avocado, etc. • carrot or celery sticks • dried or freeze-dried fruit and vegetables e.g. dried mango, okra chips, freeze-dried strawberries, etc. • homemade meat jerky • snack bars such as Larabar, Made Good, etc. 6. For long-haul flights, noodle soup cups are very popular “mini-meals”. Unfortunately, these are laden with MSG and other additives, and carry next-to-zero nutritional value. Usually, flights will offer a veggie sandwich alternative which is a healthier choice. If you must have the noodle soup cups, try to avoid the high-sodium and high-MSG broth. 7. Wear loose clothing and stretch regularly when flying. Stretch your legs/ feet and get up for regular walks to reduce the risk of forming blood clots. Posted in Cancer Prevention, Emotional/ Psychological Health, General, Immunity, Men's Health, News Update, Nutrition, Women's Health \| Tagged , , , , , , \| Leave a comment How to protect your memory and brain health 1. Challenge your brain. Work, read, do a crossword puzzle or solve Sudoku. Play bridge or mahjong with a group, or challenge a friend to a game of chess. If you are on your own, try digital puzzle games such as Two Dots or Bubble Game. You can also try memorizing key phone numbers instead of relying on your cell phone all the time. 2. Get enough sleep! Sleep plays a vital role in brain function and helps you consolidate your memories. Aim to get at least 7 hours of sleep each night. If you have trouble falling asleep or wake up in the middle of the night, seek a healthcare practitioner who will address the cause and not just give you a quick fix. Sleeping pills can compromise cognitive function. Click here to read more on how to get a good night’s rest. 3. Exercise regularly. According to Heidi Godman, Executive Editor of Harvard Health Letter, “exercise changes the brain in ways that protect memory and thinking skills.” According to a study done at the University of British Columbia, regular aerobic exercise appears to boost the size of the hippocampus, the brain area involved in verbal memory and learning. Interestingly, resistance training, balance and muscle toning exercises did not yield the same results. “… Engaging in a program of regular exercise of moderate intensity over six months or a year is associated with an increase in the volume of selected brain regions,” says Dr. Scott McGinnis, a neurologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and an instructor in neurology at Harvard Medical School. Regular exercise can reduce insulin resistance as well as inflammation, both of which have been linked to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Staying active also improves mood and sleep while reducing stress and anxiety. Problems in these areas commonly cause or contribute to cognitive impairment. 4. Invest in healthy relationships and stay connected. Look for opportunities to gather with loved ones and friends, especially if you live alone. Loneliness is tied to an increased risk of developing dementia. In a recent study of 12,030 older adults, the researchers found that loneliness (how lonely one felt, rather than the amount of social contact with others) was associated with a 40% higher risk of developing dementia. A person can be surrounded by people and have many social contacts but still feel lonely. 5. If you are experiencing memory loss, mental decline or cognitive impairment, find a healthcare practitioner who will work with you in addressing your concerns. According to Dr. Dale Bredesen, professor of neurology at University of California, Los Angeles, Alzheimer’s disease is a result of what happens when the brain tries to protect itself from inflammation (from infection, diet, stress, etc), a shortage or decline of supportive nutrients and hormones and/ or toxic substances such as metals or moulds. attractive beautiful beauty black and whiteHe suggests testing for insulin resistance, certain nutrient deficiencies, inflammation, heavy metal toxicity, food sensitivities/ intolerances and genetic status particularly for APO E4, all of which are risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Dr. Bredesen believes that by correcting and rebalancing these factors, the cognitive decline of early Alzheimer’s can be prevented and even reversed in some cases. Dr. Ardyce Yik offers such testing in her clinic. Genetics may affect your risk for Alzheimer’s disease but it doesn’t mean you will necessarily have the condition. Increasing evidence is showing that environmental and lifestyle factors (i.e. epigenetic changes) can affect whether that gene is turned “on” or “off”. You are in control of your own fate much more than you realize. Bredesen, D. (2017) The End of Alzheimer’s: The First Programme to Prevent and Reverse the Cognitive Decline of Dementia. UK: Penguin Random House. How much alcohol is too much? • high blood pressure • obesity • stroke • depression (which may lead to suicide) • gastritis, gastric ulcers • liver cirrhosis • alcoholism, alcohol addiction Well, that depends. Why am I losing so much hair? Thick, voluminous hair is viewed as a sign of vitality and youthfulness. But what happens when your hair starts to thin? Or worse- when others notice and comment on your hair loss? Your hair doesn’t just affect your looks- it’s often an indicator of your health as well. Sometimes noticeable hair loss is due to nutrient deficiencies. Other times, it may be a sign of a more serious condition. Discover what could be causing your hair loss and how to prevent it: 1. Check your nutrient/ vitamin levels. Inadequate protein consumption and low iron is a common cause of hair thinning. Besides protein and iron, other vital nutrients that support a healthy hair and scalp include silica, biotin, zinc, folate, vitamin A and omega-3 fatty acids. Many people think they eat a healthy, well balanced diet when in fact, certain key nutrients may be missing or they may have digestive issues which prevent their bodies from absorbing nutrients. Moreover, studies show that people on certain diets or diet plans are more likely to be deficient in micronutrients, while others may simply not know how to eat a nutritiously balanced diet. If you are wondering about your nutrient status, talk to your doctor about testing for nutrient levels (for iron, remember to check for ferritin levels). Looking for a hair-boosting supplement? Consult a licensed naturopathic doctor on proper dosages of these nutraceuticals- the amount found in multivitamins are generally not enough for therapeutic effects. 2. Could it be a medical condition? pexels-photo-883441.jpegCould your hair loss be the result of a scalp infection like ringworm? Could it be a thyroid imbalance such as hypothyroidism (a condition in which you may also feel sluggish/ tired and have unexplained weight gain)? Other causes of hair loss include PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome), iron-deficiency anemia and autoimmune conditions such as alopecia areata or SLE (lupus). 3. Is it the drug you’re taking? Certain pharmaceutical medications may also cause hair loss or balding as a side effect. These include Accutane (isotretinoin), Naproxen, Zantac (ranitidine) and drugs used to treat heart problems, cancer, hormone-related issues and depression. 4. Another culprit may be environmental toxins. Ongoing exposure to heavy metals such as mercury may result in hair loss which becomes gradually more apparent. Toxins in our environment cause hair loss by disrupting basic cellular functions in the body, thereby interfering with hormone production and regulation, as well as other vital processes. Talk to your doctor if you want to get heavy metal testing done. 5. As people age, hair generally thins out. Usually, it is more apparent as men enter andropause and as women enter menopause. Click here to read more about premature aging and how to prevent it. 6. Temporary hair loss can occur after pregnancy, major surgery or sudden drastic weight loss. It may also occur after a period of extreme stress or as a result of hair-pulling (click here to read my case of the disappearing eyebrows). If you notice your hair thinning, you should first rule out any underlying health conditions. Whether the culprit is a hormonal imbalance, medical condition or heavy toxic load, Dr. Yik can help you address the cause, not just the symptoms. If you recently underwent an intense period of stress, be sure to replenish your system using adaptogens and nutraceuticals to minimize the effects of stress on your body. Click here to learn more about stress and premature aging. And lastly, before reaching for Rogaine (minoxidil), Propecia (finasteride) or a wig, ensure that your body has all the building blocks for healthy, strong hair. Instant oatmeal, granola bars and cereals are among foods tested and found to contain potentially harmful amounts of glyphosate, a herbicide linked to cancer by California state scientists and the World Health Organization (Click here to read about chemical company Monsanto being ordered to pay $289 million to a school groundskeeper who got terminal cancer after using glyphosate-based Roundup, one of the world’s most popular weed killers). The researchers in the study, conducted by The Environmental Working Group (EWG) and released last week, found glyphosate in all but 5 of the 29 oat-based foods tested. Potentially Dangerous to Children: Back to Nature Classic Granola Quaker Simply Granola Oats, Honey, Raisin and Almonds Nature Valley Granola Protein Oats ‘n Honey Giant Instant Oatmeal Original Flavor Quaker Dinosaur Eggs, Brown Sugar, Instant Oatmeal Great Value Original Instant Oatmeal Umpqua Oats, Maple Pecan Market Pantry Instant Oatmeal, Strawberries & Cream* Cheerios Toasted Whole Grain Oat Cereal Lucky Charms (without marshmallows) Barbara’s Multigrain Spoonfuls, Original, Cereal Kellogg’s Cracklin’ Oat Bran oat cereal* Nature Valley Crunchy Granola Bars, Oats ‘n Honey Quaker Steel Cut Oats Quaker Old Fashioned Oats Bob’s Red Mill Steel Cut Oats*
What is vanishing gradient problem ? Muhammed Fawzy The Vanishing Gradient Problem The Vanishing Gradient Problem in Training a Neural Network Model Vanishing Gradient Problem occurs when we try to train a Neural Network model using Gradient based optimization techniques. Vanishing Gradient Problem was actually a major problem 10 years back to train a Deep neural Network Model due to the long training process and the degraded accuracy of the Model. What happens is that as we keep on adding more and more Hidden layers in The model , the learning speed of the next hidden layers in the model keep on getting faster and faster. Generally, adding more hidden layers tends to make the network able to learn more complex arbitrary functions, and thus do a better job in predicting future outcomes. This is where Deep Learning is making a big difference due to the thousands and millions of hidden layers it has , we can now make sense of highly complicated data such as images , speeches , videos etc and do Speech Recognition and Image Classification , Image Captioning etc. Now coming to the point- What is the Vanishing Gradient Problem? Now when we do Back-propagation i.e moving backward in the Network and calculating gradients of loss(Error) with respect to the weights , the gradients tends to get smaller and smaller as we keep on moving backward in the Network. This means that the neurons in the Earlier layers learn very slowly as compared to the neurons in the later layers in the Hierarchy. The Earlier layers in the network are slowest to train. Why Earlier layers of the Network are so important to us? Earlier layers in the Network are important because they are responsible to learn and detecting the simple patterns and are actually the building blocks of our Network. Obviously , if they give improper and inaccurate results , then how can we expect the next layers and the complete Network to perform nicely and produce accurate results. Now what harm does it do to our Model ? The Training process takes too long and the Prediction Accuracy of the Model will decrease. Hence This is all Vanishing Gradient problem does to our Neural Network Model. Just think of a Deep Neural Network Model which is highly complicated and has millions of layers in it, how problematic it can be to train such a deep Network and produce good and accurate results. This is the reason why we do not use Sigmoid and Tanh as Activation functions which causes vanishing Gradient Problems — as mentioned in my article. Hence mostly nowadays we use RELU based activation functions in training a Deep Neural Network Model to avoid such complications and improve the accuracy . Hope you get the answer to your Question. Here is an amazing video which explains it all about Vanishing Gradient Problem. Do watch it.
Roman Republican Legionary 298-105 BC Codice: 228H016162 € 16,00 Soon after the Caudine Forks fiasco in 321 BC, the tactical formation adopted by the Roman Army underwent a radical change. Introduced as part of the Servian reforms, the legion had originally operated as a Greek-style phalanx. Now, however, the Romans adopted the manipular system, whereby the legion was split into distinct battle lines, each consisting of tactical subunits, the maniples. Even though still a citizen militia, recruited from property owners supplying their own war gear, it was the manipular legion that faced Pyrrhus and his elephants, the Gauls and their long swords, Hannibal and his tactical genius and the Macedonians and their pikes to name but a few of its formidable opponents. This book looks at the recruitment, training, weapons, equipment and experiences of the legionary at the epoch of the middle Republic, which opens with the last great war with the Samnites (Third Samnite War, 298–290 BC) and closes with the Republic at the height of its imperial glory after the victory in North Africa (Iugurthine War 112–105 BC). Della stessa collana...
Site Loader Post-Traumatic stress disorder or PTSD is a disorder that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault. Not everyone who lives through a dangerous event develops PTSD. About 8 out of 100 people experience PTSD. The disorder is also impairs the person’s ability to function It also causes difficulty sleeping, anger, irritability, and difficulty concentrating n in social or family life, difficulty parenting, marital problems and divorces Macbeth shows signs of PTSD throughout the story and the symptoms worsen after he murders the traitor, King Duncan, and Banquo. At the beginning of the story when Macbeth murders the traitor, he is a soldier that was the traumatic event to start the diagnosis of PTSD. From then he murders King Duncan to become king. When he murders king Duncan he then experiences hallucinations. He also experiences insomnia and nightmares After this is done he then has people to attempt to murder Banquo in which the attempt was successful. When Banquo is dead he starts experiencing more hallucinations which he then sees Banquo’s Ghost. Banquo has been murdered due to suspicion and Macbeth wants to avoid that which is another symptom that People with PTSD usually avoid things that cause them to remember the situation. Post Author: admin
Site Loader The interpersonal communication skill of feedback is very constructive in the workplace, as it increases awareness and motivation, which in turn broadens the understanding and allows for an increase in learning. Human communication, often playing a large role in managing relationships, is interpersonal communication which involves the mutual influence of all parties involved and the transactional nature of it allows for it to be quite distinctive in comparison to the others (Beebe, Beebe & Redmond 2014). The aforementioned elements are essential in identifying and distinguishing this specific method of communication from its counter-parts (Beebe, Beebe & Redmond 2014). Feedback is a process of communication undertaken by two people in order to express information in regard to the performance level of the receiver and consists of constructive criticism to further advance the receivers task (Baker et al. 2013). There is formal and informal feedback which is essential in every aspect as it enhances learning, increases understanding and drives motivation (Baker et al. 2013). In the workplace, feedback provides knowledge and learning of new skills which increases employee relationship and better groupwork (De Janasz et al 2014). Constructive feedback is valuable to any workplace or an individual because it gives employees self-respect and makes them feel like a valuable asset to the workplace allowing them to excel and perform the actions necessary to have a successful workplace (Summer et al 2012). Feedback offers various strategies to correct any behaviour that negatively effects the workplace and offers potential for success (Summer et al 2012). Effective feedback acknowledges the perspective of both the receiver and giver which benefits both parties (De Janasz et al 2014). Therefore, feedback is a vital communication skill that is essential in any workplace as without it, employees are perplexed and left without any knowledge as to what tasks they are performing incorrectly, thus downgrading the productivity of the entire company. Post Author: admin
It can be confusing trying to differentiate between all the different types of dentists, so today we’re breaking down exactly what an orthodontist does and how their specialty is different from the other doctors. Next time you need to see an expert, you’ll know exactly where to go! Orthodontist vs Dentist Orthodontists are dentists who specialize in realigning the teeth and jaws. To make it simple, just look at the anatomy of the word. “Ortho” means to straight or upright, “odont” means relating to the teeth, and “ist” means a follower of a practice. Therefore, orthodontist means someone who practices straightening teeth. Although orthodontists are also educated in general dental care, they are trained in a specific subset of skills relating to aligning the teeth. Orthodontists in the US have to complete 4 years of undergraduate school, 4 years of dental school, and 2 years in a post doctoral program for orthodontics. While they can clean your teeth, diagnose oral diseases, and treat general oral problems, that’s not what they’re trained to do. If you need a dental cleaning, a general exam, or fillings for cavities, it’s recommended to make an appointment with a general dentist. They will have the equipment and experience necessary to treat your teeth because that is what they do on a daily basis. Orthodontists, on the other hand, may not have the tools or experience needed at the moment because they don’t practice general dentistry regularly. Orthodontists normally deal with the process of aligning teeth. They can give x-rays to check the alignment of the jaw and teeth. Depending on the office, they are trained in administering different methods of straightening teeth, such as Invisalign, Damon braces, or traditional braces. Orthodontist vs Pediatric Dentist After four years of dental school, pediatric dentists participate in a two year program where they learn about dentistry for infants, children, and teens. Oral care for children differs from adults because it primarily deals with the intricacies of developing teeth and jaws. If you have a young one, it’s recommended to go to a pediatric dentist over a dentist because they have the communication skills and tools to work with little kids. If you’re interested in an early orthodontic screening for your child, you can usually ask either an orthodontist or a pediatric dentist. They both have the x-ray equipment and background knowledge needed to determine whether your child will need two-phase treatment. We recommend seeing both, so you can get a second professional opinion and make your decision from there. Orthodontist vs Oral Surgeon An oral surgeon is quite similar to an orthodontist because they both study the use of anesthetics and jaw development. Unlike an orthodontist who works to align the mouth and jaw properly, an oral surgeon studies emergency medicine, plastic surgery, and the anatomy of the ears, nose, throat, muscles, and skin surrounding the mouth region. If you’re wondering when to visit an oral surgeon, the answer is you might never have to. Oral surgeons can perform restorative surgery to facial trauma, neck problems, or jaw damage. They also have the capability to perform cosmetic surgery for aesthetic reasons. Patients with severely obstructive sleep apnea can also see an oral surgeon for help with the referral of their dentist. In the event of an orthodontic emergency, patients should go to their orthodontist because the doctor already has an intimate knowledge of the patient’s orthodontic treatment and condition. However, there may be extreme cases where surgery is need to correct a problem, like a dislocated jaw or fractured bone. In that case, the patient will have to see an oral surgeon. Orthodontist vs Prosthodontist Prosthodontists perform many cosmetic procedures, but they cannot realign teeth with braces like orthodontists can. They specialize in creating artificial replacements for the mouth. If you’re interested in getting dental bridges, caps, veneers, or implants, a prosthodontist can help you. Many general dentists also study prosthodontics and provide the same services. If you’re interested in improving your smile without getting braces, ask your dentist if they also offer prosthodontic cosmetic options. If you have an more severe teeth problems like hyperdontia (having too many teeth), underbites, crossbites, overbites, or gaps, you’ll want to make an appointment with your orthodontist. Orthodontist vs Oral Pathologist Pathology is the study of the cause and effect of diseases and an oral pathologist examines diseases relating to the mouth. If you have a suspicious growth or condition around your orofacial area, your orthodontist may refer you to an oral pathologist. There, the oral pathologist will attempt to diagnose whether you have an oral disease and what it is. This can be done by swabbing the mouth or taking a sample of tissue. Oral diseases include oral cancer, herpes, fungal infections, and more. Should you notice something unusual growing around or in your mouth, ask your dentist about it before going to an oral pathologist. While your orthodontist may be able to guess what’s wrong with the affected area as they’re working on your braces, they might not be able to see or treat it, so schedule an appointment for your general dentist if you’re concerned. Your dentist can tell you need to be tested by an oral pathologist. Prevention is key to oral health and it’s better to be safe than sorry! Orthodontist vs Endodontist All dentists, regardless of what they specialize in, are trained to a certain degree about endodontics, which is the study of the inside of the tooth. Endodontists are dentists who work extensively to treat problems with the dental pulp, which is in the very center of the tooth. Your dentist may refer you to an endodontist if you need a complicated root canal surgery. Worry not, root canals may be scary, but endodontists are trained to make them as quick, painless, and successful as possible. The dental pulp is made of soft tissue, performs sensory functions, produces dentin, and provides nutrients to the rest of the tooth. It is a central part of the tooth, so it’s important that it’s well maintained. Before an orthodontist can recommend a braces treatment to a patient, it’s vital that the patient has strong teeth and healthy dental pulp. A dental professional would never recommend moving teeth if the roots are infected or weak. Luckily, endodontists can treat these problems before you visit an orthodontist. There you have it; these are the most popular types of dentists and when you should visit them. At Showtime Smiles Orthodontics & Pediatric Dentistry, our orthodontist also practices pediatric dentistry, so you can save time by visiting one office for two services. Dr. Dan is an expert at diagnosing and treating children’s teeth, but he also has years of experience performing orthodontics. If your child needs another type of dental specialist, feel free to call our dental office in McKinney – we can give you more information and give you a list of other dental specialists. If you are considering visiting an orthodontist or getting braces, feel free to contact us through call or text!
As Nas PokerThere is much debate over the origin of poker. Most game historians say that it comes from an eighteenth-century French game, poque. However, there are other references to pochspiel, a German game, the Hindu word, pukka the Indian game ganjifa and a 16th century Persian card game known as As Nas The origins of the diamonds, clubs, spades and hearts though are contributed to the French game poque. Jonathan H. Green makes one of the earliest written references to Poker in the year 1834. In his writing, Green describes rules that allude to a “cheating game,” which at that time, was being played on Mississippi riverboats. Green recognized that his was the first reference to such a game, and since it was not referenced in the current American Hoyle, he took it upon himself to call the game Poker. Poker in the United States was first widely played in New Orleans by French settlers in the early 1800’s. This poker game was similar to the ‘draw poker’ game we play today. New Orleans evolved as America’s first gambling city as riverboat Riverboat Gamblingmen, plantation owners and farmers avidly pursued the betting sport. From the riverboats, the game migrated via wagon and train routes. As it traveled, new games such as stud, draw and the straight poker became popular. The Civil War saw the introduction of stud poker, the draw and the straight, and the joker made an appearance as a wild card. Europeans added the joker sometime around 1875 and wild cards were born. At the conclusion of the Civil War, America pushed west. Gambling was a popular pastime for these rough pioneers of the frontier. In virtually every town a poker table could soon be found in the saloons. It was also during the late 1800s that many towns and states fed up with the gamblers wild antics, began to enact new laws against gambling. At first, anti-gaming laws had little real effect on gambling, as they were difficult to enforce and penalties were light. Las VegasThe laws were gradually strengthened and ironically, Nevada was one of the first states in the West to totally make gambling illegal in 1909. Other states soon followed suit and gangsters combined liquor and gambling in the cities of New York, Cleveland and Chicago during the 1920s. In 1931, Nevada relaxed its gambling laws and casinos once more began to prosper. By 1939 there were six casinos and sixteen saloons in Las Vegas. Now with the advent of the automobile, Las Vegas began to boom into the gambling Mecca it is today. Be the first to comment Leave a Reply
Why a memorial for Veda-loving Vivekananda in a Gond sacred place? Gonds form India’s oldest society and have their own culture and religion. Today, there is an attempt to Hinduize this society and impose Hindu religion on it, as seen in the plan to construct the Vivekananda Memorial in Darekasa, the heart of Gond Culture. Ushakiran Atram explains Yet another attempt to Hinduize Gond culture Attempts are being made to impose Hindu religion and tradition on Gond culture. Now, so-called intellectual Devashish Roy has claimed that Vivekananda experienced Bhava Samadhi (trance) for the first time in a village called Darekasa, in Gondia district, Maharashtra, in 1877. The truth is that a place by the name of Darekasa did not exist in 1877. The descendants of the Koya clan have been living in the Satpura Saletekri[1] range for thousands of years. Revered Koyaturs[2], Guru Lingo[3] and Mahayogi Hirasuka, the musician, lived in this land. Therefore, the indigenous peoples (Mulnivasis) from all over the country visit this place to pay homage. The Koyaturs have inhabited this ancient land of Gondwana. They owned this land. They ruled this region. Therefore, to say that this is where Vivekananda observed his first Bhava Samadhi and to plan to construct a memorial here is a deliberate attempt to intrude into Gond society and culture. READ THE FULL ARTICLE HERE: Why a memorial for Veda-loving Vivekananda in a Gond sacred place? About The Author
A comparison between human milk and cow’s milk \| Viva! A comparison between human milk and cow’s milk Species with the highest milk protein concentration exhibit the most rapid growth rate. Leucine is a unique amino acid in that it stimulates muscle protein synthesis. The higher the protein plus leucine content of milk, the quicker the neonate doubles its birth weight. For instance, the leucine content of rat’s milk is 11 grams per litre and the rat doubles its birth weight in just four days. Cat’s milk contains 8.9 grams per litre and the cat takes 10 days to double its birth weight. Cow’s milk contains 3.3 grams per litre and the calf doubles its birth weight after 40 days. Human milk contains 0.9 grams per litre and the human infant, the mammal with the slowest growth rate, doubles its birth weight after 180 days. The weight gain of calves during the first year (0.7-0.8 kg per day) is nearly 40 times higher than that of breastfed human infants (0.02 kg per day). It has been demonstrated that cow’s milk-based infant formula feeding significantly increases serum concentrations of leucine, insulin and IGF-1 in comparison to breast-feeding (Melnik et al., 2012). This may be one of the mechanisms linking formula feeding to overweight and obesity (see Breast Is Best below). The higher level of unsaturated fatty acids in human milk reflects the important role of these fats in brain development. In humans the brain develops rapidly during the first year of life, growing faster than the body and tripling in size by the age of one. The brain is largely composed of fat and early brain development and function in humans requires a sufficient supply of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids. The omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) and the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are both essential for brain development and functioning. Both are supplied in human milk but not in cow’s milk (currently AA and DHA-enhanced infant formulas are available, although not mandatory, throughout most of Europe). Cow’s milk does contain the shorter chain omega-6 linoleic acid (LNA) and the omega-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) but these have to be converted in the body into the longer chain versions mentioned above. A review of 20 studies of cognitive function of breast fed infants compared to that of formula fed infants concluded that the nutrients in breast milk may have a significant effect on neurological development in infants (Anderson et al., 1999). More recent work indicates that compared to formula milk, nutrients in breast milk may confer better cognitive and motor development in infants (Bernard et al., 2013) which may extend into intelligence in adulthood (Mortensen et al., 2003). Sodium (mg) 43 15 Potassium (mg) 156 58 Calcium (mg) 120 34 Magnesium (mg) 11 3 Phosphorus (mg) 94 15 Iron (mg) 0.02 0.07 Copper (mg) Trace 0.04 Zinc (mg) 0.4 0.3 Chloride (mg) 87 42 Manganese (mg) Trace Trace Selenium (ug) 1 1 Iodine (ug) 30 7 Retinol (ug) 19 58 Carotene (ug) 9 (24) Vitamin D (ug) Trace Trace Vitamin E (mg) 0.04 0.34 Thiamin (mg) 0.03 0.02 Riboflavin (mg) 0.24 0.03 Niacin (mg) 0.1 0.2 Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.06 0.01 Vitamin B12 (ug) 0.9 Trace Folate (ug) 9 5 Pantothenate (mg) 0.68 0.25 Biotin (ug) 3.0 0.7 Vitamin C (mg) 2 4 Table 2.0 Comparison of the mineral and vitamin components of cow’s milk and human milk. () = estimated value. Source: FSA, 2002. The calcium content of cow’s milk (120mg per 100ml) is nearly four times that of human milk (34mg per 100ml). This discrepancy occurs for good reason; calves grow much more quickly and have a larger skeleton than human babies and therefore need much more calcium (FAO, 1997). Cow’s milk is specifically designed to meet this high demand which is why whole cow’s milk is not recommended for infants under 12 months. Although human milk contains less calcium, it is more easily absorbed than that found in cow’s milk. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition, the available data demonstrate that the bioavailability of calcium from human milk is greater than that from infant formulas (58 per cent and 38 per cent respectively) (Greer and Krebs, 2006). In an effort to address this discrepancy, the concentration of calcium in infant formulas is generally higher than that in human milk. So although human milk contains less calcium than cow’s milk, the calcium in human milk is better absorbed into the body than the calcium in cow’s milk, again illustrating why human milk is the best source of nutrition during the first year of life. Allergic reactions to the proteins in cow’s milk are common among infants, and cow’s milk-induced intestinal bleeding as an allergic response is a well recognised cause of rectal bleeding in infancy (Willetts et al., 1999). This blood loss can affect the iron nutritional status of the infant (Ziegler et al., 2011) and in many cases may lead to anaemia. This condition will deteriorate if iron-rich foods are excluded by the continued consumption of milk, a food very low in iron (see Allergies – Gastrointestinal bleeding). The health problems caused by the early consumption of ‘normal’ off-the-shelf cow’s milk are so well documented that for some time now, parents and caregivers have been advised not to introduce cow’s milk before the age of 12 months in the UK (Department of Health, 1994), the US (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1992), Denmark (The National Board of Health, Denmark, 1998) Canada (Canadian Paediatric Society, 1998), Sweden (Axelsson et al., 1999) and New Zealand (Soh et al., 2004).
HTML Slider Token Replacement Token replacement is the heart of HTML Slider. Basically, HTML Slider takes a body of text called a "template", scans it, and when it encounters a token name, the token name is replaced by the value of the token. For example, consider the following lines that might be found in a definition file: Name=Dal Brandon MyTemplate="My name is [Name]." If text in token "MyTemplate" is used as the template that is the input to token replacement, then the output of token replacement would be "My name is Dal Brandon." Note, to cause the HTML Slider to recognize the token, you must enclose the name of the token in square braces. Here is an example with more substance: <html><head><title>Example Page</title></head> <body>This is a web page for [FirstName] [LastName]</body></html> #MakePage Page01.html WebTemplate #MakePage Page02.html WebTemplate #MakePage Page03.html WebTemplate #MakePage Page04.html WebTemplate This examples creates four HTML pages. Note that the detailed HTML syntax only needed to be specified once, in a template named "WebTemplate". Also demonstrated above is the use of local and global tokens. The local token "FirstName" gets deleted after each directive, but the Global token "LastName" retains its value through each directive. Continue to read more about token replacement.
Artist Bio Arthur Garfield Dove (1880 - 1946) Commonly viewed as one of America's earliest purely abstract painters, Arthur Garfield Dove first worked as a successful commercial artist. After transitioning into a career as a serious painter, he would focus on the landscape and nature, and always in a style influenced by Asian art and calligraphy. He would sketch in watercolor, and formally compose in oil. Additionally he crafted assemblages in various metals and found objects, and was considered a truly fine craftsman. He had attended Hobart College and Cornell University, taking a degree in law to please his family. While in school he had become more attracted to art, even serving as the editor and caricature artist for the school's yearbook. After graduation he became an illustrator for such publications as "Harper's", "Scribner's" and "Collier's" magazines, and after marrying a childhood friend, he traveled to Paris to study formal painting. In 1907 he met Alfred Maurer, another American painter, and the two would begin a lifelong friendship. They met such notables as Cezanne, Picasso and Matisse, who greatly impressed them, and they would dedicate their future painting to working in a similar style of pure color. By 1909 he had returned to New York where he met Alfred Stieglitz, who in turn introduced Dove into the world of progressive art. By 1912, Stieglitz staged Dove's first solo show as an abstract painter. He was not well received, and began to struggle financially. Within the next few years he would be forced to relocate to Connecticut, his marriage would fail, and he would live a gypsy existence with his new wife until the death of his parents in 1933. From that time on he lived on Long Island Sound, and worked in a condition of poor health until he died in 1946. [ Back to Artists page ]
Social Links Xpert Access Login To Get Involved! Forgot your username? Forgot your password? DNRS Roof Banner DNRS Interactive DVD Series & Seminars Researchers look to dirty electricity as a potential cause of unexplained illnesses A recently published research article looks at potential health consequences of dirty electricity and calls for investigations into its role in unexplained illnesses such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and ADHD. As we move into the 21st Century and the "information age", the amount of electromagnetic radiation we are exposed to on a daily basis, in our homes, places of work, schools, and practically everywhere else, is increasing at a rapid rate. This electromagnetic pollution is present in the form of dirty electricity, ground current, and radio frequency radiation from wireless devices. This trend is set to continue as the electronic devices we have come to rely on become ever more ubiquitous, and new "must have" devices are developed. There are not many people in the western world who don't spend the majority of their day in proximity to electronics such as televisions, computers, cells phones, and countless other devices. This situation has led an increasing number of people to wonder what effects this constant barrage of electromagnetic radiation might be having on the human body. The subject is increasingly visible in the academic and medical worlds. Recently an article was published by Dr. Magda Havas from the Environmental and Resource Studies Department at Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. The article reviews several case studies and anecdotal reports regarding symptoms suspected of being caused by electromagnetic radiation, particularly so called "dirty electricity". It also looks at several instances in which symptoms have disappeared once measures to reduce exposure to electromagnetic radiation had been taken. Symptoms associated with dirty electricity are reported to have been reduced when special filters, known as Graham-Stetzer (GS) filters, have been installed in public buildings such as schools. For example, the number of students needing inhalers for asthma was reduced in one school and student behavior associated with ADD/ADHD improved in another school. In addition, blood sugar levels for some diabetics respond to the amount of dirty electricity in their environment. Type 1 diabetics require less insulin and Type 2 diabetics have lower blood sugar levels in an electromagnetically clean environment. When installed in homes, the article reports that individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis have better balance and fewer tremors and people requiring a cane walked unassisted within a few days to weeks after GS filters were installed. The report's author (amongst a growing number) suggests that the rise in electromagnetic pollution has paralleled increases in the number of people suffering from "invisible illnesses" such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as learning disabilities such as ADD/ADHD and autism. People suffering from these unexplained syndromes often suspect that electronic equipment may be contributing to their illnesses, and now a growing number researchers are calling for more research to determine if this might be true. So what exactly is "dirty electricity"? The electricity produced by power stations which is delivered to your home wall outlets is designed to be at low frequencies, typically 50 or 60Hz depending on which country you live in. The frequency in North America is 60Hz, whilst in the United Kingdom it is 50Hz, for example. At this frequency, relatively low levels of electromagnetic pollution radiates from wires and electrical equipment. Unfortunately, the electricity supply is reportedly becoming contaminated more and more by higher frequency, higher energy electromagnetic fields (EMF's). It is this contaminated electricity that is referred to as dirty electricity. Dirty electricity comes from a number of different sources. It can be picked up by the power lines delivering electricity to your home from the utility. Electrical devices in your own home can also generate substantial amounts of dirty electricity. According to, computers, TVs, florescent and halogen lighting and virtually all of today's energy-efficient electronic devices generate high levels of high frequency electromagnetic fields. Much of this dirty electricity is a result of transformers converting the low frequency AC current from the outlet to the low voltage DC power used to power all of our electronics. So unfortunately, although modern electronic devices are increasingly energy efficient, they also generate high levels of dirty electricity with potential harmful consequences for our health. The dirty electricity produced by the multitude of electronic devices in our homes and in public buildings can then be conducted throughout these building's electrical wires and devices. These high frequency EMF's are much more dangerous than your home wiring's low frequency (50/60Hz) EMF's because they can actually radiate out from the wires in the form of a radio wave. They can extend into radio frequencies above several megahertz (1 MHz = 106 Hz) and can often get into the microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum, it has been reported. Dirty electricity containing high frequency radio frequency surges can carry hundreds, even a thousand, times the energy of the standard low frequency electrical supply. Due to the high frequencies, this energy can penetrate the human body and potentially cause a lot of harm. Other sources of electromagnetic pollution include ground current and radio frequency radiation. Ground current is the result of utility companies neutral wires not having the capacity to carry the electricity back to the power plant after it has passed through the power grid and your home's wiring. If you can remember your school physics classes, you might remember that for electricity to flow a complete circuit is needed. The circuit therefore needs to return to the power station after it passes through your home. Nowadays the wires returning to the power stations can't carry all the electrical current that they need to so the current instead passes through the surface of the Earth. This electrical energy which likely already contains high frequency contamination can pick up more as it goes along and may enter the wiring system of your home and other buildings. This adds to the dirty electricity already present there. In addition to the radio frequency EMF's generated by dirty electricity as described above, a growing number of electronic devices use RF energy directly to fulfill their purpose. These devices include cell phones, cordless home phones, and wireless internet equipment, contributing to the electromagnetic pollution already present in the home, school or office. In 2005 a press release issued by the World Health Organization announced that Electrical Hypersensitivity (EHS) is a "growing worldwide health concern". As noted by the author of this latest article from Trent University, EMF's have also been linked to diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis , ADD/ADHD, depression and chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as to many of the sleep disorders plaguing western society. The effect is thought to depend on an individual s sensitivity, as well as the magnitude, duration of exposure, and path the waves take through one's body. What are Graham-Stetzer filters and how can they help? GS filters are the most common tools used to reduce dirty electricity in buildings. These filters are based on 100 year old electromagnetic theories and power engineering principles and are designed to filter out harmful high frequencies from the power supply, essentially cleaning the electricity. The filters work by providing high frequency electrical currents with a direct low resistance path from the live wire to the neutral wire. This prevents dirty electricity from entering the buildings wiring system and being amplified by electronic devices. GS filters are most effective at reducing dirty electricity in the frequency range of 4kHz to 100kHz. Dr. Havas reports that GS filters have been fitted in many schools in Canada and most have reported widespread improvements in the health of students. In particular, symptoms of asthma and ADD/ADHD have shown large improvements. It has also been reported that general school performance of students as a whole has increased, with increased attention and concentration, although this is obviously anecdotal at this point. Having said that, the schools used GS meters to measure electromagnetic pollution levels both before and after installation of GS filters in the buildings, so this makes a strong case for widespread health improvements being due to the reduction in dirty electricity. At present the health effects of dirty electricity and electromagnetic pollution are unclear, but an increasing number of people appear to be affected by the electrical devices that surround us. It is therefore good to know that Dr. Havas and other researchers are taking notice and calling for more research in this area. Environmental illnesses such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome appear to result from the body being overwhelmed by environmental stressors, and electromagnetic pollution could very well be one of these. The anecdotal reports of success using GS filters in Canadian schools and elsewhere offer promise for those afflicted by health issues related to this pollution. It would therefore seem worthwhile to have your home and/or work environments assessed for electromagnetic pollution using GS meters or similar equipment, and have filters installed if the results call for it. N.B. reports that dirty electricity is mainly a problem in the US and Canada and isn't as much of an issue in the UK where the electrical grounding system provides protection. » Learn more about Electrical Hypersensitivity (EHS) Related Articles: • No comments found Leave your comments Post comment as a guest 0 Character restriction Your text should be more than 25 characters Your comments are subjected to administrator's moderation. terms and condition. Adsense Responsive BottomBanner
8.10-走一波写作预测 - 考试资讯 - 南京青梦家教育投资有限公司浏览量: 22 发布时间： 2018-08-10 1. 教育 Some teachers say students should be organized into groups to study. Others argue students should be made to study alone. Tell the benefits of each study method. Which one do you think is more effective? 2. 旅游文化«« 3. 政府政策文化«« 4. 教育«« Pressure on the school and university students is increasing and students are pushed too hard work when they are young. Do you think it is a positive or negative development? 5. 广告影响««« Some people think that the news media nowadays have influenced people’s lives in negative ways. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 6. 教育科技改变生活«« Universities are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom. Do you think the advantages of the development outweigh the disadvantages? 7. 生态环境、自然资源与动物保护«« Pollution and other environmental problems are resulting from a country’s developing and becoming richer. Some think this cannot be avoided. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 8. 社会经济税收««« Some people believe they should keep all the money they have earned and should not pay tax to the state. Do you agree or disagree? 9. 社会就业«« 10. 儿童教育««« In some countries,the parents expect children to spend long time in studying both in and after school and have less free time. Do you think it has positive or negative effects on children and the society? 11. 城市建设文化«« 13. 动物实验«« Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is cruel, but other people think that it is necessary for the development of science. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 14. 社会老龄化««« In many countries today there is insufficient respect to old people. What are the reasons? What problems might it bring to the society? 15. 公共设施««« Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people, while others think the purpose of museums should be to educate, not entertain. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. 16. 旅游«« Nowadays it is easier and more affordable for people to visit other countries. Is it positive or negative development? 17. 贫富差距««« The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider, the rich richer, and the poor even poorer. What problems can the situation cause the give the solutions. 18. 就业««« Nowadays many young people in work force change their jobs or careers every few days. What do you think are the reasons for this? Do the advantages out-weight disadvantages? 19. 政府投资教育«« Government should invest more in teaching science than other subjects such as arts, because science could contribute to the country’s development and progress. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Copyright ©2018 - 2019 南京青梦家教育投资有限公司服务时段 : 8:30-22:00 • 语言课程 • 留学咨询
Money Education for Young Adults Would you send your high school or college age child rock climbing without training or the right equipment? Most people answer 'no' because they do not want their child to taking wild risks. Yet these same parents are sending their children off to college without the financial training they need. They are sending them to school without a practical financial education and it's getting a lot of these young adults in trouble. You wouldn't give your sixteen year old the keys to your car without drivers training; so don't let them move out without a practical financial education? Both scenarios could devastate your child's financial situation for years. Everyday we send young adults out in the 'real world' with dangerously little preparation for the financial realities of life. Tiny errors can mess up your childs financial future for a lifetime. Just one simple missed credit card payment will blemish their credit report for seven years. These mistakes lower their confidence; which can result in a downward spiral of financial blunders. Most parents are already aware that public high schools do not provide young adults with a practical financial education. And these guardians or parents already know how important financial literacy is for their kids stress levels, health and overall lifestyle. So parents it's up to you to provide your children with the financial skills they need to make it in today's society. There are important financial lessons you can teach your children. But before you do, it's important you recognize your teaching beliefs and style. There are three common parenting styles that affect the way your children lean about money. - Parents that don't feel qualified. This is the most common parenting problem when it comes to providing children a practical financial education. These parents often feel stressed out because they realize how important receiving financial education is; however they just don't know where to start. They may not feel confident instructing their children because they don't fully understand financial matters themselves. They see their child start to make similiar money errors that they made and they are left with a feeling of guilt. If you relate to this situation, eliminate those negative feelings because it's not your fault. If you are like most people you were never taught this information either. So use this opportunity to learn about money and grow with your children. - Parents that are uncomfortable teaching. Many parents out there have a general understanding of money matters however they don't know how to go about teaching this information to their children. They're not sure what they should teach, how to teach them and question if their children will actually listen to their advice. They also realize, during the teen years, their children may respond better to other people passing on practical financial lessons to them. As a parent, you don't teach them biology or geometry so why put pressure on yourself to teach them a subject as important as money? - Parents that enroll their child in the school of hard knocks. Many of us have learned about money the hard way. Often errors are made then we have to work that much harder to fix it. Parents that are believers in this learning style are taking a big gamble with their children's lives that can have serious long term consequences. The lessons you learn in the school of hard knocks often do last a lifetime. However often times these mistakes can undermine the confidence and eliminate all hope of your child ever achieving financial freedom. Seek out the tool on the market that will make a positive difference in your childs future; so use them! Every young adult needs a professional course on financial education so they are able to avoid the financial pitfalls that plaque so many people. Here are three tips that will help you prepare your child for a structured financial education course. 1) Lifestyle. Children, teenagers and young adults don't really care about money. It's what money brings them that motivates them learn. Relating money to time, freedom and lifestyle will inspire them to learn about money. Once they understand the personal freedom having money will afford them, you'll find your children excited and wanting to receive a practical financial education. Relating money to lifestyle is a great opportunity to get to know your children better plus it's the first step toward helping them develop a healthy relationship with money. Take some time out and talk to them about their dreams. No matter how far fetched their financial dreams may seem to you; make sure to acknowledge them and use that to motivate them to learn all they can about financial matters. For instance, if your 16 year old dreams one day owning a restaurant make sure you encourage that goal. Teach them to follow a saving plan by using their goals as the motivator to learn about money and finances. 2) Accounts Open their checking, savings, and investment accounts early. It doesn't matter if they are in kindergarten or colleges by getting these account set up early they will have and advantage that will last a lifetime. The longer relationship you have established with a bank or financial institution the more benefits your child may receive. Most banks offer clients that have been with them a longer period benefits that new customers won't receive. They offer their preferred clients benefits such as: better rates, better terms, additional services and they often are able to qualify for loans easier. In addition to the financial benefits, young adults also feel an added sense of responsibility for their financial future when they have the proper accounts open. This sense of responsibility is a vital part of giving your child adequate preparation before they move out to live on their own. 3) Invest early. Encourage your young adult to begin investing once they have money saved up. The stock market is a great place for them to start; however do not go out and buy individual stocks or mutual funds. Both are too risky unless you have specialized investment training. Instead you may opt to invest in the overall market. There are several investment vehicles available that allow you to invest in the overall market that are just as easy as buying a stock or mutual fund. Making a simple investment in the overall market may give your child lower risk, more consistent returns and greater diversification. The best part is this strategy is dead simple to do. Once they set up their investment account they can automate it so each and every month the investment is made for them automatically. Getting your young adult prepared for the realities of the 21st century is an important part of responsible parenting. Giving them practical financial education before they move out on their own will continue to benefit them throughout their entire life. You would never give your child a car without drivers training; so make sure you give them a practical financial education before they move out. Vince Shorb, author of 'Financially Free by 30' and the leading young adult financial literacy advocate, prepares young adults for the financial real world. Broke at the age of 26, in just six years he made his first million. He spent several years as one of the nations most productive loan officers and has reviewed the finances of over 10,000 clients. Get your free copy of his latest book and instructional videos at http://www.FreeBy30.com . 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Is there anything to celebrate in American Black history? Is there anything to celebrate in American Black history? Sometimes people ask why we need to have a month dedicated to African-American culture and history. The obscurity of Robert Smalls’ story (see link below) helps provide the answer: our history is often neglected, rarely discussed, and seldom celebrated. And when black history is spoken of, it’s most often focused on the broken: slavery, the Jim Crow era, and discrimination. For you and I to grow in understanding our current cultural moment, we must be willing to do some research. For example, when those pictures of the Virginia governor wearing blackface surfaced this month, it wasn’t a mere political controversy. There is a historical reason for the outrage and disappointment. I won’t give you that history lesson now. But understanding it puts Virginia Governor Ralph Northam’s photo alongside someone dressed in Ku Klux Klan attire into perspective. The outcry isn’t some overreaction. Rather it’s the sorrow of seeing a young man ignorantly using a symbol of hate and discrimination for entertainment. At the same time, let’s be cautious not to narrowly focus our attention on the sorrowful aspects of American culture and history and call it Black History Month. I share more, including the story of Robert Smalls, in today’s World Radio segment: Pin It on Pinterest
• Written by Jade Mcilveen Foster curiosity and create a more inclusive workplace While empathy helps us to put ourselves in the shoes of another, empathic curiosity takes it a step further. Instead of just wondering what a person does for a living, empathetic curiosity makes you wonder why they do it and it’s this conscious, careful, wonder that allows us to learn what it’s really like to live in their shoes. Showing interest in an employee’s life and background helps us to not only understand them better but creates a more harmonious workplace. “Many people believe empathy is something we reserve for our home and family life, but the reality is it’s vital in business too. Empathetic leaders often display increased emotional intelligence and are better at creating a more inclusive workplace,” explained Marcela Slepica, Clinical Director at AccessEAP. “It is said that ‘nobody cares how much you know until they know how much you care’ and this is certainly true in a workplace setting. Employees who feel cared for and are valued are more productive, innovative and loyal. Without growth and innovation, businesses stagnate and fade away. By understanding others, we develop closer relationships and start to build trust which is essential for success in every business,” Slepica adds. When asked respectfully and with genuine curiosity, questions help to improve our connection and relationships. Strong relationships in the workplace can lead to improved teamwork and collaboration, increased morale and greater productivity. A recent US study1 shows that nine in 10 employees are more likely to stay with an organization that empathised with their needs and 80 per cent would be willing to work longer hours for an empathetic employer. Empathy requires listening, openness and understanding; thankfully, it is a trait that can be developed. Training should be provided to employees and leaders on an ongoing basis to help build on inclusive strategies and strengthen our ability to communicate. Here, Marcela Slepica, Clinical Director at AccessEAP offers some simple ways to develop and increase empathy: Empathetic leaders spend more time listening than talking as they want to understand the difficulties others face. Listening will help them understand their team better as well as any challenges they may face. Organisations should create opportunities for dialogue between leaders and employees where everyone can speak their mind in an open environment. Face to face conversations and team meetings tend to be the most effective. Ask questions Asking questions shows others that you are giving them your attention, you care about what they say and makes them feel like they are being heard. This in turn will make them feel more valued. In conflict situations asking curious questions leads to better outcomes as people are given an opportunity to have their side heard, which in turn helps understanding and may avoid assumptions. Embrace diversity Embracing different backgrounds, genders, cultural heritage, ages and working styles can help create more empathy in the workplace. Being respectfully curious about the backgrounds and particular needs of your team will help them feel more valued and bring the best out of them. Understanding different cultures and their styles allows for more effective management. Be flexible Respecting the need for flexibility is crucial and taking time to understand the need for time off for personal or family issues, or the need for flexible working hours, is a simple way to use your curiosity to help you be a more collaborative leader. Often people leave managers, not jobs. Practice empathetic curiosity daily Empathetic curiosity is a learned skill that can grow with practice, so put it into daily use. Make a conscious effort to be more inquisitive in day to day activities and interactions through words and actions. This is essential in today’s workplaces where five generations are working side by side. An empathetically curious workplace gains the productivity benefits of attracting and retaining valuable staff and maintaining high staff morale. To learn more about empathy and to develop a plan to execute empathy and inclusion training, visit www.accesseap.com The Viw Magazine Natural Beauty and How to Achieve It Brigitte Evans - avatar Brigitte Evans People prioritising their relationships with themselves Leading dentist warns parents against teeth whitening Plastic surgeon aims to re-define beauty This Is How to Take Care of Beard during summer
Fuel melts nearly certain in Fukushima Daiichi’s No 1 reactor as more radioactive water leaks into the ocean ingressimage_fukushima_workers.jpeg Photo: TEPCO Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO) confirmed Thursday that much of the fuel in the plant’s reactor No 1 –the most battered of the six reactors at the nuclear power station – had melted, and that this could lead to higher emissions of radiation. The company also reported that reactors were again leaking radioactive water into the ocean. Bellona’s nuclear physicist Nils Bøhmer said this would not be the last bad news coming from the plant. “It is still an accident in progress and situations like these will continue to occur for the next several months,” he said. Greenpeace’s Frode Pleym, in remarks on Norway’s NRK television was more alarmed. “This is very serious news and shows that the situation is still unstable over two months after the [March 11] tsunami,” he said in televised remarks. Fuel rods can crack. Salt crust can further serve to isolate fuel rods from the water and cause fuel rods to heat. If the salt crust is thick enough, it can block water circulation between fuel rods altogether, the New York Times reported. As the fuel rods heat, the zirconium metal cladding outside them begins over crack. This then leads to emissions of radioactive gasses from the uranium fuel inside. Pleym told NRK Television that temperature measurements at the reactor had earlier led to the conclusion that its situation was stabilising. But Pleym now says the optimism was misplaced. TEPCO blamed the precipitous drop in water in reactor No 1 on a faulty gauge that monitors the water level in the pressure vessel in the reactor No 1 building, Kyodo news reported. TEPCO said new water measurements taken this week, after workers in protective suits fixed gauges in the reactor No 1 building, indicated that water pumped into the pressure vessel had quickly leaked out. Once the gauge was reset, workers discovered Thursday that the water level had dropped more than 1 meter below the 4-meter-long fuel rods suggesting they had been exposed to the air, increasing the risk of a dangerous full meltdown. Japan’s Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) said that there is a high possibility that the fuel rods have melted and are now being cooled by water in the bottom of the pressure vessel. The vessel’s relatively low outside temperature of 100-120 degrees Celsius indicated that the rods had dropped to the bottom of the vessel and were under water, TEPCO said, corroborating NISA. “The temperature of the pressure vessel was 100-120 degrees, which is considered to be the level where the fuel rods are being cooled down in a relatively stable manner,” a TEPCO official told Agency France Presse. The company said it suspects there is a leak in the pressure vessel since the water level was low despite the company pouring 150 tons of water a day on reactor No 1 to cool it. Since the 9.0 magnitude quake and 15 meter tsunami hit Fukushima Daiichi 61 days ago, knocking out primary and back up cooling systems for all six of the reactors at the plant located 240 kilometers north of Tokyo, rescue workers have had no choice but to inundate the facility with hundreds of thousands of tons of sea water a day to cool down overheating nuclear fuel. The three reactors that were in operation at the time of the quake and tsunami – reactor Nos 1, 2 and 3 – have overheated. That compounded the natural disaster by spewing vast quantities of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Efforts to cool the reactors and spend nuclear fuel storage pools have led to leaks of highly irradiated water into the Pacific Ocean. One such leak from reactor No 2 was plugged last month, but had poured unabated since the quake. TEPCO officials today said the reactor might again be leaking water. The company also reported today that highly radioactive water was now leaking from reactor No 1. TEPCO has struggled to stop spills into the Pacific Ocean but reported yet another one on Thursday, saying water had leaked into the sea from a concrete pit near reactor No 3. Workers have been able to install air filters inside the reactor No 1’s building to contain radioactive particles and have begun filling the primary containment shell around the reactor core with water in an attempt to draw heat off the core. The plan is to recirculate that water through a heat exchanger to cool it, said Yoshikazu Nagai, a spokesman for TEPCO, CNN reported. Similar plans are being considered for reactor No 2, which also is believed to be leaking radioactive water, and 3, where engineers noted a disturbing rise in the reactor’s temperature readings last week, Nagai told CNN. “First we have to tackle reactor No 1, and we need to see if we can succeed,” he said. Meanwhile, equipment that will be used to decontaminate water pooling in the plant’s basements is expected to arrive by mid-May. Hundreds of thousands of tons of radioactive water have flooded the basements where the cooling systems were housed, making it impossible for workers get into the facilities. Charles Digges
Skip to content • Research article • Open Access Mixed evolutionary origins of endogenous biomass-depolymerizing enzymes in animals BMC Genomics201819:483 • Received: 11 April 2018 • Accepted: 11 June 2018 • Published: Animals are thought to achieve lignocellulose digestion via symbiotic associations with gut microbes; this view leads to significant focus on bacteria and fungi for lignocellulolytic systems. The presence of biomass conversion systems hardwired into animal genomes has not yet been unequivocally demonstrated. We perform an exhaustive search for glycoside hydrolase (GH) genes from 21 genomes representing major bilaterian (Ecdysozoa, Spiralia, Echinodermata and Chordata) and basal metazoan (Porifera and Cnidaria) lineages. We also assessed the genome of a unicellular relative of Metazoa, Capsaspora owczarzaki and together with comparative analyses on 126 crustacean transcriptomes, we found that animals are living bioreactors at a microscale as they encode enzymatic suites for biomass decomposition. We identified a total of 16,723 GH homologs (2373 genes from animal genomes and 14,350 genes from crustacean transcriptomes) that are further classified into 60 GH families. Strikingly, through phylogenetic analyses, we observed that animal lignocellulosic enzymes have multiple origins, either inherited vertically over millions of years from a common ancestor or acquired more recently from non-animal organisms. We have conducted a systematic and comprehensive survey of GH genes across major animal lineages. The ability of biomass decay appears to be determined by animals’ dietary strategies. Detritivores have genes that accomplish broad enzymatic functions while the number of GH families is reduced in animals that have evolved specialized diets. Animal GH candidates identified in this study will not only facilitate future functional genomics research but also provide an analysis platform to identify enzyme candidates with industrial potential. • Lignocellulose digestion • Comparative genomics • Glycoside hydrolase • Biomass • Biofuel • Metazoa • Evolution • Horizontal gene transfer Increasing global demands for fossil fuels have led to investigations into alternative sources of renewable energy. As one of the most abundant reserves of photosynthetically fixed carbon on earth, plant lignocellulose provides a sustainable source of polysaccharides for fermentation to biofuels that may be harnessed to meet industrial and domestic needs. Acquiring simpler metabolites from lignocellulose is challenging due to the difficulties faced by enzymes in accessing the crystalline structure of cellulose that is encapsulated by lignin. Successful digestion of lignocellulosic tissues hence requires partial breakdown of lignin, which is achieved by fungi through the release of oxidizing free radicals that target woody cell wall components [13]. The traditional dogma that animals rely on endosymbionts for lignocellulose digestive capabilities because they lack endogenous cellulases has steered researchers to focus on fungi and bacteria. Industrial lignocellulosic bioprocessing mainly relies on enzymes isolated from the fungal species such as Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma reesei for commercial preparations [47]. Moreover, much emphasis has been placed on the role of symbiotic intestinal microbes in the decomposition of plant biomass. For example, using metagenomics approaches, genes involved in lignocellulose digestion have been identified from gut commensal microbes in insects [810] and mammals [11, 12]. In recent years, multiple studies have begun to shed light on the presence of endogenous lignocellulolytic systems in animals, particularly in invertebrates [1317]. One study proposed that cellulases from the glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) could have been derived from an ancient metazoan ancestor [17] while another study discovered cellobiohydrolases from the GH7 family in a limnoriid crustacean species [16]. Yet, it is unknown whether cellulases are widespread across major metazoan lineages since systematic characterization of animal cellulases has not been performed despite it being crucial for the understanding of their diversity and evolution. Thus, it remains unanswered whether the ability to digest lignocellulose is dictated by the animals’ own genetic composition. Are these cellulase genes acquired from non-animal organisms or inherited vertically from our ancestors? Taxonomic classification of all GH entries from the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) database [18, 19] revealed that CAZy entries are skewed towards representatives from Bacteria with metazoan entries contributing to only 3.3% of all GH sequences. We address this major deficit of metazoan GH homologs by performing exhaustive screening for GHs from 21 metazoan genomes, which include basal animal lineages and a unicellular relative of Metazoa, followed by manual examination of sequences. Here we show that animal genomes encode cellulase genes encompassing broad lignocellulolytic functions. Given the observation of endogenous GH7 in crustaceans [16, 20], we further assessed 126 crustacean transcriptome datasets and identified over 300 GH7 genes from species represented across the broader Crustacea including those from basal classes: Branchiopoda and Copepoda. Phylogenetic analyses of animal cellulases revealed that these genes either have ancient origins or were acquired horizontally from bacteria or fungi. Results and discussion Taxonomic classification of glycoside hydrolases from CAZy and phylogenetic analysis of metazoan CAZy homologs We retrieved 188,668 lignocellulolytic glycoside hydrolase (GH) sequences from the CAZy database [18] and assessed their taxonomic distribution since CAZy does not currently provide taxonomic classification for its sequences beyond the highest rank of Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota domains. CAZy GH entries are dominated by Bacteria sequences (81%) with the rest distributed across other major taxa: Archaea (1.1%), Viridiplantae (3.8%), Fungi (10.1%) and Metazoa (3.3%; 2.1% from Ecdysozoa, 0.2% from Spiralia and 1% from Deuterostomia) (Additional file 1: Figure S1; Additional file 2: Figure S2). Proteobacteria makes up 48% of bacterial entries with a majority of genes arising from Gram negative Enterobacterales (Additional file 2: Figure S2; Additional file 3: Figure S3). Most of the remaining bacteria GHs are found within the Bacilli class of (Terrabacteria Additional file 2: Figure S2; Additional file 3: Figure S3). Archaeal GHs are classified into two main superphyla: Euryarchaeota and TACK (uniting Thaumarchaeota, Aigarchaeota, Crenarchaeaota and Korarchaeota phyla) [21] where the former includes methanogens (Methanomicrobia) found in intestines (Additional file 2: Figure S2; Additional file 4: Figure S4). Fungal GHs overshadow eukaryotic entries with 49 and 50% of fungal GHs observed in species from the Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina subphyla of Ascomycota (Additional file 2: Figure S2; Additional file 5: Figure S5). Flowering eudicot land plants (Embryophyta) contribute to 98% of GHs in Viridiplantae (Additional file 2: Figure S2; Additional file 6: Figure S6). Of the 127 GH families, we observed that only 43 families have metazoan representatives while 84 families do not (Fig. 1a, Additional file 1: Figure S1). We identified 6299 metazoan GH genes where by far the most abundant sequences originating from Ecdysozoa, with a particular concentration in insects (Additional file 2: Figure S2A; Additional file 7: Figure S7). As evident from the metazoan GH tree generated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods [22, 23], GHs are resolved into structurally unrelated families with a majority of GH families exhibiting monophyly (Fig. 1b), suggesting that the ability to degrade cellulose may have evolved independently on multiple occasions. Notably, GH2, GH13, GH18, GH20, GH22, GH31, GH33, GH35, GH38, GH47 and GH56 are polyphyletic (Fig. 1b), which could be explained by the existence of multi-domain architectures found in a number of cellulolytic enzymes to allow multiple catalytic activities to synergistically interact [24, 25]. Fig. 1 Fig. 1 Taxonomic distribution and phylogenetic analysis of CAZy glycoside hydrolases (GHs) in metazoans. a Heatmap depicts 43 GH families containing metazoan representatives. The number of GH genes within each family and taxon are color-coded according to a log10 scale. Dendrograms present clustering of taxa (rows) and GH families (columns) based on hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance metric and average linkage. Black boxes denote absent members within a particular GH family. b Consensus phylogeny of animal GHs generated from Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses with GH families color coded. Posterior probability support of > 0.7 and bootstrap support of > 70% are denoted as node labels. Scale bar correspond to substitution per site. The names of polyphyletic GH families are indicated in bold face and colour coded Classification of a complete set of glycoside hydrolases from 21 metazoan genomes representing major animal taxa Enzymatic decomposition of lignocellulose is achieved by GHs with cellulase and hemicellulase activities observed in twenty families (GH1, GH2, GH3, GH5, GH6, GH7, GH8, GH9, GH10, GH12, GH16, GH26, GH30, GH39, GH43, GH44, GH45, GH48, GH51 and GH74) [19, 26]. More often than not, it has been assumed that cellulase activity found in animals is attributed to microbial agents located in intestinal tracts such as those observed in termites and ruminants [14, 27, 28]. Reports on cellulase-containing GHs in animals have been limited to a few observations on GH7 and GH9 families [13, 16, 29, 30]. Fungi possess all cellulase families except for GH44 (Fig. 1a; Additional file 5: Figure S5). As Fungi are the closest relative to metazoans, we hypothesize that the last common ancestor of Opisthokonta would have possessed most if not all of the nineteen cellulase-encoding GHs. Our whole genome analyses of GHs in 21 animals representing major lineages revealed a comprehensive array of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes categorized into 60 GH families (Additional file 8: Table S1; Additional file 9: Table S2). For visualization purposes, the heatmap in Fig. 2a depicts 42 of the 60 families as sub-families are collapsed and families with less than 3 members are not included. As mentioned previously, 20 GH families possess cellulase function and 14 families are found in animals’ genomes (Fig. 2b), refuting the common opinion that endogenous cellulases are a rarity in animals. Of the 2373 animal GH genes identified, the most abundantly represented GH families are chitinases (GH18; 17%), α-glucosidases (GH31; 10%), α-amylases (GH13; 9%) and α-mannosidases (GH38; 8%) (Additional file 2: Figure S2C). As the closest unicellular relative of metazoans, the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki contains 45 GH genes categorised into 21 families, five of which are cellulases (Fig. 2a, b), suggesting that there is a requirement for biomass-degrading enzymes in the life history of our single-celled ancestor. This view is further reinforced with the discovery of 106 and 81 GH genes in early branching metazoans, the sponge (Amphimedon queenslandica) and the starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) respectively (Fig. 2a). These primitive marine animals have retained seven cellulase families (Fig. 2b). Fig. 2 Fig. 2 GH families, including those with cellulase function, identified from 21 metazoan genomes and 126 crustacean transcriptomes. a Heatmap depicts 42 GH families encoded by animal genomes presented as complete linkage clustering of GH families (columns). The number of GH genes within each family are color-coded according to a log2 scale. Grey boxes denote absent members within a particular GH family. b Cellulase GHs from each animal are depicted as a bubble chart. Bubble sizes are proportional to gene abundance and GH families are color-coded. Species names are abbreviated by taking the first letter of genus name and first three letters of species name; Homo sapiens (Hsap). Full species names are available in Additional file 8: Table S1. c GH families identified from crustacean transcriptomes are illustrated as box-plots with jittered points representing the number of GH genes from each crustacean species. d Bubbles represent the proportion of cellulases identified across three crustacean classes. The bubble size is normalized to number of species analyzed to account for the differential sample size Within Bilateria, molluscs have among the most diverse sets of cellulases; ten families from the gastropod owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) and eight from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), while a significant reduction is observed in other members of Spiralia, i.e. Platyhelminthes (Fig. 2a, b). Further cellulase loss is seen in the ecdysozoan lineage leading to Nematoda with only three cellulase families found in Caenorhabditis elegans (Fig. 2a, b). At the base of Panarthropoda, tardigrades have 6 cellulase families but this level of diversity is not observed in arachnids and centipede (Fig. 2a, b). Within Pancrustacea, the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis has 156 GH genes, seven of which possess cellulase function signifying an adaptation to a detritivorous diet (Fig. 2a, b) [31]. Dipterans (fruit fly and mosquitoes), however, have reduced number of GHs and cellulases (Fig. 2a, b). The closest known relative of deuterostomian chordates, the sea urchin, has 142 GH genes encompassing 8 cellulase families (Fig. 2a, b). This level of cellulase diversity is shared in another marine invertebrate deuterostome, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (Fig. 2a, b). Lignocellulose decomposition mechanisms that shaped the genetic contents of sea urchin and ascidian are not extended to vertebrates (human and mouse), where the latter have markedly reduced cellulase-containing GHs (Fig. 2a, b). It is striking that cellobiohydrolases (GH5, 6 and 9), although found in sea urchin and/or ascidian, were absent from vertebrates. Innovation of endogenous GH7 and GH9 homologs in Crustacea Given a previous report on endogenous cellulases in the isopod crustacean Limnoria quadripunctata [16], we investigated the diversity of GH families in 126 crustacean species found across the broader Crustacea including basal classes (Branchiopoda and Copepoda) and economically important food crop species from Malacostraca (Additional file 8: Table S1). We identified 14,350 GH orthologs from crustacean transcriptome data sets that are classified into 34 GH families (eleven of which are cellulases) according to CAZy nomenclature (Fig. 2c, d; Additional file 10: Table S3). Thirty GH families are retained in the Multicrustacea lineage uniting Malacostraca and Copepoda (Fig. 2c). Only 18 GH families were identified in branchiopod transcriptomes (Fig. 2c). Although it still remains to be proven how reliable the number of GH families will be to provide support for the Allotriocarida clade with branchiopods and insects as members [32, 33], it is intriguing to note that 18 families are similarly observed in both taxa (Fig. 2a, c). GH7 enzymes have cellobiohydrolase activities important for effective breakdown of cellulose [34]. More importantly, we identified 318 GH7 genes in crustaceans along with genes from two other groups of cellobiohydrolases (770 GH9 genes and 158 GH5 genes) (Fig. 2c; Additional file 11: Figure S8), suggesting that crustaceans may have had superior autonomy for biomass decomposition than previously appreciated. Animal cellulases either have an ancient origin or were acquired recently through horizontal gene transfer The hypothesis that cellulase GHs in animals have emerged as functional life history adaptations is valid, despite their equivocal evolutionary origins. Two mechanisms can best explain the presence of animal cellulases: (1) intermittent acquisition of genes horizontally from bacteria or fungi; and (2) vertical inheritance of genes from a metazoan ancestor followed by differential gene loss in many extant taxa. Our examination of metazoan cellulase homologs revealed that GH1, GH3, GH5, GH16 and GH39 are likely derived from bacteria and/or fungi, perhaps through associations with intestinal microbiota (Fig. 3). This is consistent with the notion that most animals lack cellulases derived from an ancient ancestor but rather acquire genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) [35, 36]. HGT occurs more frequently for operational genes such as those involved in housekeeping or in driving simple enzymatic processes [37]. It is therefore possible for GHs involved in carbohydrate decomposition to be horizontally transferred since they are not typically members of large genetic networks. However, HGT alone cannot account for the evolution of all metazoan cellulases. Phylogenetic analyses of GH7, GH9, GH10 and GH30 revealed branching patterns recapitulating species tree with support for monophyly in metazoan homologs (Fig. 3). With the exception of GH7 from A. queenslandica, our analyses suggest that these genes are likely to be inherited vertically over several hundred million years from a metazoan ancestor rather than originating from recent HGT events. Interestingly, the aforementioned GH families include enzymes with diverse substrate preferences (cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, glucosidases and xylosidases), which point to the prospect of metazoan homologs related by vertical descent to collectively accomplish a wide range of biomass decomposition functions. Fig. 3 Fig. 3 Vertical and horizontal transmission of animal cellulases. Unrooted tree topologies are supported by Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. Branches are color-coded according to taxonomic affiliation. GH7, GH9, GH10 and GH30 phylogenies support monophyletic metazoan groups while GH1, GH3, GH5, GH16, GH39 do not Nutritional strategy underpins the diversity of animal cellulases The prevalence of cellulases in animals suggests that these enzymes play fundamental roles in depolymerising lignocellulose found in their food sources. Three classes of GHs are required for the complete decomposition of lignocellulose [38]. Endoglucanases break down cellulose chains to make them accessible, cellobiohydrolases degrade cellulose chains to generate cellobiose and finally β-glucosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds to release glucose. Hemicellulases are also required to degrade polysaccharides namely mannans and xylans. Non-animal decomposers such as bacteria and fungi that thrive on decaying material have the most comprehensive array of cellulases (Fig. 4a, Additional file 1: Figure S1). Since the metazoan ancestor possesses at least 14 cellulase families, one could speculate that primitive animals may have maintained biomass-rich diets (Fig. 4). Aquatic ecosystems contain vast quantities of plant biomass that provides sustenance for a range of aquatic organisms. It is perhaps not surprising that benthic invertebrates or detritus feeders such as molluscs, crustaceans, sea urchin and ascidian would evolve enzymatic suites compatible with a diet rich in lignocellulose (Fig. 4a). Indeed, this group of animals harbor cellulases with broad enzymatic range, which supports the notion that a combination of endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases would increase the efficiency of lignocellulose digestion (Fig. 4b) [34, 39]. Animals that have evolved specialized diets (omnivory or carnivory) or those that have adopted a parasitic lifestyle lack cellobiohydrolases or endoglucanases altogether (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 Fig. 4 Evolution of lignocellulose decomposition machineries in animals. a Comparison of cellulases across the Tree of Life with focus on animals. The number of GH families lost from each taxon are denoted in red beside taxon labels. The number of GH families present in non-animal taxa are denoted in blue. Color boxes indicate the presence of certain cellulase family members while empty boxes indicate the loss of particular members. Data sources used for interpretation are depicted as colored circles; G = genome, T = transcriptome, C = CAZy. b The presence of lignocellulolytic enzymes is related to animal life history and dietary habits. Endoglucanases hydrolyse internal cellulose bonds while cellobiohydrolases cleave cellobiose units at chain ends. Glucosidases hydrolyse cellobiose units to release glucose. Xylan and mannan hemicellulose require xylosidases and mannosidases for their degradation. Animals that adopt detritivorous diets rich in plant biomass possess complete enzymatic suites for efficient lignocellulose decomposition and this is not seen in animals that adopt more specialized diets. Species names are abbreviated with full species names available in Additional file 8: Table S1 In summary, we identified the putative full set of 2373 GH genes encoded by 21 genomes representing major bilaterian evolutionary lineages, basal metazoans and a unicellular relative of animals. Remarkably, animal genomes encode 14 GH families with cellulase functions and the diversity of cellulases appears to be related to animals’ dietary strategy that may facilitate greater autonomy for lignocellulose decomposition. Our analyses on crustacean transcriptomes revealed that endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases are widespread in these species, which may in part, explain why these animals could survive on a detritivorous diet rich in plant biomass. GH7 from the isopod crustacean L. quadripunctata is shown to exhibit a number of striking features that are superior to fungal enzymes such as tolerance to high salt and enzyme denaturing conditions [20]. Although it remains to be determined whether the 318 crustacean GH7 homologs identified in study possess unique enzymatic capabilities, it is possible that these features are retained through adaptations to the marine environment. The natural cellulase diversity in animals may make inroads into current research focusing on optimizing enzymatic cocktails and hydrolysis strategies for industrial biomass conversion processes. Taxonomic assignment of CAZy dataset The 188,668 glycoside hydrolase (GH) sequences were retrieved from the CAZy database ( where information on species names are available [18, 26, 4042]. Taxonomic assignment of each GH sequences based on species names was performed using a taxonomy toolkit, TaxonKit ( Sankey diagrams were generated using RAWGraphs ( [43] to enable the visualization of taxonomic hierarchies within specific lineages. Identification of GH genes from metazoan genomes and crustacean transcriptomes Reference proteomes of fully sequenced genomes were obtained from Uniprot ( and accession numbers are provided in Additional file 8: Table S1. Crustacean transcriptome datasets available at the time of manuscript preparation were retrieved from the European nucleotide archive ( with accession numbers provided in Additional file 8: Table S1. All 188,668 CAZy sequences were used as queries to identify GH homologs in animals. We used multiple basic local alignment search tool (BLAST)-based approaches such as BLASTp and tBLASTn with blocks substitution matrices BLOSUM45 and BLOSUM62 to allow sufficient sensitivity to identify distant GH homologs. BLAST results were subsequently combined and unique hits were filtered by e-value of < 10− 5, best reciprocal BLAST hits against the GenBank non-redundant (nr) database and redundant transcripts having at least 98% identity were collapsed using CD-HIT ( We then utilized HMMER hmmscan employing hidden Markov models (HMM) profiles [44] to scan for the presence of Pfam domains commonly present in GH proteins [45] on the best reciprocal nr BLAST hits to compile a final non-redundant set of animal GH homologs. Pfam annotations and associated e-values are provided in Additional file 9: Table S2 and Additional file 10: Table S3. Fasta file of GH sequences are provided in Additional files 12 and 13. Heatmaps were generated using the pheatmap package [46] in R and bubble charts were generated using RAWGraphs [43]. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction Nucleotide sequences obtained from transcriptome analyses were translated to the correct frame using TransDecoder (version 5) [47]. Multiple sequence alignments of GH protein sequences obtained from CAZy, genome and transcriptome analyses were performed using MAFFT [48]. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from MAFTT alignments using RAxML [22] for maximum likelihood trees and MrBayes [49] for Bayesian trees. For maximum likelihood trees, the Whelan and Goldman (WAG) model of amino acid evolution [50] was used with 1000 bootstrap replications; four substitution rate categories were allowed with gamma distribution parameters estimated from the dataset. Bayesian analyses were performed on the multiple sequence alignments using a mixed amino acid substitution model; one tree was sampled for every 100 generations with the first 1000 trees discarded as burn-in. Both methods yielded trees with the same topology. Geneious was used to generate graphical representations of Newick trees [51]. Alyssa Lai and Donall Forde critically reviewed the manuscript. This work was supported by the EMBO Fellowship (ALTF1154–2013) and the Human Frontier Science Program Fellowship (LT0241/2014-L) to A.G.L. The funding bodies have no roles in design of the study, collection, analysis and interpretation of the data and in writing the manuscript. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this manuscript are included in the article and as additional files. Authors’ contributions WHC and AGL contributions: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, validation, visualization, writing, reviewing and editing the final draft. AGL acquired funding and administered the project. Both authors have read and approved the manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher’s Note Authors’ Affiliations 1. Eastwood DC, Floudas D, Binder M, Majcherczyk A, Schneider P, Aerts A, et al. The plant cell wall--decomposing machinery underlies the functional diversity of forest fungi. Science. 2011;333:762–5.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar 3. Solomon KV, Haitjema CH, Henske JK, Gilmore SP, Borges-Rivera D, Lipzen A, et al. Early-branching gut fungi possess a large, comprehensive array of biomass-degrading enzymes. Science. 2016;351:1192–5.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar 5. Juhasz T, Szengyel Z, Reczey K, Siika-Aho M, Viikari L. Characterization of cellulases and hemicellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei on various carbon sources. Process Biochem. 2005;40:3519–25. ElsevierView ArticleGoogle Scholar 6. Ries L, Pullan ST, Delmas S, Malla S, Blythe MJ, Archer DB. 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Outlook for cellulase improvement: screening and selection strategies. Biotechnol Adv. 2006;24:452–81. ElsevierView ArticleGoogle Scholar 39. Wilson DB. Three microbial strategies for plant cell wall degradation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1125:289–97. Wiley Online LibraryView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar 40. Henrissat B. A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem J. 1991;280:309. Portland Press LtdView ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar 41. Henrissat B, Bairoch A. Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases. Biochem J. 1996;316:695. Portland Press LtdView ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar 43. Mauri M, Elli T, Caviglia G, Uboldi G, Azzi M. RAWGraphs: A Visualisation Platform to Create Open Outputs. In: Proc 12th Biannu Conf Ital SIGCHI Chapter. New York: ACM; 2017. p. 28. 1--28:5.Google Scholar 44. Finn RD, Clements J, Eddy SR. HMMER web server: interactive sequence similarity searching. 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ElectrotheraphyThe TENS units are usually used to reduce pain by stimulating proprioception nerve threads to block or slow the broadcast of pain indicators. Iontophoresis is defined as the movement of ions through biological material under the influence of an electric current. It is transdermal electrotherapy which uses a drug-carrying electrode that delivers direct waves to the affected area to deliver the medication deeper into the tissue. The drug's ionic charge allows stimulation healing. The application of Electrotherapy (E-Stim) with the HOCATT is both an electro-therapeutic devise and is also Rife Resonation device, based upon Rife Therapies.Electro Frequency therapy is one of the most widely researched and published therapies in the world. This therapy has delivered a drug-free, non-invasive and non-addictive solution to a sizeable number of health issues. It can even be used to simulate exercise thus providing passive exercise to those unable to perform the activities needed to provide the benefits of exercise (the elderly, weak, ill, quadriplegic). The calorie burning effect of the passive exercise is an added benefit even to the healthy. 9 Item(s) per page Google Plus Linked in
Principles of Motor Learning: Practice Conditions essay A Get Full Essay Get Access Variability in practice increases ______ and ______ learning and generalizability McCracken & Stelmach: Variable vs. Constant Practice experiment (Methods) -4 Constant groups – had to hit ball into barrier placed either 15, 35, 60, or 65cm away -1 Variable group – barriers placed 15, 35, 60, and 65cm randomly -All groups practiced 300 trials/day –> Transfer training – all groups had barrier placed 50cm Variable vs. Constant Practice experiment (Results) Constant groups had less errors, BUT the Variable groups had less errors during transfer training (active learning) Variable practice allows the subjects to ________ the task more effectively Variable practice facilitated more _____________ of the skill Goode & Magill: Blocked vs. Random Practice experiment (methods) Practice 3 different badminton serves, 3x/wk, 36 trials in each session, for 3 weeks = total 324 trials Blocked Practice group- practiced 1 serve each day of the week Random Practice group- practiced all 3 serves in random order each day Blocked vs. Random Practice experiment (results) Random practice group did not do as well in performance but had more accurate/better transfer and retention phase. Deeper cognitive processing seems to degrade _______________ but enhance ____________ initial performance; retention _____________ that make a task more difficult initially seem to help learning in the long run. This concept is called ________________. Context factors; contextual interference A ______________ condition is an example of contextural interference. random practice LOOK AT PAGE 377 in book. Who did the experiment with Stroke patients and random vs. blocked groups? Hanlon’s Stroke experiment: Method + Results Random group, Block group, and Control group -Used hemiplegic arm of stroke pts to reach and open an OH cabinet, take cup out, put it down -Block group- did this task over and over again -Random group- did this task and then pointed somewhere or touched something, did task + “some activity” -Control group- did nothing Results: Random group did better at retaining than blocked or control group Prosthetic Simulator Both Groups: improved in movement time, were similar in the ability to retain learning Random Practice Group: was significantly better in performing the new tasks required in the transfer test –> Greater Generalizability Who did the experiment on task practice order on adults with Parkinson’s Disease? Experiment of Adults with Parkinson’s Disease (Methods) Adults with PD (and age-matched controls) -Given three versions of the pattern = 3 different tasks, randomized Experiment of Adults with Parkinson’s Disease (Results) During training: Overall – controls had less errors than those with PD -Controls practicing with random practice were more accurate than those practicing with blocked practice -Results reversed for PD, practicing with blocked practiced is more accurate than those practicing with random practice Why do people with Parkinson’s Disease do better with blocked practice? People with PD have difficulty learning sequential tasks and have difficulty switching sequences –> blocked practice works better _________ practice works for Stroke pts. _________ practice works for PD pts. randomized; blocked *Findings in healthy subjects may or may not relate to patient populations — Hanlon’s article (stroke) transferred but PD did not transfer What is a Massed practice schedule? Fewer practice sessions than a distributed schedule — with each session requiring longer practice. i.e.- 700 trials 3 days in a row, Constraint -Reduced Movement therapy What is a Distributed practice schedule? Distributed the same amount of practice across more sessions — each session is shorter Hypothesize that we need time to consolidate this new mov’t pattern (like sleeping on it) and time b/t practice On going controversy regarding ________ vs ________ practice. massed; distributed How should we deliver these dosage? We really do not know. Really. SO…..we don’t know WHICH (massed or distributed) is better and WHICH DOSING is better! What is transfer of training/transfer of learning? The influence that the practice of one task has on some other subsequent task What is the Specificity of Practice principle? The more closely the demands in the practice environment resemble those in the actual environment – the better the practice Who did the experiment on Specificity of Practice and Specificity of Training? And what was the purpose? To examine the effect of training program on sitting balance after stroke…does improvement in sitting balance transfer to STS and gait? Specificity of Practice (methods) 2 groups- sat on stool with work table in front of them and had to reach for objects in front of them Experimental Group: -Varied distance and direction of reach -Varied weight of the object -Varied seat height and extent of thigh support -Speed of movement -Varied number of reps Control Group: -Manipulated task within arms reach -Reps increased -Complexity of tasks increased Specificity of Training (results) Experimental group: -Reached further and faster (had practice with this) -Increased load on their lower extremity -Increased muscle activation in the lower extremity -Improved sit to stand -NO improvement in ambulation Control Group also no improvement in amb. Why was there no improvement in ambulation in Dean’s experiment? Walking is a different task! You get what you train for STS has similar task requirements to this experiment Also, Dynamic weight-shifting in side-to-side plane does not mean weight-shifting during ambulation What is part-task training? Practice on some components of the whole task as pre-training for performance of the whole task What is adaptive training? the learner starts with a less difficult version of the task and gradually transitions to the more difficult version. i.e.- training wheels on a bike, walker to quad cane to reg cane Who did an experiment on Part-Practice specificity of training? Part-practice specificity of training (methods) 2 groups of post-stroke pts with ongoing PT -subjects performed weight-shifting on a balance board-type object -group received additional weight-shifting therapy on hemiplegic leg Part-practice specificity of training (results) Both groups demonstrated improvement in ambulation -the group that received additional weight-shifting therapy demonstrated a more symmetrical standing posture -but the weight shifting group did not show greater improvement in ambulation What is mental practice? Asking a subject to spend a lot of time thinking about or imagining the action being performed without producing any action. Mental practice could be an important tool in facilitating __________ of a motor skill. Who did the experiment on mental practice task? Maring’s mental practice task (methods) Groups must toss ball onto target with EMG attached to their arm — looking at flexors and extensors. -Control Group tossed 10x, rest, then practiced again, memorized a poem during rest periods -Experimental Group did same thing but during rest periods though about how it felt to toss the ball, their accuracy, mentally rehearsed the toss Maring’s mental practice task (results) Experimental Group did better with mental rehearsing — improved accuracy over trials Changes in muscle activity reflect a more _________ firing pattern. Decrease in ____________ from the onset of muscle activity to peak muscle activity. firing time Increase in time between onset of _________ activity to onset of ___________ activity. agonist; antagonist What are 3 explanations for benefit of mental practice? 1) cognitive elements 2) motor program executed with low gain 3) supplementary cortex activated during mental practice Cognitive (repetitively thinking about and rehearsing the movement), Executed with low gain (your muscles are firing at low gain–not visible– during mental practice). Describe Roland’s experiment with finger movement and brain activity. -Simple finger flexion/extension: motor and sensory cortex are active -More complex finger mov’t: motor, somatosensory, and supplementary motor cortex active -Mentally rehearing and no mov’t: supplementary motor cortex is active What area of the brain is active during planning of movement? supplementary motor cortex Who did the experiment of application of mental practice in a normal population? Sidaway & Trzaska Application of mental practice: Aim of the study was to determine whether mental practice could produce ____________________ strength gains in the ankle dorsiflexor muscles Application of mental practice (Methods) 24 healthy young adults -8 physical practice group, 8 mental practice group, 8 control group -Each subjects ability to produce a maximal torque using the dorsiflexor muscles was measured using a Biodex, either physically or mentally practiced the mov’t -mental practice group was given scripted instructions, they were attached to dynamometer to ensure no torque generated -All subjects performed 3 sets/10 3x/week/4weeks Application of mental practice (Results) 25% improvement for the physical practice group 17% improvement for the mental practice group -1.77% for the control group 8% difference but not statistically sig. — might be USEFUL AS AN ADJUNCT to traditional treatment options What is Guidance? A technique often used in therapy The learner is PHYSICALLY GUIDED through the task to be learned. Manual Guidance is often used to encourage symmetrical ___________ Sidaway’s Manual Guidance experiment (Purpose) Study compared the effect of providing 2 frequencies of manual guidance and 2 frequencies of KR to 40 healthy subjects. Sidaway’s Manual Guidance experiment (Methods) 4 Healthy Groups: 100% guidance, 33% guidance, 100% KR, 33% KR -Task was to learn to distribute their weight on their feet in 70:30 ratio (on scale only seen by experimenter) -Guidance conditions – subjects were positioned by the researcher into correct position (get target ratio w/o seeing scale) -KR condition – verbally provided with KR regarding the %age of body weight on each foot Sidaway’s Manual Guidance experiment (Results) Most accurate performance = 33% KR group Poorest learners = 100% Guidance In middle = 100% Kr and 33% Guidance –> Best performance with knowledge of results 1/3 of the time –> feedback/guidance is important Practice in an unguided condition is more beneficial for __________ Conditions which make the acquisition of the skill more ________ appear to enhance the _________ and retention of the skill. difficult; learning What behavioral components were required to drive the plasticity? — Neural Plasticity Paradigms 1) Intensive, repetitive 2) Required skill development in a specific task 3) Adaptive – programmed incremental changes 4) Motivating Rewards What behavioral components were required to drive the plasticity? — Motor Learning Paradigms 1) hundreds of practice trials 2) practice in specific task to facilitate skill development 3) feedback in many different forms = inherent component of reward system Get access to knowledge base MOney Back No Hidden Knowledge base Become a Member
Latest in Science Image credit: ESA ESA wants to know why Galileo satellites' clocks stopped working Because satellite navigation systems need precise atomic clocks to work properly. Something strange is going on with the Galileo satellites, and the European Space Agency wants to find out what's causing it. Apparently, ten atomic clocks on board five of the 18 navigation probes already in orbit have malfunctioned, and it could force the agency to delay the scheduled launch of four more satellites in August. Satellite-navigation systems like ESA's Galileo need highly precise atomic clocks to work properly, since they have to broadcast their signals at the same time. Broken clocks will hinder Galileo's ability to "deliver real-time positioning accuracy down to the meter range" like the ESA promised. Three of the devices hit by the mysterious affliction are rubidium atomic frequency clocks, while the rest are more-precise passive hydrogen maser variants. One of the hydrogen devices has been restarted, bringing the total number down to nine. Since each satellite carries four clocks and none of them have more than two broken devices, Galileo still works. According to Space, the agency thinks the clocks short-circuited and failed because they're switched off for long periods. However, it still needs to investigate the event further to make sure the rest of the clocks won't get affected. The Galileo constellation was supposed to be up and running back in 2008 but was plagued with delays. While it currently has 18 satellites, it will ultimately be composed of 24 with six spares if everything goes well. For now, the agency plans to examine and refurbish the clocks aboard the four satellites scheduled to launch in August to prevent their untimely deaths. From around the web ear iconeye icontext filevr
Informing Spectroscopists for Over 40 Years X-ray fluorescence applications to art and cultural heritage: study of a Japanese print S. Pessanha, A. Guilherme, M. Manso and M.L. de Carvalho Centro de Física Atómica da Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649–003, Lisboa, Portugal Scientific studies of artworks are an important practice in many institutions dedicated to the study and protection of cultural heritage. Applied physics and chemistry provide the scientific data necessary to characterise and understand the origin, the degradation processes and the environment in which the artwork was created or has existed. The major requirement for an analytical technique employed in the study of objects of important historical value is the ability to perform non-destructive analysis. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) is a perfect tool to study the elemental composition of these artworks because it allows the analysis of the piece as it is, without the need for sampling and without causing damage. Another issue in the Cultural Heritage field is that there are numerous objects that cannot be moved from their original location due to their weight and dimensions, or because of their value. The need to analyse such objects gave rise to the development of portable EDXRF spectrometers, which allow in situ analysis and that are in widespread use nowadays. For analytical purposes, X-rays may be generated in several ways, and one of them consists of exposing a certain material to a primary beam of X-rays to generate a secondary beam of X-ray fluorescence. X-ray sources often produce both continuum and characteristic spectra, both being important in the analysis procedure. Continuum radiation is also called Bremsstrahlung and it is the radiation that arises from the retardation of the accelerated electrons impinging on the anode, inside an X-ray tube. In an X-ray tube, the electrons are produced by thermo–ionic processes at the cathode, and accelerated towards a metal anode by a high voltage difference between them. When electrons impinge on the anode, part of the energy is converted to X-rays and the result is a continuum spectrum superimposed on which is a line spectrum characteristic of the anode material. X-ray fluorescence analysis is both a qualitative and quantitative analytical method; it can be applied to the identification of practically all elements with atomic number Z > 11. The principle of this method is very simple. The X-ray beam originating from the X-ray source is used to ionise an inner shell, normally the K shell, of the atoms of any given sample. These ions with a “hole” in the inner K shell want to restore their original configuration, and this is done by transferring an electron from an outer shell, such as the L shell, to the inner shell. An L shell electron has a higher energy than a K shell electron, and when a transition occurs the difference in energy can be emitted as an X-ray photon. In the spectrum, this is seen as a line. Each atom has its specific energy levels, so the emitted radiation is characteristic of an element. An atom emits more than a single energy (line) because different holes can be produced and different electrons can then occupy them. The collection of emitted lines is characteristic of the element and can be used to identify its presence. Pigment identification on artworks such as paintings, frescoes, and ceramics and metal artefacts by EDXRF is widely acknowledged.1–4 In this article, we present the pigment identification of a Japanese print by means of a portable micro-beam EDXRF instrument. The equipment used in this study is a portable instrument consisting of an Oxford X-ray generator (Model XTF 5011) with Mo anode (50 kV, 1 mA). The detector used is a Vortex-EX SDD (Si) thermoelectrically cooled with a nominal area of 50 mm2 and a Be window. The X-ray generator and detector are coupled to a vacuum chamber5 in 45º geometry. This chamber was designed to allow alternating between a simple collimator and a polycapillary collimator. Using the polycapillary feature a spot size of 250 µm is obtained. The chamber also possesses a camera allowing the visualisation of the analysed area and thus the capture of the image (Figure 1) and the spot of analysis is highlighted by the two lasers, one green and one red. All spectra were collected using the polycapillary mode in vacuum, operating conditions of 30 kV, 0.5 mA and 300 s. The spectra analyses were performed using the AXIL-QXAS (Analysis of X-ray spectra by Iterative Least-squares fitting) software package developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Figure 1. Image of the analysed area gathered with the interior camera, and spectra obtained for the green and red areas (the light is the reflection of a LED used to illuminate the chamber). The analysed sample, shown in Figure 2, was acquired by a collector without any record of its provenance or former owners, so its authorship and time of creation is indefinite. Nonetheless, an expert in oriental textile artworks analysed the style and materials of the piece and identified it as Japanese print using the woodblock technique. Figure 2. Picture of the Japanese woodblock print with analysed points (indicated by the round white spots) Woodblock printmaking came to Japan from China probably around the eighth century. In the beginning, woodblock printmaking was done only in Buddhist monasteries, for the purpose of reproducing Buddhist texts and images, later also for books. Only at the beginning of the 17th century was printing also done in private studios. The first prints were just black-and-white. Japanese woodblock printmaking was at its prime during the Edo period (1603–1868). The artists expressed the spirit of a new time in their images, the ukiyo-e, which means “images of the floating world”. In the middle of the 17th century, the artist Moronobu was one of the first to create a single sheet woodblock print. These new, reasonably priced prints became very popular. There was a big variety of themes. In the beginning, legends were the main theme, and images from the popular kabuki theatre. The artist Harunobu designed prints showing scenes of everyday life. Utamaro was famous for his fine portraits of beautiful women. At the end of the 18th century, both landscape and animals became themes of artists such as the masters Hokusai and Hiroshige. The EDXRF analysis and knowledge of the elemental content of the colours present in the print, gave enlightening results regarding the pigments used. In Figure 1 the spectra obtained for the red background and green spot in the upper left quadrant of the print are overlapped. The high amount of Hg in the red spot, as well as for other red areas, implies the use of vermillion (HgS) for the red pigment. The green pigment presented a high level of Cu, but also Zn and Pb, which suggests the use of a copper-based green pigment mixed with Lead white [2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2] and Zinc white (ZnO). According to Winter6 who compiled the major pigments used in East Asian artworks, the most widely used green pigment is Malachite [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2], but copper compounds other than Malachite can occur, such as copper chlorides like Atacamite and Paratacamite. Lead white, Zinc white and Calcite (CaCO3) are also common white pigments found in Japanese prints. A high presence of Ca was found in the face of the geishas implying the use of the mineral calcite. The black of East Asian artworks is overwhelmingly Chinese ink.6 So there was no surprise when no significant differences were found in the elemental content of the black hair of the geishas and the background of the print. No higher levels of Fe or Mn were found which might indicate the presence of oxides of iron and manganese, suggesting the use of an organic compound, most likely Chinese Ink. For the salmon-coloured areas, no presence of characteristic elements was established either, suggesting again the use of an organic pigment. For the blue decorations of the kimonos, no significant increase of Cu or Fe was found, suggesting the use of common pigments like Azurite [Cu(OH)2.2CuCO3] or Prussian Blue {Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3.xH2O}. On the other hand, as we can see in Figure 3, an increase of Al, Si and S was established when comparing them to the grey background. This might suggest the use of Ultramarine blue [Na8–10Al6Si6O24S2–4], which was also commonly used. Figure 3. Comparison of the spectra obtained for grey and blue areas of the kimono of the sitting geisha. This case study presents the analytical advantages of using a portable µ-EDXRF instrument developed specifically for Cultural Heritage purposes. On the one hand, the micro beam allows for distinct analysis of small regions that are very common in paintings, prints or written documents. On the other hand, the vacuum chamber allows the detection of lighter elements such as Al, Si, P and S enabling the identification of Ultramarine blue and Cinnabar. Finally, the possibility of portability is a major advantage in the Cultural Heritage field making possible in situ study of immovable objects. Furthermore, this article highlights the multidisciplinarity of these studies, which involve the complementary roles of physicists, chemists, historians, archaeologists, restorers and conservators in gaining a better understanding of past Art Work and thereby preserving it for the future. 1. M. Mantler and M. Schreiner, “X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in art and archaeology”, X-Ray Spectrom. 3–17 (2000).<3::AID-XRS398>3.0.CO;2-O 2. A. Guilherme, A. Cavaco, S. Pessanha, M. Costa and M.L. Carvalho, “Comparison of portable and stationary x-ray fluorescence spectrometers in the study of ancient metallic artefacts”, X-Ray Spectrom. 444–449 (2008). 3. K. Castro, S. Pessanha, N. Proietti, E. Princi, D. Capitani, M. L. Carvalho and J.M. Madariaga, “Non-invasive and non-destructive NMR, Raman and XRF analysis of a Blaeu’s coloured map from the XVII century”, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 433–441 (2008). 4. M. Gil, M.L. Carvalho, A. Seruya, I. Ribeiro, P. Alves, A. Guilherme, A. Cavaco, J. Mirão and A. Candeias, “Pigment characterization and state of conservation of an 18th century fresco in the Convent of S. António dos Capuchos (Estremoz)”, X-Ray Spectrom. 328–337 (2008). 5. G. Buzanich, P. Wobrauschek, C. Streli, A. Markowicz, D. Wegrzynek, E. Chinea-ano and S. Bamford, “A portable micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with polycapillary optics and vacuum chamber for archaeometric and other applications”, Spectrochim. Acta B 1252–1256 (2007). 6. J. Winter, East Asian paintings–materials structures and deterioration mechanisms. Archetype Publications, pp. 13–44 (2007). Rate this Article: No votes yet
And why should it not be overlooked? What is induction lamp? The basic technology for induction lamp is not particularly new and has been around over 100 years . Essentially, an induction lamp is an electrodeless fluorescent. Without electrodes, the lamp relies on the fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction and gas discharge to emitting UV radiation that in turn is converted into visible white light by the phosphor coating on the bulb. The elimination of filaments and electrodes results in a lamp of unmatched life. Lasting 100, 000 hours or 25 years, this system can outlast 100 incandescent, five HID, or five typical fluorescent lamp changes. How does induction lamp work? External magnetic induction lamps are essentially fluorescent lamps with electromagnets wrapped around a section of the lamp tube. High frequency energy, from the electronic ballast (generator), is sent through wires, which are wrapped in a coil around the ferrite inductor, creating a powerful magnet. Induction coil produces a very strong magnetic field which travels through the glass and excites the mercury atoms in the interior which are provided by a pellet of amalgam (a solid form of mercury). The mercury atoms emit UV light and, just as in a fluorescent tube, the UV light is up-converted to visible light by the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube. The system can be considered as a type of transformer where the inductor is the primary coil while the mercury atoms within the envelope/tube form a single-turn secondary coil. Contact us for more information or to arrange an on-site demonstration on power saving. Ultra-Long Life Due to the lack of electrodes Induction systems typically have a rated life of 80,000 to 100,000 hours depending on the light model, making them the perfect choice for hard-to-reach indoor or outdoor applications. High Efficiency Induction lights are environmentally friendly as they use less energy, and generally use less mercury per hour of operation over conventional lighting due to their long lifespan. The mercury is in a solid form and can be easily recovered if the light is broken, or for recycling at end-of-life. These benefits offer cost savings of around 50% in energy and maintenance costs compared to other types of lighting that they replace. 1. Very high energy conversion efficiency of between 72 and 90 Lumens/Watt (higher wattage lights are more energy efficient). 2. High power factor due to the low loss in high frequency electronic ballasts which are 98% efficient. Minimal lumen depreciation (declining light output with age) compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent. 3. ”Instant-on” and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps used in commercial/industrial lighting applications (i.e. Sodium and Metal Halides). Low Total Cost of Ownership Reduced energy and maintenance costs make induction lighting a practical solution where large areas of illumination are needed. Outstanding Colour Performance Induction lighting produces high quality light in a variety of colour temperatures. There’s no shift over lamp life, high 80+ colour rendengri. High Reliability Instant hot and cold start-up and re-start. Because its light output is not significantly influenced by ambient temperature, the induction light can start at very low temperatures, maintaining at least 85% of nominal lumens. Stable Light Output Relatively insensitive to line voltage fluctuations, its light output remains constant over a wide range of fluctuating input voltages. For More Information Lumen Depreciation Curve 1. Why Choose Induction Lights? 1. Maintenance With over 100,000 hours of life, induction lamps are highly reliable and practically maintenance free. In most cases, this saving alone will more than offset the initial cost of the induction system. 2. Efficiency Producing 150 pupil lumens of light for each watt of energy, induction lamps offer energy savings of 50%, compared to conventional sodium/metal halide. 3. Brightness Offering crisp white light with a CRI index of 80+ and a choice of 2700K, 3500K, 5000K and 6500K colour temperatures, this makes colours appear brighter and more vibrant. 4. Instant Induction lamps respond instantly to being switched on or off, with no lengthy waiting times. 2. What is the induction light system and how does induction lighting work? The induction lamp uses revolutionary light technology that combines the basic principles of induction and gas discharge. Induction technology avoids the use of electrodes, which allows for an unprecedented 100,000 hours of high quality white light. 3. Do induction lights need a dedicated fixture? Induction lights and ballasts can be fitted into existing fixtures and housings. Please ensure that the existing reflectors are in good order otherwise we cannot guarantee lumen output. 4. What are the components of the system? The system comprises of three components: the ballast, the magnetic rings and the lamp tube. The magnetic rings transfer energy from the high frequency ballast to the discharge gas inside the glass tube, using an antenna that contains the primary induction coil and its ferrite core. The rings also have a heat–conducting rod with a mounting flange which allows the induction lamp system to be mechanically attached to the luminaries. 5. Can induction interfere with computers, telecommunications or other electronic Device? No. Induction systems run at 250 kHz which complies with FCC and CE (EMC) Regulations with non–interference under normal circumstances. 6. Is the light output of an induction lamp affected by temperature? The lamp amalgam fill technology and the heat–conduction rod in the centre creates a stable light output over a wide temperature range maintaining at least 85% of normal lumen output from -40°C and +40°C. 7. How long will the Induction lamp last? Induction lighting systems are designed to have an average rated life of 100,000 hours at a maximum ballast case temperature of 65°C. -external systems (Separate ballast) – 100,000 hours -internal systems – (Separate ballast) – 80,000 hours 8. What is the typical Lumen maintenance? The lumen output of the induction lamp is expected to depreciate after 80,000 hours to 80% of the initial rated lumens (or 20% lumen depreciation). When a fluorescent lamp is new its light output is at its maximum, as the lamp operates, various processes (plasma, chemical and thermal) within the lamp cause a gradual reduction of lumen output. The degree to which the actual light decreases with operating time is referred to as the lumen maintenance. 9. What type of gas is used inside the lamp? A mixture of inert gases such as Argon. 10. Does the operating position affect the Lumen output? No. The universal operating position does not affect the performance of the induction lamp system. The reflector of the fixture is used to direct the light to a designated area. 11. Is the induction light dimmable? Yes. In theory the induction lamp system is able to dim to 30% of the normal lumen output. However, we would not recommend dimming as this would severely reduce the life of the ballast. 12. Is the induction lamp vibration resistant? Yes. As induction lamps do not have electrodes, they are more reliable in high vibration applications. The induction lamp has proven durability in all external applications. 13. Do voltage supply fluctuations effect the performance of the Induction system? The IC (Integrated Circuit Board) in the ballast guarantees stable current under voltage fluctuations from 170V – 250V. There is no noticeable affect in the light performance (Colour Temperature CRI) as a result of voltage fluctuations. 14. How can induction lights be disposed of at the end of their life span? Light: Although a very small amount of Mercury is used, it is recommended to treat the lamp as small chemical waste. The lamp can be recycled together with other low-pressure discharge lamps. Follow local authority regulations for disposal of this type of light source. Ballast: This component is a RoHS compliant device, which can be disposed of with normal care. It is recommended to dispose of the ballast as normal electronic waste according to local authority regulations. 15. At the end of life must all of the components be replaced? Although all components are separately replaceable, induction lamps are almost always supplied as a system, even for re- lamping. End of life usually means the ballast must be replaced, and at that time it is usually recommended to replace the lamp as phosphor degeneration at 100,000 hours lowers lumen output to 35% - 40%. 16. Why is induction technology worth more? Induction lighting systems offer five to ten times the life of HID systems for only two to three times the cost of the HID lamp and ballast. For More Information
We started by looking at how the spine works both Structurally and Functionally, and how Compensatory Patterns form. We sought to address the following: • What are some of the dominant patterns or trends in the spine that develop in Standing, Weight Bearing and Movement? • Which are the areas of the spine that predominantly become restricted, and which areas as a result often become unstable? • Which areas of the spine compensate rotationally, and in flexion and extension? • How can we effectively initiate and teach rotational stability of the pelvis? The objective was to create a geometric pattern to model the movement of the spine, and design the device from this geometric pattern. Design Protocol: 1. The Device is to have 3 Curves to support the natural curvature of the Spine. 2. The pelvis is to be supported under the Sacrum and positioned up off the ground, creating an “Open Loop” for the Pelvis. 3. The Pelvis must be able to move in all 3 Planes while the user is lying on the Device. 4. The base of the device is to be curved both Longitudinally (allowing for extension) and Laterally (Activating Pelvic Rotational Stability in the User). 5. Most of the Material, and therefore Support under the Lumbar Spine, reducing Extension and Flexion. The least amount of material under the Thoracic Spine, encouraging the most amount of movement. 6. A slight decline in the Device, encouraging gentle decompression of the Intervertebral Discs evenly throughout the Spine. 7. Scapular cutaways in the Device allow the scapular to move freely. 8. The importance of a Highly Resilient Material, engineered to compress to roughly 50% of its volume, and then to push back against the User. Only a material with these mechanical properties will work with the above design protocol. 9. The material must be able to move and stretch in all 3 planes, to accommodate varying Heights and Weights of Users. 10. The material must have a smooth skin surface or protective coating, allowing the device to be cleaned in clinical and sporting environments. It must be anti-bacterial and anti-fungal, and highly durable.
Michelle Mora is a first-year M.A. student in the Latin American Studies program. Refugee policies in Brazil have become more generous since the country’s return to civilian rule in 1985, and are even touted by some as a “model refugee law for Latin America” (Fischel De Andrade and Marcolini 2002). Despite receiving few refugees annually, Brazil’s legal framework and refugee protections have increased its global profile as a friendly state for refugee resettlement and made it a leader in providing a Latin American solution to the current “crisis.” This article examines why Brazil opened its arms to an increasing amount of refugees in recent years. Researchers have long examined the factors affecting the reception of refugees, but few studies have focused on Latin America, a region historically responsible for creating refugees rather than accepting them. I argue that Brazil has embraced refugees mainly due to political, economy and moral factors. Namely, Brazil’s desire to attain international legitimacy, fill labor gaps, and right its moral wrongs after human rights abuses under its past authoritarian government. Brief history of Brazil’s refugee policies Potential refugees that arrived in Brazil were treated as ordinary migrants until 1960, though Brazil continued to deny refugee status to non-Europeans through the 1970s (Fischel de Andrade and Marcolini 2002). [1] In the 1980s, Brazil removed all restrictions on country of origin and began granting refugees work authorization shortly thereafter. The outbreak of the Angolan civil war of 1992 marked a turning point for active support of refugees. At the time, Brazil accepted 1,200 Angolans with refugee protection. By 1995, 70% of those applying for asylum (about 2,000 people) were granted refugee protection (Fischel de Andrade and Marcolini 2002). In recent years, Brazil has stepped up its efforts to embrace refugees. In 1997, Brazil made history by passing the first comprehensive refugee law in South America, the 1997 Refugee Act. It reinforced that all those fleeing due to safety concerns must be recognized as refugees and receive the protection this status entails. The following year, Brazil established the National Committee for Refugees, which provided a forum for state and NGO actors involved in refugee issues to assist in improving the asylum process (Fischel de Andrade and Marcolini 2002). According to UNHCR, as of December 2014 Brazil was hosting 7,490 refugees and 11,216 asylum seekers. Refugees receive work permission and access to public services, such as education and healthcare. Six years after arrival, a refugee is eligible for a permanent visa and Brazilian citizenship. In some cases, they can also qualify for financial support from the government (Fischel de Andrade and Marcolini 2002). In 2013, Brazil launched a humanitarian visa program for Syrians, and by November 2015 it had issued 8,000 humanitarian visas to Syrians. Some 18,000 asylum-seekers were awaiting decisions by the end of 2015 (UNHCR). Although the numbers of asylum requests have been low in comparison to North America, Brazil is one of the biggest recipients of refugees in Latin America. I turn now to the factors that have led Brazil to open its doors to an increasing number of refugees in recent years. Political Motivations Strong NGO and Catholic Church advocacy have led to pro-refugee policies in Brazil. These have been supported by a lack of opposition from labor unions and a tolerant environment due to Brazil’s historically high immigration rates. The strongest advocates for refugees in Brazil are the Catholic Church and NGOs. With a large Catholic population, the influence of the Catholic Church in Brazil is considerable. In cases where the government has failed to protect the human rights of refugees and immigrants, the Church, acting through NGOs or the National Conference of Brazilian Bishops, has successfully lobbied for government action. For example, after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a large number of Haitians sought asylum in Brazil’s Amazon region. Pastoral Care for Migrants, a Catholic Church organization, was appalled by the conditions of a border town where Haitians awaited refugee status and published a report that attracted the attention of the national press and spurred government action. Other examples of NGO lobbying success are the amnesties granted every ten years to undocumented immigrants since the 1980s. According to Brazil’s Federal Police, under pressure from the Church, the government has granted 18,000 amnesty requests providing legal work status to immigrants (Antonio da Silva 2013). While Brazil’s strong labor unions are the strongest opponents of pro-immigration policies, they have been relatively silent on refugees, perhaps due to the small numbers accepted. This lack of opposition may have created room for pro-refugee policies. Another factor creating an environment favorable to open immigration policies is Brazil’s large diaspora community. With a population of 204 million, Brazilians are nearly all descendants of African slaves or immigrants. Although social tensions are present, Brazil is regarded as a tolerant society towards refugees and immigrants. Many political and economic elites came to Brazil fleeing persecution, and are often sympathetic to their plight. Large communities of Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian, and Japanese immigrants reside in Brazil, and many have come to prominence in government and business. In fact, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff’s father entered Brazil as a refugee during World War II. Recent waves of refugees post-World War II have especially impacted the attitudes towards refugees. In a 2015 UN speech Rousseff called Brazil “a country of refugees” that would maintain an open relationship with asylum seekers (Fellet 2015). However, the influence of Brazil’s diaspora community on refugee policy is unclear, as few studies have been done on this linkage. What we do know is that Brazil is the only Latin American country to issue humanitarian visas without requiring proof of family ties to the country, which suggests that diaspora communities are not the primary focus of refugee policies (Becker 2015). Nevertheless, diaspora communities play a prominent role in integrating refugees upon arrival. Since the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, the Syrian population in São Paulo increased four times, and the Syrian diaspora has embraced integration efforts for these new arrivals. One example is a popular Facebook page run by Amer Mohamad Masarani, a Syrian who has lived in Brazil for 18 years. Amer helps refugees bridge the language barrier to get cell phones and housing, connecting new arrivals to additional services (Sandy 2015). Another political motivation could be Brazil’s push for international recognition. The country has gained international acclaim for its refugee policies. In 2015, the UN ranked Brazil as one of the top four countries for refugee resettlement (Becker 2015). According to the World Refugee Survey in 2013, Brazil was the only country to receive an “A” based on several criteria including access to courts and the right to work (Becker 2015). Brazil is also praised for its reciprocal entry policy that allows refugees from many African states to enter Brazil as tourists and then apply for asylum. Is this recognition motivating Brazil to pursue these policies? Although there is no evidence that relates the two, Brazil has made pointed efforts to increase its visibility in the international arena over the last ten years. Former President Lula’s frequent international appearances, paired with Brazil’s growing economic importance as a “BRIC” gave the country a larger platform to project influence. Since 2003, Brazil has increased its participation in UN peacekeeping operations and efforts to pursue a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. These trends suggest Brazil’s foreign policy has shifted in search of stronger international influence. International legitimacy may be a strong factor in Brazil’s liberal refugee policy, though additional research is needed to demonstrate a causal relationship. Economic Imperatives Economic opportunity to fill labor gaps also helps explain Brazil’s attitudes towards refugees. Brazil has lacked low skilled labor to work in the São Paulo clothing manufacturing industry since the 1980s. Some argue the mass amnesties granted to undocumented immigrants were a response to Brazilian manufacturers pressure for more cheap labor (Antonio da Silva 2013). This suggests that the government considers labor gaps when acting on immigration policy. Today, Brazil lacks skilled labor in technology and medicine. Brazil must find a solution for these shortages and accepting refugees could be part of the answer. Political and academic discourse offers evidence that economic factors are driving acceptance of refugees. “All refugees who want to come and work, live in peace, help construct our country, have children, live with dignity; we are here with open arms,” affirmed President Rousseff at a G4 meeting in 2015 (Fellet 2015). She has repeated this message on other occasions, including September 2015, when she said that her country would accept those “expelled from their countries” who are willing to work in Brazil (Branco 2015). The academic community also stresses the economic benefits of refugees. A professor at Fundação Getulio Vargas, Oliver Stuenkel, received media attention when he wrote a New York Times article, arguing that Brazil should accept 50,000 Syrian refugees, as they would bring economic benefits to Brazil (Costas 2015). Moral Argument The timing of the 1997 Refugee Act and the 1988 Constitution are compelling evidence that the symbolic importance of accepting refugees following Brazil’s authoritarian rule is an important factor in explaining the country's open refugee policy in Brazil. Brazil’s transition to democracy after over 20 years of authoritarian rule in 1985 was marked with growing public awareness of human rights issues, including refugee policies. Additionally, in 1997, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a former political refugee in Chile in the 1960s, approved the aforementioned 1997 Refugee Act. Soon after, the city of Passo Fundo in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul became the first in the Americas to join the Cities of Asylum Network, granting safe haven to artists, authors, and intellectuals persecuted in their home states (Fischel De Andrade and Marcolini 2002). Furthermore, Brazil’s 1988 constitution is a symbol of the break with repressive authoritarianism, outlining guidelines for Brazil’s international behavior. The constitution explicitly recognizes human rights as a guiding principle of Brazil’s international affairs. The Catholic Church is active in holding the government accountable to these constitutional commitments. When the Ministry of Justice simplified the refugee visa renewal process in 2013, Father Parisi, coordinator of “Missão Paz," a Sao Paulo-based NGO, applauded the effort as a “grand gesture of human rights,” adding that Brazil had found its expression at the global level as a country that welcomes massacred populations (Rede Brasil Atual 2015). The church has maintained this stance of solidarity with refugees, certainly impacting political discourse (Antonio da Silva 2013). Towards a Latin American Model? In sum, economic, political and moral factors have driven Brazil to open its arms to an increasing number of refugees. Today, not only stands as a model for refugee policies in Latin America, but also is influencing the human rights agenda in the world. However, despite its efforts, Brazil still does not accept refugees in significant numbers. Through future efforts to welcome and integrate migrant groups, Brazil has the opportunity to meet the needs of the labor market and make peace with its past, while gaining the increased international legitimacy it so desires. [1] This article distinguishes between “refugees” and “migrants.” Refugees are those who must seek protection from a foreign government and require legal protection . The term “migrants” is used for anyone living outside of their home for more than one year, irrespective of the causes. Antonio Da Silva, Sidney. November 2013. "Brazil, a New Eldorado for Immigrants?: The Case of Haitians and the Brazilian Immigration Policy." Urbanites. Vol 3. No. 2: 3-18. Becker, Elisabeth. November 2015. "The Four "Best" Countries for Refugee Resettlement." UN Dispatch. Costas, Ruth. September 2015. "Brasil Deveria Receber 50 Mil Sírios.” BBC Brasil. Fellet, João. September 2015. "Todo Refugiado Que Queira Trabalhar é Bem Vindo No Brasil, Diz Dilma.” BBC Brasil. Fischel De Andrade, José, and Adriana Marcolini. 2002. "Brazil's Refugee Act: Model Refugee Law for Latin America." Forced Migration Review. Vol 12. No. 13: 37-39. Rede Brasil Atual. September 2015. "Brasil é o Principal Destino De Refugiados Sírios Nas Américas." Sandy, Matt. January 2015. "Syrians Find Safety, Hospitality in São Paulo." Aljazeera America. UNHCR. 1951. "Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees." UNHCR. "Syrian Refugees." United Nations Development Programme. 2009. Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development. PHOTO CREDIT: "Refugees from the Syrian War live in Rio de Janeiro" by Fernando Frazão/Agência Brasil is licensed under Creative Commons CC BY 3.0. The picture shows part of the street food stand set up by Hanaa Nachawaty, a Syrian refugee in Rio de Janeiro, against the city's picturesque black and white mosaic sidewalks. Hanaa Nachawaty sells esfirras, a traditional savory pastry from Lebanon and Syria.
The Filipinas of history you need to know about Art and Animation by Marvinne de Guzman It’s Women’s History Month — a twelfth of the year dedicated to acknowledging the accomplishments and capacities of half of the population. This is a time for celebration and protest. Celebration of the beautiful, smart, and tenacious people who have made the world a better place. Protest against the systematic subjugation that many are forced to endure. A sad reality persists such that most of the time, ladies who put in the work tend to be reduced to footnotes in our history books. These are people who have dedicated their lives for the betterment of society, but they deserve more. Young STAR presents some of the country’s finest thinkers, workers, and fighters worth remembering. Special thanks to legendary komikera Dead Balagtas for helping formulate this list. The women who engineered the Huk Rebellion The tale of this group is an earnest reminder of why we fight. Generally, not too many are familiar with the Hukbalahap, but a quick Google or message to your comrade friend would refresh your memory. The Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon was a group of rebels that fought for change in imperialist structures. Known colloquially as the Huk Rebellion, this communist uprising against the Japanese Occupation is enough evidence to prove that women are the revolution. Several peasants in Central Luzon began organizing and dissenting against the Japanese-led government. And from 1946 to 1950, many women were instrumental to the execution of the Huk Rebellion. One of the most notable was Felipa Culala, also known as Dayang-Dayang. Dayang-Dayang was a core member of the group in 1942. She remained in a leadership position for most of its existence, forming a sub-group within the Hukbalahap. She often rescued soldiers from capture, and conducted several attack missions against the Japanese. Maria Lorena “Laurie” Barros Lorena was a voice for the people from start to finish. As a student of Anthropology in the University of the Philippines during the Marcos presidency, Laurie was exposed early to activism through groups such as Kabataang Makabayan. She actively took leadership roles during her stay in college, even becoming the president of the UP Writer’s Club for a time. Once she got her college degree (with honors) and finished her post-graduate studies, she founded MAKIBAKA, a group dedicated to the feminist and socialist cause. The founding of a separate women’s group was extremely important in the Philippines, and paved the way for the founding of similar groups such as GABRIELA. In addition to her contribution the women’s rights movement in the Philippines, she led an anti-Marcos insurgency during Martial Law. Because of her activist and nationalist ties, she was imprisoned for a year, but later escaped. Laurie died fighting fascist soldiers in 1976. Magdalena Jalandoni Language can be a powerful instrument. The Hiligaynon pioneer Magdalena Jalandoni exemplifies this in her writings. She is best known by her poem, “Ang Guitara”. However, her body of work is much more than this. In fact, many consider Jalandoni as one of the most prolific Filipino writers in history. She penned over 150 books, plays, and poems through the span of her 75 years of writing (she started publishing poems at 12 years old). One can certainly call her a historical woman, having lived through the Philippine Revolution, The Filipino-American War, and Japanese Occupation. She was forced to leave home twice, and still persisted in her writing. Many of her works have feminist overtones and are centered around the lives of different women. Maria Ylagan Orosa They say the woman’s place is the kitchen, Maria Orosa did this and took it to the next level. Working tirelessly to ensure that the Filipino got proper nutrition, she tested hundreds of recipes that would utilize native Filipino crops in order to import less food. We owe many aspects of cuisine that are distinct to the country to her. She spearheaded food preservation to benefit Filipinos in World War II. The soy-based “magic food” she invented also stopped many poor people from going hungry. She even invented banana ketchup. Maria briefly worked in Washington as a state chemist, but soon returned to the Philippines to fulfill her duties. She died a war hero during combat. Maria Rosa Luna Henson It takes immense courage to be vulnerable. Maria Rosa Luna Henson, or Lola Rosa, confronted these fears and inhibitions when being the first person to open up about her experiences as a “comfort woman” in World War II. During the war, she joined the Hukbalahap, and was kidnapped in the line of duty by Japanese soldiers at 14 years old. She was a sex slave for the Japanese before her rescue by the Hukbalahap. She kept this experience a secret for most of her life, and only at the age of 65 did she reveal what happened. Her husband left her because of this, but she still persisted in her activism. Her book, Comfort Woman: Slave of Destiny was the world’s first glimpse into what it was like to survive the atrocity. She soon became an advocate for other women who had similar experiences. In the five years before her death, she fought for justice from the Japanese, which she somewhat did receive in the form of compensation. Share this:
Password Save Everything About Fiction You Never Wanted to Know. Jump to navigation Jump to search JUSTIN BAILEY ---- ------ —A Metroid password responsible for a lot of Wild Mass Guessing A classic of oldie video games, this is the method of saving your progress in a game without being required to actually store it on the console or game cartridge: Encode it as a string of letters, numbers, or other symbols and have the player write it down on a nearby piece of paper. These have an advantage of being portable compared to traditional save files—you can take that slip of paper pretty much anywhere (like a friend's house), and input the password to resume the game more or less right where you left off. On the other hand, you have to make absolutely sure you wrote down the password correctly, because messing up a letter here or number there will probably render the entire thing (and whatever game progress it represents) unusable. Also present on some newer console games where the data to be saved was too small (like just a level number) to justify the cost of a battery-backed saving chip or an extra file block in the memory card. Usually, there are two kinds of passwords: • "Level" passwords: The password records what level you're on, but that's about it—don't expect information such as your score, lives, stats or items to be stored. In other words, the password basically doubles as a level-select. Obviously, this is limited mostly to puzzle games, and games with linear level progression, where collecting secondary items isn't necessary for advancement. They are usually human-legible words or phrases, and may contain inside jokes from the developers. • "Game state" passwords: A lot more complicated than level passwords, these record essentially all the information that a Save Point would: What items you've acquired, your character stats, key event flags, and so on. Enter the password and you can pick up from (almost literally) the exact moment you left off. The length of the password will depend on how much information is being "saved", so a "game state" password that records a lot of things will require a longer password. Also, to discourage players from attempting to cheat the system by inventing their own passwords, the password may incorporate a "checksum", a small combination of symbols whose only function is to verify that the rest of the password is (or at least looks) legitimate. Examples of Password Save include: Examples of "level" passwords:[edit \| hide \| hide all] • The Smurfs (though using them was usually a bad idea, because playing from the start allowed to collect more Extra Lives for the very difficult endgame) • Command & Conquer for the Playstation • Mega Man 2 up to 6 used a simple password system of dots on a grid; all SNES games (7, and Mega Man X 1 thru X3) used a 4×4 grid of numbers. • 2 and Mega Man 3 also saved the state of the game in the form of how many E-tanks you collected. II for the Game Boy did the same thing. • There's a few middle cases, however. Passwords also stored a limited amount of information besides which Robot Masters you defeated. Mega Man X, for example, stored how many Heart Tanks/Sub Tanks and which armor pieces you'd collected; Mega Man 5 recorded which BEAT pieces you had. • Mega Man based fan games, like Rosenkreuzstilette and Rokko Chan, often use this as a nod to the older games. • The Lost Vikings had passwords that were actual words, with numbers replacing vowels they resembled. This meant you could plausibly skip ahead by guessing words that were likely to be used, like H0M3, or H4RD. • Block Dude and Puzzle Frenzy on the TI-84 calculator both use this system — a three-character code will get you to a given level. • 1943 was another example, with its five-letter passwords such as "IGPOD". • Apple II game Diamond Mine. • Modern games on the Net: • Moon Sweeper: to a specific moon. All are related to science or science fiction (Plasma, Photon, Xenomorph, etc.). • Turbo Tanks: to a specific stage (level). • Chip's Challenge gave you a four-character password every level. • Pipe Dream had passwords every few levels. • Micro Machines V3 for the Game Boy Color had that. • So did Asterix and Obelix, same console. • And Ecco the Dolphin had them on the Sega Mega Drive/Sega Genesis. • Pop Up for the Game Boy had passwords giving access to each level, although your total score, and items, still start over at 0 if you use them. (Which meant that on some levels, using the password access could make the level Unwinnable.) • Zombies Ate My Neighbors: You received a password every four levels, which allowed you to start over from that level with that number of surviving neighbors — passwords didn't include your weapons/ammo, so late-game passwords could make the game even harder. • After every level in the SNES game The Adventures of Batman and Robin, the "password" was a 4×4 array of icons and blank spaces. • The first Populous. • The first Prince of Persia, on platforms without disk saves. • Solar Jetman, though it does store your score, extra lives, and a few other things. • The Incredible Machine, using a combination of password and optional score code. • Pac-Attack • Goof Troop for the SNES had this in form of fruit. • Aladdin had level passwords which used neither letters nor numbers but pictures of Aladdin, Abu, Jafar, Jasmine and the Genie and Sultan. • The Return of Ishtar, one of the few arcade games to have these. • Dr. Robotniks Mean Bean Machine used the same coloured beans that are used in the game. • Rocko's Modern Life had a licensed game that used level passwords. • Bubble Bobble. Considering how little the passwords changed from level to level, it is thought that the 5-letter combination is just the level number times some constant converted to text. • Worms 2 implemented level passwords, which form a short story if you list all of them together. • X-Men: Mutant Apocalypse, another SNES Licensed Game by Capcom, has level passwords consisting of eight portraits of X-Men. • Puggsy • Ninja Gaiden Trilogy had level passwords, though the NES versions had no save feature. • The level passwords of Ugh!, a cute, humorous game about cavemen, are song titles of the deathrock band Christian Death. • Dragon's Lair on Super NES had password that had to be entered through a difficult minigame. Where it's possible block a letter into a corner (making it Unwinnable By Mistake) or even die. Examples of "game state" passwords[edit \| hide] • The Addams Family implements a 5 character password. Due to a game bug, it doesn't accept passwords if either digit in the lives counter is '9'. It is also an example where someone simply entering a default password of "11111" can start the game with 100 lives. • Wonder Boy III the Dragons Trap • GT Advance • Golden Sun, for Old Save Bonus in the second game. • There's three types of passwords to use, depending on how much data you want to import into the game. Bronze passwords only import character levels, Djinn collected, and items that grant new moves like the Orb of Force. Silver passwords imports the above plus the actual character stats. Gold passwords import everything, including coins and items held, but the password is a whopping 260 characters long and the risk of making an error is quite high. If you have a second GBA and a link cable, then data transfer is easy. • FIFA International Soccer for the SNES • Lemmings • Legacy of the Wizard • In Metroid for the NES, the "Justin Bailey" password became famous for the amount of speculation over its supposed meaning. In the earlier versions, you could also use ENGAGE RIDLEY MOTHER FUCKER to great effect. The original Japanese version of Metroid had on-disk saving, being a Famicom Disk System game. Kid Icarus, also originally a Famicom Disk System game, used the same password system. • The first Crash Bandicoot had both types of passwords: Just beating the levels without collecting the gems earned you 8-character level passwords, but collecting a gem expands that to a 24-character Super password, which also keeps track of gems and keys, and which the game initially hides by only showing the first 8 character spaces before inputting a Super password. Unfortunately, these don't record lives, which can make later stages a pain. • James Pond 3: Operation Starfish had a system where you had to input a 16-symbol password, made up of about 30 different types of symbol which could be in any of four colours. You spent almost as much time writing down "Red Fish, Blue Diamond, Blue Plane, ..." as actually playing the game. • Faxanadu for the NES had a "Mantra" that you learned at a local temple. They tended to be extremely long and easily mis-written. • Notably, the password saved all your equipment, spells, and key items, but did not save your experience or money. Instead, you would get a "title" based on your experience points, and when you died or loaded from the password, you would be given a specific amount of money based on your title, and your experience points would reset to the minimum for the title as well. Titles had no other benefits, but you could abuse the system to buy something very expensive, get the password, reset and get quite a bit of money back. • Legend of the Mystical Ninja for the Super Nintendo had a short password for levels, and a long password for returning to a current game with all your items (sorta like a save state). • River City Ransom for the NES had 33-character passwords, mixing uppercase letters, lowercase letters and numbers. The Game Boy Advance remake made passwords unnecessary, though a bug would create a new save file instead of overwriting the previous one, making the game unplayably slow if you didn't erase them often. • Spiritual Warfare also had a long password system. • The Guardian Legend had 32-character passwords, again mixing uppercase letters, lowercase letters and numbers. • The NES Toxic Crusaders game. • Adventure Island IV • The Goonies II • Castlevania II Simons Quest. Insidiously, one has about a one in one trillion chance of guessing a password with random input. • The Battle of Olympus. Zeus's "words of wisdom" were very long and confusing. • Since multiplayer games in Warcraft III can't be saved with any degree of reliability, custom map makers often include passcodes, usually generated on demand, to save relevant parts of the map's Macrogame between games. The length and complexity of the codes vary depending on the thoroughness of what's being saved, as simple as eight case-insensitive letters or as complicated as thirty-six-plus characters that include upper- and lower-case letters, numbers, and symbols • Except that when a Map is "updated", previous version codes doesn't work at all, and most of the time, it doesn't work anyways. • The home computer versions of the first Ghostbusters game had a password system that allowed starting a new game with the money accumulated at the end of the previous one. • Tombs and Treasure. Finding out your password requirde the Ixmol Jewel. • Rayman GBC had passwords that specified which level you were on, and the number of cages destroyed in each level. • War of the Dead on the TurboGrafx-16 had passwords that were 54 characters long and mixed hiragana, katakana and romaji to get 7 bits out of each character. The developers apologized for this. • The long (20-char) passwords in The Legend of Zelda Oracle Games are of two kinds: One encodes (at least) the player and baby's names, the other encodes the Ring of Power collection. • Blaster Master: Enemy Below
powered by CADENAS Social Share Astronaut (6721 views - Astronomy & Astrology) An astronaut or cosmonaut (Russian: космонавт) is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists. Starting in the 1950s up to 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut. Go to Article Explanation by Hotspot Model An astronaut or cosmonaut (Russian: космонавт)[1] is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.[2][3] The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi).[4] In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km)[5] are awarded astronaut wings. As of 17 November 2016, a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond.[6] Of these, 24 people have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, to either lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or in one case a loop around the Moon;[7] three of the 24 did so twice: Jim Lovell, John Young and Eugene Cernan.[8] The three astronauts who have not reached low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker, Mike Melvill, and Brian Binnie. As of 17 November 2016, under the U.S. definition 558 people qualify as having reached space, above 50 miles (80 km) altitude. Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles (80 km) in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62 miles).[6] Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days (114.5 man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks.[9][10] As of 2016, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space.[11] Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, 377 days.[12] In 1959, when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Dr. Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called astronauts or cosmonauts. Dryden preferred "cosmonaut", on the grounds that flights would occur in the cosmos (near space), while the "astro" prefix suggested flight to the stars. Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred "astronaut", which survived by common usage as the preferred American term.[13] When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to "cosmonaut". In English-speaking nations, a professional space traveler is called an astronaut.[14] The term derives from the Greek words ástron (ἄστρον), meaning "star", and nautes (ναύτης), meaning "sailor". The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story "The Death's Head Meteor" in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier. For example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de l'Infini (1925) of J.-H. Rosny aîné, the word astronautique (astronautic) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied (in 1784) to balloonists. An early use in a non-fiction publication is Eric Frank Russell's poem "The Astronaut" in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society.[15] The first known formal use of the term astronautics in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual International Astronautical Congress in 1950 and the subsequent founding of the International Astronautical Federation the following year.[16] NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps.[17] The European Space Agency similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its Astronaut Corps.[18] By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its Soviet predecessor) is called a cosmonaut in English texts.[17] The word is an anglicisation of the Russian word kosmonavt (Russian: космонавт Russian pronunciation: [kəsmɐˈnaft]), one who works in space outside the Earth's atmosphere, a space traveler,[19] which derives from the Greek words kosmos (κόσμος), meaning "universe", and nautes (ναύτης), meaning "sailor". Other countries of the former Eastern Bloc use variations of the Russian word kosmonavt, such as the Polish kosmonauta. Coinage of the term kosmonavt has been credited to Soviet aeronautics pioneer Mikhail Tikhonravov (1900–1974).[20][21] The first cosmonaut was Soviet Air Force pilot Yuri Gagarin, also the first person in space. Valentina Tereshkova, a Russian factory worker, was the first woman in space, as well as the first civilian among the Soviet cosmonaut or NASA astronaut corps to make a spaceflight. On March 14, 1995, Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, and thus became the first "American cosmonaut". Official English-language texts issued by the government of China use astronaut while texts in Russian use космонавт (cosmonaut).[22][23] In official Chinese-language texts, "yǔ háng yuán" (宇航员, "space navigating personnel") is used for astronauts and cosmonauts, and "háng tiān yuán" (航天员, "space navigating personnel") is used for Chinese astronauts. The phrase "tài kōng rén" (太空人, "spaceman") is often used in Hong Kong and Taiwan.[24] The term taikonaut is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional space travelers from China.[25] The word has featured in the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries, the latter of which describes it as "a hybrid of the Chinese term taikong (space) and the Greek naut (sailor)"; the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut Yang Liwei into space aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.[26] This is the term used by Xinhua News Agency in the English version of the Chinese People's Daily since the advent of the Chinese space program.[27] The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih (趙裡昱) from Malaysia, used it in newsgroups.[28][29] Other terms With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies. While no nation other than the Russian Federation (and previously the former Soviet Union), the United States, and China have launched a manned spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term spationaut (French spelling: spationaute) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word spatium for "space", the Malay term angkasawan was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program, and the Indian Space Research Organisation hope to launch a spacecraft in 2018 that would carry vyomanauts, coined from the Sanskrit word for space. Space travel milestones The first human in space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin, who was launched on April 12, 1961, aboard Vostok 1 and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes. The first woman in space was Soviet Valentina Tereshkova, who launched on June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6 and orbited Earth for almost three days. Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on May 5, 1961, on a 15-minute sub-orbital flight. The first American to orbit the Earth was John Glenn, aboard Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. The first American woman in space was Sally Ride, during Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-7, on June 18, 1983.[30] In 1992 Mae Jemison became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard STS-47. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the first person to conduct an extravehicular activity (EVA), (commonly called a "spacewalk"), on March 18, 1965, on the Soviet Union's Voskhod 2 mission. This was followed two and a half months later by astronaut Ed White who made the first American EVA on NASA's Gemini 4 mission.[31] The first manned mission to orbit the Moon, Apollo 8, included American William Anders who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968. The Soviet Union, through its Intercosmos program, allowed people from other "socialist" (i.e. Warsaw Pact and other Soviet-allied) countries to fly on its missions, with the notable exception of France participating in Soyuz TM-7. An example is Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States, who flew to space in 1978 on a Soyuz-U rocket.[32] On July 23, 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz 37.[33] Also in 1980, Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became the first person of Hispanic and black African descent to fly in space, and in 1983, Guion Bluford became the first African American to fly into space. In April 1985, Taylor Wang became the first ethnic Chinese person in space.[34][35] The first person born in Africa to fly in space was Patrick Baudry (France), in 1985.[36][37] In 1985, Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud became the first Arab Muslim astronaut in space.[38] In 1988, Abdul Ahad Mohmand became the first Afghan to reach space, spending nine days aboard the Mir space station.[39] With the larger number of seats available on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. began taking international astronauts. In 1983, Ulf Merbold of West Germany became the first non-US citizen to fly in a US spacecraft. In 1984, Marc Garneau became the first of 8 Canadian astronauts to fly in space (through 2010).[40] In 1985, Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican-born person in space.[41] In 1991, Helen Sharman became the first Briton to fly in space.[42] In 2002, Mark Shuttleworth became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant.[43] In 2003, Ilan Ramon became the first Israeli to fly in space, although he died during a re-entry accident. On October 15, 2003, Yang Liwei became China's first astronaut on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. Age milestones The youngest person to fly in space is Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2. (Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness).[44][45] The oldest person who has flown in space is John Glenn, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95.[46] Duration and distance milestones The longest stay in space thus far has been 438 days, by Russian Valeri Polyakov.[9] As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km (249,205 mi), when Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise went around the Moon during the Apollo 13 emergency.[9] Civilian and non-government milestones The first civilian in space was Valentina Tereshkova[47] aboard Vostok 6 (she also became the first woman in space on that mission). Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force, which had no female pilots whatsoever at that time. A month later, Joseph Albert Walker became the first American civilian in space when his X-15 Flight 90 crossed the 100 kilometers (54 nautical miles) line, qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight.[48][49] Walker had joined the US Army Air Force but was not a member during his flight. The first people in space who had never been a member of any country's armed forces were both Konstantin Feoktistov and Boris Yegorov aboard Voskhod 1. The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg, a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS-9 in 1983.[50] In December 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler as a reporter for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut".[51][52][53] Akiyama suffered severe space sickness during his mission, which affected his productivity.[52] The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on April 28, 2001. Self-funded travelers The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a suborbital journey, although he was a test pilot employed by Scaled Composites and not an actual paying space tourist.[54][55] Seven others have paid the Russian Space Agency to fly into space: 1. Dennis Tito (American): April 28 – May 6, 2001 (ISS) 2. Mark Shuttleworth (South African): April 25 – May 5, 2002 (ISS) 3. Gregory Olsen (American): October 1–11, 2005 (ISS) 4. Anousheh Ansari (Iranian / American): September 18–29, 2006 (ISS) 5. Charles Simonyi (Hungarian / American): April 7–21, 2007 (ISS), March 26 – April 8, 2009 (ISS) 6. Richard Garriott (British / American): October 12–24, 2008 (ISS) 7. Guy Laliberté (Canadian): September 30, 2009 – October 11, 2009 (ISS) The first NASA astronauts were selected for training in 1959.[56] Early in the space program, military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott Carpenter (of the Mercury Seven) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection. Selection was initially limited to military pilots.[57][58] The earliest astronauts for both America and the USSR tended to be jet fighter pilots, and were often test pilots. Once selected, NASA astronauts go through twenty months of training in a variety of areas, including training for extravehicular activity in a facility such as NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.[2][57] Astronauts-in-training may also experience short periods of weightlessness in aircraft called the "vomit comet", the nickname given to a pair of modified KC-135s (retired in 2000 and 2004 respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a C-9) which perform parabolic flights.[56] Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in T-38 jet aircraft out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Johnson Space Center. Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are done out of Edwards Air Force Base. NASA candidacy requirements • Be citizens of the United States.[56][59] • Pass a strict physical examination, and have a near and distant visual acuity correctable to 20/20 (6/6). Blood pressure, while sitting, must be no greater than 140 over 90. There are currently no age restrictions.[60] Commander and Pilot • A bachelor's degree in engineering, biological science, physical science or mathematics is required. • At least 1,000 hours' flying time as pilot-in-command in jet aircraft. Experience as a test pilot is desirable. • Height must be 5 ft 2 in to 6 ft 2 in (1.58 m to 1.88 m). • Distant visual acuity must be correctable to 20/20 in each eye. • The refractive surgical procedures of the eye, PRK (Photorefractive keratectomy) and LASIK, are now allowed, providing at least 1 year has passed since the date of the procedure with no permanent adverse after effects. For those applicants under final consideration, an operative report on the surgical procedure will be requested. Mission Specialist • A bachelor's degree in engineering, biological science, physical science or mathematics, as well as at least three years of related professional experience (graduate work or studies) and an advanced degree, such as a master's degree (one to three years) or a doctoral degree (three years or more). • Applicant's height must be between 4 ft 10.5 in and 6 ft 4 in (1.49 m and 1.93 m). Mission Specialist Educator • Applicants must have a bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level. An advanced degree, such as a master's degree or a doctoral degree, is not required, but is strongly desired.[61] Mission Specialist Educators, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004, and as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger.[62][63] Barbara Morgan, selected as back-up teacher to Christa McAuliffe in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist.[64] The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the Teacher in Space program from the 1980s.[65][66] Health risks of space travel Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, loss of eyesight, orthostatic intolerance, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury.[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) to address these issues. Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.[76][77][78] On December 31, 2012, a NASA-supported study reported that manned spaceflight may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease.[79][80][81] In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars.[82][83] Over the last decade, flight surgeons and scientists at NASA have seen a pattern of vision problems in astronauts on long-duration space missions. The syndrome, known as visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP), has been reported in nearly two-thirds of space explorers after long periods spent aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Food and drink An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about 0.83 kilograms (1.83 pounds) weight of food inclusive of food packaging per meal each day. (The packaging for each meal weighs around 0.12 kilograms - 0.27 pounds) Longer-duration missions require more food. Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appeal to their individual tastes. Five months before flight, menus are selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician. Foods are tested to see how they will react in a reduced gravity environment. Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula. On Earth, the average American uses about 35 gallons (132 liters) of water every day. On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three gallons (11 liters) per day.[84] In Russia, cosmonauts are awarded Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation upon completion of their missions, often accompanied with the award of Hero of the Russian Federation. This follows the practice established in the USSR where cosmonauts were usually awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. At NASA, those who complete astronaut candidate training receive a silver lapel pin. Once they have flown in space, they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge, after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude. Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. Eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. The Space Mirror Memorial, which stands on the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States. In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of a U.S. Air Force X-15 test pilot, a U.S. Air Force officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, and a civilian spaceflight participant. See also This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Astronaut", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. There is a list of all authors in Wikipedia Astronomy & Astrology
Cells: Living Machines - Liberty Union High School viewATP is a special molecule which provides energy in a form that cells can use for cellular processes. Yeast are tiny eukaryotic cells that produce CO 2 as they convert glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water during ... • Published on • View • Download Cells: Living Machines name ____________________________________________Per__________ Lab A: Cell Energy (25 pts) Part I: Cellular Respiration (Animal Cells And Bromothymol Blue) All living cells, including the cells in your body and the cells in yeast, need energy for cellular processes such as pumping molecules into or out of the cell or synthesizing needed molecules. ATP is a special molecule which provides energy in a form that cells can use for cellular processes. Yeast are tiny eukaryotic cells that produce CO2 as they convert glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water during cellular respiration. Yeast produces gas by feeding on the sugars in flour, and expelling carbon dioxide in the process and that makes bread rise. Yeast is tiny: Just one gram holds about 25 billion cells. That amount of fungi can produce a significant amount of carbon dioxide, provided it has the simple sugars it uses as food. The four sugars that will be tested are glucose (blood sugar), sucrose (table sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and lactose (milk sugar). When the yeast respire aerobically ,oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate that CO2 is producedso there would be no change in the gas pressure in the flask, and the balloon would not inflate . However, when yeast ferments the sugars anaerobically, CO2 production will cause a change in the pressure of a closed flask, since no oxygen is being consumed, and the balloon will inflate. In this lab, you will also use Bromothymol blue as an indicator to show the whether CO2 is produced by the yeast cells as well as measure the amount of CO2 gas produced using latex balloons to trap the CO2. Bakers yeast (4 g) 2 tablespoons sugar 1 cup warm water (105 F) A large balloon Bromothymol Blue Solution DI Distilled Water Transfer pipettes (3) Label Tape Paper towels 1. Stretch out the balloon by blowing it up repeatedly, and then lay it aside. 2. Add yeast, sugar and warm water into the flask and stir. 3. Youll notice the water bubbling as the yeast produces carbon dioxide. 4. Attach the balloon to the mouth of the flask, and set both aside. 5. Take your initial circumference measurement 6. Do not move the flask 7. After a few minutes, youll notice the balloon standing upright. If you dont see anything happen, keep waiting. Eventually, the balloon will inflate. 8. Use string to record the circumference of your balloon in 5 minute interval for 35 minutes Once you have completed the steps 1-8, 9. Remove the balloon from the flask (carefully, as liquid may be inside) 10. Use a transfer pipette to transfer 6mL of yeast solution into a test tube 11. Add 1mL of BTB (Bromothymol Blue indicator) to the tube 12. Observe noting color change 13. Continue to observe the color changes for up to 5 minutes 14. Smell the flask, note the smell. Bromothymol Blue Indicator Colors When the Bromothymol Indicator is Blue it means When the Bromothymol Indicator is Yellow it means When the Bromothymol Indicator is GREEN it means Name _________________________________________ Period _______ Lab A: Cell Energy (25 pts) with data Part 1: Cellular Respiration Analysis Purpose: _____________________________________________________________________________ Equation: ____________________________________________________________________________ Data Table 1: Growth of Balloon Time (min) Circumference (cm) Time (min) Circumference (cm) 1. Graph: construct a graph showing the change in circumference over time. remember your TAILS!!!* a. Attach the graph paper to this lab and use the data to answer the analysis questions 2. What is the independent variable? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the dependent variable? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the purpose of the indicator Bromothymol blue? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. List at least 3 things you know about yeast from previous labs? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What does the color change of the tube containing yeast represent? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. How do you know if the yeast produced CO2 and not some other gas that blew up the balloon? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What test did you do to verify it was CO2? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What are the two types of Cellular Respiration ___________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Which type of cellular respiration one took place in this lab? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 11. How do you know? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Describe the relationship between CO2 levels and pH levels ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Do all CELLS go through cellular respiration? _______________ Part II: Cellular Energy (Demonstration) To demonstrate this we will determine whether CO2 is consumed or produced as Elodea is placed in light or dark It is well known that in the presence of light plants perform photosynthesis. It is less understood that at the same time plants are also performing cell respiration. A change in CO2 levels due to photosynthesis and cellular respiration will be detected by the pH indicator bromothymol blue. Bromothymol blue (BTB) indicates the pH of solutions by its change in color. Bromothymol blue is yellow under acidic conditions (high H ion concentration), blue under basic conditions (low H ion concentration) and green under neutral conditions. A change in CO2 will cause a directly change in H ion. If the CO2 concentration decreases, the H ion concentration will also decrease and the solution will change to blue, becoming basic. If the CO2 concentration increases, the H ion concentration will also increase and the solution will change to yellow, becoming acidic. In this lab we will work with Elodea, a common aquarium plant that has also escaped into some local waterways such as the Delta. Elodea is an excellent plant for our studies of photosynthesis and cells because it is easy to grow, and readily available. The leaves are only a few cells thick so they will be easy for us to observe under the microscope to look at cells and cell parts. Elodea (10cm) BTB: Bromothymol Blue DI Distilled Water Metric Ruler Transfer pipettes (3) Clamp Lamp Beakers (4) Test Tubes (4) Test Tube Rack (Large) Aluminum Foil Reagents Sheet 1. Combine 7mL of distilled water with 1mL of BTB solution and GENTLY bubble one lungful of air through the straw. The liquid should turn a greenish color. 2. Label four test tubes: "Control," "1.25 cm Elodea" and "4 cm Elodea." And "4 cm dark"The test tube marked "control" will be sealed with masking tape and no plant will be added. 3. The test tube marked "Control" is sealed with masking tape. To the other test tubes, add the designated length of elodea, gently pushing each down into the solution with the straw. 4. Place test tubes in rack and place rack near the clamp lamp or in direct sunlight. 5. Wrap the "4 cm dark" test tube in aluminum foil, so that no light gets in. 6. View the colors of the test tubes after a half hour (or even overnight). Part II: Cellular Energy (Demonstration) Analysis Results: Record your results in the table below. Table 1: Results of photosynthesis 1.25 cm Elodea 4 cm Elodea 4 cm dark pH range 1. Give at least one reason why do we use Elodea in this lab ________________________________________ 2. What is the independent variable? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What is the dependent variable? ____________________________________________________________ 4. What is the purpose of the indicator Bromothymol blue? ______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Equation: Write out the equation for photosynthesis ______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Look at the Elodea in the light, what do you notice about the leaves? ______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the bubbles? (Hint: look at the equation) ______________________________________________ 8. Did the plants change the level of CO2 in the test tubes? _________________________________________ a. How do you know the pH changed? ___________________________________________________ 9. Was there a difference between the size of the plant and the change in C02 level? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why did you initially blow into the solution to turn it yellow/green? 11. What is the purpose of the control? ______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Compare the 4cm dark to the 4cm in the light test tube. How do you account for any differences in color? ______________________________________________________________________________________ View more >
Displaying 1 - 7 of 7 items. Doe v. Bolton (1973) In the 1973 court case Doe v. Bolton, the US Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., ruled that a Georgia law regulating abortion was unconstitutional. The Georgia abortion law required women seeking abortions to get approval for the procedure from their personal physician, two consulting physicians, and from a committee at the admitting hospital. Furthermore, under the statutes, only women who had been raped, whose lives were in danger from the pregnancy, or who were carrying fetuses likely to be seriously, permanently malformed were permitted to receive abortions. Format: Articles Subject: Legal, Reproduction Mitochondrial Diseases in Humans Mitochondrial diseases in humans result when the small organelles called mitochondria, which exist in all human cells, fail to function normally. The mitochondria contain their own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) separate from the cell's nuclear DNA (nDNA). The main function of mitochondria is to produce energy for the cell. They also function in a diverse set of mechanisms such as calcium hemostasis, cell signaling, regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis), and biosynthesis of heme proteins that carry oxygen. Format: Articles Subject: Disorders, Reproduction Plan B: Emergency Contraceptive Pill Plan B is a progestin-only emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) that can be taken within seventy-two hours of unprotected sex in order to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Plan B was created in response to the United States Food and Drug Administration's (US FDA) 1997 request for new drug applications (NDAs) for a dedicated ECP product, and was approved for sales in the US in 1999. Duramed, a subsidiary of Barr Pharmaceuticals, manufactures Plan B for The Women's Capital Corporation (WCC), which owns the patent for Plan B. Format: Articles Subject: Technologies, Reproduction Pope Innocent XI (1611-1689) Format: Articles Subject: People, Religion, Reproduction Roe v. Wade (1973) In the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the US Supreme Court ruled that laws banning abortion violated the US Constitution. The Texas abortion laws, articles 1191–1194, and 1196 of the Texas penal code, made abortion illegal and criminalized those who performed or facilitated the procedure. Prior to Roe v. Wade, most states heavily regulated or banned abortions. The US Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade secured women's rights to terminate pregnancies for any reasons within the first trimester of pregnancy. Format: Articles Subject: Legal, Reproduction Planned Parenthood Center of Tucson (1950-1977) Established in 1950, the Planned Parenthood Center of Tucson provided Arizona women with family planning resources until 1977, when it expanded to locations outside of Tucson and became Planned Parenthood of Southern Arizona. The Planned Parenthood Center of Tucson was formed after the Clinica Para Madres, the first birth control clinic in Arizona, merged with the national organization Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Format: Articles Subject: Organizations, Reproduction, Reproductive Health Arizona, Outreach Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy Format: Articles Subject: Processes, Disorders, Reproduction
Lack of diversity was and still is a real problem in the literary word. Consequently, women, especially Black, Indigenous and women of colour are still at disadvantage in the literary world. Throughout my childhood and into my teen years, I almost always read male writers barring very few exceptions. However, the critical question is why did I read the kind of books I did during the first twenty five years of my life? The answer to this question can be both subjective as well as objective. Image Source: CDN1 Females around me were not as well read, kept busy with household chores and hardly ever had any leisure time. Hence, I borrowed books mostly from men around me and they predominantly read male writers. Probably, that is because, male readers cannot make a genuine connection with experiences, metaphors, and representations in novels written by women. Not every day you will see a man reading Naomi Wolf´s Vagina: A New Biography in a park or on a subway. Men do not like to hear things that go against their beliefs especially when women are the ones telling these tales. When we pick a book written by a woman, often unconsciously thus insidiously, because of our biases, we assume that the book is written ´like a woman´ (romantic, tea parties, families, familial problems and against men). Another reason could be, that there were disproportionately more male than female writers at that point in time. Publishers often rejected drafts by female writers and that has never gone out of trend. Many female writers have established that when they submit manuscripts under a male pseudonym instead of their real name, the number of responses they receive are higher. Image Source: Jezebel Many female writers had to use male pen names to divert segregation, prejudices and biases from the literary community. Publishers like male reader, often assume and describe subject matters of women writings as frivolous, unimportant, unnecessary and not very wise. The gendered approach to female writings can be deciphered from the terms male writers have used for their female colleagues, “relentless cattiness” “bitchiness” “continual complaining” “in emotional tone” etc. Is this really true? Is the focus of women writing as narrow as we have been told by male writers? When women do write about their problems it is primarily because of the sociopolitical realities that exist around them. We do not denounce and criticize male writers for having a narrow focus or sticking to a certain subject matter. Women have written about wars, holocaust, history, politics, economics, crime, sports, science fiction, fantasy etc. The biggest frustration for these writers is lack of many systematic and strategic privileges depending on how different intersections play out in a given space and time. The issue here is not that women can or cannot write about certain subjects but that male writers are never dismissed and criticized the same way as female writers are. No one called David Foster Wallace’s Infinite Jest as pretentious with too many subplots and unnecessarily long footnotes. Not anyone seems to be complaining that Hemmingway´s characters are misogynists and drink too much. Nobody ever complains that male writers objectify women and pigeon hole their characters as per the gender roles. All that is okay. However, when women defy these gender roles, their writing is “too violent” “transgressive” and characters “too bold.” This mindset acts as a barrier for women’s writings being published and reaching widespread audiences. This is also primarily the reason why books by women are being reviewed in lower numbers. Also, have we completely forgotten the negative discrimination that women face in terms of education and employment. Do women writers have the same resources that male writers have to flourish as writers? Women over many centuries have systematically been denied basic resources and opportunities in the world dominated by men and this can be very well extended to the literary world. Like the sex and gender problem of the literary world, it is also blemished with problems of race, class bias, caste bias, religious bias etc. While it might look like that the strings of race, caste, class, religion, etc. attached to literature have been cut off, success of a female writer is still being determined depending on these very factors. Jane Austen, Sylvia Plath, J.K. Rowling, Arundhati Roy and other socially privileged writers are by no means standards for the representation of women in the literary industry. The biggest frustration for these writers is lack of many systematic and strategic privileges depending on how different intersections play out in a given space and time. None of this, seemingly, is a source of emotional or financial discomfort for white women, women from upper cast or class etc. who have always and still benefit from privileges. While Jane Austen had the space and freedom to write about psychology, Wolf and Plath about poetry and Beauvoir about white feminism; Morrison, Angelou, Shyamalal , Nafisi and others wrote about slavery, colonialism, caste-system and several forms of oppression and discrimination. Anything outside of these topics by these writer are considered irrelevant. How many of us would read a book written by a Black writer about a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby educated at Yale who threw extravagant parties? How many publishers would be ready to publish such books? As opposed to this, how many white male or female authors wrote about evils that were present during their times or innumerable sins they committed around the globe? Nowhere are we to find novels about “colonialism” or “slavery” written by white male/female writers. The point is that BIPOC/WOC do not have the freedom of subject and white men/women have. Plath said, “I took a deep breath and listened to the old bray of my heart. I am. I am. I am.” The question that remains is what could “I am” mean for a Black enslaved woman or a Dalit out-cast women or a Muslim women who wander days and nights alike in search of a lost home after her untimely betrothal. To me, it seems the industry likes to champion male or white female authors more than the others. Also read: 9 Women Authors Who Pioneered Postcolonial Feminism Now, the awareness of this lack of diversity in the literary landscape has brought me here to introduce some brilliant BIWOC writers and reclaim our space in the literary world. While we don’t find it difficult to find books by male writer and white female writers, finding books by BIWOC writers, Asian writers and writers from third world is a similar experience as finding unicorns. Here is a very list of very few kick ass BIWOC women. 1. Toni Morrison Image Source: For Reading Addicts Morrison was born to a working-class family in Lorain, Ohio, in year 1931. Author of eleven books, Morrison specialized in African American literature and won the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Pulitzer Prize. In 1993 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The best of her novels include, The Bluest Eyes, Beloved and Songs of Solomon. 2. Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani Image Source: The News Chronicle Adaobi is a Nigerian novelist and essayist. She was born in Enugu Nigeria and won the Commonwealth Wealth Writers Prize for her novel I Do Not Come To You by Chance. Her second book, Buried Beneath The Baobab Tree is an intriguing fictional account of the Boko Haram Kidnapping of 2014 in Nigeria. 3. Marjane Satrapi Image Source: AZ Quotes Majane born in Iran, is currently living in Paris. Marjane is a French graphic novelist, cartoonist, film director and children`s book author. Most of her graphic novels explore the gap between East and West. Her books Persepolis 1 (2000) and Persepolis 2 (2001) tells the story of her childhood and young adulthood. She has won a number of awards including Angoulême Coup de Coeur Award for Persepolis and Angoulême Best Comic Book Award for Poulet aux prunes. 4. Sujatha Gidla Image Source: FlipBoard Sujatha is as an Indian-American author who was born in Andhra Pradesh and moved to New York when she was 26 years old and works on the New York Subway as a conductor. She is known for her book Ants Among Elephants: An Untouchable Family and The Making of Modern India. A story which tells us about the horrors of cast and hardships faced by Dalits in India. Sujatha won many awards for her book including Wall Street Journal Best Book of the Year. 5. Gogu Shyamala Image Source: The News Minute Gogu Shyamala was born in Telangana in the year 1969 to an agricultural working-class family. After facing numerous economic constraints, Gogu Shyamala obtained a Bachelor´s Degree in Sociology from Bhim Roa Ambedkar Open University. Gogu Shyamala identifies herself as Dalit Feminist. She writes in her mother tongue Telegu and her most famous work Father May Be an Elephant and Mother Only a Small Basket, but… was translated to English in the year 2012. Other than writing for various publications, she is also an activist with the Communist Party of India. 6. Han Kang Image Source: Korea Joongang Daily Han Kang born in South Korea in 1970 won the Man Booker International Prize, 2016 and Yi Sang Literary Award, 2005 for her book The Vegetarian. The Vegetarian is her first book translated into English followed by many more. Han Kang is the first Korean to be nominated and to hav won the Man Booker International Prize. Her recent book is an autobiography which centres around the death of her younger sister. Also read: 15 Books By Indian Women Writers That You Loved In 2018 This is by no means an exhaustive or representative list. Suggestions to add to this list are welcome in the comments section. Leave a Reply
Matilde Landa poster Spanish Civil War justseeds Celebrate People's History Matilde Landa poster by Un Mundo Feliz and Just Seeds Matilde Landa (1904-1942) was a famous militant of the PCE (Spanish Communist Party) who fought in the Spanish Civil War against Franco’s dictatorship. When the war was over, she was arrested and incarcerated. Since she was a well-known public figure, the fascist regime decided to make an example of her. They tried to force Matilde—a communist and an atheist—to be baptized, threatening to starve the children of her fellow inmates if she didn’t accept. While she wanted what was best for the children, she also couldn't abandon her ideals and everything she believed in. On September 26th, 1942, everything was ready in the Palma de Mallorca Prison for her baptism. Instead she committed suicide, throwing herself from the prison rooftop to the courtyard below. The ecclesiastic authorities present baptized her in "articulo mortis." The poet Miguel Hernandez wrote the poem "A Matilde" in dedication to her.
This entry was posted in Curious on by . [^] It says that only by pulling this heat-trapping gas out of the atmosphere can we avoid dangerous climate change. * * * The problem is that scientists reckon that even if the world manages to cut emissions of the gas, it will no longer be enough to avoid the worst impacts. We’ve got to go a step further, they say, and find ways of doing something never attempted before: get rid of the gas that’s already out there. And get started on it as soon as possible. On an unimaginable scale. But although the costs are falling, they remain very high and many wonder whether it’s feasible to plaster the planet with so much hardware. Latest tweet by publisher Not to change the topic here: Discoveries that can clean up carbon dioxide in the atmosphere The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concedes that limiting the rise in global temperature under two degrees Celsius before the end of this century is impossible without reducing emission of carbon dioxide to zero by 2050. However, the majority of scientists agree that zero emission alone will not solve the problem of global warming. That is because we have done too much damage to the climate to avoid catastrophe just by halting the burning of fossil fuels. Besides, the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would keep on trapping heat for hundreds of years. • Publisher: The Daily Star • Date: 2018-11-29T00:00:00+06:00 • Twitter: @dailystarnews • Citation: Web link (Learn more) Latest tweet by publisher The struggle to suck CO2 out the air and bury climate change for good Carbon emissions need to come down. And fast. So what if we could suck CO2 right out of the air and hide it underground? The good news: we can. The bad news: it’s really hard to do. Experiments and trials of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology offers a glimpse of a future where CO2 from industrial and domestic emissions can be caught, transported and stored in underground reservoirs before it ever reaches the atmosphere. But despite early promise, progress in getting CCS technology to operate at scale has been worryingly slow. The first time the European Union invested in CCS projects was almost ten years ago now. In an ambitious move to support energy transition, six CCS projects ‘ including one in Hartfield in the UK ‘ were selected to benefit from a ‘3.5 billion fund as part of the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR). Ten years later, all six initial projects selected by the EEPR have been dropped, in most cases for lack of extra funding. Latest tweet by publisher Climate Solutions: Is It Feasible to Remove Enough CO2 from the Air? Is there still time to avoid runaway climate change? To a large degree, the answer depends on the feasibility of ‘negative emissions’ ‘ techniques or technologies that suck CO2 out of the air. In the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), all scenarios for limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius depend on negative emissions technologies, or NETs. Most 2-degree scenarios also rely on negative emissions; many call for removing billions of tons of CO2 per year by mid-century. Yet most NETs remain either untested or unproved. To help bridge this gap, the National Academies convened a panel of scientists and asked it to propose a research agenda. The panel considered several possible techniques, ranging from the low-tech ‘ planting more trees ‘ to the high-tech ‘ developing machines to scrub CO2 from the sky. It also looked at a hybrid technology that has become known as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, or BECCS. The panel recommended several billion dollars be directed to research on NETs. Such technologies, it suggested, ought to be viewed as a ‘component of the mitigation portfolio,’ rather than as a futuristic, last-ditch effort to reduce atmospheric CO2. Latest tweet by publisher From solar panels to changing your diet ‘ 11 ways you can combat climate change On Friday, 13 federal agencies issued a major report stating that climate change is a threat to Americans’ health and the country’s economic well-being * * * Jonathan Harrington, author of ‘The Climate Diet: How You Can Cut Carbon, Cut Costs, and Save the Planet,’ says every little bit of activity to become a more environmentally conscious consumer counts. In his book, he gives out various ‘awards’ to people who try to make a difference in their own lives. A ‘participant’ award goes to anyone who does anything (like separate plastics and paper in the trash), followed by bronze, silver and gold medals. ‘The Climate Diet is about making small incremental changes in the way you, your family or your community inhabits this planet,’ he writes. Latest tweet by publisher (S:1) #1543537480 This is a System Unknown Compilation: Message from our staff: All data has been assigned to a member of congress. We are not spying on you. We promise. What you are about to read is not within our control. Don't judge a work of literature by its use of unexplained commas, Is nuclear energy the key to saving the planet? on 10th of Dec 2018 High Country News A new generation of environmentalists is learning to stop worrying and love atomic power. System to rid space station of astronaut exhalations inspires Earth-based CO2 removal (since Nov, 2018) Horizon magazine When astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) exhale carbon dioxide (CO2), it's removed from the air and pumped into space. Could an . First sun-dimming experiment will test a way to cool Earth (since Nov, 2018) Researchers plan to spray sunlight-reflecting particles into the stratosphere, an approach that could ultimately be used to quickly lower the planet's temperature. Report: Efforts to suck carbon from air must be ramped up (many weeks now) WHYY The nation needs to ramp up efforts to suck heat-trapping gases out of the air to fight climate change, a new U.S. report said. The report Wednesday from the . Origen: can a natural gas plant solve the emissions riddle? (since Jun, 2018) Power Technology The UK Government has awarded a £1m grant to Origen Power to allow it to build a 400kW prototype gas plant. It claims the technology can remove more . Vast bioenergy plantations could stave off climate change—and radically reshape the planet (since Feb, 2018) Science Magazine Climate modelers bet on negative emissions technologies, but are they as risky as the problems they're designed to fix? Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon (since Jul, 2018) Science Magazine With copious solar and wind power, Australia aims to displace Haber-Bosch, a dirty, 100-year-old recipe for making ammonia. The Big Suck: Can Atmospheric Carbon Removal Stop Climate Calamity? (months ago) CALIFORNIA Strategies to deal with climate change have focused largely on reducing emissions of CO2 and other planet-warming compounds from industry, transportation . The U.N.'s dire climate change study : Radio Times : Science (many weeks now) WHYY Guest: Ben Strauss. The new U.N. climate report that paints an urgent and dire picture of the Earth's future if extreme measures are not taken to stop and reverse . Seattle: Put Down the Air Conditioner and Walk Away (since Jul, 2018) After months of gloom, Pacific Northwest summers cause a sort of regional amnesia, like mothers experience immediately after giving birth: We forget how awful . The Terrifying New Climate Record We'll Set in 2018 on 10th of Dec 2018 Even before the close of 2018, scientists behind the biggest accounting effort on the planet, the Global Carbon Budget, warn that emissions from coal, oil and gas will have dumped a record 37 billion Discoveries that can clean up carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (since Nov, 2018) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concedes . used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere independent of its source is known as Direct Air Capture (DAC). Within the context of DAC, The Climate Clock: Counting down to 1.5℃ (Dec 2018) Professor and Concordia University Research Chair in Climate . use change remain constant at the most recent five-year average of 5.3 billion tonnes per year. By using the IPCC carbon budget Climate Clock: How Long Until Earth Warms to 1.5 Degrees Celsius? (Dec 2018) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC . emissions from deforestation and land-use change remain constant at the most recent five-year average of 5.3 billion tonnes per year. By using t 2018 will show record carbon emissions (Dec 2018) Human destruction of the world’s forests will add another four billion tonnes in the same 12 . air pollution and natural climate cycles working together will make climate change more fast ‘A kind of dark realism’: Why the climate change problem is starting to look too big to solve (Dec 2018) As the 24th U.N. conference on climate change kicks . would require global carbon dioxide prices of about $250 a ton in 2020, and rising rapidly after that. “This assumes that all major countries ar
By agreeing to build Kartarpur corridor, Pakistan and India have taken a historic step to help the pilgrims of Sikh community of India to visit the Gurdwara (Sikh temple) in Kartarpur, Pakistan. Though not a major breakthrough in the two countries’ bitter relations, the step is seen as a useful diplomatic move, kindling the hope of good relations between them. Caught in strained ties over several issues of many decades, the two countries must initiate negotiations to resolve their bilateral issues. As the two South Asian neighbors have always been criticized internationally for their intolerance towards the minority religions, the corridor can help them to show a more tolerant image towards these religions. India can also use the corridor to show her Sikh community that attempts have been made to address their problems before the national elections which are due in April/ May next year. As Kashmir issue is central to the relations between Islamabad and New Delhi, a solution to it is a key for their relations to improve. Though both the countries have tried several formulae from diplomacy to talks to war for settling the issue -no formula has succeeded. Yet, talks remain the best option to settle the issue. On 4 December 2018, Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan said, “Kashmir can’t be resolved through a war”. He added that Pakistan was serious to develop peaceful ties with all its neighbors. This is a significant statement because it has come at a time when Pakistan is passing through a critical phase –politically and economically. Politically, Pakistan is in dire need of stability so that its social sectors like education, sports, and anti-corruption institutions can get suitable conditions to operate. The political stability will help Islamabad to improve its ties with the other nations unhappy with it for its purported sympathy with the non-state actors. Political stability inside Pakistan is essential for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, an ambitious multi-billion dollar project of China. The project goes through Pakistan and can land in trouble amid the latter’s political instability. Bad ties with India are a threat to CPEC, a matter which is a cause of concern for Imran Khan led Pakistan Tahrek-i- Insaf. Economically, Pakistan desperately needs a boost to improve its private sector, reduce unemployment and pay foreign debt. Loans and aids from foreign countries and global institutions are needed to boost the economy. Analysts and experts believe that Pakistan requires around $ 28 billion to meet its financing needs. The political and economic stability is not possible unless there are good relations with the neighboring countries. Such relations create conducive environment for foreign trade and keep anti-social elements away. Pakistan’s bad relations with its immediate neighbors- Afghanistan and India- can never help it. America is putting pressure on Islamabad to support its “peace efforts” in Afghanistan. Pakistan does not want to interfere in Afghan affairs, something which has angered Washington. In reaction, the US has not only cut military aid to Pakistan but also has gone closer to India besides making the IMF loan difficult for it to get. Soured ties with India are hurting Pakistan from another angle. Taking full advantage of the bad ties between US and Pakistan– India has strengthened her ties with Washington. America sees India as its strategic partner in the region and projects her as a South Asian leader. For Washington, India is a key partner in Afghanistan peace process. Meanwhile, India and Afghanistan share good relations and New Delhi is supporting the rebuilding of Afghanistan. Moreover, the Paris based Financial Action Task Forces’ (FATF) listing of Pakistan in the ‘grey -list’ this year over the charges of global ‘terror finance’, has given a strong excuse to Islamabad’s competing neighbors to isolate it regionally and globally. However, PM Khan’s government is going to submit a compliance report to the FATF in the first week of January. In 2016, India refused to participate in the SAARC summit held in Pakistan. Some other SAARC countries followed suit, a move which was seen as a symbol of their support to New Delhi’s stance against Islamabad. Perhaps, the prevailing situation in Pakistan, led PM Khan to say that “a war cannot resolve the Kashmir issue”. But, he stopped short of saying that good ties are essential for talks to begin. To establish good ties, Indian and Pakistani leadership must act wisely and consistently. Domestically, both must gain support from their public and deep states to move forward. Also, there is a need of Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) before talks can begin. High-level visits from both the countries at the political, military and diplomatic level can prove good CBMs. Sports, trade and cultural programs can also have positive effects. With the election of Nawaz Sharif as Pakistan’s Prime Minister in 2013, it was expected that dialogue would be preferred to build trust and resolve the thorny issues. And when Narendra Modi invited him to India for the swearing-in ceremony in May 2014, Sharif took a realistic path by participating in the ceremony. This move by the premiers was seen as a CBM. But there was no progress afterward and the deadlock went on. Some people think that India should go for a military solution but such an action can lead to a nuclear war. A major war between India and Pakistan may kill millions of people. Further, the foreign debt will rise and the prices of basic essentials will increase. Moreover, Pakistan has half a million well equipped and trained troops, a strong air force, powerful missiles, and possibly more nuclear warheads. Hence, India cannot have a cake walk exercise to force Pakistan into submission. Pakistan can muster courage from its capacity of retaliation to counter-attack. That will lead New Delhi into a tight corner, leaving it with no other option but to step up the conflict. Since both the countries possess nuclear weapons, a disaster of nuclear war can result in the region only to consume both men and material regionally and globally. Therefore, India cannot afford a war. She has other options to use and get rich dividends. For example, she can use diplomacy, watchfulness, and talks as the best ways to deal with Islamabad. India’s policy of “no talks unless insurgency stops” needs a review. Pakistan should also revisit its policy towards India. Talks, not war, is the best option to solve all the bilateral issues including Kashmir. Both the nuclear powers have been using their respective media to attack and undermine each other and to score political points with their electorate through rumors, war threats, and blame games. Iran nuclear deal (though dead now) is a perfect example of the utility of talks in resolving issues. Header Image: AAMIR QURESHI/AFP/Getty Images
Alcoholism Can Lead to Vision Loss, Study Finds Secret AlcoholicsPeople affected by long-term alcoholism have clearly increased risks for developing various forms of nerve damage or neuropathy. When this damage appears in either of the optic nerves that link the eyes to the brain, experts in the field commonly refer to it as optic neuropathy. In a pilot study published in June 2014 in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, a team of French researchers sought to determine how often optic neuropathy appears in people with alcoholism. These researchers concluded the condition appears in a relatively small but significant number of individuals. Alcoholism and Nerve Damage When present in excessive amounts, alcohol is toxic to organ systems and structures throughout the body, including the nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Over time, heavy alcohol exposure can directly contribute to a form of nerve damage generally known as alcoholic neuropathy. Alcoholic neuropathy also likely stems, in part, from nerve problems caused by the chronic nutritional deficiencies known to arise in cases of severe or prolonged alcoholism. Alcohol-related nerve damage can appear in parts of the nervous system under conscious control or in parts of the nervous system that function involuntarily. The specific symptoms of alcoholic neuropathy depend on the area of the body and the portion of the nervous system affected. Most people don’t die from the nerve damage they incur; however, that damage is typically lifelong and can grow worse if drinking behaviors and alcohol-related nutritional deficiencies go unaddressed. Optic Neuropathy Optic neuropathy is the collective name for a group of conditions that lead to degradation of the health of one or both optic nerves. Examples of these conditions include a stroke-like ailment called ischemic optic neuropathy, an inflammation-based ailment called optic neuritis, a physical injury-related ailment called traumatic optic neuropathy and a form of optic neuropathy stemming from toxin exposure and/or nutritional deficiency. Alcohol-related optic neuropathy falls under this last heading. Some forms of optic nerve damage can begin abruptly and progress fairly rapidly. However, damage associated with toxin exposure and nutritional deficiency typically develops more slowly over the course of several months. Potential symptoms of optic neuropathy include double vision, a loss of vision, pain in the area surrounding the temples, declining energy levels and blindness. Doctors must take a patient history in order to include or exclude alcoholism as a potential source of optic nerve damage. How Many People Are Affected? In the pilot study published in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, researchers from the University Hospital of Montpelier and several other French institutions used an examination of 100 middle-aged adults receiving treatment for the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal at a single health facility to estimate how often optic neuropathy occurs in people with alcoholism. The researchers also used information from the same group of patients to identify any factors that could potentially increase or decrease the likelihood of developing alcohol-related optic nerve damage. All of the study participants received a thorough eye exam and supplied information on their basic demographic characteristics (gender, economic standing, educational status, etc.), their habitual patterns of alcohol intake, their habitual patterns of intake for other types of substances and their prior experiences with alcohol withdrawal. The researchers concluded that a small but significant minority of both men (13 percent) and women (3 percent) enrolled in the study had bilateral vision loss characterized by disruption of normal color vision, one of the primary symptoms of optic neuropathy. In addition, 22 percent of the men and 18 percent of the women had signs of optic neuropathy that only appeared in one eye. Significant numbers of both men (27 percent) and women (7 percent) also had other indications of partial optic neuropathy. The study’s authors initiated their project, in part, because researchers know fairly little about the specific manifestations of optic neuropathy in people diagnosed with alcoholism. Based on their findings, they believe that full manifestations of alcohol-related optic nerve damage (i.e., damage that appears in both eyes) are relatively uncommon. However, they also note the higher rates for partial manifestations of this type of nerve damage and call for the inclusion of optic nerve tests in screenings for people affected by alcoholism. In addition, they call for rapid treatment of all identified cases. Since the study was a pilot project, larger studies will likely be needed to confirm the authors’ findings.
Researchers say they have developed a technique to determine the authorship of anonymous emails. The researchers, from Concordia University in Montreal, based this method on speech recognition and data mining techniques. It relies upon the identification of frequent patterns of unique features that recur in a suspect's emails. The motivation behind the study is the rapid increase in cybercrime. Identity theft, which was recently named by the Federal Trade Commission as the top consumer complaint of 2010, is often committed by sending malware via anonymous emails. In the past few years, we've seen an alarming increase in the number of cybercrimes involving anonymous emails, said study co-author Benjamin Fung, a professor of Information Systems Engineering at Concordia University and an expert in data mining, in a statement. These emails can transmit threats or child pornography, facilitate communications between criminals or carry viruses. Usually, police officers are able to use the IP address to locate the house or apartment where an email came from. However, nabbing a suspect from there is not that easy. Often IP addresses come from a place which has several residents, such as an apartment complex. Thus to determine if a suspect is guilty or not, the researchers identify the patterns found in emails written by the subject. They then filter out any of these patterns which are also found in the emails of other suspects. What's left is what the researchers say is the write-print. This is a distinctive identifier like a fingerprint. Let's say the anonymous email contains typos or grammatical mistakes, or is written entirely in lowercase letters, Fung said. We use those special characteristics to create a write-print. Using this method, we can even determine with a high degree of accuracy who wrote a given email, and infer the gender, nationality and education level of the author. Fung and his team tested the method on the Enron Email Dataset, this was a collection of 200,000 real emails from 150 plus employees at the now defunct Enron Corporation. Using the method, Fung and his team correctly identified email authorship at a 90 percent success rate. Our technique was designed to provide credible evidence that can be presented in a court of law, Fung said. For evidence to be admissible, investigators need to explain how they have reached their conclusions. Our method allows them to do this. The findings have been published in the journal Digital Investigation.
Increase Your Odds for Great Stargazing Northern Lights, Milky Way and Full Moon: A Trifecta of Awesome Viewing the Northern Lights in Northeastern Ontario What is more beautiful, on a chilly northern night, than to catch a glimpse of the magnificent Northern Lights? Once you catch sight, the vibrant hues are fleeting. Colours of green, red and purple quickly waltz across the sky, but it's one breathtaking moment you'll carry with you, and never forget. Photo by Paul Beduhn Let's Get Technical The Northern Lights (or aurora borealis) are the result of the sun's charged particles interacting with the earth's atmosphere. The sun is continually releasing these particles in bursts (or solar flares), and episodes grow stronger for 11 years until reaching their peak. We sat down with Paul Beduhn, Manager of Gordon's Park Eco Resort (Northern Ontario's only Dark Sky Preserve) to discuss how to increase your chances of viewing the aurora borealis. Paul had this to say: 1. Be in the Right Place, at the Right Time Of course, you can't be everywhere at once staring into the night sky, but you can ensure the conditions are right for seeing the lights: • Travel as far north as possible. • Seek a place with little to no light pollution (a cottage resort or campground in our area). • Go in the fall or winter months, nights are clearer and provide longer periods of darkness. September and October are described as peak months. • On a clear night, observe the sky between 11 pm and 3 am local time.rsz a peaceful moon 2. Observe Space Weather Space weather? Huh? If you're serious about viewing the lights, is worth a look. X-ray solar flares (which cause the aurora) are classified and listed under Current Conditions. B class flares are basically non-existent, C class flares are small, M class flares are medium sized, and X class flares are the largest and cause the greatest amount of activity on earth. The larger the flare, the better your chances are for seeing the northern lights (in the right conditions, of course). provides a 24-hour forecast, so it would be useful tool if you're already at the cottage, or embarking on a spur-of-the moment trip north. 3. Use Long Exposure To the naked eye, northern lights are transient – here one moment, gone the next. But these moments can be captured using a Digital SLR camera. If you use long exposure, one photo can display up to 60 seconds of contrasting hues. Although it's possible to photograph with a point and shoot camera, it's recommended that you use a DSLR with advanced settings. Check out photographer Roy Hooper's article on Photographing Northern Lights with your Digital SLR for more information. 4. Go Pro We are lucky enough to live in an area that has the perfect conditions for seeing the northern lights, and the experts who would gladly help you find them. Gordon's Park Eco Resort is a designated Dark Sky Preserve on Manitoulin Island, and a great place to start. They offer visitors some of the darkest skies in Ontario, and the knowledgeable staff to help you navigate them. Participate in one of their many events, such as a Star Party, Laser Guided Sky Tour, and the year-end Dark Side of the Moon Party. There are also many organizations in the area who offer group packages, and events throughout the year: Sudbury Astronomy Club Further Reading What Causes the Northern Lights? Plan a Northern Lights Getaway Click on the above links for related articles on increasing your odds to view the Northern Lights. Featured articles
Subject details After successfully completing this subject you should be able to: 1. Delineate the key issues surrounding definitions of mental disorder and criminal behaviour; 2. Describe the major models of mental disorder and models of criminal behaviour, and the relationship between the two; 3. Summarise the fundamental debates surrounding views of criminal behaviour and mental disorder, including free will versus determinism, nature versus nurture, and person versus situation; 4. Describe the main classification systems of mental disorder and identify the strengths and weaknesses of these systems; 5. Describe the relationship between mental disorder and concepts of dangerousness and the legal responses to dangerousness; 6. List the main categories of mental disorder and explain how these disorders may lead to criminal behaviour; and 7. Critically evaluate the relationship between various criminal behaviours and types of mental disorder, and in particular, the extent to which there is a special relationship between mental disorder and crime and its implications for practice. • Introduction to Mental Disorder and Crime, and Models of Mental Disorder • Models of criminal behaviour • The classification of mental disorder • Mental disorder, dangerousness and the law • Mental disorder and crime • Psychopathy and crime • Personality disorder and crime • Psychosis and crime • Dual diagnosis: Substance use, mental disorder and crime • Violence and mental disorder • Sexual offending and mental disorder • Gender, crime and mental disorder • Study resources • Instructional methods • Discussion forum/Discussion Board • Online assignment submission • Online materials • Resources and Links • Printable format materials Equivalent subjects You cannot enrol in this subject if you have successfully completed any of the following subject(s) because they are considered academically equivalent: • GRF-MCCJ7103 Special requirements No special requirements This subject considers the history of thinking and practice with respect to forensic mental health, and the implications of this history for current forensic mental health practice. Particular attention is given to contemporary legal constructs of insanity and fitness to plead, and psychiatric constructs of intellectual disability, mental disorder, psychosis, psychopathy, personality disorder and paraphiliacs. An attempt is made to integrate criminological and psychiatric theories and evidence concerning problems in forensic mental health. • Minor Essay (40%) • Major Essay (60%) Textbooks are not required. Related degrees
The Race For Texas A Texas History Game The Race For Texas Race for Texas is a fun and unique 2-4 player game. It focus on Texas history vocabulary, questions of the Texas Revolution and the Government system of Texas. The object of the game is to become the leader ruling over Texas by answering questions correct based on the Texas History and government system and getting into the square of Texas. -Game board -A die -Question/answer cards -4 pawn pieces On the side of the game board, sort the index cards by color. Next, determine what pawn piece and corner each player gets. Finally, to start the game, the youngest goes first,then the person to the left. To start: Since there are 3 boxes in front of the start box, each player can choose which box to start with. Then, you can start from there. How to play the game: After you know who goes first you roll a die to see how much spaces you go forward. Every time you land on a colored square you pick a card according to the color. If you answer the question right, you get to move 3 spaces forward in any connecting direction(no diagonal). But if a player gets the question incorrect, he/she will need to remain where he/she was. **Note: The answers will be on the back of the question card. Whoever is smart enough and knows their own Texas history facts will most likely be the winner.
Cat Conjunctivitis Treatment with L-Lysine Cat conjunctivitis results when the pinkish part of the eye, called the conjunctiva, becomes inflamed. Cat conjunctivitis is often contagious, and can become chronic. Symptoms include a clear or colored discharge, yellow, green, white or brown, accompanied by squinting of the eye and potential pain. It is possible for cats to contract conjunctivitis without experiencing additional eye problems, however it is common for conjunctivitis to result from a corneal ulcer, corneal inflammation, or a condition known as uveitis, or intraocular inflammation. Feline herpesvirus-1 can also cause cat conjunctivitis. Herpes Viral Conjunctivitis Feline herpesvirus-1 is a viral infection that grows in the tissues of the body. Feline herpes is actually quite common in kittens who undergo stressful situations such as poor nutrition or fleas. In fact, most kittens are exposed to feline herpes, but many resist the infection. Since stress weakens the immune system, shelter kittens, strays or kittens experiencing malnutrition may contract feline herpes. Symptoms of feline herpes may pass, or be non-existent straightaway, but the disease remains in the body. When stressful situations arrive in the later life of the cat, infection will break out, symptoms may recur and your cat will require treatment. Treatment with L-Lysine The herpesvirus is dependent upon an amino acid called argenine for reproduction. Argenine is produced by the body, while lysine is not. L-lysine is an essential amino acid commonly used to treat herpes infections which cause cat conjunctivitis, since the herpesvirus will favor the amino acid lysine over argenine. Lysine slows or stops the viral replication, helping to significantly speed recovery. Lysine has been shown to clear symptoms completely, and discourage outbreaks for longer periods of time. Caution When Selecting Lysine Supplements for Your Cat While lysine is an herbal remedy readily available at natural food stores, occasionally lysine supplements contain preservatives. The preservative "propylene glycol" is a dangerous compound for cats. Cats who have ingested propylene glycol have been shown to experience side effects such as blood reactions. Always choose all natural ingredients when selecting a brand of l-lysine supplement to treat feline herpes and cat conjunctivitis. Dosage and Availability L-lysine is readily available at some grocery stores, and most local and online health food stores. It is relatively inexpensive and comes in the forms of capsules, tablets, powder or liquid. Recommended dosage for treating cat conjunctivitis caused by feline herpes is 500mg twice a day for 5 days. Symptoms should be significantly lessened, at which point you may opt to continue supplementing with lysine. A maintenance dose of 250mg per day can be given indefinitely, as few to no side effects are likely. If your cat is finicky and notices the slightly salty taste of lysine , you can mix capsule, liquid or powder lysine with regular canned cat food, or baby food. Pill pockets are also available for administration of tablets. Pill pockets are a nutritious cat treat with a pocket specially designed for hiding pills.
page: 1/1 Lag screw principles As the thread advances in the main body of the tibia, the head pushes the medial fragment towards the tibia. The smooth shaft of the screw prevents any significant hold between the screw and the surrounding bone. The length of the screw shaft must be chosen so that the threaded part of the screw lies fully beyond the fracture line and within the epiphyseal cancellous bone of the distal tibia. To prevent the screw head from sinking into the thin cortex, the use of a washer is recommended. In a vertical fracture, provided the fragment is large enough and the bone quality is good enough, two or even three lag screws on their own may be sufficient. If in doubt, a buttress plate may be more secure.
Mineral Water Time Limit: 1000 ms Memory Limit: 65536 KiB Problem Description Laoshan mineral water is one of famous well-known mineral water, Tyrant(means”Tu Hao”) Chierush liked to drink this mineral water very much. He said that it is such a natural taste, but this is not the focus. One day Chierush went to the campus supermarket to buy n bottles of Laoshan mineral water, the boss see that he is an acquaintance, so he gave him a copy of preferential policies - he can change every m empty bottles into one bottle mineral water. Your task is to help Chierush calculate how many bottles of mineral water he can drink? The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer T means the number of test cases. Each test case consists of one line with two numbers represent n and m. (T<=100, 2<=n,m<=2*10^9) For each test case, output one line, including one number that represents the answer. Sample Input 2 2 5 4 Sample Output
[AmigaOS 3.1 Command Reference\Skip] Format: SKIP [<label>] [BACK] Template: LABEL, BACK/S Purpose: To skip to a label when executing script files. Path: Internal Specification: SKIP is used in scripts to allow you to skip ahead in the script to a <label> defined by a LAB statement. If no <label> is specified, SKIP jumps to the next LAB statement. SKIP always searches forward from the current line of the file. However, when the BACK option is used, SKIP starts searching for the label from the beginning of the file. This allows SKlPs to points prior to the SKIP command. You can only SKIP as far back as the last EXECUTE statement. If there are no EXECUTE statements in a script, you will SKIP back to the beginning of the file. If SKIP does not fnd the label you specifed, the command sequence terminates and the message "Label <label> not found by Skip" is displayed. Example: Assume you have the following script, called CheckFile: .KEY name IF exists <name> SKIP message ELSE ECHO "<name> is not in this directory." QUIT ENDIF LAB message ECHO "The <name> file does exist." You can run the script by entering: 1> EXECUTE CheckFile Document If the Document file exists in the current directory, the execution of the script will SKIP ahead to the LAB command. The message: The Document file does exist Will be displayed in the Shell window. If the Document file is not in the current directory, the execution of the script will jump to the line after the ELSE statement, and the message: Document is not in this directory Will be displayed. See also: EXECUTE LAB Converted from AmigaGuide to HTML by Jaruzel
FireStats error : FireStats: Unknown commit strategy Home > Fire Ecology > Flammable organic compounds: Rosmarinus officinalis Flammable organic compounds: Rosmarinus officinalis October 2nd, 2015 Leave a comment Go to comments Given an ignition source and the right environmental conditions, all plants can potentially burn. However, some plants have characteristics that make them burn more easily. The capacity to store volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as aromatic terpenes, can be considered one of these flammability-enhancing traits (flammable organic compounds, FOCs), as has now been demonstrated for Rosmarinus officinalis [1]: The more terpenes in the leaves, the more quickly they ignite (i.e., less time to ignition) (Figure below). Other species enhance flammability by having a very fine fuel, retaining dead fuel or having a flammable canopy structure [2-5]. There is growing evidence that flammability-enhancing traits are adaptive in Mediterranean fire-prone ecosystems [2-4]. To what extent the evolutionary pressure exerted by fire could have contributed to the abundance of aromatic plants in many fire-prone ecosystems (mints, rosemary, thyme, eucalypts, etc…) remains unknown. But certainly Mediterranean ecosystems are probably the most aromatic and among the most flammable ecosystems in the world. Figure: relation between time to ignition (given a heat source, corrected by the differences in moisture) and the contents of terpenes (here the sum of camphene, para-cymene, borneol, limonene) in leaves of a wild population of rosmary (Rosmarinus officinalis), in Eastern Spain (from [1]). The top right corner shows the epiraditor, the device for testing for time-to-ignition (see [2]). [1] Pausas J.G., Alessio G.A., Moreira B., Segarra-Moragues J.G. (in press). Secondary compounds enhance flammability in a Mediterranean plant. Oecologia. [doi \| pdf] [2] Pausas J.G., Alessio G., Moreira B. & Corcobado G. 2012. Fires enhance flammability in Ulex parviflorus. New Phytologist 193: 18-23. [doi \| wiley \| pdf] [Ulex born to burn] [3] Pausas J.G. & Moreira B. 2012. Flammability as a biological concept. New Phytologist 194: 610-613. [doi \| wiley \| pdf [4] Moreira B., Castellanos M.C., Pausas J.G. 2014. Genetic component of flammability variation in a Mediterranean shrub. Molecular Ecology 23: 1213-1223. [doi \| pdf] [Ulex born to burn (II)] [5] Pausas, J.G. 2015. Evolutionary fire ecology: lessons learned from pines. Trends Plant Sci. 20(5): 318-324. [doi \| sciencedirect \| cell \| pdf] 1. No comments yet. ¡IMPORTANTE! Responde a la pregunta: ¿Cuál es el valor de 7 6 ? FireStats icon Powered by FireStats
Sunday, October 29, 2006 Who Put the Ari- In Arizona? Lingustics scholar Gene D. Matlock recently wrote: " Lately, the Turks, who still call themselves Ari (Aryan, Turanian, and Kurustan) are coming out of the closet and claiming to be the parents of all civilizations--even of Egypt." I am particularly interested in this term Ari, and how it got in the name Arizona. Considering the prefix Ari-, we readily think of Ariel, the powerful spirit of air and earth in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. In the Old Testament book of Isaiah, Ari-el is an appellation for the city of Jerusalem and literally means “Lion of God.” In Ezekiel the word refers to the “Hearth of God,” or the altar upon which burnt offerings were made. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a 1599 reference for the word “zone” from T. Hill’s Schoole of Skil has the following meaning: “The constellation named Zone or the gyrdle of Orion.” In other words, a constellation within the larger constellation, or his belt. Following Aristotle’s usage, the Latin poet Ovid refers to “Zona” specifically as the three central stars of Orion. Thus, in the name Arizona is hidden the fiery belt of Orion emblazoned upon the sacred navel of the world, in this case the three Hopi Mesas located on the high desert of the southwestern United States. (For an overview of the Arizona Orion Correlation, see my article on the Graham Hancock Forum: The first usage of “Arizona” appears to have been written by one Padre Ortega sometime before 1754, when he referred to the “Real of Arizona.” The Spanish word real means “military encampment,” but the adjective form meaning “royal” is also implied. In addition, the Spanish term arisco can mean “churlish, surly” or even “vicious,” while ariete means “battering ram” (reminding one of the constellation Aries near Orion) and arimez means “projection”— all traditionally active, masculine, and violent attributes in keeping with the archetypal Orion. Furthermore, the Spanish word zona refers to “belt” or “girdle” as well as to “zone.” Alternate spellings for Orion include “Arion,” “Oarion,” “Aorion,”so the prefixes Ari- and Ori- might have been interchangeable. The Greek aristos, as in “aristocracy,” means “best” or “noblest,” while the related Sanskrit word arya, as in “Aryan,” means “of high rank” or “noble.” The Italian word aria also means “air” (as in “arid”) or “melody.” In light of all these etymologies, perhaps the padre was merely recording what was already established in the region we now know as Arizona. If we lend credence to diffusionism rather than to the more academically accepted isolationism, it is plausible that Indo-European speaking Aryans such as the Nagas did at one time travel to Arizona (i.e., Ary-zona), where they shared linguistic concepts phonetically with the Hopi. For instance, the Hopi suffix -sona refers to “one who relishes” while tsoona means “he’s forward, not shy, or having fun exuberantly,” all of which suggest characteristics of Orion. In addition, the term orai (homophone of the first two syllables in “Orion”) means “Rock on High” or “Round Rock,” after which Oraibi was named, one of the initial Hopi Mesa villages. Furthermore, the Hopi word soona means “germ, kernel, edible part of any seed, or heart of a tree.” Like the center of the constellation Orion, this could be a reference to the heart of Hopiland, whence sprouts the sustenance of the sacred corn or other agricultural mainstays. Because of all these linguistic "coincidences," I believe that this semantic nexus was tranoceanically transported from the Middle East and northern India here to the high desert of Arizona. Gary A. David Chino Valley, Arizona (The Orion Zone)
The Shrewsbury and Newport Canals Here are some pictures of the way the canal was in 1960 (or so), before the pumps were turned off and the canal left to dry up. The "widehole" still exists as a natural pond and is home to many ducks and game birds. The picture below was taken in 1960 or thereabouts when the Wharf was used as a coal depot. Note path of road over the now (disused) bridge. The Canal passed the front of Wharf House (heading to the incline plane at Trench) but was later rerouted as a storm drain when the canal dried up. The old canal path to the bridge now runs through the garden of Wharf house. Note the bridge where the road used to be is now private property as part of Wharf House. The "widehole" around 1960. This would have been used as a turning area. The skew bridge is lined with iron railings to stop ropes snagging; barges could be turned in all three possible directons without untying the horses that pulled the barges. Clever stuff ! The shrewsbury canal, 1962. The Wharf buildings are on the right of the photograph. The canal as it passes under the Wharf, joining the "widehole" at the far end. The canal also passes to the right of the Wharf (as shown) passing under the skew bridge (and again into the widehole). The guilotine lock during the very cold winter of 1962 ! Close up of guillotine lock. The Wharf from canal side. Copyright www.wappenshall.com.
Innovative science and engineering research for helping athletes At the Centre for Sports Engineering Research at Sheffield Hallam University, the team is combining innovative science and engineering techniques, to help elite athletes reach the very top of their game. The team use state of the art motion capture systems and high speed cameras to track and analyze elite athletes every movement. The motion capture system uses twelve infra-red cameras to track reflective markers positioned over the athlete?s body and is particularly useful for analyzing football kicks and golfers swings. High-motion cameras, recording at thousands of frames per second are also used to analyze movement in detail and prove useful when looking at rehabilitating injured athletes. Leave your comment
Teaching And Learning Effective Learning Strategies Washington Post economics columnist Robert Samuelson asked why America has spent so much money on school reform and yet has so little to show for it. The answer he said lies not necessarily with schools and teachers, rather:”The larger cause of failure is almost unmentionable: shrunken student motivation, the unstated assumption of much school ‘reform’ is that if students aren’t motivated, it’s mainly the fault of schools and teachers.” Wrong. “Motivation is weak because more students don’t like school, don’t work hard and don’t do well.” One cause of student failure, then, is poor motivation; Samuelson says that the majority of students are slackers. Another major cause of failure is a lack of viable learning strategies for motivated students. Many students, and their parents, just don’t know how to study effectively. There are effective approaches to learning however; cognitive science reveals simple techniques that can increase how much a student learns from studying. Where to StudyThe conventional wisdom has it that one should stay with one study location; this is not true. Cognitive scientists have found that changing rooms for study improves retention. The evidence we have is that the brain makes subtle associations between what it is studying and the background sensations it has at the time of study. FocusThe conventional wisdom is that one should focus intensely on a single topic, whereas research shows, to the contrary, that varying the type of material studied in a single sitting result in far better learning outcomes than does concentrating on just one skill at a time. Musicians know this; their practice sessions often include musical pieces, scales, and rhythmic work. Athletes mix strength, skill and speed drills in their workout routines. In research quoted in the Journal Psychology and Aging, researchers Kornell, Castel, and Bjork found to their surprise that young and older adults could distinguish the painting styles of 12 artists far better after viewing mixed collections than after viewing a dozen works from one artist, all together, then moving on to the next painter. The myth that intensive immersion is the best way to really master a particular genre or type of creative work is busted (with apologies to the TV show Myth Busters). In summary mix and match your studies, if you narrow your focus of study too much, you will not develop the mental hooks that the brain needs to solve problems By: Francis David
Journal Articles A Historical Analysis and Synthesis of Grand Canyon Archaeology Douglas W. Schwartz society for american archaeology in 1966 Cited Count JSTOR Crossref Social Sciences > Anthropology , Humanities > History This historically oriented description of the development of archaeological research and conceptualization in the area of Grand Canyon National Park begins with the contributions of the earliest Spanish explorers of the area and proceeds to research completed in 1964. Three periods of research are identified: discovery and exploration, 1540 to 1900; general investigation, 1900 to 1950; and concentrated analysis, 1951 to 1964. By the end of the first period the historic tribes and the presence of Pueblo ruins in the Grand Canyon area had been recognized. During the next 50 years many details were added to the understanding of the Pueblo material, including a sound temporal framework, the postulation of a second prehistoric group in the area, the Cohonina, and additional information on the ethnographic groups of the area accumulated. In the years between 1951 and 1964 there developed an increasingly complete description of the Cohonina branch, an analysis of Havasupai culture history, an examination of the Anasazi occupation within the depths of the Canyon, and the discovery of a Canyon occupancy some 2000 years earlier than had been known previously. Finally, a summary of the current conception of the area's culture history is presented, along with an indication of possible directions for future research. No relevant information is available Articles referencing this article view options Top Journals Cited
Analysis Of The Canticle Of Brother Sun 2635 words - 11 pages Saint Francis of Assisi was an Italian monk who founded the monastic order of the Franciscans. He was from a wealthy family and spent most of his youth carousing the streets of Assisi with other young nobles. After fighting in the war between Assisi and Perugia, he contracted an illness and had his first mystical experience. After he was healed, Francis had another mystical experience while praying in a neglected church: “After a period of prayer and meditation, Francis heard the voice of Jesus coming from a nearby crucifix: ‘Francis go, repair my house, which, as you see, is falling completely to ruin’.” It was this call that inspired Francis to leave Assisi, determined to live more simply with his fellow monks. Even though many of his writings and sermons did not last, The Canticle of Brother Sun has survived the many centuries and is now looked at as one of Francis’ greatest writings. The Canticle is a poem which talks of the different aspects of nature, such as earth, wind, and water, and praises God for creating them. The Canticle also contains many parallels to the gospels. After his experience in the church, Francis was inspired by the life of Jesus. As G. K. Chesterton says, “Francis of Assisi was a mirror of Christ”. Francis saw great promise in the life that Jesus lived in the gospels and tried to be an example of Him through his own work. The poem reveals many of Francis’ own teachings of chastity, poverty, and obedience along with the call to respect nature. One of the values Francis instilled the most in his monks was obedience to God. In his life, Francis was devoted to serve God and gave God complete control over his life. Part of this trust that Francis had was that God would provide for him in same way that He did with the disciples when Jesus sent them out. As it says in the gospel of Mark, “He called the twelve and began to send them out two by two… He ordered them to take nothing for their journey except a staff; no bread, no bag, no money, in their belts; but to wear sandals and not to put on two tunics”. This faith is also apparent in Francis’ life when he gave up his comfortable home for a simple life of poverty. Francis’ devotion to the Father is seen in the Canticle because in the text, he constantly refers to God as “good Lord” or “Most High” and capitalizes all the pronouns referring to God (“You” and “Him”). Also, the whole Canticle praises God through the help He gives to creation. For example, the first stanza says, “Yours are the praises, the glory, the honor, and all blessing”. This praise is very similar to the praise and thanks that Jesus gives in all of his teachings. For example, in the gospel of Matthew when Jesus says, “I thank you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth”. Humility was also a very important teaching for Francis. As Talbot says, “Francis has a keen understanding of the power and danger of human pride, and he condemned it as spiritual enemy number one”. Francis was so aware of the... Find Another Essay On Analysis of The Canticle of Brother Sun Historical Lens of "A Canticle For leibowitz" 1072 words - 4 pages religious issues. The other most memorable feature of the books is the delightful portrait of the feckless brother Francis. "Fiat Homo" is clearly the strongest part of the work, which suffers to some degree as a novel from the very long time spans which separate each of its sections.A Canticle for Leibowitz. is set many years in the future, after the devastation of the Nuclear Holocaust and the Flame Deluge. The bomb is assumed to be atomic or a Children of the Sun- A fantasy short story about a young girl and her brother living on a foreign planet 2077 words - 8 pages Children of The SunBrabe awoke with sharp pains running through his body. The Sun! He hadn't had any sunlight for almost a day."Lela," he said, shaking her, "we must get out of here, wherever we are."Lela didn't move, she just laid there like a rag doll thrown in a heap on the floor. Then it hit him. Like the blow of one of Kyrria's awful barbaric border guards' neuralizing guns. Lela hadn't had any sun in days, for she had been wherever they Analysis of Frightning Fear in "Little Brother" 1590 words - 6 pages Analysis of Frightening Fear in “Little Brother” Fear is what many of the dictators are made out of and it has now become one of the biggest and most common ways of ruling over people today. The use of fear is being spread across the world quite fast and it is being used as a top technique for many things. Whether it is a mother teaching behaviour to her kid or a bank loan that you still haven’t paid, fear will always do the trick and this Analysis of My Brother Sam Is Dead 870 words - 4 pages Mohammed Ali 4th period English My brother Sam is dead The story of “My brother sam is dead” is set in Colonial America.It is set in the year 1775 in Redding, Connecticut where the story follows the main character Tim and his family going through the Analysis of Cory Dectorow´s Little Brother 859 words - 4 pages What do you think the world will be like in the future? Well, "Little brother" is Cory Doctorow's interpretation of what the future of the United States of America will be in a few years. Marcus Yallow lives in San Francisco, in the United States and is a 17-year -old computer genius and hacker. His entire life changes when he skips school and finds himself caught in the middle of a terrorist attack. The Government's Department of Homeland Business Analysis of Sun Microsystem 1931 words - 8 pages Business Analysis of Sun Microsystem *Works Cited Not Included Sun is the only major company that builds an entire line of computers based exclusively on its own designs, its own chips, dubbed Sparc, and its own software, a version of the Unix operating system known as Solaris. As such, Sun stands alone as the "pure" alternative to the Wintel world-a moniker used to describe computers powered by Microsoft's software and Intel Corp.'s Empire of the Sun 1067 words - 5 pages Colonization has always been present throughout the ages, and has certainly psychologically impacted those of the colonized region. Cultural confusion caused by colonization has resulted in the bafflement and unsureness of their cultural and political viewpoints. In the film “Empire of the Sun”, we see Jamie Graham, being born in China and having no knowledge of his place of heritage, England, while admiring Japan, the country attacking his There Goes the Sun: An Analysis of Shakespeare's 33rd Sonnet Critical Analysis of The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemmingway 831 words - 3 pages In post WWI Paris, we meet Jake Barnes and his clan; a ragtag group of melodramatic drunks with expensive taste. Hemmingway’s The Sun Also Rises is the embodiment of the time period, one part Jazz Age, one part Lost Generation. From the start of the book, one gets a heavy sense of aimlessness. This is just what the characters in the book are—especially our dear Jake Barnes, an ex-patriot who’s war wound left him impotent and raw. Wounds and Literary Analysis of A Raisin in the Sun 916 words - 4 pages Walter Younger is the most hopeful character throughout the play, A Raisin in the Sun. He has hopes of providing for his family, even if his hopes may not be the best way to go about earning a living. Throughout the play he is always saying how he wants to provide a better life and home for his family. He is so focused on that goal that he fails to realize the impact of his dreams on the remainder of his family. Walter Younger possesses the the empire of the sun 877 words - 4 pages different cultures. The more techniques we know the more wise we can become in this field. Cultural intelligence is divided into four branches: cultural drive, knowledge, strategy and action. Empire of the Sun is a movie about is a movie about a wealthy British boy named Jim who is currently living in Shanghai. During World War Jim becomes a prisoner of war in a Japanese imprisonment camp. From living an easy life Jim has to become completely Similar Essays Analysis Of Cadbury Brother Limited 991 words - 4 pages Cadbury Brother Limited is a prototype of personal capitalism which was run by their owners. In the 1960s, Cadbury became a public limited company that shares are traded on the London Stock Exchange. Also, they became a true multiple divisional company. Therefore, they merged with Schwepps and formed Cadbury Schweppes which is a diversification strategy. Cadbury transformed to operate as managerial capitalism (Rowlinson,1995). In the 1970s Character Analysis Of Brother Jack And Brother Tod In Ralph Ellison’s, The Invisible Man 745 words - 3 pages seems to remain innocent and has no hard feelings towards any of the other characters in the novel. I believe this causes him to miss out on some of the stories true meanings and important events. Early in the novel the narrator agrees to become the Brotherhood’s spokesperson, which in my opinion enables the Brotherhood to use him. Although in time, his intelligence allows him to rebel against this conflict. Ellison uses Brother Jack, the Analysis Of A Raisin In The Sun 1257 words - 5 pages "A Raisin in the Sun" Analysis Upon walking out of Krannert's production of "A Raisin in the Sun," an eerie silence drizzled about the audience as people murmured and slowly shuffled towards the exits. After witnessing such a powerful yet melancholy piece of theater work, words seemed inappropriate. For three hours, "A Raisin in the Sun" encompassed us with racial, economic, and social issues of the 1950s. Swirling portions of humor, disgrace Analysis Of The Rich Brother By Tobias Wolff 513 words - 2 pages Analysis of The Rich Brother by Tobias Wolff Tobias Wolff’s “The Rich Brother” is a story of two brothers, Donald and Pete. These brothers have very contrasting lifestyles; Pete is a successful businessman with a wife and kids. Donald, on the other hand, is an outcast. He’s unemployed and irresponsible. He lives his life as a vagabond. Despite these facts, the successful brother, Pete, still lacks the self-esteem he desperately craves
2017 Symposium 1. Amazon Robotics 1. Automatically Generated Digital Memories from Mobile Geolocation Data - Linda Park The research examines the effectiveness of Rewind compared to photos through three virtues of memory: memorability (what aspects of the Rewind affect the ability of a person to remember a place or trip?), believability (how accurately do the Rewind reflect a person’s memory in the eyes of the participants?), and desirability (what factors are inherent to participants’ decisions in preserving artifacts created by the system?). The goal is to investigate users' attitudes and behaviors surrounding digital memories of places visited and trips taken, and to explore what makes the digitally-mediated memories generated by the Rewind system representative and desirable. To understand what makes a digital memory meaningful to a person, a within-subject comparison of sequence of images produced by the Rewind and static street-level images was carried out. By comparing to photos – today's prevalent form of digital memory media – we can identify the features that make the Rewind, and digitally-mediated memories in general, meaningful and representative as a memory of a trip. 1. (PEOPLE'S CHOICE) Converting Video into 3D Mode - Chris Chen The goal of my research project is to find a method of converting 2D video into a 3D model. Just as stereo vision--having two cameras in different positions--allows us to perceive depth, so does video because the movement of the camera and objects in the video allows us to see different viewpoints of an object. This allows us to have a sense of what the 3D shape of the object is like. 1. Extracting useful information from WebGazer’s User study - Justin Zhang WebGazer is a browser-based eye-tracking library that uses a computer’s built in webcam to infer the location of a user’s gaze. Currently, user studies are being run to collect data on the accuracy of WebGazer. This includes information such as the location of cursor clicks, videos of each user’s face as they complete tasks, and the time stamp of each action. My research deals with extracting the most pertinent information out of these data files, performing statistical analysis, and discovering the most useful trends or anomalies in the data. 1. Algorithms for Progressive Histograms - Steffani Gomez Over the years, hardware has advanced to expand memory capacity and technology is now able to collect terabytes or even petabytes of data, with datasets growing alongside in size and dimensionality. As these datasets become more prevalent, there is a dire need for visualizations and the algorithms behind them to be incremental. Algorithms and their visualizations can no longer accommodate many complete datasets because of time and space constraints that the characteristics of the dataset imposes; on a dataset on the scale of gigabytes, visualizations can take tens of minutes, or many hours to compute. Incremental visualizations help alleviate this problem by providing an initial visualization and then updating that visualization as more and more data is known or streamed in. We wanted to focus on histograms, a common visualization that attempts to capture the numerical distribution of a dataset as best as possible, with applications in nearly all domains. 1. (FIRST PLACE) De novo structure prediction with density guided optimization and particle belief propagation - Roshan Rao, Jason Pacheco, Erik Sudderth 3D protein structure prediction is a seminal problem in computational biology. Successful prediction of protein structure could lead to significant improvements in drug design, such as the production of enzymes targeted to perform some specific function. Recent advancements in a technology known as Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) have allowed for the creation of near-atomic resolution electron density maps. These maps have several major advantages over the common alternative of x-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography requires a crystallized protein; creating this is generally a slow and expensive process, and for some proteins can be impossible. However, Cryo-EM maps have poorer resolution (often greater than 4 Å) which prevents current tools for automatic reconstruction on X-ray crystallographic data from converging to the correct model on Cryo-EM data. The Cryo-EM protein structure prediction problem takes as input a sequence of amino acids and a 3D electron density map and seek to output highly accurate locations for every atom in the protein. Current methods for 3D structure reconstruction specifically from Cryo-EM data rely on either hand-constructed initializations or extremely time consuming pre-processing. This thesis proposes a fast method for determining 3D protein structure from Cryo-EM data based on the Diverse Particle Max Product (D-PMP) algorithm developed by Pacheco et al. This work extends the Rosetta protein folding library, a third party software produced by UW. We formulate the structure prediction problem as MAP inference on a complete pairwise Markov Random Field (MRF). As D-PMP is an iterative algorithm, we note that at each iteration many of the edges in the MRF are non-informative and then propose a method for dynamically estimating a sparse subgraph on which to perform inference. Finally, we define three proposal functions for sampling new particles that help to refine the initial estimate. When testing our algorithm on protein 4NIB, it recovers the correct structure with RMSD < 0.5 Å when provided with a 1.3 Å electron density input and a strong initialization (random walk with large variance around the correct structure). We are in the process of testing using lower resolution inputs and are exploring different methods of initialization. 1. Object Detection Algorithm for Robots - Hong Jun Choi Object delivery is an important problem for service robots. However to deliver an object, a robot must map between a word, such as ``wooden spoon'' and an object model capable of detecting,localizing, and ultimately picking up the object. Existing approaches include constructing 3D mesh of an object using robot's sensor to find an optimal grasping point\citep{3d_mesh_grasping} or \citet{oberlin15}'s instance based object modeling that enables robots to autonomously collect data until optimal model with grasping point is found. However, while theses methods successfully create robust methods for object grasping, the task of mapping words to object along with localization needs to be solved. In this thesis, we propose object detection algorithm can be applied to robots -- more specifically Baxter. We focus on creating a object detection algorithm that is feasible in a setting with limited labeled data. We combine category agnostic object search algorithm along with convolution neural network to create simple but performant object detection software. Furthermore, in order to develop a robust object detector that does not require thousands of training images, data augmentation pipeline that creates multitudes of synthetic data has been developed. Finally, we propose an automated software pipeline for learning new object categories for detection. We demonstrate that this approach enables a robot to create a model for an object category, and use that model to detect, localize, and manipulate the object. 1. (THIRD PLACE) Exploring Interaction with Dynamic Interiors - Arielle Chapin Interactive architecture and interiors present exciting new opportunities for customizable and adaptable spaces, but few explorations into this topic attempt to understand how these spaces should be designed for interactions. This work presents Imprint, a prototype for an Interactive Wall that would exist inside of a dynamic living space, that was designed and built with the intention of testing out different models of interaction. Participants gave feedback on two iterations of Imprint. Based on the observations of an interaction trial and discussions, each interaction mode was found to fit better with certain contexts of an interactive surface. The connections between the interaction modes and contexts help build a greater understanding of interacting with various dynamic spaces, which can be used in designing new kinds of interactive interiors that users can easily adapt to. 1. Pong - Tyler Devlin pong is a freely available software package, released by Behr et al. (2016, Bioinformatics), for post-processing output from clustering inference using population genetic data. It combines a a network-graphical approach for analyzing and visualizing membership in latent clusters with an interactive D3.js-based visualization. pong outpaces current solutions by more than an order of magnitude in runtime while providing a user-friendly, interactive visualization of population structure that is more accurate than those produced by current tools. Thus, pong enables unprecedented levels of scale and accuracy in the analysis of population structure from multilocus genotype data. 1. Inferring User Interest from Interactions to Recruit Crowd Editors for Structured Data Upkeep - Abraham Peterkin Traditional crowdsourcing platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, support an ecosystem where requesters can post micro-tasks for a number of use cases, such as data collection and verification. While this is practical to generate an initial dataset, the long term upkeep of the dataset can prove exponentially difficult. Long term repeatable tasks for data upkeep through Amazon Mechanical Turk are impractical due to increased cost, time and accuracy risks. The tasks and costs to employ crowd workers increase as the dataset grows larger. Given this, how can we build a system that scales to maintain large sets of structured data in a cost and time effective manner? 1. Approximating Language Edit Distance Beyond Fast Matrix Multiplication: Ultra-linear grammars are where Parsing Becomes Hard! - Rajesh Jayaram In 1975, a breakthrough result of L. Valiant showed that parsing context free grammars can be reduced to Boolean matrix multiplication, resulting in a running time of O(nω) for parsing where ω ≤ 2.373 is the exponent of fast matrix multiplication, and n is the string length. Recently, Abboud, Backurs and V. Williams (FOCS 2015) demonstrated that this is likely optimal; moreover, a combinatorial o(n3) algorithm is unlikely to exist for the general parsing problem.The language edit distance problem is a significant generalization of the parsing problem, which computes the minimum edit distance of a given string (using insertions, deletions, and substitutions) to any valid string in the language, and has received significant attention both in theory and practice since the seminal work of Aho and Peterson in 1972. Clearly, the lower bound for parsing rules out any algorithm running in o(nω) time that can return a nontrivial multiplicative approximation of the language edit distance problem. Furthermore, combinatorial algorithms with cubic running time or algorithms that use fast matrix multiplication are often not desirable in practice. To break this nω hardness barrier, in this paper we study additive approximation algorithms for language edit distance. We provide two explicit combinatorial algorithms to obtain a string with minimum edit distance with performance dependencies on either the number of non-linear productions, k∗, or the number of nested non-linear production, k, used in the optimal derivation. Explicitly, we give an additive O(k∗γ) approximation in time O(\|G\|(n2 +n3γ3 )) and an additive O(kγ) approximation in time O(\|G\|(n2 +n3γ2 )), where \|G\| is the grammar size and n is the string length. In particular, we obtain tight approximations for an important subclass of context free grammars known as ultralinear grammars, for which k and k∗ are naturally bounded. Interestingly, we show that the same conditional lower bound for parsing context free grammars holds for the class of ultralinear grammars as well. These are the first algorithms that break the fast matrix multiplication barrier for designing any nontrivial approximation algorithms for the language edit distance problem. Moreover, the algorithms are based on a generic recipe of approximating dynamic programming which we believe will find many applications. 1. (SECOND PLACE) Accurately and Efficiently Interpreting Human-Robot Instructions of Varying Granularities - Siddharth Karamcheti Humans can ground natural language commands to tasks at both abstract and fine-grained levels of specificity. For instance, a human forklift operator can be instructed to perform a high-level action, like "grab a pallet" or a low-level action like "tilt back a little bit." While robots are also capable of grounding language commands to tasks, previous methods implicitly assume that all commands and tasks reside at a single, fixed level of abstraction. Additionally, those approaches that do not use abstraction experience inefficient planning and execution times due to the large, intractable state-action spaces, which closely resemble real world complexity. In this work, by grounding commands to all the tasks or subtasks available in a hierarchical planning framework, we arrive at a model capable of interpreting language at multiple levels of specificity ranging from coarse to more granular. We show that the accuracy of the grounding procedure is improved when simultaneously inferring the degree of abstraction in language used to communicate the task. Leveraging hierarchy also improves efficiency: our proposed approach enables a robot to respond to a command within one second on 90% of our tasks, while baselines take over twenty seconds on half the tasks. Finally, we demonstrate that a real, physical robot can ground commands at multiple levels of abstraction allowing it to efficiently plan different subtasks within the same planning hierarchy. 1. Using Biomarker and Conversational Data to Predict Mood - Sachin Pendse 2. Investigating Abstraction Transfer with Generative Adversarial Networks - Aaron Gokaslan While recent advances in generative adversarial network (GAN) networks have allowed for realistic texture generation and style transfer, geometry based reconstruction remains an under researched area. We demonstrate an effective approach to stylize domain specific images. By learning cross domain relations between realistic and stylized images, our GAN learns various traits that drastically changes the shape of the corresponding image. Existing techniques fail to transfer style when geometry changes significantly. Our approach builds off prior work by utilizing a multiscale structural dissimilarity index as a reconstruction loss function to allow for geometric variations. The loss function takes advantage of the area statistics provided to facilitate shape change. We showcase the results of our network when evaluated on a dataset of human and collected anime style faces. Our deep learning architecture called GANime converges when other techniques fail and reduces the noise in the reconstructed version of the image. 1. Jay Khurana 2. Shivam Gandhi
Ismail Buyukcelebi The Fountain, 2003, Paper Back, 422 pages, ISBN 1-932099-21-2 At a time when there is a vast interest in acquiring an accurate knowledge of Islam, this book is a welcome addition. What better way to learn of a religious tradition than having one who knows it intimately write about it? For decades, non-Muslims have been "informed" about Islam by non-Muslim Orientalists, ideologues who opposed it for various reasons, atheists, sociologists, Christian and other missionaries, and many similar people. All of them had just one overall view of Islam in common: It was outdated and therefore either in need of being reformed -- and of course only they could do the job properly -- or it should be thrown into the dustbin of history and replaced with modernity, science, secularism, or just about anything else. This book refutes all such claims by revealing the underlying essence of Islam's beliefs and rituals. The author's obvious piety and profound knowledge immediately sets this book apart from similar works. After reading and pondering upon its five chapters: "The Meaning of Religion and a General Outline of Islam," Essentials of the Islamic Faith," "The Pillars of Islam and a Muslim's Daily Life," "Islamic Morality," and "Other Aspects of Islam"-no one can say that Islam is no more than a religion of outdated beliefs and empty ritual formalism that keeps its practitioners backward, passive, superstitious, and ignorant. Non-Muslims, as well as "cultural" Muslims, will find chapters 1, 2, 4, and 5 especially useful, for in them the author expounds upon the foundations of Islam and how they are similar to and differ from their Jewish and Christian counterparts. We learn how Muslims perceive God, spiritual beings, Divine Destiny (often misunderstood as predestination and the consequent lack of choice and free will), the Resurrection and the Afterlife, eschatology, the role of Jesus in the final days, death and the spirit after death, and other related topics. Also examined in detail is the Prophet's life and why Muslims consider him the best of humanity and their guide on the path of perfection in all spheres, as well as various social aspects: social life, administration, human rights, why Islam is spreading, and what we may expect in the future. For Muslims, chapter 3 is the most beneficial, for it deals with the underlying and subtle meanings behind such well-known ritual practices as personal purity, performing the prescribed prayers (salat), fasting during the month of Ramadan, giving the prescribed alms (zakat), and making the pilgrimage to Makka. Issues related to the Muslim's personal life also are analyzed, among them marriage and family life, lawful (halal) and forbidden (haram) activities in one's social as well as professional life, and prayers. Especially helpful are the various prayers to be made on certain occasions. Chapter 3 follows the traditional manuals long known to observant Muslims. But this one is different, for instead of just explaining what to do, the author explains why our Creator places such importance upon such attitudes and rituals, as well as what attitude that we should adopt toward Him as a result. This book should be in the personal library of everyone who is looking for a comprehensive account of what Islam offers to humanity. It will be of great help to practising Muslims, for it provides a much deeper understanding of Islamic rituals and terminology, why humanity was created, and the exact nature of each person's relationship with his or her Creator. After reading it, no longer will Muslims be content with their usual rote recitation of the Qur'an and participation in Islam's sacred rituals. May this book find a wide audience, and may its readers seek to re-establish contact with their Creator. Pin It Subscribe to The Fountain:
Changing baseball to keep kids safe HARTFORD, Ma – Last August 13-year-old Zach Hoffman took a line drive to his left eye. He was playing third base for his town’s team in the little league state finals. The injury meant he needed 30 sutures across his eye, which had to be put back together, and eventually the damage cost him his vision in his left eye. After incidents like the one that happened to Zach have popped up across the country, bat companies have taken steps to make the equipment safer. The ping of the aluminum bat has replaced the crack of the wooden bat in most baseball leagues, because of the high cost of wood -but at what price?. Aluminum bats pack a much higher punch. Central Connecticut State University physics professor Dr. Sadu Nanjundiah says that on a 80 mph pitch, “the outgoing ball for wood is about 90 mph,” but “for aluminium, it is about 100 mph.” The BBCOR Bat cuts down on the “trampoline effect” of aluminum and composite bats, which is a term used to describe how the ball easily bounces off of those bats. The bats are more similar to wood, but not quite the same. High schools and colleges around the country, as well as some youth leagues, have begun adopting BBCOR Bats, but the little league hasn’t quite caught up yet. Part of the danger of little league kids using aluminum bats is that the diamond is smaller, and that 30 feet makes a huge difference in terms of reaction time. Also the more powerful hits traveling so fast can have a much higher impact if they hit one of the kids in the outfield. Zach recovered from his injury and decided he wanted to go back to baseball saying, "It's just something that's important to me before. It was a big part of my life. Well com ing back just seems like I had to do it I guess." He's had to make some changes because of his loss of vision. He wears a face mask for picking, and he also wears sunglasses with a polycarbonate lens when plays, to protect his good eye." Zach also says that batting is different, "I have to turn my whole head... and open up my stance." Zach uses a BBCOR bat now, but he isn't really sold on that either. He'd like to see all the kids playing with wood bats. All softball players continue to play with aluminum, as do many little leagues. However, starting this season South Windsor, Zach’s old team, will be playing as an all-wood team.
Tuesday, September 25, 2012 King Penguin Life of Sea \| King Penguin \| The king penguin is the second largest species of penguin in the world, with adult king penguins grow to almost a meter in height. There are two recognized sub-species of king penguins are found throughout the sub-Antarctic, with more than 2 million breeding pairs is considered decorated around the rocky island (the number appears to be increasing). King penguins are found inhabiting rocky islands in the Antarctic Ocean, the geographic location to be one of the main differences between the two sub-species of king penguins. King Penguins breed on sub-Antarctic islands, in the northern part of the Antarctic, as well as around the Falkland Islands, and other islands temperate regions. King Penguin is one of the most elegant of all penguin species as it is a long and slender body helps the king penguin to glide through the water with ease. The bright-yellow marks on the head and neck is a characteristic of the king penguin penguin species. King penguins have adapted well to the extreme living conditions of Antarctica and, to keep warm, king penguins have four layers of feathers. King Penguins have 70 feathers per every square inch. The outer layer of the hair oiled and waterproof, and three in the fall fur lining, which acts as insulation so effective as the bitter cold. King penguins are carnivores, which like all other penguin species, survives on a diet consisting only of marine animals. Krill and small crustaceans make the most of the king penguin diet along with larger organisms including squid and various species of fish. Due to the fact that they inhabit fairly uncompromising, king penguins have no land-based natural predators. However, the larger marine animals that also inhabit the frozen waters of the Antarctic Ocean will eat water-based birds, with leopard seals, sharks, killer whales and humans become the main predator king penguins. On average, once a year descendant of king penguins, form pairs typically remain loyal to each other. Female king penguins lay two eggs which are incubated by both parents for about two months, when only one of the eggs will usually hatch. King penguin chicks are fed and kept warm by their parents and remain with them until the chicks about a year. Currently, the king penguin populations in the sub-Antarctic Ocean appears to be growing and better still increasing in number with more than two million breeding pairs of king penguins are found in waters around freezing. find here another sea creatures Post a Comment
• picture • picture PRI's Environmental News Magazine Controversial Arctic Cruise Air Date: Week of stream/download this segment as an MP3 file Crystal Cruises’ new luxury vessel will embark on a trip through the Bering Strait and Northwest passage in a trip that begins in Alaska and docks in New York City 32 days later. (Photo: Reeve Joliffe Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) Thanks to global warming, a 1000-passenger luxury cruise liner will travel through the fabled Northwest Passage in the Arctic for the first time this summer. Canadian legal scholar Michael Byers was invited to come along as a lecturer, but he declined because he is so concerned about climate change. He tells host Steve Curwood that tourism in the Arctic is dangerous and too much ecotourism could threaten the ecosystem and the people who live there. CURWOOD: The loss of sea ice in the high north is also changing the economic life of the planet with new shipping lanes, chances for oil exploration, and tourism. This fall Crystal Cruises will run a 1,000 passenger cruise ship on what they’re calling the Northwest Passage expedition through the Arctic Ocean. Joining us to discuss the trip and the prospects for Arctic tourism more generally is Michael Byers, the Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and International Law at the University of British Columbia. Welcome to Living on Earth. BYERS: It's good to be here. Thank you. CURWOOD: Hey, tell us a little bit please about this cruise. What kind of a ship are we talking about and what's the route? BYERS: Well, we're talking about the world's most luxurious cruise ship. The Crystal Serenity is going to sail from Anchorage, Alaska, to New York City around the northern coast of North America through the fabled northwest passage, through the 19,000 islands that constitute Canada's high Arctic. The voyage will take a month and it will cost each passenger between $25,000 US dollars all the way up to $120,000 for one of the top suites. It's going to be quite a trip. Trade and tourism in the Arctic have become a point of interest in recent decades as portions of the region that were previously frozen have begun to melt. (Photo: Gary Bembridge, Flickr CC BY 2.0) CURWOOD: Yeah, and how unprecedented is? I mean how many ships have done this route before? BYERS: Well, no cruise ship the size has done the route before. There have for a number of years been smaller so-called expedition cruise ships that carry 100 or 150 passengers. There have been a few large cargo ships that have made the voyage, and of course, Coast Guard icebreakers from Canada and the US have done so, as well increasingly as so-called adventurers in private yachts upwards of 25 or 30 a year, but no cruise ship of this size. These 1,000 passengers have very large cabins, they're being cared for by 650 crewmembers. They're even bringing a support ship along that has its own helicopter, so it's a major enterprise and I was in fact invited to go on board the Crystal Serenity as a lecturer and after considerable thought, two months ago turned the trip down. CURWOOD: Why? Why did you say no? It sounds like a great trip. A voyage through the Northwest Passage could offer a chance to see threatened species like the polar bear (Photo: LWP Kommunikáció, Flickr CC BY 2.0) BYERS: Well, a couple of reasons, the most significant being I've become increasing concerned about climate change and to be entirely open I've done the trip before on Canadian Coast Guard ice breakers, and on one occassion on one of these smaller expedition cruise ships, and I thought about whether I needed to be part of this trip. First of all because the ship has a pretty large carbon footprint so it's contributing to climate change by going to the Arctic and also the fact that this trip is a form of so-called extinction tourism. The only reason that the passengers can go to the Arctic is because the Arctic is on the edge of a precipice, the sea ice is melting and the ecosystem is being overturned. It's a little bit like going to see an endangered species on the savannah of Africa or the Galapagos Islands because you don't think it will be there in five or 10 years and I again found that a bit perverse and decided I could not personally go. Now, I'm not criticizing those people who choose to go. Again, I've been...I've already seen it. I don't need convincing about the reality of climate change. CURWOOD: I'm also wondering about the impact of such a tour ship. I mean, you go to place like Nome, Alaska, and you know how big Nome is. It's not exactly...I mean a snowball maybe you could throw from one end of downtown to the other almost. How can Nome handle 1,000 people disembarking there? A US Coast Guard ice breaker in the Beaufort Sea (Photo: NASA, CC BY 2.0) BYERS: Well, that's a question for the residents of Nome, Alaska, and also for the three small aboriginal communities in Canada's high Arctic where the ship will stop. And certainly the cultural impact could be severe, the environmental impact on the local wildlife could be significant. But that's a decision that the residents need to make. There’s a more problematic issue in terms of the impact on the marine ecosystem as this large ship passes through. For instance, there are many whales in the Arctic - Bowhead whales, Beluga whales, Narwhal - and these whales are highly sensitive to noise because they communicate using sound and if you have large ships passing through this can disrupt the whales while they're calving, while they're mating, and so that's a concern. There's also a potential risk of an oil spill, and I don't want to overstate it with regards to the Crystal Serenity because the Crystal Serenity is very well-managed. But any large ship will have hundreds of thousands of gallons of fuel oil on board and oil in cold water degrades very slowly. So if you remember the Exxon Valdez and you transfer that situation to the high Arctic you have a situation that's even worse. CURWOOD: Well, I'm also wondering about basic safety for those thousand passengers. If something goes wrong - I know Crystal cruises as you say it is very well run, but it's a human invention so things can go wrong. How the heck do you get 1,000 people out of the high Arctic if there's a problem? The cruise ship will stop in Nome, Alaska and several indigenous towns (Photo: Dan Perez, Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0) BYERS: Well, you might not be able to do so, and even though the ship is passing through the Arctic during the late summer, I have sailed the same waters in the summertime in 20 foot waves, in gale force winds. So, there are risks and search and rescue capacities in the Arctic are very stretched. Canada bases its search and rescue helicopters in southern Canada on the west coast and on the east coast, it can take them up to two days to get to the northwest passage, so we're talking about very poor search and rescue coverage and real dangers from shallow uncharted waters, from the increased existence of icebergs in these waters. This is actually one of the ironies of climate change. Although the sea ice that forms on the surface of the water in the winter, although that is diminishing, the number of icebergs is actually increasing as climate change melts the surface of land-based glaciers, and that meltwater lubricates the motion of the glaciers into the sea and small chunks of icebergs called growlers are very, very hard to see because they're very dense, they floating on the water and they can punch a hole in the hull of a cruise ship. In fact, a decade ago a small expedition cruise ship sank in Antarctica after striking a growler, and if the Crystal Serenity were to have that kind of accident happen in the Canadian Arctic, well, quite frankly, I would not want to be on board. CURWOOD: You are perhaps alluding to the first passage of a major large super-large ship more than a century ago. Sounds like this could end up like the Titanic? BYERS: Well I don't want to exaggerate the risk. Again Crystal Cruises is a very good company. Passengers pay an awful lot of money to have the highest standards of safety so this ship will probably be OK. My biggest concern about cruise ship safety actually involves the other ships that will follow in subsequent years. Crystal is going to open this door and Holland America and Disney and Costa are all going to come through in the future because it's a place that people want to visit, that they want to see, and all of your listeners will remember the Costa Concordia which crashed onto the rocks along the coast of Italy a few years ago. The Canadian Arctic, the north coast of Alaska is infinitely more dangerous than the coast of Italy. One of the concerns with the trip is that rescue would be very difficult in the high Arctic if an accident were to occur (Photo: Lin Padgham, Flickr CC BY 2.0) CURWOOD: So you say that we're likely to, after this voyage, we'll see many many more. How should this industry be regulated? BYERS: The first thing is that people should be making informed choices as to where they go on vacation. I personally think that if we're concerned about climate change perhaps we should fly less, perhaps we should stay closer to home. In terms of what governments could do is to make sure that the strictest safety standards apply to these voyages. So to give you just one simple example: ships that are sailing within the coastal waters of the United States and Canada on the Pacific or the Atlantic coasts are required to use low-sulfur fuel to reduce the amount of air pollution. That's not the case in the American or Canadian Arctic and this is a real problem because that high-sulfur fuel produces a lot more particulates which when they land on ice or snow darken the surface, absorbs more solar energy, and accelerate the melting process. Now, coming back to the Crystal Serenity, again, Crystal is a good company. They are voluntarily using low-sulfur fuel for this voyage, but the ships that follow might not do so, and the US and Canadian governments are not requiring that they do so. CURWOOD: Michael, by the way you wrote a book called "Who owns the Arctic?" So tell me, who controls this territory and what laws would apply to companies who are trying to do business in the high Arctic? Michael Byers is a the Canadian Research Chair in Global Politics and international law at the University of British Columbia and author of the book, “Who Owns The Arctic?” (Photo: courtesy of Michael Byers) BYERS: Well, Canada and the United States dispute the legal status of the northwest passage. United States says that, “yes it's Canadian waters but there's almost an easement through Canadian waters that enables foreign ships to enter with very little restriction.” Canada objects to that, says, “no, this is a situation of internal waters were the full force of Canadian law applies.” One of the things that the voyage of the Crystal Serenity should be saying to politicians in Washington and Ottawa is that the northwest passage is now opening, we can't afford to have a diplomatic dispute between these two countries. I've been making this pitch for a long time and governments don't listen to me, but the whole point is the Arctic is opening. Climate change is real. These waters are becoming busy and governments need to get their act together to protect the environment while we still can. CURWOOD: Michael Byers is the Canada research chair in global politics and international law at the University of British Columbia. Thanks so much for taking the time. BYERS: It's been a great pleasure. Thank you. “Who Owns the Arctic?” by Michael Byers About Crystal Cruises Read Susanne Goldenberg’s op-ed in the Guardian about Arctic tourism Living on Earth wants to hear from you! P.O. Box 990007 Prudential Station Boston, MA, USA 02199 Telephone: 1-617-287-4121 E-mail: comments@loe.org Donate to Living on Earth! Creating positive outcomes for future generations.
Skip to main content [ "article:topic", "TextMap", "authorname:openstax", "principal cell", "leaky tight junctions", "intercalated cell", "glycosuria", "countercurrent multiplier system", "license:ccby", "showtoc:no" ] Medicine LibreTexts 25.6: Tubular Reabsorption • Page ID • Skills to Develop • List specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and passive electrochemical gradients • List the different membrane proteins of the nephron, including channels, transporters, and ATPase pumps • Compare and contrast passive and active tubular reabsorption • Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron • Explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanisms in the concentration of urine • List the locations in the nephron where tubular secretion occurs With up to 180 liters per day passing through the nephrons of the kidney, it is quite obvious that most of that fluid and its contents must be reabsorbed. That recovery occurs in the PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, and the collecting ducts (Table 25.6.1 and Figure 25.6.1). Various portions of the nephron differ in their capacity to reabsorb water and specific solutes. Figure 25.6.1: Locations of Secretion and Reabsorption in the Nephron. Table 25.6.1: Substances Secreted or Reabsorbed in the Nephron and Their Locations Substance PCT Loop of Henle DCT Collecting ducts Glucose Almost 100 percent reabsorbed; secondary active transport with Na+ Vitamins Reabsorbed Lactate Reabsorbed Creatinine Secreted H+ Secreted; diffusion Secreted; active Secreted; active NH4+ Secreted; diffusion Secreted; diffusion Secreted; diffusion Some drugs Secreted Secreted; active Secreted; active Magnesium Reabsorbed; diffusion Reabsorbed in thick ascending limb; diffusion Reabsorbed Mechanisms of Recovery Mechanisms by which substances move across membranes for reabsorption or secretion include active transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, and osmosis. These were discussed in an earlier chapter, and you may wish to review them. Facilitated diffusion is similar to diffusion in that it moves a substance down its concentration gradient. The difference is that it requires specific membrane receptors or channel proteins for movement. The movement of glucose and, in certain situations, Na+ ions, is an example of facilitated diffusion. In some cases of facilitated diffusion, two different substances share the same channel protein port; these mechanisms are described by the terms symport and antiport. Symport mechanisms move two or more substances in the same direction at the same time, whereas antiport mechanisms move two or more substances in opposite directions across the cell membrane. Both mechanisms may utilize concentration gradients maintained by ATP pumps. This is a mechanism described by the term “secondary active transport.” For example, a Na+ ATPase pump on the basilar membrane of a cell may constantly pump Na+ out of a cell, maintaining a strong electrochemical gradient. On the opposite (apical) surface, a Na+/glucose symport protein channel assists both Na+ and glucose into the cell as Na+ moves down the concentration gradient created by the basilar Na+ ATPase pumps. The glucose molecule then diffuses across the basal membrane by facilitated diffusion into the interstitial space and from there into peritubular capillaries. Table 25.6.2: Substances Filtered and Reabsorbed by the Kidney per 24 Hours Water 180 L 179 L 1 L Proteins 10–20 10–20 0 Chlorine 630 625 5 Sodium 540 537 3 Bicarbonate 300 299.7 0.3 Glucose 180 180 0 Urea 53 28 25 Potassium 28 24 4 Uric acid 8.5 7.7 0.8 Creatinine 1.4 0 1.4 Reabsorption and Secretion in the PCT Figure 25.6.2: Substances Reabsorbed and Secreted by the PCT. Table 25.6.3: Reabsorption of Major Solutes by the PCT Basal membrane Apical membrane Active transport Symport with Na+ Na+ (exchange for K+) K+ Facilitated diffusion Cl K+ Ca++ Cl Mg++ Ca++ HCO3 HCO3 PO34 PO34 Amino acids Amino acids Glucose Glucose Fructose Fructose Galactose Galactose Lactate Lactate Succinate Succinate Citrate Citrate Diffusion between nephron cells HCO3- + H+ ⇔ H2CO3 ⇔ CO2 + H2O Figure 25.6.3: Reabsorption of Bicarbonate from the PCT. Reabsorption and Secretion in the Loop of Henle Descending Loop Ascending Loop The ascending loop is made of very short thin and longer thick portions. Once again, to simplify the function, this section only considers the thick portion. The thick portion is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium without a brush border. It is completely impermeable to water due to the absence of aquaporin proteins, but ions, mainly Na+, are actively pumped out of the loop by large quantities of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump. This has two significant effects: Removal of Na+ while retaining water leads to a hypotonic filtrate by the time it reaches the DCT; pumping Na+ into the interstitial space contributes to the hyperosmotic environment in the kidney medulla. Countercurrent Multiplier System The structure of the loop of Henle and associated vasa recta create a countercurrent multiplier system (Figure 25.6.4). The countercurrent term comes from the fact that the descending and ascending loops are next to each other and their fluid flows in opposite directions (countercurrent). The multiplier term is due to the action of solute pumps that increase (multiply) the concentrations of urea and Na+ deep in the medulla. Figure 25.6.4: Countercurrent Multiplier System. As discussed above, the ascending loop has many Na+ pumps that actively pump Na+ out of the forming urine into the interstitial spaces. In addition, collecting ducts have urea pumps that actively pump urea into the interstitial spaces. This results in the recovery of Na+ to the circulation via the vasa recta and creates a high osmolar environment in the depths of the medulla. QR Code representing a URL Watch this video to learn about the countercurrent multiplier system. Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting Ducts and Recovery of Water Chapter Review The kidney regulates water recovery and blood pressure by producing the enzyme renin. It is renin that starts a series of reactions, leading to the production of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and the salt-retaining steroid aldosterone. Water recovery is also powerfully and directly influenced by the hormone ADH. Even so, it only influences the last 10 percent of water available for recovery after filtration at the glomerulus, because 90 percent of water is recovered before reaching the collecting ducts. Depending on the body’s fluid status at any given time, the collecting ducts can recover none or almost all of the water reaching them. Mechanisms of solute recovery include active transport, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Most filtered substances are reabsorbed. Urea, NH3, creatinine, and some drugs are filtered or secreted as wastes. H+ and HCO3 are secreted or reabsorbed as needed to maintain acid–base balance. Movement of water from the glomerulus is primarily due to pressure, whereas that of peritubular capillaries and vasa recta is due to osmolarity and concentration gradients. The PCT is the most metabolically active part of the nephron and uses a wide array of protein micromachines to maintain homeostasis—symporters, antiporters, and ATPase active transporters—in conjunction with diffusion, both simple and facilitated. Almost 100 percent of glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are recovered in the PCT. Bicarbonate (HCO3) is recovered using the same enzyme, carbonic anhydrase (CA), found in erythrocytes. The recovery of solutes creates an osmotic gradient to promote the recovery of water. The descending loop of the juxtaglomerular nephrons reaches an osmolarity of up to 1200 mOsmol/kg, promoting the recovery of water. The ascending loop is impervious to water but actively recovers Na+, reducing filtrate osmolarity to 50–100 mOsmol/kg. The descending and ascending loop and vasa recta form a countercurrent multiplier system to increase Na+ concentration in the kidney medulla. The collecting ducts actively pump urea into the medulla, further contributing to the high osmotic environment. The vasa recta recover the solute and water in the medulla, returning them to the circulation. Nearly 90 percent of water is recovered before the forming urine reaches the DCT, which will recover another 10 percent. Calciumrecovery in the DCT is influenced by PTH and active vitamin D. In the collecting ducts, ADH stimulates aquaporin channel insertion to increase water recovery and thereby regulate osmolarity of the blood. Aldosterone stimulates Na+ recovery by the collecting duct. Review Questions Q. Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct. A. true B. false Answer: B Q. Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron. A. proximal convoluted tubule B. descending loop of Henle C. ascending loop of Henle D. distal convoluted tubule E. collecting ducts Answer: A Q. The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________. A. the proximal convoluted tubule B. the collecting ducts C. the ascending loop of Henle D. the distal convoluted tubule Answer: B Critical Thinking Questions Q. Which vessels and what part of the nephron are involved in countercurrent multiplication? A. The vasa recta and loop of Henle are involved in countercurrent multiplication. Q. Give the approximate osmolarity of fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule, deepest part of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts. A. The approximate osmolarities are: CT = 300; deepest loop = 1200; DCT = 100; and collecting ducts = 100–1200. countercurrent multiplier system involves the descending and ascending loops of Henle directing forming urine in opposing directions to create a concentration gradient when combined with variable permeability and sodium pumping presence of glucose in the urine; caused by high blood glucose levels that exceed the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb the glucose; usually the result of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus intercalated cell specialized cell of the collecting ducts that secrete or absorb acid or bicarbonate; important in acid–base balance leaky tight junctions tight junctions in which the sealing strands of proteins between the membranes of adjacent cells are fewer in number and incomplete; allows limited intercellular movement of solvent and solutes principal cell found in collecting ducts and possess channels for the recovery or loss of sodium and potassium; under the control of aldosterone; also have aquaporin channels under ADH control to regulate recovery of water
History of Multicultural Education Timeline created by facebooker_2817451008268560 • Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson The US Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as the resources available to black and whites were equal. This coined the term separate but equal. This is a huge reason why education was segregated for such a long period of time. It also sets a precedent for future court cases including Brown v Board of Education. • Mendez vs. Westminster and the California Board of Education Mendez vs. Westminster and the California Board of Education Five Mexican-American fathers challenged the practice of Mexican schools segregation in Los Angeles. The United States Court of Appeals For the Ninth Circuit, ruled that the forced segregation of Mexican Americans into separate schools was unconstitutional. • Brown Vs. Board of Education of Topeka Brown Vs. Board of Education of Topeka This was a landmark Supreme Court case that ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was/is unconstitutional. This was a cornerstone of the civil rights movement and showed the separate but equal is not equal at all. This was a huge for multicultural education and allowing all students access to a good education. • Ruby Bridges Ruby Bridges Ruby Bridges became the first African American student to desegregate into a white school. She was the only student in her class because white parents would not let their children be in the same class as an African American. This was the first time an African American student went to a white school and it took a lot of bravery to do what she did. • Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act The federal government finally has a means of enforcing desegregation. Title VI of the act barred the use of federal funding for segregated programs and schools. Obviously a huge part of multicultural education. Students were finally getting the education they deserve without the color of their skin having any effect on it. • Bilingual Education Act Bilingual Education Act The first federal bill signed into law addressing the needs of students who's first language was not English. This was the start of minorities gaining an equal opportunity to education. Finally students who were coming to the US and did not speak English were getting the opportunity to learn English in school. • Title IX of the Education Amendments Title IX of the Education Amendments This amendment prohibited discrimination in school programs, activities or education access based on sex/gender in any institution that received federal funding. This was a huge step towards women's rights in an educational setting. Women were finally able to do what any man had the opportunity to do. • Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado The US Supreme Court ruled that segregation had affected a large part of the school system in Denver, Colorado. They ruled that the entire school district be desegregated, this was a key case in coining the term "de facto segregation". Another big moment in multicultural education. Even 10 years after segregation was ruled unconstitutional it was still happening in America. • Lau v. Nichols Lau v. Nichols This lawsuit was filed by non-English speaking students that felt they were not being treated to the same education as their English speaking counterparts. The US Supreme Court based the decision on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and ruled that the students were not being treated equal. This was another huge step for multicultural education. It makes so much sense to have students from all background in the classroom to share their beliefs and cultures. • Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Rights of the Child The Convention of Rights of the Child is the most rapidly and widley ratified international human rights treaty in history. The Convention changed the way the world views children, they were now treated as human beings with a distinct set of rights. This really changed how children are treated, people started realizing that they are not just mindless tiny humans, they are actual people.
Fibonacci Levels What Are Fibonacci Levels And How To Use Them? First of all let’s start with the Fibonacci numbers, not to be confused with the golden ratio which are also used within trading platforms. The creator of the Fibonacci numbers was a man named Leonardo Pisano Bigollo, widely acclaimed as the most influential western mathematician of the middle ages. He was given his nickname “Fibonacci’ by the French historian Guilaume Libri. Basically the Fibonacci numbers or sequence is characterized by the mere fact that every number after the first two is the sum of the preceding two numbers. Known as Fibonacci Retracements’, these are used by traders to identify potential reversals. It is a method of technical analysis for making educated decisions on when the market will rise or fall, inflate or deflate, peak or trough. It is loosely based on the idea that markets will always follow or retrace predictable patterns. Now it is important to remember that this is by no means a bullet proof plan to get into markets or to trade off stocks, purely on the premise that it will go the way you planned or that it will even follow a similar path. The Fibonacci levels are widely used to found slots within a chart to enter at the lowest price thereby increasing profit gain, Fibonacci retractments are used to identify the end of a correction or a counter-trend bounce. They retrace a portion of the prior move from short retractments of 23.6% to 61.8% often rounded to 62% which covers more possibilities. For example; 0.0% is considered to be the start of the retractment, whereas 100% is considered to be the complete reversal to the original start. There is no reliability standard retractment, not 50%, 33%, 38% none are guaranteed. It is not an official retractment but based on the down theory. It is based on the trends, the peaks and troughs of your specific chart. You should use lines on multiple charts in order to see overall market growth or decline No one will have the same peaks or troughs as we start our analysis at different times. However the basic use of percentages will not change. The Fibonacci Sequence is static and does not differ like various other methods. So to recap, Fibonacci Retractment, take a major peak and a trough on your chart and divide the vertical distance by the key Fibonacci ratios. Once you have identified these draw horizontal lines to gauge possible support and resistance levels. Start Trading eToro \| Coinbase \| Coinmama \| 0 replies Leave a Reply Want to join the discussion? Feel free to contribute! Leave a Reply
WHAT IS ChIP and why is it useful? ChIP immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a method used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for a specific protein of interest, giving invaluable insights into the regulation of gene expression. ChIP is frequently used in studies that focus on cellular differentiation, tumor suppressor gene silencing, the effect of histone modifications on gene expression, and other studies involving transcriptional activation and repression. Where do you want to begin? for ChIP/ChIP-seq services Let us do your ChIP and ChIP-seq for you!
Talon Marks Wage Gap: Victim by choice David Jenkins Email This Story The gender wage gap exists, but as to why it exists is due to the different choices that men and women make. The talking point that women make 77 cents to the dollar to that of a man is something that as been said for years Some statics say different numbers other than 77, but we’ll keep this for argument’s sake. Now, there’s no denying that the gap is there, the argument is the reason as to why it’s there. Embed from Getty Images Men and women make different choices when it comes to their occupation. There’s a difference in fields of study, profession, balances between home and work. The gap existing is not proof of discrimination. If this was the case then who ever is writing the checks is breaking the law and should be taken to court. Pay based on discrimination has been illegal since 1963 under the “Equal Pay Act” signed into law by John F. Kennedy. Those opposing the argument of choice will make the claim that women get paid less then men for doing the same work is based off of sexism. No serious economist takes this claim seriously, which is why you only hear politicians and activists making it. Here’s an example of how this works by using another gap that exists that no one talks about. The gender death gap in the work place. In the U.S alone, 93 percent of men die in the workplace as to women, seven percent. Now, should one conclude that society hates men and are trying to wipe them out? No, that would be incredibly stupid and if anyone makes that claim they deserve to be mocked and ridiculed for their nonsense. With this gap comes the same conclusion. Men and women make different choices as to where they work. Men often choose to work under dangerous environments such as construction, sewage, coal mining and with heavy machinery. These men know the risk when they make the choice to sign up for the job. We live in a economic free society where we can choose our occupation. These choices matter when it comes the gaps explained above. Studying STEM will make you a lot more money than studying gender theory, but hey, people make those choices based on their pursuit of happiness. If a woman wants to be a full time mom, that’s a choice that she makes. Choice is in important factor when addressing these discrepancy. It is a case by case situation. Its a leap to conclusion that these discrepancies exist due to an all-seeing and invisible systemic patriarchy. Don’t get it wrong, there is still residue form the patriarchy that once was, but lying and making people false victims is not the way to address these issues. Print Friendly, PDF & Email About the Writer 4 Responses to “Wage Gap: Victim by choice” 1. Anon on April 11th, 2018 3:36 pm why did u make a claim and then argue about something else? You’re trying to show that the wage gap(which is argued to be about the unequal income between the sexes for the same work) is created by choice. Unless you dont understand the issue, you were talking about different jobs and its income and then redirected it to deaths on the job between the sexes. Obviously difderent professions will have different incomes and accidental deaths.Maybe next time be clearer on your topic. I see its your opinion but maybe next time write about one you’re educated on. 2. David Jenkins on April 11th, 2018 4:41 pm Anon, I compared both the wage gap and death gap to show that the discrepancies alone is not proof of discrimination. I also pointed to both to indicate that choices played a factor in these differences. I’ll agree, that i could’ve been clearer on what those choices are when talking about the wage gap. I went further in explanation when talking about the death gap. As for me not being educated on the subject, care to come on a podcast and educate me? 3. Anon on April 18th, 2018 10:25 am I have realized now that some parts in my response could have been worded better. We can talk about your opinion piece next time I come to visit, but I must decline being on the podcast. 4. David Jenkins on April 18th, 2018 12:14 pm It would probably be best if we had the conversation outside the public discourse. And I always do appreciate a good discussion. Something that I’ve learned years ago is that one can learn more about a subject by discussing with those who you disagree with. Email This Story Cerritos College • Norwalk, Calif. Wage Gap: Victim by choice
Water must be conserved This message should be a part of any school curriculum. Adults as well as children need access to knowledge and how it relates to their daily lives, communities, workplaces and even leisure time. Not long ago we were suffering from "drought fatigue" in Southern California. You felt guilty for even wanting to water your garden. But it doesn't have to be that way. Do you know how many gallons of water you use every day? Do you know how much you pay for a gallon of tap water? And where does that water go once it leaves your sight? Any water user should be aware of and concerned about our present water situation and how we can face the future reality. Being informed is crucial. It's the only way we can have any influence on how our communities choose to supply us with water and how it is used. Water Systems Managing the way people access, store and distribute water is a concern for every civilization. These systems ensured the development of agriculture and the end of nomadic life for many people and they can bring down empires. -Accessing water -Transporting water -Harvesting and storing water -Distributing water The area that contains the flow of water from precipitation hitting the ground, through ecosystems and then out to a body of water. This is where living organisms get involved, and humans can interrupt the cycle with dangerous consequences. -Water Quality
Since Blue Planet 2 was on the T.V. we're all way more aware of our single use plastic addiction. But how do we REALLY start to reduce what we use and save the planet? Plastic Soup is a 5 week project working with local primary schools to Reduce, Refuse, Repurpose, Recycle and Regenerate waste. We regrow food from kitchen scraps, make puppets out of plastic bottles and we make handy reusable alternatives to avoid plastic waste in lunch boxes. The project is tied together by a story 'Plastic Soup' how one whale can't find anything for his dinner.... A Zero Waste Life. School Download If you’s like us to run an assembly, workshop or progressive programme in your school, please get in touch. Name *
Friday, December 30, 2011 A Parting Quote for 2011 "Dresden, royal residence of dukes and kings of Saxony since the Middle Ages, whose Baroque skyline had inspired painters such as Canaletto, where Friedrich Schiller had written 'Ode to Joy' and which Napoleon had seized for his imperial command, greeted the 150 POWs trudging into the city on January 12, 1945, with a billboard proclaiming TRINK COCA-COLA." From Charles Shields's new biography of Kurt Vonnegut, And So It Goes (New York, 2011), p. 62. The sentence above is a good sample of Shields' prose, which is lively, perceptive, and humorous. The biography as a whole is first-rate, and doesn't pull any punches. Vonnegut's experiences as a prisoner-of-war, particularly his witnessing the firebombing of Dresden, shaped the author's most famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. For all that book's strengths (and it is a masterpiece), Vonnegut was a novelist, not a historian, and his account of the Dresden bombing is not the most accurate. His famous summary of the attack, to the effect that it only benefited one person and that person was Vonnegut - and that "one way or another, I made five bucks for every person killed" - is doubly incorrect. The author's sardonic estimate of the profit he made from the dead assumes that 135,000 people died in the attack, an assumption based on David Irving's 1963 book on Dresden. Irving has a habit, shall we say, of playing fast and loose with the truth, and he overstated German casualties by at least 75,000. Vonnegut's other observation, that he was the only beneficiary of the Dresden raid, is also untrue, though few people know the truth of the matter. The attack on Dresden saved the city's tiny surviving Jewish population from deportation to the death camps, a transfer originally scheduled to take place three days after the raid. Among the survivors was Victor Klemperer, whose harrowing diary remains one of the best primary sources on Jews' experiences in Germany during the war. Happy New Year, everyone. No comments:
Te Kete Ipurangi Navigation: Te Kete Ipurangi Te Kete Ipurangi user options: Default object view. Click to create a custom template, Node ID: 266, Object ID: 290 Activity 15.1 Activity 15.1 Learning vocabulary and aspects of Deaf culture The students will learn the vocabulary for some items of clothing and about the importance of descriptions of people and clothes in Deaf culture. Play scene M. Ask the students how much they can understand. Using your copy of the scene M transcript, help them to gain a better understanding of what is being communicated in the scene. This scene will help them to recall some of the vocabulary they learnt in Unit 6 in order to express feelings, needs, and wants. Now play scene P and follow the process outlined above to determine your students' understanding. Replay the scene and ask the students to focus on the facial expressions that the characters use when they give descriptions. For example, when describing something as BIG, you puff out your cheeks as you sign. To express SMALL, you suck them in. Play clip 15.1a. Have the students practise the vocabulary for describing people, using appropriate facial expressions where they are needed. Hand out worksheet 15.1 for their reference. Play clip 15.1a again. Ask the students to note the following aspects of signing in relation to the pictures on the worksheet. • The sign CURLY-HAIR refers to a person with long curly hair. When you refer to a person with short curly hair, you make the same sign but make it to show the shorter hair. • The sign EYE refers to one eye. When referring to EYES, you point to both eyes. Explain how descriptions of people and things are important in sign language. The information in the introduction will help you to do this. In conversation, Deaf people can respond quickly and sustain a conversation if the other signer is describing people and things clearly. The visual aspect of a person is important when Deaf people are describing someone who is not present. Have your students practise signing the vocabulary to each other until they become reasonably fluent at reading and signing the words, using appropriate non-manual behaviours. Clip 15.1a There are no related objects. Name Class Section Document Worksheet 15.1 Worksheet 1 ^ Back to top
The first Chinese, like many other immigrants to Plumas County, arrived about 1850 as a result of “Crazy” Stoddard’s Gold Lake myth. Diligently working the streambed gravels spurned by the white miners, they eked a living, mostly using cradles, pans and sluices. By 1880, their numbers had increased to make them the highest percentage of gold miners in the county. Although sometimes abused both physically and verbally, there were no lynchings or major purges of the Chinese here, unlike some neighboring counties. Because they were not interested in assimilating into American culture, the Chinese developed their own communities near the white settlements. Greenville’s Chinese community sat along Wolf Creek just west of town; La Porte’s “China Alley” is on the east side of town; Taylorsville had a small Chinese neighborhood at its southern flank and Quincy, the county seat, had its Chinatown where the Quincy Junior Senior High School is now located, hence “China Rock..” Because of immigration laws, there were very few Chinese women here. Most of the Chinese miners were young males, in their early twenties, and when gold opportunities diminished or ran dry, they left. Through about 1910, there were a number of companies of Chinese miners still working various sites in the county, mostly in the southern portion. Interestingly, there is no evidence to show that the Chinese participated in the construction of the Western Pacific Railroad through Plumas County at the turn-of-the-century. In time, most left to work in the urban areas. The old men who stayed here eventually died and were buried near their communities. The museum enjoys a personal connection to the Chinese of Plumas County: Our first curator, Robert Gee Moon, was the grandson of Mun Gee, an early-day Silver Creek merchant. Many of the items displayed here are from the Moon (Mun) family. Mun Gee came to Silver Creek from Canton in the 1880s with his wife Wong Poy. They raised one daughter and five sons, some of whom remained in the area. Mun Gee’s name was soon Americanized to Gee Moon. He and his wife are buried in the Meadow Valley Cemetery.
How it Works At the center of the new broadband satellite networks are a new generation of high-powered GEO satellites positioned 22,300 miles above the equator, operating in Ka-band (18.3-30 GHz) mode. These new purpose-built satellites are designed and optimized for broadband applications, employing many narrow spot-beams which target a much smaller area than the broad-beams used by earlier communication satellites. At the customer site is the outdoor unit, a small (2-3 foot diameter), reflective dish-type radio antenna constructed from and coated with a variety of materials. The antenna must have an unobstructed view of the southern sky to allow for proper Line-of-sight (L-O-S) to the satellite. Indoors, the Satellite Modem serves as an interface between the outdoor unit and customer provided equipment (i.e. PC, router) and controls satellite transmission and reception.
torsdag 6 december 2012 Rosa Rosa Rosa The color pink usually serves two purposes. It can be used to show childish innocence, or a characters child-like personality. It can also be used to show a more flirtatious personality. Pink is normally a color associated with girls and femininity. Pink is considered a color of good health and life - we speak of people being "in the pink" or the "freshness" of a newborn babe. Lastly, pink is associated with sexuality, and purity. That is, a girl who is a virgin in heart and body. Pink is symbolic of pure love, for example. It is also the color used for sexual advertisements and such, to indicate the purity of the girls. How the color pink affects us physically Meaning, symbolism and psychology of color: All About the Color pink PINK - Love; friendship; compassion relaxation. Pink candles can be burned during rituals designed to improve self-love. They're ideal for weddings and for all forms of emotional union. ROSA: Är en annan av Venus färger som reprensenterar en mer stillsam kärlek och vänlighet. I magin är rosa försoningens och harmonins färg och hjälper dig att sova gott. Klä dig i rosa eller bär med dig rosa föremål när du vill skapa sämja eller återställa din egen inre harmoni. Inga kommentarer:
Dada was a literary and artistic movement born in Europe at a time when the horror of World War I was being played out in what amounted to citizens' front yards. Due to the war, a number of artists, writers and intellectuals, notably of French and German nationality, found themselves congregating in the refuge that neutral Zurich Switzerland offered. The movement was, among other things, a protest against the barbarism of the War and what Dadaists believed was an oppressive intellectual rigidity in both art and everyday society; its works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art. It influenced later movements including Surrealism. The origin of the name "Dada" is unclear; some believe that it is a nonsensical word. Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artists Tristan Tzara and Marcel Janco's frequent use of the words da, da, meaning yes, yes in the Romanian language with the English equivalent being "yeah, yeah" , as in a sarcastic tone. Still others believe that a group of artists assembled in Zürich in 1916, wanting a name for their new movement, chose it at random by stabbing a French-German dictionary with a paper knife, and picking the name that the point landed upon. Dada in French is a child's word for hobby-horse. In French the colloquialism "c'est mon dada", means it's my hobby.
Dentist Office Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) also called laughing gas, has a slight metallic taste but is basically tasteless and odorless. It has significant use in the medical industry thanks to its analgesic and anesthetic properties. Whether you are seeking pain relief during labor or just your basic local anesthetic for dental procedures, nitrous oxide helps to take the edge off the pain. Nitrous is also used in rocket propulsion due to its the oxidizing effect at high temperatures. In racing automotive nitrous increases engine power by burning more fuel and producing greater power. Primary Application Food and Beverage Since 1844, the medical industry has taken advantage of the euphoric effect Nitrous produces when inhaled to relieve pain during minor procedures and surgeries. Considered a weak general anesthetic, it is often mixed with oxygen for stronger anesthetic drugs. Piles of fluffy whipped cream are fluffier with nitrous oxide. When in an aerosol can, this gas is infused into the cream, returning to its gaseous state when being sprayed onto your favorite pie or ice cream sundae. As a good oxidizer, Nitrous Oxide allows engines to burn more fuel, producing more power and allowing cars to race faster. A small amount of Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) is added to the Nitrous Oxide to prevent human abuse of the gas.
Back to Tutorial Lesson 17: Working with Charts Lesson 17 A chart is a tool you can use in Excel to communicate data graphically. Charts allow your audience to see the meaning behind the numbers, and they make showing comparisons and trends much easier. In this lesson, you'll learn how to insert charts and modify them so they communicate information effectively. Excel workbooks can contain a lot of data, and this data can often be difficult to interpret. For example, where are the highest and lowest values? Are the numbers increasing or decreasing? The answers to questions like these can become much clearer when data is represented as a chart. Excel has various types of charts, so you can choose one that most effectively represents your data. Optional: You can download this example for extra practice. Types of charts Click the arrows in the slideshow below to view examples of some of the types of charts available in Excel. • Slide 1 • Slide 1 • Slide 1 • Slide 1 • Slide 1 Bar charts work just like column charts, but they use horizontal instead of vertical bars. • Slide 1 • Slide 1 • Slide 1 Identifying the parts of a chart labeled graphic Horizontal Axis The horizontal axis, also known as the x axis, is the horizontal part of the chart. In this example, the horizontal axis identifies the categories in the chart, so it is also called the category axis. However, in a bar chart, the vertical axis would be the category axis. The legend identifies which data series each color on the chart represents. For many charts it is crucial, but for some charts it may not be necessary and can be deleted. In this example, the legend allows viewers to identify the different book genres in the chart. Data Series The data series consists of the related data points in a chart. If there are multiple data series in the chart, each will have a different color or style. Pie charts can only have one data series. In this example, the green columns represent the Romance data series. The title should clearly describe what the chart is illustrating. Vertical Axis The vertical axis, also known as the y axis, is the vertical part of the chart. In this example, a column chart, the vertical axis measures the height—or value—of the columns, so it is also called the value axis. However, in a bar chart, the horizontal axis would be the value axis. To create a chart: Selecting cellsSelecting cells 2. Click the Insert tab. 3. In the Charts group, select the desired chart category (Column, for example). Selecting the Column categorySelecting the Column category 4. Select the desired chart type from the drop-down menu (Clustered Column, for example). Selecting a chart typeSelecting a chart type 5. The chart will appear in the worksheet. The new chartThe new chart Chart tools To change chart type: The Change Chart Type commandThe Change Chart Type command 2. Select the desired chart type, then click OK. The Change Chart Type commandSelecting a chart type To switch row and column data: 1. Select the chart. The Switch Row/Column commandThe Switch Row/Column command 3. The chart will readjust. Book sales, grouped by yearBook sales, grouped by year To change chart layout: 1. Select the Design tab. Viewing all of the chart layoutsViewing all of the chart layouts 3. Select the desired layout. Selecting a chart layoutSelecting a chart layout 4. The chart will update to reflect the new layout. The updated layoutThe updated layout To change chart style: 1. Select the Design tab. 2. Click the More drop-down arrow in the Chart Styles group to see all of the available styles. The Change Chart Type commandViewing all of the Chart Styles 3. Select the desired style. Selecting a chart styleSelecting a chart style 4. The chart will update to reflect the new style. The updated chartThe updated chart To move the chart to a different worksheet: 1. Select the Design tab. 2. Click the Move Chart command. A dialog box appears. The current location of the chart is selected. The Move Chart commandThe Move Chart command 3. Select the desired location for the chart (choose an existing worksheet, or select New Sheet and name it). Selecting a different worksheet for the chartSelecting a different worksheet for the chart 4. Click OK. The chart will appear in the new location. Keeping charts up to date Screenshot of adjusting a data range 1. Open an existing Excel 2010 workbook. If you want, you can use this example. 2. Use worksheet data to create a chart. 3. Change the chart layout. 4. Apply a chart style. 5. Move the chart to a different worksheet.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Prokaryota) Jump to navigation Jump to search Diagram of a typical prokaryotic cell A prokaryote is usually a unicellular organism, sometimes a multi-cellular organism, that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.[1] The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό (pro) "before" and κάρυον (karyon) "nut or kernel".[2][3] Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. In contrast, species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the third domain, Eukaryota.[4] Prokaryotes reproduce without fusion of gametes. The first living organisms are thought to have been prokaryotes. In the prokaryotes, all the intracellular water-soluble components (proteins, DNA and metabolites) are located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular compartments. Bacteria, however, do possess protein-based bacterial microcompartments, which are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells.[5][6] Some prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, may form large colonies. Others, such as myxobacteria, have multicellular stages in their life cycles.[7] Molecular studies have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships of the three domains of biological species.[8] Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments.[1] The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper The concept of a bacterium[9] (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote there). That paper cites Édouard Chatton's 1937 book Titres et Travaux Scientifiques[10] for using those terms and recognizing the distinction. One reason for this classification was so that what was then often called blue-green algae (now called cyanobacteria) would not be classified as plants but grouped with bacteria. Prokaryotes have a prokaryotic cytoskeleton, albeit more primitive than that of the eukaryotes. Besides homologues of actin and tubulin (MreB and FtsZ), the helically arranged building-block of the flagellum, flagellin, is one of the most significant cytoskeletal proteins of bacteria, as it provides structural backgrounds of chemotaxis, the basic cell physiological response of bacteria. At least some prokaryotes also contain intracellular structures that can be seen as primitive organelles. Membranous organelles (or intracellular membranes) are known in some groups of prokaryotes, such as vacuoles or membrane systems devoted to special metabolic properties, such as photosynthesis or chemolithotrophy. In addition, some species also contain carbohydrate-enclosed microcompartments, which have distinct physiological roles (e.g. carboxysomes or gas vacuoles). Most prokaryotes are between 1 µm and 10 µm, but they can vary in size from 0.2 µm (Mycoplasma genitalium) to 750 µm (Thiomargarita namibiensis). Prokaryotic cell structure Flagellum (only in some types of prokaryotes)[which?] Long, whip-like protrusion that aids cellular locomotion used by both gram positive and gram negative organisms. Cell membrane Cell wall (except genera Mycoplasma and Thermoplasma) Cell structures responsible for protein production. Area of the cytoplasm that contains the prokaryote's single DNA molecule. Glycocalyx (only in some types of prokaryotes) A glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes. It contains the inclusion bodies like ribosomes and larger masses scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix. Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four basic shapes of bacteria are:[11] The archaeon Haloquadratum has flat square-shaped cells.[12] Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction, usually by binary fission. Genetic exchange and recombination still occur, but this is a form of horizontal gene transfer and is not a replicative process, simply involving the transference of DNA between two cells, as in bacterial conjugation. DNA transfer[edit] DNA transfer between prokaryotic cells occurs in bacteria and archaea, although it has been mainly studied in bacteria. In bacteria, gene transfer occurs by three processes. These are (1) bacterial virus (bacteriophage)-mediated transduction, (2) plasmid-mediated conjugation, and (3) natural transformation. Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to reflect an occasional error during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than an adaptation of the host bacteria. The transfer of bacterial DNA is under the control of the bacteriophage’s genes rather than bacterial genes. Conjugation in the well-studied E. coli system is controlled by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for distributing copies of a plasmid from one bacterial host to another. Infrequently during this process, a plasmid may integrate into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfer part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Plasmid mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA (conjugation) also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation. 3D animation of a prokaryotic cell that shows all the elements that compose it Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium. Unlike transduction and conjugation, transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer, because it depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process.[13] For a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state called competence. About 40 genes are required in Bacillus subtilis for the development of competence.[14] The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be as much as a third to the whole chromosome.[15][16] Transformation is a common mode of DNA transfer, and 67 prokaryotic species are thus far known to be naturally competent for transformation.[17] Among archaea, Halobacterium volcanii forms cytoplasmic bridges between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell to another.[18] Another archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus, transfers DNA between cells by direct contact. Frols et al.[19] found that exposure of S. solfataricus to DNA damaging agents induces cellular aggregation, and suggested that cellular aggregation may enhance DNA transfer among cells to provide increased repair of damaged DNA via homologous recombination. While prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular, most can form stable aggregate communities.[20] When such communities are encased in a stabilizing polymer matrix ("slime"), they may be called "biofilms".[21] Cells in biofilms often show distinct patterns of gene expression (phenotypic differentiation) in time and space. Also, as with multicellular eukaryotes, these changes in expression often appear to result from cell-to-cell signaling, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing. Biofilms may be highly heterogeneous and structurally complex and may attach to solid surfaces, or exist at liquid-air interfaces, or potentially even liquid-liquid interfaces. Bacterial biofilms are often made up of microcolonies (approximately dome-shaped masses of bacteria and matrix) separated by "voids" through which the medium (e.g., water) may flow easily. The microcolonies may join together above the substratum to form a continuous layer, closing the network of channels separating microcolonies. This structural complexity—combined with observations that oxygen limitation (a ubiquitous challenge for anything growing in size beyond the scale of diffusion) is at least partially eased by movement of medium throughout the biofilm—has led some to speculate that this may constitute a circulatory system [22] and many researchers have started calling prokaryotic communities multicellular (for example [23]). Differential cell expression, collective behavior, signaling, programmed cell death, and (in some cases) discrete biological dispersal[24] events all seem to point in this direction. However, these colonies are seldom if ever founded by a single founder (in the way that animals and plants are founded by single cells), which presents a number of theoretical issues. Most explanations of co-operation and the evolution of multicellularity have focused on high relatedness between members of a group (or colony, or whole organism). If a copy of a gene is present in all members of a group, behaviors that promote cooperation between members may permit those members to have (on average) greater fitness than a similar group of selfish individuals[25] (see inclusive fitness and Hamilton's rule). Should these instances of prokaryotic sociality prove to be the rule rather than the exception, it would have serious implications for the way we view prokaryotes in general, and the way we deal with them in medicine.[26] Bacterial biofilms may be 100 times more resistant to antibiotics than free-living unicells and may be nearly impossible to remove from surfaces once they have colonized them.[27] Other aspects of bacterial cooperation—such as bacterial conjugation and quorum-sensing-mediated pathogenicity, present additional challenges to researchers and medical professionals seeking to treat the associated diseases. Phylogenetic ring showing the diversity of prokaryotes, and symbiogenetic origins of eukaryotes Prokaryotes live in nearly all environments on Earth. Some archaea and bacteria are extremophiles, thriving in harsh conditions, such as high temperatures (thermophiles) or high salinity (halophiles).[28] Many archaea grow as plankton in the oceans. Symbiotic prokaryotes live in or on the bodies of other organisms, including humans. Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms, showing the origins of eukaryotes and prokaryotes In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. Archaea were originally thought to be extremophiles, living only in inhospitable conditions such as extremes of temperature, pH, and radiation but have since been found in all types of habitats. The resulting arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eucarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.[29][30] Diagram of the origin of life with the Eukaryotes appearing early, not derived from Prokaryotes, as proposed by Richard Egel in 2012. This view, one of many on the relative positions of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, implies that the universal common ancestor was relatively large and complex.[31] A widespread current model of the evolution of the first living organisms is that these were some form of prokaryotes, which may have evolved out of protocells, while the eukaryotes evolved later in the history of life.[32] Some authors have questioned this conclusion, arguing that the current set of prokaryotic species may have evolved from more complex eukaryotic ancestors through a process of simplification.[33][34][35] Others have argued that the three domains of life arose simultaneously, from a set of varied cells that formed a single gene pool.[36] This controversy was summarized in 2005:[37] There is no consensus among biologists concerning the position of the eukaryotes in the overall scheme of cell evolution. Current opinions on the origin and position of eukaryotes span a broad spectrum including the views that eukaryotes arose first in evolution and that prokaryotes descend from them, that eukaryotes arose contemporaneously with eubacteria and archeabacteria and hence represent a primary line of descent of equal age and rank as the prokaryotes, that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing an endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus, that eukaryotes arose without endosymbiosis, and that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing a simultaneous endosymbiotic origin of the flagellum and the nucleus, in addition to many other models, which have been reviewed and summarized elsewhere. The oldest known fossilized prokaryotes were laid down approximately 3.5 billion years ago, only about 1 billion years after the formation of the Earth's crust. Eukaryotes only appear in the fossil record later, and may have formed from endosymbiosis of multiple prokaryote ancestors. The oldest known fossil eukaryotes are about 1.7 billion years old. However, some genetic evidence suggests eukaryotes appeared as early as 3 billion years ago.[38] While Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist, some have suggested that there is evidence on Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes.[39][40] However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism.[41][42] Relationship to eukaryotes[edit] Comparison of eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a "true" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in many eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes.[43] This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope.[44] The complex contains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids.[2] Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy.[45] Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane.[46] However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons.[47][48] It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures.[49] However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected.[50] Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.[2] Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate, and as a consequence, a shorter generation time than eukaryotes.[2] Phylogenetic tree showing the diversity of prokaryote.[51] This 2018 proposal shows eukaryotes emerging from the archaean asgard group which represents a modern version of the eocyte hypothesis. Unlike earlier assumptions, the division between bacteria and the rest is the most important difference beteen organisms. There is increasing evidence that the roots of the eukaryotes are to be found in (or at least next by) the archaean asgard group, perhaps Heimdallarchaeota (an idea which is a modern version of the 1984 eocyte hypothesis, eocytes being an old synonym for crenarchaeota, a taxon to be found nearby the then unknown asgard group)[51] For example, histones usually packaging DNA in eukarotic nuclei, have also been found in several archaean groups, giving evidence for homology. This idea might clarify the mysterious predecessor of eukaryotic cells (eucytes) which engulfed an alphaproteobacterium forming the first eucyte (LECA, last eukaryotic common ancestor) according to endosymbiotic theory. There might have been some additional support by viruses, called viral eukaryogenesis. The non-bacterial group comprising of archaea and eukaryota has been called Neomura by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002.[52] However, in a cladistic view eukaryota are archaea in the same sense as birds are dinosaurs because they evolved from the therapsid dinosaur group. In contrast, archaea without eukaryota appear to be a paraphyletic group, just like dinosaurs without birds. Prokaryotes may split into two groups[edit] Unlike prior assumption as given above the most important difference between biota may be the division between bacteria and the rest (archaea und eukaryota).[51] For instance, DNA replication differs between bacteria and archaea (including that in eukaryotic nuclei) fundamentally, and it may not even be homologous between these two groups.[53] Moreover, ATP synthase, though common (homologous) in all organisms, there is a great difference between bacteria (including eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts) and the rest. That is, the last common antecessor of all life (called LUCA, last universal common antecessor) should have posessed an early version of this protein complex. As ATP synthase is obligate membrane bound, this supports the assumption that LUCA was a cellular organismen. RNA world hypothesis might clarify this scenario, as LUCA might have been a ribocyte (also called ribocell) lacking DNA, but with an RNA genome built by ribosomes as primordial self-replicating entities.[54] A Peptide-RNA world (also called RNP world) hypothesis has been proposed based on the idea that oligopeptides may have been built together with primordial nucleic acids at the same time which also supports the concept of a ribocyte as LUCA. The feature of DNA as material base of the genome might have then been adapted twice, resulting in bacteria once and in archaea (and later eukaryote nuclei) as well, presumably by help of some viruses (possibly retroviruses as they could reverse transcribe RNA to DNA).[55] Thus prokaryotes may be polyphyletic as well. As a result, prokaryote as comprising of bacteria and archaea may also be polyphyletic. See also[edit] 1. ^ a b NC State University. "Prokaryotes: Single-celled Organisms". 2. ^ a b c d Campbell, N. "Biology:Concepts & Connections". Pearson Education. San Francisco: 2003. 3. ^ "prokaryote". Online Etymology Dictionary. 4. ^ Coté G, De Tullio M (2010). "Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Planctomycetes and Cell Organization". Nature. 6. ^ Murat D, Byrne M & Komeili A (October 2010). "Cell biology of prokaryotic organelles". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (10): a000422. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000422. PMC 2944366. PMID 20739411. 7. ^ Kaiser D (October 2003). "Coupling cell movement to multicellular development in myxobacteria". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 1 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1038/nrmicro733. PMID 15040179. 8. ^ Sung KH, Song HK (July 22, 2014). "Insights into the molecular evolution of HslU ATPase through biochemical and mutational analyses". PLOS One. 9 (7): e103027. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3027S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103027. PMC 4106860. PMID 25050622. 9. ^ Stanier, R. Y.; van Niel, C. B. (1962). "The concept of a bacterium". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 42: 17–35. doi:10.1007/BF00425185. PMID 13916221. 11. ^ Bauman RW, Tizard IR, Machunis-Masouka E (2006). Microbiology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-7693-7. 12. ^ Stoeckenius W (October 1981). "Walsby's square bacterium: fine structure of an orthogonal procaryote". Journal of Bacteriology. 148 (1): 352–60. PMC 216199. PMID 7287626. 14. ^ Solomon JM, Grossman AD (April 1996). 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