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FEATURE: A Brief History of Pocket Watches If you have ever heard of James Dean, you will know how much of a fashion icon he was back in the day. Famed for his acting, clothing and sense of style, his effect on men’s fashion is something that is still seen to date. One such example of this is the famed pocket watch he used to wear, believing it to be a good luck charm when performing on TV and in plays. However, in doing so, the actor unintentionally became the face of pocket watches, leading to thousands of people wanting one to become as fashionable as him. To this day, vintage pocket watches remain as popular as ever, having come through a drop in popularity in the aftermath of World War I. But what is it about them that makes them so sought after? And where exactly have they come from? Let’s take a look. 1462: My pocket watch > your pocket watch. The earliest mention of a pocket watch came about in 1462, when an Italian clock-maker called Bartholomew Manfred gloated in a letter that his pocket watch was superior to that of the Duke of Modena. Talk about childish. 1510: Hello Henlein. The early 15th century saw the birth of the very first ‘clock-watch’, courtesy of German watchmaker Peter Henlein. However, these watches looked nothing like the traditional pocket watch you’ve probably got in mind. Instead, they were large, heavy, and designed to be worn around the neck rather than in an actual pocket. 1524: Regular reproduction reins. Fast-forwarding nearly a decade-and-a-half, Henlein’s ‘clock-watches’ started to become more and more popular and, in 1524, the Nuremberg-based watchmaker was producing them regularly. His early designs were mainspring powered and somewhat bulky. They also didn’t have a glass screen protector at the time, instead sporting a brass lid to protect the internal mechanism. 1550: Watches get screwed. Up to the mid-15th century, Henlein’s watches had been held together using a combination of tapered pins and wedges. In 1550, that all changed for the better, following the introduction of screws. This enabled clock-watches to be formed in the more traditional rounded shape, later becoming known as Nuremberg Eggs. 1610: Time for glass. Sixty years later, pocket watches replaced brass lids with crystal-clear glass. They also gradually became smaller and smaller in design over this time period, looking much more like the pocket watches of today’s day and age. 1675: Charles II vs. James Dean. While James Dean may have popularised the pocket watch during his lifetime, it was actually Charles II who started the trend all the way back in 1675. Renowned for popularising the waistcoat, the British monarch’s reign saw pocket watches grow in stature, increasing demand for slender pocket-sized watches on a massive scale. 1720: Bye-bye verge, hello cylinder. Up to the 1720s, almost all watch movements were based on the principle of verge escapement – a mechanism which controls a watch’s ability to ‘tick’. However, this method was notorious for running too fast, meaning that watches were incredibly inaccurate – often gaining an hour a day or more. That all changed following the introduction of the cylinder escapement mechanism by the French inventor Jean de Hautefeuille. 1755: Watches start to tell the time. While cylinder escapement offered a marked improvement over verge escapement, pocket watches were still renowned for being fairly inaccurate at telling the time. Thomas Mudge’s lever escapement mechanism changed all that in 1755, and later became the staple mechanism used in pretty much all mechanical watches – even to this day. 1857: Watches becomes standardised. Up to the mid-19th century, pocket watches were expensive to produce and were often only really worn by people who could afford them. In 1857, and following the rise of the industrial revolution, pocket watches started to be made from standardised, interchangeable parts. As a result, they became a lot cheaper, more durable and accurate, making their way across Europe to the Americas. 1865: America trump Swiss. The standardisation of pocket watch manufacture saw the process becoming much more streamlined, with the Japy family of Schaffhausen, Switzerland leading the way in particular. That was until 1865, when the American Watch Company (later known as Waltham) started manufacturing more than 50,000 reliable watches each year, displacing the Swiss from their dominant position in the cheap watch production market. The Swiss decided to raise the quality of their products instead, establishing themselves as leaders in precise and accurate watchmaking. 1914: World War Watches take over. The start of the first World War saw the popularity of pocket watches fade, replaced instead by an increased love for wristwatches. This trend was seen to continue over later years, with pocket watches becoming better known as family heirlooms or something to be treasured. 2019: The pocket watch is reborn. Pocket watches have always retained a certain style and elegance about them and, in today’s day and age, with vintage all the rage, they are coming back into fashion more and more. Don’t just take my word for it – leading watch repairer W.E. Clark & Son agrees as well, believing that the quality and history that a pocket watch represents is responsible for their revival. “Demand for pocket watches is certainly booming and has been for a number of years now. While this is often attributed to ‘vintage’ becoming trendier, our clients like the history behind pocket watches, since they are often passed down through the family.” Whether the pocket watch will become as popular as it was before remains to be seen, but it is certainly exciting to see it coming back into fashion. With no pun intended, I guess only time will tell. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here Exit mobile version
What does bladder ultrasound in women and men The need to check the bladder can occur in both men and women. Today, it uses ultrasound diagnostics. Going to such an examination, many do not quite know exactly what the ultrasound of the bladder shows. We will understand this issue and at the same time share tips on how to prepare for an important procedure. Diseases do not hide: safe check What does the bladder ultrasound show Today everyone knows: ultrasound is not painful and relatively inexpensive. The number of organs that can be investigated using such a safe and convenient diagnosis, and got a bladder. The reasons for which the doctor refers the patient to her are such health problems: • discomfort during emptying the bladder (pain and cramps); • increased urge to urinate; • changing the color of urine; • reduction of the usual daily urine; • the presence of impurities in the liquid: flakes, blood, mucus, air; • pain in the lower central abdomen (in the pubic zone). Checking the bladder with ultrasonic waves is carried out not only in order to identify the disease. This procedure is also resorted to when it is possible to evaluate the dynamics of the development of the disease or the effectiveness of the treatment. This usually needs to be done after chemotherapy or surgery. Ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary eyes of the doctor: what will the diagnosis warn? Decipher that shows ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder, can competent and experienced diagnostician. What can it inform him about? The survey will provide accurate information about such diseases of the urogenital system: • cystitis (acute and recurrent); • stones (sand) in the kidneys or urinary; • signs of inflammation (acute or chronic pyelonephritis, purulent kidney damage); • neoplasms; • the presence of foreign bodies; • abnormal structure of the kidneys or bladder; • urine rejection; • injuries. Thus, the doctor will determine why the patient suffers from excruciating pain in the lower abdomen, which causes urinary retention, hematuria and causes the patient to constantly run to the toilet. But the main thing that shows the ultrasound of the bladder, tumors (even small sizes) and metastases. With this testing, treatment will begin in a timely manner and increase the chances of recovery. What else will ultrasound examination of urinary in patients of different sexes? What else will show urinary ultrasound in patients of different sexes In addition to the above pathologies, during an ultrasound examination of this organ in men, it is possible to assess the condition and function of the prostate gland. The bladder is a "window" through which you can see the female genitals. To assess the informativeness of the diagnosis, it is enough to name what the ultrasound of the bladder shows in women. Ultrasound will allow the diagnostician to further consider: • non-pregnant uterus; • fertilized uterus in 1 trimester; • location, dimensions of the ovaries and the presence of cystic formations. • What should conform to the standard? The shape and volume, the residual amount of urine (if everything works as it should, it should not be detected at all), the thickness of the walls, how the filling and emptying takes place - the doctor who will conduct the bladder will see all this. Normal indicators for women: volume - from 250 to 550 ml (for men, 350-750 ml). The walls should be between 2 and 4 mm thick. Any deviation from this parameter is already a pathology. It should be freed from its contents at an average rate of 50 ml per hour. If, after the subject has gone to the toilet, up to 100 ml of urine remains in the bladder, this is a sign of impaired function. The structure of the body should be homogeneous, and the shape - correct (filled like a pear, empty - on a saucer). The configuration of the female urinary has distinctive features: it is more expanded on the sides and somewhat compressed in the upper part. Its shape is influenced by how many times a woman finds herself in an interesting position and gives birth to how the uterus is located. A healthy bladder on the screen should be black. In the middle it is hollow, and nothing “extra” should be found in it, in particular, stones and sand. How to prepare the body to check? If urinary ultrasound is to be performed, some preparatory measures are needed. If there is a urinary ultrasound, some preparatory measures are needed. What exactly - it depends on the type of diagnosis. Consider all the options: • if a transabdominal examination is performed (through the abdominal wall), the patient should fill the urinary. To do this, it is enough one hour before the process to drink at least a liter of water without gas (weak tea, compote, but not milk or kefir). If this option does not suit you, then you can go the other way - do not go to the toilet 3-4 hours before the examination; • when performing transvaginal ultrasound (when the sensor is inserted into the vagina) in the bladder should be empty. Therefore it is recommended to empty it. To avoid flatulence, 4 days before the manipulation, remove all products that contribute to gas formation (cabbage, beans, pastry, fresh apples) from the diet. Additionally, it is recommended to drink Espumizan tablet; • if transrectal (at which the sensor is placed in the rectum) ultrasound (it is done to men and girls who have not had sexual contact) will have to clean the bowel, that is, put an enema or a candle, take a laxative. On the day when diagnostics is planned, it is impossible to eat and smoke tightly; • transurethral - a rare species in which sensors are placed in the urethra. In this case, it suffices to do hygienic measures. Typically, such an ultrasound is sent as part of a comprehensive survey. It is also prescribed if there are characteristic complaints and symptoms indicating problems in the activity of the organs of the excretory system. This is the most benign, atraumatic and harmless way that has no contraindications. Often, such a diagnosis saves the life of the patient, because it helps to find dangerous pathologies and stones in the bladder and kidneys.
What are the four parts of a theme statement? What are the four parts of a theme statement? • Theme Writing. • Title-discuss catchy titles, should name the subject of the theme and grab the reader’s attention. • Introductory Paragraph- tells main idea or topic of theme, includes the thesis statement-(like specific topic sentence). • Detail Paragraphs- form the body of the theme. Is a topic a theme? Theme generally refers to the central idea or a perception conveyed in writing. A topic is the subject that is treated or presented within writing. Topics play the role of explaining what a story is all about, while, themes explain the reason why it was written in the first place. What are some theme words? 10 Most Popular Literary Theme Examples • Good vs. evil. • Coming of age. • Power and corruption. • Survival. • Courage and heroism. • Prejudice. What is in a research paper? A research paper is an expanded essay that presents your own interpretation or evaluation or argument. In fact, this guide is designed to help you navigate the research voyage, through developing a research question and thesis, doing the research, writing the paper, and correctly documenting your sources. What are the parts of a common research paper? • Title/Cover Page. • Contains the paper’s title, the author’s name, address, phone number, e-mail, and the day’s date. Abstract. • Introduction and Statement of the Problem. • Limitations of Study. • Discuss your research methodology. • Main Body of Paper/Argument. What is the difference between theme and main idea? How do you find a theme? What are the two major types of research papers? What are some universal themes? Where do research questions go in a paper? What is the difference between theme and universal theme? Theme refers to a central message that applies to anyone, anywhere, while universal theme is particular to a certain individual, historical context, or culture. Theme refers to the central insight revealed through a story, while universal theme refers to a theme that applies to anyone, anywhere. What are the parts of thesis paper? • Title Page. • Copyright Page. • Abstract. • Dedication, Acknowledgements, and Preface (each optional) • Table of Contents, with page numbers. What is a universal symbol? Universal symbol: a word or object that most everyone agrees on the meaning. This image is an example of a universal symbol. How do you write a good sentence for theme? Using a theme statement template 3. Don’t make it advicey. 4. Don’t use cliches. Which statement is an example of a theme? What a theme is not? Theme is not the subject, which can be related in one word; love, war, friendship, etc. Theme is not the moral of the story which tells a moral imperative- something readers should or should not do, usually illustrated with consequences. How do you create a theme? How to Develop a Theme for Your Story 1. Seek Universal Themes. 2. Choose a Theme That Sticks With Your Reader. 3. Start With Another Story Element. 4. Create an Outline. 5. Weave Your Theme Throughout the Narrative. 6. Include Multiple Themes. 7. Don’t Limit Yourself. What is thesis format? In form, the thesis is a lengthy experimental, design, or theoretical report, with a problem-method-results-discussion structure. This recurrent hypothetico-deductive pattern of developing a thesis to solve a problem and then constructing a methodology and testing for results is common in research writing. What is a universal theme a message? A universal theme is an idea that applies to anyone regardless of cultural differences, or geographic location. It is a central idea about the human condition. It is a generalization about life or human nature; they deal with basic human concerns. What is a theme statement? A theme is a message or main idea that the writer wants the reader to remember after reading his/her work. A thematic statement is a complete sentence (or two) that express a theme. A thematic statement could serve as a thesis in a thematic essay. What are the 3 main parts of a thesis? What is the main characteristic of a universal theme? The main characteristic of a universal theme is that the idea can apply to any person regardless of his location or culture. Since the universal themes are generally connected to a matter of the human nature or to the basic human concerns, a wide range of readers can relate to these themes and undestand them. How do you start a theme statement? Writing Thematic Statements 1. Start by determining several abstract words to express the primary ideas of the work (topics that the work is really about). 2. Combine those abstract ideas with comments that reflect the author’s observations about human nature, the human condition, or human motivation. What are the 5 parts of research paper? Is regret a theme? How universal is the theme of the poem? The theme of the poem is universal because death is inevitable and the only truth about life which cannot be denied. The pain that occurs from the loss of a loved one is felt by everyone alike and thus, the theme is described as a universal one. What are examples of themes? Six common themes in literature are: • Good vs. evil. • Love. • Redemption. • Courage and perseverance. • Coming of age. • Revenge.
Persuasive Essay On Police Brutality 963 Words4 Pages What is police brutality? Police brutality is the thing where when you look those words up on the internet all you see is Black Lives Matter, racial bias, and misconduct. Police have been beating on and killing black people for years, and many have not served justice for what they have done. It's been going on for so long and has gotten so bad that if a black person gets pulled over they are scared to move just to reach and get their license or talk back to the police when they ask a question. This issue has gone from physical abuse to murdering black people and has been going on for too long. This paper will examine how the inappropriate behaviors and attitudes of police officers breed corruption. Police officers have an oath they have to take which is the Law Enforcement Oath of Honor. “The oath affirms their standards of integrity, bravery, and honor to the community and law (Lourdes, 2017).” The oath varies in different places, for example in Virginia, at the end of the oath “ help me God” is placed there. Which in many eyes of people, in the United States they are not following their standards. The oath is: “On my honor, I will never betray my badge, my integrity, my character or public trust. I will always have the courage to hold myself and others accountable for our actions. I will always uphold the Constitution, my community, and the agency I serve.” As stated in many eyes of people in the United States many police officers do not stick and live by this More about Persuasive Essay On Police Brutality Get Access
The Agricultural Crisis by Wendell Berry Essay example 883 Words4 Pages The Agricultural Crisis by Wendell Berry …show more content… They generally are not interested in anything that cannot be reached by automobile on a good road. Some of the farmer’s children will be able to afford to stay on the farm. Perhaps even fewer will wish to do so, for it will cost too much, require too much work and worry, and it is hardly a fashionable ambition. Another argument that Berry proposes is the connection between the “modernization” of agricultural techniques and the disintegration of the culture, as well as the communities of farming and the consequent disintegration of structures of urban life. What we called agriculture progress has involved the forcible displacement of millions of people. An example of modernization can be seen through the idea of “Get big or get out.” It’s a policy that says that you have to become more modern through change and be competitive in order to keep up with the other competitors. If not, than you must get of what you are doing. This can be used through a comparison of communist using military force in order to remove those who refuse to follow their demand for change, and the government using their economic power to force farmers to improve their farming techniques. In a “Free Market” the most successful becomes the richest. To those who could not More about The Agricultural Crisis by Wendell Berry Essay example Get Access
Formation of the mitotic chromosome formed by two homonymous chromatids joined by the centromere. Disassembly of the cytoskeleton: assembly of the mitotic spindle. The disappearance of the nuclear envelope and some organelles (RE, AG). The myotic chromosome: condensation of chromosomes. 30 nm fibers that give rise to supercoiled loops anchored to proteins of the chromosome skeleton. Protein action: topoisomerase 2, condensin, and cohesin: they form the rings that surround the fibers. Injection of the kinetochore in the centromere. Place where the microtubules are connected. It joins the pericentric heterochromatin with them for separation of the chromatids: cohesin present. Mitotic spindle formation: disassembly of microtubules at the end of the G2 phase (MPAS inactivation) that assemble in prophase. The two pairs of centrioles (Phase S duplication) separate upon entering produce. The centrioles organize the microtubules in the form of "ester" in such a way that when migrating to each pole they contribute to the formation of the bipolar mitotic spindle. Dissociation of the nuclear membrane and disappearance of organelles: Depolymerization by phosphorylation of the nuclear lamina, makes the nuclear envelope disappear. Poles appear in the nuclear envelope, it enlarges and spreads forming vesicles that disperse, RE and AG disappear. Some organelles remain intact: mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and chloroplast. Prometaphase is the second phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During prometaphase, the physical barrier that encloses the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, breaks down. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope frees the sister chromatids from the nucleus, which is necessary for separating the nuclear material into two cells. Another important event during prometaphase is the development of a protein formation called a kinetochore around the centromere, the central point joining the sister chromatids. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extend from poles on either end of the cell and attach to the kinetochores. Prometaphase is followed by the third phase of mitosis, known as metaphase. Chromosomes are a partner on the back: spheronization. Chromatids move to opposite poles of use: anaphase A to spindle poles even more: directions or states due to polymerization/elongation of microtubules: anaphase B How do you separate the chromatids? Metaphase-Anaphase regulation point: activation of an anaphase promoter complex (APC) Degradation of an anaphase inhibitor by the proteasome: the destruction of the securva release from cohesin-breaking separation. Cyclin degradation: G1 phase. How do you separate the poles of the spindle even further? As before, the dynamics of the microtubules in the anaphase by shortening of the microtubules (flow of units through the microtubules: chromatic movement) Anaphase A + elongation of the polar (addition of tubulin). The chromosomes are grouped at the poles. Disperse (decondensation: 30nm dibs) Assembly of the nuclear envelope: dephosphorylation in n lamellae. Dorman the ER and the AG. Daughter cell formation. The decrease in M cyclins would cause the daughter cells to enter the G1 phase of the interface.
In every part of the world, we see the same picture over and over again: High-yielding animals suffering from hoof infections, ear or tail necrosis, liver damage, repeated inflammations, impaired immune responses and reduced performance. The reason is almost always the same: High endotoxin loads. They can cause considerable damage and are a serious threat to the stability and profitability of farms. Yet, endotoxins are still disregarded or significantly underestimated. We want to clarify what endotoxins actually are and show how you can protect your animals and your farm from endotoxin destruction. Endotoxins - The threat in the gut Endotoxins are widespread in intensive livestock farming where rations high in starch and protein are needed to meet energy and protein requirements for high performance. Such diet formulations can lead to elevated endotoxin levels because they tend to influence in the microflora of the gut or rumen toward gram-negative bacteria. As a result, endotoxins are formed in the digestive tract of animals when these gram-negative bacteria replicate or die during the digestive process. In addition, these intensive feeds damage the intestinal wall of the animals. Thus, the endotoxins in the intestine can be more easily absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to the liver. If the amount of endotoxins exceeds the liver's ability to detoxify them, the endotoxins trigger severe immune responses in the animals. As a result, clinical signs such as inflammation, liver damage and necrosis can occur and feed efficiency decreases by almost one-third. Know your enemy Farmers often puzzle over what may be the cause of symptoms like health deterioration, fever, lethargy, poor performance, high mortality, digestive problems, liver damage, a frail immune system, reduced fertility, inflammations and necrosis in their livestock. Research on the occurrence of endotoxins reveals that, frequently, they are the villain behind such damage. Recent studies indicate that young and high-performing animals are particularly susceptible to endotoxins. In swine, studies show that 50-100% of piglets are affected by tail, ear or claw necrosis from as early as their first day of life, which can be attributed at least in part to high endotoxin levels. And, in the case of ruminants, where endotoxins cause laminitis and tail necrosis, as many as 90% of slaughtered fattening bulls have tail necrosis. Imagine the tremendous performance and health losses livestock producers could avoid in their animals if they were simply consistent in preventing endotoxins. An investment in endotoxin prevention is therefore always an investment in the farm with a direct impact on its profitability. Triple does the trick To successfully prevent endotoxin damages in high-performing animals, Dr. Eckel's Anta®Catch follows a triple mode of action. First, it reduces the harmful effects of endotoxins across the board by reducing endotoxins in the digestive tract. In addition, its prebiotic ingredients strengthen the intestinal barrier and, finally, the phytogenic ingredients support the liver, counteracting excessive inflammatory reactions (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Anta®Catch: The effective triple mode of action against endotoxin effects Anta®Catch is made from carefully selected raw materials that have been combined to provide the best protection against endotoxinrelated problems. The product is activated in a unique process. This is achieved through rectification of the cations on the product's surface, thus enabling Anta®Catch to immobilise endotoxins over a wide pH range, effectively catching a large amount of endotoxins in the animal's digestive tract (Fig. 2). Fig. 2: The innovative activation of Anta®Catch enables exceptionally high endotoxin immobilisation over a wide pH range In addition, the micronisation of the phytogenic ingredients in Anta®Catch improves the efficiency of their release and increases their effectiveness in protecting the liver by counteracting excessive inflammatory responses. Thereby, Anta®Catch protects poultry, ruminants, swine and aquatic species effectively against endotoxin effects. This is an enormous step towards improving animal welfare and farm profitability. Like to learn more about endotoxins and their effects from an academic perspective? Register here (https://app.livestorm.co/dr-eckel-animal-nutrition-gmbh-co-kg/endotoxins-a-threat-to-health-and-performance) for an on-demand webinar with international specialist Professor Qendrim Zebeli, chair of the Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, to get an exclusive perspective from a leading specialist. Dr. Iris Kröger, Technical Sales Manager, Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition (Germany) Visit Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition at: www.dr-eckel.de/en/welcome/
Purpose of the .sfv File Extension The term SFV is an acronym for Simple File Verification, a file format that is used for verifying the authenticity of files.? .sfv files store CRC32 checksums of files to check if they have become corrupt or not. An .sfv file compares a file?s CRC value to a previously calculated value to determine its integrity. The SFV file format is used by various file verification programs ? some of them are available on the Internet as a free download – which you can use to ensure that the files you have downloaded have not become corrupt. Common causes for file corruption include: inconsistent Internet connection and questionable downloading source. Can an .sfv file be used to check the authenticity of files? No, it cannot, as CRC32 is not a collision resistant hash function. Despite the obvious shortcoming, the SFV file format is very popular, owing to the ability of the SFV programs to quickly calculate the CRC32 checksums. Names of the programs that can open .sfv files If you use Windows, you may use any of the following programs to open an .sfv file: • QuickSFV • MooSFV • RapidCRC • pure-sfv • WinSFV • SFV Checker • Amok SFV Utility • SlavaSoft FSUM If you use a Mac OS, you may use any of the following programs to open a .sfv file: • SuperSFV • MacSFV • cksfv If you use Linux, you may use any of the following programs to open a .sfv file: • Check SFV • pure-sfv How to open an .sfv file In case you have downloaded a file archive that includes an .sfv file, then you may use the .sfv file to check the integrity of the files you have downloaded. To open an .sfv file, use an SFV program, such as QuickSFV, which is available for free download. Next, perform the following steps to open the .sfv file: 1. Install QuickSFV. 2. In the File Association dialog box, select the box before SFV. 3. Click OK. 4. Double-click the .sfv file to open it. You can also create an .sfv file using QuickSFV. Creating a .sfv file is recommended when you are providing files for others to download. As the recipients can use the .sfv file bundled with your file archive to verify whether the files have been downloaded correctly or not. At times you may come across a situation where you are unable to open an .sfv file. This may happen if the .sfv file you are trying to open is corrupt. To correct the issue and open the .sfv file, we recommend you use a reliable and easy-to-use file extension repair program that is known to promptly fix corrupt files.
Beyond Scrum: Lean and Kanban for Game Developers Sprints and Production Scrum Task Boards and the Production Team At the start of a Sprint, the Scrum team will commit to completing a set of tasks that they estimate. Those tasks are placed on a task board that everyone reviews every day. Many of the tasks can be worked on out of sequence, or in parallel. If one task is held up waiting for another task, then work can continue on other tasks. This organic flow of task execution fosters communication among the team and prevents impediments from stopping them cold. Scrum task boards are great for showing a large number of tasks that can be executed out of order for a number of Sprint goals. However, when we have a long string of sequential tasks that must be completed in order, then we lose some of the benefits of parallel execution of tasks. Tasks have to be finished in order and work must flow though in a predictable way to ensure that the many specialists we have on a production team are not starved for work. Scrum task boards fail to represent this flow of work through long assembly lines of production. Scrum task boards represent three or four states of a task: - Not started yet - In progress - Needs approval - Done This is sufficient for many tasks in preproduction. There is a lot of back-and-forth between different disciplines behind the scenes that occurs while a task is in progress, and that's fine. However, when we enter production, we can have a long chain of tasks that need to occur before we see some production assets in the game. Take, for example, the steps that need to occur for a single level to appear in the game. This is a simplification of the large number of tasks and hand-offs that need to occur for every level in the game. Each task in this stream has to occur before it is handed off to the next step. If one step in the stream fails or is delayed, the repercussions will travel through the rest of the stream. Let's apply this to a Scrum task-board as a set of tasks: This task board above tells us that the script is done and concept art needs to be approved before level design can be started. One problem immediately appears -- the visibility of the entire stream cross-dependency isn't shown task board. Perhaps the concept art approval is stalled. What does this mean to the other tasks? It means that they are all delayed! Who pays for this delay? The person doing the tuning pass, perhaps even the audio design. The main benefit of task boards is to provide visibility to the team about the work they are doing. In this case this visibility is lost due the inherent dependencies in the stream. They just aren't visible here. Another problem with representing streams on the Scrum task board is: what are the disciplines at the bottom doing while the first set of tasks are being worked on? What are the audio designers doing while the concept art is awaiting approval? They could create environmental sounds or some other filler work, but that isn't the most efficient use of their time. Scrum task boards empty at the end of every Sprint. In production, we don't want to empty the production line. We want it to be continuously filled so that everyone in the stream has work to do every day. So What Use is Agile During Production? We need to remove some of the iterative nature of development and become more prescriptive during production. We don't want to abandon the ability to react to change, however. Production is never 100% efficient. We are never able to predict every potential problem. We can find massive improvements in our pipelines right until we ship the game. For this reason we don't want to abandon agile entirely. If we establish fixed schedules and deadlines, the best we can hope for is to meet those schedules. Unplanned problems will continue to appear and threaten those schedules. What we need are practices that are still agile; practices that anticipate not only change but focus our attention on continually improving how we produce assets. Lean Production and How it Applies Lean Development and Production has roots going back to Toyota in the 1940s. During the 1990s, many car manufacturers and other manufacturing industries adopted the principles of lean thinking. This past decade has seen its adoption in many industries that aren't considered in the traditional manufacturing arena, including software development. Lean principles concentrate on eliminating waste, delivering fast, empowering the team and seeing the whole (Among others benefits -- see the book references at the end of this article). We can apply these principles to game development as well. Like automobile manufacturing, in production we have long chains, or streams, of work that need to be performed by specialists in order. Like automobile manufacturing, the cost of labor and mistakes are by far the greatest costs. We need to employ the full skills of everyone "on the line" to improve what we do and how we do it. The automobile industry discovered decades ago that assigning everyone on the line a fixed set of tasks does not achieve the best results. Leveling Production Leveling production is a Lean technique for reducing waste and smoothing out the fluctuations of production. This allows us to create production assets a constant a predictable rate. Much of the time we spend in production is wasted on work or activities that don't add to the final product. By making these wastes a focus of our effort, we can get a huge increase in productivity. Anyone that has used a Scrum has used a simple Kanban system. In Japanese the word Kan means "signal" and "ban" means "card". Therefore Kanban refers to "signal cards". Kanban represents a "pull system" for work. A Kanban card is a signal that is supposed to trigger action. You can see Kanban everywhere. The next time you order a barista drink at Starbucks you can see a Kanban system in place. The coffee cup with the markings on the side is the Kanban! (1) With Scrum, a team member "pulls" a card across a board on a daily basis as accomplish work. No one is pushing the work at them in at a predefined rate. We can employ some of the practices of Kanban that are not used in Scrum to visualize a complex production stream and allow us to apply lean principles to make that production stream as effective as possible. Heijunka Boards A Heijunka board represents the Kanban systems that use cards that represent the capacity and workflow across a value stream. As mentioned, when you use a Scrum Task board, you are using a very simplified Heijunka board that represents a three or four stage value stream. We can expand this in production by adding the steps to our level production value stream example: Now we have eight states for each level to be in, which represent the six stages of our value stream, and states at either end that contain levels not started or levels completed. This rotates the typical tasks of the stream into states on our Heijunka board. This board communicates the flow of work in a level production stream more clearly than a Scrum task board. Applying Lean Principles Now that we've represented our value stream for level production, we can begin to apply some of the Lean principles to incrementally improve level production. The first step we can take is to look at the cycle time of our value stream. Cycle time is the amount of time that it takes for a level to enter from the left in script treatment to the end when the tuning pass is done. In our example above a level takes 16 weeks of cycle time. By reducing cycle time we can be more efficient: - Faster cycle times means more productivity. - The more frequently something comes "off the line", the more we can fix problems with the production line. - We can identify waste more easily and address it. There are a number of ways to reduce the cycle time. The first way is by finding ways to reduce the size of things in the stream. For our level production example, we can do this by splitting levels up into sections, or "zones". Each zone takes approximately 12 days to pass through the value stream -- as opposed to 16 weeks for each level. As a result, our Heijunka board looked like this: A Heijunka board shows the progression of a zone through each stage of the value stream. In the example above, Zone 1 has stepped through each stage and been handed off to the final Tuning Pass stage at the end. This board represents a perfectly balanced flow of work across every step of our value stream. It won't initially happen this way. There will be gaps that appear in some columns and pileups of work in others, but that's the point of doing this: those problems will be visible as soon as they occur. When we achieve transparency, we can start to fix the problems that we clearly see. How to Improve the Flow Now that we have a Kanban up and running, we have to work on making it as effective as possible. The Heijunka board will show us daily where there are gaps or pile-ups in our flow. We not only want to keep things balanced, but we want the flow to be as quick as possible. In our example, if each zone takes 12 days to pass through the entire stream, we want to find ways of reducing that as far as we can without sacrificing quality below the level the customer will accept. There are a number of tools we can use to improve the flow: - Time-boxing - Leveling workflow - Reduce waste Time-boxing is something that every developer using Scrum recognizes. A Sprint is a two to four week time-box. We hold firm on the amount of time in a sprint and only vary the functionality we can deliver. The benefit of this is to create a predictable heartbeat of value being added to the game. In production we take this a step further. We start time-boxing each stage of the value stream. For example, we might give the audio designers 10 days to add audio to a specific zone. This is different from tasks in Scrum where the audio designer would estimate their own work and tell the customers what they are willing to commit to. In production this changes, because we have learned in pre-production how long audio design for a zone should take. Quality becomes the variable you control with time-boxing assets. We are not forcing artists to meet a set quality with a fixed amount of time. The input is the time-box (which is the cost we are willing to pay for the asset). The output is quality that the artist is able to provide within the constraint of time. The key to time-boxing assets is to find the correct time box size. If you choose too short of a time-box, then quality will suffer. For example, if the time-box for hi-res level geometry is set to one day, the artists would give us a level filled with untextured cubes! This would be a lower quality than what the customer wants. On the other hand if the time-box for the zone were two months, we might end up with a zone with intricately detailed geometry everywhere. It would be absolutely beautiful, but that beauty would come at too great of a cost to the customer. It's the job of the customer (the product owner in Scrum) to be responsible for the Return on Investment (ROI) for the production assets being created. The product owner has to consider what the player expects from the assets in the game. When I was working on driving games, I would tell our artists to focus on making "90 mile-per-hour art". The quality bar should be set based on what the player sees when they are driving at full speed. If we sink 40 hours into creating a picture perfect fire-hydrant, the extra cost would be wasted on the player passing it at 90 miles per hour! The product owner must keep the cost/value curve in their mind at all times: This shows that the value to the customer is not a straight response to the cost of creating the asset. When you spend too little on an asset (e.g. cube city) the value to the customer will be too low. The driver might notice yellow cubes on the side of the road pretending to be fire hydrants. Beyond a certain cost, the ROI will diminish (e.g. 1000 poly fire hydrants in a racing game). We are not relating quality to cost. We are relating value to the customer (player) to the effort we spend. We don't want to "deliver caviar to customers who want Big Macs". Leveling Workflow Time-boxing allows us to employ a very powerful aspect of Kanban. The cards in each column represent capacity for each stage of the value stream. As we see above, each stage can only handle one zone at a time. That is the capacity of each stage, if we have one person working at each stage. Time-boxing is the first step in beginning to find a balanced flow for our value stream as visualized on our Heijunka board. However, one problem exists. Each stage of effort in the stream will require a different length time-box. This can cause gaps and pileups. For example, if our level designer can lay out a level in a week, but the high res artist requires two weeks, then a lot of work can pileup for the high res artist. Conversely, if the concept artist requires two weeks to complete the concept art for each zone, the level designer might be waiting for work with nothing to do: We have to find ways to balance this workflow smoothly so that everyone has work to do every day. One way of doing this is to balance the effort on each stage to achieve the same flow through the system. For example, if we want to get a zone through the stream every 10 days, we start be looking at the time-boxed effort for every stage for each member of the team working on each stage: Stage People days per zone Script 5 days 10 days Level design 20 days Hi-res art 30 days Audio design 10 days Tuning pass 7 days The concept art and audio design zone takes 10 days, which is perfect for our cycle time of 10 days per zone. However the other stages have different times. Scripting and tuning take less than 10 days per stage. The script writer might have to help two teams. The designer who does the tuning pass can help out with some of the level design tasks or even testing. For the stages that require more than 10 days per zone, we need to start adding people in parallel. For example, we would add a second level designer. The two levels could then effectively finish one zone every ten days. Since the hi-res artists require 30 days per zone we might have to have three total hi-res artists to balance our flow. There are three different ways to add people to help out: 1. Have multiple hi-res artists work on the same zone simultaneously. 2. Break up the hi-res stage into a more detailed specialized flow (e.g. texture artist, prop artists, static geometry artist). 3. Have multiple hi-res artists working on multiple zones in parallel. Any of these solutions will work under different circumstances. Solution number one wasn't best because our level editing tools did not support simultaneous editing on the same zone. Solution number two wasn't best because the specialized flow wasn't balanced. We already had most of our textures and props finished. We chose solution number three. Each hi-res artist still required 30 days per zone, but the work was staggered to allow hi-res zone work to be finished every 10 days. Our Heijunka board then looked like this: Each person has one zone of capacity. By adding level designers and hi-res artists, we can add more cards per stage because we have added more capacity. We have now established a clock rate that is the same for every stage of level production. This clock rate (10 days in our example) is called the "takt time". By maintaing and even improving our takt time across the entire stream we can level production and effect real improvements as we address waste. Reducing Waste We might be happy stopping here. We have a balanced and predictable production pipeline in place. Many developers would enjoy getting here. However the tools of lean production allow us to take things a lot further! The first principle of Lean is to reduce waste. We have addressed many of the wastes identified by lean in setting up our Heijunka board, but I want to highlight some of the others that particularly to game production. Many of these wastes can be identified and corrected by the team itself. This is the ideal way to eliminate waste. The main tool for this is the time-box. The time-box will exert subtle pressure on the team to find ways to become more effective. In our example above, we identified a cycle time of 10 days and balanced the entire stream to achieve this. What happens when the product owner challenges the team to reduce their cycle time to 9 days? Will we lose 10% of the value of the assets? Surprisingly we don't! The first reaction to tighter cycle times if for the team to remove inefficiencies in how they work. Let's use a real world example. One project in production had 10 day cycle times for the zones in their level. When they wanted to reduce that cycle time by 20% they exposed some bottlenecks. The biggest bottleneck was the concept art stage. They only had one concept artist available and that artist was sitting across the building with the other concept artists. The concept artist took 10 days to create a dozen drawings for each zone. There was no way to get these drawings any faster. In team discussions it turned out that the level designers and hi-res artists didn't really need all these drawings. Because the concept artist was separate from the team, much of the concept art was based on wrong assumptions. The concept artist didn't like hearing that much of his work was ignored. The solution was to move the concept artist next to the level designer and hi-res artists. This allowed them to discuss the layout and quality bar of the work being done. As a result, there were far fewer drawings that needed to be created and the quality of the final product actually improved. This is an example of the waste of handoffs (one of the seven wastes defined by Lean). Documentation is a major source of handoff waste. Documentation has its place for recording knowledge, but it's not a replacement for face-to-face conversation. By applying this practice to every handoff in the stream, the team was able to apply similar time savings across every stage. The team seating area ended up resembling the arrangement on the Heijunka board itself. In the example above, the team went from producing a level every 16 weeks to producing a zone every week. With seven zones per level, the ultimate improvement to level production was 56%. Improving Quality The focus on quality is a principle of Lean Production. Lean Production minimizes the inventory of unfinished work between each stage of a value stream. This allows change to be introduced much more frequency because the debt of unused components is keep low. This is key to how companies like Toyota have improved the quality of their cars and dominate the market. If you find that you have a defect in a part of your car in production, it becomes a lot easier to introduce a new improved part when you don't have a million of the old parts sitting in a warehouse. This philosophy translates to the assembly line as well. On the Toyota factory floor, if any assembly line worker sees a defect in the cars being produced they hit a big button nearby. If that problem isn't fixed in the next 20 minutes, the entire factory assembly line comes to a halt until the problem is fixed. This dedication to quality is unmatched in any other company and it is made possible by using Lean Production principles. Additionally, as we reduce the cycle time by finishing batches of product, we improve our iteration cycle. Using our example, we can play finished zones every week as they "roll off the line". We don't have to wait 16 weeks for entire level to be finished to play it. This one week cycle allows us try the level much sooner and introduce change before we have spent much time creating the remaining zones of the level. If we build all of our levels in parallel and don't discover problems until 90% of the work is done (such as rendering or memory budgets or gameplay quality) we are faced with having to throw out a great deal of work or ship the lower quality work to meet the deadline. It's the same problem that car companies face when they decide to throw out the million potentially defective parts in the warehouse. Outsourcing has its benefits and place in asset production. However many studios have found that outsourcing limits the amount of iteration that can take place in the creation of large assets such as key characters or levels. This limited iteration can impact quality or introduce expensive rework that limits the cost benefits of outsourcing. Lean Production evolved to work with external suppliers. These are indispensable for manufacturing industries such as car production. Suppliers to Lean Production companies have to become Lean themselves. The key difference with Lean suppliers is that they deliver smaller batches of parts to the main production line. This is done to allow quality improvements to be introduced frequently and at lower cost. How can this translate to game production? With our example, we don't want to outsource the entire value stream. They key is to outsource parts of the value stream that don't require the high skill level that you want to retain in house. Generally in level production, you want to be able to keep large the layout tasks within the studio and outsource the parts that are used in layout. Examples of this are environment sets or collections of assets that are common throughout your level. If you were creating a large city level, you would outsource all the props such as light posts, mailboxes, vehicles, building components, ambient sounds, etc. These environmental sets are brought into the layout stages (hi-res art and audio layout). This allows for continued iteration of the layouts in the studio where they belong. The value stream for our outsourced level production would now look like this: The outsourced assets can be identified in early level concept development to allow for sufficient lead time for outsourcing. Many layout tools support asynchronous introduction of outsourced components. An example is the Unreal Engine 3 editor. The packaging system allows for proxy assets that can be replaced one at a time which automatically replace all instances of the asset throughout the game. What if the Rest of the Team is Still Using Scrum? During production, not all iteration is useless. The team is still innovating the game in areas that don't affect production. Sprints are still valuable for these teams. How do these teams work with the teams using Kanban? Scrum teams can still use Kanban to drive production. If we have one week cycle times inside of four week Sprints, the production teams can still show the result of four cycles every Sprint review. The production team won't have to do Sprint planning, but they should still conduct regular retrospectives. Additionally Daily Scrums are still a useful practice for the production teams. Impediments will still arise that need to be addressed by the team. In using this step-by-step process for creating level assets we had taken the cost of producing a single game level from 16 weeks to seven weeks (seven zones times one week per zone). This represents a 56% improvement in the cost of creating a level and required very little new tools or technology to achieve. This is just a start. Lean production demonstrates improvements that can replace or supplement the need for outsourcing large key assets that a studio may prefer to keep in house. Like Scrum, the adoption and practices of Lean are subject to change based on your own environment. The key is to achieve visibility on the process and to create metrics that are meaningful. Time-boxing asset creation can be a challenge. Most artists don't consider quality a variable in their work. It's a key role of the product owner to communicate their vision for not only the final product but the responsibility for ROI that they control. I consider the two books by Tom and Mary Poppendieck to be the bibles of Lean Development: Lean Software Development: An Agile Toolkit and Implementing Lean Software Development: From Concept to Cash I also pay close attention the to writings of Corey Ladas and David Anderson of Modus Cooperandi for inspiration and knowledge about Kanban: (c) 2008 Clinton Keith Title photo by Gregg, used under Creative Commons license. Latest Jobs Pocketwatch Games Senior Gameplay Engineer Cambridge, Massachusetts Jr. Programmer Gameloft Australia Brisbane, Australia Creative Director Sucker Punch Productions Bellevue, Washington Senior Systems Designer More Jobs Register for a Subscribe to Follow us Game Developer Account Game Developer Newsletter Register for a Game Developer Account Single sign-on to all Informa products Subscribe to Game Developer Newsletter Get daily Game Developer top stories every morning straight into your inbox Follow us
s251 The human being is not a „homo rationalis” any more than he is a „homo emotionalis” The rational decision does not exist Man is not a „Homo rationalis” or „Homo economicus” any more than he is a „Homo emotionalis”. How we perceive our world, interpret it and act accordingly is largely determined by our emotion system and the neurological emotional structures formed in it and is dominated during times of increased arousal. The rational decision does not exist, an idea upon which philosophy, psychology and many other disciplines have long been based. Economics also confirm what Herbert A. Simon assumed with his term „bounded rationality” in 1965, that Homo economicus and his rational decisions do not exist. Beginning in 2008, Dan Ariely and later the Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman, as well as many others from the sub-area of Behavioral Economics impressively demonstrated this, having reached more than 200 cognitive biases by 2020, a number that is still increasing. behavioral economics The rational decision is a prioritization The decision to choose between at least two options is generally valid and misleading at the same time. This definition is misleading because choosing between two or more options would be a priority; it is generally valid because it includes a choice between the options from the emotion and cognition system. A decision in the narrower sense means initiating an action for or against an option. In contrast, the rational decision represents a prioritization that ranks several possible decisions (options) according to the order of their importance. With the emergence of statistical and artificial models, a rational decision is usually equated to these. The rational decision is a prioritization The reasoning makes the rational decision With the help of evaluation and justification, one of the options for a rational decision is chosen if it appears to be „use-maximized” or „reasonable”. However, the reasoning itself also arises from emotional-cognitive cycles. This means that the rational decision would be explained through itself and would, therefore, only exist as a theoretical construct. From the reasoning, however, one can see which emotions – mostly fear with concern for one’s safety as well as anger as goal-oriented influence as well as guilt and shame in emotional-cognitive cycles – were at work. Reasoning itself constitutes a coherent view of the world that results from the interaction of the emotion and cognition systems. As an internal stimulus, reasoning acts as a natural reinforcement of the coherent world view that has been created. Coherent reasoning in the final emotional-cognitive cycle makes the rational decision. The rational decision is made in cycles If the term rational decision is used further on in this article and in this series of articles, then as a conscious decision with a reason based on rational facts, in the knowledge that both reason and rationality arise from emotive-cognitive cycles. A rational decision can only be approximated if there is little emotional arousal. If it is too high, the effect of the emotions will become dominant, and the choice of options and their justification will move further and further away from rational concepts and specifications and move into the dysfunctional areas of the emotions. The rational decision requires cognition The rational decision as a theoretical construct is nevertheless an extremely important and valuable form of decision because it activates cognition and reduces the risk of the affective decision and the autopilot. If the parties involved were aware that the emotional motive „concern for safety” is dominant in an insurance company and that the opportunity to exert influence in a start-up would likely be pursued, the justification would be given a specific direction. However, if the logic of the emotions is too strong and dominates the reasoning, the rational decision loses its value. It would make sense to demand the rational decision in an entrepreneurial environment if intuition were deliberately integrated and decision-making processes were used. Make a conscious decision with the KiE decision-making process The theoretical construct of rational decision forms the core of the KiE decision strategy. If it is supplemented by the conscious use of intuition, it results in the KiE decision strategy. The KiE decision strategy brings experience and knowledge together. It combines cognition with intuition and thus forms the solid foundation for every good decision-maker. The human decision-making process is the design requirement for three easy-to-learn process steps. The order is based on the inseparability of emotions (E), intuition (i) and cognition (K), the KiE trilogy. In the first step (1), as an innovation, the emotive-cognitive cycle is deliberately interrupted and the unsolicited KiE intuition is recorded with the KiE scale. As a second step, the cognitive rating (2) is determined. In the final third step (3), the KiE intuition is deliberately requested so that the decision on the way to implementation is not boycotted by the inseparability of the decision systems. Only then will a decisive implementation with the intended effect become successful in the fourth step (4). decision making strategy If you now believe that the KiE decision strategy is too complicated and takes too long, please keep in mind that intuition only takes around 350 milliseconds to manifest itself. This delays the decision by about one second. The time saved on interrupted brooding and safe decisions is worth to us the decision-making strategy. More about the series of articles on human decision making Further articles about the different human decision forms can be found after the source below under tags “Article series human decision forms“. More about the series Artificial Intelligence Februar 2020, Richard Graf, Elsa Graf „The rational decision does not exist.” Richard Graf ARIELY, Dan. Predictably irrational. New York, NY: Harper Audio, 2008. GRAF, Richard. Die neue Entscheidungskultur: Mit gemeinsam getragenen Entscheidungen zum Erfolg. Carl Hanser Verlag München 2018. KAHNEMAN, Daniel. Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan, 2011. SIMON, A. Herbert. Administrative Behavior. A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrative Organization…. Macmillan, 1965. People make decisions and decisions make people.” Prof. Harmut Schröder Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Variable renewable energy Grids with high penetration of renewable energy sources generally need more flexible generation rather than baseload generation Variable renewable energy (VRE) or intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) are renewable energy sources that are not dispatchable due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power, as opposed to controllable renewable energy sources, such as dammed hydroelectricity or biomass, or relatively constant sources, such as geothermal power. The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure.[2][3] Options to absorb large shares of variable energy into the grid include using storage, improved interconnection between different variable sources to smooth out supply, using dispatchable energy sources as hydroelectric and having overcapacity, so that sufficient energy is produced even when weather is less favourable. Background and terminology The penetration of intermittent renewables in most power grids is low: global electricity generation in 2020 was 7% wind and 3% solar.[4] European countries tend to have a much higher share of VRE in their generation mix, with Germany over 40% and the UK over 30%.[4] Characteristics of variable renewables include their unpredictability, variability, small size, their low running costs and the fact they are constrained to a certain location. These provide a challenge to grid operators, who must make sure supply and demand are matched. Solutions include energy storage, demand response, availability of overcapacity and sector coupling.[5] Smaller grids may be less tolerant to high levels of penetration.[2][6] Matching power demand to supply is not a problem specific to intermittent power sources. Existing power grids already contain elements of uncertainty including sudden and large changes in demand and unforeseen power plant failures. Though power grids are already designed to have some capacity in excess of projected peak demand to deal with these problems, significant upgrades may be required to accommodate large amounts of intermittent power.[7] Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants. • Intermittency or variability is the extent to which a power source fluctuates. This has two aspects: a predictable variability (such as the day-night cycle) and an unpredictable part (imperfect local weather forecasting).[8] The term intermittent can be used to refer to the unpredictable part, with variable then referring to the predictable part.[9] • Dispatchability is the ability of a given power source to increase and decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; dispatchability is one of several ways system operators match supply (generator's output) to system demand (technical loads).[10] • Penetration in this context is generally used to refer to the amount of energy generated as a percentage of annual consumption.[11] • Nominal power or nameplate capacity refers to the maximum output of a generating plant in normal operating conditions. This is the most common number used and typically expressed in Watt (including multiples like kW, MW, GW). • Capacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the average expected output of a generator, usually over an annual period. Expressed as a percentage of the nameplate capacity or in decimal form (e.g. 30% or 0.30). • Firm capacity or firm power is "guaranteed by the supplier to be available at all times during a period covered by a commitment".[12] • Capacity credit: generally the amount of output from a power source that may be statistically relied upon, practically the minimum power within a longer period, usually expressed as a percentage of the nominal power.[13] If the power source is far from the consumer, for example some wind power in China, the reliability of transmission also needs to be accounted for.[14] • Foreseeability or predictability is how accurately the operator can anticipate the generation:[15] for example tidal power varies with the tides but is completely foreseeable because the orbit of the moon can be predicted exactly, and improved weather forecasts can make wind power more predictable.[16] Conventional hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal are completely dispatchable as each has a store of potential energy; wind and solar without storage can be decreased, but not dispatched, other than when nature provides. Between wind and solar, solar has a more variable daily cycle than wind, but is more predictable in daylight hours than wind. Like solar, tidal energy varies between on and off cycles through each day, unlike solar there is no intermittency, tides are available every day without fail. Biofuel and biomass involve multiple steps in the production of energy – growing plants, harvesting, processing, transportation, storage and burning to create heat for electricity, transportation or space heating. In the combined power plant used by the University of Kassel to simulate using 100% renewable energy, wind farms and solar farms were supplemented as needed by hydrostorage and biomass to follow the electricity demand.[17] Wind power Day ahead prediction and actual wind power Wind power forecasting is the least accurate of all of the variable renewable energy sources.[citation needed] Grid operators use day ahead forecasting to determine which of the available power sources to use the next day, and weather forecasting is used to predict the likely wind power and solar power output available. Although wind power forecasts have been used operationally for decades, as of 2019 the IEA is organizing international collaboration to further improve their accuracy.[18] Erie Shores Wind Farm monthly output over a two-year period Wind-generated power is a variable resource, and the amount of electricity produced at any given point in time by a given plant will depend on wind speeds, air density, and turbine characteristics (among other factors). If wind speed is too low then the wind turbines will not be able to make electricity, and if it is too high the turbines will have to be shut down to avoid damage. While the output from a single turbine can vary greatly and rapidly as local wind speeds vary, as more turbines are connected over larger and larger areas the average power output becomes less variable.[7] • Intermittence: Regions smaller than synoptic scale (less than about 1000 km long, the size of an average country) have mostly the same weather and thus around the same wind power, unless local conditions favor special winds. Some studies show that wind farms spread over a geographically diverse area will as a whole rarely stop producing power altogether.[19][20] However this is rarely the case for smaller areas with uniform geography such as Ireland,[21][22][23] Scotland[24] and Denmark which have several days per year with little wind power.[25] • Capacity factor: Wind power typically has an annual capacity factor of 25–50%, with offshore wind outperforming onshore wind.[26] • Dispatchability: Because wind power is not by itself dispatchable wind farms are sometimes built with storage.[27][28] • Capacity credit: At low levels of penetration, the capacity credit of wind is about the same as the capacity factor. As the concentration of wind power on the grid rises, the capacity credit percentage drops.[29][30] • Variability: Site dependent.[31] Sea breezes are much more constant than land breezes.[7] Seasonal variability may reduce output by 50%.[32] • Reliability: A wind farm has high technical reliability when the wind blows. That is, the output at any given time will only vary gradually due to falling wind speeds or storms (the latter necessitating shut downs). A typical wind farm is unlikely to have to shut down in less than half an hour at the extreme, whereas an equivalent-sized power station can fail totally instantaneously and without warning. The total shutdown of wind turbines is predictable via weather forecasting. The average availability of a wind turbine is 98%, and when a turbine fails or is shut down for maintenance it only affects a small percentage of the output of a large wind farm.[33] • Predictability: Although wind is variable, it is also predictable in the short term. There is an 80% chance that wind output will change less than 10% in an hour and a 40% chance that it will change 10% or more in 5 hours. Predictability increases as weather forecasts become better.[34] Denmark exports surplus wind power and imports during shortfalls to and from the EU grid, particularly Norwegian hydro, to balance supply with demand.[35] Because wind power is generated by large numbers of small generators, individual failures do not have large impacts on power grids. This feature of wind has been referred to as resiliency.[36] During the 2006 California heat wave output from wind power in California significantly decreased to an average of 4% of capacity for seven days.[37] A similar result was seen during the 2003 European heat wave, when the output of wind power in France, Germany, and Spain fell below 10% during peak demand times.[38] According to an article in EnergyPulse, "the development and expansion of well-functioning day-ahead and real time markets will provide an effective means of dealing with the variability of wind generation."[39] In Ontario, Canada, the Independent Electricity System Operator has been experimenting with dispatchable wind power to meet peak demands. In this case a number of wind generators are deliberately not connected to the grid, but are turning and ready to generate, and when the need for more power arises, they are connected to the grid. IESO is trying this as wind generators respond to sudden power demands much faster than gas-powered generators or hydroelectricity generators. [40] Solar power Daily solar output at AT&T Park in San Francisco Seasonal variation of the output of the solar panels at AT&T park in San Francisco Solar power is more predictable than wind power and less variable – while there is never any solar power available during the night, and there is a reduction in winter, the only unknown factors in predicting solar output each day is cloud cover, frost and snow. Many days in a row in some locations are relatively cloud free, just as many days in a row in either the same or other locations are overcast – leading to relatively high predictability.[citation needed] Total world demand is roughly 12 TW, many times less than the amount that could be generated from potential wind and solar resources. From 40 to 85 TW could be provided from wind and about 580 TW from solar.[41] Intermittency inherently affects solar energy, as the production of renewable electricity from solar sources depends on the amount of sunlight at a given place and time. Solar output varies throughout the day and through the seasons, and is affected by dust, fog, cloud cover, frost or snow. Many of the seasonal factors are fairly predictable, and some solar thermal systems make use of heat storage to produce grid power for a full day.[42] • Variability: In the absence of an energy storage system, solar does not produce power at night, little in bad weather and varies between seasons. In many countries, solar produces most energy in seasons with low wind availability and visa versa.[43] • Capacity factor Standard photovoltaic solar has an annual average capacity factor of 10-20%,[44] but panels that move and track the sun have a capacity factor up to 30%.[45] Thermal solar parabolic trough with storage 56%.[46] Thermal solar power tower with storage 73%.[46] The impact of intermittency of solar-generated electricity will depend on the correlation of generation with demand. For example, solar thermal power plants such as Nevada Solar One are somewhat matched to summer peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as the south-western United States. Thermal energy storage systems like the small Spanish Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant can improve the match between solar supply and local consumption. The improved capacity factor using thermal storage represents a decrease in maximum capacity, and extends the total time the system generates power.[47][48][49] Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity In many European counties and North America the environmental movement has eliminated the construction of dams with large reservoirs. Run of the river projects have continued to be built, such as the 695MW Keeyask Project in Canada which began construction in 2014.[50] The absence of a reservoir results in both seasonal and annual variations in electricity generated. Tidal power Types of tide Tidal power is the most predictable of all the variable renewable energy sources. Twice a day the tides vary 100%, but they are never intermittent, on the contrary they are completely reliable. It is estimated that Britain could obtain 20% of energy from tidal power, only 20 sites in the world have yet been identified as possible tidal power stations.[51] Wave power Waves are primarily created by wind, so the power available from waves tends to follow that available from wind, but due to the mass of the water is less variable than wind power. Wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, while wave power is proportional to the square of the wave height.[52][53][54] Solutions for their integration The use of intermittent sources relies on electric power grids that are carefully managed, for instance using highly dispatchable generation that is able to shut itself down whenever an intermittent source starts to generate power, and to successfully startup without warning when the intermittents stop generating.[55] The displaced dispatchable generation could be coal, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, geothermal or storage hydro. Rather than starting and stopping nuclear or geothermal it is cheaper to use them as constant base load power. Any power generated in excess of demand can displace heating fuels, be converted to storage or sold to another grid. Biofuels and conventional hydro can be saved for later when intermittents are not generating power. Alternatives to burning coal and natural gas which produce fewer greenhouse gases may eventually make fossil fuels a stranded asset that is left in the ground. Highly integrated grids favor flexibility and performance over cost, resulting in more plants that operate for fewer hours and lower capacity factors.[56] All sources of electrical power have some degree of variability, as do demand patterns which routinely drive large swings in the amount of electricity that suppliers feed into the grid. Wherever possible, grid operations procedures are designed to match supply with demand at high levels of reliability, and the tools to influence supply and demand are well-developed. The introduction of large amounts of highly variable power generation may require changes to existing procedures and additional investments. The capacity of a reliable renewable power supply, can be fulfilled by the use of backup or extra infrastructure and technology, using mixed renewables to produce electricity above the intermittent average, which may be used to meet regular and unanticipated supply demands.[57] Additionally, the storage of energy to fill the shortfall intermittency or for emergencies can be part of a reliable power supply. In practice, as the power output from wind varies, partially loaded conventional plants, which are already present to provide response and reserve, adjust their output to compensate. While low penetrations of intermittent power may use existing levels of response and spinning reserve, the larger overall variations at higher penetrations levels will require additional reserves or other means of compensation. Operational reserve All managed grids already have existing operational and "spinning" reserve to compensate for existing uncertainties in the power grid. The addition of intermittent resources such as wind does not require 100% "back-up" because operating reserves and balancing requirements are calculated on a system-wide basis, and not dedicated to a specific generating plant. Some gas, or hydro power plants are partially loaded and then controlled to change as demand changes or to replace rapidly lost generation. The ability to change as demand changes is termed "response". The ability to quickly replace lost generation, typically within timescales of 30 seconds to 30 minutes, is termed "spinning reserve". Generally thermal plants running as peaking plants will be less efficient than if they were running as base load. Hydroelectric facilities with storage capacity (such as the traditional dam configuration) may be operated as base load or peaking plants. Grids can contract for grid battery plants, which provide immediately available power for an hour or so, which gives time for other generators to be started up in the event of a failure, and greatly reduces the amount of spinning reserve required.[58][59] Demand response Demand response is a change in consumption of energy to better align with supply. It can take the form of switching off loads, or absorb additional energy to correct supply/demand imbalances. Incentives have been widely created in the American, British and French systems for the use of these systems, such as favorable rates or capital cost assistance, encouraging consumers with large loads to take them offline whenever there is a shortage of capacity, or conversely to increase load when there is a surplus. Certain types of load control allow the power company to turn loads off remotely if insufficient power is available. In France large users such as CERN cut power usage as required by the System Operator - EDF under the encouragement of the EJP tariff.[60][61] Energy demand management refers to incentives to adjust use of electricity, such as higher rates during peak hours. Real-time variable electricity pricing can encourage users to adjust usage to take advantage of periods when power is cheaply available and avoid periods when it is more scarce and expensive.[62] Some loads such as desalination plants, electric boilers and industrial refrigeration units, are able to store their output (water and heat). Several papers also concluded that Bitcoin mining loads would reduce curtailment, hedge electricity price risk, stabilize the grid, increase the profitability of renewable energy power stations and therefore accelerate transition to sustainable energy.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] Instantaneous demand reduction. Most large systems also have a category of loads which instantly disconnect when there is a generation shortage, under some mutually beneficial contract. This can give instant load reductions (or increases). Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage[71] so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements.[72] The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year.[73] Learning curve of lithium-ion batteries: the price of batteries declined by 97% in three decades. At times of low load where non-dispatchable output from wind and solar may be high, grid stability requires lowering the output of various dispatchable generating sources or even increasing controllable loads, possibly by using energy storage to time-shift output to times of higher demand. Such mechanisms can include: Pumped storage hydropower is the most prevalent existing technology used, and can substantially improve the economics of wind power. The availability of hydropower sites suitable for storage will vary from grid to grid. Typical round trip efficiency is 80%.[7][74] Traditional lithium-ion is the most common type used for grid-scale battery storage as of 2020.[75] Rechargeable flow batteries can serve as a large capacity, rapid-response storage medium.[10] Hydrogen can be created through electrolysis and stored for later use.[76] Thermal energy storage stores heat. Stored heat can be used directly for heating needs or converted into electricity. In the context of a CHP plant a heat storage can serve as a functional electricity storage at comparably low costs. Ice storage air conditioning Ice can be stored inter seasonally and can be used as a source of air-conditioning during periods of high demand. Present systems only need to store ice for a few hours but are well developed. Storage of electrical energy results in some lost energy because storage and retrieval are not perfectly efficient. Storage also requires capital investment and space for storage facilities. Geographic diversity and complementing technologies Five days of hourly output of five wind farms in Ontario The variability of production from a single wind turbine can be high. Combining any additional number of turbines (for example, in a wind farm) results in lower statistical variation, as long as the correlation between the output of each turbine is imperfect, and the correlations are always imperfect due to the distance between each turbine. Similarly, geographically distant wind turbines or wind farms have lower correlations, reducing overall variability. Since wind power is dependent on weather systems, there is a limit to the benefit of this geographic diversity for any power system.[77] Multiple wind farms spread over a wide geographic area and gridded together produce power more constantly and with less variability than smaller installations. Wind output can be predicted with some degree of confidence using weather forecasts, especially from large numbers of turbines/farms. The ability to predict wind output is expected to increase over time as data is collected, especially from newer facilities.[77] Electricity produced from solar energy tends to counterbalance the fluctuating supplies generated from wind. Normally it is windiest at night and during cloudy or stormy weather, and there is more sunshine on clear days with less wind.[78] Besides, wind energy has often a peak in the winter season, whereas solar energy has a peak in the summer season; the combination of wind and solar reduces the need for dispatchable backup power. • In some locations, electricity demand may have a high correlation with wind output,[citation needed]particularly in locations where cold temperatures drive electric consumption (as cold air is denser and carries more energy). • The allowable penetration may be increased with further investment in standby generation. For instance some days could produce 80% intermittent wind and on the many windless days substitute 80% dispatchable power like natural gas, biomass and Hydro. • Areas with existing high levels of hydroelectric generation may ramp up or down to incorporate substantial amounts of wind. Norway, Brazil, and Manitoba all have high levels of hydroelectric generation, Quebec produces over 90% of its electricity from hydropower, and Hydro-Québec is the largest hydropower producer in the world. The U.S. Pacific Northwest has been identified as another region where wind energy is complemented well by existing hydropower.[79] Storage capacity in hydropower facilities will be limited by size of reservoir, and environmental and other considerations. Connecting grid internationally It is often feasible to export energy to neighboring grids at times of surplus, and import energy when needed. This practice is common in Western Europe and North America. Integration with other grids can lower the effective concentration of variable power: for instance, Denmark's high penetration of VRE, in the context of the German/Dutch/Scandinavian grids with which it has interconnections, is considerably lower as a proportion of the total system. Peaking-plants or pumped-storage hydro-electricity that compensate for variability can be used across countries. The capacity of power transmission infrastructure may have to be substantially upgraded to support export/import plans. Some energy is lost in transmission. The economic value of exporting variable power depends in part on the ability of the exporting grid to provide the importing grid with useful power at useful times for an attractive price. Sector coupling Demand and generation can be better matched when sectors such as mobility, heat and gas are coupled with the power system. The electric vehicle market is for instance expected to become the largest source of storage capacity. This may be a more expensive option appropriate for high penetration of variable renewables, compared to other sources of flexibility.[80] It International Energy Agency indicates sector coupling is needed to compensate for the mismatch between seasonal demand and supply.[81] Electric vehicles can be charged during periods of low demand and high production, and in some places send power back from the vehicle-to-grid.[82][83] Penetration refers to the proportion of a primary energy (PE) source in an electric power system, expressed as a percentage.[11] There are several methods of calculation yielding different penetrations. The penetration can be calculated either as:[84] 1. the nominal capacity (installed power) of a PE source divided by the peak load within an electric power system; or 2. the nominal capacity (installed power) of a PE source divided by the total capacity of the electric power system; or 3. the electrical energy generated by a PE source in a given period, divided by the demand of the electric power system in this period. The level of penetration of intermittent variable sources is significant for the following reasons: • Power grids with significant amounts of dispatchable pumped storage, hydropower with reservoir or pondage or other peaking power plants such as natural gas-fired power plants are capable of accommodating fluctuations from intermittent power more easily.[85] • Relatively small electric power systems without strong interconnection (such as remote islands) may retain some existing diesel generators but consuming less fuel,[86] for flexibility[87] until cleaner energy sources or storage such as pumped hydro or batteries become cost-effective.[88] In the early 2020s wind and solar produce 10% of the world's electricity,[89] but supply in the 20-50% penetration range has already been implemented in several systems,[90] with 65% advised for 2030 by the UK National Infrastructure Commission.[91] There is no generally accepted maximum level of penetration, as each system's capacity to compensate for intermittency differs, and the systems themselves will change over time. Discussion of acceptable or unacceptable penetration figures should be treated and used with caution, as the relevance or significance will be highly dependent on local factors, grid structure and management, and existing generation capacity. For most systems worldwide, existing penetration levels are significantly lower than practical or theoretical maximums.[84] Maximum penetration limits Maximum penetration of combined wind and solar is estimated at around 70% to 90% without regional aggregation, demand management or storage; and up to 94% with 12 hours of storage.[92] Economic efficiency and cost considerations are more likely to dominate as critical factors; technical solutions may allow higher penetration levels to be considered in future, particularly if cost considerations are secondary. Economic impacts of variability Estimates of the cost of wind energy may include estimates of the "external" costs of wind variability, or be limited to the cost of production. All electrical plant has costs that are separate from the cost of production, including, for example, the cost of any necessary transmission capacity or reserve capacity in case of loss of generating capacity. Many types of generation, particularly fossil fuel derived, will also have cost externalities such as pollution, greenhouse gas emission, and habitat destruction which are generally not directly accounted for. The magnitude of the economic impacts is debated and will vary by location, but is expected to rise with higher penetration levels. At low penetration levels, costs such as operating reserve and balancing costs are believed to be insignificant. Intermittency may introduce additional costs that are distinct from or of a different magnitude than for traditional generation types. These may include: • Transmission capacity: transmission capacity may be more expensive than for nuclear and coal generating capacity due to lower load factors. Transmission capacity will generally be sized to projected peak output, but average capacity for wind will be significantly lower, raising cost per unit of energy actually transmitted. However transmission costs are a low fraction of total energy costs.[93] • Additional operating reserve: if additional wind does not correspond to demand patterns, additional operating reserve may be required compared to other generating types, however this does not result in higher capital costs for additional plants since this is merely existing plants running at low output - spinning reserve. Contrary to statements that all wind must be backed by an equal amount of "back-up capacity", intermittent generators contribute to base capacity "as long as there is some probability of output during peak periods". Back-up capacity is not attributed to individual generators, as back-up or operating reserve "only have meaning at the system level".[94] • Balancing costs: to maintain grid stability, some additional costs may be incurred for balancing of load with demand. The ability of the grid to balance supply with demand will depend on the rate of change of the amount of energy produced (by wind, for example) and the ability of other sources to ramp production up or scale production down. Balancing costs have generally been found to be low.[citation needed] • Storage, export and load management: at high penetrations solutions (described below) for dealing with high output of wind during periods of low demand may be required. These may require additional capital expenditures, or result in lower marginal income for wind producers. Regulation and grid planning The operator of the British electricity system has said that it will be capable of operating zero-carbon by 2025, whenever there is enough renewable generation, and may be carbon negative by 2033.[95] The company, National Grid Electricity System Operator, states that new products and services will help reduce the overall cost of operating the system.[96] See also Further reading • Sivaram, Varun (2018). Taming the Sun: Innovation to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03768-6. 1. ^ Cartlidge, Edwin (2011-11-18). "Saving for a Rainy Day". Science. 334 (6058): 922–924. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..922C. doi:10.1126/science.334.6058.922. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22096185. 2. ^ a b "All Island Grid Study" (PDF). Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. January 2008. pp. 3–5, 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 3. ^ "The Carbon Trust & DTI Renewables Network Impacts Study" (PDF). Carbon Trust and UK Department of Trade and Industry. January 2004 [commissioned June 2003]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-19. Retrieved 2009-04-22. 4. ^ a b "Nearly half of Germany's electricity has come from wind and solar this year". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2021-02-10. 5. ^ Sinsel, Simon R.; Riemke, Rhea L.; Hoffmann, Volker H. (2020-01-01). "Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review". Renewable Energy. 145: 2271–2285. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.147. hdl:20.500.11850/373407. ISSN 0960-1481. 6. ^ Czisch, Gregor; Gregor Giebel. "Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply based 100% on Renewable Energies" (PDF). Institute for Electrical Engineering – Efficient Energy Conversion University of Kassel, Germany and Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 7. ^ a b c d "Variability of Wind Power and other Renewables: Management Options and Strategies" (PDF). IEA. 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 8. ^ Widén, Joakim; Carpman, Nicole (1 April 2015). "Variability assessment and forecasting of renewables: A review for solar, wind, wave and tidal resources". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 44: 356–375. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.019. ISSN 1364-0321. 9. ^ Pommeret, Aude; Schubert, Katheline (2019). "Energy Transition with Variable and Intermittent Renewable Electricity Generation". CESifo Working Paper. 7442: 2. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 10. ^ a b Kuntz, Mark T.; Justin Dawe (2005). "renewable. rechargeable. remarkable". VRB Power Systems. Mechanical Engineering. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. 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National Renewable Energy Laboratory. October 2003. Retrieved 2016-11-07. 47. ^ Spain Pioneers Grid-Connected Solar-Tower Thermal Power p. 3. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 48. ^ Mills, David; Robert G. Morgan (July 2008). "A solar-powered economy: How solar thermal can replace coal, gas and oil". Retrieved 2008-10-17. 49. ^ "Solar Air Cooling". Integration of Renewable energy on Farms. March 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 50. ^ "Project Description – Keeyask Hydropower Limited Partnership". 10 February 2011. 51. ^ Tidal power 52. ^ Wind and Waves 53. ^ "Comparing the Variability of Wind Speed and Wave Height Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2012-06-04. 54. ^ "Savenkov, M 2009 'On the Truncated Weibull Distribution and its Usefulness in Evaluating the Theoretical Capacity Factor of Potential Wind (or Wave) Energy Sites', University Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21-25" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2014-11-30. 55. ^ US Department of Energy: Maintaining Reliability in the Modern Power System, December 2016, p. 17 56. ^ Michael G. Richard: Death by 'capacity factor': Is this how wind and solar ultimately win the game?, 2015-10-06 57. ^ "Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test". Retrieved 2011-03-08. 58. ^ "UK battery storage capacity could reach 70% growth in 2019 as business models evolve". Solar Power Portal. 59. ^ "UK battery storage market reaches 1GW landmark as new applications continues to grow". Solar Power Portal. 60. ^ - Extract from CERN newsletter indication when to switch of loads 61. ^ description of EJP tariff Archived December 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 62. ^ "2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report". California Energy Commission. November 21, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-21. 63. ^ Fridgen, Gilbert; Körner, Marc-Fabian; Walters, Steffen; Weibelzahl, Martin (2021-03-09). "Not All Doom and Gloom: How Energy-Intensive and Temporally Flexible Data Center Applications May Actually Promote Renewable Energy Sources". Business & Information Systems Engineering. 63 (3): 243–256. doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00686-z. ISSN 2363-7005. To gain applicable knowledge, this paper evaluates the developed model by means of two use-cases with real-world data, namely AWS computing instances for training Machine Learning algorithms and Bitcoin mining as relevant DC applications. The results illustrate that for both cases the NPV of the IES compared to a stand-alone RES-plant increases, which may lead to a promotion of RES-plants. 64. ^ Rhodes, Joshua. "Is Bitcoin Inherently Bad For The Environment?". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-01-16. Mining and transacting cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, do present energy and emissions challenges, but new research shows that there are possible pathways to mitigate some of these issues if cryptocurrency miners are willing to operate in a way to compliment the deployment of more low-carbon energy. 65. ^ "Green Bitcoin Does Not Have to Be an Oxymoron". Retrieved 2022-01-16. One way to invest in Bitcoin that has a positive effect on renewable energy is to encourage mining operations near wind or solar sites. This provides a customer for power that might otherwise need to be transmitted or stored, saving money as well as carbon. 66. ^ Moffit, Tim (2021-06-01). "Beyond Boom and Bust: An emerging clean energy economy in Wyoming". Currently, projects are under development, but the issue of overgenerated wind continues to exist. By harnessing the overgenerated wind for Bitcoin mining, Wyoming has the opportunity to redistribute the global hashrate, incentivize Bitcoin miners to move their operations to Wyoming, and stimulate job growth as a result. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 67. ^ Rennie, Ellie (2021-11-07). "Climate change and the legitimacy of Bitcoin". Rochester, NY. In responding to these pressures and events, some miners are providing services and innovations that may help the viability of clean energy infrastructures for energy providers and beyond, including the data and computing industry. The paper finds that if Bitcoin loses legitimacy as a store of value, then it may result in lost opportunities to accelerate sustainable energy infrastructures and markets. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 68. ^ Eid, Bilal; Islam, Md Rabiul; Shah, Rakibuzzaman; Nahid, Abdullah-Al; Kouzani, Abbas Z.; Mahmud, M. A. Parvez (2021-11-01). "Enhanced Profitability of Photovoltaic Plants By Utilizing Cryptocurrency-Based Mining Load". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 31 (8): 1–5. doi:10.1109/TASC.2021.3096503. ISSN 1558-2515. The grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants (PVPPs) are booming nowadays. The main problem facing the PV power plants deployment is the intermittency which leads to instability of the grid. [...] This paper investigating the usage of a customized load - cryptocurrency mining rig - to create an added value for the owner of the plant and increase the ROI of the project. [...] The developed strategy is able to keep the profitability as high as possible during the fluctuation of the mining network. 69. ^ Bastian-Pinto, Carlos L.; Araujo, Felipe V. de S.; Brandão, Luiz E.; Gomes, Leonardo L. (2021-03-01). "Hedging renewable energy investments with Bitcoin mining". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 138: 110520. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110520. ISSN 1364-0321. 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Last fall, actress and singer Selena Gomez made a surprising announcement: Not only had she been battling lupus, a chronic autoimmune condition that can cause muscle and joint pain, but she also had undergone chemotherapy to treat it. Recently, the drugs most of us associate exclusively with fighting cancer have been making waves outside oncology, helping patients with often-debilitating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis. "It's been a well-kept secret that we're borrowing drugs from our oncologist friends," says rheumatologist Susan Manzi, MD, a member of the Lupus Foundation of America's Medical-Scientific Advisory Council. "In fact, a chemotherapy drug that has been used to fight breast cancer is one of the most common drugs worldwide for the management of rheumatoid arthritis." Here's why it works: One side effect of chemotherapy is a suppressed immune system, and that suppression is the exact response doctors are aiming for when treating certain autoimmune conditions. Drugs are administered via a pill or an IV, and their goal is the same as in cancer cases: to control the abnormal behavior of cells. One big difference lies in the dosage; people with autoimmune diseases typically get a lower dose than cancer patients, which may mean fewer side effects. Next Story
Sunday, January 5, 2020 Before 2000 area, delay and performance were the most important parameters, if anyone design circuit the main focus was on how much less area is occupied by the circuit on the chip and what the speed is. Now situation is changed, the performance and speed is a secondary concern. In all nanometer (deep sub-micron) technology power becomes the most important parameter in the design. Almost all portable devices run on battery power. Power consumption is a very big challenge in modern-day VLSI design as technology is going to shrinks Because of 1. Increasing transistors count on small chip 2. Higher speed of operations 3. Greater device leakage currents Grid structure: Power planning means to provide power to the every macros, standard cells, and all other cells are present in the design. Power and Ground nets are usually laid out on the metal layers. In this create power and ground structure for both IO pads and core logic. The IO pads power and ground buses are built into the pad itself and will be connected by abutment. For core logic there is a core ring enclosing the core with one or more sets of power and ground rings. The next consideration is to construct cell power and ground that is internal to core logic these are called power and ground stripes that repeat at regular intervals across the logic or specified region, within the design. Each of these stripes run both vertically and horizontally at regular interval then this is called power mesh. Ring and core power ground The total number of stripes and interval distance is solely dependent on the ASIC core power consumption. As power consumption (static and dynamic) increases the distance of power and ground straps interval increase to reduce overall voltage drop, thereby improving performance. In addition to the core power and ground ring, macro power and ground rings need to be created using vertical and horizontal metal layers. A macro ring encloses one or more macros, completely or partially with one or more sets of power and ground rings. It is strongly recommended to check for power and ground connectivity after construction of the entire PG network. Standard cell are placed in a row since they are placing side by side they are touching each other, and horizontal routing across the cells already done so you don’t have to anything it’s like a continuous line. That’s why we are placing filler cells if any gap is thereafter optimization. standard cells are placed in the rows NOTE: as you are going to deep sub-micron technologies the numbers of metal layers are increased like in 28 nm technology we have only 7 metal layer and for 7nm technology, we have 13 metal layers, and one more thing as we are going to lower metal layers to higher metal layers the width of the layers is increasing. So better to use higher layers for the power line. They can carry more current. Power planning involves • Calculating number of power pins required • Number of rings, stripes • Width of rings and stripes • IR drop The calculation depends on the power consumed by chip, total current drawn, current rating of power pad (A/m), current rating of metal layers, and the percentage of current flowing through metal layers. Inputs of power planning • Netlist(.v) • SDC • physical and logical libraries (.lef & .lib) • TLU+ • UPF Level of power distribution 1. Rings: carries VDD and VSS around the chip 2. Stripes: carries VDD and VSS from the ring 3. Rails: connect VDD and VSS to the standard cell’s VDD and VSS Core cell power management: • In this power rings are formed around the core. • If any macros/IP is power critical than create separate power ring for particular macro/IP. • Number of power straps are created based on the power requirement. I/O cell power management: In this power rings are formed for I/O cells and trunks are created between core and power rings and power pads. Ideal power distribution network has the following properties: • Maintain a stable voltage with little noise • Avoids wear out from EM and self-heating • Consume little chip area and wiring • Easy to layout Real networks must balance these competing demands, meeting targets of noise and reliability. The noise goal is typically ±10%; for example, a system with a nominal voltage Vdd= 1.0 V may guarantee the actual supply remains within 0.9-1.1V. The two fundamental sources of power supply noise are IR drop and L di/dt noise. IR Drop: The power supply in the chip is distributed uniformly through metal layers across the design and these metal layers have their finite amount of resistance. When we applied the voltage the current starts flowing through these metal layers and some voltage is dropped due to that resistance of a metal wire and current. This drop is called IR drop. Because of IR drop, delay will increase and it violates the timing. And this will increase noise and performance will be degraded. The value of an acceptable IR drop will be decided at the start of the project and it is one of the factors used to determine the derate value. If the value of the IR drop is more than the acceptable value, it calls to change the derate value. Without this change, the timing calculation becomes optimistic. For example, a design needs to operate at 1.2 volts and it has tolerance (acceptable IR drop limit) of ±0.4 volts, so we ensure that the voltage across VDD and VSS should not fall below 0.8v and should not rise above 1.6v. If the drop will be in this limit it does not affect timing and functionality Power routes generally conduct a lot of current and due to this IR drop will become into the picture so we are going to higher layers to make these routes less resistive. For power routing top metal layers are preferred because they are thicker and offer less resistance. For example, if there are 15 metal layers in the project then top two or three layers used by hierarchy people(top level or full chip) and metal 11 and metal 12 used for power planning purposes. There are two types of IR drop 1. Static IR drop 2. Dynamic IR drop Static IR drop: This drop is independent of cell switching. And this is calculated with the help of metal own resistance. Methods to improve static IR drop 1. We can go for higher layers if available 2. Increase the width of the straps. 3. Increase the number of wires. 4. Check if any via is missing then add more via. Dynamic IR drop: This drop is calculated with the help of the switching of cells. When a cell is switching at the active edge of the clock the cell requires large current or voltage to turn on but due to voltage drop sufficient amount of voltage is not reached to the particular cell and cell may be goes into metastable state and affect the timing and performance. Methods to improve dynamic IR drop 1. Use de-cap cells. 2. Increase the number of straps. Tools used for IR drop analysis: 1. Redhawk from Apache 2. Voltage storm from cadence When a high density of current is flowing through metal layers, the atoms (electron) in the metal layers are displaced from their original position causing open and shorts in the metal layers. Heating also accelerates EM because higher temperature cause a high number of metal ions to diffuse. In higher technology nodes we saw the EM on power and clock metal layers but now in lower nodes the signal metal layers are also needed to be analyzes due to an increased amount of current density. Clock nets are more prone to EM because they have high switching activity, because of this only we are avoiding to use high drive strength clock buffers to build the clock tree. Methods to solve EM: 1. Increase the width of wire 2. Buffer insertion 3. Downsize the driver 4. Switch the net to higher metal layers. 5. Adding more vias 6. Keep the wire length short Checklist after power planning: 1. All power/Ground supplies defined properly? 2. Is IR drop acceptable? 3. Is the power supply is uniform? 4. Are specials cell added? (Tap cells and end cap cells) 5. Any power related shorts/opens in the design? 1. Purpose of Static power? And how do you know in the tool Is this static power or dynamic power ? 2. [As power consumption (static and dynamic) increases the distance of power and ground straps interval increase to reduce overall voltage drop, thereby improving performance.] << why as power consumption increases, power straps pitch increase? why not the number of power straps or power straps width increases? really don't understand... 3. I read that Post and got it fine and informative. kitchen faucets singapore
Asia Crisis FEATURE-Bangladesh faces climate change refugee nightmare (Repeats story first issued at 0000 GMT) DHAKA, April 14 (Reuters) - Abdul Majid has been forced to move 22 times in as many years, a victim of the annual floods that ravage Bangladesh. There are millions like Majid, 65, in Bangladesh and in the future there could be many millions more if scientists' predictions of rising seas and more intense droughts and storms come true. "Bangladesh is already facing consequences of a sea level rise, including salinity and unusual height of tidal water," said Mizanur Rahman, a research fellow with the London-based International Institute for Environmental Development. "In the future, millions of people will lose their land and houses. Their survival will be threatened," Rahman told Reuters. Experts say a third of Bangladesh's coastline could be flooded if the sea rises one metre in the next 50 years, creating an additional 20 million Bangladeshis displaced from their homes and farms. This is about the same as Australia's population. Saline water will creep deeper inland, fouling water supplies and crops and livestock will also suffer, experts say. Government officials and NGOs estimate about 10 million people are already threatened by annual floods and storms damaging riverine and coastal islands. It is unclear how the government could feed, house or find enough clean water for vast numbers of climate refugees in a country of 140 million people crammed into an area of 55,500 sq miles (142,080 sq km). "We are taking steps to face the threats of climate change. Bangladesh needs $4 billion to build embankments, cyclone shelters, roads and other infrastructure in the next 15 years to mitigate the threats," Mohammad Aminul Islam Bhuiyan, the top bureaucrat in the government's Economic Relations Division, told Reuters. "These are big challenges and only time will say how efficiently we address them, including finding accommodation for the displaced millions," he said. In a taste of what the future might look like, Bangladesh suffered two massive floods and a cyclone last year that together killed about 4,500 people, made at least two million homeless and destroyed 1.8 million tonnes of rice, the country's main staple. Even without the additional threat of global warming, the country's future is under pressure from a rising population and shrinking farmland. The country lost a third of its agricultural land to accommodate more people as the population rose from 75 million in 1971. Bangladesh has been able to increase food grain production to nearly 30 million tonnes from less than half that in the early 1980s because of better farming practices and high-yielding varieties of rice. But many believe Bangladesh has reached saturation point in producing grains, while the population is still growing at nearly 2 percent annually. The World Bank thinks Bangladesh should change cultivation practices to boost food security, plant large areas of forest in flood-prone areas along rivers and the coast and build embankments. "We are conducting various studies to find options to save future environmental refugees," said Sakil Ahmed Ferdausi, a World Bank executive in Dhaka. "The environmental refugee situation will turn into a dangerous problem in the future and the Bangladeshi government may find it difficult to face the challenge. So we asked donors to help the country," Ziaul Haque Mukta, of Oxfam International in Dhaka, said. For Majid, the issues are more immediate. He lives on Batikamari island on the Januma river, 300 km (180 miles) north of Dhaka and fears his remaining days will be spent on the run from the river, which is constantly creating and retaking land, depending on the season. There are millions like him. Some have found temporary shelter, mostly on other islands in the rivers that emerge when water levels drop during the summer. Government and non-government organisations (NGOs) are trying to help Majid and others. Friendship, a Bangladeshi NGO, is providing houses, latrines, capital for agriculture, pumps for irrigation among the poor people in the river islands. "Migration rate is very high among the islanders," Runa Khan, executive director of Friendship, told Reuters. "We have covered 3.5 million people in Bangladesh's riverine islands but many more are still left." Friendship operates a floating hospital to provide health care to the islanders. It has treated 600,000 people since 2001. But climate change could wipe out their nomadic lifestyle altogether. "Where will all these people go?" asked Mohammad Nurul Islam, a resident of Cox's Bazar on the shore of the Bay of Bengal. (Writing by Anis Ahmed; editing by David Fogarty and Megan Goldin)
NASA Lands Ingenuity, the First-Ever Mars Helicopter The copter safely whirled its way up and back down, demonstrating the first powered, controlled flight on another planet. Mars helicopter from NASA Photograph: NASA/JPL-Caltech Very early this morning, NASA flew a small drone helicopter that its latest rover had toted to Mars, marking humankind’s first controlled and powered flight on another planet. Ingenuity stuck the landing—and space engineers are stoked. “We’re ecstatic, of course,” said Matthew Golombek, a senior research scientist with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab, during a call with WIRED shortly after the Ingenuity team learned of the success. The data that trickled into JPL computers early Monday morning was “nominal,” he said—NASA-speak for a best-case scenario. “Anytime you've successfully landed a spacecraft, it's a pretty good moment,” Golombek said. Ingenuity ascended about 1 meter per second, until it rose 3 meters—about 10 feet above Mars. The helicopter hung as evenly as its state-of-the-art electronics could allow, and then landed where it had been 40 seconds before. Then, Ingenuity pinged its Earth-bound engineers a message they’ve sought for almost a decade: Mission accomplished. The hovering drone sent back a black-and-white video of its own shadow, and the Perseverance rover’s high-resolution camera snapped shots of the flight and landing from a distance. “We can now say that human beings have flown a rotorcraft on another planet,” MiMi Aung, the project manager, told her team after the flight as she stood in front of giant wall art that read “DARE MIGHTY THINGS,” the message that had also been encoded into the rover’s descent parachute. The machines humankind has sent to Mars have gotten increasingly sophisticated since the first rover, Sojourner, rolled in 1997. That robot put the first wheels on Mars, and its cousins, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity, followed carrying their suites of science experiments. But Perseverance—the largest of the bunch, which landed in February—has driven around the Red Planet with a helicopter in its belly. Ingenuity is NASA’s first attempt at flying a drone on another planet. The space agency and the contractors who participated in its design want to glean lessons from its flight data to design bigger exploratory flyers for future missions. During a press conference held later Monday morning, Aung called it an “absolutely beautiful flight” as she watched the video sent from the rover. “I don’t think I can ever stop watching it over and over again,” she said. The Sojourner technology demonstration in 1997 gave NASA the validation for subsequent rovers, JPL director Michael Watkins said at that press conference. “What the Ingenuity team has done is given us the third dimension,” said Watkins. “I think this is exactly the way we build the future.” Ingenuity looks like a shiny four-legged mosquito rocking two sets of helicopter rotor blades and a solar panel on its head. It’s about 2 feet tall, and its 15-inch legs keep it upright on jagged alien terrain. Its 4-foot-wide carbon-fiber rotor blades spin ultra-fast to carry a body just big enough to house a battery, sensors, cameras, and the brain that makes each element work in concert. Flying on Mars is way different than flying on Earth. Gravity is 62 percent weaker there, but the atmosphere is 99 percent thinner and provides much less lift. It would be like flying a helicopter at an altitude of 100,000 feet on Earth, where the record for high flying is less than 41,000 feet for a helicopter and 85,000 for a plane. Ingenuity’s rotor blades spin at up to 2,537 rotations per minute to make up for it—that’s about five times faster than helicopter blades whirl on Earth. Because of its thin atmosphere, daily temperatures on Mars can swing by over 150 degrees, which makes the air density highly variable. Engineers had to account for this unreliable air cushion. “At sea level here on Earth, the pressure doesn't change by that much,” said Ben Pipenberg, an aeromechanical engineer with AeroVironment. The California aircraft company has been working with JPL since 2013 to bring the helicopter idea to life. But on Mars, he continues, “from our current operating point, we can vary the operating pressure by about 30 to 40 percent up or down and still fly fine.” Each piece of the copter is crafted to maximize function and minimize weight. The blades weigh a total of 70 grams, less than a deck of cards. The whole $85 million drone weighs about 4 pounds—less than a gallon of ice cream. Ingenuity’s real mission is to demonstrate flight on Mars and to log engineering data about how each of its mechanical and electronic organs function—it’s an experiment. “We have flown in an imagined Mars,” Ingenuity's chief engineer, Bob Balaram, told WIRED before the flight. “Imagined in our computers; imagined in our supercomputers; imagined in simulations; imagined in our testing facilities here on Earth. We want to see what is the stuff that we're missing.” The main goal is just to fly and land safely: “That checks the box,” Balaram said. “Everything else after that is bonus.” And there are a lot of potential bonuses. While flying, Ingenuity records the crosstalk between its brain and its sensor suite—an accelerometer, altimeter, inclinometer, gyroscope, and camera—to relay answers to questions like: “How stable can we keep this thing in air?” This data, logged 500 times per second, will be vital for future missions, partly because a helicopter could cover more ground than a slow-moving rover. (Perseverance white-knuckles the terrain at something like a blistering 4 centimeters per second—0.1 miles per hour.) NASA plans to send more ambitious flyers to Mars to scout ahead of future rovers, collect samples, and one day even help astronauts on crewed missions. So far, Ingenuity has had a busy few weeks. NASA engineers designed the helicopter to lift off from Mars’ surface, not from the rover. So they tapped Lockheed Martin to create the packaging that protected Ingenuity through launch and landing and released it from the rover. They built its guitar-case-shaped undercarriage, which shielded the copter from dust and pebbles for more than a month after touchdown. They also had to design a super-lightweight system for linking the drone to the rover. "One of the most interesting things was the electrical connection to the helicopter," said Jeremy Morrey, an engineer with the Lockheed Martin team. JPL needed the robot connections to use high-power channels, which are traditionally quite heavy. “Existing aerospace connectors are like military-grade giant threaded connectors—just one of them weighs some decent fraction of the entire helicopter. So those are completely out,” Morrey said. “So we had to invent something totally new, to make those electrical connections and survive all the environments and essentially add zero mass to the helicopter whatsoever." On March 21, Perseverance began a series of steps that would finally release the case containing the copter. Over six days, controlled pyrotechnic blasts cut the cables and bolts that kept the copter in place. A small motor switched on, rotating the robot until it was upright. Latches snapped to drop the four legs into position. Ingenuity hovered above the Martian surface with its legs dangling, ready to feel red dirt. On March 30, there was one final snap to cut the last cords: Ingenuity now stood below the rover, like a very expensive freshly laid egg. Perseverance then rolled away from the flight path, and the helicopter got its first taste of Martian sunshine. That sunshine is critical for this mission. Ingenuity will never return to the rover’s belly, so every ampere in its world will come from a solar-panel-charged battery. The juice flows to a motor powering its blades, and to its internal heater. (Nights on Mars can dip to –130 degrees Fahrenheit.) In order to know whether a machine like Ingenuity can endure on Mars and make repeat flights, the engineers have been keeping a close eye on how well its battery and insulation handle the cold. On April 4, JPL celebrated Ingenuity surviving its first night. “The obstacles are just dropping one after another,” Morrey told WIRED two weeks before the flight. “So my stress level is dropping with each deployment step.” NASA engineers also monitored how Ingenuity’s parts handled intense vibrational forces during launch, landing, and deployment. “We do some blade wiggles,” Balaram said, to check that the motors are in good shape. They also test-spun the blades at both low speeds—about 50 rpm—and high ones. Courtesy of Lockheed Martin NASA had originally planned to fly Ingenuity as early as April 8, but it pushed that back to wait for the right conditions. "Ideal weather would have been one with the lowest possible wind,” Balaram said. “And that is, in some sense, the biggest risk we have, because we don't get to control that." NASA scrubbed an April 11 flight after the success of a high-speed blade test couldn’t be confirmed before an onboard timer expired. The team scrambled to push a fix, and by April 16, Ingenuity cleared the test. “Similar to what the Wright brothers did,” he adds. “I’m sure if you asked them when their first flight was, they would say ‘probably no earlier than’ some date.” For the Ingenuity team, that Wright brothers moment came around 3:30 am Eastern time on April 19. It took a few hours for orbiters high above the Martian surface to relay the message of the success to folks on Earth. NASA hosted a livestream of its engineers downloading the data. The scene felt less like an unboxing video and more like a waiting room. Team members sat around a long U-shaped table with a model of Ingenuity at the center, facing them all. “It’s flight night! Whoo!” said Taryn Bailey, a JPL mechanical engineer, during an interview for the livestream, promising that Ingenuity’s success would open a doorway for the human exploration of Mars. Just as she began answering a question from the public on the livestream, a team member radioed: Data was trickling in. Then, around 6:52 am Eastern time, flight control confirmed success. The room erupted in claps and cheers as Ingenuity sent back a black-and-white photo of its own shadow taken while hovering. “We now have our Wright Brothers moment,” Aung said during the livestream. Data plotted on graphs showing the helicopter’s altitude shot up, leveled off, and dropped down, mirroring what the 4-pound drone had done 180 million miles away, three hours earlier. “History does tell us that soon after that first flight, Wilbur and Orville did go right back to work,” she continued. Courtesy of Lockheed Martin NASA engineers intended for this first flight to be similar to trial runs they’ve done in their 25-foot-wide Mars simulation chamber on Earth. Data from this flight will give engineers an apples-to-apples comparison of flying on a simulated Mars versus the real Mars. AeroVironment engineer Pipenberg said that lessons from Ingenuity are also teaching the company’s engineers how to improve their telecom pseudo-satellites which fly at 96,000 feet above Earth. Golombek, who cheerily told WIRED he’d be celebrating the early morning landing with a pot of coffee, is particularly excited about the images Ingenuity will collect of Martian geology. “When you're on the surface, your view is different than when you're up higher,” Golombek said. Ingenuity’s cameras will give NASA an unprecedented high-resolution vantage point, he continued, “to cover more area and go places that of course the rover can't go.” Rovers can’t mount steep inclines or terrain that’s very soft or uneven like Mars’ ripples. But a helicopter couldn’t care less about rugged terrain, and that’s great news for people like Golombek who want to get a good aerial look at rocks. JPL confirmed during the press conference that Ingenuity’s solar panels, batteries, and blades survived the flight and landing. “All in all, it’s in a perfect state,” said Balaram. Using data from Ingenuity’s many sensors, the engineers reconstructed every second of its flight, from its gentle pivot in midair to a light bounce upon landing. “To see it now finally happen on Mars, and happen exactly the way we imagined it, is just a really incredible feeling,” said Håvard Grip, the copter’s chief pilot at JPL, during Monday morning’s press conference. NASA plans to send Ingenuity on four more Martian flights. The second will explore flying laterally, and the third will let the copter venture farther away from its launch spot. “Depending on what we see in the first three, we will do something perhaps more bold or aggressive or adventurous,” Balaram said of flights four and five. On Monday, Aung announced that the agency is targeting Thursday, April 22, for the second flight date. NASA also plans to switch on Perseverance's microphones during Ingenuity's future flights, to hear what it sounds like from the rover’s vantage point. (But first, they want to be sure that the microphones don't interfere with communications.) Overpreparing is the space agency’s MO. But they are ready to be surprised—“hopefully pleasantly surprised,” said Balaram—by what they learn from flying the copter. “Just like little Sojourner more than 20 years ago taught us how to operate a rover on Mars,” he continues. “That all comes from learning. And I'm not sure how you do learning without surprise.” Update 4-19-2021 2:34 pm: This story was updated to provide additional comments and information from NASA's Monday morning press conference. More Great WIRED Stories
January 20, 2022 Social phobia: not just shy With the increasing pressure of modern people, social phobia has become the third mental illness after depression and alcoholism. Social phobia is not just as simple as introverted shyness, but a kind of negative psychological barrier to group attitudes that appears at the psychological level. Let us understand how to deal with social phobia. Some people hate to face the crowd and always avoid crowded places subconsciously, but they are not out of timidity or shame in seeing people, but have a strong sense of rejection and anxiety towards the outside world. This kind of anxiety and various obstacles to the social activities of group life is what people call social phobia. Social phobia is a mental illness. Patients generally like to be in their own world and always find it difficult to communicate with the outside world. Except for a few close people, they rarely communicate with others. I feel that something is wrong with my body. Social phobia is a mental illness in which you feel intense fear or anxiety about any social or public situation. Patients have a significant and lasting fear of social or performance occasions that are in front of strangers or may be carefully observed by others, fearing that their behavior or nervous performance will cause humiliation or embarrassment. Some patients find it difficult to attend parties, call, go shopping in stores, or ask authority figures. Psychologically diagnosed as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), it is a kind of anxiety disorder. This disease first originated in 1985, when it was considered to be neglect anxiety disorder, and it was gradually recognized after 14 years. How to judge social phobia? How do you know if you are suffering from social phobia? The doctor points out the following three points for self-test: 1. Are you afraid that others will think you are stupid or worried about looking shy? 2. Are you unwilling to be the focus of others’ attention? 3. Will you refuse to talk to others or do certain things because you are afraid of feeling shy or embarrassed in front of others? If you have two of the above three situations, you may be suffering from social phobia; if these situations have made you want to hide at home and are unwilling to contact any strangers, you may need to receive counseling or Treated. Treatment for social phobia? The general procedure is to increase the tolerance to fear by gradually increasing the social situation, so as to achieve the effect of eliminating the social fear response. First of all, you must keep telling yourself that this fear can be eliminated. And correctly understand the procedures of interpersonal interaction, and understand the methods of interpersonal interaction. Secondly, we must find out the kinds of things that generate social fear, and try to dig the roots of the soul. Then in an imaginary space, constantly simulate the scene of social phobia, constantly practice the plot of recurring symptoms, and constantly encourage yourself to face this kind of scene bravely, so as to adapt to this anxiety and tension environment from the imaginary . Then participate in small gatherings and try to express your views; finally, associate with people you are afraid of and reward yourself at all times. Using this method, regular and continuous practice, will make a great improvement in the symptoms. Finally, use compulsive therapy, small steps gradually. First stand on the busy street; reduce the number of people after adapting, go shopping in the mall and then reduce the number of people, participate in some large-scale gatherings; Because people are facing more and more pressures, the number of people affected has a tendency to increase. And for doctors, the difficulty in treating these patients is not that more and more people are sick, but that people suffering from social phobia are often afraid or unwilling to contact strangers, or afraid of being posted. On the label of “mentally ill” and reluctant to seek medical treatment. Mental illness is not terrible. The terrible thing is that you dare not face yourself. Only when you face yourself, understand yourself and face the society you live in, can you break through the psychological barrier.
Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects Difference Between Blackberry and Activesync blackberry_tour_boldBlackberry vs Activesync The Blackberry is a smartphone produced by RIM (Research in Motion) and provides very robust messaging capabilities through its corporate email servers. This area has been a monopoly of the Blackberry for a considerable length of time and companies like Microsoft intend to make a dent on its market share with their own software that provides similar services. Activesync is the software that is used to connect devices running the Windows Mobile operating system and other devices that are licensed to use it; like the iPhone. The Blackberry is not compatible with Activesync, and reasonably so since it doesn’t actually need Activesync. A Blackberry needs to connect to either a BES or BIS server in order to facilitate data communications, whether email or just browsing the internet. This can be a problem for people who do not have a data plan. Even when you use a Wi-Fi connection to connect to the internet, the data would still need to pass through those servers. This means that you would still chew up your data plan if you do not have an unlimited plan. Activesync commonly connects to an Exchange server to sync information like contacts, tasks, and email. But for people who do not have access to an Exchange server, they can install Activesync on their home computer to sync data locally with programs like Outlook. The Blackberry uses a true push technology where the server initiates the connection and data transmission when an email arrives. This is comparable to a text message that arrives whether you check or not. Activesync does not use true push technology but tries to simulate the same functionality. With Activesync, the software contacts the server and asks whether new data is available and retrieves it from the server. Shortening the interval between queries make it seem like the information is arriving in real time. 1. The Blackberry is a smart phone from RIM that sports very robust email capabilities while Activesync is the connectivity software for smartphones and PDAs running the Windows Mobile platform. 2. The Blackberry is not capable of using Activesync as it is not compatible with the software. 3. A Blackberry needs to connect to a BES or BIS server in order to sync information while WM phones can use Activesync to sync with an Exchange server or to a local computer or laptop with Activesync installed. 4. The Blackberry software is a true push technology while Activesync is somewhat of a pull/push technology. Search DifferenceBetween.net : Custom Search 2. Difference Between Ipod and Blackberry \| Difference Between \| Ipod vs Blackberry Leave a Response See more about : Protected by Copyscape Plagiarism Finder
Main Links Recipe(s) for Healthy Kids by Needful Provision, Inc. (NPI) After many years of working in Third World nations, areas with food and nutrient deficiencies and high rates of disease, NPI’s staff has collected and developed recipes that greatly improve health while increasing resistance to disease. The following recipe for an organic Grain Amaranth snack will be the first in a series of recipes to improve health for poor children, and provide new food options for many kids with allergies. Amaranth Snack: Use only organic Grain Amaranth to avoid possible consumption of potentially harmful GMOs (genetically modified organisms). First, pop the Amaranth as you would popcorn initially using trial and error to get the right moisture content and heat to pop nearly 100 percent of the grain. Place the popped grains in a pan to a depth of one to two inches, and then level. Increase vitamins, minerals, protein, and polyphenolics (antioxidants), by adding some five to ten percent dried microalgae ---algae such as Spirulina, Scenedesmus, or Chlorella--- and mix thoroughly. Again, level the mixture. To the above mix, add enough natural honey to make everything stick together as if you were making crisp rice (Rice Krispies) treats. Let this mix set for 20 to 30 minutes, and then cut in squares the size desired for snacks. Wrap each snack in a material that will help keep it fresh while preventing contact with insects. In the tropics, a good choice is often banana leaves. Prepare enough of these snacks for each child to have at least five per day. (The Inca first developed a similar type of Amaranth snack.) Dietary Notations: Amaranth contains a plant source of squalene, and squalene is believed to help reduce stress in humans and animals. A recent scientific study from the University of California (Davis), provided evidence that organic grains have at least 50 percent more polyphenolics than non-organic grains. Added scientific evidence gives us reason to believe that polyphenolics (antioxidants) increase resistance to disease while also reducing most damage from many major diseases. When diets are deficient in essential proteins, children do not develop properly. Ancient Aztec and Inca civilizations, and several tribes in Africa, used protein supplements obtained by harvesting and drying wild species of microalgae --- and then blending the dried algae with bread flour and soups. Available evidence indicates that microalgae also provided an array of vitamins and minerals essential for good health. (In the U.S., and some overseas locations, dried microalgae may be purchased in Health Food stores.) Safety Consideration(s): Persons harvesting microalgae, in the wild, must be able to identify the species they are collecting. Some unusual species of microalgae, such as Aphanizomenon, are toxic at certain times during the growth cycle. Grain Options: It is possible to replace the Amaranth with other grains, such as quinoa, but popping may be more difficult --and may require some experimentation. For quinoa, brushing, washing, and solar drying must first be used to remove a bitter saponin coating. “Puffing” quinoa is an option that prevents loss of the germ and its nutrients. Legal Matters: NPI has provided the above recipe as a public service. We make no specific nutritional, dietary, health, or non-allergic claims, and assume no responsibility for your safe and/or healthful use of the subject recipe and the resulting food product(s). by Needful Provision, Inc. (NPI) Millions of poor children, worldwide, drink polluted (infectious) water containing viruses, bacterium, and parasites that cause a high rate of death. Diarrhea, or chronic diarrhea, is often the first illness that appears. The diarrhea may, or may not, be caused by diarrheal diseases, such as cholera. Diarrhea is usually the first illness that must be treated to save children’s lives. Without such treatment, children frequently die ---and those who are weakened by malnutrition, other diseases, and/or parasites, are the most vulnerable. The Centre for Health and Population Research, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, developed a simple oral rehydration therapy that is saving thousands of children each day. To prepare the Dhaka rehydration treatment add, to each 8 oz. glass of potable (boiled or distilled) water, half a teaspoon of salt and one teaspoon of sugar. Stir until the salt and sugar are dissolved in the water. Give each patient at least 8 to 10 treatments per day, or treat as prescribed by a medical doctor. This very basic formula prevents deadly dehydration, produced by the diarrhea, and is far more effective than simply giving patients water. (Giving water alone will usually intensify the diarrhea.) NPI’s staff has found that sea salt is somewhat more effective than regular salt for use in the above rehydration formula. In addition, we have often obtained added benefits by adding half a teaspoon (per glass) of dried, crushed microalgae (such as Spirulina, Scenedesmus, or Chlorella) as a source of polyphenolics (antioxidants) to speed the healing process. (Do not attempt to harvest wild species of microalgae --------- unless you know exactly what you are harvesting. Some species of microalgae are toxic at different times during their growth cycles.) N.B. Please let NPI know if you discover other simple, inexpensive treatments for any type of illness. One African tribe has just given NPI information on a root-extract they use as a natural antibiotic. NPI’s staff is exploring the real potential of this root-extract in helping to fight diseases throughout the Third World. This research is an example of NPI’s current efforts to improve the health of poor children.
Key points • At 16%, the proportion of working-age people who are deemed to be at a high risk of developing a mental illness is similar to a decade ago. • Women are more at risk than men, by an average of around 4 percentage points. • People from manual backgrounds are at somewhat higher risk of developing a mental illness than those from non-manual backgrounds. • The risk of mental illness is similar across all the regions in England, except for Yorkshire & The Humber (where it is lower). Why this indicator was originally chosen Depression is one of the most common forms of mental illness. Its effects can spread into all dimensions of a person’s life including their work, home and social environments. Possible triggers identified for development of this illness include unemployment, redundancy or the threat of it, and financial difficulties. 1 A poor working environment and social isolation are also factors which heighten the risk of depressive illness. The chosen indicator of mental health shows those classified as being at high risk of developing mental illness, where this proportion differs substantially by level of household income. Definitions and data sources The first graph shows the proportion of people aged 16 to retirement who are classified as being at high risk of developing a mental illness, with the data shown separately for men and women. A high risk of mental illness is determined by asking informants a number of questions about general levels of happiness, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance over the previous four weeks, which are designed to detect possible psychiatric morbidity. A score is constructed from the responses, and the figures published show those with a score of 4 or more. This is referred to as a ‘high GHQ12 score’. ‘Working-age people’ is defined as everyone aged between 16 and 59/64. The second graph show the same information but in terms of absolute numbers rather than proportions of the population. ONS population estimates have been used to derive the numbers from the proportions. The third graph shows how the proportions vary by household income, with the data shown separately for men and women. The allocation of households to income quintiles uses gross ‘equivalised household income’, which means that the household incomes have been adjusted to put them on a like-for-like basis given the size and composition of the households. The fourth graph shows how the proportions vary between social classes, again with the data shown separately for men and women. The fifth graph shows how the proportions vary by region, with the data shown for men and women combined. The data source for all the graphs is the Health Survey for England (HSE) and relates to England only. Note that the relevant questions were not asked in the 2007 survey so the the data in the third to fifth graphs has been averaged over 2008 and 2009 only. Also note that the data from 2003 onwards is weighted, whereas the earlier data is unweighted. Overall adequacy of the indicator: medium. Whilst the HSE is a large survey which is designed to be representative of the population in England as a whole, the data only allows a partial analysis of mental health. Relevant 2007 Public Service Agreements None directly relevant. The numbers Graph 1 and 2 Year High risk of psychiatric disorder % Numbers (millions) Men Women Men Women 1994 13% 20% 1.9M 2.8M 1995 14% 21% 2.2M 3.0M 1996no data no data no data no data 1997 13% 20% 1.9M 2.9M 1998 13% 19% 1.9M 2.8M 1999 15% 20% 2.3M 2.8M 2000 12% 17% 1.9M 2.5M 2001 11% 16% 1.7M 2.4M 2002 14% 19% 2.2M 2.9M 2003 12% 15% 1.9M 2.2M 2004 11% 15% 1.8M 2.3M 200511% 16% 1.7M 2.4M 200611% 15% 1.8M 2.3M 2007no data no data no data no data 200811% 15% 1.8M 2.3M 200915% 17% 2.6M 2.7M Graph 3 Income quintile Men Women Poorest fifth 23% 25% 2nd 17% 21% 3rd 12% 16% 4th 10% 15% richest fifth 9% 10% Graph 4 Gender Social classes I-IIINM Social classes IIIM-V Men 11% 15% Women 15% 18% Graphs 5 Region Total East 15% East Midlands 15% London 16% North East 14% North West 17% South East 14% South West 14% West Midlands 17% Yorkshire and The Humber 12% 1. Depression Alliance, ‘Introduction’ booklet for the alliance, 1995, page 10.
how to pronounce illustration how to improve pronunciation of illustration press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound. press Play to play an example pronunciation of illustration. video examples of illustration pronunciation An example use of illustration in a speech by a native speaker of british english: “… colorful illustration depicting jello he …” meaning of illustration Illustration is a drawing or painting that illustrates a text or idea. words with pronunciation similar to illustration
6 Hacks to Deal with Severe Memory Leak for Fortnite What is Memory Leak? How can we avoid? - GeeksforGeeks Memory leak occurs when programmers create a memory in heap and forget to delete it. Memory leaks are particularly serious issues for programs like daemons and … Memory Leak FIX For Windows 10/8/7 [Tutorial] - YouTube Jul 29, 2017 Virtual Machine Management Service memory leak triggers If you want to be sure there are many tools to find and evaluate memory leaks but the easiest it probably the built in task manager. I assume you are using Windows 10. There are many ways to open the task manager but the easiest is probably to right-click blank area on the taskbar, and choose Task Manager in the context menu. How to create a memory leak in Java? - Stack Overflow Sep 09, 2014 · A memory leak is a process in which a program or application persistently retains a computer's primary memory. It occurs when the resident memory program does not return or release allocated memory space, even after execution, resulting in slower or unresponsive system behavior. A memory leak is also known as a space leak. According to the researchers at Bidness Etc the high RAM and CPU leakage is caused by the memory leak issue which remains dormant for the first few hours of PC/laptop use, but slowly takes over all the available free memory and a large portion of the processor usage. Jan 16, 2020 · Then, you can open your computer case and install the new memory to the slot. For more information about how to upgrade or replace your RAM, you can read the help document from howtogeek. Later, you can go to Settings > System > About to check out the amount of recognized RAM. By this way, “your computer is low on memory” can be fixed In computer science, a memory leak is a particular type of unintentional memory consumption by a computer program where the program fails to release memory when no longer needed. This condition is normally the result of a bug in a program that prevents it from freeing up memory that it no longer needs. Jun 27, 2016 · Why does memory leak in a program? Please note: This is a very simplified treatment of the topic and is written to convey the general concepts and not every possible answer.
How can the ACSF be used? How can the ACSF be used? The ACSF can be used to identify and describe an individual’s performance in the core skills of learning, reading, writing, oral communication and numeracy, so that training can be targeted to areas of need and an individual’s progress monitored over time. How do I check my Cspa score? Viewing your final results 1. Click on “Student” and then “Student Records” 2. Click on “Final Results” 3. Select a relevant Term (Semester), then click “Submit” 4. Your Student Information, Vocation Education Course Work and Vocational Education Course Work information will be displayed. What are the ACSF levels? The Australian Qualification Framework (AQF) has 10 levels from certificate 1 to Doctoral Degree. The Australian Core Skills Framework (ACSF) has 5 core skills, each with 5 levels (1-5) as well as a pre-level 1. What is a CSPA test? How do I identify my strengths at work? How to identify your strengths at work 1. Listen to feedback. 2. Consider your passions. 3. Pay attention to when you are most productive. 4. Ask others directly. 5. Take a personality test. 6. Seek out new experiences. What happens if you fail the literacy and numeracy test? The test is meant to ensure all new teachers can read, write and perform simple maths equations. This means students who don’t have the means to pay the A$185 fee (up to three times) will be barred from registration, regardless of their efficacy as a teacher. How do you know your key strengths? 2. Know what you love. 3. Find your flow state. 4. Know your relationship style. 5. Maximize your specialties. What is the key strength of an employee? Organizational Skills One strength of a good employee within the sales industry is organization. Organizational skills are important, as the employee has to know who they have contacted, who they have not contacted and who they need to follow-up with. What is my greatest strength? Some examples of strengths you might mention include: • Enthusiasm. • Trustworthiness. • Creativity. • Discipline. • Patience. • Respectfulness. • Determination. • Dedication. What are the core skills? The five core skills are: • Communication. • Numeracy. • Information and Communication Technology. • Problem solving. • Working with others. What are your key strengths Performance Review? When you want to describe how well an employee finishes tasks, use words like: accuracy, thorough, productivity, goal achievement. Phrases to use when describing quality of work strengths can also include: consistently meets productivity goals. prioritizes her work to meet goal objectives. What are professional strengths and skills? What are your core strengths? What is a core skills profile? The Core Skills Profile identifies the highest level reached by the learner in each Core Skill across all of the qualifications they have achieved. What is a core skills assessment? Workplace Assessed Core Skills Units allow candidates to be assessed in the workplace against the Core Skills standards. Centres delivering the Workplace Assessed Core Skills Units should gather most of the candidates’ evidence in a workplace setting. What are the 5 core skills? These skills are: • Learning. • Reading. • Writing. • Oral communication. • Numeracy. What is a CSPA? The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) defines a child as a person who is both unmarried and under 21 years old. Instead, CSPA provides a method for calculating a person’s age to see if they meet the definition of a child for immigration purposes. … What are your key skills? The top ten skills graduate recruiters want • Communication. • Teamwork. • Negotiation and persuasion. • Problem solving. • Leadership. • Organisation. • Perseverance and motivation.
phone icon Call Now! 4 Efficient Cooking Tips for Good Oral Health 4 Efficient Cooking Tips For Good Oral Health 4 Efficient Cooking Tips for Good Oral Health Fast food might be easy, but they contain higher levels of sugar, salt, fat, and calories. The food you put in your body will have a resounding effect on your dental and overall health. Unfortunately, obesity is one of the most notorious health problems many Americans face. Obesity is often due to low physical activity and a poor diet. And there’s a close correlation between it and the prevalence of dental issues. That is why people are encouraged to be wary of the way they eat in order to curb obesity and boost their dental health. Fortunately, we have some cooking tips for good oral health. #1 Let Garlic Sit. Maximize the health potential of garlic by letting it sit after crushing or chopping it. Prior to changing its pH level by adding acid or temperature through cooking, the garlic should be given ample time to let its alliinase enzymes work. By letting the garlic sit, a series of chemical reaction will happen. In turn, this will naturally produce protective substances that minimize the nutrient-absorption effects of heat. This wonder spice is well-known for its potent antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-fungal properties. It reinforces the immune system by acting as an antioxidant and inhibiting free radicals. As a result, garlic can fight heart disease, infections, and inflammation. Likewise, garlic can reduce the risk of gum disease and cancer, which of course also includes oral cancer. #2 Pizza Increases Cancer Risk. Pizza is a well-loved food dating back from 1889. Although thought to be fairly healthy when eatten in moderation, a specific cooking technique actually increases its exposure to carcinogens. Considered the tastiest, coal-fired brick oven, as well as pizza stones, emit harmful smoke that can be directly absorbed by the food. Throat and oral cancer are the possible risks due to the latter. As a result, reducing the amount of pizza you consume is important for your health. #3 Cast Iron Wares Against Anemia. Anemia is a medical condition characterized by the reduction of red blood cell count. This leads to scarcity of oxygen supply, affecting cellular functionality. Anemia actually infensifies the development of gingivitis and periodontal disease. Those affected with gum diseases may find a cast iron skillet an interesting investment as it is beneficial in increasing the nutrient capacity of iron-rich foods. Studies show that cooking acidic food like lemons, apples, or tomatoes in a cast iron skillet can maximize iron absorption by up to 2,000 percent. The mishmash of the heat produced by the pan and the chemical components of the food will help individuals intake more iron. #4 Prepare From Scratch. Due to the fast-paced lifestyle of most Americans, individuals have become dependent on processed foods. While they are convenient and readily available, there’s no denying that these foods have negative effects on one’s oral health and overall well-being. Most, if not all, of the manufacturers of these processed foods, consider nutritive value the least important. Instead, the flavors and additives apart of these foods are the focus. This is why cooking from scratch is the foremost method of preparing healthful foods. Those who rely on processed and fast foods have higher levels of dental problems. In fact, the condition of the gums and teeth reflects what’s going on inside the body. Therefore, what a person eats and how he or she prepares food influences the health and quality of one’s smile. Your food choices and food preparation techniques can either lead to decay and gum disease or lead you toward good dental and overall health. • 1-800-Dentist. (n.d.). Cooking Tips for Dental Health: Retrieved from 1-800-Dentist: Scroll to top
Approach to Jaundice in the Emergency Department A 50-year-old male presents to the emergency department (ED) with nausea and vomiting, diminished appetite, and recent changes in his skin color, which he describes as turning “yellow.” This seemed to have worsened over the past few weeks, after which he began to worry and presented to the ED. The patient’s vital signs are normal. His physical exam is positive for icteric sclerae, jaundice in the face and chest, and hepatomegaly. He is not tender to palpation on the abdomen. The rest of his exam is otherwise normal. Jaundice is not a diagnosis, but a clinical manifestation of an underlying problem, specifically elevated serum bilirubin. Patients with Jaundice present with yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera. They can present to the ED with Jaundice in isolation or along with other symptoms. It is the Emergency Physician’s task to evaluate the patient, find the underlying cause, order the appropriate investigation and decide whether the patient requires admission to the hospital and consultation with other physicians. Normal physiology of bilirubin metabolism Bilirubin is the end product of heme metabolism. This occurs in three phases: pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic phases. Approximately 75-80% of bilirubin comes from the catabolism of red blood cells. Initially, this bilirubin is unconjugated, which is insoluble in water and soluble in fat. Therefore, unconjugated bilirubin can easily cross the blood-brain barrier and the placenta [1]. Unconjugated bilirubin is actively transported to the liver by albumin and is conjugated by the enzyme glucuronosyltransferase. Subsequently, conjugated bilirubin is either stored in bile in the gallbladder or excreted through the biliary tract, where it eventually reaches the intestines and is excreted from the body [1,2]. Pathophysiology and differential diagnosis The classic definition of jaundice is a serum bilirubin level greater than 2.5 to 3 mg per dL (42.8 to 51.3 µmol per L), with a clinical presentation of yellow skin and sclera [1]. As described in the above section, bilirubin metabolism occurs in three phases, and dysfunction of any of these steps can lead to jaundice. Pre-hepatic causes Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia or elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin before it reaches the liver can lead to jaundice. This can occur due to excessive heme metabolism from increased red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis) and the saturation of enzymes that conjugate it. A few underlying etiology for this include hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, spherocytosis, glucose-6-PD deficiency, hemolytic uraemic syndrome, and transfusion reaction [1,3]. Hepatic causes Any process that impacts liver functioning can lead to jaundice. Some of the hepatic causes of jaundice in adults include viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol consumption, autoimmune diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders such as Gilbert syndrome, hereditary metabolic defects such as Dubin-Johnson syndrome, and some drugs that can lead to drug-induced liver disease such as acetaminophen, oral contraceptives, estrogenic and anabolic steroids [4-6]. Post-hepatic causes Any process that instigates post-hepatic obstruction can lead to jaundice due to elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin. Some of these include cholelithiasis leading to obstruction of the biliary duct system, biliary tract tumors, biliary duct strictures, and jaundice secondary to pancreatitis [1, 7]. History and physical examination A good history and physical examination of patients presenting with jaundice to the ED is key in their diagnosis. On history, the patient should be asked about alcohol and drug use, recent travel, sexual contact with a person with known or suspected hepatitis, recent tattoos or body piercings, and previous biliary surgery. A focused review of systems should also be conducted. For example, a history of fever and viral symptoms can point towards viral hepatitis, while the presence of constitutional symptoms such as weight loss and night sweat may point towards a malignancy [8]. The physical examination should comprise vital signs and a complete abdominal examination, assessing for right upper quadrant tenderness, ascites, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and ascites [9]. Additionally, the physical examination should focus on evaluating encephalopathy by looking for asterixis and changes in mental status and underlying liver disease by assessing for bruising, spider angiomas, gynecomastia, and palmar erythema [1, 8-9]. Lastly, it is important to remember that the presence of painless jaundice and an abdominal mass may point towards obstruction from a malignancy. Laboratory assessment First line serum testing should include a complete blood count (CBC) to check for hemolysis, bilirubin level with fractionation, aminotransferases (AST and ALT) to assess for hepatocellular injury (although these may be normal in chronic liver disease), alkaline phosphatase, prothrombin time and/or international normalized ratio, albumin, and protein to assess for liver synthetic function. If these tests come back normal, further tests may be needed to identify the underlying cause of the patient’s jaundice, such as hepatitis serology, autoimmune markers, and investigation for acetaminophen levels [1,8]. The majority of diagnostic imaging will be done outside of the ED. However, emergency physicians can conduct initial ultrasound screening to assess for bile duct dilation, biliary obstruction, and the presence of cholelithiasis. A CT scan can also be ordered to assess for intraparenchymal liver and pancreas disease [1,8]. Outside of the ED, investigation with Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP), Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-Pancreatography (MRCP), and a liver biopsy may be warranted. In the ED, emergency physicians are often involved in the initial investigation of a patient with jaundice in ruling out life-threatening conditions and to decide whether a patient should be discharged or admitted for further management. For example, physicians should first assess medical emergencies that can present with jaundice, such as ascending cholangitis, acute hepatic failure, and massive hemolysis. Timely diagnosis, resuscitation, treatment initiation, and emergent consultation of these conditions are critical in the ED. Additionally, patients with elevated AST/ALT levels should be admitted if there are any signs of sepsis, coagulopathy, altered mental status, and intractable pain and vomiting. The presence of hepatocellular injury, coagulopathy, and altered mental status may point towards fulminant liver failure and may require acute fluid resuscitation and hemodynamic monitoring in an acute care setting [10]. Otherwise, depending on the underlying cause of a patient’s jaundice, surgical, gastroenterological or interventional radiological consultation may be required in an outpatient setting. References and Further Reading 1. Roche, S. P., & Kobos, R. (2004). Jaundice in the adult patient. American family physician69(2), 299-304. 2. Wolfson, A. B., Hendey, G. W., Ling, L. J., Rosen, C. L., Schaider, J. J., & Sharieff, G. Q. (2012). Harwood-Nuss’ clinical practice of emergency medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3. Sackey K. (1999). Hemolytic anemia: part 1. Pediatr Rev, 20,152-8. 4. Pasha, T. M., & Lindor, K. D. (1996). Diagnosis and therapy of cholestatic liver disease. Medical Clinics of North America80(5), 995-1019. 5. Schramm, C., Kanzler, S., Zum Büschenfelde, K. H. M., Galle, P. R., & Lohse, A. W. (2001). Autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. The American journal of gastroenterology96(5), 1587-1591. 6. Lewis, J. H. (2000). Drug-induced liver disease. Medical Clinics84(5), 1275-1311. 7. Custis, K., Brown, C., & El Younis, C. M. (2000). Common biliary tract disorders. Clinics in Family Practice2(1), 141-154. 8. Fargo, M. V., Grogan, S. P., & Saguil, A. (2017). Evaluation of jaundice in adults. American family physician95(3), 164-168. 9. Winger, J., & Michelfelder, A. (2011). Diagnostic approach to the patient with jaundice. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice38(3), 469-482. 10. Vaquero, J., & Blei, A. T. (2003). Etiology and management of fulminant hepatic failure. Current gastroenterology reports5(1), 39-47. Cite this article as: Maryam Bagherzadeh, Canada, "Approach to Jaundice in the Emergency Department," in International Emergency Medicine Education Project, May 17, 2021,, date accessed: January 19, 2022 Recent Blog Posts By Maryam Bagherzadeh Leave a Reply
Domain Registration It is time for Africa to focus on getting vaccines in arms • January 15, 2022 Rates of vaccination against COVID-19 are still disappointingly low in Africa, with just around 8 percent of the continent’s population fully vaccinated against the disease. And this average masks large differences between countries. Mauritius and Morocco, for example, already fully vaccinated 72 and 62 percent of their populations respectively, but in countries like Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi, vaccination rates remain well under one percent. Since the emergence of the more transmissible Omicron variant, the number of COVID-19 infections is on the rise, but the number of deaths still remain relatively low on the continent. Nevertheless, given the known weaknesses of African health sectors, including the limited number of intensive care beds, there are fears that if the Omicron variant continues its rapid spread – or worse, a more transmissible and deadly variant emerges – Africa could find itself in the middle of an unprecedented public health crisis. Thus, front-loading vaccination appears to be the only available option to prevent a new disaster on the continent. Unfortunately, due to several interconnected factors, Africa is not expected to reach the global target of 70 percent vaccination set for mid-2022 until the end of 2024, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Beyond its consequences for the population of the continent, that miss will likely have large and negative spillover effects on the rest of the world in terms of the emergence of new, potentially more harmful variants. The main reason behind low vaccination rates in Africa has been the low supply. Indeed, high-income countries have been hoarding vaccines, most recently for third “booster” doses, leaving low-income countries, including many in Africa, unable to access enough doses even for their most vulnerable populations and frontline health workers. The limited shelf life of vaccines – three to six months on average – also had an effect on vaccination rates in Africa, as it made it highly difficult for vaccine-abundant nations to transfer their excess doses to vaccine-poor nations before they expire. But vaccine manufacturers around the world are ramping up production, and demand for vaccines is slowly but steadily declining in high-income countries. According to The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations, at least 1.5 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine are currently being produced every month, and the total number of vaccine doses produced is expected to reach 24 billion by June 2022. By that time vaccine supplies will likely outstrip global demand. What all this means is that the supply shortage in Africa will likely come to an end in the near future. This is undoubtedly good news for the continent. But now, African states need to focus their efforts on overcoming local bottlenecks, such as poor logistics, lack of capacity to administer doses and vaccine hesitancy, which could hinder future vaccination drives. Failure to address these bottlenecks swiftly and efficiently could result in more and more vaccine doses being returned to manufacturers or destroyed, especially considering the short shelf life of most doses. The continent has endemic logistical problems. Many of Africa’s leading ports, for example, are suffering from high levels of corruption which is already causing significant delays in and adding costs to imports. These problems could also derail the continent’s COVID-19 vaccination drives. Furthermore, Africa’s cold chain infrastructure is highly insufficient, which is readily causing 50 percent of the food produced by African countries on average to be wasted. Considering COVID-19 vaccines need to be refrigerated – some at very low temperatures – this inadequacy can also pose a threat to vaccination campaigns. And even if these logistics problems are resolved, most African nations do not currently have the means to put all the doses they are expected to receive in the arms of Africans before they expire. For one thing, there are not nearly enough nurses or other trained health professionals to administer the vaccines. The average number of nurses in sub-Saharan Africa countries is one per thousand of the population, compared to 10 per thousand in The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or OECD member countries and 15 per thousand in North America according to the World Bank. Furthermore, many of these countries also do not have enough syringes for widespread vaccination drives. Low urbanisation levels in many African countries are also an obstacle to vaccine campaigns. While the urbanisation rate has rapidly increased on the continent over the past few decades, it remains relatively low, making it harder to administer the vaccine to all citizens. Six in 10 sub-Saharan Africans still live in rural areas according to the World Bank. To reach segments of the population in remote areas, Ivory Coast deployed mobile clinics across the country and Ghana used drones to deliver doses to remote areas. Other African countries should also invest in such initiatives if they want to reach their vaccination targets in time. On top of these logistical problems, vaccine hesitancy also poses a problem. Reports that the AstraZeneca vaccine can cause blood clots, and the decision by several European countries to not administer this particular vaccine to their citizens, has increased hesitancy on the continent. Moreover, social media platforms, including Facebook, which is synonymous with the internet in many African countries, have become vehicles for COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and led many Africans to become hesitant about taking the vaccine. Many African states failed to respond efficiently to these misinformation campaigns by providing accurate information on vaccines. Regrettably, several respected public figures, including political leaders, also directly contributed to the spread of misinformation and baseless doubts about the safety of vaccines. As more doses arrive on the continent, domestic bottlenecks will become the main constraints to the vaccination efforts. African leaders with the support of development institutions should set clear vaccination plans, invest strategically in improving logistics and digitalising their systems to better track doses. They should also expand and improve their cold chain infrastructures. They should invest in initiatives to ensure doses reach segments of the population in remote areas. To address vaccine hesitancy, politicians, whether in power on not, should partner with popular public figures, such as football players, music stars, and social media influencers, to encourage Africans to get vaccinated. Financial incentives such as conditional cash transfers via mobile phones can also help stimulate vaccination, and provide the needed relief to households who have suffered greatly during the pandemic. Article source: Related News
Postmodernism: Extraordinarily Ordinary Stories February 28, 2019 by Essay Writer Can fiction, when challenged beyond the boundaries of logic, ever develop into reality? Post-modernist thinking is a way of manipulating the beliefs and concepts that shape literature, but even more so the typical methods of storytelling. Instead of structuring ideas around utter fiction, it takes ideas designed around abstract philosophies, actual aspects of life and the universe, then develops them into fictitious accounts, allowing for the reader to broaden thought into something greater than the isolation of mere explicit textual meaning. Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse-Five and Peter Weir’s film The Truman Show revolutionized postmodernism by doing precisely this, uniquely designing erratic structures in which the stories are told, as well as placing a conflict of ideas between the reader or viewer. These works pointedly interrogate what the main protagonist is facing, doing, and thinking; this tactic leads to a conceptualization that reaches far beyond the depth of a modernist novel and, arguably, beyond the impact of other post-modern pieces. The Truman Show opens a window looking out at an observation on the fascination with the ordinary, and the submission of our modern culture to succumb by many means to the digital age of media attention. The film takes grasp on an image of present-day society and enthralls it with the basic concept of daily life, an occurrence of which one could easily surround themselves with in actuality, but instead utilizes its energy by feeding off of watching others endure reality for them. In the case of the film, the lab rat enduring this phenomenon would be the main protagonist, Truman Burbank. He is a naive man, unknowing of the world around him and unaware to the case of his situation, yet still pursues a quest to discover the greater world (Seahaven Island) around him; Truman constantly embarks on a journey within himself to find answers to life, which reflects a heavy aptitude for postmodernist thought. A crucial moment in which this is visually portrayed in the film is when Truman sets sail away from Seahaven Island and eventually reaches the “sky”. This moment is representative of the universal curiosity among humanity to discover what normality truly is, and reveals the key flaw in the “perfection” of Seahaven Island, which is that no matter what, one thing that can not be fully manipulated is the human mind. Thoughts are never preventative, which is exactly what leads to Truman’s eventual escape from his caged life. Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse-Five shares this same sort of conceptualization by placing its main protagonist, Billy Pilgrim, in a constant battle with time, and struggle with attempting to find his belonging among the phases of it so he can also try to discover the meaning of life, or how it’s supposed to genuinely be lived. It proposes a level of escapism, offering vital commentary on humanity as it rests, as well as could potentially develop. There is a pinpointed insight on how perfection is defined by society, which is seen through the incorporation of Billy’s journey through time to Times Square where he goes shopping in a store with novels by Kilgore Trout on display, only to act as a facade to the societal obsession with the unaccepted parts of public society. This signifies how society views Billy as an outlier when he really is the most normal one with a grasp on reality in that store as nearly all the others are delving into woolgatherings; Billy is criticized by one of the workers, and told “‘That ain’t what you want, for Christ’s sake’” (Vonnegut 260), when holding one of the only few actual novels in the place. Within this statement, is implicit postmodern commentary on modern trends, since society seems to invest itself into other people’s lives such as that of Montana Wildhack’s and does not read for the sake of a good story anymore, but rather for entertainment, a society that is not only doomed by Capitalist media consumption/addiction, but also is paralleled perfectly to that of Truman Burbank’s life…let alone our own current society, too. Literary theorist Linda Hutcheon described the types of conditions under which both Billy Pilgrim and Truman Burbank, debatably, even our own selves live under, as the quintessence of postmodern culture. She postulates that the crucial elements that are nearly always present in this type of consumerist society are a world dominated by the logic of capitalism, which has no regard for the rights of oppressed laborers or the ravagement of the natural world, a culture dominated by simulacra and spatial representations (ie screens, monitors, ads, etc.) that sever our former sense of history, and a growing sole reliance on technology as a crutch for knowledge which feeds into society’s expanding sense of unease and our separation from the real and natural world. Overall, when connecting this vision of society into what Vonnegut and Weir are both aiming to portray, it is to emphasize that as others invest their escape from normality into an even more unvarying lifestyle by turning to technology, an impalpable world…Billy and Truman both share and constantly contemplate a key question that distinguish the purpose of their stories from the others: What rests beyond the tangible life we lead? It is exactly this question that makes the lives of both Truman and Billy so fascinating as a reader or viewer. Humanity as a whole is engulfed with curiosity, which is why the term “innovation” has become so renowned for the progression of our spans of existence. Whether or not one personally delves into it is the division, since there are only few who decide to take a leap toward finding answers…they may be referred to as crazy or seen as such in our eyes as Billy Pilgrim was by many of those he encountered, but they are who move time forward toward the next great developments of life. They push boundaries that would otherwise never be expanded, which is why the Tralfamadorians are obsessed with Billy, just as society is with Truman’s televised life. Behind Billy’s outward insanity, we are told that his “listlessness concealed a mind which was fizzing and flashing thrillingly. It was preparing letters and lectures about the flying saucers, the negligibility of death, and the true nature of time” (Vonnegut 243). These beings actually experience life for what it is, rather than escape from it toward some intangible artificial experience. Truman’s director and “creator”, Christof, describes the fascination precisely, opening the film by accentuating, “While the world he inhabits is, in some respects, counterfeit, there’s nothing fake about Truman himself. No scripts, no cue cards. It isn’t always Shakespeare, but it’s genuine. It’s a life” (Weir, The Truman Show). Another concept present in both Weir’s film and Vonnegut’s novel is the postmodern idea shaped in a theory developed by Baudrillard in 1970, when Baudrillard had distinguished himself from the Marxist theory of revolution, and instead postulated the possibility of revolt against the consumer society in an “unforeseeable but certain” form. In other words, it was that the obsession with a type of utopian society and neo-generational world surrounded by facades of human evolution, would eventually create the downfall of society itself. We see this obsession present in society’s outlook on the “perfect” life that is portrayed in Truman Burbank’s televised story, and also through Vonnegut’s reaction upon the initial arrival to Dresden, which would eventually be set ablaze killing 130,000 people. “Somebody behind him [Billy] in the boxcar said, ‘Oz.’ That was I. That was me. The only other city I’d ever seen was Indianapolis, Indiana” (Vonnegut 189). It is Vonnegut’s included reaction that acts as a paradox to what is known to occur in the future fate of Dresden. Although the city was made into a mechanized machine, surrounded with architectural history and endeavour, as well as inhabitants that had nothing to even consider worrying about in regards to the war, it ended up collapsing exactly because of that. The city was set to ruin because it did fit into the category of a picturesque consumer society. In addition to this postulate, however, the experience Billy and the other POWs had in Dresden formed around another popular postmodern philosophy labeled in Baudrillard’s book, The Consumer Society, in which he comments on the process of social homogenization, alienation, and exploitation. He argues that these processes “constitute a process of reification in commodities, technologies, and things (“objects”) that come to dominate people (“subjects”) divesting them of their human qualities and capacities” (Baudrillard, The Consumer Society). This philosophized idea proves evident throughout both pieces as we see that humans lose touch with their true selves and lives once The Truman Show becomes a worldwide phenomenon as a sort of reality TV show. And in the case of Vonnegut’s story, it is seen through Billy’s experience on Tralfamadore when the typical zoo display for humans, was composed almost all of consumer items and objects…which led Billy to cherish his humanity along with Montana much more. Billy Pilgrim and Truman Burbank are very similar as character parallels to one another, since both are very whimsical, and displaced into a life enthralled with achieving discovery of their purposes in it. For Truman it involves attempting to discover his life as something tangible, and not just simply a life getting scripted and filmed for viewers of the actual world to find distasteful pleasure out of; as for Billy, it involves him attempting to discover the purpose of his role in the war when we’re thrust into his period of becoming a POW, as well as his attempt at discovering where he truly belongs in time, as he is constantly jumping between eras…even planets, when he has moments of glimpses through what Kilgore Trout called, “time-windows”. Both are truly trapped in sole moments, not a tangible life. But this where they develop into outliers and embark on their stories to break away from their isolation, or moments of being stuck. Billy and Truman eventually succeed at this and break away from getting trapped; “Billy thought hard about the effect the quartet had on him. He did not travel in time to the experience. He remembered it shimmeringly” (Vonnegut 226). A certain depth of this is described in Slaughterhouse-Five, since Vonnegut grants us many portals into introspection through placing his protagonist in this dilemma of time and space. We are left to the genius of observation through not only the eyes of the character, but also through the self-reflection as a reader once we are introduced to the Tralfamadorians and their answer to the concept of time and what it actually is. “All time is all time. It does not change. It does not lend itself to warnings or explanations. It simply is. Take it moment by moment, and you will find that we are all, as I’ve said before, bugs in amber” (Vonnegut 109). There truly is no such thing as free-will, since we are trapped in the progression of time by moments, just as Truman is through his moments getting treated and dissected as scenes of the TV show he is confined in. By the end, we are left to question whether or not time truly even does exist, or is it simply a creation on our behalf to avoid life and fool ourselves into thinking we have free-will, when in reality humanity has anything but. Ultimately, when deciphering both Slaughterhouse-Five and The Truman Show utilizing the theories and ideas surrounding postmodernist ideals, we can see that both tales are composed of fiction, however, it is also ascertained that much of what is philosophized could become, or already be actuality. Both Vonnegut and Weir challenge the odds of what it typical for telling a story, creating something that is not just impactful, but also lasting; one questions the life they lead and live upon concluding both of the pieces. We are all left wondering whether we are just pawns to a greater scheme than life, pondering if what the Tralfamadorians said is the truth of reality: “There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects. What we love in our books are the depths of many marvelous moments seen all at one time” (Vonnegut 112). Works Cited -Felluga, Dino. “Modules on Hutcheon: On Postmodernity.” Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. July 17, 2012. Purdue U. June 1, 2015. -Kellner, Douglas, “Jean Baudrillard”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -The Truman Show. Dir. Peter Weir. Perf. Jim Carrey. Paramount Pictures, 1998. -Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-five: Or, The Children’s Crusade, a Duty-dance with Death. New York: Delacorte, 1969. Print. Read more Leave a comment Order Creative Sample Now Choose type of discipline Choose academic level • High school • College • University • Masters • PhD Page count 1 pages $ 10
4FR via iStock In most feminist discourse, voice is equated with power and freedom. On the other hand, silence has long been a tool of oppression and is seen both as its equivalent and as the opposite of voice. What this binary ignores is the multi-layered and complex nature of both voice and silence. Silence is also a form of resistance and a necessary part of reflection, introspection, and change. I used to be very outspoken. Every belief and opinion had to be expressed—loudly. I do not prioritize keeping peace over standing up for yourself, others, or your values, but I caused some unnecessary conflict. I failed to realize that in speaking my truth, I was leaving no room for listening to others who also had good ideas and meaningful experiences. Being preoccupied with what you have to say leaves little room to listen to others and no one learns anything new. Especially in people from dominant groups, silence is necessary for growth. Once, I sat beside a boy in an informal end-of-semester meal with our Black history class. This boy continuously invalidated experiences, advocated for finding objective “truth” through statistical and mathematical analysis, and questioned the credibility of stories of people with no “credible” evidence. We spent nearly an hour talking to him about why different stories are valid, why truth changes depending on perspective, and why stories that cannot be translated into numbers are valid. He did not understand and continued to interrupt everyone to go on about why we were wrong. At one point, when he kept talking over me, I shouted, “for fuck sake, would you just listen?!” He stopped talking but did not start listening. This boy was in a powerful position—a native English-speaking cis-hetero male in a prestigious Canadian university. Additionally, a number of women of color were explaining and justifying themselves to a man of more privilege than them. It would have served him well to stop and listen to the many women around him telling him how traditional ways of thinking about truth and validity had been harmful. Then, in silence, he could have contemplated what was said, what it meant for him, and what it meant about the world he was a part of. Silence is important not only to create space for other people to talk, but also for them to pause and reflect on their own beliefs and worlds. This does not mean being quiet and thinking of your rebuttal—silence is listening attentively and giving importance to what other people have to say. If the people we are talking to aren’t listening, then what does voice achieve? I had a friend who is no longer my friend. He would ask me to lay out the most vulnerable aspects of my life with little regard for the position he was putting me in. He wanted to satisfy his curiosity and I, with the belief that voice is power and he is a friend, told him things I did not want to. Using one’s voice doesn’t always mean others will listen, particularly when others feel entitled to our answers—as if our existence is confined to a learning opportunity so we are obliged to assuage their curiosity and answer. In a study, Dalia Rodriguez taught a class called “Constructing Identity: Race, Class, and Gender,” where some students expressed their frustration with the white students who just couldn’t seem to understand the reality of students of color. Some students chose to speak up, but others decided to not participate or entertain the ignorance of their white peers; their silence became their resistance. Silence in the face of violating questions and probing analysis becomes a clear display of agency, of creating a boundary and limiting what parts of you other people have access to. Silence becomes a reclamation of agency and of voice; it means I have the choice to not waste my voice. On the last day of our friendship, my friend ranted about how I made him want to be honest and how I made him mean, how I was a burden, how he was tired of caring for me. That he didn’t like who he really was is not my fault. That he is a mean person is not my fault. There was no making him happy, so I made a decision: No more justification. No more explanations. All I said to him was, “Leave.” Silence and voice are not opposites, but they are both complex and multi-layered. Silence can also be refusal, resistance, and boundary-setting, just as it can be a place for reflection and growth. So be angry, yell, and scream as you must. But when you are heartbroken, when you are exhausted, when you are scared, and even when you are angry—it’s also a valid choice to remain silent. Stay quiet if you need to, stay quiet if you want to. You are neither weak nor powerless. Your silence and how you use it is your choice. And then, when you are ready, speak. Nirbana is a recent grad figuring out what to do next. As is often the case during and after adolescence, they are working on understanding what has happened to them before and what they want to do in...
World, Life Migration: Ancient culture of seeking 'better life' Migration today is covered as new phenomenon, yet it can be traced back to thousands of years Ali Murat Alhas \| 15.12.2019 Migration: Ancient culture of seeking 'better life' The number of people migrating to other countries has skyrocketed in the past decades due to violence, armed conflicts, poor living conditions, unjust economics and natural disasters Although a hot topic on today's global agenda, it actually has deep roots in human history dating back to tens of thousands of years. According to the latest UN figures, the number of international migrants has climbed to 272 million, 51 million more compared to 2010, corresponding to some 3.5% of the global population. Europe ranks as the first host continent with 82 million international migrants, followed by North America that hosts 59 million. Also, North Africa and West Asia hosts about 49 million migrants. "Although the nations and nation-states emerged much more recently in the last few centuries, migration and human mobility have always existed with the same underlying motivation for tens of millennia since the earliest human groups," said Kadir Onur Unutulmaz, deputy director of Global Migration Research Center and an academic at the Social Sciences University of Ankara, pointing to the search "for a better life". "Although we are talking about globalization as a recent phenomenon, there is archaeological evidence that trade and migration on a global scale existed tens of thousands of years ago,” said the migration expert who received his PhD in anthropology from the University of Oxford. He went on to say that some people associated the concept of early migration to nomadic cultures, however, it was actually the agricultural revolution and move toward sedentary life that significantly boosted migration as the early-established cities were like “magnets” for outsiders seeking better living standards. Dispelling popular belief The academic underlined that migration was directly related to “human security”, whether it be a result of insecurities emerging out of financial troubles, poverty, famine, political and cultural concerns, oppressions, high crime rates, and violence; therefore, the migrants have sought to move to secure environments. He emphasized that, unlike popular belief, the number of people displaced by natural or man-made disasters is much larger than the number of people driven out of their homes due to conflicts. Although, the migration issue is viewed as troublesome across many parts of the world, it clearly brings an opportunity to improve human civilization as many migrants throughout the history brought new perspectives and fresh ideas to their new homes. “One of the central forces that drove human civilization was migration,” he said. “Throughout the human history, migrants have brought new ideas, technologies, and cultures alongside wherever they went.” Despite that migrants are not initially “welcomed with open arms and red carpets”, according to Unutulmaz, the resulting social dynamics have led to innovations, cultural progress as well as technological developments. In today’s world, the migrants make a tremendous contribution in the economy, especially in developed and industrialized economies as labor force and entrepreneurs. For instance, as in the case of Turkey, which has welcomed over 3.6 million Syrians under temporary protection status following the eruption of bloody civil war in 2001, the migrants brought financial development as well. According to a report by the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), Syrian entrepreneurs in Turkey employ 7% of their compatriots and contribute to the economy with export-oriented companies. Aging population Besides, given that some countries, especially in Europe, have been aging and their decreasing populations make them dependent on migrants. According to a report issued by the European Commission in 2018, the population within the EU is projected to hit 520 million by 2070, meaning there would be an increase of only 9 million. However, with such low fertility rates, the EU's working-age population will decrease significantly according to the report, dropping from 333 million (2016) to 292 million in 2070. Unutulmaz warned that countries should be careful in importing large numbers of guest-workers or migrants across the globe and follow long-term policies instead of aiming to achieve overnight results. "The well-known example of Germany needs to be remembered here," he said, referring to the period when the country imported a large number of guest-workers from Turkey in 1960s and 1970s but did not follow any integration policies that led to problems in future. "Today, Germany is one of the countries that invests most heavily in integration policies around the globe and they are still paying for the decades that they didn’t start acting," he said. When asked about how the host countries should tackle the rising tides of xenophobia and fascist narrative towards migrants, he said these subjects must be addressed in a clear manner. "But it is very important to not label anybody expressing their concerns about migration as a xenophobe or a fascist," he said, and added: "Particularly in situations where mass movements of people take place in a short amount of time.” He said governments play a pivotal role in the sense of tackling the anti-migration agenda and the core of this policy should be based on public relations. “While it may be the case that some specific information might be too sensitive to share with the public, the public should not be left in the dark concerning their situation today or in the future,” he said. In order to eliminate smear campaigns on alternative media outlets, mainstream media should provide people with accurate information, he said, adding people -- whether migrants or locals -- should be able express their concerns in an open manner. He also stressed the “integration and harmonization” of migrants to host societies is an important aspect that would enable some sort of an emotional linkage between both migrants and locals.
Sustainability and eco-friendly trends continue to sweep the nation and are impacting all industries. There is an urgent need to adopt practices towards a greener approach to the environment and many businesses are making the changes. With roofing being such a significant contributing factor to the sustainability of any building, the roofing industry too is becoming greener and environmentally friendly. Sustainable roofing options today include vegetative roofing, resilient roofing systems, eco-friendly options, and using longer life-cycle products. Designing systems with product life-cycles in mind is essential today, to ensure that the building stays in accordance with recent mandates and meets sustainability goals. There are also mandated requirements in place in some areas, and the roofing industry is jumping on board. When it comes to sustainable roofing options, vegetative roofing is typically a top choice for sustainability. This also adds an aesthetically pleasing look to any building. Vegetative roofing systems act as temperature regulators when it is hot and as on-site water management when it rains. In addition to this, the oxygen-producing plants counteract carbon dioxide emissions and reduce the carbon footprint. Buildings are the largest energy-consuming sector of the American economy, according to the U.S Department of Energy. The good news is that sustainable roofing can help correct this by decreasing overall energy usage by way of several environmentally-friendly options. Insulation: Insulation can help to save energy costs better than most exterior options. 20 percent of energy from a building is lost through the roof, but enhanced insulation products that have increased R-values can reduce heat loss, saving money and energy. Roof coating: By reducing the impact of the environment on the roof surface, coating the roof extends its overall lifespan. Lighter color coatings also contribute to energy savings especially in areas with a lot of sunshine and heat. Solar panels: By harnessing the natural sunlight available, solar panels provide energy for a building as well as combat greenhouse emissions. Often there are state and federal incentives offered for the installation and use of solar panels too. Skylights: High-performance skylights give you a greater connection to the natural outdoor lighting. The interior spaces get the light they need while saving on energy costs and reducing carbon footprint. Sustainability in roofing systems is not the only area needing change. Roofing industries also need to establish a sustainable workforce. Reducing the labor needed for installation and maintenance is important too. Self-adhered membranes are a perfect way to achieve this. These membranes make installation easier and more efficient. Roofing projects can be completed in less time and there will be less waste and fewer hazardous materials to dispose of. The economy may be mostly responsible for driving the move towards adopting greener practices, but there also mandates in place too. This means industries, including the roofing industry, need to get on board. Supporting these new eco-friendly approaches to roofing is the future for all roofing contractors. Make the change and help the environment as well as contribute to energy efficiency and savings. You will also see faster installation which means more productivity and more stability for the future. The future is green and roofing contractors need to go green too. Do you need a reliable commercial roofer?
After the vaccine, the Tour of the Treatments arrives against the Covid-19 Each COVID-19 infection is a double challenge. The Coronavirus succeeds if it exceeds the barrier of our defenses and comes out of our body or modified by the Each COVID-19 infection is a double challenge. The Coronavirus succeeds if it exceeds the barrier of our defenses and comes out of our body or modified by them. Meanwhile, we face a lottery we play without seeing what number we wear. Although there are risk groups, we do not know if we will pass the disease without problems or leave us sequels (in the form of persistent Covid), we will survive through the hairs or die. With the vaccines the panorama that is drawn is another well different. The immunized are barely complicated or a fatal outcome is unlikely. But the rules of the game are still the same. The virus is not forbidden to mutate, human diversity constitutes its training camp, the vaccine does not prevent 100% contagion or at present at all. There are still exhaust pathways. Scientists know it and watch them. As an example, today we have what has meant the origin of omicron and the tsunami that is assuming to face a new pathogen of the family of SARS-COV-2. Some point with atomic resolution microscopes to each of their molecules. Others track their genetic sequence to locate mutations. Pharmaceuticals rehearse different remedies, while medical personnel applies in hospitals authorized by drug agencies to heal. At first they worked blindly. Today, the therapeutic arsenal against Covid's disease provides its fruits. We have vaccines, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulants, antivirals. But not all options are good for some patients and not everyone responds the same. By age or by previous pathologies, some people do not generate antibodies even if they are vaccinated. In addition, the virus has a cycle and, as in all illness, it is not the same to take it on time to do it later. Hence the search for new drugs for different cases and moments: for newly infected patients, when they develop serious illness or when their options are exhausted. "There are four pillars in the treatment of Covid: oxygen, anti-inflammatories, anticoagulation and antivirals," said José Ramón Arribas, head of the Internal Medicine Section of the University Hospital La Paz (Madrid) and expert. The Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. SARS-COV-2 constitutes a coronavirus that causes acute respiratory syndrome. Infected through the respiratory tract. In a first phase (up to sixth day) the virus is multiplied. "In the second phase, inflammation of lungs predominates," explains Arribas. "When the patient goes wrong, inflammation prevents from absorbing oxygen". According to its evolution, the battle for oxygenation is climbing, the nasal goggles will first be placed, then it will go to non-invasive ventilation or by intubation and as a last resort will come mechanical ventilation. The first effective drug against Covid's disease that hospitals had was an anti-inflammatory. "Dexamethasone," says Arribas, a steroid that "decreases inflammation in the lung". It is located in the list of recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) in hospitalized patients who need oxygen. If they do not improve, the next anti-inflammatory would be tocilizumab. Another complication that develops in SARS-COV-2 infection is produced by the immune system by activating blood coagulation. At this point, there is therapeutic arsenal to deal with this new sequel. In this case, anticoagulant therapy is launched, such as heparin, which prevent thrombi to form and unleash cerebrovascular and cardiological complications. Therefore, the treatment also applies preventively in risk patients. As for antivirals, given that the virus responsible for the infection, SARS-COV-2, is multiplied until the seventh day after the infection, the first week is crucial and by very promising that these drugs are, its effectiveness is Limited to a concrete temporary window, so in the end it becomes a career to counterreloj. Therefore, early detection plays a crucial role. «We recommend starting the antiviral in the first 48-72 hours, because if it is no longer effective," he warns Arribas. The first antiviral employee in our hospitals was the remadesivir (developed by Gilead Sciences). "It is more effective as soon as possible the patient is administered," he emphasizes Arribas. It applies to hospitalized patients with symptoms of less than seven days, intravenously. At present, the Gilead Science Laboratory works in the development of its oral form. Expectations are in what is already reached, the oral antivirals MOLNUPIRAVIR (from Merck) and Paxlovid (from Pfizer). They have a primary characteristic, they are attributed to them the condition that they are presumably sterilizing as manufacturers announce. What does this mean? They are capable of stopping viral replication, "could avoid transmission from the virus," says Arribas. In this way, the first MOLNUPIRAVIR data points out that the fifth day of treatment does not grow viruses in patient crops. And, over, Paxlovid is a viral protease inhibitor, a type of effective drug in HIV. Being oral, they are presented in the form of a tablet, their price will be affordable and its administration will not require a hospital as an intermediary. But still "it is important that they take right in the first days when the disease be cured, which requires that they are very accessible, that if you start with symptoms you can go to the physician fast, who do the test at once and that you It takes it as soon as possible, "says Arribas. Not all vaccinates produce antibodies and according to what pathologies the vaccine is discouraged. With age, the immune system ages and is not as effective as before, as in immunosuppressed people, whose body's defensive assets offer little resistance, which causes the virus to have a window of more time to replicate and variants arise with many Mutations At present, the best example illustrates omicron. For both situations, they are put into practice through the treatments as the conveynce plasma (with antibodies of people who have exceeded the disease), beneficial in the first days but not in the form of severe Covid. In these cases, monoclonal antibodies are also found as the therapeutic option, which are allocated for those people with risk factors or poor prognosis of infectious disease (immunosuppressed, diabetes, cardiopathies). When "these individuals are infected early, they need a treatment that prevents from progress infection," says Rafael Cuervo, GSK's medical officer in Spain of Covid-19 treatments. Generated in a laboratory from the most effective antibodies produced by patients who exceed Covid's disease, this kind of artificial defenses of the organism are "directed against specific antigens and could help our immune system stop diseases such as Covid And its variants, "says Cuervo. Its administration would be intravenous and less affordable as an oral antiviral, but it is possible to "provide immediate immunity that can work in hours or days, instead of weeks", an important time in these groups of patients. Updated Date: 07 December 2021, 15:55 You need to login to comment. 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THE election of April 26 and May 3, 1936, was France's depression election. Great Britain had a comparable election in 1931, the United States in 1932, Canada in 1935; and in each case the party in power was swept out of office. So it was in France. The chief victims were the Radical-Socialists; the victors were the Socialists and Communists. 1928 1932 1936 RIGHT: Conservatives 15 5 11 Independent Republicans -- 28 -- Republican Federation 131 76 88 Popular Democrats 17 16 23 Left Republicans 106 73 84 Independent Radicals 55 68 31 LEFT: Radical Socialists 123 159 116 Dissident Socialists 48 37 37 Socialists 101 130 146 Dissident Communists 2 11 10 Communists 14 12 72 --- --- --- Legal Maximum 612 615 618 RIGHT: 324 (53%) 266 (43%) 237 (38%) LEFT: 288 (47%) 349 (57%) 381 (62%) Political Parties: The French people are divided into two great political camps: the Right and the Left. This is the fundamental fact underlying all French politics and it should never be lost sight of in the multiplicity of parties. The number of parties has been over-emphasized. True, there were in the last Chamber 17 different political groups; but many of these exist only on the parliamentary terrain and for tactical purposes. Two outstanding authorities on French politics, Charles Seignobos and Georges Lachapelle, list only 10 or 11 parties which have real roots throughout the country. The Ministry of the Interior uses a similar number in classifying electoral returns. These parties acquire meaning if one arranges them in a hierarchy extending from the monarchists on the extreme Right to the communists on the extreme Left. On the extreme Right are the Conservatives, i.e., monarchists. Next to them, proceeding from Right to Left, are two groups of what might be called dyed-in-the wool tories: the Independent Republicans and the Republican Federation. As parties they accept the Republic, although various members do not. Pierre Taittinger of the Republican Federation is not only the leader of the Jeunesses Patriotes but an outstanding Bonapartist and an advocate of some form of strong-man rule. The Popular Democrats are difficult to classify. They have two fundamental tenets which in the practice of French politics have always been contradictory: a strong defense of the Church and a fairly extreme social democracy. The deputies of this party vote quite conservatively. The two remaining parties of the Right are the Left Republicans of Pierre Etienne Flandin -- André Tardieu once belonged to this group -- and the Independent Radicals. The latter are former Radical-Socialists who have become mildly conservative. These two groups constitute what is known as the Right Center of the Chamber. The most moderate group on the Left is the Radical-Socialist Party. This is the great party in the history of the Third Republic. It has included such men as Clemenceau and Poincaré (in their early days); its present outstanding members are Daladier, Herriot, Sarraut, and Caillaux. Further to the Left are the socialist parties: the orthodox Socialists, generally known as the S. F. I. O. (Section française de l'internationale ouvrière), and the various groups of Dissident Socialists. In the early twentieth century Jean Jaurès was the leader of the orthodox group; Léon Blum is its present leader. The Dissident Socialists are "dissident" because they have been willing to participate in bourgeois cabinets. Aristide Briand and Paul Painlevé were two of their great men; Paul Boncour is outstanding among contemporaries. On the extreme Left are the Communists, led by Marcel Cachin in the Senate and Maurice Thorez in the Chamber, and the small group of Dissident Communists. Party Platforms: The Right in general controls the economic destinies of the Republic. It is the stronghold of Big Business and finance. In foreign policy the more conservative groups are strongly nationalist and pay only lip service to the League of Nations. Until the past year the Right was bitterly anti-German; but lately its hatred of communism has caused many of its members to direct their rage on Russia. The Left represents the small independent proprietor, Thomas Jefferson's "small man." It is opposed to economic bigness in all forms. It is anti-clerical, though not necessarily unreligious. Its foreign policy is one of international conciliation and defense of the League. The electoral campaign of April 1936 was waged on these general issues, and on certain specific issues. The parties of the Left combined to form the Popular Front. At first glance there seemed to be nothing new in such tactical procedure. It was merely another Cartel des gauches which the Radical-Socialists and Socialists have always formed for electoral purposes. But the Popular Front is something more. Unlike previous Cartels it includes not only the Radical-Socialists and Socialists but the Communists also. To be sure, it was formed to guarantee victory at the polls. But unlike the earlier Cartels it has a program of reform which its successful deputies are to enact when the Chamber reconvenes. The program of the Popular Front is as follows: politically, it is opposed to what it calls the fascist tendencies of the Right; it deprecates the existence of armed leagues such as the Croix de Feu and the Jeunesses Patriotes. Economically, it seeks to promote recovery by liberalizing the Bank of France and "breaking the power of the 200 families who control the economic life of the nation." Rather than curtailing production it will endeavor to stimulate it. All groups within the Popular Front declared themselves opposed to any devaluation of the franc. Internationally, it desires a strong League of Nations and has intimated that under it the Foreign Office will be more pro-British than it has been under Laval and Flandin. Confronted with the unified force of the Left, the parties of the Right combined to form the Republican Front. But Right parties have rarely had the cohesion, the organization, the discipline which have characterized the Left. As a result, the Front républicain had by no means the strength of the Front populaire. Politically, it stood as the defender of democracy against the menace of a socialist-communist dictatorship. Economically, it defended the existing régime and contended that the Laval budget economies were restoring equilibrium. It criticized the economic program of the Front populaire as necessarily involving devaluation. The Electoral System: Since 1928, French representation has been based on single member constituencies. Each department and the colonies are divided into a varying number of constituencies in proportion to the population. In the present election, continental France, including Corsica, had a total of 598 deputies, Algeria 10, and the remaining colonies 10. The right to vote belongs to all men over the age of 21 who can fulfill the basic requirements of nationality. Men doing their year of military service cannot vote. There is no female suffrage. In the election of 1936 there were some 12 million inscribed voters. More than 10 million, or about 84 percent of the population, appeared at the polls; in 1932 and 1928 the figure was 83 percent. In going to the polls, the average Frenchman is confronted with a galaxy of candidates. This year André Tardieu refused to run for reëlection, contending that the actual powers of a deputy had become so distorted as to be meaningless. But few followed his example. There was an unprecedented total of 4,815 candidates for 618 electoral districts -- an average of 8 candidates per constituency. In 1932 the total was 3,617 and in 1928 it was 3,735. The great number of candidates is due to two factors. There are about a dozen political parties in France and if each presents a candidate the total is bound to be large. Second, any Frenchman over 25 years of age and in full possession of his political rights can offer himself for election. He need not present a minimum number of signatures supporting his candidacy, nor need he deposit, as in Britain, a fee which is forfeited unless he obtains at least &frac18; of the votes actually polled. Voting is held on two consecutive Sundays. During the postwar years it has become the practice of voters to mark the first ballot for the candidate they would ideally like to see in office. On the second ballot they vote against the candidate they do not wish elected. For a candidate to be elected on the first poll he must receive an absolute majority of the votes cast. On the second poll a plurality is sufficient. In the recent election, only 185 out of a total of 618 deputies, or 30 percent, were chosen on the first vote. In 1932, 42 percent and, in 1928, 31 percent were successful on the first ballot. But in 1914, when the régime of single member constituencies was last used, 58 percent of the deputies were elected on the first ballot. The first vote has virtually become a primary and should be regarded as such. Thus the great number of candidates is a perfectly natural phenomenon. Even in the United States several candidates will compete for one office in the primaries. The results of the first vote, or primary, largely determine who will be a candidate on the second Sunday of voting. Many drop out voluntarily; in other cases all the parties of the Left will get together and agree to support that candidate of the Left, irrespective of nuance, who has polled the most votes on the first ballot. The Right in a less formal and effective way has adopted the same procedure. Thus in many constituencies in the 1936 election the number of candidates on the second ballot was two: the official representative of the Front populaire and representative of the Front républicain. Since 1928 the French electoral machine has functioned increasingly as a two-party system. French politicians are extremely conscious of this trend, but thus far no French writer has commented on it. The galaxy of candidates on the first ballot has obscured the fact that on the second, and crucial ballot, the number of candidates is to all intents and purposes two. If in a given constituency the two leading candidates together receive at least 90 percent, and in many cases 95 and even 97 percent, of the votes cast, the contest may be defined as a two-cornered struggle. On this basis, an analysis of the 424 constituencies of continental France which voted this year on the second Sunday reveals that in 383, or 90 percent of the total, the contest was virtually between two and only two candidates. For the 1932 election this was so of 80 percent of the constituencies and in 1928 for 74 percent. Results: The election of April 26-May 3, 1936, was a clear victory for the Left or Front populaire. It emerged with 381 seats as against 349 in 1932. Within the parties of the Left, the great victor was the Socialists. For the first time in the history of the Third Republic they constitute the largest single party (146 seats) in the Chamber of Deputies. The Radical-Socialists, with 116 seats, have lost their time-honored primacy. The moral victor was the Communist Party which increased its representation from 12 to 72. As for the Right, excluding the losses of the most moderate party, the Independent Radicals, it held its own. The new Chamber is essentially a Chamber of extremes. This is so because of the actual distribution of seats; and each of the two Center parties, already greatly weakened, will tend to gravitate towards its extreme. The popular vote (based on first ballot) was given in Le Temps as follows: 1932 1936 RIGHT: Conservatives 82,859 46,540 Independent Republicans 499,236 359,191 Republican Federation 1,233,360 1,578,419 Popular Democrats 309,336 373,493 Left Republicans 1,299,936 1,004,182 Independent Radicals 955,990 690,557 Alsatian Autonomists ------ 114,024 Agrarians ------ 156,891 LEFT: Radical Socialists 1,836,991 1,401,974 Dissident Socialists 518,176 587,777 Socialists 1,964,384 1,887,209 Dissident Communists 78,472 184,763 Communists 796,630 1,453,923 ------ ------ 9,575,370 9,838,943 RIGHT: 4,380,717 (46%) 4,323,297 (44%) LEFT: 5,194,653 (54%) 5,515,646 (56%) Interpretation: The election of 1936 was above all a protest vote. In this respect it corresponds to the American election of 1932. France is no more bolshevist than the United States is permanently Democratic. If the French Socialists at last have their own cabinet under Léon Blum, they are far behind the British Socialists, who formed their first cabinet with Ramsay MacDonald in 1924. France is one of the few great nations which has passed through the depression without any major economic reforms. Impartial observers admit that the credit structure is unduly rigid and that the Bank of France could be changed to serve the economic needs of the country more adequately. The gains of the Socialists and Communists, both as concerns seats and votes, are not so portentous as they appear. In the first place, the popular vote of the Communists in 1932 would, under a system of proportional representation, have given them 50 seats rather than the 12 they actually possessed. In 1936 they received a popular vote of 1.5 million as opposed to 0.8 million four years earlier; but in 1928 they amassed 1.1 million votes. All that has happened is that the Communists are now strong enough to elect their own deputies rather than giving their votes to a Radical-Socialist, who, in turn, had to take his stand in the Chamber with one eye to pleasing his Communist supporters. Second, both the Socialist and Communist Parties have in recent years become more national and more French. In the recent electoral campaign they called themselves the descendants of Voltaire rather than of Lenin. They perorated with the tricolor beside them, and the red flag often languished in the corner. The recent Franco-Russian pact of mutual assistance allowed them to appear, quite justifiably, as patriotic and truly French parties. France had acquired a new ally in Russia; even many members of the Right approved of it. The Socialists and Communists were no longer the apostles of some international economic régime: they were the friend of France's ally. For the first time in many years one could vote far to the Left and still be patriotic and respectable. Last, if it is true that the Socialists and Communists have temporarily converted a large part of the country, it is also true that the country has converted the Socialists and Communists. In proportion as the latter have broadened their influence, so have they been influenced by the immediate needs of France. Drastic revolution has been placed in the background. Their present program of reform in many ways does not surpass the reforms actually instituted in Great Britain and the United States during the depression. France is the home of the small independent proprietor. This class constitutes the major portion of the French nation. It is anti-monopolistic and fiercely anti-Big Business. But it is just as strongly anti-collectivist. The elections of 1924 and 1932 were victories for the Radical-Socialists. But the Radical-Socialist ministries formed by Edouard Herriot remained in office only with the concurrence of Léon Blum's Socialists. Today the rôles are reversed: it is M. Blum who courts M. Herriot. Although the Radical-Socialists suffered great losses at the polls, they are the pivotal group in the new Chamber. Their support is necessary if any Socialist government is to remain in power. Just how greatly a Socialist cabinet with Radical-Socialist support will differ from the former Radical-Socialist cabinets with Socialist support is something which will soon be determined. You are reading a free article. Subscribe to Foreign Affairs to get unlimited access. Subscribe Now
Literary Analysis Of Guy De Maupassant 923 Words4 Pages Guy de Maupassant is considered one of the most major nineteenth-century French naturalist writers. Maupassant was a meticulous writer devoting much attention to the reality of everyday existence. His major stories are characterized by their focus on irony. Human beings are weak thus forces, which they cannot control, influence them. Usually, Maupassant characters exhibit or portray various degrees of weakness, such as hypocrisy, callousness or even cruelty. He also demonstrates through his characters a human touch. The characters that are victimized are viewed with understanding and sympathy. The story of ‘The Necklace’ is about a lady called Mrs. Loisel who was born into a family with very normal social status. She settled for a life of mediocracy by marrying a minor clerk in the ministry of education. She was never happy and satisfied with what she had and always daydreamed of large ballrooms… decorated with oriental tapestries and lighted by high bronze floor lamps. She wanted to be the envy of all other women. When her husband gets an invite to the ball she wishes to appear wealthy to the other women at the ball. She borrows a diamond necklace from a wealthy friend, Mme Forestier. At the ball, she becomes pretty, elegant, gracious and smiling than all the other ladies, and she finds herself enjoying the party. But by a stroke of bad luck, she loses the necklace actually seems to be a symbol of her life, the fickleness, and immaturity of her character. Her Open Document
Diagnostic Tests for the Age Group of 45 and more A routine medical and diagnostic tests is advised to detect any medical issues if any, better prognosis for deadly diseases like cancer, which can be handled better if diagnosed early, and assess your risk for diseases that are in the family and for any impending future medical problems. Diagnostic tests should be carried out even when you are healthy. Most of the diagnostic tests in the age bracket are usually done to check the effect the medicine being taken for chronic conditions, or to assess effect of age on various organs of the body. Blood Pressure Screening Diagnostic Tests In most of the cases, it would be a routine checkup to assess the effect of various anti-hypertensives in controlling blood pressure within normal ranges. Old age does cause the blood vessels to narrow down, hence the increased risk of cardiovascular events. Your doctor would call you weekly or periodically to assess our blood pressure, which should be within range. Cholesterol Screening Old age adds to cholesterol buildup in the blood vessels, and can be very dangerous if other co morbid conditions like blood pressure co-exist. Routine blood levels would give you fair idea of the different types of cholesterol. If they exceed beyond normal ranges, the doctor would suggest medications to keep it under control and advise screening tests to be carried out at frequent intervals. It is essential to make significant lifestyle changes at this point in time, as healthy diet, and maintaining an active lifestyle can significantly lower down the risk Diabetes Screening Family history has a very essential role in determining the likelihood of developing diabetes but eventually most of it is determined by your lifestyle. Your eating pattern, your consumption of highly fatty foods will push you to diabetes even when you don’t have any genetic predisposition. Your endocrinologist will advise you to get this test done quite often. Dental Exam The doctor finds it essential to understand the state of your dental hygiene. Since dental issues are also related to cardiac challenges, it is essential to visit a dentist once or twice every year for an exam and cleaning Eye Exam This would address the issues related to vision and development of glaucoma or cataract. Diseases like diabetes with added complications related to vision make it essential to have these tests at frequent intervals. Breast Cancer Screening Specific to women, this involves routine self-examination as well as getting a mammogram done every 1 to 2 years to check fr risk factors. Women who have had a prior family history of breast cancer should discuss the same with her physician, who can then decide the best diagnostic exam and the frequency to run the same. Prostate Cancer Screening Men in the age group of 45 years and above should discuss screening for prostate cancer with their doctor. Men with a family history of prostrate cancer should be quite vigilant and discuss the same. The doctor would suggest tests like PSA to rule out any possibility. Diagnostic Tests to Have Every Year for age group of 27-35 years Diagnostic Tests to Have Every Year for age group of 35-45 years Get free quotation from Top Internal Medicine Specialist in India. Back to top button
While public cord blood banking is free, parents have to pay for private banking. Get the lowdown on cost breakdown, insurance coverage, and more. Cord blood is found in the umbilical cord and placenta. It's rich in stem cells that can morph into all sorts of blood cells, making it ideal for treating diseases that harm the blood and immune system, such as leukemia and certain cancers, sickle-cell anemia, and some metabolic disorders. Thanks to the potential life-saving abilities of cord blood, some parents choose to store it in a bank. Here's how it works: After the umbilical cord is cut, the obstetrician will harvest the stem cells in a non-surgical procedure. The cells can then be stored indefinitely in a secure holding environment and withdrawn when needed. Cord blood stem cells can be donated for public use or registered privately within a family. Here's the difference between public and private cord blood banking: Private Cord Banking: Families can pay to store cord blood at a private bank. The blood is reserved for your own family; nobody else can access or use it, and it will never be allotted to another family or be donated to research. Private cord blood banking can benefit those with a strong family history of certain diseases that harm the blood and immune system. Parents who already have a child (in a household with biological siblings) who is sick with one of these diseases have the greatest chance of finding a match with their baby's cord blood—although there's still no guarantee. Public Cord Banking These are nonprofit companies that store your donated cord blood for free. It becomes available for any transplant patient—and also for research purposes—so accessing your own cord blood in the future isn't guaranteed. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends public cord blood banking, because the diseases that might require cord blood transplantation are very rare. Indeed, some estimates say that between 1 in 400 to 1 in 200,000 children will need their own stored cells in the future. "The chances that an infant's cord blood cells will be used for transplantation are 30 times greater in the public cord blood banking system as compared with private cord blood banking," says the organization mother holding newborn baby The Cost of Private Cord Blood Banking Public cord blood banking is free, but you need to pay for private banking. According to the AAP, you can expect to pay between $1350 and $2350 for collecting, testing, and registering. You'll also pay $100 to $175 in annual storage and maintenance fees. Both public and private cord blood banks require moms to be tested for various infections (like hepatitis and HIV)—and depending on factors like your insurance plan, this could add to the cost. Why is the price of private cord blood banking so high? "This is a medical service that has to be done when your baby's cells arrive, and you certainly want them to be handled by good equipment and good technicians," says Frances Verter, Ph.D., founder and director of Parent's Guide to Cord Blood Foundation, a nonprofit dedicated to educating parents about cord blood donation and cord blood therapists. "It's just not going to be cheap." Does Health Insurance Cover Cord Blood Banking? No, health insurance companies will not typically reimburse families for any of the costs of private cord blood banking. That said, certain insurance companies may pitch in if a sibling needs to be treated with cord blood in the near future, Dr. Verter says. Is Financial Aid Available? Financial aid is available for some families that opt for private cord blood banking. If you have a sick child who could benefit from umbilical cord blood, banks may offer programs in which they'll cover free cord blood processing and storage. In other words, this financial aid is usually only available if your baby has a biological sibling with certain diseases.
Happy America Recycles Day! Every year on November 15th, we wish to remind our customers and partners about the importance of recycling to our environment and motivate you to become better recyclers. Recycling isn’t a one-day thing, instead it’s an attitude and lifestyle that everyone can embrace. Recycle more and recycle correctly! Did you know that all PET packaging are recyclable? Not only you can put your PET beverage bottles in the recycling bin, but you can also recycle any other PET clamshells such as your egg, take-out, or salad containers. They are all made of the same material, the BOTTLEBOX - Recycle Icon 1 PET: an infinite resource and can be recycled again and again. What you can do to improve the recycling rate? • NO bags. Seriously, don’t bag your recyclable. Plastic bags are the #1 contaminant in recycling loads. Always dumb your recyclable material loosely into your recycling bin. • Remove labels. While all labels are recyclable, adhesive themselves are not recyclable. Remove labels to avoid contaminating the recyclables. • Make sure your recyclable are CLEAN, EMPTY and DRY. • Know your plastics! Not all plastics are the same. Always recycle your the BOTTLEBOX - Recycle Icon 1 PET packaging. • Stop wish-cycling. When in doubt, throw it away. Optimistically putting non-recyclable objects in the recycling bin can contaminate the entire load of recyclable materials. • If you’re not sure what materials are recyclable or where to recycle, check your local recycling website or visit Earth911. What is the impact from using the BOTTLEBOX®? By using the BOTTLEBOX®, the original take-out container made from post-consumer recycled beverage bottles, you are reducing your environmental impact with our sustainable packaging. Since 2011, we have repurposed a total of 213 million pounds of PET plastic, which is equivalent to saving 9.2 billion bottles from the ocean and reducing 287 million pounds of CO2 from the atmosphere. With the BOTTLEBOX®, you’re not only making a positive environmental impact, but you’re also contributing to improving the recycling system national wide. Direct Pack Recycling, our recycling facility, receives bales of post-consumer PET bottles and thermoformed packaging from our partnered North American Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and repurpose them into new food-safe PET packaging.
The Depot Military Flag Folding: A How-To Guide The U.S. flag has meaning for the men and women of the U.S. military. It is flown over military installations and naval ships domestically and abroad. The flag is worn on U.S. military uniforms and it is draped over the caskets of military veterans who served honorably. Like other things in the military, there is a lot of folklore surrounding military flag folding. When a U.S. flag is stored or presented to a veteran’s next of kin, there is a belief that the 13 folds represent the original 13 colonies. Unfortunately, this military flag folding belief is more legend than it is fact. In fact, Title 4, U.S. Code, the legal framework that governs how to display the flag, amongst other things, makes no mention of how the flag is to be folded, much less how many folds there should be and what each fold represents. But proper military flag folding includes 13 folds and while some individuals exercise a little latitude in regards to flag folding, the romanticized meanings of each fold add color and richness to the event, and certainly don’t tarnish the flag in anyway. Another military flag folding myth is that the triangular-shaped U.S. flag is folded intentionally in such a way so that it that resembles the tri-pointed hat commonly worn by patriots of the American Revolution. Again, Title 4, U.S.C. makes no mention of this historical reference, nor does the code require the flag to be folded accordingly into a triangle. It should also be noted that the military flag folding etiquette that is such a large part of U.S. military culture is not enforceable although it is codified. Meaning, there is no U.S. law that stipulates that an American flag has to be folded according to military flag folding customs. Military personnel respect the flag and treat it accordingly, following the customs and courtesies of military flag folding etiquette, but many are surprised to learn that there is nothing in federal law that outlines how the flag is to be folded. One thing that is true is that a person cannot fold a flag alone. Sure, a person can lay it flat on a flat surface (not the ground) and make the traditional folds, but there is more reverence to the flag if it is folded by a military flag folding team. You cannot fold a flag by yourself. There needs to be at least one other person folding with you. There are several steps to military flag folding. First, hold the flag around waist height with another person directly across from you and stretch it tautly. The flag should be parallel to the floor. The next step in military flag folding is to lengthwise fold the bottom half of the flag (the portion of the flag with stripes). The stripes will fold over and cover the blue field of stars. The third step in military flag folding is to lengthwise fold the flag again. The blue field of the flag should now be visible. Fourth, fold the stripes corner from the edge to the top flying edge of the flag (towards the blue field). Make a triangle fold. Continue the military flag folding by making a second fold in the shape of a triangle. Take the pointed end of the flag and fold it inward and then keep folding in triangle folds all the way until you reach the blue field. The last step of military flag folding is to ensure the blue field is visible on all sides of the triangle. Red and white portions of the flag should be covered by the blue, starred field and neatly tucked into the flag itself so only the blue field and its white stars are visible. Flags destined for memorial flag cases or shadow boxes are folded in the same, respectful manner described above. The one thing to remember is that the flag represents a vibrant, robust country and it is the personification of every American. Treat it with dignity and respect.
This story is over 5 years old. Remember Haiti? Giles Clarke Does On January 12, 2010, a massive earthquake hit Haiti, killing over 230,000 people, injuring many more, and leaving 1.5 million homeless. Although the media has since moved on for the most part, many Haitians are still struggling in scores of tent cities... April 10, 2013, 7:11pm On January 12, 2010, a massive earthquake hit Haiti, killing over 230,000 people, injuring many more, and leaving 1.5 million homeless. Although the media has since moved on for the most part, many Haitians are still struggling in scores of tent cities around Port-au-Prince and all along the coast. In Léogâne, a seaside town near the epicenter of the quake, 90 percent of the town's buildings were destroyed and a quarter of its residents died. Many aid organizations such as Medicin sans Frontieres had two-year contracts from the Haitian government to provide services to the tent cities, but these contracts have quietly been allowed to expire, leaving thousands of families in dire straits. Many don't like to talk about the earthquake and find solace in the spiritual—either in Christian churches or at voodoo ceremonies. There are now over 12,000 registered NGO organizations in Haiti, which is still the poorest country in the western hemisphere. Léogâne, 20 miles to the west of Port-au-Prince, was one of the hardest-hit towns. Survivors were treated on hospital ships that moored just off the coast in those first frantic few days following the quake. The UN and many international aid agencies are actively helping the people rebuild their homes and lives. Many of the town's surviving residents will never sleep in stone buildings again and now camp in tents and makeshift houses behind the dilapidated ruins of the few remaining buildings. A bird's eye view of Cité Soleil, a shanty town near Port-au-Prince that grew to an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 residents, the majority of whom live in extreme poverty. The area is generally regarded as one of the poorest and most dangerous areas of the western hemisphere and it is one of the world's largest slums. Cité Soleil has has a poorly maintained open canal system that serves as its sewage system, few formal businesses, sporadic but largely free electricity, a few hospitals, and a single government school, Lycee Nationale de Cite Soleil. Children on the seawall in Cité Soleil. The boats in the background are laden with charcoal that is shipped in from an island just off the coast to the north. In the abandoned warehouses in Cité Soleil, young gang members (or "soldiers," as they call themselves) take shelter from the midday sun. For several years, the area was ruled by gangs, each of which controlled a few blocks. Government control was reestablished after a series of operations in early 2007 by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti with the participation of the locals. Though the gangs no longer rule, murder, rape, kidnapping, looting, and shootings are still common. The area has been calleda "microcosm of all the ills in Haitian society: endemic unemployment, illiteracy, non-existent public services, unsanitary conditions, rampant crime, and armed violence." After the earthquake, it took nearly two weeks for aid to arrive in Cité Soleil. In Haiti, 63 children out of a thousand die at birth and the country has one of the worst infant mortality rates in the world. It's an improvement from the 1950s, when the rate was a shocking 240 per thousand. Thankfully, this number continues to decline… but not fast enough. Charcoal is delivered to a warehouse in Cité Soleil. On almost every street corner in Haiti, there are vendors selling charcoal for cooking food and boiling water as wood has become very scare. This is not a direct effect of the earthquake, but a long-term trend that's played out over the last century. In 1923, over 60 percent of Haiti's land was forested; by 2006, that had dropped to less than 2 percent. A man on crutches in Léogâne. A man harvests sugarcane in the fields around Leogan. The Darbonne sugar mill employes over 1,000 workers to harvest the cane and another 250 in the processing plant. Haiti used to produce 250,000 metric tons of raw sugar a year, but it is fighting not just against the aftereffects of the earthquake, but against the developed world's sugar producers, which have a stranglehold on the industry. Bill Clinton, who was the US Special Envoy to Haiti, spoke to the US news outlet Democracy Now a few months after the quake and admitted that the US had made a "devil's bargain" when it adopted trade policies that destroyed Haitian rice production and severely crippled the country's sugar production: These ladies had just finishing washing clothes in the La Goseline river that runs down to the sea through Jacmel. When Hurricane Sandy hit here a week before it hit the US, many of the banana plantations that line the river were washed away, and now the country has to import bananas,coconuts, and plantains from the Dominican Republic, which has driven up food prices considerably. The cemetery in Léogâne. Joumabon lights a pipe of tobacco in his altar room. Giles Clarke, one of our favorite intrepid photographers, recently went to Haiti and sent us back these gorgeous and thought-provoking images, as well as the above words on the current status of the island. Check out more of his work here.
How to determine your machine is “Little Endian” or “Big Endian”. What is big and Little Endian ? Little and big endian are two ways of storing multibyte data-types ( int, float, etc). In little endian machines, last byte of binary representation of the multibyte data-type is stored first. On the other hand, in big endian machines, first byte of binary representation of the multibyte data-type is stored first. Big Endian(Wikipedia) Little Endian(Wikipedia) Is there a quick way to determine endianness of your machine? There are n no. of ways for determining endianness of your machine. Here is one quick way of doing the same. #include <stdio.h> int main() unsigned int i = 1; char c = (char)&i; if (c) printf("Little endian"); printf("Big endian"); return 0; Recovering from Broken Grub On Friday, i was trying to down-grade Grub to grub-legacy. So installed grub-legacy, i knew i was playing with bootloader. When i restart my OS, as expected grub was not able to find out the OS. Problem became more worsen when i came to know, i didn’t installed stage1, stage1.5 and stage2 scripts means i didn’t ran commands(grub-mkconfig). Dos grub didn’t had grub-install, Grub Error So i googled didn’t found any solution. I read from different blog, websites and tried this. 1. Use any live os and run grub-install First Mount the partition where OS is installed. You can find the partition by running. #$ blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="ee51f4e9-1ef8-4b65-8ef4-299600e8cbf4" TYPE="ext4" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="c679c6ed-01" /dev/sda2: UUID="cb97ec88-4282-459a-852f-f619138d46d9" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="c679c6ed-02" then run sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt (Make sure partition in write mode) mount -o remount, rw /dev/sda2 (Here sdb3 where OS is installed) grub-install --target=/mnt --recheck /dev/sda2 Now Scripts are installed reboot the machine.(Most probably you will get a grub black screen) Now you have to do 3 things a. Find the partitions. it will show you how many partitions are here, here you may get like (hd0) (hd0,5) (hd0,1) (hd1) (hd1,1) (hd1,2) (fd0) (hd0,msdos1) (hd0, msdos2) Then run ls /(hd0,0) and observe the output, if you are getting Linux root(where folders like etc, boot are present) then this is your root. b. Set the root root (hd0,0) Here (hd0,0) Explained Here. • The brackets are a must; all devices listed in GRUB menu must be enclosed in brackets. • hd stands for hard disk; alternatively, fd stands for floppy disk, cd stands for CD-ROM etc. • The first number (integer for geeks) refers to the physical hard drive number; in this case, the first drive, as they are counted from zero up. For example, hd2 refers to the third physical hard drive. • The second number refers to the partition number of the selected hard drive; again, partitions are counted from zero up. In this case, 1 stands for the second partition. From here, it is evident that GRUB (menu) does not discriminate between IDE or SCSI drives or primary or logical partitions. The task of deciding which hard drive or partition may boot is left to BIOS and Stage 1. As you see, the notation is very simple. Primary partitions are marked from 0 to 3 (hd?,0), (hd?,1), (hd?,2), (hd?,3). Logical partitions in the extended partition are counted from 4 up, regardless of the actual number of primary partitions on the hard disk, e.g. (hd1,7). For me I guessed, i tried like setting up the root, like above mentioned then. used grub’s ls command if ls /boot+tab shows any thing that partition where you have to install actually re-install your Grub. c. Load the kernel kernel /boot/vmlinux-linux ro root=/dev/sda2 d. Load the Linux img initrd /boot/vmlinux-linux-lts.img Then Run You will be able to boot the desired OS. [1] Link Aggregation LAG(IEEE 802.3ad) Yesterday my colleague asked me about LAG, whats the meaning of LAG and what’s the use of it? What does Link Aggregation (LAG) mean? Link aggregation (LAG) is used to describe various methods for using multiple parallel network connections to increase throughput beyond the limit that one link (one connection) can achieve. For link aggregation, physical ports must reside on a single switch. Split Multi-Link Trunking (SMLT) and Routed-SMLT (RSMLT) remove this limitation and physical ports are allowed to connect/split between two switches. This term is also known as Multi-Link Trunking (MLT), Link Bundling, Ethernet/Network/NIC Bonding or NIC teaming. Link Aggregation (LAG) : Link aggregation is a technique used in a high-speed-backbone network to enable the fast and inexpensive transmission of bulk data. The best feature of link aggregation is its ability to enhance or increase the network capacity while maintaining a fast transmission speed and not changing any hardware devices, thus reducing cost. Cost Effectiveness LAG is a very common technique for establishing a new network infrastructure using extra cabling above the current requirements. Labor cost is much more than the cost of cabling. Thus, when a network extension is required, the extra cables are used without incurring any additional labor. However, this can be done only when extra ports are available. Higher-Link Availability This is the best feature of LAG. A communication system keeps working even when a link fails. In such situations, link capacity is reduced but data flow is not interrupted. Network Backbone Formerly, there were many techniques used for networking, but IEEE standards are always preferred. LAG supports network load balancing. Different load balancing algorithms are set by network engineers or administrators. Furthermore, network speed is increased by small increments, saving both resources and cost. Limitations With all kinds of implementations, each link and piece of hardware is standardized and engineered to not affect the network efficiency or link speed. Additionally, with single-switching all kind of ports (802.3ad, broadcast, etc.) must reside on a single switch or the same logical switch. How to setup LAG in linux BOX Thanx to Techopedia OpenSSL “HeartBleed” Bug Monday afternoon, the IT world got a very nasty wakeup call, an emergency security advisory from the OpenSSL project warning about an open bug called “Heartbleed.” The bug could be used to pull a chunk of working memory from any server running their current software. There was an emergency patch, but until it was installed, tens of millions of servers were exposed. Anyone running a server was suddenly in crisis mode. If the “Heartbleed” name sounds dramatic, this bug seems to live up to the hype. It’s already far worse than the GoToFail bug that embarrassed Apple earlier this year, both by the scale of computers affected and the depth of the breach. The new bug would let attackers pull the private keys to the server, letting attackers listen in on data traffic and potentially masquerade as the server. Even worse, it’s old: the bug dates back two years, and it’s still unclear how long anyone’s known about it. OpenSSL isn’t widely known outside of the coding world, but as many as two out of three servers on the web rely on its software. The sudden reveal means anyone involved is now scrambling for a fix. Already, Yahoo has been exposed by the bug, and experts have advised any Yahoo users to steer clear of their accounts until the company has time to update their servers. (A Yahoo representative tells The Verge the core sites are now patched, although the team is still working to implement the fix across the rest of the site.) Dozens of other smaller companies have also reportedly been affected, including Imgur, Flickr, and LastPass (although LastPass says no unencrypted data was exposed). “It is catastrophically bad, just a hugely damaging bug,” says ICSI security researcher Nicholas Weaver. Discovered by Google researcher Neel Mehta, the bug allows an attacker to pull 64k at random from a given server’s working memory. It’s a bit like fishing — attackers don’t know what usable data will be in the haul — but since it can be performed over and over again, there’s the potential for a lot of sensitive data to be exposed. The server’s private encryption keys are a particular target, since they’re necessarily kept in working memory and are easily identifiable among the data. That would allow attackers to eavesdrop on traffic to and from the service, and potentially decrypt any past traffic that had been stored in encrypted form. For most privacy tools relying on OpenSSL, the takeaway is catastrophic. A blog post from the Tor Project told users, “if you need strong anonymity or privacy on the internet, you might want to stay away from the internet entirely for the next few days while things settle.” In many cases, a few days may not be enough. It will give services time to patch their servers, but if any private keys were compromised before the patch went up, it would give attackers free rein in the months to come. Servers can reset their certificates, but it’s slow and expensive, and experts suspect many of them may simply assume the patch is enough. “I bet that there will be a lot of vulnerable servers a year from now,” Weaver says. “This won’t get fixed.” Apple, Google and Microsoft appear to be unaffected, along with the major e-banking services. Yahoo, on the other hand, was affected and leaking user credentials for a significant portion of the day before its core sites were fixed. More generally, any server running OpenSSL on Apache or Nginx will be affected, which implicates a huge variety of everyday websites and services. For now, there are a few ways users can tell which services are safe — but the news isn’t reassuring. This site, built by developer Filippo Valsorda, offers a spot-check as to which services are currently unpatched, but the site’s code is also producing false negatives, so it shouldn’t be taken as definitively ruling anything out. Any patched server will also need to generate new SSL certificates to make sure attackers can’t use keys that were exposed in the breach. To check, use an SSL tracker like this one and look for a certificate’s “issued on” date, which should be dated after the recent patch. Resetting the certificates will take time and money, but if a compromised site keeps using a compromised certificate, they’ll be leaving themselves open to an attack. It’s still early to tell what larger changes will be made as a result of the breach, but some lessons are already clear. Despite the vast infrastructure relying on OpenSSL, the open-source project is comparatively underfunded, and some experts have already called for more donations to the project to prevent vulnerabilities like Heartbleed from slipping through the cracks. Perfect Forward Secrecy could also have limited the damage from the bug, preventing decryption after the fact. But the most troubling lesson might be how hard vulnerabilities are to discover, and how damaging they can be once fully revealed. “These are really subtle bugs,” Weaver says. “You might detect it if you ran it through a memory checker, but this is not the kind of thing that just shows up looking at the code.” That’s a credit to Google, who was rigorous enough to discover the bug — but for anyone relying on secure software, it’s a troubling thought. Some Comments about clarification of the posts. • The answer to this question is “maybe”. The article here has several points wrong, one of them being that the attacker cannot select which data they are going to have leak. The flaw basically blows out a memory register and returns whatever data happens to be in the extra bytes. It could be something, or, in most cases, it could be nothing. To get useful data, you would have to flood the server with TLS “heartbeat” requests. • As someone familiar with this tech, I’d say the author of this article did a decent job covering the main bases. The possibilities are huge. Getting a 64k chunk of random memory is pretty significant. There are just over 262,000 64k chunks in a 16GB server. An attacker can muster 262,000 requests in just a few minutes. Once the random jabs have shaken loose pretty much all the contents of the server’s memory, then the attacker can sift through the responses for the private SSL keys. The private SSL keys can be used by the attacker to imitate the host to visiting browsers, which will then submit login info. Having the server’s private SSL key can also greatly simplify a Man-in-the-middle attack on sessions that are supposed to be private between the browser and the server. Finally, the private SSL key also enables previously-captured network traffic to be fully decrypted. • The article is confusing about what the potential leakage is. There is the potential that an attacker could get any kind of data that was loaded into memory, which makes the bug nasty. But it’s not like an attacker could just hit the server and pull everything in memory, or download a specific kind of data. They would have to send millions of heartbeat requests just to guarantee that they got any useful data. And it still wouldn’t be guaranteed.I’m not trying to downplay the seriousness of the issue, but it’s probably not likely that people need to freak out about all their data being stolen right now. The serious concern is the loss of server private keys, so people should go through the process of updating their servers and re-keying their SSL certificates to ensure that they are safe. • No it doesn’t; it allows an attacker to see the contents of a small portion of RAM immediately following a chunk of RAM that OpenSSL uses. They have no control over what specific portion of memory it is nor what it contains; it could be anything and what it is exactly really depends on a bunch of pretty much random factors.The concern is that there is a possibility that it could contain something important (like the servers private encryption keys) which would obviously be a problem. This is where the verge article delves into sensationalist BS however they can’t write software that is essentially “push button to steal certs” this would take time and resources to exploit in any meaningful way unless the attacker was very lucky. Again, this is basically like trying to steal someone’s password by walking behind their desk hoping that they happen to be typing it in as you walk by.It’s a big deal because relying on someone not getting lucky is not a good form of security, the chances that this was exploited in a meaningful way is almost nil. All technical knowledge about Open Ssl 1.0.1 Sending heartbeat requests / Check if padding is too long, payload and padding OPENSSL_assert(payload + padding <= 16381); /* Create HeartBeat message, we just use a sequence number * as payload to distuingish different messages and add * some random stuff. * - Message Type, 1 byte * - Payload Length, 2 bytes (unsigned int) * - Payload, the sequence number (2 bytes uint) * - Payload, random bytes (16 bytes uint) * - Padding p = buf; /* Message Type / / Payload length (18 bytes here) / s2n(payload, p); / Sequence number / s2n(s->tlsext_hb_seq, p); / 16 random bytes / RAND_pseudo_bytes(p, 16); p += 16; / Random padding / RAND_pseudo_bytes(p, padding); The code then transmits a heartbeat request consisting of: • 16 further random padding bytes, required by the standard. Replying to heartbeat requests / Allocate memory for the response, size is 1 byte * message type, plus 2 bytes payload length, plus * payload, plus padding bp = buffer; /* Enter response type, length and copy payload / s2n(payload, bp); memcpy(bp, pl, payload); bp += payload; / Random padding / RAND_pseudo_bytes(bp, padding); According to the Finnish National Cyber Security Centre, the sort of data that “bleeds” when the bug is triggered varies enormously, but may includemessage contents, user credentials, session keys and even copies of a server’s own private keys. That’s not good! Fixing the problem Both of these immunise you from this flaw. / Read type and payload length first / return 0; / silently discard / hbtype = p++; n2s(p, payload); The lessons to learn For further information… This post totally copied from “The Verge” and “SOPHOS“. This is just an informative post. Semaphore and Critical section Before understanding semaphore we should first discuss the critical section. total number of objects = 3 total number of locks available =3 Process Step Lock available Lock value Status P1 acquire Yes 2 Acquired P2 acquire Yes 1 Acquired P3 acquire Yes 0 Acquired P4 acquire No 0 Wait P2 release Yes 1 Released P4 acquire Yes 0 Acquired Vmware Problem with ubuntu 13.10 Solution is : sudo vmware-modconfig --console --install-all This solution worked for me. My machine was VMware Player 5.0.2 build-1031769 Bash script not working with `sh` I was testing a simple script and I was wondering why it works fine when executed from directory: ./ but when I try with “sh” command sh it’s not working: 3: [[: not found 7: [[: not found #!/usr/bin/env bash if [[ $1 = one ]] printf "%b" "two\n" >&2 exit 0 elif [[ $1 = two ]] printf "%b" "one\n" >&2 exit 0 printf "%b" "Specify argument: one/two\n" exit 1 I goggled and found this link sh is a different program than bash. The problem is that the Bourne shell (sh) is not the Bourne Again shell (bash). Namely, sh doesn’t understand the [[ pragma. In fact, it doesn’t understand [ either. [ is an actual program or link to /bin/test (or /usr/bin/[, /usr/bin/test). $ which [ $ ls -lh /bin/[ -r-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 42K Feb 29 17:11 /bin/[ When you execute your script directly through ./, you’re calling the script as the first argument to the program specified in the first line. In this case: #!/usr/bin/env bash Often, this is directly the interpreter (/bin/bash, or any number of other script interpreters), but in your case you’re using env to run a program in a modified environment — but that follow argument is still bash. Effectively, ./ is bash Because sh and bash are different shells with different syntax interpretations, you’re seeing that error. If you run bash, you should see what is expected. More info Others have pointed out in comments that /bin/sh can be a link or other shell. Historically, sh was the Bourne shell on the old AT&T Unix, and in my mind the canonical descent. However, that is different in BSD variations and has diverged in other Unix based systems and distributions over time. If you’re really interested in the inner workings (including how /bin/sh and /bin/bash can be the same program and behave totally differently), read the following: [1] [2] As noted: /bin/sh typically (though not always) invokes a POSIX-compliant Bourne shell. Bash is Not Bourne. Bash will attempt to emulate Bourne when invoked as ‘sh’ (as when /bin/sh symlinks or links to /bin/bash), or if $POSIXLY_CORRECT is defined in the invoking environment, when invoked with the –posix invocation option, or when ‘set -o posix’ has been executed. This enables testing a Bourne shell script / command for POSIX compliance. Alternately, invoke scripts / test commands with a known POSIX-compliant shell. ‘dash’ is close, the Korn shell (ksh) IIRC offers a POSIX compliant option as well. Date difference with Time in (Perl) Function validateDateDifference() can validate date difference with time also. Validation Range is from 1900-01-01 00:00:00 to 2199-12-31 23:59:59 validateDateDifference(“Startdate time”,”Enddate time”,”dateformat”) date format are : mmddyyyy or ddmmyyyy or yyyymmdd (this function can support these time formats only) Start date syntax : mm-dd-yyyy or dd-mm-yyyy or yyyy-mm-dd you can replace “-” with “.” or “/” for Ex. mm.dd.yyyy or mm/dd/yyyy time syntax is : HH:MM:SS EX. 19:10:59 Test cases : validateDateDifference(“12.12.2013 12:12:58″,”12.12.2013 12:12:59″,”ddmmyyyy”) validateDateDifference(“2013-01-31 12:12:58″,”2013-12-02 12:12:59″,”yyyymmdd”) If you want to validate date only then you can use function validateDateFormat() validateDateFormat(“date” , “dateformat”) syntax same as above If you want to validate time only then you can use function isvalidtime() time syntax same as above sub validateDateFormat{ $regexmmddyyyy='^(0[1-9]\|1[012])[-/.](0[1-9]\|[12][0-9]\|3[01])[- /.]((?:19\|20\|21)\d\d)$'; $regexyyyymmdd='^((?:19\|20\|21)\d\d)[- /.](0[1-9]\|1[012])[-/.](0[1-9]\|[12][0-9]\|3[01])$'; $format = shift; if($format eq 'ddmmyyyy'){ if(eval $date=~$regexddmmyyyy){ $date = $1; $month = $2; $year = $3; if(isvaliddate($date,$month,$year) eq "true"){ return $year.$month.$date; # Valid date return "false"; # Not a valid date }elsif($format eq 'mmddyyyy'){ if(eval $date=~$regexmmddyyyy){ $date = $2; $month = $1; $year = $3; return "false"; # Not a valid date }elsif($format eq 'yyyymmdd'){ if(eval $date=~$regexyyyymmdd){ $date = $3; $month = $2; $year = $1; return "false"; # Not a valid date return "false"; # Not a valid date ## HH:MM:SS is allowed only sub isvalidtime{ $time = shift; if(eval $time=~$regexhhmmss){ return "true"; return "false"; sub isvaliddate{ $date = shift; $month = shift; $year = shift; if ($date == 31 and ($month == 4 or $month == 6 or $month == 9 or $month == 11)) { return "false"; # 31st of a month with 30 days }elsif ($date >= 30 and $month == 2) { return "false"; # February 30th or 31st } elsif ($month == 2 and $date == 29 and not ($year % 4 == 0 and ($year % 100 != 0 or $year % 400 == 0))) { return "false"; # February 29th outside a leap year } else { return "true"; # Valid date sub validateDateDifference{ $startdate = shift; $enddate = shift; $format =shift; # Trimming dates and time " 20-01-2013 12.58.1 " --> "20-01-2013 12.59.32" $startdate =~ s/^\s+\|\s+$//g; $enddate =~ s/^\s+\|\s+$//g; $format=~ s/^\s+\|\s+$//g; ($startdate, $startdate_time) = split(/ +/, $startdate); ($enddate, $enddate_time) = split(/ +/, $enddate); $startdate = validateDateFormat($startdate,$format); if($startdate eq "false"){ return "false"; # invalid date difference $enddate = validateDateFormat($enddate,$format); if($enddate eq "false"){ return "false"; # invalid date difference #converting into YYYYMMDD format if($enddate == $startdate ){ if(isvalidtime($startdate_time) eq "false"){ print "reached"; return "false"; if(isvalidtime($enddate_time) eq "false"){ print "reached"; return "false"; $startdate_time =~ s/://g; $enddate_time =~ s/://g; if($startdate_time < $enddate_time){ return "true"; # Valid date difference }else{ return "false"; # invalid date difference } } elsif($enddate > $startdate ){ return "true"; # Valid date difference return "false"; # invalid date difference print 'validateDateDifference("12.12.2013 12:12:58","12.12.2013 12:12:59","ddmmyyyy")\t'.validateDateDifference("12.12.2013 12:12:58","12.12.2013 12:12:59","ddmmyyyy")."\n"; print 'validateDateDifference("12.12.2014 12:12:58","12.12.2014 12:12:12","ddmmyyyy")\t'.validateDateDifference("12.12.2014 12:12:58","12.12.2014 12:12:12","ddmmyyyy")."\n"; print 'validateDateDifference("12.12.2013 12:12:58","12.12.2013 12:12:59","mmddyyyy")\t'.validateDateDifference("12.12.2013 12:12:58","12.12.2013 12:12:59","mmddyyyy")."\n"; print 'validateDateDifference("12.12.2013 12:12:58","12.12.2013 12:12:59","mmmmyyyy")\t'.validateDateDifference("12.12.2013 12:12:58","12.12.2013 12:12:59","mmmmyyyy")."\n"; print 'validateDateDifference("2013-01-31 12:12:58","2013-12-02 12:12:59","yyyymmdd")\t'.validateDateDifference("2013-01-31 12:12:58","2013-12-02 12:12:59","yyyymmdd")."\n"; connecting to takes too long I have a Ubuntu 13.04 that I just installed fresh. Now if I try to do anything with apt-get, it tries to connect to .. It stays at [Connecting to (2001:67c:1360:8c01::1a)] phase for like 2 minutes, after which it actually starts to communicate and download stuff … Eventually it always connects, but in waits at the [Connecting to (2001:67c:1360:8c01::1a)] phase everytime for like 2 minutes ! I figured out the problem. Posted below as an answer! 0 means its enabled, while 1 means its disabled. sudo sysctl -p all output should be 1, now ipv6 is disable here. Understanding “extern” keyword in C Hello , one more important stuff to understand I’m sure that this post will be as interesting and informative to C virgins (i.e. beginners) as it will be to those who are well versed in C. So let me start with saying that extern keyword applies to C variables (data objects) and C functions. Basically extern keyword extends the visibility of the C variables and C functions. Probably that’s is the reason why it was named as extern. Though (almost) everyone knows the meaning of declaration and definition of a variable/function yet for the sake of completeness of this post, I would like to clarify them. Declaration of a variable/function simply declares that the variable/function exists somewhere in the program but the memory is not allocated for them. But the declaration of a variable/function serves an important role. And that is the type of the variable/function. Therefore, when a variable is declared, the program knows the data type of that variable. In case of function declaration, the program knows what are the arguments to that functions, their data types, the order of arguments and the return type of the function. So that’s all about declaration. Coming to the definition, when we define a variable/function, apart from the role of declaration, it also allocates memory for that variable/function. Therefore, we can think of definition as a super set of declaration. (or declaration as a subset of definition). From this explanation, it should be obvious that a variable/function can be declared any number of times but it can be defined only once. (Remember the basic principle that you can’t have two locations of the same variable/function). So that’s all about declaration and definition. Now coming back to our main objective: Understanding “extern” keyword in C. I’ve explained the role of declaration/definition because it’s mandatory to understand them to understand the “extern” keyword. Let us first take the easy case. Use of extern with C functions. By default, the declaration and definition of a C function have “extern” prepended with them. It means even though we don’t use extern with the declaration/definition of C functions, it is present there. For example, when we write. int foo(int arg1, char arg2); There’s an extern present in the beginning which is hidden and the compiler treats it as below. extern int foo(int arg1, char arg2); Same is the case with the definition of a C function (Definition of a C function means writing the body of the function). Therefore whenever we define a C function, an extern is present there in the beginning of the function definition. Since the declaration can be done any number of times and definition can be done only once, we can notice that declaration of a function can be added in several C/H files or in a single C/H file several times. But we notice the actual definition of the function only once (i.e. in one file only). And as the extern extends the visibility to the whole program, the functions can be used (called) anywhere in any of the files of the whole program provided the declaration of the function is known. (By knowing the declaration of the function, C compiler knows that the definition of the function exists and it goes ahead to compile the program). So that’s all about extern with C functions. Now let us the take the second and final case i.e. use of extern with C variables. I feel that it more interesting and information than the previous case where extern is present by default with C functions. So let me ask the question, how would you declare a C variable without defining it? Many of you would see it trivial but it’s important question to understand extern with C variables. The answer goes as follows. extern int var; Here, an integer type variable called var has been declared (remember no definition i.e. no memory allocation for var so far). And we can do this declaration as many times as needed. (remember that declaration can be done any number of times) So far so good. :) Now how would you define a variable. Now I agree that it is the most trivial question in programming and the answer is as follows. int var; Here, an integer type variable called var has been declared as well as defined. (remember that definition is the super set of declaration). Here the memory for var is also allocated. Now here comes the surprise, when we declared/defined a C function, we saw that an extern was present by default. While defining a function, we can prepend it with extern without any issues. But it is not the case with C variables. If we put the presence of extern in variable as default then the memory for them will not be allocated ever, they will be declared only. Therefore, we put extern explicitly for C variables when we want to declare them without defining them. Also, as the extern extends the visibility to the whole program, by externing a variable we can use the variables anywhere in the program provided we know the declaration of them and the variable is defined somewhere. Now let us try to understand extern with examples. Example 1: int var; int main(void) var = 10; return 0; Analysis: This program is compiled successfully. Here var is defined (and declared implicitly) globally. Example 2: extern int var; int main(void) return 0; Analysis: This program is compiled successfully. Here var is declared only. Notice var is never used so no problems. Example 3: extern int var; int main(void) var = 10; return 0; Analysis: This program throws error in compilation. Because var is declared but not defined anywhere. Essentially, the var isn’t allocated any memory. And the program is trying to change the value to 10 of a variable that doesn’t exist at all. Example 4: #include "somefile.h" extern int var; int main(void) var = 10; return 0; Analysis: Supposing that somefile.h has the definition of var. This program will be compiled successfully. Example 5: extern int var = 0; int main(void) var = 10; return 0; Analysis: Guess this program will work? Well, here comes another surprise from C standards. They say that..if a variable is only declared and an initializer is also provided with that declaration, then the memory for that variable will be allocated i.e. that variable will be considered as defined. Therefore, as per the C standard, this program will compile successfully and work. So that was a preliminary look at “extern” keyword in C. I’m sure that you want to have some take away from the reading of this post. And I would not disappoint you. :) In short, we can say 1. Declaration can be done any number of times but definition only once. 2. “extern” keyword is used to extend the visibility of variables/functions(). 3. Since functions are visible through out the program by default. The use of extern is not needed in function declaration/definition. Its use is redundant. 4. When extern is used with a variable, it’s only declared not defined. Copied from GeekforGeeks Thanx GeekforGeeks.
Thursday, December 21, 2017 Selected Questions -Answers From All Experts Astronomy Forum (The Winter Solstice) Given that today marks the Winter Solstice, the following previous All Experts question is relevant: Question: What exactly is the "winter solstice"? Is it a date or an astronomical event? Answer: In fact it is both. As an astronomical event it marks the date on which when the Sun is at its maximum declination below the celestial equator (calculated to be at -23.5 degrees). The diagram below helps to show the relations, where we see the celestial sphere projected as a 3D lattice onto the sky from the Earth: Image result Thus, the north pole is projected to the North Celestial Pole, the equator is projected to the celestial equator, and all latitude lines are projected to become declination lines, while longitude lines become Right Ascension lines. Thus, just as every geographical location on Earth has a latitude and longitude so also every sky location has a declination and Right Ascension. The "vernal equinox" position, for example, is at 0 degrees Declination and 0 hours RA. (The vernal equinox marks the first day of spring.) The red circle projected onto the celestial sphere defines the ecliptic or the projected (apparent) path of the Sun onto the celestial sphere through the year. If we follow the red circle - the ecliptic - UP from the vernal equinox we come to the northernmost point at +23.5 degrees declination and 6h RA. This coincides with the summer solstice - or when the Sun appears over that latitude on Earth. This marks the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. If we go 180 degrees opposite, we come to -23.5 degrees declination for the Sun, which means it's now over Earth latitude of 23.5 deg. S. This marks the shortest day of the year and is the winter solstice. We can go to a different diagram for another perspective, this one showing the Earth in its orbit about the Sun over the year: No photo description available. At point A in the diagram, we have the commencement of summer in the northern hemisphere (summer solstice) because the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer (lat. 23.5 N) and Earth's axis is tilted toward the Sun. Hence the N. hemisphere receives more direct sunlight, radiation. Also at point A, we have the longest day. Summer lasts up to point B which marks the autumnal equinox, but during this interval the length of day is continually growing shorter. Again, the proportion of N. hemisphere area exposed to the Sun continually decreases which means from point A onwards the days continually grow shorter. The N. hemisphere observer notes the Sun's altitude in the sky is becoming lower and its path across the sky (diurnal circle) less. This extends to point C, or the winter solstice, which marks both the shortest day (again for the N. hemisphere) and the beginning of winter. Note the Sun is now directly over the Tropic of Capricorn (lat. 23.5 S.) and the tilt of the Earth's axis is away from the Sun, indicating less direct solar heat, radiation - while the S. hemisphere now receives more - hence it is now summer in the southern hemisphere. The winter season extends from point C to point D, with the day lengths now increasing all the while, until the vernal equinox is reached around or about March 21, the first day of Spring. Spring then extends from March 21 to the summer solstice, with the length of days increasing further as the observer notes the Sun now gains greater altitude in the sky, and thus longer diurnal circles (as it approaches the summer solstice (A).) In summary then, the tilt of the Earth modulates the extent or the amount of sunlight-radiation (including heat) a hemisphere receives at a particular time, or over a given interval. Onset of winter and summer are defined respectively by the extreme axial tilts of either "fully away" from the Sun, and "fully toward", while Fall, Spring are defined by neutral tilts - i.e. neither away nor directly toward. More technically, the specific points on the ecliptic - for both solstices and equinoxes - are marked by the technical coincidence of the Sun's position with specific coordinates on the celestial sphere, as I showed earlier. The winter solstice then is just one of those specific points on the ecliptic but which now coincides with the specific celestial sphere coordinates of: -23.5 decl. and 18h 00 m Right Ascension. No comments:
Breaking News Mthfr Gene Mutation: Can Someone Really Rewire Your Genetics Genes play a substantial role within our life-style process. They are constructed of DNA and serve as an guidelines in making proteins at a cellular level which are necessary for mobile features. The body provides about , to , genes. Each carries a different function and among those genes are MTHFR genes. What’s an MTHFR gene? The MTHFR gene manages encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase or MTHFR. This enzyme manages switching folic acidity into methylfolate. Methylfolate is definitely an active kind of folic acidity you should use by your body for different features. It comes with an essential function in methylation which is a chemical reaction linked to nearly all our mobile features. Methylation carries a significant impact on neurotransmitters that effect behavior, storage space, cognition, disposition, and rest. That is why why a decrease in MTHFR is still associated with unhappiness, migraines, autism, and dementia. MTHFR could be responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine. This cleaning process is vital since a lot of homocysteine in the blood stream can cause the formation of blood stream clots that may result in heart attack, center heart stroke, and predisposition to Alzheimer’s disease. MTHFR Gene Mutation Individuals who have MTHFR Gene Mutation have inadequate MTHFR genes. Their MTHFR challenges to convert folic acidity right into a type you should use by the body and for that reason of this, they may be a lot more predisposed to ailments related to decreased methylation processes in the body. Rewiring your genetics You can rewire your genetics to deal with MTHFR gene mutations. The real key to MTHFR treatment is generally understanding what mutations you own. Genetic testing could be the most reliable diagnostic look for finding gene mutations. Understanding which MTHFR gene mutation you own, it will be easier to spot the correct MTHFR treatment to suit your needs. MTHFR Treatment For all people with MTHFR gene mutations, you should avoid intake of folic acidity because it can’t be converted to a credit card applicatoin you should use by the body. Consider items of methyl folate and methylcobalamin rather. Among these of an efficient methyl folate health supplement is generally L methyl folate. L methyl folate helps methylation and decreases homocysteine quantities in the blood stream. Homocysteine amounts are expected to improve in MTHFR gene mutation and l methyl folate aids avoid the adverse effects of toxicity. Head to to find out more about L methyl folate. Additional MTHFR remedies includes lifestyle changes. Simply avoiding ready food that’s saturated in synthetic folic acidity and eating more green leafy vegetables that are usually full of folate might help improve your body’s methylation. It is also advisable to have a smooth detox more frequently to help obvious your body from toxins. Identifying the complete gene mutation, creating the correct choices and applying a healthy lifestyle are simple MTHFR treatments that you can do on your own. MTHFR gene mutation happens to be a significant condition and a risk to your overall health but with the correct treatment, you will certainly lead an even more healthy and stress-free life-style.
How to translate powers of attorney Published on 13/08/2021 The power of attorney is the kind of document which always - or in most cases - will require a sworn translation. Let's remember what I told you in my article What are official translations? Sworn translations are not the same as legal translations. In this article I am going to tell you everything you need to know about the translation of powers of attorney. I will also explain when and where you may need a signed and stamped sworn translation. 1. What is a power of attorney? What is a power of attorney According to the Collins dictionary, a power of attorney is a legal document which allows you to appoint someone to act on your behalf in specific matters. What does this mean? This means that one person - the principal or donor gives legal "permission" to another person the agent, attorney-in-fact or proxy. This allows the agent to act on his or her behalf in any legal or official situation. Types of powers of attorney There are many different types of powers of attorney, depending on the country. In the UK for example, there are three main types of powers of attorney. 1. Ordinary power of attorney: it empowers someone to make decisions about financial affairs and is valid while the principal has mental capacity. 2. Lasting power of attorney (LPA): empowers someone to make decisions abut financial affairs and health care and comes into effect when the principal loses mental capacity. For example, in case of mental illness. 3. Enduring power of attorney (EPA): it covers decisions about property and financial affairs, but was replaced in 2007 by the LPAs. 4. General power of attorney: in many EU-countries, a general power of attorney covers the vast majority of legal, financial and healthcare issues. These kind of powers of attorney exist for example in Germany, Spain or Italy and require sworn translations. To summarise, there are two main types of powers of attorney. On the one hand, there are the general powers of attorney. They give a person legal authority, enabling the attorney-in-fact to act before courts and tribunals. On the other hand, there are specific powers of attorney, which are used for a certain purposes and can lose their validity after a specific period of time. 2. When should you translate a power of attorney? Requesting the translation of powers of attorney You need to get your power of attorney translated, if it is not written in the target country’s official language. In other words, imagine you have a power of attorney written in Polish and you want to present it to British administrations. In order for this power of attorney to be valid before British public bodies, it must be correctly translated into English. At this point we can go back to the beginning of the article, where I mentioned that a simple legal translation service is not enough. As such documents have official status, in many countries the power of attorney must be signed before a notary and you will then need a sworn translator for the document to be valid in another country. Therefore a sworn translation is required and must include signature, stamp and certification of a professional sworn translator. It will always depend on the foreign country's legal system and its regulations regarding sworn translations. 3. How to request the translation of powers of attorney? How to request the translation of powers of attorney As I mentioned before in most countries you will need a sworn translator for the official document to be legally valid. In countries like Spain or Germany, sworn translators are appointed by governmental bodies, like the Ministry of foreign affairs. In fact, a parallel can be drawn between the role of a notary and that of a sworn translator. Both are professionals, who attest that the document is accurate and both include their signature and seal to make it legally valid. In this case, it is best to consult a translation agency experienced with legal affairs. In other words, a specialised agency, with a team of professional translators and interpreters, suitable for this kind of job. Remember to always check the target country’s requirements for documentation. Please contact authorities to check if you need a translation and if so, what type of translation you need: sworn or not. Other articles you may be interested in: Alba García's picture Alba García Graduate in Translation and Interpreting from the University of Granada (Spain), and in Translation and Translatology from the Moscow State Linguistic University as part of an unprecedented double degree programme between the two universities. Specialised in legal translation and marketing. Language lover. Add new comment
wire art Regular price $45.00 $35.00 Sale The ancient Greeks believed the Rooster rose to attention and saluted the sun every morning with a hearty cry, symbolizing victory overnight. As such, the Rooster was considered a solar emblem to the Greeks, and was adopted as a sacred sign to the god Apollo as well as Zeus, Persephone and Attis. In Christianity, the Rooster is noted for crowing three times after Peter denied Christ. As such, it became a symbol of Christ’s passion. Later, the Rooster would signify the repentance of the saint and religious vigilance as well as resurrection. To this day the Rooster seen on a weathervane is steeped in symbolic meanings that deal with watchful vigilance against evil, as weathervanes are commonly seen atop churches. Roosters are considered sacred symbols in Japan, and are permitted to run free among the Shinto temples. This is partially due to the Rooster calling Shinto followers to prayer with its morning crow at dawn.
Mbox image.png 需要图片 (rocket inside Museum of History) The Delta IX rocket is a world object in Fallout 3 and Fallout: New Vegas. The Delta IX rocket was commissioned in 2020 by the United States Space Administration.[1] Completed and launched in 2054,[2] it was utilized for nearly 15 years before its conversion to military use, the crew and instruments within replaced with a nuclear warhead.[1] With 77 successful launches recorded, the rocket was one of the most successful in U.S. history.[1] The craft's longest recorded space flight was 17 days, achieved during the Zeus 12 moon mission.[1] The rocket also served as the last manned flight to the moon's surface, whereupon the crew recovered a flag belonging to the Valiant 12 Virgo III lunar lander that touched down on November 14, 1969.[1][3] The rocket was developed by USSA scientists and featured a nuclear-electric derivative propulsion system.[1] The single-stage spacecraft could accommodate two astronauts for 24 days maximum, who were protected from the rocket's radioactive chambers by way of a titanium-vanadium disc.[1] The rocket was built with an ejectable crew section and satellite storage bay.[1] The rocket is part of an exhibit in the Museum of Technology, donated by the United States Space Administration and funded by the United States Department of Antiquities.[4] The exhibit rocket is marked with the 50-star U.S. flag variant. The rocket is described as first launching in 2054, yet also serving as the last of the manned rockets to the moon in 2052.[1][3] The Delta IX rocket appears in Fallout 3 and Fallout: New Vegas. 1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Museum of Technology terminal entries; Delta IX rocket information 2. Courier: "REPCONN's history." Tour guide: "REPCONN's illustrious history began way back in 2054, shortly after the famous Delta XI rocket was completed and launched." (Tour guide's dialogue) 3. 3.0 3.1 Fallout 3 message box transcriptions; Valiant 12 flag: "This unusual flag was recovered from the surface of the moon by the very last manned flight to its surface in 2052. The flag is from the old "Valiant 12" Virgo III Lunar Lander that touched down November 14, 1969. It's remarkable condition can be attributed due to its construction; the flag is actually made of special materials to withstand the harsh environment of space." 4. Fallout 3 message box transcriptions; Delta IX rocket: "The Delta IX Rocket was donated by the United States Space Administration and by a grant from the United States Department of Antiquities." Template:Navbox spacecraft
Recent Posts Social media International Forwarding Association Blog » Specialized transportation » Reefers Used to Ship Perishable Cargo Ship Perishable Cargo Reefers Used to Ship Perishable Cargo Refrigerated containers or reefers are used to ship perishable goods such as flowers, dairy products, meat, seafood, and fruits and vegetables. Carriers also use temperature-controlled containers to transport frozen and chilled goods, photographic film, and pharmaceuticals. If not shipped at appropriate humidity and temperature, such cargo might spoil quickly during transit. Reefer Design Reefers have one or more temperature chambers and a generator to maintain the right temperature regardless of weather conditions. Depending on the type of cargo, the temperature ranges from – 35 °C to 35 °C. As they are used for refrigeration transport, cooling gets done during loading, storage, and transit. Air is blown through the side or floor of the reefer. The floor is typically T-styled, with air coming from the bottom up to cool cargo. There are also refrigerated containers that use water to maintain the desired temperature. They have a water cooling system that ventilates heat in the storage space and outside the containers. Types of Reefers The main types of refrigerated containers in use are automatic fresh air management, controlled/modified atmosphere (CA/MA), and closed reefers. The latter have automatic heating and cooling units and come as a single piece. These are conventional containers. Automatic fresh air management reefers are equipped with an advanced air exchange system to adjust the composition of gases, including carbon dioxide and oxygen. Controlled/modified atmosphere reefers also have an air exchange system that replaces the used oxygen to maintain the atmosphere inside containers constant. Types of Cargo Reefers are used to ship chilled goods such as live plants, confectionary, eggs, and seafood. Chilled goods are transported at temperature around freezing points to retain their value. Frozen goods also require specialized transportation at temperatures of -20°C and below. Examples are prepared foods and concentrates, frozen meat, and ice cream which are shipped at freezing temperatures to retain their quality, texture, and flavor. Low temperatures slow down oxidation processes and enzyme activity and prevent bacterial growth. Reefers are also used for miscellaneous and special cargo such as chemicals, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, and batteries. In most cases, such cargo has special handling instructions for humidity and temperature control, stowage, and packaging. The approximate shelf life depends on the type of cargo to be transported. It is 2 to 3 weeks for avocados, 1 to 7 months for apples, and 7 to 10 days for green beans. Cargo Handling Before shipping, forwarders provide information such as humidity and temperature requirements, type of packaging, destination and departure port, weight and volume, and types of products shipped. This information allows carriers to ensure the appropriate conditions and identify the right container and ship to transport cargo. Chilled and frozen goods are pre-cooled to maintain the appropriate temperature and are placed in containers and loaded through a cold tunnel facility. Cargo is packaged using strong cartons and is packed tightly so that it is stable. Reefers are then set to maintain the appropriate humidity and temperature and to maintain proper ventilation.
LTER Schoolyard Connecting local environmental issues with basic principles of science education SB LTER booth surrounded by kids at Earth Day Courtesy Santa Barbara LTER Student researchers seining at Surf Beach Surf zone beach fish seining Book Highlights Kupe and the Corals book cover Kupe and the Corals Kupe and the Corals is the story of Kupe, a young boy who undertakes an amazing voyage of discovery to learn about corals and the importance of coral reefs to all of the many animals that depend upon them. Kupe and the Corals, is the sixth book in the Long Term Ecological Research Network Series, it is available in 5 or 6 languages, including Hawaiian and Tahitian. It can be found on Amazon. Author: Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamiño The Golden Forest book cover The Golden Forest Owen, who lives in Colorado, is visiting his cousin Neko at her home in coastal California. He is eager to explore the beach with his cousin and aunt, and they find a large amount of kelp washed ashore after a large storm the previous evening. His curiosity about the kelp leads to an afternoon snorkeling adventure in a kelp forest with his cousin and aunt, and they point out the many creatures that inhabit the underwater “golden forest.” Back on the beach, his marine biologist aunt explains how important the washed-up kelp is to the beach ecosystem, and the children learn how valuable kelp is to the environment both in the water and on the coastal beaches. Authors: Carol Blanchette and Jenifer Dugan
The following article has been compiled from a number of sources, including online documentation, living witness testimonies and thus far unpublished archive materials. Some of it is presented here without visible evidence so may prove difficult to believe, some may find it impossible to comprehend, yet it exists nonetheless. You can probably remember what you were doing when you heard that Diana, Princess of Wales was killed. You should also remember what you were doing when the TV screens were filled with images of what you believed to be two large aircraft crashing into the World Trade Centre on September 11th 2001. Those who are old enough, would certainly remember what they were doing when JFK was killed. The murder of John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the archetypal incident that would live on in the memory of millions of people, an event that ensured they would never forget what they were doing when the news was announced. If any of these memories are indelibly etched in your mind, why would it be that you could so easily forget the announcement by the US Government, urging people to spend, spend, spend immediately following 9/11? Do you remember that? Why would you? After all, how would you know that those three events were the planned result of a practice dating back hundreds of years, by agents that were very aware that people developed permanent memories when subjected to hugely traumatic events. What people learn (or more importantly what they forget), can be controlled by the determined and deliberate application of something known as ‘Trauma Association.’ A practice which has, over many, many years, become a standard to intelligence agencies around the world, for no other reason than to ensure security against external threats to the collective culture, their memories, uncomfortable events, unpopular rulers or even ‘Secrets,’ not deemed to fall into the realm of ‘Public Interest.’ To understand some of the events that happen today, you have to go back sixty four years to 1950, when CIA Director Allan Dulles approved a shadow government project, known as ‘Bluebird,’ which had the following objectives. 1. To discover a means of conditioning personnel to prevent unauthorised extraction of information, by well practiced means, up to and including torture and abuse. 3. To investigate memory enhancement. A few years previously, the US Government had been carrying out research to explain why so many ordinary soldiers could not handle the psychological effects of war, indicating a need to ‘toughen them up’ generally, or to instigate elite training methods. Among the methods used to ‘de-program’ traumatised soldiers was by means of electro-shock treatment and insulin-induced coma therapy. Over years of intensive experimentation, the de-programmers became expert in the practice which has become to be known as ‘Brainwashing.’ The main protagonist of this ‘Therapy,’ a Dr William Sargeant, was seen as being credible enough to be called as an ‘expert’ witness, in the trial of ‘Terrorist’ Patty Hearst in order to convince a jury that her actions had been controlled while in a brainwashed state. What this research also discovered, was that any countries population could be easily influenced, toughened up, de-sensitised or simply manipulated at will, just by knowing what buttons to press. Many millions of dollars were poured into this research, which proved promising enough to be continued through 1951, the only obvious difference being, that Project Bluebird had morphed into Project Artichoke, and had also began using drugs along with aggresive hypnosis techniques on it’s vulnerable subjects (almost always without their consent). I could reel off a list of names here who had been subjected to this type of ‘Therapy’ over the years, but you will have worked out at least some of them for yourself, by the time you have reached the end of this article. So what happened to Project Artichoke? By late 1953, it had spawned at least 149 sub-projects, including the now infamous MK ULTRA, which eventually became, what has come to be known as Project Monarch. Very, very few people are fully aware of the ultimate aims where Monarch is concerned, but you can be assured that any mainstream media coverage, will be entirely focused on distracting the more open minded members of society away from the truth, using tried, tested, and also very effective methods. A determined researcher however, using the internet in unconventional ways, can make inroads into establishing both the facts and obtain any number of genuine survivor testimonies, which have been slowly emerging since Monarch became a matter of public knowledge around 1970. Many events we are witnessing today, both online and in the real world, (specifically during the last two years), may be a direct result of Monarch survivors speaking out. As much of the Monarch programming involves the use of electric shocks, drugs, hypnosis, trip chairs and almost indescribable levels of ‘Ritualistic’ (remember that word) abuse and humiliation, designed to remove and totally destroy the ‘subjects’ memories, there are certain elements in society who would like it to remain secret. They would almost certainly not wish those with‘recovered memories,’ becoming known and speaking out. Have you noticed the way that ‘Experts’ go to the most extraordinary lengths to discredit the testimony of survivors (and witnesses) of ‘Satanic Ritual Abuse,’ who’s memories incidentally, are remarkably similar to those so vividly described by Monarch survivors? How can this be achieved? The easiest method used by far, is to publicly ‘Rubbish’ them in an attempt to discredit their testimony. By labelling them as fantasists, suffering from extreme delusional behaviour or blatantly lying, through to being gold diggers or suffering from the recently adopted term ‘False Memory Syndrome.’ Advocates of False Memory Syndrome have been appearing all over the internet, although personally, it is something I firmly believe does not exist. Another method used is by creating Memes, (Lurid Media Revelations about Jimmy Savile may even be one example) which of course, the public readily and gratefully accept, and is a particularly useful tactic if used on social networks (#Paedobritain?) and ‘Truther’ Forums, which have now led to an entirely new (online) belief system being created. The Internet is much harder to influence than the mainstream media, so the methods have been updated. Included within these updates, are the constant references to ‘Conspiratorial’ Bloggers and certain social commentators who highlight SRA, as being ‘loose cannons,’ ‘flaky’ and entirely ‘untrustworthy’. This usually runs alongside the release of a mixture of truth and disinformation, designed to keep the population permanently confused by allowing only tiny pieces of genuine information to ‘leak out.’ The rest they leave for the population to make up as they pursue, in ever increasing numbers, what they believe to be the ‘truth.’ That also serves to ‘muddy the waters’ very successfully, thus creating a negative influence over any subsequent court cases where high profile (celebrities) end up in the dock. The proverbial ‘Elephant in the Courtroom.’ How often has that been witnessed lately? It is also worth mentioning the number of ‘Psychologists’ and ‘Hypno-Therapists’ that have suddenly appeared online, may also have some bearing on the attempts to identify and discredit historic abuse survivors, some of which undoubtably include Monarch survivors, who have recovered some or all of their memories. These are seen as authentic spokespeople, and are employed to add some weight or much needed ‘credibility’ to otherwise suspicious CSA ‘Campaigners’ and bloggers, who spring up like mushrooms following high profile cases. Discredit one survivor and it casts immediate doubt on others, successfully dissuading them from speaking out. If you can accept that much of Monarch is based (modelled) on whatever works, including organised and widespread child abuse, it should begin to make a lot more sense. Monarch is designed to be a never-ending circle of depravity that is self-sustaining. It’s victims are constantly made to feel that their situation is inescapable. The key word to look for is ‘modelling.’ it is a Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) term, widely believed to be part of the technology of psychological control, that has itself spawned it’s own secretive communities. It’s also very well protected in British law, which isn’t surprising as it’s origins are firmly based within the intelligence community. Whatever it’s practitioners and many supporters may claim to the contrary. Within that secretive community, fortunately for the rest of us, there is also an acute awareness that there is a ‘media-bomb’ primed and just waiting to explode. Anything can and will be used to prevent that happening, including legislation being put in place to protect the NLP community from censure, (including a possible NLP rebranding to DHE, which stands for Design Human Engineering. ) I believe that many legitimate looking (to the casual observer), websites, blogs and social media accounts, have been specifically set up to identify, isolate and attempt to discredit, both historical abuse and of course, the real targets, which are the Monarch survivors. These online ‘personalities’ are funded by both the Intelligence Services and the Media, as both agencies are partly responsible for the disinformation and decades of constant denial of this abhorrent practice. Their involvement should provide proof enough that SRA and Monarch are both very real. Real enough to have specific funds set aside, and freely used to try and prevent the truth getting out. The implications of full disclosure are seen as being far too dangerous to be made public, especially when you consider the direct links to the very heart of the British establishment. If you want to research any of what is contained in this article, please be aware that much of what is written online about SRA and Project Monarch, will be a web of disinformation and confusing, usually dead-end links, specifically designed to tie you up in knots while you try to make sense of it. A good place to start would be ‘The Aviary,’ but be prepared to venture into some very dark and disturbing places. 16 thoughts on “WATCH THE BIRDIE 1. I posted a link to this forthcoming TPTB effort in the previous thread.I strongly suggest that anyone interested in this goes back & tries those links. 2. I fully believe this too, especially after what we’ve seen this last year. My mind keeps going back to the article Spiv posted about The New Forest being a bit of an SRA hub & how so many of the weirdos we have encountered also have links there and how these people have been dead set on discrediting you and have tried their very best to bring you down, as if on a mission. And just look at all the mind melders that have popped up, all with alleged high flying careers, 1 supposed to be an astute legal mind, although there is also info suggesting that this person was nothing more than a glorified Social Worker with powers. And I ask myself, if this person is supposed to be such an astute legal mind, why would they champion the blog of a person that they must have known was a complete con man, one of the biggest con men of all? Unless his poorly written drivel discrediting survivors suited their agenda of course. I don’t believe in false memory syndrome per say, but I do believe for example how hypnosis can be used to manipulate minds and probably plant false memories. Really dangerous in the wrong hands, especially in the hands of an out and out con merchant via Social media, because we have all seen how some people get sucked in purely by what someone says they are, without questioning obvious anomalies as displayed by people like Dr Fib. There are a lot of people with a lot to hide and a lot to lose, including all political parties. I believe that if the entire truth came out, it would cause political melt down and this is what they are all most petrified of and I feel that there has been an obvious trawling exercise in the guise of fake CSA campaigners to net genuine abuse survivors. 3. OUTLAW:- I’ve just seen the following on another site.No idea as to this comments’ veracity,but it could be worth checking out,& if true,spreading as widely as possible. Anonymous said… Thanks for putting this up TAP she spoke for us all. Members of a christian group allied to the British Resistance, penetrated Stonewall who want sex with kids normalised, it seems Peter Tatchell etc are funded by Nationwide. Email them and tell them what you think, this is the man directly responsible 4. Researcher and author H.P. Albarelli Jr. has made a seemingly definitive pronouncement about the alleged Project Monarch CIA mind-control project, on the Truthout website – it never existed: “I researched the CIA’s programs for over 17 years. 1. A Definitive Pronouncement eh? No room for investigation or a valid argument. There is ample information to support any hypothesis you care to name. I tend to trust my gut and look at all sides of any argument before I commit myself to any theory. Evidence can be fabricated as easily as official ‘Experts’ can be purchased by anyone who wants to strengthen their argument or theories. 5. I found this.It’s a pdf of a “Lancet” article about the dangers of fluoride.(The fluoride in water & toothpaste is SODIUM fluoride, NOT the naturally occurring & beneficial CALCIUM fluoride.) Jimstone recommends downloading it now, before it disappears from the web. 6. Jimmy – You’re an intelligent guy and you seem to have a lot of energy & determination. Your help is needed with documentation of things that really happened. For example, I believe that the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy where Peter Lamborn Wilson was hanging out in the late 1970′s, was a front for “boylover” pedophiles – but for the life of me I haven’t been able to document that. Can YOU crack that nut? 7. Justin Sanity: Can you try the “Wayback Machine”?.I’ve never accessed it myself,but it does exist.Although,be warned,I believe Google bought that out a few years ago.If this was in the late ’70s,then that was before the internet as we know it now,and in the earliest days of “bulletin boards”,as they were then called.It’s possible that there were never any postings about such a place.Also,so far as I know,there was – & still is – something called “AltNet” or “AlterNet” for quite old stuff.I emphasise that I’m posting this from a memory of many years ago,when I was on the net in the early 90’s.. 8. Justin Sanity:- I just googled “Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy+Peter Lamborn Wilson” Try it.Some stuff about religion came up.If you have a more compelling interest than me,you might find something you’re looking for. 9. Mr.Outlaw. I am shocked! I’ve just been to the site of a most esteemed former councilor & – no new “product” since March 7th. What on earth can be going on? I hope he hasn’t begun to experience “problems”. 1. Well Well, has conscience, karma or something in uniform finally caught up with him?.. I have no doubt we will find out soon enough 10. Ticking off SkyNews for releasing details of teachers caught with dodgy pics as he wouldn’t want parents to be terrified that the pics were of children. Somehow I think the parents might know more about it than some little rancid dick weed. Could it be any more transparent? Could it be any more plastic? Could it be getting ready to bow out of the pretend anti CSA supporters game? We can only hope – for the sake of all genuine survivors. But just to recap, champion of:- A money launderer who stood to get £300k for his part ripping off old people for their life savings & has some dubious connections with regards to the whole Elm Guest House saga THE Bryn Estyn Bully boy abuser victim jockey Someone who signed the waiver, took the money & has since been convicted of assaulting a nurse. Any more for any more? 11. There’s not much they can’t do. Check these patents: US 6506148 B2 Fyi: when nanoparticles sprayed into the air or added into food are introduced to the body it causes disruptions to the energetic balance via electromagnetic and homeostatic rhythm via methods referenced. This puts the system into a hyper immunity state in an attempt to fight off any invader – which then causes adrenal fatigue (which most ppl have at this point). As a result this leaves one vulnerable and depleted, full of metal, highly conductive – and a prime target for the nervous system stimulation. US 3951134 A Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves invented by Robert G. Malech US 4883067 A (totally effed up, I’ll let this be a surprise) US 7166070 B2 stimulation of brain via acoustics Comments are closed.
Teaching Notes: No Refuge Teaching Notes: No Refuge Adam Dean/The New York Times/Redux A quarter billion people worldwide live outside their country of nationality. One-tenth of them are refugees fleeing political persecution and other acute threats. February 19, 2019 5:00 pm (EST) Adam Dean/The New York Times/Redux Teaching Notes Record levels of displacement due to wars, persecution, and state failure in countries around the world have captured headlines and the attention of politicians, policymakers, and the public. Most of today’s refugees are in less developed countries neighboring their home countries and live not in camps but in towns and cities. The 1951 refugee convention requires its signatories to protect those who have crossed an international border while fleeing persecution, yet refugees are often mischaracterized as threats to societies and prevented from crossing borders. Teaching Notes Components Discussion Questions More From Our Experts 1. Definitions. Discuss the following terms and their different meanings: refugee, asylum seeker, asylee, internally displaced person (IDP), migrant, and immigrant. 2. Protection. How can governments, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) protect refugees? What actions can keep people safe while ensuring their legal rights are respected? 3. Aid. The United Nations sought $25 billion for humanitarian aid in 2018 but raised only $14.5 billion. The biggest contributors to UN humanitarian appeals are European Union member states, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and South Korea. In 2018, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia were also among the top donors. What factors prompted these two Gulf States to make significant contributions? What might convince other countries to become major donors? Useful background: Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2018 4. Protracted refugee crises. A refugee crisis is considered protracted when twenty-five thousand or more refugees originating from the same country have taken refuge in another country for at least five consecutive years. More than half of the world’s refugees have fled protracted conflicts. These refugees are living in a sort of limbo, not knowing if or when they will be able to return home. Are any protracted conflicts nearing resolution? What role does the Security Council play in them? Useful background: Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017 5. The private sector. How can the private sector best help refugees? What are examples of private-sector firms making significant contributions? Useful background: The Tent Partnership for Refugees 6. Self-sufficiency. Choose two countries and compare the opportunities they offer to refugees to pursue their education and build skills and livelihoods. 7. Innovation. How can technologies, such as smartphones or iris scans, improve the provision of humanitarian assistance to refugees and other victims of conflict? Useful background: “Phones are now indispensable for refugees,” The Economist, February 11, 2017. Essay Questions More on: Refugees and Displaced Persons Immigration and Migration 1. Pick one of the following countries and discuss the commonalities of the crisis there with other refugee and IDP situations, as well as its differences. Include mention of both the origins of the crisis and the international response. Countries: Burundi, Central African Republic, Myanmar, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, and Venezuela. 2. Many people on the move face life-threatening situations in their home countries but do not qualify as refugees under the 1951 convention. Discuss other frameworks or options that would provide them with protection. 3. Is it easier or more difficult to provide protection and assistance for IDPs than for refugees? Give your reasons. 4. Most refugees live in towns and cities, not camps. What are the best ways to provide help and protection to urban refugees, and why? 5. What are the pros and cons to erecting camps? Consider this from the points of view of governments, aid agencies, and human rights advocates. 6. Review the InfoGuide section “Repairing a Broken System.” Are there policy options that are not mentioned? Why have reforms proved so difficult? 7. A UN report found, “Disputes and grievances over natural resources are rarely, if ever, the sole cause of violent conflict. . . . However, disputes and grievances over natural resources can contribute to violent conflict when they overlap with other factors, such as ethnic polarization, high levels of inequity, poverty, injustice and poor governance.” Do you agree? Provide examples from refugee crises you have studied. 1. Memo on a Panel Discussion Write a one-to-two-page memo summarizing an event at a think tank or a congressional hearing on refugees. Attend an event or find one that can be viewed online. Draft it as if you were a staff member of a nongovernmental organization (NGO) reporting to the organization’s executive director or head of advocacy. Check out the website of the following organizations to find events: American Enterprise Institute, Atlantic Council, Brookings Institution, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Center for American Progress, Center for a New American Security, Center for Global Development, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Council on Foreign Relations, Heritage Foundation, Stimson Center, and United States Institute of Peace. (Be aware of their political leanings.) In Congress, relevant hearings are held by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission. 2. Refugee Resettlement Policy Brief Draft a three-page policy brief to your town or city mayor explaining the costs and benefits of resettling refugees locally. 3. Advertisement for a Charity Mock up an advertisement for a nonprofit organization—real or imaginary—that helps refugees. The ad can ask viewers or listeners to give money or to take other actions (e.g., sign a petition or call members of Congress). Present your ad for discussion. Reference Radi-Aid’s guidelines for using images and the ICRC’s code of conduct. 4. Role Play Split up into teams of two. One student will play the role of a senior diplomat or UN official who seeks to convince the prime minister of another country to allow refugees to cross their borders. The second student will be the prime minister, who maintains that the country must help its own citizens before it can help vulnerable foreigners and that refugees pose a security risk. What are each of your best arguments? Download the Teaching Notes More From Our Experts Visit CFR's InfoGuide on No Refuge View Other Teaching Notes More on: Refugees and Displaced Persons Immigration and Migration Creative Commons Creative Commons: Some rights reserved. View License Detail Top Stories on CFR Nonproliferation, Arms Control, and Disarmament United States Millions of Afghans are struggling to survive after crucial foreign aid was halted due to the Taliban’s takeover. Images from Afghanistan show a catastrophe in a country already traumatized by decades of war.
Does Your Child Need Ear Tubes? Posted by on When a baby, toddler or even an older child comes in for an opinion about whether ear tubes are necessary, here is what I ask and why I ask these questions: 1. How many ear infections has your child been diagnosed with in the past 6 months? How many in the past 12 months? For straight forward acute ear infections diagnosed by otoscopy (examining the ear with an otoscope), benefits of tubes should be considered if a child has had at least 3 episodes in 6 months or 4 episodes in 12 months. One can only count them as separate if there is documentation that ears were normal and clear in between episodes. There are many indications for tubes, which include recurrent acute ear infections, chronic ear infections and complications from acute ear infections. Other indications may include hearing loss, which is entirely separate from infection problems. Tubes are also indicated if there are severe complications from an acute ear infection, such as “mastoiditis” (a bacterial infection) and even an extension of an infection into the head, like subdural abscess or epidural abscess. 2. How many courses of antibiotics has your child been prescribed and taken in the past 6 months and 12 months? If a child has only had “3” ear infections, but has been prescribed and taken over eight courses of antibiotics in the past year (especially documented by a print out from their pharmacy, not just by mom’s memory or recall), then I explain and discuss the benefits of ear tubes. 3. What led you to take your child to seek medical attention? Many moms can tell when their infant/toddler behaves differently or when sleep is disturbed. Often moms tell me they know it’s an ear infection if their child pulls on their ears. I ALWAYS inform families that research shows that ear pulling is not sensitive, instead, fever and performing an actual otoscopy is the most sensitive way to diagnose an ear infection. 4. Where were diagnoses made? With all due respect to the many walk-in and urgent care clinics in our communities, if most diagnoses are made by individuals that the family never sees again, nor has a relationship with, this scenario is less than optimal than most diagnoses being made by the child’s primary care provider with whom parents have a relationship. Let’s face it, accountability is really not a mandate, nor even relevant, if the person seeing you and your child may never see you again. Yet, it is precisely accountability that must be a key part of medical and surgical treatment decision making. 5. What did the person say when they looked into your child’s ear? Often, parents will tell me that the person said the eardrum looks “red” and there was no mention of whether or not fluid was present. I ask families to always respectfully push for specific information about the presence of fluid, since research also shows that the subjective description of “redness” of the eardrum is not an accurate way of diagnosing true acute Otitis Media (Swimmer's Ear). Furthermore, please know that the skin on the ear canal is often pinkish/red, and in fact, is part of the normal anatomy of the eardrum where the feeding blood vessels also appear red. I truly urge you never to believe that your child has an ear infection simply because someone tells you his/her eardrum is “red.” 6. Does the healthcare provider always prescribe antibiotics? Once again, it amazes me the differences in how primary care providers practice, but it’s easy to understand that physicians and providers usually practice how they were trained, and it takes a motivated and disciplined individual to read and keep up on the latest research and recommendations, and evolve their practice and treatments in line with the explosive growth of new scientific information all the time. Again, even if the provider has the best intentions and may wholeheartedly believe he/she is doing the best thing for your child, he/she can be wrong if the way they practice medicine does not reflect what’s been recommended as clinical standards based on current research evidence. I never suggest that we providers should act as robots and every human healthcare decision should be as simple or as black and white as some statements or guidelines. However, before we go making exceptions, we have the responsibility of making sure that those exceptions are truly exceptions. You and your child deserve so much more than just someone’s opinion. My opinion must be based on research and evidence, otherwise it’s not good enough for my patients and not good enough for me. 7. How is his/her hearing and speech? If a child has poor hearing, speech may be affected. There are so many factors to consider, including the severity of hearing loss and the length of time a child has hearing loss. It’s important to note that if a child has normal hearing, he/she can still be speech delayed. Just because a child has had 3 infections in the past 6 months, if on the day of the visit the ears look great, hearing is perfect, speech is normal, and especially if it’s spring and warmer months are approaching, I will often ask parents to wait. I will not just recommend ear tubes because I do not run my practice like a “business.” Yes, we all work and ultimately, healthcare is a business, however, each and every patient encounter and decisions made in the office with parents should never be a business transaction. I sleep soundly at night because I never suggest surgery until I truly believe the benefits highly outweigh the risk and we have exhausted all nonsurgical options. Conversely, if a child has been noted to have fluid in the middle ear, has an abnormal hearing test, and has been diagnosed with or clearly has a speech delay, even if he/she has never had symptoms of acute ear infection, I certainly discuss the benefits and risks of having ear tubes. If your child was born with normal hearing, there is no good reason to live for months with decreased hearing, which can impact speech development. This part is not as simple as looking at “flat” lines on tympanograms, because once again, an ENT should consider the entire picture and I have always prided myself in never making surgical decisions based on a “test” alone. Any child who has clinical speech delay should have a full hearing test when they come into an ENT’s office, and the physician should fully explain the results of the test. If hearing is considered normal on the test, then I send them for a formal speech evaluation. Thank goodness moms are often stricter on the definition of a speech delay than our speech language pathologists! Meaning that often a child will be considered to have speech within a normal range despite mom’s perception. The left ear of a baby Otoscopy is an examination that uses a handheld scope to look into a child’s ear canal to see what is going on in the middle of the ear in order to determine if there is fluid or notwhat kind of fluid (infected or not), if there are structural issues with the eardrum, etc. It is the most CRITICAL and important part of your visit to the doctor for ear infections. Research has shown that nothing is more effective nor impacts treatment decisions more than the human eye. While tests like tympanometry can suggest whether there is fluid behind the eardrum, it is not accurate enough to tell us whether your child has an acute or chronic ear infectionsince both have “fluid” in the middle ear space. For infants and young toddlers who may not cooperate in a sound booth by raising their hand in response to sound or repeating words like, “car” or “train,” my practice has used tests that can give me information without their participation. ENT doctors will have audiologists working with them in their offices who are the professionals that perform a variety of hearing tests to help provide information for a complete evaluation of your child. I won’t go into the details of the variety of hearing tests, but know that there are different types depending on the age of the child and what we’re looking for. Often, I meet preschool or school-aged children who may have “never” had an ear infection, but “fails” a school hearing screen and comes to see me. He/she may have had the fluid for a few weeks or even several months. Clues I ask parents for include whether at home he/she speaks very loudly, has the sound on the TV way up, and always says “huh,” “what” or needs instructions to be repeated. Sometimes these children are bothered by loud noises, which can reflect having middle ear fluid and mild conductive hearing loss. Again, otoscopy by a healthcare professional as well as hearing test can most accurately help decide on the presence and extent of the problem. ← Older Post Newer Post → Leave a comment Please note, comments must be approved before they are published
Given that sociological theories are just that- theories, it is impossible to say that they can sufficiently explain or define any aspect of our lives. However, sociological theories can help us to understand the way in we interact with each other and society thereby broadening our knowledge and perspectives. In the following discussion we will look briefly at some of the main sociological perspectives. We will then look at language as a means of communication and social interaction. Finally we will examine the relationship between language and power by exploring mass communication and its effect on social life. Sociology is concerned with society, with individuals in society, with institutions and with its norms and values. As Bilton et al state, ‘social life is a puzzle and sociologists spend their professional lives trying to make sense of it.’ (2002 p4) Within sociology, there are several different influences which affect how theorists explain or attempt to explain social phenomena. These include functionalism, conflict theory and Marxism among others. Functionalism views the various parts of society as interrelated parts of a complete system. It sees behaviour as being structured and social relationships as being patterned and recurrent. It also emphasizes the role of value consensus within society. For example from a functionalist perspective, the family structure as a recurring social unit plays an important role in society. The family is the main socialising agency for young people and acts as a stabilising influence in society by propagating the shared norms and values of society (Haralambos and Holborn 1995, p8-9). In direct contrast, conflict theory is concerned with social structure as a cause and reflection of social inequality. Wallace and Wolf outline three basic assumptions of conflict theory. Firstly it assumes all people have basic common interests. Secondly that power is central to all relationships and thirdly it assumes that values and ideas are seen as weapons used by groups in their own interests rather than a way of defining society as a whole (1999, p68). It is similar to the Marxist perspective of society as operating through ‘the fundamental conflicts of interests between the social groups involved in the production process’ (1995, p12). Another sociological perspective is structuralism, which was strongly influenced by the work of Sauserre in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Sauserre developed the study of linguistics by looking at language as it is structured. According to Sauserre, analysing the structures of language means looking for the rules which underlie our speech. He argued that the meaning of words is derived from the structures of language, not the objects to which they refer. In this way, meaning is created by the differences between related concepts which the rules of a language recognise (Giddens 1989, p698-699). The field of semiotics is largely derived from Sauserre’s work on linguistics. The semiotic approach that meaning is located in the sign, has important consequences for how we view culture and language and through these, power. Sauserre described semiotics as ‘a science that studies the life of signs within a society’. It is concerned with meaning as something which is socially produced and proposes that the decoding process of communication is as important as the encoding process. In semiotics, meaning is derived from signs through their structural organisation. Sauserre conceived of signs as being made up of the sound image, termed the signifier and the mental concept, termed the signified. In this way signs can differ between individuals. For example when one person in a group refers to a car, everyone would conceptualise a car but each person’s car would be very different. According to Mulholland (1991, p17), ‘language is the instrument by which meaning is realised and by which effective social interaction can be created and sustained’. She adds, ‘language is not a neutral toolwhenever one encodes something of the world into language one is fitting it into a systematic code which works to produce meaning both paradigmatically (by choice of one item from a similar set of items) and syntygmatically (by arranging choices into sentence patterns).This can influence how it works to represent both propositional content (the happenings of the world when they become the subject matter of speech) and interpersonal content (the attitudes, role, tone and so on of relationships) (Mulholland 1991, p18). Therefore language is much more than a set of words and phrases which we use to communicate. And aside from spoken or written language, communication is also achieved through body language, a look or a gesture can say all that needs to be said. Much of our communication is based on shared codes and cultures. Day to day conversations are based on a knowledge of ourselves and the people we are communicating with. However, there are many factors which influence how we communicate. For example, our audience, the context, the desired outcomes of the communication and shared terms of reference. For example teenagers may be comfortable talking together about the latest rap artists and may even adopt some of their lingo whilst their parents may have no idea what they are talking about. This is because the parents are not familiar with the context (rap) of the conversation. Another factor which affects communication is the power and relative status of the speakers. Consider for example being told to step aside on a pavement by a police officer. Most people would comply with the request since the police (generally speaking) have an authority bestowed on them by their uniform. Similarly, we are inclined to give credibility to news broadcasts because we believe that the newsreader has authority and therefore what he or she is telling us must be true. Although Eldridge (1993) and others have argued that news is just a social construction anyway and as such cannot be considered unique or impartial, ‘it is not reality which is constructed but a semblance of it’. (1993 p33) However many argue that the media and the language it uses is manipulated by those who are in power in order to reinforce and legitimate that power. According to Adorno and Horkheimer (1979) the media is a technological system which is grounded in economic power. They argue that through the media, power and social systems are reproduced which in turn reproduce forms of social inequality ‘in which political and economic spheres are inextricably mixed’ (cited Eldridge 1993, p34). They argue that ‘news’ as such is just the result of what is considered important or proper between a select and unrepresentative group of business people, reporters and officials. In contrast to this a pluralist conception of mass communication is that there is such an enormous flow of messages and images that we can choose among them which to believe and which to discard. The Marxist response to this is that whilst it is true that the media occupies a contested space which has economic, cultural and political constraints as well as commercial pressures, these merely lead to different patterns of domination and agenda setting. (Eldridge, p36) For example, Williams has stated ‘the commercial character of television has then to be seen at several levels: as the making of programmes for profit in a known market; as a channel for advertising; and as a cultural and political form directly shaped by and dependent on the norms of a capitalist society, selling both consumer goods and a way of life based on them in an ethos that is at once locally generated, by domestic capital interests and authorities and internationally organised by the dominant capitalist power.’ (cited in Fairclough 1995, p43) Mass communication is frequently discussed in terms of its effect on listeners/ viewers/ readers. In this way, it can be said to be a powerful force in our everyday lives. Therefore the language it employs also has a certain power. The formal language of the newsreader for example implies knowledge and authority and we are inclined to trust this voice. Likewise, the more commercial an image becomes, the less we are likely to trust it. Sociological theories such as structuralism are very useful in enhancing our understanding of language and power in society. By comparing differing theories of language and of power we may not come up with definitive answers but we are certainly more knowledgeable about the processes. Power is exerted through many different means and language is just one of these. However it is potentially a very influential source of power and one which is exploited wherever possible. This can be seen in many facets of social life from politics, economics even religion and popular culture.
The 9845 Assembler Project The HP 9845 Assembly Language The HP 9845 had been designed as an easy-to-use system rather for engineers and scientists but for computer specialists. Therefore, BASIC was chosen as the built-in, easy-to-learn programming language. The BASIC interpreter was completely integrated into the operating system ROM which allowed the system to boot up instantly. Other programming languages like FORTRAN or PASCAL had been available as separate development packages on floppy disk. As for all interpreted programming languages, the BASIC code is converted during runtime into machine instructions (the object code) which can be directly executed by the language processor (LPU). Compared to other BASIC interpreters of that time, the HP 9845 BASIC interpreter had been highly optimized and wasted only a minimum of LPU processing time for the interpretation overhead through direct linking with precompiled machine language routines. Before anyone could program the HP 9845 in BASIC, all the executable machine code for the whole operating system including the BASIC interpreter itself had to be developed and stored into the firmware ROMs. For all those system programming tasks, another programming language, the 9845 assembly language was used (in fact, the HP engineers also used a semi high-level language which did produce intermediate assembler code). Assembly languages are pretty close to the machine instructions themselves and therefore highly machine specific. In principle, they describe exactly the execution of machine instructions step by step. For convenience, each machine instruction is represented by a three-letter operation code (op-code or mnemonic). As an example, the op-code "LDA" stands for the machine instruction which loads the A register with some data. Each instruction generally consists of the opcode itself, one or more arguments if applicable and, for reference to another instructions or data position, an optional label. For more efficient programming, assemblers provide additional features like pseudo-opcodes, expression evaluation, error checking or macro capabilities. Sample Code Part of a typical 9845 assembler listing (taken from the 9845 Assembly Development Manual) Whereas the BASIC programming language is normally interpreted, assembler programs are generally compiled, i.e. the assembly language program is converted by an assembler into executable machine code in a batch process. There are exceptions from this rule: some BASIC variants work with compilers (MS Visual Basic does), also there assemblers which interpret the assembly language instructions during runtime. In fact, the Assembly Execution and Development ROM for the HP 9845 is one of those exceptions. But more about this later on. Although HP BASIC provides many features which where top-of-the-line during the late seventies, not everything can be done in HP BASIC. For example, HP left out intentionally any means for direct access to system resources. Well-known BASIC calls like PEEK or POKE are missing, as well as any exit into user-written machine routines (like it is done by the SYS or USR calls in other BASIC dialects). One reason might have been that the system design with two processors, two shared system buses and banked system memory was was too complex for the simple BASIC system model. Another reason was certainly to keep the user consequently off the system resources in order to stabilize the whole system. Even the Assembly Execution and Development ROM did protect some critcal system resources against manipulation. Assembler ROM Assembly Execution and Development Option ROM For us today, this direct system access is essential for a couple of tasks, e.g. for dumping system ROM content for preservation purposes. However what is not possible with HP BASIC can be done in assembler. HP's programmers used their own assemblers like MASM for this purpose. Advantages of assembler beyond direct system access were highly compact code, higher execution speeds and a higher level of protection for intellectual property. The resulting machine code could be stored and distributed in special binary files of type BPRG. This was also a way how the built-in BASIC instruction set could be extended by special statements (the other way were the so-called option ROMs, which were just another way to store and install machine programs). The Assembly Language ROMs If you own HP's Assembly Execution and Development ROM you're better off, since you do already have a good and quite comfortable environment for at least the first steps in assembly language programming, including very useful debugging features. The associated manual provides a very good introduction into and reference of the HP 9845 assembly language, but doesn't explain assembly programming concepts in general, nor does it tell much about the underlying architecture. So you should already have a basic understanding of assembly language programming before you dive into this bulky manual. Assembler Manual Anyway, study of this manual is highly recommended, since it tells much about how the HP 9845 basically works. There are copies for download at bitsavers (here) or at (look here). If you need a general introduction into assembly language programming, there are many sites in the web which teach the fundamentals. HP's Assembly Language ROMs first had been developed for the HP 9835 system, where providing an easy-to-use assembly prgramming environment was part of the product positioning strategy for the 9835A/B systems. At the time this approach could really considered as revolutionary, since assembly programming had been the domain of system and mainframe programmers, and always was done in a multi-stage batch process. HP's engineers now applied the existing interactive programming environment of HP's enhanced BASIC with syntax checking on input and real-time debugging for assembly language. Although the Assembly Language ROMs lacked support for some advanced assembly programming features like macros, and no disassembler had been available, in fact this semi-interpretative approach was well done and still is unmatched. With the introduction of the HP 9845B model, the Assembly Language ROMs were also provided for those systems. By the way, there is another option ROM called Assembly Execution ROM for the HP 9845. This ROM is only useful for loading and executing a special file format of type ASMB, which is used by the Assembly Execution and Development ROM as a saving format for object code modules. Unfortunately, this Assembly Execution ROM cannot (as the name already suggests) be used to develop assembly or machine code. Presumably the Assembly Execution ROM was originally intended as a run time environment for the distribution of OEM assembly programs. Assembly Language ROMs were not designed as a standalone assembly language system, but were rather integrated into the BASIC development environment. When the Assembly Execution and Development ROM is plugged in, the BASIC instruction set will become extended by a couple of special BASIC instructions. The basic idea was that the assembly language program was in fact part of a BASIC program. This was achieved mainly by three new BASIC instructions: the ISOURCE instruction, the IASSEMBLE instruction and the ICALL instruction. First, the whole assembly language program has to be included in the BASIC program with each assembly language line preceeded by a normal BASIC line number and the ISOURCE statement. Next, the IASSEMBLE instruction has to be included at the start of the BASIC program. And finally, calls from the BASIC code to the assembly language routines can be prgrammed with the ICALL instruction anywhere within the BASIC program. All this can be done with the standard 9845 program editor. The assembly language program is structured into modules, and each module can hold an arbitrary number of routines. Both modules and routines are identifies by unique names within the assembly language instruction code. Now the BASIC program (with the assembly language program embedded inside) can be run in the normal way. At the point where the BASIC interpreter encounters the IASSEMBLE statement, the complete assembly language part is translated module by module into relocatable object code. Since all syntaxing and symbolic translation is already done during program input, this is a very fast process. The resulting object code modules are placed one after another in a dedicated RAM area, the ICOM region. When finished, the interpreter resumes the normal execution of BASIC statements until it runs on an ICALL instruction. At this point the appropriate machine code routine will be invoked. After execution the control returns to the BASIC line just after the ICALL statement. One important fact is that object code created with an assembly ROM, when called with an ICALL statement, will be executed on the PPU (not on the LPU like BASIC programs). This makes it possible to directly access all I/O registers and status lines (including the HLT line for vertical retrace). Once assembled and placed into the ICOM region, object code modules may be saved to mass storage with the ISTORE and loaded with the ILOAD commands (depending on whether saved to tape or to disk there are different file types used, either the OPRM or the ASMB type). Those files containing relocatable object code routines can only be loaded (and used inside BASIC programs) with either the Assembly Execution ROM or the Assembly Execution and Development ROM installed. As the assembly language source code is actually part of the BASIC program, it will be saved and loaded together with the BASIC code as DATA or PROG file. If you load those files without the Assembly Execution and Development ROM installed, you'll get an error messages for each line containing assembly language source code, however the BASIC part will load anyway. Stricly speaking, ROM-based assembly language development always produces hybrid programs with some BASIC and some assembly language statements. This had awesome advantages, especially for the programmer who wanted to combine the ease of BASIC programming with the power & control level of assembly language programming. The debugging and test support of the assembly development ROM for assembly language programs was really ahead of time. The drawback was that the assembly development ROM did intentionally not support the creation of standalone object code or BPRG binary programs (actually, this is only half of the truth - in fact, with some special techniques, the assembly ROMs were quite well used to create binary programs, and this was actually how HP's developers did it, but it was kept as a well-protected secret). So object code created with the assembly language ROM normally requires the presence of the Assembly Execution and Development ROM or at least the Assembly Execution ROM for execution. Nevertheless, the assembler concept of the 9835/9845 was highly innovative for the time. See the article "Assembly Programming Capability in a Desktop Computer" in the May 1979 issue of the HP Journal for an overview of the 9835/9845 assembler approach. The Assembly Development and Execution ROM did not only include an editor and an assembler, but also a couple of useful commands, including tracing and manipulation of assembler variables, memory dumps in all representations (decimal, octal, hexadecimal, ASCII), plus getting & setting arbitrary memory locations. The latter by default was restricted to non-critical areas, however the (undocumented) command IPROTECT [ON\|OFF] could be used to get full access to all kind of memory, including processor registers and base page. The Assembly Programmer's Utility In addition to the option ROMs described above, HP provided a utility for translating BASIC programs into assembly language programs, the so-called Assembly Programmer's Utility. It shows that HP seriously tried to do everything to make the development of assembly language programs as easy as possible. The Assembly Prgrammer's Utility actually consists of a single program named TRANS, which takes BASIC input either from a file or from the keyboard, and compiles this input into an assembler source file, which then can be translated by the Assembly Execution and Development ROM into executable object code. The package also contains a number of small assembly code libraries and some sample BASIC programs which demonstrate the performance gains of the assembly code. The compiler can both create stand-alone programs and assembler subroutines, which can be later referenced within a BASIC program via ICALL statements. Of course, an Assembly Execution and Development ROM is required to produce object code modules. Once created, these modules can also be loaded and run with an Assembly Execution ROM. For some few operations like printing, mass storage access or error processing the Assembly Programmer's Utilities make use of utilities provided by the Assembly ROMs. In any other aspect the produced assembly code is completely independent from any BASIC routines implemented in ROM. There exist some (few) restrictions on the BASIC input code, probably the most important restriction is that identifier names can't be longer than 13 characters (the compiler translates those identifiers into internal names by appending two additional characters). Also, only integer arithmetics are supported (no floating point), so EMC processing has to be implemented on your own (see the Assembly Development ROM Manual for how to program maths routines). The translation scheme is straight-forward, and even the translated BASIC lines are included as comments in the produced assembly listing, so it is easy to track the transformation steps. During translation, all activities are logged to the display, and it makes fun to see the utility working. It can take some time to translate a larger BASIC program, and, since only few references to ROM routines are included, the resulting code can get much larger than the original BASIC program, however the performance gains during execution of the resulting object code can be quite impressive. The included sample programs show direct comparisons between BASIC and assembler for a couple of computation intensive applications, including hidden-line removed 3D diagrams and a wireframe modelled 9845 rotating in real-time. 3D Hidden Line Removal 3DHDN Example - Hidden Line Removal Apart from the performance gains, for the assembly programmer the value is twofold. First, the Assembly Programmer's Utility can simplify assembly program development by first writing and debugging a program in BASIC and then transferring it into assembly language. The produced assembler program can still be edited and optimized. Second, both the libraries and the produced assembler code provide a good example, how to implement high level command like FOR .. NEXT loops, I/O, array or even graphics processing in assembler. See the download section below for retrieving the Assembly Programmer's Utility programs, including source code listings for libraries and sample programs. Also, have a look at the Assembly Programmer's Utility Manual, which can be downloaded separately at The ASM45 Assembler For those who do not own an Assembly Execution and Development ROM, or for those who like the more conventional way of compiling assembly program listings into object code, I have written a batch assembler/disassembler program running under Windows which translates the HP 9845 assembly language into executable object code. It has a very early version number, but should be pretty stable and takes almost anything as input including MASM or Assembly Execution and Development ROM listings. You can download the Windows executable and the source code here. Basically, the assembler takes a plain text file with some assembly language code and produces one or more files with object code, one for each module. It offers a wide choice of options and supports binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal, floating point and ASCII text data representations. As most assemblers, the system 45 assembler understands a number of pseudo-instructions in addition to the native instruction set of the system 45 processors. These pseudo-instructions are used to control the assembly process. Some of those pseudo-instuctions have been taken from the Assembly Execution and Development ROM (mainly for compatibility reasons), some have been added to support the batch assembly process. Some pseudo-instructions from the Assembly Execution and Development ROM are not implemented because they don't make sense in a batch assembler (i.e. those for source listing control, conditional assembly and BASIC interfacing), however if they are used, they are simply ignored and do not produce an error. In turn, some additional features have been added, like support for hexadecimal notation in addition to octal and decimal notation (both for numeric input and output hexadecimal numbers are indicated by a leading dollar sign, like $FFFF). Note that the ORG pseudo-instruction should be used before a NAM pseudo-instruction for any non-relocateable object module in order to define the starting address. Any address input at the beginning of an assembler input line is completely ignored. Below is a summary of all available pseudo-instructions for the assembler. See the Assembly Development ROM Manual for a detailed description of those pseudo-instructions. Pseudo-Instruction Description NAM <name> Designates the beginning of a module and specifies the module name. END <name> Designates the end of module <name>. ORG <address> (Re-)sets the address counter to <address>. Unless a completely relocatable module is intended, an ORG pseudo-instruction should be used immediately before the module declaration (NAM) in order to define the target address of the module. BSS <expression> Reserves a block of memory. LIT <expression> Reserves memory for literals and links. DAT <expression>[,<expression>[,...]] Defines data generators. EQU <expression> Defines a symbol. SET <expression> Defines a symbol (same as EQU). ENT <symbol>[,<symbol>[,...]] Identifies entry points in the module. EXT <symbol>[,<symbol>[,...]] Identifies external entry points. IOF Turns off automatic indirection by the assembler. ION Turns on automatic indirection by the assembler. BON Turns on automatic base page addressing by the assembler. BOF Turns off automatic base page addressing by the assembler. REP Repeat instruction. ??? <operand> Yes, three question marks. Not really a pseudo-instruction. Will be generated by the disassembler if there is no system 45 instruction for the object code. However, the ??? can be used to directly specifiy the word content at the address with <operand>. If compatibility mode is selected with the -isource option, this pseudo-opcode will be replaced by the DAT pseudo-opcode. Note: Pseudo-instruction have precedence over command line options. The assembler is invoked by asm45 [<options>] <input_file> [<output_file>] <input_file> must be a valid assembler source file. <output_file> will be used for the object code. If no <output_file> is given, the object code is stored in the file out.obj. Below is a summary of all available options for the assembler. Execute Asm45 with the -h option for a summary. Also have a look into the README file for up-to-date information. Option Description -h Output a summary of the command line options. -i <address> Specifies the initial memory address (the address where the object code shall be installed). As default the memory address 0 is used. When starting with address 0 keep in mind that the first 32 words are reserved for the processor. Also be aware that the base page usually takes the first 512 words of the lower and the last 512 words of the upper memory block. -l Produce a normalized assembler code listing in addition to the object code. The listing will be sent to the standard output. -n Activate line numbering (useful for transferring to Assembly Execution & Development ROM) -r Select ROM mode instead of RAM mode. In ROM mode, all references to base page addresses are of type absolute (in RAM mode, those references are of type base page). -s Output symbol table for the assembler source code. The symbol table will be sent to the standard output. -v Enables more detailed output (mainly for diagnostic purposes) The ASM45 Disassembler Once the assembly language programs are converted into machine code reading and understanding the code is a very hard task. Not completely impossible, but really tough. The best understanding can be achieved if you know the original developers. If not, the original commented assembly program listing would be the second best choice. Since those listings often represented man-years of work, they were kept top-secret, and even today it is sometimes hard to get a copy (if there is one at all). The third-best way is to use a so-called disassembler, which re-translates the machine code into an (of course uncommented but at least readable) assembly program listing, and to do the necessary reverse-engineering to reconstruct the original purpose. For the HP 9825 calculator, the predecessor of the 9845, HP was as nice as including the commented assembly listings for the complete operating system in the patent documents (at least in the early ones until they realized what they had done). Unfortunately HP obviously decided not to repeat this for the HP 9845 series, so the operating system of the HP 9845 is, for the most parts, still a well-kept secret. We can only hope that HP eventually makes those listings public provided they still do exist. For the time being, we can only try to dump the ROMs and the BPRG-files, and to use a disassembler to make them more readable. With the right command line options, the Asm45 program can support this task as a disassembler for object code. In this case, Asm45 takes an object code file as input and produces an assembly language listing, with all internal references being represented by labels. This step is supported by the knowledge of several base page locations, which work as system constants and variables and so can be denoted with the proper symbols. The resulting listing can even be altered and re-compiled to object code again. There are also a number of functions build into the assembler, which assist the further analysis, like a hexdump utility or a cross-reference-generator. See the Asm45 README for details. The disassembler is invoked by asm45 -d [<options>] <input_file> <input_file> must be a valid object code file. The disassembly is sent to standard output and can be redirected into a file with the following syntax: asm45 -d [<options>] <input_file> > <file> Option Description -h Output a summary of the command line options. -isource Produce compatible format usable as input for Assembly Execution & Development ROM (e.g. with ISOURCE statements) -lpu Map LPU system constants into lower base page range. Useful for programming binaries. -ppu Map PPU system constants into lower base page range. Useful for programming binaries. -o Assume octal data representation for output (default is hexadecimal). -d Assume decimal data representation for output (default is hexadecimal). -w <start>,<end> Specifies the memory address window (scope) for the disassembly. If nothing is specified, the disassembler assumes 0 as starting address and disassembles the whole input file. -a Adds the ASCII interpretation of the object code to the disassembly. Useful if parts of the object code contain strings. -b Include used base page symbols as intro with EQU statements. Useful for compiling with base page references when using system constants and variables. -t Adds timing information measured in clock cycles for each instruction to the disassembly. Useful where timing is of relevance. -c Adds a short description for each instruction in form of a comment. Useful if not already familiar with the system 45 instruction set. -x Build a cross reference. Useful to identify variables, subroutines and jump vectors, especially for code analysis. -s Build a string table on a heuristic basis. Useful for the identification of text parts in the object code. -m Produce a memory dump in addition to the disassembly. By default, the memory dump uses hexadecimal representation, however with the -o and the -d option it can be changed to octal or decimal. -v Enables more detailed output (mainly for diagnostic purposes) Click here for downloading Asm45: Asm45 1.1 Windows executable: Asm45 1.1 source code package: Here are sample system firmware disassemblies for several 9845 configurations: System firmware disassemblies with cross reference, hexdump and string analysis for 4 selected system configurations (including firmware object code): Finally, here are the Assemby Programmer's Utilities for download: Assembly Programmer's Utilities (System and Data disks in hpi format) 09845-10260 9845B-C Assembly Programming (1981).zip Assembly Programmer's Utilities - sources (both disks) 09845-10264 9845B-C Assembly Programming (1981) - Any comments on this assembler are highly welcome (as are all trials to analyze the machine code fragments, see the Software section if you like to make a test).
Sunday, 28 November 2021 On Slavery by Lev Tsitrin Forced labor in a Soviet gulag The airwaves, the press and the internet are so saturated with stories centered on race -- from recounting of George Floyd's death to "the 1619 project" that, though race is not something that preoccupies me, my mind must have reacted on its own to those constant cries of "systemic racism;" hence, the present piece. Like every animal, we humans are exploitative, rapacious, and selfish, seeking safety and comfort at all costs -- including at the expense of others. Out ancestors set us on the exploitative track long ago by domesticating animals -- horses to carry heavy loads and plow the land; cows and sheep to provide food and clothing, dogs for security and tor guarding the herds. Nor did humans stop at owning and exploiting animals: land, forests, water, ores, fossils, anything and everything is used to satisfy human needs, if not to serve human greed. In our urge for physical security and creature comfort, we crave whatever can contribute to our well-being, whatever can shield us from want and misery. That's normal, I guess; only saints can resist the selfishness of human nature, and deliberately seek out suffering. The animals, and the inanimate stuff we exploit, are termed "property." Cattle, poultry and land are routinely bought and sold; in legal terms they are just "assets" that belong to someone. As we all know, prior to Lincoln's Emancipation declaration such was the case with people, too. Yet, there is a huge difference between owning a cow and owning a human. A human is endowed with intrinsic self-awareness of agency which makes humans superior to animals, and equal to one another -- and makes the idea of owning humans much more tenuous, morally and legally, and for that matter, much more dangerous. Unlike a cow, a human thinks and understands the predicament of servitude -- and tries to regain the lost agency, seeking freedom. Neither cows, nor sheep rebel. Slaves do. This feature of slavery -- ownership of one's intrinsic equal -- is what distinguishes it from other kinds of property ownership, and forms solid grounds to forbid it. And yet, slavery had been practiced throughout history -- using different justifications. In the ancient Rome it was simply a matter of brute force: the defeated were part of the war booty, and that was that. So it was in Africa, too: when the Portuguese voyagers discovered the markets of West Africa, it was not just ivory and gold that was sold there, but people too. Justifications for owning humans on the purchasers' part, when any were needed, were not hard to come up with: the story of biblical Noah cursing one of his sons to servitude was quite sufficient to allay the conscience of the more pious, while to the less sensitive it was just commerce -- same as trade in cattle or real estate. Other justifications followed, like the inherent inferiority of the blacks (Benjamin Franklin was as proud of his discovery that the backs could learn the same subjects that were taught to whites just as well as the whites did, as he was of his discoveries of the Gulfstream, and of atmospheric electricity). Justifications differed of course from place to place. In Tsarist Russia, before it abolished serfdom in 1861, peasants were simply considered part of the landscape -- like a lake or forest that are part of an estate -- and were bought and sold along with the land by the aristocratic landowners. The serfs did not have identifying documents, and could not travel; they were inherent to the land (an arrangement that was resurrected by the Soviets who denied the peasantry (or rather, "collective farmers," as they were called) the internal passports that were needed for identification and travel, literally turning peasants into serfs. While Soviet city dwellers had it a little easier -- they were "written into" a particular city of domicile in their internal passports, and could travel, one could not simply say "let me move to Moscow," and go live there -- that was impossible.) Our own age, replete with dictatorships that treat their populace as property by telling their subjects what can, and what cannot be thought, said, or done, found an altogether different reason to hold their populations under control and deny them agency and freedom. To them, the power rightly belongs to those who know and serve the higher Truth -- Communism, Nazism, Islamism. That's how the philosopher-rulers (or, as some call them, "ideologues") in the mold of Lenin/Stalin/Hitler/Mao/Kim/Xi/Khomeini justify their power. Though the outright slavery practiced in the form of forced labor in Nazi concentration camps and Soviet Gulags are a thing of the past (though apparently not in China), slavery itself isn't. Countries where the use of mind is limited to memorizing the leaders' sayings, and the speech is restricted to parroting them -- countries like China, North Korea, Iran, or places where ISIS, al-Qaeda and their ilk dominate, all practice slavery. What is interesting about all this, is that it de-links the phenomenon of slavery from that of the race that is all the rage nowadays. In today's discourse, race links the present (and presumably miserable) situation of American blacks to that of their enslaved ancestors, attainments of the emancipation and of the civil rights movement notwithstanding. We hear and read, day in and day out that today, racism is unconscious, all-pervading, endemic, ingrained, systemic -- and that it infected the present generation of Americans via America's "original sin" of slavery. The problem with that linkage is that slavery -- slavery per se -- simply has nothing whatsoever to do with race. In Tsarist and Communist Russia, slaves were as white as were their owners (and for that matter, African slaves were as black as their African owners who sold them). Modern-day slaves in the Communist China and North Korea are as Asian as are Mr. Xi and Mr. Kim; they are as Persian as are Iran's ayatollahs. So what does slavery have to do with race? Africans' black skin did not cause slavery in America any more than Russian peasants' white skin caused serfdom in Russia. Rather, human tendency for exploitation (exhibited equally by Africa's black sellers and the white purchasers) was what caused it. The state of labor market of the time -- availability for purchase of workers in Africa coupled with the labor shortage in America adequately explains American slavery; there is simply no need to mix the race into this. Blacks were purchased not because they were black -- but because they were available for purchase. As I went to school in the Soviet Union, the teachers kept reminding us of one of Lenin's great sayings (all his sayings were great, of course, but only so many could be repeatedly quoted to school children): "to live in a society and be free from it is impossible." Sure, Lenin was right -- but what he did not mention that this social dependence comes in two opposite forms -- that of a person in power who socially depends for his pleasures on the services offered the flunkeys -- and that of the flunkeys, who depend for their living (and at certain times and in certain places, for their very lives) on the caprice of the person in power. Hence, humans try all they can to get into the former group, and get out of the latter. We all want to be "haves" rather than "have nots," be in the camp of "oppressors" rather than the "oppressed." Even the self-effacing "servants of the people" like Lenin/Stalin/Mao/Xi/Kim (Khomenei of course serves God, not people) who ostensibly want nothing for themselves, but whose only goal is to serve the higher good -- prefer to do so while living in palaces, being served by flunkeys, and being protected by bodyguards and security services. The same principle applies on a smaller scale, too. Everything that can be used to put a foot in the door, to tighten one's grip on the career ladder, be it corporate, academic, or political, has to be exploited. If fashionable cries of "racism" can help in building a career, can be a step to a better position, why not? I think this is why we hear the cries of "racism" from the "elites" (racism clearly not preventing them from attaining the most cherished positions in media and academe, since they are sufficiently well-connected to have access to the prestigious and highly selective and restrictive media outlets like the New York Times or NPR-- elitist media inaccessible to the regular folk) -- though racism has nothing whatsoever to do with the slavery, and though slavery in America was abandoned a century and a half ago, and the civil rights movement of fifty years ago changed the attitudes to the point where Americans could elect a black man as the president of the country. Surprisingly (or perhaps, not), the fact that slavery is still being practiced in far too many places around the world seems unimportant to the race-crying, well-connected elites to whom it means nothing, the all-in-all race that could be exploited for promotion, not being a factor there. As to slavery itself -- who really cares? Posted on 11/28/2021 5:36 AM by Lev Tsitrin No comments yet. Order on Amazon or Amazon UK today! Order on Amazon or Amazon UK today! Order on Amazon or Amazon UK today! Site Archive
• Weird History Meet Lilith, Adam's First Wife According To Some Traditions The name "Lilith" isn't even in the Bible, but according to Jewish mythology, she was Adam's first wife. This myth has intertwined ancient Mesopotamian and Jewish beliefs for thousands of years. The traditional description of Lilith blends ancient demonic lore with Biblical cosmology in a way that often defies gender norms, leading to her portrayal as a fearsome night hag. The depiction of Lilith as an ungodly seductress fails to acknowledge her nuanced role in the Jewish faith and Mesopotamian traditions. To understand Lilith's importance, it helps to know more about her origins and the role she has played throughout history. • Photo: Dante Gabriel Rossetti / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 She Was Adam's First Wife Lilith's role as Adam's first wife became part of the Jewish tradition when she was mentioned in a midrash, a text that interprets and explains Hebrew scriptures. The midrash elaborated on inconsistencies in the Book of Genesis: In Genesis 1, man and woman are created at the same time, but then Genesis 2 establishes Eve as the product of Adam's rib. To reconcile these diverging accounts, there must have been another woman in Adam's life. Enter: Lilith. She was depicted as Adam's first wife in the Alphabet of Ben Sira, a work that became part of Jewish tradition sometime around the year 1000 CE. According to this interpretation, their marriage eventually failed and she left, prompting God to create Eve. • Her Name Isn't Mentioned Directly In The Bible Lilith appears in the Bible only once, and it's not even by name. In Isaiah 34:14, the author refers to the "night bird," "night monster," or "nocturnal creature," depending on which translation of the Bible you're reading. • Her Origins Are In Mesopotamian Mythology Lilith was likely derived from the ancient Sumerian myth of lilitu - the demon spirits of men and women who passed young. Lilith's more horrific aspects can be traced back to Lamashtu , the daughter of the Mesopotamian sky god Anu. Lamashtu was said to slay children and feast on men. Lilith also appears in The Epic of Gilgamesh , on a tablet dated to roughly 2000 BCE. There she is a demon that Gilgamesh forces to flee and take refuge in a desolate area, an element that remains consistent in her tale over time. • The Dead Sea Scrolls Associate Her With Other Demons The Dead Sea Scrolls, a group of some 800 texts discovered in the 1940s and 1950s on the West Bank near the Dead Sea, mention Lilith. The scrolls include Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek prayers, legal documents, biblical writings, and apocryphal works. Lilith is referred to in the "Song for a Sage," which was possibly a hymn used during exorcisms: And I, the Sage, sound the majesty of His beauty to terrify and confound all the spirits of destroying angels and the bastard spirits, the demons, Lilith... and those that strike suddenly, to lead astray the spirit of understanding, and to make desolate their heart.
Physical Education : Intent and Implementation At Roe Green Infant School, PE activity takes place for at least 2 hours a week, indoors or outdoors, using the scheme called PE Hub.Children have access to a variety of different sporting equipment, as well as the school’s sports hall and Kingsbury High School playing field. Children have the opportunity to work as a team and to develop their communication skills and sportsmanship, as well as gross motor skills.A balance of individual, paired and group activities including co-operative, collaborative and competitive situations aim to cater for all children. We provide a broad and balanced PE curriculum that promotes a fun, high quality experience that will inspire all pupils to succeed in developing their individual abilities in competitive sport and other physical activities. We provide opportunities for children to develop their understanding of fairness and how to co-operate and collaborate with others in different sports. Children aim to develop the necessary knowledge and skills to create a positive impact on their future. Children learn how to lead an active healthy life and promote self –esteem through their development of physical confidence, posture, coordination, dexterity and problem solving. Understanding the importance of exercise, mental wellbeing and the need for a healthy, balanced lifestyle is covered through PE sessions and cross curricular links with science and PSHE. Skills and Progression Map Please click on the PDF icon below to see detailed information about the development of skills and knowledge in this subject from year to year.
As climate anxiety rises, chat groups tackle isolation and taboos 21 December 2021 - 08:00 By Sonia Elks Climate change is spurring rising distress and mental health issues among generations young and old. Stock image. Image: 123RF/Lakshmiprasad Sindhnur German climate activist Dieter Muller, 64, only began seriously considering his impact on the planet as he lay watching the stars on a wild camping retreat in Spain several years ago. Now, climate change worries him so much he often cannot sleep. “Since I became aware of this, there's a lot of nights I didn't sleep through. Sometimes I wake up in the night and think about what can I do and what is going to happen,” he told a virtual Climate Awakening discussion group. But when he tries to talk to loved ones about it, they sometimes seem to be in a different world. From angry rejections to airy brush-offs, the message he gets over and over is that they don't want to hear about it. “There's a lot of people who are not willing to talking about it, just saying 'I am too busy with my day-to-day life'," he said. “Sometimes I feel like an alien when it comes to these climate topics, as if I see a different reality.” But psychologists and activists alike say many people do not want to talk about the increasingly urgent dangers it poses, because it is seen as too depressing or overwhelming. In response, a growing network of climate support and discussion groups worldwide are offering spaces where people can open up about their feelings. “Anxiety and fear and terror and rage and grief are all healthy and rational responses” to climate threats, said Margaret Klein Salamon, a psychologist and activist who started Climate Awakening's online discussions about climate-linked emotions last year. “But there's this kind of social taboo. You don't want to ruin the dinner party and bring up the end of the world.” Struggling to cope with the climate crisis is a normal response to a real threat and should not be characterised as a pathology or dismissed as an irrational feeling that needs to be overcome, said mental health experts working on climate issues. “I might actually be more concerned about people who have no reaction at all,” said Alice Walker, a clinical psychologist who co-runs a regular Climate Cafe group based in Portsmouth. Sometimes fear can be a driver for change. Teenage activist Greta Thunberg has spoken of how activism helped her cope with her crippling dread about a warming world. But if negative emotions are left to fester internally, they can be destructive, creating a spiral of despair and panic, psychologists said. And while people can usually share their worries with close friends and family, others they try to speak with can be bad at acknowledging and coping with those negative feelings. Muller believes his friends and family often don't want to acknowledge the fear and helplessness that come with facing up to climate threats. He said they are rather like some patients in the end-of-life care programme where he works, who cannot accept that their lives are coming to a close and instead fuss over minor plans for the future or busy themselves with online shopping. Dismissal of their worries can in turn be bruising for people struggling with climate anxiety, psychologists said. “People can often be met with ... responses about how we should be more hopeful, or technology will save us. They can have the experience of feeling a bit shut down in their usual social circles,” Walker said. Her group is part of a network of Climate Cafes modelled on Death Cafes — a network of public meetings developed in Switzerland and Britain to enable frank conversations about the end of life. “Death and climate change are both to some extent taboo subjects,” said Rebecca Nestor, a board member of the Climate Psychology Alliance (CPA) who facilitates meetings and developed her group's climate cafe model. Demand for training to set up Climate Cafes has seen a huge spike since the latest UN climate science report in August, which sounded a “code red for humanity”, she noted. Those logging on to virtual climate chats or arriving in community halls for conversation and cake range from teenagers to pensioners, and from experienced activists to those just starting to engage with the topic. Some want to discuss their anxiety or questions about whether to have children in an uncertain future. Others express rage at leaders, or guilt over their own choices in the past. But the most common thread among participants is a feeling of isolation and a desire to meet others who recognise and share a similar malaise, organisers said. “We are inherently social beings, and we can get enormous support from connecting with others,” Walker said. “It can be quite powerful to come to a group where that is permitted — to share and to speak about ... feelings, and to recognise that you're not alone.” Having conversations can also drive change, said Climate Awakening creator Salamon. Humans tend to gauge threats by looking at how others around them are reacting, she said in a video played as part of the climate emotions group discussions. She urged those taking part to keep trying to start discussions with friends and family. Other climate group organisers said they wanted to create a space where people could simply focus on their own feelings without guilt or pressure to reach a specific outcome. That, in itself, could give people a chance to move from panic to a more considered path forward, or give them room to recuperate when they feel burnt out by campaign work, the experts noted. “Being together can be enormously restorative,” Walker said. “There's huge power in ... the solidarity of lots of people coming together with a shared purpose to make a difference. Thomson Reuters Foundation
It’s bad enough when cats get stuck in a tree, but when they do it in the winter, the combination of cold and hunger can seriously threaten a cat’s health. When 9-year old Carley Powell heard a cold, crying cat stuck in a pine tree near her house, she took action to save the cat. Carley told her father who contacted a former classmate who owns a tree trimming company. The tree trimmer rescued the cat and brought her back to his shop so both her and the cat would warm up and get some food. Fortunately the cat (and the tree trimmer) are now safe and warm. Nobody quite knows who the cat belongs to so unless the owner appears, someone else will likely adopt the tame cat and give it a good home. To read more about the tree trimmer rescuing a cat, click here.
APRIL 22 2010 CLIP FROM ARTICLE --> a vast plume of volcanic ash around 7 miles (11 km) into the atmosphere, high enough to be carried for thousands of miles. And then, as if on cue, the winds shifted, blowing to the east and south, sending the tower of ash toward northern Europe and some of the most crowded airspace on the planet. Amos 8:9 And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord GOD, that I will cause the sun to go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the clear day: Noon is when they will bring all the Prophecies to Pass in Jerusalem not across the planet = which is physically impossible . The earth is ,in scripture, the dry land as in the beginning of Genesis(= Bible) the Lord divided the earth from the sea. The Earth is commonly referred to as the World but this is not what is written the Earth is only the dry Land not the entire World. Haarp can change the direction of the Jet stream (see videos on the Haarp page and you will see this happening in a lab by the experts and they will tell you it is very easily accomplished.) Haarp can also create the Telsa fire ball inside a Volcano and can cause it to erupt on demand in the same manner they can also bring on Earthquakes on but instead they expand the frequencies for earthquakes. By doing this they can bring on an earthquake on demand or by the push of a button. This Volcanic eruption is in preparation on the European side of the World to be darkened in the clear day and here = Haarp Page we see the preparations ( Earthquake swarms ) for the Yellowstone volcano to erupt on this side to cover the Earth on this side of the world = darkening the World in the clear day ! See the same page for recent large Earthquake Swarms in Yellowstone providing proof they are preparing this side for a similar event on a far greater magnitude than Iceland's Volcano. See also in the Haarp page for solid proof (in the video's) to back all of what I have written here up ! As volcanic eruptions go, Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull won't break the records. Icelanders dismiss the normally sleepy Eyjafjallajokull as a "weary old man," and in fact few people outside the volcanology community or the 800 or so Icelandic farmers who needed to be evacuated noticed when the volcano began spewing lava on March 20. Most likely it would have remained that way a brief tourist attraction and a footnote in a few grad students' dissertations before the earth quieted again. Indeed, for anyone attempting to travel to, from or within Europe or anyone who owns stock in an airline it was definitely the wrong place at the wrong time. Because volcanic ash can ruin the jet engines of aircraft, European air-traffic controllers began shutting down the continent's airspace as the high-altitude cloud loomed. By April 15, planes were grounded and the skies above Europe's cities were eerily quiet. As the cloud metastasized across the continent, nervous bureaucrats kept much of its airspace closed for almost five days, resulting in the cancellation of more than 100,000 flights and the stranding of hundreds of thousands of travelers in airports around the world. With a third of the industry down, it was the worst global travel disruption since World War II, as the lifeline we'd all come to take for granted was suddenly snapped. "These are extraordinary circumstances beyond all airlines' control," says Willie Walsh, CEO of British Airways, which was losing up to $30 million a day during the shutdown. (See TIME's special report on the Icelandic volcano and resulting travel snafu.) But the impact of the volcanic crisis went far beyond the inconvenience of stranded vacationers and the sprained tongues of newscasters trying to pronounce Eyjafjallajokull. (For the record, it's Ey-ya-fyat-lah-yoh-kuht.) The airline industry, already pummeled by the recession, has lost nearly $2 billion. TUI Travel, Europe's biggest tour operator, had 100,000 customers marooned overseas and was losing $9 million a day as it scrambled to get them home. Kenyan farmers, who supply one-third of Europe's fresh flowers, were losing $2 million a day as their blooms withered on Nairobi runways. Transplants of bone marrow which needs to be implanted within 72 hours of harvesting, or else the cells will die were delayed, putting cancer patients' lives at risk. Hundreds of runners from overseas were unable to make it to the starting line of the Boston Marathon on April 19, including Moroccan Olympian Abdellah Falil, who was stuck in Paris. Oxford University bigwigs, in New York for a biannual outreach weekend, wondered how to get back home for the summer term, and world leaders couldn't fly to Poland for the funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski on April 18. "It's nature," says Joy Martinez, 29, a New Yorker who shifted her wedding at the last minute from France to Bali because of the volcano. "And you can't fight nature." See pictures of Poland in mourning. See the costs of Europe's volcanic ash travel crisis. Understanding why Eyjafjallajokull has wreaked such havoc on Europe requires a little basic volcanology which volcanologists, thoroughly enjoying their week in the spotlight, are only too happy to provide. Eyjafjallajokull means "island mountain glacier" in Icelandic, and the top of the ice cap covers the volcano's peak. The ice is the thing: the weight of the glacier atop the volcano helps the magma inside build to a higher pressure, so on April 14, when the mountain had its second eruption, it blew with enough force to send volcanic gases and ash miles into the sky. And the cold water from the melted ice quickly chilled the lava, fragmenting it into tiny glass particles that could be carried away in the plume. (That's what ash really is not rock dust but little shreds of silica.) The ash plume reached the troposphere, some 35,000 ft. (almost 11 km) up, high enough to hang at the altitude where passenger planes cruise and high enough to be blown to northern Europe and beyond. "It's a minor eruption in the grand scheme of things," says Jon Davidson, an earth scientist at Durham University in Britain. "But there was a conspiracy of factors that made it worse." (See the pictures of the travel chaos caused by the volcanic ash.) Ice and wind were just two of those factors; our dependence on air travel was the other. If you wanted to turn a $300 million jumbo jet into scrap metal, you couldn't find a faster way to do it than flying it through the heart of a volcanic cloud. Heavy ash can sandblast the windows, leaving them impossible to see through. But the real threat is to the jet engines: ash is sucked into the hot combustion chamber, where it melts into molten glass, clogging the machinery, degrading the fan blades and potentially causing the engine to flame out. That's exactly what happened to a 1982 British Airways flight that ran into an undetected volcanic-ash cloud off Indonesia, losing all four engines before it was able to make an emergency landing. But even very thin, dispersed ash clouds can badly damage a plane. In 2000 a NASA research jet flew through a high-altitude ash cloud without the pilot's realizing it. The flight continued without incident, but when scientists took apart the engines later, they discovered $3.2 million worth of damage that could have soon crippled the plane. "Ash can definitely do some real damage to your engines," says Thomas Grindle, chief of aircraft maintenance at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center in Edwards, Calif., who wrote a report on the incident. "And we didn't even know it was happening at the time." (Read: "Volcano Fallout: Where's the Tuna and Pineapples?") Pilots can fly around or under an ash cloud, but it's difficult to measure the exact boundaries of the plume, and as writer and amateur pilot James Fallows puts it, flying at low altitude is "like driving cross-country in first gear." Airlines have an official zero-tolerance approach to volcanic ash, so when scientific models showed the plume spreading across Britain and much of northern Europe in the hours after the eruption, one airport after another benched its planes where they sat. And as the plume lingered over Europe and airports remained closed for two days, then three and then longer, utter travel chaos hit, with hundreds of thousands of people around the world realizing they were stranded far from home and quite suddenly in the pre-jet era. "These kinds of eruptions happened all the time in the past," says Dougal Jerram, an earth scientist at Durham University. "But the disruption is a product of how we live today." And what a disruption, as stranded travelers used every means at their disposal to make it home. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, returning from San Francisco, was forced to fly to Grand Forks, N.D., then to Lisbon, then to Rome, and then travel by car and bus to Germany an odyssey that took nearly three days. The British government sent warships from the Royal Navy to pick up stranded vacationers in Spain, while English TV host Dan Snow used Twitter to organize a second Dunkirk evacuation across the Channel for Brits stuck in Calais, France. (It didn't go as well as the first. French immigration officials put a quick stop to the rescue.) Travelers crowded train and bus stations, hoping to get scarce tickets home or to one of the few European airports that were still operating. To make it back to New York City from London, Kate Winn, a TV executive with the A&E channel, and her colleagues chartered a car operated by a former driver for the heavy-metal band Iron Maiden who'd never driven outside Britain for a 22-hour trip from London to Madrid, where they were able to get a flight home, through the Dominican Republic, on April 20. What was the adventure like? "Ugh," says Winn. (See why volcanic ash can be a hazard for air travel.) By April 21, almost all of the European airspace had been reopened, although airlines cautioned that it would take days or weeks to get back to anything like normal. And there's no guarantee that another eruption and unlucky winds couldn't ground planes again. When Eyjafjallajokull last erupted, beginning in 1821, it continued to do so occasionally for two years. "This sort of eruption is one that's probably going to be on and off for a while," says Davidson. "You could see shutdowns again." If or when that happens, Europe needs to be far better prepared to deal with it. While there's legitimate debate over just how much volcanic ash must be in the air before planes should be grounded, no one should doubt that European authorities were much too slow and uncoordinated in responding to the eruption. The European Union may have one currency, but it has more than 20 airspaces. It took European Travel Ministers five days to arrange a conference call and work out a system for gradually lifting flight restrictions. Long after airlines had done their own test flights and were calling on authorities to reconsider blanket airspace closings, national authorities dragged their feet even as the crisis showed how quickly Europe would flounder without air links. "In the U.S., it'd be like every state in the country having their own traffic controllers and trying to coordinate," says Steve Lott, North American spokesman for the International Air Transport Association. "No one took leadership here." (See the top 10 news stories of 2009.) Americans shouldn't feel too cocky. A major volcanic-ash cloud in the U.S. would wreak economic and logistical havoc on the country, which doesn't even have Europe's train links. And the truth is, our understanding of how volcanic ash works and how it spreads is still limited; scientists can't easily measure how dense a plume really is, nor is there any set limit for how much ash a plane can safely fly through. More research is needed something Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, who once famously mocked the federal spending of millions of dollars on volcano monitoring, might want to remember. "If we spend $100 million now, we might actually be able to prevent events that would cost billions," says Benjamin Edwards, head of the earth-sciences department at Dickinson College in Pennsylvania. But there's a deeper lesson to Eyjafjallajokull: the earth can still surprise us. As complicated as our transcontinental supply chains and holidays have become, a single shrug from the planet can disrupt everything and leave us marooned far from home. Prophecy News - End times Prophecy News for Russia, China, Iran, Bush, World, America, Iraq, Syria, North Korea, The Fundamental Top 500 10/40 Window Topsites All 4 Teens Top Sites Please rate this site at Just4Christ Top 50 Christian Sites OurChurch.Com Christian Internet Solutions
Mask EDC \| Electrical, Plumbing, Damage Repair \| Attic Fans page-template,page-template-templates,page-template-template-full-notitle,page-template-templatestemplate-full-notitle-php,page,page-id-303,siteorigin-panels,siteorigin-panels-before-js,ajax_fade,page_not_loaded,,qode-theme-ver-10.0,wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-4.12,vc_responsive Attic Fans What Are Attic Fans? An attic fan is just one of several ventilation products which can be used to improve ventilation in the roof of your building. Attic ventilation is important as it will lower the temperature in your attic, offering energy savings by lowering your air conditioning costs. Attic fans are a type of ventilation fan which regulates the temperature of your property’s attic by expelling hot air. They are regulated by a thermostat or a manual switch and wired into an electric circuit or plugged into a socket. Solar powered attic fans are also available. Why Attic Ventilation Is Important Good attic ventilation reduces the buildup of heat in the space. If heat in your attic is reduced it means you are less likely to need to use your air conditioning system, so saving you money. During winter, the warm moist air from the living space in the property drifts into the attic space, causing condensation. Allowing this air to escape keeps your attic dry and stops ice from forming during very cold weather. Managing ventilation, and so reducing the extremes of temperatures in your attic, will also extend the life of your roof. If you identify the presence of frost in your attic or the curling of shingles on your roof, it is likely you will benefit from an attic fan to regulate temperature The main options available to improve ventilation in your attic are air vents and attic fans. How Do Attic Fans Work? They work by taking cool air from outside which enters the attic space through vents and expelling the hot air inside the attic out into the environment. To benefit from the cooler attic space, you will need to make sure your attic is well sealed from your living space or the attic fan will draw cold, air conditioned air up into the attic space. Solar Powered Attic Fans Though the majority of ventilation fans have traditionally been powered by wiring into an electric circuit or plugging into a socket, some products are now solar powered. Solar panels are either mounted on the fan or can be independent of it. Solar powered fans are more environmentally friendly that traditional electrical versions, they are also more convenient to use as they are cordless. Installing an Attic Fan We can complete an attic fan installation at your property. Give us a call and we can advise you of the suitability of an attic fan for your property, as well as the model. We offer a range of quality brands such as Broan, Air Vent, US Sunlight, and Blue Hawk. For a FREE Estimate Please Contact Us (818) 627-5332 To Schedule Your Service. We're Available Around The Clock To Handle Your Emergencies.
It COULD be in the Olympics by Egantx7 Question 2 "Boules" is the general international term for a family of ball games. In the United States this variation of boules is the most popular. This game descends from the Roman Empire, and remains popular among Adriatic nations (and with seniors in the U.S.). Name this sport that is generally played on a court that is 90 feet by 10 feet (27 meters by 3 meters), the object of which is to target a small ball called the jack or pallino?
Home Forums Stained Glass Stained Glass Reply To: Stained Glass Aubri Stogsdill The dramatic shift towards widows and church buildings brought a tremendous amount of light into the buildings. Before this, churches would have been very dark and somewhat dreary on the inside. Previously, the columns in churches would have brought the eyes down, where as the architecture in the Gothic period caused the people to look upwards. The stained glass brought a whole new dimension of awe into the churches. Abbot Suger wanted the church attendees to feel that they were entering heaven when they walked into the church. The beautifully designed windows and elegantly carved upwards stretching archways made that possible. This is a theme that defined the Gothic period and brought a tremendous shift in religious architecture.
Skip to content Exorcism: The history of purging demons, from the New Testament to today The gospels imply that Jesus became famous as much for his exorcisms as his ministry. (Credit: LIGHTFIELD STUDIOS via Adobe Stock) Key Takeaways • Exorcisms are mentioned frequently in the New Testament, and some gospels imply that Jesus became famous first and foremost as an exorcist. • The Christian Church has a long, bizarre, and often dangerous history of exorcism, and there are various commonalities over time. • As the Catholic Church agrees, the mentally ill are not possessed, and demons do not cause epilepsy, depression, or schizophrenia. To argue otherwise is dangerous and immoral. Imagine it is a regular Sunday morning. You’re at your kitchen table, chomping through some toast, drinking coffee, and watching TV. Suddenly your fingers twitch. Your mug shatters on the floor. Your body tenses and goes cold. “IT’S TIME TO KILL!” a gravelly, rumbling voice pounds through your head. “THE PORTENTS ARE DELIVERED. THE SEALS ARE BROKEN. THE HOUR IS HERE, MORTAL!” The moment passes as quickly as it came. You feel exhausted to your bones and you sit there, mute and frozen in panic. What just happened? The black sludge of your coffee pools around your bare foot, and you reach for your phone. Luckily, you’re a god-fearing member of your church and you have the priest’s number saved. After a few rings, he answers. “Father, I think I’m possessed. I need you to exorcize me,” you whisper. He says he’ll be there shortly. A history of demonic deliverance Unlike some church doctrine, exorcism actually has a lot of biblical authority. In Mark’s gospel (generally considered the earliest gospel), Jesus performs his first miracle when he exorcises a spirt at a synagogue in Capernaum. For much of the gospel, the only ones who recognize Jesus’ power are demons. The gospels seem to imply that Jesus became famous as much for his exorcisms as his ministry. In fact, the Pharisees (the villains to Jesus’ hero) accused Jesus of being in league with “Beelzebub, the prince of demons” — to command demons so easily, he must himself be demonic, they thought. At the time of the New Testament, illnesses were thought to be caused by demonic possession. This belief fed the burgeoning business of exorcism well into the mediaeval period. Hearing voices, having seizures, or being overcome by insatiable and uncontrollable urges might all be attributed to satanic influence. If a loved one had any kind of mental illness, you’d likely go to your priest over a physician. Richard Burton’s epic 1621 work The Anatomy of Melancholy goes into a huge digression about the varieties of demonic possession. In it, he mentions how devils and demons cause an entire compendium of mental illnesses, but also that anything — objects and animals included — can be possessed. “As Agrippa’s dog had a devil tied to his collar; some think that Paracelsus had one confined to his sword pummel; others wear them in rings,” Burton wrote. (Quite amusingly, one emperor’s dead wife apparently had a demon confined to “the wart in her neck.”) While the work of ancient (but pagan!) scholars like Hippocrates and Galen was still available in treating mental health, physicians simply didn’t know what to do, for the most part. Even in our post-Enlightenment and scientific age, we largely only treat or manage the symptoms of mental illness; we do not “cure” it. It’s no wonder, then, that people turned to their priests for help — it was the only option. Your friendly neighborhood exorcist In the gospels, exorcism is seen as a kind of extraordinary measure or treatment for the possessed. But as Christianity battled to become mainstream, exorcism took on a new purpose. In an effort to combat rival theologies and the sinful paganism of other cultures, exorcism came to be lumped together with the baptismal process. As early as the 3rd century, baptism was used as a way to convert heathens and rid them of any foreign, false religion’s demons. But exorcisms for the possessed were still a huge part of the local clergy’s job description. Given this, it’s unsurprising that there were almost as many methods of exorcism as there were priests. However, there were a few noticeable trends. (Credit: Klochkov via Adobe Stock) The first is that water and salt are often used. A 12th-century manuscript features the use of salt and water with the following words (the cross represents the moment the priest must draw the sign of the cross): “I exorcise thee, creature of salt, by the living God +, by the true God +, by the Holy God +, by the God who by the prophet Eliseus commanded thee to be cast into the water.” The second is that Biblical or canonical incantations are spoken. There were often certain prayers uttered: the Lord’s Prayer, Hail Marys, and so on. The Catholic Church still governs the rites and processes of exorcism from the 84-page document De Exorcismis et Supplicationibus Quibusdam, which can be bought online. The third feature of exorcisms it that they involve some kind of sacred object or relic. Most often this will be the crucifix, but it might be some holy relic, or some otherwise blessed trinket that the exorcist has used to great success before. So, you’ve been possessed by the devil But what actually happens today if you’re to undergo an exorcism? Well, the first thing to note is that much will depend on who you go to and which Christian denomination you belong to. Methodists, Baptists, and Lutherans all have their exorcistic wings, but let’s assume you want a vanilla deliverance. You choose Catholic. The Roman Catholic Church revised and updated their rites of exorcism in 1999. The Cardinal who oversaw this revision said it has “more sober language, with fewer adjectives than in the previous one. But the basic set-up is exactly the same.” You, the possessed, are typically seated or laid down and will have prayers spoken, chanted, or sung over you. The priests or pastors present will be regularly making the sign of the cross, and holy water (and salt) will often be used. There is sometimes someone present who has the “gift of discernment” who will be able to see the presence of the demons (and also angels), who might be able to steer the rite. The priest will often lay hands on you as they say the requisite prayers. Not harmless fun The 1999 revision does make substantial efforts to say that exorcism should not be a substitute for medical help, and that possession is not the same as mental illness. “Exorcism is one thing, psychiatry another,” Cardinal Medina said. “If the exorcist has doubts about the sanity of a possessed person, he can consult a specialist. It can be a collaboration.” But that does not mean that exorcism is always only a harmless placebo that you might as well try. In his book American Exorcism, Michael Cuneo offers accounts of women being pummeled to death in San Francisco and a Korean woman being trampled to death in Glendale during exorcisms. Most disturbingly, he describes how “a five-year-old Bronx girl died after her mother and grandmother forced her to drink a lethal cocktail containing ammonia, vinegar, and olive oil and then bound and gagged her with duct tape. The two women claimed that they were merely trying to poison a demon that had infested the little girl several days earlier.” The fact is that while “official” Catholic exorcisms might be relatively harmless to believers, the business of unlicensed and unofficial exorcists risks exacerbating mental illness and disfiguring or even killing those they profess to help. The mentally ill are not possessed and demons do not cause epilepsy, depression, bipolar disorder, or voices to be heard. To argue otherwise is dangerous and cruel. Up Next The strange history of alcohol at Christmas For consumers of festive beverages, the news is bad: this holiday season, Guinness may not be on tap and glass for bottling wine is scarce. Climate disasters, like British Columbia’s floods, have further weakened already […]
Magic Mushrooms – A Brief Overview Psilosus maritima, also known as magical mushrooms, are an informal, polyphyletic gang of mushrooms including psilocin and psilo-derivatives. The three key biological genera made up of magic fresh mushrooms are Gymnopilus (including Panaeolus), Panaeolinoides (which include Panaeolinoside, Panaeolidon and Panaeolidus), and Psilococcaceae (including Psilococcum). produce a variety of metabolically effective elements, including psilocins (tryptamines) and indolealkylamines (serotonin and norepinephrine). Magic mushrooms differ in size and shape and are generally readily available fresh (refreshing fresh mushrooms) and dried out (older) fresh mushrooms. The majority of the fresh mushrooms distributed commercial include a variety of indoles and psilosans, although some fresh mushrooms have only psilosans and pindoles. Although psilosans and indoles would be the key productive compounds in magical fresh mushrooms, there are lots of other substances found in mushrooms that contribute to their pharmacological steps. The majority of substances may also be within the mushroom by itself. Some chemical compounds, like mandolins, could be poisonous when enjoyed, and others, such as porphyrins, could possibly be beneficial in certain situations. Porphyrins, particularly, play a role on the metabolism of carbs and necessary protein, specifically carbohydrate food in the blood stream and proteins inside the muscle mass. Magic fresh mushrooms consist of pheromones, flavonoids and porphyrins and a number of other compounds. Together with porphyrins and the pheromones that they contain, these mushrooms may additionally have a selection of other chemical substances, as well as severalergosterol and terpenoids, and phenols. Porphyrins and their derivatives are made use of for longer than 40 years on the East as aphrodisiacs. In Chinese typical medicine, porphyrins have been discovered being impressive in improving libido, infertility, and intimate overall performance. In Japanese standard porphyrins, other and treatments pheromones named ergosterol are applying to help remedy a variety of health conditions. In many studies, porphyrrolizidine alkaloids, that happen to be frequent substances for many porphyrrolidine alkaloids, have been found to become as good as specified contra –inflamation related medications. Other scientific studies indicate that ergosterol, one more porphyrrolidine alkaloid, can help stop the formation of thrombus. Several research in creatures signify that porphyrrolizidine alkaloids and ergosterol can help protect against the creation of cancer. The exact device is unclear nevertheless, it is actually considered that porphyrins lessen histamine production within the mental faculties. Histamine is usually a neuroimmuno-stimulant and can lead to excessive immune system activity. The method of motion is absolutely not properly understood, even though the influence of histamine of the epidermis is properly noted. The end results of histamine onto the skin are not identified. Some scientific studies also claim that porphyrrolidine alkaloids may possibly slow or stop cancer cellular division, reduce tumor advancement, slow up the metabolic rate of tumors, or prevent tumors from growing. It can also be believed that porphyrrolidin is really a potent antioxidising. Magic mushrooms may not be unsafe for many people. People that take them for virtually any long time frame, for instance a couple of days or more than a 7-day period, ought to be observed by a health care professional. Those with particular disorders, including HIV/AIDS, liver issues, kidney troubles, or all forms of diabetes, must not take in mushrooms. Porphyrrolidine alkaloids and pheromones may also be poisonous to the folks. When you have a pre-active problem, you must only use up mushrooms that contain porphyrrolidine alkaloids or pyrrolidine should you have been encouraged by your medical professional to protect yourself from particular sorts of cure. These drugs consist of all those useful for managing cancer, cardiovascular disease, high-cholesterol, or ulcer. Magic mushrooms may not be a treat-all, although they can supply some symptomatic relief. If eaten in substantial amounts, lots of people have revealed non permanent alleviation if they have applied wonder mushrooms along with other herbs or nourishing substances, including a number of vitamin products, vitamins, or aminos. In addition to possible adverse reactions, you have to bear in mind that these fresh mushrooms can be very unsafe. It is also possible for these mushrooms to possess noxious spores. visit the next website page is unlikely that these dangerous influences will arise. Finally, fresh mushrooms need to simply be used in an exceedingly little bit to stay away from any health risks, provided that you will not eat a lot more than the encouraged medication dosage or consume in excess of two mushrooms per day. However, for anyone who is experiencing irritation, a sick stomach, or vomiting, or feeling unwell, consult with a health care professional. Magic fresh mushrooms could have a good and impressive impact on your system, though the feasible side-effects should be considered against the likely benefits. Keep in relevant web-site is unable to cure or address all illnesses and this each and every individual’s body is distinct.
Skip to main content Hamburger Menu Close CNA Lifestyle Batman who? The history of Zorro, the original caped crusader, who turns 100 this month Antonio Banderas starred as Zorro in two Hollywood blockbuster films, alongside Catherine Zeta-Jones. (Photo: The Mask Of Zorro) On Aug 9, 1919, US writer Johnston McCulley released a story titled The Curse Of Capistrano in a Californian pulp magazine – in it was a masked and caped character named Zorro. In conceiving the sword-wielding defender of the downtrodden, McCulley set the stage for a whole century of superheroes. “Zorro is the original caped crusader. Before Batman, before Superman, before Wonder Woman there was Zorro," American history professor Stephen Andes, who studies the history and myth of Zorro, said on his website. The prolific McCulley went on to pen about 60 books about Zorro, which means “fox” in Spanish, but was reputed for his reluctance to say what inspired the character. One theory is that he was modelled on real-life Mexican highway bandit, Joaquin Murieta, who took revenge for abuses of his countrymen in California during the 19th-century Gold Rush. Another is that he was drawn from the Scarlet Pimpernel character – created by Hungarian-British writer Emma Orczy – who rescued aristocrats before they were sent to the guillotine during the French Revolution. “Zorro was intended to express the spirit of the caballero of the times, and to everyone's satisfaction he did," the US Oakland Tribune Magazine wrote in 1923 after interviewing the author. The character is the alter-ego of a young 19th-century Spanish nobleman, Don Diego de la Vega, who returns to California from studies in Spain to find it being ruled by corrupt and cruel tyrants. When he takes action in defence of the defenceless, he disguises himself in black with a cape, hat and mask covering the top of his face. He famously uses his sword to leave a "Z" on his defeated villans. His secret identity is known only to his trusted servant Bernardo, who is mute, and to his intelligent black horse Tornado. It was on the screen that Zorro became famous. A year after The Curse Of Capistrano"was published, it had been adapted for cinema as the silent film The Mark Of Zorro"starring Douglas Fairbanks, then one of Hollywood's biggest stars. More than 50 Zorro films followed, a handful made in Mexico and including spoofs and erotic versions. Two featuring Spanish actor Antonio Banderas and Catherine Zeta-Jones were Hollywood blockbusters: The Mask Of Zorro (1998) and its sequel The Legend Of Zorro (2005). The Walt Disney television series, which ran for 78 episodes from 1957 to 1961, remains popular, still aired in France, for example. Its musical title is legendary: "Out of the night, when the full moon is bright, comes the horseman known as Zorro. This bold renegade carves a 'Z' with his blade. A 'Z' that stands for Zorro." The character is played by the tall American Guy Williams, a fencer who did all the many sword duels himself with an unprotected blade. Another Zorro television series was produced in the Philippines until 2009, with nearly 100 episodes, and a popular telenovela saw more than 110 episodes in Colombia. In theatre, animation, comics books and video games, Zorro was credited by the creator of Batman, American Bob Kane, as a "major influence" on his own masked and cloaked character who debuted 20 years later. In her 2005 book Zorro: The Novel, Chilean novelist Isabel Allende imagines the background of the Zorro character, depicting him as “a mixture of Robin Hood, Peter Pan and Che Guevara”. (Source: AFP) Source: AFP
Smartwatches and Other Devices, Can Monitor Your Health, and Tell When You’re Getting Sick Does your technology know that you’re getting sick before you do? Smartwatches and wearable medical biosensors can possibly detect health issues before people even realize they are experiencing symptoms. Abnormal readings from a smartwatch, for example, can now be used to detect the first signs of becoming ill. The data that these wearable devices collect, could be a bridge between patients and care providers, for early detection and personalized care in Medicine. New research published from Stanford University looks at wearable devices, and their role in managing people’s health, as well as diagnosing, and analyzing disease. The research conducted spanned two years, and involved volunteers wearing devices that monitored their body functions. This includes heart rate, pulse and skin temperature, blood oxygen levels, and physical activity. It was found that the sensors used in these wearable devices, can lead to detecting Lyme disease, and the risk for type 2 diabetes. In addition, wearable devices are likely to play a role in managing health going forward. The data that these devices collect, can be matched with algorithms to either alert people that they might be getting sick, or even confirm that you are sick. This developing medical technology can lead to patients being better informed about their health. It also opens possibilities for patients in more remote areas, to have better access to personalized care. When people are more informed about their health, it can lead to more informed decisions, and as a result better treatment and a healthier lifestyle. If you or someone close to you has been impacted by a medical-legal issue, you deserve to learn about your legal options. Call Cutter Law, P.C for a free case evaluation: 888-285-3333. Scroll to Top
Pipeline Spilling 300,000 Gallons Kills Fish and Other Animals. Credit National Geographic Photo Credit CGTN Animals need infrastructure, too $350 million of Biden’s INVEST in America Act isn’t for people. It’s for wildlife that needs help crossing the road. By Ben Goldfarb Nov 12, 2021, 10:00am EST A bear walking across a mountain path. Fifty miles east of Seattle, a bridge crosses a steep stretch of Interstate 90 known as Snoqualmie Pass. This is no ordinary bridge, meant for automobiles or pedestrians. Covered in topsoil, boulders, and seedlings, it is intended to convey wild animals from one side of the highway to the other — and it’s working. Since 2018, when the bridge opened and the first animal, a coyote, scampered over the six lanes below, the structure has carried creatures as large as elk and as small as toads. And it should attract even more users as the seedlings grow into trees and animals acclimate to its presence. “As we get more shade, it’s going to be different,” Patty Garvey-Darda, a Forest Service wildlife biologist, told Vox during a recent visit to Snoqualmie Pass. “Hopefully someday we’ll see the exact same species up here as we see in the forest.” The Snoqualmie Pass bridge is one example in a broader category of infrastructure, known as wildlife crossings, that help animals circumvent busy roads like I-90. Crossings come in an array of shapes and sizes, from sweeping overpasses for grizzly bears to inconspicuous tunnels for salamanders. A body of research demonstrates that crossings can reconnect fragmented wildlife populations while protecting human drivers and animals alike from dangerous vehicle crashes. “This structure is paying for itself because of the accidents we haven’t had,” said Garvey-Darda, as trucks roared by 35 feet below. The construction of such crossings has never been more urgent. Roadkill rates have risen over the past half-century; today, around 12 percent of North American wild mammals die on roads. And new satellite tracking and genetic technologies have revealed subtler harms. Busy interstates prevent herds of elk and mule deer from migrating to low-elevation meadows in winter, occasionally causing them to starve. In California, freeways have thwarted mountain lions from mating, leaving the cats so inbred that they’ve fallen into an “extinction vortex.” Wildlife crossings allow animals to find food and each other across sundered landscapes and help them access new habitats as climate change scrambles their ranges. Read more here: https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/2021/11/12/22774958/animals-wildlife-crossings-bridges-infrastructure A rare two-headed turtle is alive and thriving, surprising scientists Photo Credit: PopSci A diamondback terrapin turtle hatched a couple weeks ago with two heads, a condition called bicephaly. The two-skulled, six-legged reptile was brought into a Massachusetts wildlife center, and while it currently seems healthy, veterinarians are continuing to closely monitor its health. The hatchling looks like a pair of conjoined twins, with two independently moving heads poking out of its green shell. When the turtle splashes around in water, each skull comes up at different times to breathe, and each head controls its own set of three legs. X-rays also show that hidden inside the shell are two distinct gastrointestinal tracts—though they partially share a spine. The Birdsey Cape Wildlife Center in Barnstable, MA, has a terrapin program, so the two-headed reptile was brought in on September 22, shortly after hatching at a protected terrapin nesting site in Barnstable. The Center introduced the little guy in a recent Facebook post. “When they came in, wow—it knocked us on our butts because we’ve never seen a bicephaly animal or turtle before,” Katrina Bergman, CEO of the New England Wildlife Centers, told The Washington Post. Read more here PopSci Lanternfly population continues to grow Source CBSNews Precautions should be taken. No matter what. Facts: Immune System and VACCINE The immune system is a complex unit, where there are different cells that fight off infection, this is a known fact. However, your immune system, is not capable of completely fighting off viruses it has never encountered before, such as COVID19 and it’s variants. Back in the day, with other viruses such as Smallpox, chicken pox, whooping cough, mumps, measles and so on. People weren’t aware of the testing that went behind all of it. Nor were they aware of the precautions that were taken to prevent the spread either. Because there was NO SOCIAL MEDIA outlet to share the trials and triumphs. I did some digging and asked a couple of folks who actually went through these procedures of “Masking” or distancing from others. They did all that, just as we have to do now with covid19 and the variants. How your immune system functions: Virally infected cells produce and release small proteins called interferons, which play a role in immune protection against viruses. Interferons prevent replication of viruses, by directly interfering with their ability to replicate within an infected cell. A special cell of the immune system called a T cell circulates looking for infections. One type of T cell is called a cytotoxic T cell because it kills cells that are infected with viruses with toxic mediators. Cytotoxic T cells have specialized proteins on their surface that help them to recognize virally-infected cells. These proteins are called T cell receptors (TCRs). Each cytotoxic T cell has a TCR that can specifically recognize a particular antigenic peptide bound to an MHC molecule. If the T cell receptor detects a peptide from a virus, it warns its T cell of an infection. The T cell releases cytotoxic factors to kill the infected cell and, therefore, prevent survival of the invading virus. However, many Viruses are highly adaptable, and have developed ways to avoid detection by T cells. Some viruses stop MHC molecules from getting to the cell surface to display viral peptides. If this happens, the T cell doesn’t know there’s a virus inside the infected cell. This is how COVID19 works, it’s adaptable and it mutates. Which is why a Vaccine was needed to help the “immune system” recognize and attack the virus cells. This is common bio-sci 101 and it is taught in Science/Biology class, as early as middle/high school. So why is it, people are being ignorant to these facts? I really don’t understand how people can play this off as the “common cold”, or “flu”. COVID19 and it’s variants are nothing like the common cold or flu. It’s highly dangerous, it sneaks in, it’s undetected for weeks and then it just hits you hard. Children have died from COVID, Elderly and young adults have died from COVID. “Children have been susceptible to Covid-19 all along. More than 4.1 million children have been diagnosed with Covid-19 since the beginning of the pandemic, accounting for 14.3 percent of all cases, according to the latest data from the American Academy of Pediatrics.” Aug 5, 2021 News Source: NBCNews “One thing just I want to note with the children is: I think we fall into this flawed thinking of saying that only 400 of these 600,000 deaths from COVID-19 have been in children. Children are not supposed to die, so 400 is a huge amount,” said the director of the CDC. News Source: Insider However, a majority of these news articles of child death of COVID19 and Variants have been buried by Republican lies, and Qanon misinformation campaign. The more people listen or even read misinformation, the more people will become susceptible to COVID19 and the Variants. The more that this happens, the less we will have the chance at HERD IMMUNITY. Furthermore, The vaccines has no microchips, and it doesn’t make you infertile. These are Alt-Facts created by the Qanon party. Bill Gats did not create any such thing to keep track of you. If the Government really wanted to keep track of you, all you need to do is look at your PHONE, COMPUTER, and SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS. They don’t need a “microchip” to do it. Blood clots – Very Rare, and has only happened so far in 1 of 5 vaccinated people. Rashes – again very rare, and has not happened as of late. These very rare side effects have to do with an underlining condition, of having either high blood pressure or pre-blood clots. Rashes have occurred due to allergies and an underlying condition of skin infections. CDC recommends people with an immunocompromised system, to take either Moderna or Pfizer and not Johnson and Johnson. Since J&J uses a “dead” virus for their vaccine. Which makes it harder for those immunocompromised to be able to fight and form antibodies against COVID19. I took J&J, and I have a very weak immune system. Due to the fact that I took J&J, I was laid out for a month. I felt, weak, and fluish. It did not feel great at all. And even though I felt like I got hit by a semi-truck, I was and am glad I got Vaccinated. Because I don’t have to worry as much when I am out in the public setting. Yes it took longer for my immune system to bounce back and make those antibodies, but it got done. I have had no other “side effects” since than. No Blood Clots, and No Rashes. Do your research, ask the experts. Get Vaccinated (Or don’t, but please, just wear your MASK and Social Distance. Just stop putting others lives in danger because you are about you and not about Humanity as a whole. Poison hemlock blooming in western Pennsylvania Poison hemlock, an invasive and dangerous plant, is blooming in the western Pennsylvania area. The plant is poisonous to both people and animals. Experts say poison hemlock has a smooth, hollow stem and can be identified by purple spots on its stems. It tends to grow near meadows and streams. Dwight Lingenfelter, an extension associate at Penn State Extension specializing in weed science, said the plant has toxic properties, primarily if it is ingested. He said that in general, most people are not allergic to poison hemlock just by coming in contact with it. Some people may experience skin irritation if they touch it. According to experts, you can easily dig out poison hemlock with a shovel or pull it out with a pair of gloves. If there is a lot of it, use of a herbicide that is non-lethal to animals recommended. Besides the Skin Irritation – some will experience allergy symptoms, such as irritation of the eyes, and lungs. Keep your pets away from the Hemlock as it will kill them, if ingested. Here’s what it looks like: By Riley Black APRIL 28, 2021 2:00PM Humane Society president discusses the surge of pet ownership during the pandemic — and what animals can teach us – The Washington Post Kitty Block, 56, is president and chief executive of the Humane Society of the United States and CEO of Humane Society International, an affiliate. Trained as a lawyer, Block has spent decades advocating on behalf of animal welfare, domestically and around the world. During the pandemic, there’s been a huge surge in adopting pets. What do you think are the benefits of that trend, and also, maybe, the potential perils? In a time of crisis, when people feel things are uncertain and people feel isolated or scared, to be able to bond with an animal is so important. For so many people, it wasn’t just: Oh, it’s convenient. I’m working from home. It’s: I need to have this kind of connection, this unconditional love. And [animals] provide that. That’s who they are. That’s what they do. — Read on www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/humane-society-president-discusses-the-surge-of-pet-ownership-during-the-pandemic–and-what-animals-can-teach-us/2021/04/27/198f5bcc-9269-11eb-a74e-1f4cf89fd948_story.html Scientists blame human-caused climate change. Elephants Trample Suspected Poacher to Death An alleged poacher died on Saturday after he was trampled by elephants. He and two others — both of whom survived — are suspected of hunting for rhinos in South Africa’s Kruger National Park, according to CNN. The trio fled when park rangers started to pursue, unfortunately running into a breeding herd of elephants that weren’t keen on their uninvited company. The story is laced with schadenfreude: man killing vulnerable species gets comeuppance — but it also illustrates how prevalent poaching still remains today, and just how difficult it is to stop it. Constant Threat Kruger National Park currently hosts the largest rhino population in the world. Even then, the park is home to only 268 black rhinos and about 3,500 white rhinos. The dwindling numbers illustrate how fragile the species are, yet the concentration of rhinos in one place also makes the park a prime target for poaching — a problem that’s devastated the animals in recent years. That makes fighting poachers in the park like a game of whack-a-mole, as more and more people attempt to hunt down the rhinos. — Read on futurism.com/the-byte/elephants-trample-suspected-poacher-death
Question: What do you think will be the next leading energy source (e.g. solar geothermal etc.) for power in the future 1. Hi there randomdude! Australia actually has lots of options for new renewable energy sources. Just recently, a team of scientists got together and actually worked out a plan to show how Australia could go to 100% renewable energy by 2020!! This involved mixing different energy sources, but the main ones were wind and solar – because the technology for wind and solar are the most advanced. But what will be the next leading energy source for power in the future? I think geothermal has HUGE potential – but we haven’t quite got all the technology right to be able to make the most of it. So I think the next leading energy source is most likely to be a combination of wind and solar – but with more research into geothermal – it could be a winner! 2. Hey randomdude.. I think there will be a lot of different renewable energy sources used in the the future. I don’t know that there will be just one kind. It would have to be developed for each different country depending on the resources available. So in countries like Iceland and New Zealand where there is a lot of sites that could be used for geothermal energy, they will use that as their primary power source. In tropical countries or countries with lots of sunshine, solar energy could be the main source, and they could even export it to other countries if they produced enough. We’re very lucky in Australia that we can use a number of renewable sources of energy – we could use solar, tidal, wind AND geothermal energy to cover our power needs, if we wanted to!
Adi Shankara cover photo credits: Wikimedia Commons Adi Shankara 8th-century Hindu philosopher and theologian 787 - 819 languages spoken, written or signed: Sanskrit occupation: philosopher student of: Govinda Bhagavatpada Adi Shankaracharya (Sanskrit: आदि शङ्कराचार्यः IAST: Ādi Śaṅkarācāryaḥ [aːdɪ ɕɐŋkɐraːtɕaːrjɐh]) (8th cent. CE) was an Indian philosopher and theologian whose works had a strong impact on the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. He founded four mathas ("monasteries"), which are believed to have helped in the historical development, revival and propagation of Advaita Vedanta.According to tradition, he travelled across the Indian subcontinent to propagate his philosophy through discourses and debates with other thinkers, from both orthodox Hindu traditions and heterodox non-Hindu-traditions, including Buddhism, defeating his opponents in theological debates. His commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi Vedic canon (Brahma Sutras, Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita) argue for the unity of Ātman and Nirguna Brahman "brahman without attributes," defending the liberating knowledge of the Self and the Upanishads as an independent means of knowledge against the ritually-oriented Mīmāṃsā school of Hinduism.Shankara's Advaita shows similarities with Mahayana Buddhism, despite his critiques; and Hindu Vaishnavist opponents have even accused Shankara of being a "crypto-Buddhist," a qualification which is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, highlighting their respective views on Atman, Anatta and Brahman. Shankara himself stated that Hinduism asserts "Ātman (Soul, Self) exists", whilst Buddhism asserts that there is "no Soul, no Self."Shankara has an unparallelled status in the tradition of Advaita Vedanta, and also had a strong influence on the Vedanta-tradition in general. Yet, while the main currents of modern Indian thought may have been derived from his doctrines, his influence on Hindu intellectual thought has been questioned, and the historical fame and cultural influence of Shankara may have grown centuries later after his death.Over 300 texts are attributed to his name, including commentaries (Bhāṣya), original philosophical expositions (Prakaraṇa grantha) and poetry (Stotra). However most of these are not authentic works of Shankara and are likely to be by his admirers or scholars whose name was also Shankaracharya. Authentic are the Brahmasutrabhasya, his commentaries on ten Mukhya (principal) Upanishads, his commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, and the Upadesasahasri. The authenticity of Shankara being the author of Vivekacūḍāmaṇi has been questioned. Adi Shankara is also believed to be the organiser of the Dashanami monastic order and unified the Shanmata tradition of worship. Read more or edit on Wikipedia Welcome to Inventaire the library of your friends and communities learn more you are offline
How to Fit Tabular Data 7 views (last 30 days) Christopher Dottellis Christopher Dottellis on 19 Jan 2021 Answered: Nitin Kapgate on 9 Feb 2021 I have a table with two variables, x and y. For each x,y pair there is a z. I'm trying to find a two variable function that can represent this table. I have been trying to use fit() but it says that the format of my vectors is off. So I did the example and looked at the three vectors loaded in. load franke; surffit = fit([x,y],z,'poly23','normalize','on') I find that the vectors , x, y, and z are all the same dimension. However, in my mind z = f(x,y) should be a matrix of values with dimensions size(x) by size(y). What is this fit function actually fitting then? 1 Comment Christopher Dottellis Christopher Dottellis on 19 Jan 2021 To clarify, this data is sparse. Might it just be easier to create the function by hand? Sign in to comment. Answers (1) Nitin Kapgate Nitin Kapgate on 9 Feb 2021 'z' vector should be of the same size as 'x' and 'y' vectors. The fit function tries to approximately fit a curve or surface to the data using different fitting techniques (fit type) etc. You can refer to this example that demonstrates how to fit a surface using variables in a MATLAB Table. Community Treasure Hunt Start Hunting! Translated by
The Difference Between Insert, Send, and Master Effects In music production, especially during the mixing stage, effects are used either to shape the sound from a technical point of view or an aesthetic point of view. After understanding the three types of audio effects (dynamic based, frequency based, and time based), now we will learn the difference between their three main applications. The three main usages are as follows: 1. Insert Effects. Insertsare effects that are assigned to a single channel or track. Since it is singularly assigned, this effect only effects that single channel, without touching any other channel. This is good when you want to change the timbre of only one sound in the mix, for example putting compression on the bass guitar. To use and effect as an insert in Cubase DAW, select the track concerned and choose an insert from the inspector menu, where a drop down menu wil appear with the list of available effects. 2. Send Effects. Sends are effects that can effect a group of channels or tracks. It is a very versatile method when you want to apply an effect to a group of tracks, for example putting the same reverb on all the vocal parts duringthe chorus part. Rather than inserting a reverb effect into every track, which besides taking a longer time also uses up more CPU power, using a send effect will allow you to set up one reverb and then send all the channels you want that effect. You can also determine the amount of reverb each channel receives by regulating the send level on the DAW mixer. In Cubase, a send effect takes its own channel by right clicking on the track list and selecting Add FX Channel Track.After inserting an effect (in the same way mentioned above), now you can choose send effects from the "Send" menu in the inspector list. 3. Master Effects. Masters are effects that, according to their name, effect everything in the mix.Why would you want to effect everything in the mix? An example of master effects usageis putting a compressor/limited on the master stereo output, which is done very common in mixing to glue all the sounds together. You might also want to put a universal reverb as a master effect, so all the sounds sound like they are in one space. The use of master effects however, rarely go beyond dynamics and frequency processing - it is rarely used for effects such as reverb, delays, and other time based ones. Those three are the difference between each effect. A good mix is a mix that can use effects efficiently, in terms of sound quality and also CPU resource. Hopefully this article can help you create better mixes for your music productions. To your effects efficiency Source by Endy Daniyanto Leave a Reply
[ORDER SOLUTION] Asymmetric Encryption This paper is about Asymmetric Encryption specifically the RSA Algorithm. Even though this is a computer science topic, the paper is for a math class so the main focus of the paper is the math involved in Asymmetric Encryption with main emphasis in the RSA Algorithm.· The paper should be 10-15 pages, double-spaced in 12 pt. font with one-inch margins.· The paper should be written for an audience of your peers, i.e. for senior mathematics majors.· There should be an introduction that informs the reader of where the paper will take them and a conclusion that summarizes the work.· You should make clear what your own contribution to the topic is. That is, show how you relate or apply the material to an area of interest to you.· Presentation and organization are major concerns.· Style, grammar, and spelling are important and will be included in your grade.· References must be cited within the paper.· You should include complete bibliographic information, with several sources.I included the 1st draft that is 6 pages. This is the feedback I received from my professor:What you have so far makes sense, but I hoped to see more of the mathematics. Why are prime numbers used, and how? What does number theory have to do with the algorithm? I was also not clear on the difference between the public key and the private key. You call them “mathematically structured”; in what sense? You need to say a lot more about the mathematics behind the algorithm.So the additional 5 pages need to be about the mathematics behind the algorithm. [ORDER SOLUTION] Asymmetric Encryption Get a 15% Discount on this Paper Get Help Now Get real help, Real fast Pages (550 words) Approximate price: - Why Hire a Professional Essay Writer from MyCoursebay Quality Urgent Essays Professional and Experienced Academic Writers Affordable Urgent Assignment Help 24/7 Available Urgent Essay Writing Service Plagiarism Free Essays Online Wow Customer Support 24/7 Try it now! Calculate the price of your order We'll send you the first draft for approval by at Total price: How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Our Services Custom Essay Writing Services Admission and Business Papers Editing and Proofreading Revision Support
Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi The fourth article in our guide to getting started with the Raspberry Pi dives into the Linux command line. Command line prompt Image by : Subscribe now Get the highlights in your inbox every week. In the third article in this series on getting started with Raspberry Pi, I shared info on installing Raspbian, the official version of Linux for Raspberry Pi. Now that you've installed Raspbian and booted up your new Pi, you're ready to start learning about Linux. It's impossible to tackle a topic as big as "how to use Linux" in a short article like this, so instead I'll give you some ideas about how you can use the Raspberry Pi to learn more about Linux in general. Start by spending time on the command line (aka the "terminal"). Linux window managers and graphical interfaces have come a long way since the mid-'90s. Nowadays you can use Linux by pointing-and-clicking on things, just as easily as you can in other operating systems. In my opinion, there is a difference between just "using Linux" and being "a Linux user," and the latter means at a minimum being able to navigate in the terminal. If you want to become a Linux user, start by trying out the following on the command line: • Navigate your home directory with commands like ls, cd, and pwd. • Create, delete, and rename directories using the mkdir, rm, mv, and cp commands. • Create a text file with a command line editor such as Vi, Vim, Emacs, or Nano. • Try out some other useful commands, such as chmod, chown, w, cat, more, less, tail, free, df, ps, uname, and kill • Look around /bin and /usr/bin for other commands. The best way to get help with a command is by reading its "man page" (short for manual); type man <command> on the command line to pull it up. And make sure to search the internet for Linux command cheat sheets—you should find a lot of options that will help you learn. Raspbian, like most Linux distributions, has many commands and over time you will end up using some commands a lot more than others. I've been using Linux on the command line for over two decades, and there are still some commands that I've never used, even ones that have been around as long as I've been using Linux. At the end of the day, you can use your graphical interface environment to get work done faster, but make sure to dive into the Linux command line, for that's where you will get the true power and knowledge of the operating system. About the author Anderson Silva - He was introduced to Linux by his uncle back in 1996. In the early 2000s Anderson transitioned from being a developer to a system administrator/release engineer. He joined Red Hat as an IT Release Engineer in 2007. As of 2021, he is the Director of Incident Response @ Red Hat's Information Security Team. He currently holds an RHCE and an expired RHCA and is an active Fedora package maintainer...
Defending the Christian Worldview, Creationism, and Intelligent Design Defending the Christian Worldview, Creationism, and Intelligent Design You are not connected. Please login or register Defending the Christian Worldview, Creationism, and Intelligent Design » Intelligent Design » Neurology » How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? Go down Message [Page 1 of 1] How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? Some naturalistic explanations: The model of the triune brain proposed by MacLean in 1970 is a useful piece of shorthand for the complex evolutionary history of the human brain. But the brain's combination of reptilian, paleomammalian and neomammalian structures is far more intricate than a mere set of nested Russian dolls. Ever since the first mammals appeared more than 200 million years ago, the cerebral cortex has assumed greater and greater importance compared with the brain's other, older structures. Because these structures had proven their effectiveness for meeting certain fundamental needs, there was no reason for them to disappear. Instead, evolution favoured a process of building expansions and additions, rather than rebuilding everything from the bottom up. Evolution of the human brain: when bigger is better 2 The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, more than 100,000 km of interconnections, and has an estimated storage capacity of 1.25 × 10^12 bytes (Cherniak, 1990; Hofman, 2012). These impressive numbers have led to the idea that our cognitive capabilities are virtually without limit. The human brain, however, has evolved from a set of underlying structures that constrain its size, and the amount of information it can store and process. If the ability of an organism to process information about its environment is a driving force behind evolution, then the more information a system, such as the brain, receives, and the faster it can process this information, the more adequately it will be able to respond to environmental challenges and the better will be its chances of survival (Macphail and Bolhuis, 2001; Roth and Dicke, 2012; Hofman, 2014). The limit to any intelligent system therefore lies in its abilities to process and integrate large amounts of sensory information and to compare these signals with as many memory states as possible, and all that in a minimum of time. It implies that the functional capacity of a neuronal structure is inherently limited by its neural architecture and signal processing time (see e.g., Laughlin and Sejnowski, 2003; Buzsáki et al., 2013). The object of this review is to present current perspectives on primate brain evolution, especially in humans, and to examine some hypothetical organizing principles that underlie the brain's complex organization. Some of the design principles and operational modes that underlie the information processing capacity of the cerebral cortex in primates will be explored, and it will be argued that with the evolution of the human brain we have nearly reached the limits of biological intelligence. Brain Evolution and Development: The Selection of Neurons and Synapses 3 Although there are many different types of neurons, almost all of them share certain common features. The cell body, or soma, contains the nucleus of the neuron, which in turn houses a complete set of the organism's genes. The nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm, the chemical "soup" of the cell that contains the organelles essential to the neuron's functioning and metabolism. In these respects, neurons are similar to other cells throughout the body, except for the fact that unlike most other cells they rarely divide to reproduce new neurons. The Evolution of the Brain As we move to insects we find increased complexity in all aspects of the brain and nervous system. So-called giant fiber systems (also found to some extent in worms and jellyfish) that allow rapid conduction of nerve impulses connect parts of the brain to specific muscles in legs or wings. Such connections permit the cockroach to dart away as soon as it senses the moving air preceding a quickly descending human foot. The brain itself is typically divided into three specialized segments, the protocerebrum, the deutocerebrum, and the tritocerebrum. In addition, insects possess a greater variety of sensory receptors than any other group of organisms, including vertebrates, that are sensitive to the odors, sounds, light patterns, texture, pressure, humidity, temperature, and chemical composition of their surroundings. The concentration of these sensory organs on the insect's head provides for rapid communication with the tiny yet capable brain located within. Although minuscule by human standards, the range of abilities made possible by insect brains is impressive. These creatures show a remarkable variety of behaviors for locomotion, obtaining food, mating, and aiding the survival of their offspring. They can crawl, hop, swim, fly, burrow, and even walk on water. The female wasp hunts down a caterpillar, paralyzes it with her venom, and then lays its egg on the motionless prey so that her offspring will have a fresh and wholesome meal immediately after hatching. Leafcutter ants harvest leaves and bring them into their nest where they use them to cultivate indoor gardens of edible fungus. Honeybees live in social communities where there is a strict division of labor, and where foodgathering worker bees perform a special dance to communicate the location and richness of food sources to their hivemates. It is the evolution of their brains, together with the complementary evolution of their other body parts, that make insects the most abundant multicellular organisms on our planet. This capacity for increased environmental control is nowhere more striking than in our species. Using the advanced perceptual-behavioral capacities of our brain together with our culturally evolved knowledge of science and technology, we can visit ocean floors, scale the highest peaks, and set foot on other worlds. (The role that language is believed to have had in the evolution of the human brain will be considered separately in chapter 11.) But can the most complex human abilities and mental capacities be explained by natural selection? Our brain has certainly not changed appreciably over the last couple of hundred years, and yet we can solve mathematical, scientific, technological, and artistic problems that did not even exist a hundred years ago. So how could natural selection be responsible for the striking abilities of today's scientists, engineers, and artists? This is actually the same problem that troubled Alfred Russel Wallace, as mentioned in chapter 3. It will be recalled that Wallace, despite being an independent codiscoverer of natural selection, could not, for example, imagine how natural selection could account for Africans' ability to sing and perform European music, since nothing in their native environment could have selected for such an ability. Consequently, for him the brain could only be a creation provided to us by God. We now know that in his embrace of this providential explanation, Wallace failed to realize that natural selection can lead to new abilities unrelated to those that were originally selected. American evolutionary paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould provided a better term for this phenomenon--exaptation. He made a major contribution to our understanding of evolution by insisting that we distinguish adaptation, the evolutionary process through which adaptedly complex structures and behaviors are progressively fine-tuned by natural selection with no marked change in the structure's or behavior's function, from exaptation, through which structures and behaviors originally selected for one function become involved in another, possibly quite unrelated, function. Exaptation makes it difficult if not impossible to understand why our brain evolved as it did. Although the brain allows us to speak, sing, dance, laugh, design computers, and solve differential equations, these and other abilities may well be accidental side effects of its evolution. As Gould and his associate Vrba cautioned: . . . current utility carries no automatic implication about historical origin. Most of what the brain now does to enhance our survival lies in the domain of exaptation--and does not allow us to make hypotheses about the selective paths of human history. How much of the evolutionary literature on human behavior would collapse if we incorporated the principle of exaptation into the core of our evolutionary thinking?[7] But although we may never know the actual events and specific selection pressures responsible for our brain power, we have no scientific reason to believe that evolution could not have fashioned our brain through natural selection. The fact that living organisms today have nervous systems and brains ranging from quite simple to amazingly complex is compelling evidence that our brain evolved through forgotten ancestors in progressive stages from simple to complex. And somehow, as a part of this evolutionary process, that most remarkable and mystifying of all natural phenomena came into being--human consciousness. The Development of the Brain But there is a vexing problem with the notion that the genome provides complete information for the construction of the nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is estimated that just the human neocortex alone has about 1015 (one followed by 15 zeros, or one thousand million million) synapses.[9] Since the human genome has only about 3.5 billion (3.5 x 109) bits of information (nucleotide base pairs), with 30% to 70% of these appearing silent,[10] some neural and molecular scientists have concluded that our genes simply do not have enough storage capacity to specify all of these connections, in addition to including information on the location and type of each neuron plus similar information for the rest of the body. The problem is not unlike trying to save a document made up of 100 million characters on a computer disk that can hold only 1.4 million characters. As Changeux noted: Additional understanding of the relation between the genome and the nervous system can be gained by considering Daphnia magna. Commonly referred to as the water flea or daphnid, this small fresh-water crustacean is familiar to many aquarium owners since it is relished by tropical fish. But what makes the daphnid interesting for our current purposes is that when the female is isolated from males, she can most conveniently reproduce by the asexual process of parthenogenesis, giving birth to genetically identical clones. In addition, the daphnid has a relatively simple nervous system that facilitates its study. If its genome completely controlled the development of its nervous system, it should be the case that genetically identical daphnids should have structurally identical nervous systems. However, examination of daphnid eyes using the electron microscope reveals that although genetically identical clones all have the same number of neurons, considerable variation exists in the exact number of synapses and in the configurations of connections leading to and away from the cell body of each neuron, that is, the dendritic and axonal branches. As we move to more complex organisms, the variability of their nervous systems increases. This provides clear evidence that the structure and wiring of the nervous system are not the result of following a detailed construction program provided by the genes. The increase in synaptic density plus expansion of total cortical volume leave no doubt that the postnatal period is one of very rapid synaptogenesis in human frontal cortex. By age 2 years, synaptic density is at its maximum, at about the same time when other components of cerebral cortex also cease growing and when total brain weight approaches that of the adult. Synaptic density declines subsequently, reaching by adolescence an adult value that is only about 60% of the maximum.[20] A sensitive period for the acquisition of a first language was demonstrated by the plight of Genie, an American girl who was brutally isolated from all normal human interaction until she was found at age 13 years, and who never subsequently developed normal language abilities.[22] There is striking evidence that the immature, overconnected brain is also better suited than a mature one to acquiring second languages and sign languages.[23] Learning and Memory: Rewiring the Brain However, it was also suggested that more than just adding synapses was involved in learning. One of the first to propose that subtractive brain changes could be involved in adult learning and memory was J. Z. Young, who in 1964 posited that such learning could be the result of the elimination of neuronal connections.[26]Several years later J. S. Albus hypothesized that "pattern storage must be accomplished principally by weakening synaptic weights rather than by strengthening them,"[27] and Richard Dawkins speculated that the selective death of neurons could underlie the storage of memories.[28] A possible solution to this riddle was offered by French neurobiologist Jean-Pierre Changeux in 1983. In his book L'Homme Neuronal (published in English in 1985 as Neuronal Man), Changeux proposed a "Darwinism of the synapses"[29] to account for the development of the brain and the learning it undergoes within its cultural environment. Although only a relatively small number of neuroscientists have opted for a selectionist approach to their research and theorizing, Changeux and Greenough and their associates are not the only ones whose research suggests that the adult brain develops and learns through a process of cumulative neural variation and selection. This theory has now been embraced and given additional support by several other leading neuroscientists. William Calvin refers to the brain as a "Darwin machine" that follows the plan "make lots of random variants by brute bashing about, then select the good ones."[35] Gerald Edelman, who shared a Nobel prize in 1972 for his research on the chemical structure of antibodies in the immune system, has contributed a remarkable outpouring of books describing aspects of his "neuronal group selection theory" of brain development and learning through a selectionist process he refers to as "neural Darwinism."[36]And noted psychologist and neuroscientist Michael Gazzaniga, best known for his ground-breaking research on humans with split brains, recently embraced a selectionist account of brain functioning and development.[37] It is here, as Changeux remarked, that "the Darwinism of synapses replaces the Darwinism of genes."[38] To close the circle, it should be noted that a striking consequence of the joint effects of among-organism genetic and within-organism synaptic selection is the brain's understanding both itself and the process of selection that is responsible for its extraordinary abilities. [1]Changeux (1985, p. 248; first emphasis added). Last edited by Admin on Fri Apr 28, 2017 6:19 am; edited 1 time in total Even hydras, which are primitive, radially symmetrical cnidarians, show some degree of cephalization. They have a “head” where their mouth, photoreceptive cells, and a concentration of neural cells are located. Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are the most primitive animals with bilateral symmetry. 1 They also have a fairly advanced degree of cephalization, with sense organs (photosensory and chemosensory cells) and a brain concentrated at the anterior end. Consequently, scientists believe that cephalization characterized all bilaterally symmetrical animals from their origins. Flatworms are classically considered to represent the simplest organizational form of all living bilaterians with a true central nervous system. Based on their simple body plans, all flatworms have been traditionally grouped together in a single phylum at the base of the bilaterians. Current molecular phylogenomic studies now split the flatworms into two widely separated clades, the acoelomorph flatworms and the platyhelminth flatworms, such that the last common ancestor of both clades corresponds to the urbilaterian ancestor of all bilaterian animals. Remarkably, recent comparative neuroanatomical analyses of acoelomorphs and platyhelminths show that both of these flatworm groups have complex anterior brains with surprisingly similar basic neuroarchitectures. Taken together, these findings imply that fundamental neuroanatomical features of the brain in the two separate flatworm groups are likely to be primitive and derived from the urbilaterian brain. That certainly does not simplify the question about how natural mechanisms could have given rise to the brain. At the structural level, the brains of higher deuterostomes such as vertebrates and higher protostomes such as arthropods or annelids are strikingly different (Bullock and Horridge, 1965; Nauta and Feirtag, 1986). Moreover the embryological processes that give rise to these brains are also different in these two animal groups (Wolpert et al., 1998). Then why should we believe they derive one from the other ? The brain and dorsally located nerve cord of vertebrates derive from a dorsal neuroectoderm that invaginates to form a neural tube. In contrast, the brain and ventrally located ganglionic nerve cord of arthropods and annelids derive from a ventral neuroectoderm. In addition, the mechanism of neural progenitor proliferation shows significant differences. As shown for several arthropod taxa, but also probably true for other protostome phyla, asymmetrically dividing neural stem cells (neuroblasts) generate morphologically distinct lineages of neurons/glial cells which also form structural units of the brain (Hartenstein et al., 2008). By contrast, neural progenitors in vertebrates form a layer of symmetrically dividing cells. These cells eventually switch to asymmetric divisions when producing neurons, but no evidence exists to date that neurons descending from individual progenitors form structural units, such as individual brainstem nuclei, or cortical layers. These and other differences in CNS structure and development have been used as one basis for the classification of “vertebrate-like” notoneuralia versus “invertebrate-like” gastroneuralia types (Brusca and Brusca, 1990). It is interesting to ask what the CNS of the common bilaterian ancestor looked like, and how one can envisage the evolutionary changes that led to the divergence of the two types of nervous systems. Last edited by Admin on Thu Mar 31, 2016 7:46 pm; edited 2 times in total from the book: How to Build a Brain A Neural Architecture for Biological Cognition page 33 Brains are fantastic devices. For one, they are incredibly efficient. Brains consume only about 20 watts (W) of power–the equivalent of a compact fluorescent light bulb. To put this power efficiency in perspective, consider one of the world’s most powerful supercomputers, “roadrunner,” at Los Alamos labs in the United States. This computer, which as far as we know is unable to match the computational power of the mammalian brain, consumes 2.35 MW, which is about 100,000 times more power than the brain. Human brains are also relatively small compared to the size of our bodies. A typical brain weighs between 1 and 2 kg and comprises only 2% of our body weight. Nevertheless, it accounts for about 25% of the energy used by the body. This is especially surprising when you consider the serious energy demands of muscles, which must do actual physical work. Of course, brains are preserved despite being such a power hog because they are doing something very important: brains control the four Fs (feeding, fleeing, fighting, and, yes, reproduction). In short, brains provide animals with behavioral flexibility that is unmatched by our most sophisticated machines. And, brains are constantly adapting to the uncertain, noisy, and rapidly changing world in which they find themselves embedded. We can think of this incredibly efficient device as made up of a thin sheet (cortex) crammed inside our skulls, surrounding a maraca-shaped core (basal ganglia, brainstem and other subcortical structures), with a small, quartercabbage stuck on the back (cerebellum; see Fig. 2.1). How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? Brain_10 Figure 2.1 Elements of brain anatomy. The four major cortical divisions are shown in different shades of gray (occipital, temporal, frontal, parietal). The subcortical basal ganglia and thalamus are darker and found underneath cortex. Abbreviations identify cortical areas. V1 -primary visual cortex; V2 - secondary visual cortex; V4 - extrastriate visual cortex; IT - inferotemporal cortex; AIT - anterior IT; OFC - orbitofrontal cortex; VLPFC - ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; DLPFC - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PM - premotor cortex; SMA - supplementary motor areas; M1 - primary motor cortex; PPC- posterior parietal cortex. Association cortex typically refers to all non-“primary” areas, excluding prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal cortex typically refers to frontal cortex in front of motor areas. The cortex is equivalent in size to about four sheets of writing paper, and about 3 mm thick (Rockel et al., 1980). In almost all animals, the sheet has six distinct layers composed of three main elements: (1) the cell bodies of neurons; (2) the very long thin processes used for communication between neurons, called “axons”; and (3) glial cells, which are a very prevalent but poorly understood companion to neurons. In each square millimeter of human cortex there are crammed about 170,000 neurons.1 So, there are about 25 billion neurons in human cortex. Overall, however, there are approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain. The additional neurons come from “subcortical” areas, which include cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, and several other nuclei. To get a perspective on the special nature of human cortex, it is worth noting that monkey cortex is approximately the size of one sheet of paper, and rats have cortex the size of a Post-it note (Rockel et al., 1980). In general, it is believed that what provides brains with their impressive computational abilities is the organization of the connections among individual neurons. These connections allow cells to collect, process, and transmit information. In fact, neurons are specialized precisely for communication. In most respects, neurons are exactly like other cells in our bodies–they have a cell membrane, a nucleus, and similar metabolic processes. What makes neurons stand out under a microscope are the many branching processes that project outward from the somewhat bulbous main cell body. These processes are there to enable short and long distance communication with other neural cells. This physical structure suggests that if we want to understand how brains work, we need to have a sense of how neurons communicate in order to compute. How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? The_ma10 Figure 2.2 The main elements of neural communication. Information flows from left to right. The PSCs travel along dendrites toward the cell body of the neuron. If the current exceeds a threshold at the axon hillock, then a voltage spike is generated. Such spikes travel along the axon until they cause the release of neurotransmitters at the end of the axon. The neurotransmitters bind to matching receptors on the dendrites of connected neurons, causing ion channels to open. Open ion channels allow PSCs to be generated in the receiving cell, and the process continues. Figure 2.2 outlines the main elements underlying cellular communication. The cellular projections that carry information to the cell body are called dendrites. The cellular projection that carries information away from the cell body is called the axon. Dendrites carry signals to the cell body in the form of an ionic current. If sufficient current gathers in the cell body (at the axon hillock), then a series of cellular events are triggered that result in an action potential, or voltage “spike,” that proceeds down the axon. Neural spikes are very brief events lasting for only about amillisecond (see Fig. 2.3), which travel in a wave-like fashion down the axon until they reach the end of the axon, called the bouton. When spikes reach the bouton, they cause the release of tiny packets of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the space between the bouton and the dendrite of the subsequent neuron. How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? Electr10 Figure 2.3 Electrical activity in two connected neurons. The top trace shows a series of neural action potentials (spikes) recorded intracellularly from a single rat neuron, which projects this signal to a receiving neuron. The bottom trace shows a series of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs, caused by PSCs) generated at a single synapse in the receiving neuron in response to the input spikes. The dotted lines indicate the single PSPs that would result from a spike in isolation. The PSP trace is approximately a sum of the individual PSPs. (Adapted from Holmgren et al., 2003, Figure 4, with permission.) The neurotransmitters then bind to special proteins called “receptors” in the cell membrane of the dendrite. This binding causes small gates, or channels, in the dendrite of the next neuron to open, allowing charged ions to flow into the dendrite. These ions result in the current signal in the receiving dendrite, which is called the postsynaptic current (PSC; see Fig. 2.3). The process then continues as it began. A slightly simpler description of this process, but one that retains the central relevant features, is as follows: 1. Signals flow down the dendrites of a neuron into its cell body. 2. If the overall input to the cell body from the dendrites crosses that neuron’s threshold, the neuron generates a stereotypical action potential, or “spike,” that travels down the axon. 3. When the spike gets to the end of the axon, it causes chemicals to be released that open channels, producing a PSC in the receiving dendrite. 4. This current then flows to the cell body of the next neuron, and the process repeats. As simple as this story first sounds, it is made much more complex in real brains by a number of factors. First, neurons are not all the same. There are hundreds of different kinds of neurons that have been identified in mammalian brains. Neurons can range in size from 10^4 to 5 meters in length. The number of inputs to a cell can range fromabout 500 or fewer (in retina) to well over 200,000 (Purkinje cells in the cerebellum). The number of outputs– that is branches of a single axon–covers a similar range. On average, cortical cells have about 10,000 inputs and 10,000 outputs (White, 1989; Abeles, 1991; Braitenburg & Shuz, 1998). Given all of these connections, it is not surprising to learn that there are approximately 72 km of fiber in the human brain. Finally, there are hundreds of different kinds of neurotransmitters and many different kinds of receptors. Different combinations of neurotransmitters and receptors can cause different kinds of currents to flow in the dendrite. As a result, a single spike transmitted down an axon can be received by many different neurons and can have different kinds of effects on each neuron, depending on the mediating neurotransmitters and receptors. The variability found in real biological networks makes for an extremely complex system, one that at first glance seems designed to frustrate any analysis. Typically, in mathematics, homogeneous systems (those that look similar no matter where you are in the system) are much easier to understand. The brain, in contrast, is clearly highly heterogeneous–there are hundreds of kinds of neurons, many with different kinds of intrinsic dynamical properties. Even neurons of the same kind often respond differently–that is, generate different patterns of spikes to exactly the same current injected into their soma. And even neurons that share response properties and physiological type can still differ in the number and kinds of channels in their dendrites, meaning that the same pattern of spikes coming from preceding neurons to two otherwise similar neurons will generate different responses. A variety of responses to directly injected current from the most common kinds of cells found in cortex. Experimental neuroscientists who record the activity of single neurons in response to perceptual stimuli will tell you that no two neurons seem to respond in the same way. The responses of cells in such experiments are often described by their “tuning curves.” These should not be confused with response functions. Tuning curves can have many different shapes, whereas response functions are more uniform. This is because tuning curves depend on where the cell is in the brain, whereas response functions depend only on intrinsic properties of the cell. In general, a tuning curve is a graph that shows the frequency of spiking of a neuron in response to a given input stimulus. As a result, the tuning curve helps identify what information a cell carries about a given stimulus. from the Book Brain structure and its origins, Gerald Schroeder why do organisms need neurons? Being a single cell is very limiting at least in situations where small size can result in less competitiveness. In multicellular organisms, different cells have different specializations, including specializations for irritability and conduction, movement, secretion, integration, and endogenous activity. All these primitive cellular mechanisms are found in neurons except that movement, using contractile proteins, is not characteristic of neurons except during developmental stages of the cells. Consider, first, specializations for irritability. Protozoa, of course, respond to stimulation, including mechanical stimulation caused by being touched or by bumping into things. In sponges and other metazoan animals, there are surface cells specialized for being responsive to contact or to chemicals produced by prey animals. In cnidarians like hydra, such specialized cells are called primary sensory neurons, distinct from other neurons that respond to the activity of the primary sensory cells. With the arise of bilaterally symmetric animals with forward locomotion, specialized head receptors brought advantages that ensured their continuance in more advanced creatures. With these receptors, there was an emergence of an enlargement of the nearby nervous system they connected to—the brain—enabling processing and routing of the information. How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? Neuron10 Figure 1.6 Drawings of two neurons with axons located mostly outside the central nervous system. The top drawing shows a primary sensory nerve cell with the cell body located in a dorsal root ganglion near the spinal cord. The dendritic region is located at the far right near the skin surface. Nerve impulses travel along the axon from this region toward the CNS (spinal cord), where the axonal endings contact neurons. One such neuron, called a secondary sensory neuron, is shown. In the bottom drawing, a motor neuron of the spinal cord or brainstem is illustrated. Its axon carries nerve impulses to endings on striated muscle cells. In these drawings, the axons are shown without a myelin sheath, which appears on all but the smallest axons during development. The myelin sheath is formed by glial cells and results in a large increase in the speed of conduction of action potentials. Irritability and Conduction For illustrating the properties of irritability of the cell membrane and conduction, consider two neurons in vertebrates, pictured in the drawings of figure 1.6. One is a dorsal-root ganglion cell (DRG cell), so-called because its cell body is located in a clump of cells, a ganglion, located just outside the central nervous system within a root—a bundle of nerve fibers, or axons—attached to the spinal cord. The cell is very elongated. One end is near the body surface, where it appears as many little branches that respond to pressures or to stretching. The response is a partial depolarization of the electrical potential difference across the cell’s membrane. The little branches—the dendrites— form the receptive portion of the neuron. They converge on a single long process, the axon. The axon runs together with others, in a bundle of fibers carrying sensory information, all the way to the CNS. When the electrical depolarization in the dendrites is great enough at the point where it reaches the beginning of the axon, a sudden change occurs—an action potential is initiated. This action potential is a complete depolarization of the cell membrane of the axon (in fact, this depolarization is more than complete, as it overshoots the zero point by a small amount before the membrane recovers), which in this specialized portion, the conductive portion, of the cell, moves down the axon without any diminution, all the way to the terminals at the other end of the cell. In this case, those terminals are located within the spinal cord. The action potential, or spike potential, reaches the axon endings, which contact the surfaces of other neurons where they cause small changes in membrane potentials. Such a contact is called a synapse (from a Greek word meaning “a joining together or touching”), so named by the English physiologist Charles Scott Sherrington, who could not see them but who was able to describe their properties by their functional effects in the spinal cord. The axonal end branches, the telodendria, where the synaptic endings are located at tiny enlargements (end buttons, or boutons, from the French name boutons termineaux), are thus the transmissive portion of the neuron. Now, consider the neuron illustrated in the lower part of the figure. This one is a motor neuron, defined as a neuron with an axon that exits the CNS and contacts a cell like a muscle or gland cell. In this motor neuron, we can see the same three functional portions of the cell (receptive, conductive, and transmissive). The receptive portion includes the cell body and dendrites, all within the CNS. The axon begins at the cell body and transmits action potentials over a long distance to a muscle cell, where specialized synapses are located. Action potentials in this case cause secretion of a chemical (a neurotransmitter) that causes contraction of the muscle cell. Note that the position of the cell body is very different in the two neurons named in figure 1.6. The shape of the dorsal root ganglion cell of mammals, known as a pseudo-unipolar shape, is not found in all animals. This was illustrated (figure 1.7) by the neuroanatomist Ramón y Cajal, a key person in the history of the field and a fabulously productive scientist. How to explain best the origin and emergence of the brain ? Primar10 His illustration depicts primary somatosensory neurons in a series of animals: an earthworm (at the top), a mollusk, a lower fish, and an amphibian or reptile or bird or mammal (at the bottom). In the earthworm, the cell body is located within the surface epithelium. Such a location occurs for mammals only in the case of the primary olfactory neurons, where the cell bodies are found in the nasal epithelium. In the mollusk and in the lower fish, the primary sensory neurons are bipolar in shape, which is the shape of neurons in the mammalian auditory and vestibular systems. The cell body, also called the soma, usually has multiple processes extending from it. Except for the axon, these are the dendrites. The entire cell has an electrically polarized membrane, with the inside negative with respect to the outside due to an uneven distribution of ions. In the resting membrane there are more sodium ions on the outside, whereas on the inside there are large, negatively charged ions that cannot cross the membrane and also more potassium ions. The electrical potential difference across this membrane is about 70 millivolts, negative on the inside with respect to the outside (figure 1.9 ). The membrane is relatively impermeable to the sodium ions (also to potassium) in the resting state. When stimulated mechanically even slightly or when contacting certain chemicals, the membrane depolarizes a little bit. Ion channels in the membrane are opened a small amount by the stimulation. The depolarization in the dendrites and cell body is graded—greater with greater stimulation—and this effect diminishes with distance from the point of stimulation. We can say that the change is conducted, very rapidly, away from the site of stimulation in a decremental fashion. The farther from the point of stimulation, the smaller the change is. This depolarization is calle excitatory because it moves the membrane potential at the starting point of the axon closer to a critical value, or threshold, where an action potential will be triggered. 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The meaning of wellness can be defined differently, yet many typically, the basic interpretation coincides: it is a resource that is essential for day-to-day living. Additionally, it is an indispensable part of day-to-day life. For example, a person with good health can function successfully, hang out with friends and family, and be effective. A person with good health is also a productive participant of society. The World Health Organization defines health and wellness as a state of complete wellness that is without disease or imperfection. Nevertheless, different definitions of health and wellness have actually been made use of throughout background for various functions. Right here are some of one of the most common ones. Below’s a consider the main distinctions in between them. The WorldHealthOrganization’s meaning is the most frequently used today. If you’re seeking a details interpretation, you can discover it here. Initially, recognize that individuals are born with various sorts of genetics, and that specific genetic patterns can cause less-than-optimal health and wellness. As an example, a person might inherit genetics from one moms and dad that put them in jeopardy for a particular condition. Along with the genetics, other variables influence a person’s wellness. Environmental triggers such as toxins and germs can result in health problem, even if you are born with a high genetic risk. The World Health Company (THAT) explains wellness as an essential human right. The WHO’s constitution states that everybody has the right to enjoy the greatest possible degree of health and wellness, without regard to race, religion, political beliefs, or economic or social condition. To promote health, nation states can promote tasks that advertise a healthy lifestyle, limit dangerous habits, as well as make provisions for factors of good health. The WHA’s definition of health and wellness is a “living, vibrant system” as well as concentrates on the person. the best CBD oil UK According to the Globe Wellness Organization, health and wellness is a valuable source that sustains the bigger culture. It is essential to live a healthy lifestyle that provides implying to life. Scientists in The Lancet journal have specified health as the ability of a private or group to adjust to modifications in their setting as well as to brand-new dangers. This definition additionally thinks about the progression of contemporary science in the field of condition understanding. And also a healthy life is a far better lifestyle.
Is Social Security Affected By A Government Shutdown? The term “government shutdown” seems to be appearing in the news headlines more and more often over the past few years. In fact, the American government entered a shutdown three times during 2018. But what does it mean when the government is shut down? Which government agencies are affected, and will your income be affected if you rely on Social Security payments or disability benefits? That answer depends on a few different factors that will be explained in this article. Keep reading to learn more about what a shutdown means and how it might affect you and your Social Security benefits. What Is A Government Shutdown? In short, a government shutdown occurs when the Federal government does not have enough money to continue operating and paying federal employees. Government agencies are funded through spending bills passed by Congress. Most budget bills passed by Congress include enough funding to operate the government for a couple of years. However, in some cases, temporary funding bills are passed to keep the government open for only a few weeks. When the current budget bill expires, the Federal government is not authorized to spend the money to keep paying its employees. So, federal agencies like the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others essentially run out of money to operate. Non-essential services typically shut down immediately, while essential services like Medicare and Social Security try to operate with reduced staff or limited service. Thankfully, Social Security is considered an essential service, and it is typically not as affected by a shutdown as other agencies. For example, the national parks, Environmental Protection Agency, Housing and Urban Development, and others usually are required to stop working completely. However, Social Security payments like SSI, SSDI, and retirement benefits are still paid during a shutdown. Even though payments are still sent, new applications and hearings may not be processed. A government shutdown can last anywhere from a day or two to months. It can either be a partial government shutdown or a full shutdown. There is no set timeframe for when a shutdown ends. It will last until Congress approves a new budget bill that provides funding for the agencies that have closed. In most cases, a shutdown lasts no more than a couple of weeks, although some have gone longer than that. Are Social Security Checks Affected by a Shutdown? Typically, Social Security checks are not affected by a shutdown. Social Security payments do not require funding from Congress. These payments come directly from the Social Security Trust Fund, so the only funding required is for the employees managing these payments. If you have already applied and been approved for benefits, you should continue to receive your payments like normal. Even during the total shutdown of 1995, Social Security checks continued to be mailed to recipients on time. The SSA is aware that people rely on this income for survival, so they will do everything they can to make sure that payments go out like normal. Today, it is even easier for people to get their checks. Since physical checks are no longer mailed, it requires fewer people to administer payments through direct deposit and debit cards. These payments have not been affected by the shutdowns over the past few years. In some cases, SSA employees may even work without pay to ensure that payments continue to go out on time. As a shutdown draws near, the SSA usually puts a contingency plan in place to make sure those payments continue to happen. Even though existing payments usually go out on time, there are some ways that a shutdown affects SSI and SSDI. If you have a pending application or are getting ready to apply for benefits, then you may be affected. Keep reading to learn how. What Does The Government Shutdown Mean for SSI & SSDI? As previously stated, existing Supplemental Security Income payments, Social Security disability benefits, and retirement benefit payments are usually not affected when the government shuts down. Similarly, if you have a hearing already scheduled with an administrative law judge, that hearing will likely take place as scheduled. However, support personnel are often placed on furlough, so that means that your hearing office will be low on staff. Hearings will be limited to the claimant, judge, vocational expert, security staff, and very essential personnel. Since the support staff may not be working, the final decision on your hearing will probably not get written until the shutdown is over. So, if you are approved for benefits, the start of your payments will probably be delayed until the support personnel return. If you are getting read to apply for benefits, you can expect that your application will be delayed. The length of the delay depends on which state you live in. Since applications are initially reviewed and the initial disability determination is made by the local field offices, states usually decide whether to continue these operations. They will often work with SSA based on how many employees the SSA decides to keep at work during the shutdown. In most cases, new applications continue to be processed, but at a slower pace. So, you can expect at least a delay in the processing of your new application. Should you receive a denial of benefits, you may not be able to schedule a hearing for reconsideration until after the shutdown ends. Even though existing hearings may continue, new hearings are typically not scheduled during that time. Are Social Security Offices Open During a Government Shutdown? In most cases, local Social Security offices will either close or have very limited staff during a shutdown. In many cases, local offices are already closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic until further notice. The coronavirus has already caused many services to be shifted from traditional in-person processing to online services. It is a good idea to go ahead and register for a My Social Security account on the website. This will allow you to access many services and benefits, and also prevent someone else from using your Social Security number to commit identity theft and sign up for benefits using your information. Enrollment for an account is simple and it allows you to apply for benefits, get a replacement Social Security card, and many other useful services. If you cannot use the online system to take care of your request, then you should call the Social Security phone number at 800-772-1213 for assistance. Always call before taking a visit to your local office, as they are likely either closed or working on limited appointments only. If you receive Social Security benefits, then you can be confident that those payments will continue even during a government shutdown. However, if you are going through the application process, you should expect delays in processing. Limited staff and office closings will result in longer wait times for application processing. You should try to complete as much as possible online and always call your office before visiting in person. While most shutdowns are over within a week or two, there is no way to know exactly when the shutdown will end. As soon as Congress approves a new spending bill, then operations will resume as normal. Just know that it will likely take some time to clear the backlog created by the shutdown. Elliot Marks Elliot Marks Author & Social Security Advisor
How the French and Indian War Affected the American Revolution Essay History is what has happened, in act and thought: it also is what historian’s make of it,’ an insight from historian Bernard Bailyn, in The Idea of Atlantic History. Historians continually seek out new perspectives through research resulting in a more comprehensive understanding of a given topic. For example, there are countless military, social, economic, political factors that went in to the start, middle, end and post-war of the Seven Years’ War. These same ingredients combined to stir thoughts of independence and culminated years later into the American Revolutionary War. Every historian who has written on the subject has relayed facts, sited evidence and promoted their own theory on what transpired. Nationalist or Whig historian, George Bancroft, in1834, wrote, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, which was a providential and romantic account about the origins of the United States and its revolution which is in stark contrast to Progressive historian, Charles Beard’s, Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, written in 1913. With each changing perspective, the reader learns something a bit different and is left to decipher what he wants to take away from it. E.H. Carr asked ‘What is history?’ He explained that ‘It is a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and past.’1 He believed that the society in which a historian lives, cannot but influence his writing of the past. Carr carried this argument further by adding he did not believe a historian could objectively write just the facts. ‘The historian will always be subject to his own personal interpretation regardless of the facts.’2 A good example of this is Frederick Turner’s “Frontier Thesis.” He was a product of his time and it influenced his writing. According to Gordon Wood, “For Turner, the New World that the Europeans came to in the seventeenth century was ‘virgin soil,’ an ‘unexploited wilderness’ out of which American distinctiveness was born. The Indians had no place in it. No colonial historian could write that way anymore.” 3 Historiographer, Ernst Breisach describes a historian’s writing as a ‘historical nexus’ in that ‘every important new discovery of the past changes how we think about the present and what we expect of the future: on the other hand, every change in the condition of the present and in the expectations for the future revise our perception of the past.4 He further explains the importance of historiography with, “Once the link between history writing and the human condition is grasped in all its complexity, simple solutions vanish.”5 All of this is a lot to take in before delving into Seven Years’ War history research. Combine this along with the fact that even the name of this war causes a bit of confusion. It has multiple names, not the least of which is the Seven Years’ War, in spite of it lasting nine years. It is known as the French Indian War, Bancroft refers to it as, The First Phase of the American Revolution, Arthur R. Ropes describes it as, The Great Diplomatic War, Lawrence Henry Gipson refers to it as The Great War for the Empire, Winston Churchill, The First World War and Baugh, The Global Seven Years’ War. Beyond this multiplicity, it is also prudent to understand the context in which the historians have written. With all of this in mind, this paper will attempt to identify historians within their historiography school and discuss their views on the Seven Years’ War and how it impacted the colonist. In spite of all the different interpretations and perspectives of the who, what and when’s of the war, and its impact, there is one tangential factor that binds them. This particular war set off a chain of events and emotions that somehow culminated into a revolution. In the process of understanding the historiography of Seven Year’s War it became evident that historiography itself mirrors the essence of what the nation actually became: a nonhomogeneous group of people slowly and constantly evolving with different ideas and philosophies that somehow came together to form a community with the liberty to speak and write what they choose. Historian George Bancroft is referred to by some as the “father of American history.” He wrote ten-volumes about The Origins of America, over a fifty-year period. Born in the year 1800, Bancroft actually lived with the people who had first and second-hand knowledge of the Seven Years’ War and the American Revolution. For example, he is the only historian who had been able to sit down with James Madison and received a first-hand account of the Continental Convention. Bancroft’s nationalistic narrative held that the colonies looked to and depended on God to help guide them to their destiny. He wrote that the United States was special in that it was capitalizing on freedom, democracy and equality. He believed this model was something the world would emulate. Bancroft wrote that ‘The successes of the Seven Years’ War were the triumphs of Protestantism…Individuality was the groundwork of new theories in politics, ethics and industry.’6 This mindset was coupled with Bancroft’s view that King George III, was a monarch who used the threat of his military to impose tyranny on the colonies for ‘his own measures of aggrandizement.’7 Divine providence and progress, according to Bancroft, facilitated the colonies ability to begin building a new nation, which would then serve as an example for other countries to follow, ‘A new order for the ages, Novus ordo Seclorum.”8 For all of Bancroft’s research and a lifetime spent writing, Federalist historians in the 1890’s immediately criticized his work. John Franklin Jamison, one of the founders of the National Archives and American Historical Association, accused Bancroft of lacking objectivity. Historians regard context as an important factor in judging and understanding history. Bancroft provides both within his work because it is a unique insight into how people felt about their new nation and into the cultural mindsight during that period in spite of its historical shortcomings. In contrast to Bancroft, Arthur E. Ropes wrote, The Causes of the Seven Years’ War from a British perspective. He begins his essay describing the 18th century as ‘the Age of Diplomacy.’9 He believed that the Seven Years’ War was one of the most important wars of that century.10 As part of the Imperial School of historiography, written in 1889, two years after Bancroft’s death, Ropes see the war far beyond the American land and Indian disputes and the struggle over colonial dominance. That is just a small part of the war. Ropes looks to the origin of the war as a massive change in Europe’s political system. He characterizes it as ‘a rupture of old friendships and extension of old enmities.”11 Diplomatic friend and foes changed and consummated alliances within a year’s time. Given that the war initially began over the rights to the Ohio River Valley between Britain and France, Ropes believes it was the diplomatic failures that led to a world war. He argues that the French demanded cooperative action from Frederick the Great and from here the dominoes began to fall. Alliances were broken and new ones took their place. The war that was initially between two adversaries became an international diplomatic game of twister. In Ropes version of the war, the new diplomatic order dramatically altered the world and the colonists were a small part of the game. Lawrence Henry Gipson, also in the Imperialist school, questions the more nationalistic and patriotic views of the war and its aftermath. Gipson sees the war as an American war caused by the colonists which pitted the French, Indians and British against each other. The Americans feared the Appalachians as a potential barrier to expansion. The French and their Indian allies were strong enough that the colonists could not defend themselves and therefore British had to defend their territory. Gipson named this ‘The Great War for the Empire.’ In his book, American Revolution as an Aftermath of the Great War for the Empire 1754 through 1763, Gipson rejects the term ‘the French and Indian War’ because it underscores the complexities of how great a landscape the war covered, for it was fought ‘over nine years on three oceans.’12 He argued that the colonial war only proved to determine what ‘culture and political institutions’ that would eventually expand throughout America. He explained his view this way; ‘The determination of this crucial issue is perhaps the most momentous event in the life of the English-speaking people in the New World and quite overshadows in importance of the Revolutionary War and the later Civil War events which it is clear were each contingent upon the outcome of the earlier crisis.13 Moreover, Gipson confronts the nationalistic perspective by arguing that the war is really just between the French, Indians and British and concerned the colonies very little. It is his premise that Britain took on the war to protect their colonists. With victory they brought on an unprecedented potential for wealth, land and power. Yes, a nationalistic fervor carried forward to the revolution, but more importantly, Gipson see the colonist’s independence growing because of Britain’s protection. Historian Bernard Bailyn adds the Seven Years’ War to the list of cultural persuasions that were accumulating to eventually form a unique ideology. In his book, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, Bailyn identifies the seeds of this new ideology, dating back to the 1720’s with the book publication of the Cato Letters and fifty- three papers from the Independent Whig Weekly. ‘Undercurrents’ of liberty and independence were simmering in the colonist minds for decades. The colonists were fearful of power and its’ corrupting qualities within a government. Bailyn quotes Reverend Peter Whitney, ‘Like other blessings, power may become scourge, a curse, and severe punishment to a people,’ and then finishes his point with, ‘What turned power into a malignant force was not its own nature so much as the nature of man- his susceptibility to corruption and his lust for self-aggrandizement.’14 Bailyn argued that the colonists had an inclination to be loyal, but their skepticism of power superseded this and lent a highly discriminating perspective of British policies. After the war, the colonists felt they had proven themselves to the British and therefore deserved equal standing as a people. The British felt otherwise and postwar the colonists faced a British degradation via the heavy burden of taxation with ‘the invasion of customs officers born with long claws like eagles,’ and the oppression of the ‘standing British army.’15 Bailyn believes the ‘pre-war liberty propaganda plus America’s strength during the war combined with their decentralized authority amongst the thirteen colonies’16 all worked together to propel the colonies into adapting, believing, and acting upon a revolutionary ideology. Essentially, the Seven Years’ War and Britain’s poor post-management of it, served to ignite the ideological fuse at the Boston Tea Party. Ultimately, the colonist’s fear of British power sparked them enough to define power on their own terms in the Constitution. Historian Jack P. Green asks two questions regarding the colonies and the Seven Years’ War. Did the British ‘metropolitan actions’ spark the revolution or did the war experience set up a colonial revolutionary response to those actions?17 Green argues the colonies originally had the freedom to grow in their own way, however, once Britain recognized the market and wealth potential, they began to reign in colony freedoms in order to exert some control. Because Britain had allowed certain freedoms, the colonists were free to create their own society free of a social caste system. Hard work, not birth rights were rewarded. Americans wanted to govern themselves and were mindful of Britain’s potential encroaching power. As the colonies prosperity increased Britain’s response was to impose more force. The Currency Act of 1751 and the Board of Trade’s actions reflected Lord Granville’s sentiments to Ben Franklin, ‘The colonies had ‘too many and two great privileges’ and that it was ‘not only the interest of the crown, but of the Nation to reduce them to ‘an absolute subjection to orders.’18 Greene’s premise, in his speech, ‘A Posture of Hostility: A Reconciliation of Some Aspects of the Origins of the American Revolution,’ is that between 1748 and 1756 Britain chose to tighten control over the colonies was ultimately lead to ‘the colonial population to resistance, rebellion, and independence.19 Matthew C. Ward‘s, Breaking the Back Country: The Seven Years’ War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754 to 1765, sheds light not only on the colonist’s strategic and military ambitions, but also on the lives living the war against the French and Indians. As a new Military historian, Ward focuses on both the military and social aspects of the war. Ward connects the dots between the cultural, diplomatic, and political realms. The war exposes what Ward refers to as the ‘intense individualism’ of the back country. This independence of spirit conflicted with the British soldiers, the Indians and French. Once the war began, a deeper sense of fear and survival permeated both the Indians and colonists. After gruesome and fierce raids, a peaceful co-existence was no longer possible between the two. In 1756, Indian raids captured thousands and killed over 1000 backcountry colonists and soldiers. When the war ended, the bloody confrontations between colonists and Indians continued. Ward believes that once the French were defeated and forced out, British behavior towards both the colonists and the Indians created a culture for rebellion. As a result, the Indians rebelled against them in Pontiac’s War. On the other hand, the colonists culture of competition and individualism heightened their animosity toward the British in direct relation to their standing army and post-war policies. Ward ensues a very effective view of both military strategy and actual conflict combined with the social construct of the parties involved to understand the impetus toward rebellion. In Fred Anderson‘s, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of the Empire in British North America, 1754 through 1766, he takes on a Revisionist view in that he argues the war did not necessarily lead to the American revolution, rather the colonist’s freedoms had formulated into a concept of limited government inherent to their daily lives. Before and during the war, colonists recognized the British as the ‘freest most enlightened empire in history- in which they shared a common enemy, the French and their Indian allies.’20 Anderson creates the framework where France is always struggling to best Britain in a continual vie for power and strength. He connects military strategy, operation and logistics,21 as well the social and economic interplay between the French, British, Colonists and Indians. Anderson makes the case that the colonists, before, during, and after the war were true loyalists. But it was not until 1766, with the imposition of new taxes, that Britain became a threat to their liberties. The outcome of the Seven Years’ War weakened the British Empire monetarily, which in-turn, led to the ‘event that decisively shaped American history.’22 ‘Our colonial period is something more than a quaint mezzolint prelude to a national history.”23 ‘The war became the necessary precondition,’24 for the development of an American nation- state,’25 and was aided by the French desire for revenge. Anderson astutely argues that ‘war and freedoms are intertwined in our nation’s history.’26 Revisionist historian, Daniel Baugh, unlike Anderson’s military focus, zeroes in on and the tangled web of the French and British rivalry and diplomatic relations within the framework of a worldwide war. Baugh dives deep into the French perspective. He argues France’s rivalry with Britain combined with the ever-growing market of North American trade pushed France to act in order to preserve their pathways for trade. In 1753, the British received reports that the French had their military in the Ohio Valley and were building forts to use as garrisons. This news pushed the British into action in North America, which led ultimately to a world war. Baugh argues that the British military leadership bested the French, as did their finances. Baugh’s book covers the global event of the war and primarily focuses on the leadership, military, and diplomatic constructs. As such, by omitting the stories of the common man, soldiers, slaves and Indians, a new social historian would feel this book hopelessly incomplete. In Baugh’s conclusion and aftermath chapter, he summarizes the economic foundations as the seeds for a North American revolution. Representative of this issue is Lord Granville‘s belief, ‘We have expanded much in America. Let us now avail ourselves the fruits of that expense.’27 Baugh argues, ‘Fundamentally, the Anglo-French Seven Years’ war had begun because of the importance of the North American market for British exports and the Stamp Act suddenly ruined the market.’28 These acts brought the markets to a halt, ‘creating both a trade recession and unemployment in Britain.”29 The need to control the colonies ultimately led to the revolution and presented an opportunity for French payback against Britain. The combined efforts of France and Spain aiding the Americans led to the British losing North America. In spite of this, Baugh ends his argument with stating, ‘The British were able to recapture the American markets via Britain’s commercial and financial capabilities’ and in turn ‘shape the future of world politics for two centuries.’30 Historiography, as a subject, is wide ranging and diverse. It offers the reader many different perspectives on any given history topic with no two alike. For the colonists, the Seven Years’ War may or may not have been the stepping stone to war, depending on which historian you read. Perhaps, as Richard Hofstadter, a Consensus historian contended, postwar conflict may have had a more “ad hoc basis” devoid of any deep ideological divide.31 After reading the many different accounts it is difficult not to conclude that the war served as an impetus toward an eventual revolution. However, what I do come back to is Breisach’s historical nexus. The more I consider it the more it makes sense. “History has an inescapable link between the past, present and future, which destroys history’s image as an activity resembling idle rummaging in a bag of dry leaves.”32 When applying this idea to the different perspectives in each historiological school of thought it reveals that the writing of history reflects our society as well as our past and can give insight into the future. “Change and continuity, have always testified to the unbreakable connection between life and historical thought.”33 This is demonstrated within each historian’s perspective. Historiography serves to reflect time and change amongst historians, just as their perspectives reveal an ever-changing narrative of history. When combined, it reflects a similarity with what our country was founded on. The colonists amalgamated to form a country just as historians serve to write their history all stemming from their multiple opinions, strengths and weaknesses, political, military, social and economic ideas. In so doing, both our nation and our history Three Issues Affected Poverty Among Elderly Americans Essay In 2015, over 4.2 million people over 65 were below the poverty level (U.S. Census Bureau). Caubanski, Kamo, Damico & Neuman defined poverty to mean that these individuals were living at or below the federal poverty level, which is $11,367 per year for a single person. When elderly reach this poverty level there begins to be a struggle in many areas in their lives. Some of these area include the housings market and cost of mortgages, health care expenses, poor resources of food, a lack of reliable transportation, and diminished savings and pensions. For those above the poverty level, it seems that if there is one major life change or event, the lifestyle they are accustomed to can be pulled out from under them and begin to face struggles to make ends meet. The Census Bureau’s recent poverty report for most age groups in America revealed a trend that poverty among older Americans is on the rise. “Individuals ages 65 and older had the unique distinction of being the only population segment to experience a significant increase in the number of individuals in poverty, with 367,000 more older Americans in poverty in 2016,” (Nicolaci da Costa, 2017). These facts do not tell the whole story and how these issues affect the elderly population. There are many issues contributing to these struggles. Caubanski, Koma, Damico, & Neuman (2018) state these struggles for seniors will only increase by a number of factors. To get a more complete understanding of poverty, one must consider three key issues affecting elderly Americans: health care, housing, and retirement. Health care Today, many older workers under the age of 65 are choosing to delay their retirement due to a decline in employer benefits for health care plans. A large number of these workers are not yet eligible for Medicare and the lack of a health care safety net drastically raises their risk of financial woes and instability. It seems that the elderly Americans already small budgets are stretched even further by higher expenses in health care. Medical spending for those between the ages of 55 and 64 is almost twice the amount spent by those between the ages of 35 and 44 and this trend just continues to escalate (Komisar, 2013). When we look at medical costs, out-of-pocket medical expenses such as prescription drugs, long-term care, and medical supplies rise dramatically with age. These medical expenses are often not covered by health insurance and therefore deplete their savings. According to a project by Komisar (2013), costly health care expenditures from a serious illness before a patient is will even be eligible for Medicare in addition to the inability to work during and after an illness are becoming all too common factors of a financial crisis among those 60 and older, and there income is significantly reduced. There are other ways poverty has affected healthcare. One is that health care costs have contributed to the large rise in bankruptcy filings among the elderly. Elderly debt has risen faster than any other group because seniors have turned to credit cards and home equity loans to pay for medical expenses and other debts. Also, low-income elderly tend to have more chronic and debilitating health challenges that increase the health care payments. Poverty rates for the elderly have risen much faster than those of other age groups due to their incomes being reduced and squandered and due to the medical out-of-pocket spending that almost doubles for seniors. In addition to rising health care costs, seniors have been hit the hardest by the housing problems facing this country. When seniors are needing to downsize, many are unable to sell their homes in a diminishing housing market, and thousands of them who need support and care are unable to move into retirement communities and assisted-living facilities. Growing numbers of elderly are essentially stranded in their own homes. Many simply cannot afford the upfront payment it requires to move into senior living environments without their homes selling.” According to data from the National Investment Center for the Seniors Housing and Care Industry (Nicolaci da Costa, 2017), it appears that in many areas of our country where there is a weak economy, the vacancies in Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRC) and other independent and assisted living facilities have been rising. Thousands of elderly homeowners or renters have faced foreclosure and evictions. Nearly a third of senior homeowners still have a mortgage. Many of those seniors pay more than one-third of their income on housing costs and for older renters, poverty and the burden of housing costs are an all too common issue. In 2015, 78% of older renters spent more than one-third of their income on housing costs (Moody & Sasser, 2018). As seniors age, they tend to also live in older homes and so for elderly homeowners, their income will be drained due to repairs. In 2010, it was expected that as the first baby boomers reached 60 there would be a sudden leave from the workforce; however, due to a weakened economy and healthcare costs on the rise, those again individuals are delaying retirement (Walls, 2016). Retirement income is often described as a “three-legged stool”: a defined benefit pension, Social Security, and personal savings (Moody & Sasser, 2018). Today, low-income Americans, rarely have a pension or even a sufficient savings and the percentage of those relying on Social Security benefits alone have risen. It was noted that in the last decade the United States has seen a significant shift away from defined benefit pensions and a plunging personal savings rate, essentially shortening two of the stool’s three legs (Ortman, Velkoff and Hogan, 2014). The first aspect to look at in regards to the retirement struggle among elderly is that the trend over the past ten years has shown that the youth labor rate is nearing an all-time low, but more aging Americans are now in the job market than at any other time since the Great Depression (Edwards, Bee & Fox, 2017). According to Walls (2016) it is projected that the elderly Americans will have its largest increase in the labor market, and estimates that by 2020 the number of workers between the ages of 65 and 74 and those age 75 and older will rise by more than 70 percent. The recession in 2008 has started a trend for these seniors and ended up redefining retirement for aging Americans. Instead of being certain of their retirement dreams, they have instead realized that their 401k have been depleted, along with their IRA and all other forms of investment savings they have worked for over the years. Due to their age, they do not have the luxury to make up for their losses over time. It is this very dilemma that is forcing the blurred lines of the workforce and retirement, and pushing more to stay in employment longer. The other aspect to look at is that poverty varies by sociodemographic factors and is higher for some groups than for others (Moody & Sasser, 2018.) Aging women, for example, are more likely than older men to need to work because women earn less than men and are more likely to need to funds to live. They will have lower monthly Social Security benefits than men and smaller pensions from their employers. Women tend to live longer than men and this results in them using up their savings and there is a need to stay in the workforce for an extended period of time. After looking much more closely at health care, housing, and retirement, it seems that weak economic conditions have only increased and created more barriers of financial security for aging Americans. By looking at our baby boomer population, it is evident that this problem will only continue to grow. It is up to the younger generations to give back and find ways to give them a means to live due to their years given in the work field. Older Americans who live in poverty cannot avoid its consequences. They will continue to face that reality every day. Health care, housing and retirement affects show that it is not the cost of living that is the problem, it’s the cost of trying to continue to live and be a functioning member of society. There should always be a place for the retired and policymakers need to find ways and create legislation that support all working adults and continue to help them maintain financial stability throughout their lifetimes, and well into retirement.? ? How Hurricane Katrina Affected the People of New Orleans Essay Hurricane Katrina was the storm that wiped New Orleans off the map in 2005. hurricane Katrina starts off as a tropical depression on Tuesday, August 23rd. katrina made two landfalls the first one was on the southeast Florida coast on August 25th as a Category 1 hurricane with 80mph winds and soon after the storm passes over Florida it moved into the Gulf of Mexico where it became a category five. the second landfall was Monday, August 29, 2005, at 6:10 AM CDT. The aftermath of this hurricane was a disaster for the city’s residents. The storm had been a major turning point in the history of New Orleans and the surrounding area because from this day we would have to rebuild everything. The hurricane killed 1,836 in Southeast Louisiana and Mississippi (mostly in New Orleans) and South Florida. This death toll was caused because of the failed plans to evacuate the city. The state of had to move nearly 1.5 million people before Hurricane Katrina made landfall. for example for the people that couldn’t get out the city, there was a plan to bring them to Texas via buses but the buses were left on the ground level and flooded. A significant part of the city, most of which sits below sea level, was drowned. Damages reached the US $ 81.5 billion, making Katrina the costliest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the U.S. Rebuilding after Hurricane Katrina was one of the most and extraordinary tragedies which shook apart of New Orleans in the United States of America. The catastrophe left dozens of people dead, rendering thousands of them homeless. The public was weakened after the extreme hurricane because billions of dollars were recorded entirely as losses made that there was not enough money for fixing all those damages. Hurricane Katrina had a significant impact on public health causing elderly people to death because they lost their medicines and people getting sick from unsanitary conditions. Now 13 years after the horrible disaster New Orleans is just now getting back to normal. More than half of the city’s neighborhoods and some small businesses are returning and reaching their pre-storm population levels. One of the most important places that have not returned to the city is jazz land or six flags, it was known as the place to go on the weekends. The place that needs the most help would have to be the infamous Lower Ninth Ward. In the years following Katrina, only about 37 percent of households have returned home to the Ninth. Black residents who wanted to rebuild simply couldn’t afford to as federal aid was allocated based on home values rather than the cost of construction. This is why the major of the houses in the ninth are abandon because their owners either never returned or couldn’t afford to rebuild so they moved. Till this day the Ninth Ward has not recovered from the hurricane. Hurricane Katrina was one of the biggest natural disasters ever recorded. With fierce winds and high water levels, Katrina struck the city of New Orleans with great force on Monday, Aug 29th, 2005. The water rose so high that it left about 80% of New Orleans underwater. The unfortunate part of this whole situation is how ill-prepared New Orleans was for this disaster. Work cited Medlin, Jeffrey, et al. Hurricane Katrina – August 2005. Edited by Morgan Barry et al., National Weather Service, NOAA’s National Weather Service, 29 Nov. 2016, Institute of Medicine (US) Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. Hurricane Katrina: Challenges for the Community. Environmental Public Health Impacts of Disasters: Hurricane Katrina: Workshop Summary., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, ROSENBERG, JOYCE M. After a Katrina or Harvey, Businesses Suffer Long after Water Recedes – Many Never Recover. The Advocate, The New Orleans Advocate, 6 Sept. 2017, 2:22 pm, The University of Rhode Island. Katrina Impacts. Hurricanes: Science and Society: Home, The National Science Foundation, 2010, How the Internet has Affected the Way People Read Essay In the latest age and time, folks have come to be careless in regards to what they read and feel particularly thanks to the high variety of on-line information resources. Notably, the owners of these sources are out to advertise their rationale which is in most cases created from their possess opinion or experience. Long gone are the times when individuals employed to examine newspaper article content and publications which had been written by perfectly-experienced experts as a result contained correct info. Unfortunately, the present-day world wide web technology has introduced along the increase of blogging platform through which people today seek to crank out income and level of popularity no matter of what they move to the readers. This paper aims at determining how the existing vast use of internet has influenced the way people today examine. The world wide web Misguides and Misleads Individuals Without having a question, article content from the world-wide-web can be quite misleading since the author may possibly be passing the data you want to hear rather than that which is proper. As opposed to newspaper and journal writers who have a standing to secure, the present breed of writers cares fewer about their popularity as improper as they get fame and large website traffic to their web sites which interprets to further earnings. A scenario instance is when President Trump tweeted that he had won the well-known vote, which was a lie but it acquired him tens of millions of curious followers on Twitter, most of whom thought the lie to ignorance and laziness of discovering the appropriate data from respected and trusted resources (Herold). Why is Fake News Popular on the Net? The main purpose of owning pretend news is to capture the reader’s interest which is why these news has catchy titles and desirable images. This is as opposed to the real information which will have authentic titles and related shots. As these kinds of, a effectively-written write-up from New York Times, which is a credible information source, will be overlooked by most viewers due to the fact it could possibly appear monotonous in contrast to a partisan, poorly-investigated, speculative, redundant, or mundane write-up (Bliss). After studying these kinds of articles, most persons will go ahead and share them with their pals and social media platforms, hence deceptive even much more individuals. The dilemma that occurs then is how can the normal public be taught not to imagine in or propagate fake information? The Require for Media Literacy According to advocacy teams and educators, this dilemma can only be rectified if there is a lifestyle of media literacy. As these, people who go through online content articles will get time to analyze, evaluate, and evaluate distinctive resources of facts which will enable in making an educated and liable decision. In so executing, individuals will steer clear of leaving remarks which promote fake news. Notably, there are some techniques which can be introduced in mastering establishments to enable raise the culture of vital wondering. This way students will quickly spot bogus information, and they will have thoughts on wherever to search for credible info. Without a question, the world wide web has influenced the way people utilised to go through and interpret the news. This can be accredited to the extensive array of unverified articles or blog posts, most of which are partisan or speculative. As these, most men and women finish up staying misled which is predominantly due to their laziness and ignorance when it will come to looking for for credible information. How the Civil War Affected on Slaves? Essay The concentrate of this investigation will be “ How the Civil War impacted the life of the Slaves?” This dilemma is demonstrating how significant was the Civil War and did it influence the lives of the slaves ( African-Us citizens) the way we all imagine it did. This will also evaluate did the Civil War genuinely maintain a that means of changing slaves ( African-American) life. In buy to assess the two sides of this issue, I have two principal resources to consider. “Life immediately after slavery for African-Americans” and “What occurred following slavery ended by David Kenneth” This resource is for the academic objective, would actually be major in outlining the affect of African American life following slavery was ended with the Civil War. It talks about the Thirteenth Modification which abolished slavery. It clarifies in superior information about the Reconstruction period and how lengthy it took and how maybe that reconstruction was continue to going after the Reconstruction period of time ended. How instruction was definitely a robust fundamental for a lot of African Individuals and black churches. Also how a lot of African People in america even now stayed in the south in rural very poor spots for many years following the Civil War finished. The objective of the supply was to teach persons and give them a improved comprehension of the subject. This source is the principal limits is its articles. Though it holds quite very good material it is for instructional use for anyone to have an understanding of so it does not go into as substantially element as you would like it to about daily life following slavery. When chatting about education and learning which was some thing that slaves preferred the most ( moreover liberty) this resource briefly talked about independence Bureau from 1865 to 1870. this only offers me an concept of what acts they experienced in get just after the Civil War but it doesn’t truly describe what the independence Bureau is. This other resource which is an report that was built by a professor in African American heritage seriously can help reply the query primarily based off of the material. It goes in depth with black codes, how past slave homeowners were to finesse the technique even soon after slavery was banned. The restrictions of the resource are rather impeccable it provides you all the details that you need and much more. This supply worth is beneficial and lots of distinct techniques due to the fact it talks about matters that we normally don’t talk about and provides you a much better standpoint of how it truly was. It also can help due to the fact in the post it lists all the sources of where the author of the post got their sources as well. This secondary supply Major restrictions would be its function. From what I have an understanding of the author would only compose this for an educational objective. Based off of the author’s track record of getting a background professor and what the author does. A war experienced broken out when the Confederates bombarded Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, South Carolina on April 12, 1861. A war that had lasted till 1865. This war was fought amongst condition rights, north versus the south, no matter whether the institution of slavery need to be permitted. One particular side is the south believed that it should have the ideal to maintain slavery even though the north thought usually. These states fought a very long four-year war that left an impression on most people but to be more unique, the impact that it remaining on the slaves. Even though slavery was above there was continue to rules they had to observe, they still weren’t human in the eyes of lots of whites. Even nevertheless the Thirteenth Modification (1865), finished slavery and gave them hope for a ordinary everyday living. They had points like Black codes, Jim Crow legal guidelines, and the KKK they also experienced some fantastic points like the fourteenth and fifteenth amendment and the liberty bureau. These are the primary reason how the civil war impacted slaves, some for the superior and some of their lives stayed the exact. Slavery experienced big economical advantages ahead of the war and black codes experienced designed confident it stayed like that. Black codes had been established in 1865 to preserve the whites in electricity in the southern states and to hold the African- American as slaves. These codes had been built to retain the social and financial structure of racial slavery in the absence of the “peculiar establishment.” Even nevertheless blacks were totally free they weren’t allowed to vote, denied the ideal to serve on juries, and denied the suitable to have weapons and or to own or lease land. In this reality, lots of southern legislators were hoping to reinvent the enslavement of blacks. These black codes have been place into location to maintain slavery. Many of the white entrepreneurs would “hire“ African- People in america and give them very little or no cash and even now address them the exact.. A lot of freeman African-People in america have been compelled to indication a deal to do the job for the white person, which some continue to gained the exact same remedy or pretty low wages. If these contracts were broken quite a few were being overwhelmed, fined or was arrested. Whilst slavery had been outlawed by the Thirteenth Modification, it effectively ongoing in quite a few southern states. The northern states eventually stepped in close to 1866 when the reconstruction had shifted to the radical wing to the Republican celebration in Congress. When Black Codes ended up gone numerous folks had been furious about this, the same calendar year 1866 when the black codes were being outlawed the Klu Klux Klan was designed. The Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist terrorist group that emerged for the duration of Reconstruction. It took egregious, violent measures to undermine the Republican bash, hoping to sustain black economic instability and ensure white racial and economic superiority in the antebellum South. The Klan was known for its really violent acts seeking to maintain its white supremacy. They ended up dressed mostly in disguise of a lengthy white, flowing robe and hood, capped by horns. The Klan generally performed heinous crimes versus African Us citizens, in particular these running for business in the South. In addition, numerous white Republicans and sympathizers ended up also targets of Klan violence. It is estimated that the KKK done over 3500 racially-enthusiastic lynchings in the South in between 1865 and 1900. The Klan went after everyone who wasn’t in settlement with them, Democrats have been relying on the klan to secure elections. They would threaten or get rid of republicans candidates and if the Democrats did not get the ideal results, the Klan would usually time would do literacy exam and or carry out voter fraud on a black voter. The Klan disassembled African American and Republican neighborhood-organizing initiatives by terrorizing black church buildings, as perfectly as lots of schools established by the Freedmen’s Bureau. The klan maintains management for a quite extensive time because of to its violent acts and all people feared them. Congress sooner or later built the force acts of 1870 generating southern states Warranty equal protection due to the 14th Amendment and 1 calendar year soon after 1871 designed the Klu Klux Klan act to forbid there violate functions and for their undesirable detest crimes on abasias race. But about the 1920s the Klan experienced reemerged with the navisit motion, and an additional uprising in 1950’s adhering to the brown v.s. Board of training. The KKK had 4 million customers nationwide dedicated to daunting, torturing, and killing African Americans and allied activists. The KKK still exists nowadays. This Klan manufactured it really challenging for African- American to be free or anyone who affiliated with blacks. Freedmen’s Bureau was founded in March of 1865 to help freed persons realize financial security and secure political freedoms. Lots of wanted to increase them their problem by searching for what was denied to them land, economical security, schooling, and the capability to participate in the political course of action. The Bureau also took up the battle for African American schooling, establishing scores of community schools had been freed persons and weak whites could acquire both of those elementary and bigger training. By 1870, it is believed that above 3,500 educational institutions were being designed for freed folks. But also a lot of things did go completely wrong, Land reform and the establishment of a minimum amount wage have been substantial failures of the Freedmen’s Bureau. African Us residents believed that freedom was manifested in land possession and, thus, envisioned the federal authorities to offer them with plots of land. But President Andrew Johnson did not believe that that freedmen have been entitled to the land. As an alternative, Johnson made a decision to return all obtained land to white, ex-confederate troopers through presidential pardons and his Amnesty Proclamation. The fourteenth and fiftfifteenth which was passed on 1865 and the other 1870 built dependent of the anger that the Republican Congress experienced on the black codes. They felt as if it was an additional kind of slavery, as a result they handed the then this two amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified on July 9, 1868, granted African People in america citizenship in equally the nation and their respective states. Now citizens, African American males received the suitable to vote through the Fifteenth Modification, ratified on February 3, 1870. These amendments were being the final of the Reconstruction, which assisted build several legal rights for blacks. General this afflicted African-People in quite a few unique methods. It didn’t give them all the legal rights that they at first assumed they experienced. Like when the black codes ended up created to preserve the white persons in electric power even after the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments ended up handed to prevent things like this from happening. It took absent a lot of of their powers and that they had was still taken care of as slaves many not obtaining any better problems.Or even when despise teams were created to maintain them from getting nearly anything, for case in point, the Klu Klux Klan. How they wrecked a lot of items that ended up blacked very own like church buildings and retailers or would even cling you if they had been to see you all on your own.But they experienced numerous very good items in saved like Freedmen’s Bureau which support the proven intention for them as a full ( African- American). Like finding educational facilities for education and performing on some of their rights like voting. Primarily based on the completion of this investigation on African- American lives right after the civil war and how it influenced them I know have an perception into how historians do many of there techniques. Like making use of my key supply which was a document, for instance, the thirteenth amendment which helped change slaves ( African-American) life without end. This showed me how practical these paperwork and article content are extremely crucial to writing paper and presentations to a historian. But not only that I also had a Secondary supply which was a e book named the “Encyclopedia of black studies” which gave me a lot of insourcing that experienced a great deal of new facts of the what happened through this time period. It experienced a lot of information and facts packed into this 1 book which was very useful and gave a distinct point of view. Some constraints I experienced was being aware of whether or not or not it was a historical moment. Some times within just the time period of 1865- 1900 when slavery was a weighty situation in some cases it was challenging to decide no matter whether this was a historic subject to discuss about. Like when I talked about the liberty bureau it was tricky to decide was this a historic function or just a thing I could put in my paper as an case in point. Also to explain the situations in a non biased way was incredibly complicated, but just one thing that served fix this difficulty was that I had to bear in mind that I experienced to publish it like a Historian. But also to only correct the specifics about the occasions sort the methods that I experienced. I had to don’t forget to enjoy the role of a historian to inform a story that is primarily based on evidence and the situations that took place in the previous and to get lots of different views around it. To make guaranteed that it was effortless sufficient for persons to understand the notion of the subject and that it was also exciting to numerous individuals. How Prohibition Affected the Wine Industry? Essay On January 16th, 1920, the United States enacted the 18th modification which stated that the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors. The ban on liquor was a outcome of spiritual actions during the region that viewed alcohol as an extraordinary threat to the region as a whole. Prohibition considerably afflicted the liquor industry forcing a whole lot of breweries, distilleries, and wineries to go out of organization however, there were certain people today in the wine neighborhood who didn’t give up. Vintners from Napa Valley located means around the ban by means of different loopholes provided by the Volstead Act as they have been the main producers of wine in America at the time. The Volstead Act was enacted to offer enforcement for the eighteenth modification and is named after Rep. Andrew Volstead who was chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. The Act was permitted the sale and transportation of clean or dried grapes only if the shipper knew that the last consumer of said grapes weren’t likely to use the grapes in purchase to make wine, and if they did then both equally functions ended up breaking the regulation. The loophole was that preferably the winery entrepreneurs trusted the actuality that their solution would go from shopper to buyer, no matter whether they be wholesalers or frequent consumers, they would most most likely steer clear of expenses and claim plausible deniability. Although this was dangerous on their portion they most popular over simply ripping out their vines and replacing them with orchards, in assuming that prohibition would be lasting. Not only had been they carrying their individual hopes and dreams regarding wine, they also had the weight of the North American wine company on their shoulders (“”How Wine Bricks Saved the Wine Marketplace For the duration of Prohibition, 2017). A next loophole gifted by the Volstead Act was that grape growers could produce grape juice and juice focus as very long as the products were not employed for alcoholic beverages use, nevertheless a different component of the Act allowed the use of up to 200 gallons of homemade wine as prolonged as it remained in the buyers home (“”Prohibition in Wine State, 2010″”). Utilizing these two loopholes they implored the same tactic they applied for the grapes and made guaranteed to usually be in a position to declare deniability. Leading to the creation of “”wine bricks”” which have been a brick of concentrated grape juice (lawful to make) that had been sold to consumers who could use the bricks to ferment and convert into wine. In a rather amazing way the suppliers arrived up with a way to instruct their buyers on how to make their own wine. Warning labels, these would be connected to the brick with guidance on how to dissolve the concentrate in a gallon of water. Subsequent those instructions were being warnings that said not to great the jug of grape juice for 21 days for the reason that it would start off to ferment, and the shopper would be breaking the legislation by accomplishing so (How Wine Bricks Saved the Wine Sector Through Prohibition, 2017″”). Faith ordinarily plays a role in society all-around the globe and religion’s part in prohibition was not any considerably less helpful. Whilst prohibition did start out partly thanks to specific spiritual and ethical beliefs, it also assisted chorus wine from fully dropping off the map. Wine was allowed to be generated for spiritual factors, which led to wineries getting distinctive promotions with unique important religions i.e. Christianity, Catholicism, and Judaism. A primary instance of this would be when the founding member of the Beaulieu Winery, Georges de Latour built a offer with the then archbishop of San Francisco to offer wine all of the monks. Sacramental wine, wine bricks, and the sale of the grapes them selves all proved to be quite prosperous for the few California vineyards that remained intact. So successful that the cost of grapes and their focus rose to a startling $375 for each ton, which according to stats, was a 3,847% raise from when the rate was basically a awful $9.50 for every ton. The charges had been in a position to skyrocket the way they did due to the reality that a lot of vineyards in California experienced made a decision to play it secure and substitute their grapes with orchards, getting away most of the level of competition in the wine business., Examining the knowledge on how prohibition afflicted the wine marketplace, a single begins to recognize that for the most section prohibition really assisted the wine industry. Absolutely sure, it created matters tough and vineyards experienced to shut down, but the ones that stayed open up flourished like by no means prior to. Also, prohibition aided make some of the most dominant wineries in the state who continued to develop wine over the yrs getting it additional and further more. How Popular Culture Affected Contemporary Christian and Worship Music Essay It is vital to note that Up to date Worship Audio (CWM) is usually noticed as a sub-style of Modern day Christian Audio (CCM) however the two intertwine and in the course of history have made along a equivalent path. Well known Culture’s affect on both forms of audio can be grouped together since artists can be conveniently located to include each of these genres. Only in the last number of decades has CCM and CWM become a world broad business. Contemporary Christian Songs (CCM) is a style which is constantly changing and adapting its audio and solution to the audio sector. Sounds adopted from Well-known Tunes In the 1950’s and 1960’s, white evangelical leaders condemned rock and roll tunes. If one particular jumps 50 a long time afterwards the CCM field is a multi-million pound field which is even now developing to this day. It is important to add that this is not the initially spectacular modify in solution in the 20th century. Black Christians in The usa experienced a growth in the earlier many years of the 20th century with the rising affect of well known lifestyle on their worship. Afro-Pentecostalism included European hymnody, black spirituals, blues and jazz. Afro-Pentecostal artists have been at the forefront of creating and advancing what is now black gospel songs. This immersion of black gospel audio acted as a precursor for what was about to come about with Christian Worship Songs. In the 1980’s the Winery Fellowship, led by John Wimber started worshipping with influences from rock songs and the worship band would use regular rock devices as their simple set-up through occasions of worship. By the late 1980’s and early 1990’s this musical format commenced spreading throughout America and afterwards on across the entire world. In his dissertation on the record of christian worship songs in modern day america, Wen Reagan states that the solution to how rock music built its way from getting condemned to an intrical component of CCM and to church expert services is primarily based all-around five diverse types: ‘historical, demographic, theological, financial, and technological’. The Jesus People today Motion in the 60’s was countercultural to the hippie motion and ended up reaching out to hippies who introduced their guitars along to services and soon after they experienced recognized this, youthful individuals started crafting new songs for the church with their affect of rock songs. Reagan also states that ‘The emphasis lay on the exciting freshness of new tunes and the perception that God was giving a new message through the audio.’ This ‘freshness’ was beautiful and even the evangelicals who experienced condemned rock tunes have been softening their views when they noticed this lively new new music emerging. In the 1980’s as the Winery Fellowship, led by John Wimber, emerged ‘Songs experienced no set ending and could be adapted to react to the strength of the congregation and the cadence of the pastor.’ In the 1990’s, Document Labels and distribution organizations, specific to CCM, commenced to pop up and by the 2000’s Christian songs began to go into arenas and a great deal much larger venues. ‘The import of modern musical varieties into the church has challenged the sermon’s preeminence in the liturgy as congregants are drawn to the affective electricity of rock new music (modern worship audio), its means to produce a strong, emotional knowledge of quiet intimacy or loud, celebratory pleasure with God.’ – Wen Reagan. The Winery Fellowship pioneered the development and progress of worship tunes, as it became such an crucial part of not only church solutions but of people’s everyday life. Their songs was very straightforward and this was because the simpler the tune, the far more the congregation could have interaction and proclaim the terms as real truth. Tunes turned a tool to guide people into intimacy with God. Travis Reginald Joseph Doucette writes in his thesis for Senior Honours that ‘In an exertion to achieve misplaced people today and communicate in applicable musical language, modern day worship tunes observed a home in churches embracing charismatic theology.’ Doucette describes it effectively with the phrase ‘relevant musical language’. Worship is not meant to be something perplexing and hard to listen or sing alongside to. It is meant to be obtainable for any one to interact in worship. Sociological conditions in the 60’s and 70’s The 1960’s and 1970’s had been a time of substantial social change which drastically affected well-liked society and the new music field and these two decades had been property to numerous new genres. The counterculture in the 1960’s is challenging to break up into sections for the reason that the challenge aim for several individuals, concerned in the re-condition of tradition, was to merge politics, modern society and tradition collectively. George McKay, in his e book on the social and countercultural 1960’s in the Usa, talks of radical tradition and lists the factors concerned in the huge modify of the 1960’s. ‘music, methods of residing, youth and other social movements,’ The younger era pioneered loads of the alterations in culture as a result of protesting and there seemed to be a technology hole expanding. The emergence of a drug society played a component in the rise of the hippie motion. The hippie movement have been also drawn to meditation, the occult and Indigenous American spirituality and integrated that into their lives. The motion even so confronted challenges including overcrowding, crime and sexually transmitted health conditions. A new wave of hippies commenced to pop up named ‘Jesus-Freak’ evangelists who encouraged folks to observe Jesus Christ and forsake medication and promiscuous sex. Right after integrating with a community baptist church, Ted Intelligent and other ‘Jesus-Freaks’ started out a movement of individuals known as ‘Street Christians’ with Pastor John MacDonald who established a coffeehouse named ‘The Residing Room’ to support Hippies who have been turning into homeless, hungry and sick. As this was likely on in the late 1960’s some others in the similar space, in close proximity to Haight-Ashbury where by the hippies had been pouring into, have been starting to preach on the streets. This grew at a swift rate and by 1969, the interaction involving hippie christians and evangelicals was going on all above the United States. The youth have been drawn in the direction of the Jesus Men and women due to the fact they ended up quite enthusiastic about the use of people, rock and pop songs. This was not the case in phrases of the regular church. In Simple fact the traditional church frowned on the use of popular new music and the integration of popular tradition and Christianity. By the late 1970’s the Jesus Individuals movement died down as that technology received more mature and ran out of steam but effect of the movement was great in phrases of Christian music and the improvement of the evangelical church. The movement changed evangelical Christians perspective towards well-known society and the up-beat and rock impact of the Jesus persons nearly created the Present-day Christian New music sector. As the decades rolled on hymns, choirs and organs had been replaced by worship bands and electric powered guitars. The Winery Denomination trace their roots again to the Jesus Men and women movement. The Vineyard Denomination now have above 2,500 church buildings in 6 continents. Throughout the 1960’s and progressing into the 1970’s there have been several campaigns for civil rights, women’s legal rights and homosexual rights. Compact peace movements were energised by social activists and these modest groups of college students or activist grew into countrywide marches, worldwide campaigning, instruct-ins on campus and lots of other large protests. The cold war, the Vietnam war and other political conflicts led to separation globally and at details issues seemed hopeless. Plenty of the press for social transform arrived from the youthful era and American youth played a crucial role in the political protests if this period. The 1960’s and 70’s were a terrifying time for folks in phrases of politics and conflict. Together with protesting, people needed to locate an escape or a way out from the fears of the instances which led to the youth experimenting with prescription drugs and intercourse and other procedures. This is wherever well-liked society significantly improved and wherever evangelicals adapted, not for the reason that they ended up becoming adjusted by well-liked society, but due to the fact they preferred to get to out to folks who were being surrounded by well-known culture. One of the major strategies the church did this was by music. This is why modern-day worship music and CCM can be so carefully joined to common new music and rock audio. Lyrical Content material of Up to date Christian and Worship New music It is critical to keep in mind CCM’s importance and individuality in the entire world of songs. Where by most artwork kinds are marketed as a product or service, CCM is all about it being an activity – some thing to be part of in with. Worship songs is often portrayed as a congregational audio and that the band who is top the congregation is not carrying out but worshiping Jesus Christ. Obviously as popular tradition progressed from the 1960’s so did worship songs and Modern day Christian Music. There are similarities in the lyrical content material that run all over the advancement of CCM and CWM on the other hand there are also quite a few variances that can tie into the growth of well-known songs but also relate to the ten years of which any specific worship tracks was published. The exception getting hymns, that numerous up to date christian bands and artists at times play during a time of worship. Even although there has been a huge improvement of the lyrical written content in CCM in the very last 60 years there is an total residing topic that ties all of the songs together. The word of God, The Holy Bible, is and will normally be carefully linked to Christian tunes. However CWM is a great deal a lot more lyrically centered on the scriptures than CCM. Some Christians argue that CCM is so delicate that from time to time you are not able to convey to the difference involving CCM tracks and secular songs. For case in point, Todd Friel, a presenter on Wretched Radio, posted a online video on youtube titled ‘Of study course Ellen loves Lauren Daigle’. In this 11 minute very long feeling piece he shared his sights on, what was at the time, 1 of the leading celebrity stories. Lauren Daigle, a CCM artist, topped the secular and Christian charts in the US in 2018 and appeared on the Ellen Present and sang one particular of her songs from her most up-to-date album. Ellen De Generes, the show host, praised the music by Daigle and Todd Friel argued that the purpose Ellen beloved the tune so significantly, and authorized Lauren to complete on her display, was simply because the phrases ended up “written in such a way that the lyrics can not be offensive” and he prompt that “no Christian can at any time be fed by it” due to the fact of the absence of “robust theology”. This is a quite one sided watch as Friel misses a large amount of particulars about Lauren Daigle and her efficiency. Many CCM artists write lyrics that never straight mention the terms Jesus, God or Holy Spirit but are prepared in a way that displays their own journey with Jesus or that talks about the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This helps make the new music a ton a lot more accessible to secular audiences and also lets artists, this sort of as Lauren Daigle, to carry out at secular occasions and shows. The primary place that Todd Friel missed is that CCM isn’t intended to be just for Christians but is in fact a technique of outreach and spreading the Excellent Information of Jesus Christ. A further remarkable band, who generate lyrics about God that secular audiences really like singing together to, are Skillet. A Christian heavy rock band. They play at so lots of secular festivals and have a massive subsequent of secular audiences. Their tracks such as Feel Invincible, Monster and Undefeated are all pretty common and the lyrics are truly effective, written so that you wouldn’t realise they have been singing about Jesus except if you considered about the lyrics and what they are trying to say in their music. Contemporary Worship New music is seen as a good deal much more theological and is made use of a lot more in church configurations than outreach configurations. The lyrics are insync with the scriptures and are usually tunes of praise, thankfulness, invitation, expectancy and surrender. Also, CWM is a lyrically based mostly audio simply because it is through the text that the congregation appear alongside one another and worship the dwelling God. Worship is also at times known as sung prayer mainly because it is praying to God through singing. For the duration of worship, followers of Jesus have deep encounters with the Holy Spirit where by there is healing spiritually, bodily, mentally and emotionally and Christians consider that worship has the electrical power to transform items in their lives and in the life of every solitary man or woman who offers their everyday living to Jesus and has a relationship with him. Christianity is not a religion, it is a romance with the dwelling God. Popular society and well known music’s impact on Contemporary Christian and Worship Tunes has changed the tactic to evangelism and sharing the gospel, the Good Information of Jesus Christ. The improve in the sound and strategy to worship audio created worshipping Jesus extra available and additional congregational. CCM and CWM are now two planet wide industries that are developing and getting to be much more commonly accepted among the world-wide church and secular audiences. Closing this piece will be a estimate from John Wimber, the founder of the Vineyard Movement. “Show me where you commit your time, money and electrical power and I’ll tell you what you worship.” How Manifest Destiny Affected Native American Culture Essay What is no one particular spoke English any longer? What if it was illegal to celebrate Christmas? What if a new race of men and women made a decision to invade The usa and force Americans out of their properties? This was what occurred to Native People all through America’s Westward Expansion. Indigenous American lifestyle disappeared for the reason that America’s westward enlargement compelled them out of their homeland, condition and violence killed millions of them, and new legislation gave them no legal rights. Life in the Western Hemisphere was a great deal distinct before it was invaded by explorers. The huge unexplored spot was household to over 30 million Native Peoples that had their personal languages and cultures (Bruhac). Their way of everyday living was a lot diverse than a lot of people assume. They produced various breakthroughs in the healthcare discipline, such as start control and discomfort medication and also labored difficult in agriculture by discovering strategies to prep land for and domesticate crops (Bruhac). The Natives farmed potatoes, peanuts, tomatoes, yams, and corn (Bruhac). After staying found out, these crops aided lower the disease and hunger that have been happening in Europe (Bruhac). This is how lifestyle was like for the Natives prior to being observed by Europeans. Their strategies of lives improved when explorers arrived. In the 1300s, the Pope break up the globe into sections and determined which nations around the world would get what components of the planet (Basu). Pradeep Kumar Basu points out this by declaring, He drew a line vertically down the Atlantic Ocean on a environment atlas. The East was for England, France, Holland and the west was for the Spaniards and Portuguese. When the Spanish first landed in the New Earth, they landed in the Caribbean and took more than the Natives’ way of life. These conquerors would trick the Natives and use pressure or violence to drive them out of their homeland, murdering innumerable innocent men and women in the approach (Basu). These new people would capitalize off of the Natives’ methods and labor, mainly building the Natives the Europeans’ slaves (Basu). This cure of the Natives took absent their dignity and manufactured it impossible for them to at any time return to the point out they ended up in prior to European exploration (Basu). This is how their life changed when the explorers came. Then explorers identified the continent of North The usa. In 1607, a group of adult men established the Jamestown colony in existing-day Virginia (Basu). These were being some of the to start with settlers in North The us, carefully adopted by the Pilgrims of current-working day Massachusetts in 1620 (Basu). Additional and much more settlers arrived and adhering to the Revolutionary War, a new state was fashioned identified as The us. When the early Americans started out to run out of place, they resolved to grow to the relaxation of the continent. In 1787 George Washington handed the Northwest Ordinance which arrived up with a way to switch unoccupied territory into states (Kowalski). It called for the United States to apply ‘utmost superior faith… toward the Indians’ who already resided in all those regions, says Kathiann Kowalski. But there have been quite a few circumstances where by claims ended up not retained and treaties ended up broken. In 1804, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, led by a Lemhi Shoshone lady named Sacagawea, traveled accross the North American continent exploring for an all-drinking water route that would transfer people to the Pacific Ocean (Westward Growth). Even though they did not come across the route they have been searching for, they learned a full region that no a person realized existed right until then. This is how the North American continent was inhabited by explorers. There ended up lots of reasons people today wanted to increase to the Western United States. Some assumed it was our accountability, others observed it as an experiment, and nevertheless, other people assumed it was our appropriate (Yoder). Of training course, other elements came into engage in this kind of as the California Gold rush of 1849 which brought tons of new settlers (Westward Expansion). One more component could be persons desired some elbow room and the governing administration was supplying absent cost-free land in the Terrific Plains (Westward Expansion). But in all probability one of the primary causes was that People in america felt entitled to the West and noticed it as their right of conquest (Mann). The matter they did not contemplate was the other people living on the land they desired to choose. When new settlers desired to cross the West they applied the Oregon Trail. The Oregon Trail was truly a collection of trails that led to the West Coast (Kellaher). Travelers ended up aiming to make it to Oregon Region. Oregon Country was not portion of the United States so not quite a few men and women lived there besides for Native People (Kellaher). The main challenge they confronted was the unknown, claims park ranger Rachael Nickens (qtd. in Kellaher). Settlers would make the journey in quite a few distinctive methods. Some traveled by wagons and farmed their way throughout the continent (Kellaher). At the conclusion of the Civil War, construction commenced on the transcontinental railroad (Bruhac). Setting up the railroad compelled Native Us residents to give up their land to make room for the tracks (Bruhac). Then in 1869, when the railroad was completed, the settlers could cross the country in a a lot far more timely fashion (Kellaher). This reveals how settlers made use of the Oregon Trail and other approaches to attain the West Coast. The Oregon Path experienced constructive and unfavorable effects on the daily lives of Native People. In advance of settlers would get started their journey accross the continent, they had preset visuals in their minds of what the Natives would be like (Yoder). The Indigenous Individuals had been viewed as unfriendly, weak hurdles in the way of the settlers’ goals of Manifest Future (Yoder). But in the commencing, relations amongst the white males and Native peoples were being fantastic (Kellaher). The vacationers engaged in trade with the Pawnee and Shoshone tribes that lived near where by the settlers created their way (Kellaher). Nonetheless, as extra and more settlers came, the hardships of the Indigenous Us residents grew (Kellaher). When the pioneers arrived, they ruined the land in the Midwest. The wagons they traveled with left deep ruts in the floor and the farming the settlers did, disposed of a whole lot of the Good Plains’ grass (Kellaher). There was no grass still left for the Indigenous Americans’ horses to eat and no wild buffalo left for the tribes to hunt and feed their families with (Kellaher). The pioneers killed millions of Natives by bringing conditions that the tribes experienced hardly ever encountered in advance of (Kellaher). In get to survive, numerous tribes had to transfer absent from their homeland to spots wherever no pioneers have been touring (Kellaher). These are the outcomes that the Oregon trail experienced on the Indigenous American peoples. Not only had been the Natives influenced by Manifest Future, but wildlife was also affected as perfectly mainly bison. The populace of bison was influenced by Westward Growth for quite a few good reasons. The first getting, new settlers came and hunted them for pleasurable (Lopata). A further explanation was that males creating the transcontinental railroad would destroy the buffalo in buy to make home for the tracks (Kowalski). The use of guns built it less difficult for them to kill hundreds at a time (Lopata). When these new individuals would murder the bison they would only use specific parts of the animal, they still left the rest of the stays to rot (Kowalski). This was unlucky for Native People since they employed the whole buffalo when they hunted (Kowalski). The Indigenous People ate their meat and made use of their disguise for shelter and apparel (Kowalski). Then in 1830, their population began to drop and by 1883 there have been none left in the wild (Lopata). This was damaging to everyday living on the Terrific Plains. Peg Lopata says, Bison migrations, grazing styles, and behaviors had been at the time a key component of this region’s ecology. With no bison, existence in the Midwest was much more durable for the people and animals living there. Fortunately, some endeavours have been built to restore the bison populace that was afflicted by Westward Growth. Today wild buffalo roam during Yellowstone Nationwide Park in Wyoming (Lopata). When settlers essential a place to dwell, Indigenous People were being pressured out of their homelands. Native Americans did not consider land could be owned. Indigenous teams and the animals they depended on roamed freely, says Kathiann M. Kowalski. Native Us citizens were predicted to live on reservations, sections of land set aside for them, when they were being characteristically nomadic (Kowalski). A person of the earliest situations of this was referred to as the Indian Elimination Act handed by Andrew Jackson in 1830 (Kowalski). This act took Indigenous American tribes that lived east of the Mississippi River and moved them to the other facet (Kowalski). Then in 1838, the governing administration and Cherokee tribes signed the Treaty of New Echota, which traded the Cherokee land for distinct land in Oklahoma (Kowalski). The Cherokee were being pressured out of their land and marched alongside a 1000 mile march, the Path of Tears, and killed 25% of the tribe’s inhabitants (Kowalski). An celebration comparable to this transpired when 2000 Navajo and Mescalero Apache lives were being misplaced when the tribes have been pressured out of New Mexico and taken 450 miles away to Bosque Redondo (Black). Once more this happened in 1887 when the Dawes Act compelled much more Indigenous People in america on to reservations and took away 90 million acres of their land to give to settlers (Bruhac). When Abraham Lincoln was elected into business office, issues had been going to change for a lot of groups of folks at that time. Regrettably, Native Us residents were being not a person of those people groups. Just one of Lincoln’s most well-known achievements, The Emancipation Proclamation, freed slaves but gave no legal rights to the Native People in america (Black). Abraham Lincoln did nothing to conclude Indigenous American discrimination, in reality, some points he did may well have harmed them. He was in ability when the Homestead Act was passed in 1862 which gave totally free land to new settlers (Black). He also handed the Pacific Railway Act which made it less difficult to cross the continent and also more difficult for Natives to hold their land and society (Black). He normally designed claims for the duration of his congress speeches but never took motion on them and ongoing to area insurance policies that would hurt them (Black). Not numerous of the guarantees that were made to the Native People ended up held. The authorities employed drive to preserve Native People away from the settlers (Kowalski). Agreements produced with Natives were being not stored and when treaties have been signed the Natives had been frequently compelled to indication or unethical techniques had been applied to get their signatures (Kowalski). When the Natives started off to protect their land from settlers, the governing administration built the Treaty of Ft. Laramie in 1851 which promised dollars to the Natives and promised to restrict settlers (Kowalski). But when the government stopped delivering cash and assist, they experienced experienced ample (Kowalski). When the Natives have been fed up with being handled as collateral harm, they fought back. A person of the earliest circumstances of this was in 1791 when a Shawnee tribe chief named Tecumseh joined the lots of midwest tribes with each other to fight off American troops (Bruhac). They finished up getting rid of 600 troops near the Wabash river (Bruhac). Again in 1811, Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa led an assault termed the Struggle of Tippenhoe (Basu). The Shawnee had been not as effective this time close to (Basu). These fights continued all over the 19th century becoming led each by Native People in america and by white settlers. In 1862, the Dakota War was fought which resulted in 38 Native guys currently being hung (Black). Then in 1864, hundreds Cheyenne and Arapaho Natives were being killed in the Sand Creek Massacre (Black). It all came to an end at the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 the place the Sioux were being destroyed in the last substantial fight of the century (Kowalski). The Native populace was reducing and with it their society and traditions. Today lifestyle is quite diverse for Native Americans. There are 326 reservations and 11 condition reservations (Bruhac). Indigenous Us citizens make up 1.7% of America’s populace (Basu). 50 percent of the languages they spoke have nearly disappeared (Bruhac). They however confront a lot of prejudices but techniques have been taken to make wrongs compose. Quite a few acts have been passed this sort of as the 1978 Spiritual Independence Act which built it lawful for them to exercise their religions (Vincent). There was also the Archaeological Sources Act in 1988 which safeguarded Native artifacts that were being located in archeological web-sites (Vincent). As it can be seen from these illustrations, there are numerous factors that contributed to the disappearance of Indigenous American society. The westward enlargement contributed by bringing settlers and pioneers. Their land was taken absent to make home for these individuals and far more of their land was taken to make home for the transcontinental railroad. Their legal rights ended up taken away and they had been manufactured to really feel like criminals. They ended up murdered when they tried using to shield their land and they proceed to eliminate tradition every day. Even while there have been methods to make factors proper with the Indigenous Americans, very little can be finished about the significant sum of bloodshed and society destruction that was carried out to them in America’s quest for Manifest Destiny. How is the Corporate Governance Affected by Globalization Finance Essay Essay Corporate governance appears to be a particularly important topic nowadays, when ownership rights and control over assets in corporations are separated, and the top management of corporations might not act in the interests of stakeholders. There are numerous corporations all over the world, and their effect on the world economy is quite substantial. Corporations as one of the most complicated structures of a firm appear to be also the most powerful regarding its influence on economic development and political decision-making process. Considering the importance of corporations to the national economies and shareholders’ concern over level of protection of their investments, it is particularly relevant to be well aware of the governance systems inside corporations, their policy of shareholders’ treatment and their level of subordination to the state. These paper aims to explore, how entering the international market affects the corporate governance of corporations. Our research question is “How is the corporate governance affected by globalization?” The research that we conducted will be useful for exploration of globalization effect on the world economies, and it is as well relevant for those, who have interest in topics related to corporate governance and its dependence on exogenous conditions. To answer our research question we will rely on the following institutional economics approaches: agency theory, transaction costs theory, business ethics theory. We opted these four institutional theories, as they are the most relevant to explain the current changes in corporate governance of German companies as they enter Ukrainian market. In our research, we focus on the effect of Ukrainian market conditions on the governance system of foreign corporations that enter the national market, in our case we analyze German corporations. Both of these countries are in the continental Europe, thus Germany adopted the European type of capitalism. However, it is rather hard to determine what kind of capitalism Ukraine adopted after the break- down of the Soviet Union. We will use real examples of corporations operating in these countries to evaluate the changes in the corporate governance brought by the differences of the background, and to show the consequences the globalization in these cases led to. The paper contains six main chapters. Chapter 2 provides reasoning for the choice of the countries that are analyzed in the paper. Chapter 3 is a review of four institutional economics theories that we use to analyze the corporate governance in Ukraine and Germany in further chapters. In chapters 4 and 5 we describe and explain main changes in corporations and corporate governance in Ukraine and Germany correspondingly. In these chapters we also focus on the particularities of corporations operating in these countries from the perspective of state of economy, level of political stability, state intervention in private sector and social factors. Chapter 6 is a study case of few German corporations (METRO AG, Henkel etc.) operating in Ukrainian economy. This chapter is an empirical proof of the differences in corporate governance, corporate legislations and their effects in two chosen countries with our comments and advises on possible changes, relying on material provided in previous chapters. 2. Germany and Ukraine. Reasoning for the choice of the countries. Germany and Ukraine are for the time period one of the most unique economies in the world. Both based on heavy industry those two countries are one of the wealthiest countries in Europe. The time during the Germany’s division and the occupation of Ukraine is a “black-spot” in economic history, regarding both those countries. However, in late 1980s and early 1990s, after the break of Soviet Union, many countries regained their independence thus allowing them to choose their own economic path. Germany, was separated in year 1961, when the soviets built a wall, which divided Berlin into Eastern and Western parts, thus part of Germany as well, into two economic blocks; one of which was “Western” or capitalistic, and the other one “Eastern” or communistic. On the other hand, Ukraine shared rather similar destiny in historical perspective. In 1922 Ukraine became a part of USSR (The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), thus determining their fate for socialistic regime, under control of Soviet Russia. Both, Ukraine and Eastern Germany, managed to escape the Soviet control in late 1980s (1989 for Germany and 1990- Ukraine), thus allowing them to be independent and choose their own paths and make their own decisions. “The term corporate governance is used in two distinct ways. In Anglo-Saxon countries like the US and UK good corporate governance involves firms pursuing the interests of shareholders. In other countries like Japan, Germany and France it involves pursuing the interests of all stakeholders including employees and customers as well as shareholders” (Allen, F., & Gale, D. (2002). A comparative theory of corporate governance. Social Science Research Network, Http:// The economic paths that Ukraine and Eastern Germany chose were rather different. The main differences were the corporate governance control. The united Germany adopted the continental European corporate governance model, whereas for Ukraine, a rather young and inexperienced country, they chose to adopt Anglo- Saxon corporate governance. The main differences about those two corporate governance systems were noticed by WladimirAndreff :”In Continental Europe corporate governance, there is no domestic external market for executive talent and, thus, when a German (or any other continental European) CEO is appointed there is no negotiation (about salary, stock options, performance bonus, retirement provision and the like). The second difference is in wage negotiations between the enterprise union and managers. Anglo- Saxon firms behave in both cases as properly capitalist; continental Europe firms, by contrast, are more seen like communities. The latter employee- favoring firm opposes the former shareholder-favoring firm”(Andreff, W. (2002), Journal of international business studies, Vol. 33, No 1, pp.195- 197, accessed on 23/10/2010). The industries both countries chose were similar. Germany and Ukraine are both famous for their heavy industries, such as machinery industry, and the IT business. However, the main exporting areas of the countries differ greatly. Ukraine still bases most of its economy on Russia. Not only it exports most of its goods there, but also imports the most of country’s energy (gas, oil, electricity) from Russia. Whereas, Germany, is internationally well known for its car industry and home technic. Therefore, the German corporate governance is in relationships with many other different countries, which have different institutional systems, thus making German governance system to adopt in its own way. On the other hand, Ukraine, basing its main relationship with Russia, had to adopt other meanings of doing transactions. Corruption and government incompetence made the cooperation between western countries and Ukraine rather difficult. According to MSI (Management Systems International):”Ukraine can be categorized as a closed insider economy A¢”â‚¬ a country strongly influenced by elite cartels” (MSI, (February 10, 2006), Corruption Assessment: Ukraine). In conclusion, both countries have their own similarities and differences. Ukraine and Germany share rather similar historic background until the 80-90s of XX century, however, after both countries escaped the influence of USSR, affected by globalization, they took different paths following different choices, as an example governance structure. Neither of their choices were wrong. Out of these reasons this paper will be analyzing the corporate governance particularly in these countries. Institutional economics theories used in the analysis of the corporate governance (Agency, Transaction, Business Ethics). There are many different approaches, which are possible analyzing countries. The theories this paper will be focusing on are: Transaction cost, Agency and business ethics. Those theories were chosen due to several reasons. Firstly, transaction cost theory would be particularly interesting to apply to German corporate governance, as German corporations have transactions with different firms in different countries, as for Ukraine corporations, it mainly deals with Russia and other post Soviet countries, such as: Belorussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Kazakhstan. Secondly, agency theory would show how different agents and principles manage the transactions. In Germany’s perspective, they have many branches of their companies around the world, thus making it rather hard to rule. More over, the difference in chosen corporate governance in Ukraine and Germany makes it interesting to analyze how are firm’s agents treated and rewarded in both these countries Lastly, the business ethics part will mostly concern Ukraine, as the level of corruption in the country is rather high, thus making it rather difficult for international corporations to take part in Ukraine’s economic development. As for Germany, it will interesting to see how do the branches of corporations situated in different countries, where corruption level is higher/high, avoid the corrupt structures. 3.1. Transaction cost theory The transaction cost is a cost incurred in making an economic exchange/ or participating in a market (, accessed on 23/10/2010). There are many different ways to calculate transaction costs. Also, the transaction cost mostly wants firms to cooperate, as lower the transaction costs lead to higher profit, thus making long-term contracts applicable and wanted. As Hanna Kuittinen argues, “The inter-A¬Arm cooperation is more efA¬Acient than the use of open markets or hierarchies when it minimizes the difference between the A¬Arm’s transaction and management costs (i.e. the governance costs) at the same time as the value of its dynamic governance beneA¬Ats is maximized”(Kuittinen, H., Jantunen, A., Kylahenko, K., Sandstrom, J. (13 September 2008) Cooperation governance mode: an extended transaction cost approach , pp. 307). However, making contracts with other party, needs trust, therefore, the reputation and uncertainty part starts to play an important role in reducing the transaction costs. Especially when long term relationships are being on stake, the reputation determines, whether the contract will be made or not. Moreover, even if the contract is made, uncertainty still might determine the relationships between the firm, as Hanna Kuittinen reasons: “Uncertainty about future outcomes makes it difA¬Acult to specify contracts ex ante, and behavioural uncertainty complicates the coordination during the transaction and evaluation of the performance ex post “(Kuittinen, H., Jantunen, A., Kylahenko, K., Sandstrom, J. (13 September 2008) Cooperation governance mode: an extended transaction cost approach , pp. 310) 3.2. Agency theory Agency theory “treats the difficulties that arise under conditions of incomplete and asymmetric information” (, accessed on 23/10/2010). The most important part is the asymmetric and incomplete information in these days economy. Principle hiring a new agent for its company is never certain about the validity of his documents or experience. So how should principles determine the agency costs? If they would over evaluate the agent it might come out that the new employee does not sufficiently do his job as expected, however if the agent is under paid, he might start shirking and not try do his best. As Claudia Keser and Mark Willinger argue “low incentives can affect participants in a contradictory way because of a possible conA¬”šict between intrinsic motivation and A¬Anancial reward. Furthermore, it can be concluded from a vast survey of experiments that in some cases incentives improve performance, and in other cases they have no effect, or even worse, hurt performance. “(Keser, C., Willinger, M., (2 October 2006), Theories of behavior in principal-agent relationships with hidden action, pp. 1527). 3.3. Business Ethics “Business ethics I can either be institutional or personal in scope. Institutional business ethics deals with broad, somewhat impersonal and abstract issues of the ethics of corporations as institutions. An example of this is corporate social responsibility”(Pattan, E., J. (1984), The Business of Ethics and the Ethics of Business, pp. 1). As stated by John E. Pattan, personal or institutional, in this paper we will try to concentrate on the institutional point of view. “We make ethical judgments every time we feel that our interests or opinions are promoted or attacked, our rights respected or violated, or ourselves catered to or threatened” (Pattan, E., J. (1984), The Business of Ethics and the Ethics of Business, pp. 3) The main purpose of business if not a secret, every businessman wants to maximize his profits. But what moral costs does it involve? In some cases it might involve corruption, stealing sometimes even taking lives of others. Therefore, it will be studied, how do institutions deal with each other and how are ethics implied to their decisions. Corporate governance Ukraine Introduction to the corporate governance in Ukraine. In the given paper we regarded the period of the economic development of Ukraine, starting from 1990 year. That time was remarkable for the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the central planning and command structures that had been in forces for 70 years. The country started implementation of reform programs aimed at market economy and globalization (Holmstrom, & Smith, 2000). The leading enterprises and companies in Ukraine realized the importance of effective corporate governance. The reason is that it is the key factor determining the microeconomic efficiency of the enterprise sector and the quality of investment climate of the country. According to A. Kostyuk ‘ the German model is getting spread in the Ukraine from year to year (Board Practices; An International Review’2003). The main evidences are small quantity of independent directors on the board, rare meetings of the board, not big number of committees on the board, the management board affects the supervisory board. There are nearly 35 thousand joint stock companies in Ukraine that is comparatively more than in many developed countries. Every year the state commission on securities and stock exchanges states about over 12 thousand of cases of breaking the principles of corporate governance in the country. In this case, it is significantly to regard the role of ownership structure in corporate governance. It is important to know why owners purchase shares and what corporate mechanisms they use. (A Kostyuk 2002). The cause of closing of board practices in Ukraine is the rise in concentration of ownership, which results in rise in corporate control, violation of minority shareholders’ rights, rise in number of disputes, conflicts of interests and decrease in transparency of the Ukrainian joint stock companies. A A A ‘Database provides annual financial statements in total for 14356 companies, in particular 2215A corporations in 1998, 8325 corporations in 2000 (out of 11850 registered), 7735 corporations in 2001A (out of 12039 registered) and 10213 corporations in 2002 (out of 12010 registered). For the empirical testing we use the dataset of 10313 observations on manufacturing open joint-A stock companies in total, in particular 4337 firms in 2000, 3385 in 2001 and 2591 in 2002. Thus theA sample covers around 37%, 28% and 21% of all open joint-stock companies in Ukraine in 2000, 2001A and 2002 respectively. The data is collected from publicly available information, in particular, fromA annual financial statements of Ukrainian joint-stock companies (Source: PFTS ñ First Trading StockA System, Istock database:A, (Corporate governance in Ukraine ‘ Vitaliy Zeka ). Nowadays corporations in Ukraine are divided into joint stock companies founded pursuant to Law of Ukraine ‘On business association’: Open Joint Stock company Close Joint Stock Company Ukrainian Joint Stock Company Ukrainian Private Joint Stock CompanyA The biggest companies in Ukraine are: Company Profit Sector – Naftogaz Ukraine Ukraine 6.126.451(Energy/Commodities), Mariupolskij Metkombinat Ukraine 2.382.034(Industry), Azowstal Ukraine 2.059.265(Industry) , Linos Ukraine 1.923.149(Energy / Commodities), Mittal Steel Kriwoj Rog Ukraine 1.836.833 (Industry), Industrialnyj Sojuz Donbasa Ukraine 1.750.239(Industry), Ukrtatnafta Ukraine 1.460.350(Energy/ Commodities), Zaporozstal Ukraine 1.325.41(Industry). Directors can be nominated by the supervisory and the management boards independently. At least 25 % of Companies with where controlling block of shares (50 percent +1 share) belongs to one owner, have boards with 5-6 members. They represent interests of the controlling shareholder. (A Kostyuk 2002) In accordance with Article 118 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine, basic shareholder rights are established by law. The width of shareholders rights in Ukrainian firms may vary and depends on whether the joint stock company has free circulation of shares (an open type) or its shares are distributed among the founders and cannot be traded on stock exchange( a close type) . Companies controlled by the foreign institutional investors or Ukrainian investment companies have 7 or 9 members on the board (see the Commercial code of Ukraine). Supervisory board members at Ukrainian joint stock companies meet every quarter. Boards at the companies, where the ownership is strongly concentrated, hold meetings less frequently than at those companies, where the corporate ownership is spread. This is because of controllers have a chance to have both the supervisory and the management boards under their control. The procedure of nominating new directors in Ukraine is plain and chaotic. Shareholder may nominate committees by themselves. In order to do this, they must possess enough stake in enterprise. Each shareholder who possesses shares of the enterprise above 2 % of shareholders equity can offer his own candidate on the supervisory board. As we see from the chart, 44% of elected directors were nominated by shareholders. 31 % of elected directors were nominated by the management board. Only 25% of directors were nominated by the supervisory board. (A. Kostyuk 2002). In other words, shareholders wish to be controllers through electing directors and executive who would represent their interests.A Groups of the director nominators and their efficiency in nomination Supervisory boards at Ukrainian joint stock companies are not independent. Some of them possessA largeA share of equity of the companies. The researches show that only about 8 % of board directors are independent.A There is evidence that 42 % of Ukrainian joint stock companies have no independent directors on supervisory board. About 31 %of researched companies in Ukraine have not more than 1 independent director .Companies have policy committee, which are under control of foreign institutional investors.A Directors can be nominated by the supervisory and the management boards indecently. The companies with dispersed ownership structure have a practice of nominating directors by governing corporate bodies. All candidates must be shareholders . A Definition of Corporate Governance. The term ‘corporate governance’ can be interpreted as ‘the system of legal and economic institutions that create formal and informal regulatory system, which determines behavior of enterprise. (Piotr Kozarevswski 2009). Mechanism of concentration of corporate ownership structure in Ukrain during 1998-2001 is illustrated by next figure. (Kostyuk, 2007) The researches ofA Saul Estrin, Adam Rosevear, AlexA Krakovsky, Alex PivovarskyA helped usA greatly A to understanding theA issue of corporate governance mechanisms in Ukraine. All these expertsA considered that many corporate governance mechanisms, such as the boardA of directors, financial reporting etc, hardly work in Ukraine.A According to Alexander N. Kostyuk (“Corporate Governance in aA transition economy” 2007) “One of the well-known reasons is the absenceA of an Act of Joint Stock Companies.” The draft of this Act had beenA presented in 2001. However, the Act has not been approved by theA Ukrainian parliament, where a strong political lobby protects theA rights of large owners, named “oligarchs”. Therefore, joint stock companies in UkraineA have to work with reference to “The Act of Enterprises”, which does notA explain the nature of many corporate governance mechanisms, such as boardA committees,A executive directors,A executiveA monitoring, etc. As the result, corporate governance in Ukraine allows violation of minority shareholders rights, weak transparency and inadequateA corporate social responsibility. Under such circumstances, one of theA ways out is through developing a set of internal statements to makeA all these corporate governance mechanisms work. Evidences of corporate governance in Ukraine. There is evidence on corporate governance, which we observed while studied the statistical data on corporate governance in the country. “Our survey reveals that performance at the enterprise level has also not been improving, average output, employment, and productivity in Ukrainian firms have fallen every year since 1990 and profitability has been uniformly low, if not negative. Moreover restructuring has been very modest, although rather more differentiated across enterprises. For example there has been little increased trade with the West on average only 2%of enterprise sales in 1996 went to OECD countries, up from 0.5 % in 1999. Investment has also been low, so capital stock is largely obsolete.” (Saul Estrin & Adam Rosevesr, 1999) This is another example we may apply for. In the average firm in Ukraine , the number of managers holding shares is around 15 , while the number of employees is 599 and former employees is 302. Holdings by Ukrainian citizens and companies are also highly dispersed at 1065 and 616 shareholders on average respectively. However, the typical number of shareholders, which are banks, foreign individuals and foreign firms, is one and investment fund is two. The basic conditions for fundamental structure change in company corporate governance in Ukraine are still weak and need for radical policy changes and capital market development to make company corporative governance more effective (Saul Estrin & Adam Rosevesr, 1999). After we studied the supervisory board practices in Ukraine, we may conclude the following: they are small in size, lack of legal employee participation in the corporate governance, rare meeting of board, small number of committees on board, management board influences, supervisory board, small number of independent directors. Analysis of corporate governance in Ukraine from the approach of agency theory. The Principal- Agent relations exist when one person called the agent acts on behalf of another, called principal. The welfare of the principal is affected by the choice of the agent.A In companies it is the shareholder who acts as the ‘ principal ‘ and company directors act as the ‘agent.’ A This interaction works well when the agent is a professional at making the necessary decisions, but contrary doesn’t work well when the interests of the principal and agent differ. A ‘There is possibility of opportunistic behavior on the part of the agent that works against the welfare of the principal’ (Baza Oba, 2004 ). Most of agent’s actions in the companies are unknown to the principal or expensive to obtain.A A As applied to corporate governance in companies in Ukraine the second practice is common. The absence of accounting and audit norms in Ukraine as we mentioned above, leadsA to corruption and bureaucracy. All these prevent the Ukrainian companies from ‘ bringing simultaneous capital, access to Western ‘, technology, markets and managerial expertise’ ( Estrin & Rosevear, 2003 ). Analysis of corporate governance in Ukraine from the approach of transaction costs theory. In order to be able to transact at all and to transact safely, actors have to incur costs to find out how and where transaction opportunities occur, and about the possibilities the possible risks and uncertainties involved. These expenses are called transaction costs. Market transactions consist of several aspects: 1. Search and information costs (who offers the product? Is the seller the owner? What are the conditions?) 2. Costs to draft, to negotiate and to conclude the contract. 3. Monitoring costs and enforcement costs. These are the costs that are incurred to make sure that the other party commits to an agreement, whether this is of a private nature or a public nature (John Groenewegen, 2010). According to Vladimir Andreff ( 2006), along with ‘ contract’ corporations (enterprises, established on the basis of the contract) there are a large number of corporations formed to address public authorities – ‘public’ corporations typically, in business practices of Ukraine. These corporations are successors of the reorganized ministries, state committees, departments and state enterprises to unite industry, or other principles. (Inna Pidluska, 1998) Analysis of corporate governance in Ukraine from the approach of business ethics theory. It’s of common knowledgeA that no universal model ofA corporate governance exists. However,A there are generally accepted standards of good corporate governance. They may be applied in the frames of legal, economic and political aspects. InternationalA principles of corporate governance appeared as a result of increased public interest in corporate governance, which was generated by the globalization of financial markets and the capitalization of capital flows.A Ukraine is notoriously famous for engagingA inA corruption openly and freely. Ukraine’s President Leonid Kuchma has identified the main obstacle to business development as bureaucratic abuse of power, bribery and extortion. He also admitted that the government has failed to create conditions for conducting business honestly. (Inna Pidluska, 1998) After the Orange Revolution the government of Ukraine has seen itA fit to sell business off to rich elite. It leads to the rise of the business oligarchs who have taken over the exercising state power into their own hands. So calledA ”shadow economy” was flourishing (Egger and Winner (2005). In modern Ukraine giving a bribe is a regular everyday routine. To give a bribe to an inspector who checks the required norms in the company, or win a tender using special privileges, became a norm in Ukraine. Average Ukrainian manager spends two days per week on inspection issues.A (Inna Pidluska, 1998) The facts of double accounting and money laundering is a widely spread practice in a ‘shadow ‘economy of the country. The size of Ukraine’s informal sector, or “shadow economy”, reflects the high degree of corruption. It is currently estimated that seven out of ten enterprises work in the shadow economy. These companies have no protection from corruption and are open targets for bribery and other forms of graft. (Inna Pidluska, 1998) Nowadays, UkraineA is making a concerted effort to improve corporate governance at the national level. This goal can be achieved through the implementation of national Code of corporate governance. Problems of corporate governance in Ukraine must be addressed through introduction of standards of ethics and a code of practice for corporate governance. Business ethics is mainly aimed at promoting good reputation of the company at the market. TheA most important principles areA responsibility andA freedom. Employees and partners are individuals. They should beA honest, reliable and trustworthy. All the employees of the company with good will aim at high results, which improve quality of business itself and stuff’s lifeA (World Bank Group, 2009). Nowadays corruption and bureaucracy widespread among the business community and judiciary itself is subject to political interference and corruption (Adam Mycyk & Elizabeth Cook, 2007 ). Conclusion to the chapter. An absence of progress in corporate governance in Ukraine can be explained by insufficiently deep character and consistency of institutional reforms realization.A The functioning of the new global economy is based on an effective management mechanism, implementation of the international accounting and audit standards and professional culture formation in corporate governance. In general, the corporate governance practices, which were adopted by Ukrainian companies, fail to reflect the high levels set byA more developed European market economies and the United States. 5. Corporate governance in Germany 5.1 Introduction to the corporate governance system in Germany. History of corporate governance in Germany: In the 19th century, Germany’s typical form of business organisation was the “Kommanditgesellschaft” (“limited commercial partnership”). A “Kommanditgesellschaft” always had at least one member with unlimited liability whereas the other investor’s liability was limited to their contribution. In 1861, the General Commercial Code was enacted which devoted a section to joint stock companies and allowed incorporations with limited liability. Companies could choose between a single board of directors and a two tiered board system, involving shareholders appointing a supervisory board, which in turn elected the management board. This changed in 1884 when a reform was introduced which mandated that companies have a two-tier board that allowed free registration without a system of state concession. Thus a supervisory board was needed to take over the state’s monitoring role. For members of the supervisory board it was not possible to be a member of the management board but it was possible for a shareholder to directly elect member for the management board. In the early 20th century, formal acts of corporate law led to the abandonment of mercantilism and the rise of classical liberalism. Corporations increasingly became public and private entities free from government control. Under the Nazi government of Adolf Hitler then, companies became less democratic in a reform of 1937. From then on, shareholders could not elect managers directly, and managers could only be removed “for an important reason”, directors were elected for terms of five years and were under the duty to serve the “Gemeinwohl” or “general good” which was manifested by the state officials to be of higher priority than maximizing the company’s revenues. After the war, new laws and changes all over the world led to more participation for workers within the corporations. Corporate Governance from 1980-2010 in general In the 1980’s, many countries privatized large state-owned corporations. Deregulation – reducing the regulation of corporate activity – has often been accompanied by privatization and is part of the laissez-faire policy. Another major post-war shift caused the development of conglomerates, meaning that large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base. Especially more concentrated and owner-controlled firms had high returns during the 1970s and early 1980s but this turned in the late 1980s and1990s. Increasing international competition could be the cause. In the mid-1990s, Germany adopted a series of legal and regulatory reforms related to corporate governance. In 2002, the German Corporate Governance Code was created. The aim of the German Corporate Governance Code is to make Germany’s corporate governance rules transparent for both national and international investors, thus strengthening confidence in the management of German corporations. The Code addresses all major criticisms – especially from the international community – levelled against German corporate governance, namely * inadequate focus on shareholder interests; * the two-tier system of executive board and supervisory board; * inadequate transparency of German corporate governance; * inadequate independence of German supervisory boards; * limited independence of financial statement auditors. Each of these five points is addressed in the provisions and stipulations of the Code, also taking into consideration the legal framework. Of course the Code cannot cover every detail of every single issue; instead it provides a framework which the individual companies will have to fill in. 5.2 Analysis of corporate governance in Germany from the approach of agency theory Corporate governance is about the way suppliers – who finance corporations – get a return from the managers on their investment. How can be ensured that managers do a good job and do not free-ride? How do suppliers of finance control the managers? These are principal-agent problems which have the essence that ownership and control – or separation of management and finance – are separated. Suppliers of finance give money to firms; the managers run the firm by using this supply of money and return some of the profit to the investors. Although this mechanism works out most of the time, the corporate governance problem is not yet solved. In Germany, a top manager even with poor performance is usually only removed after extreme circumstances as the boards are quite passive. There are large differences in legal protection of investors around the world. In Germany, at least some suppliers of finance have their rights protected and have them enforced by law through the courts, in contrast to many other countries. But still in Germany, managers are in most of the cases not liable. In Germany, over a quarter of all votes in major companies are controlled by large commercial banks. The banks also have smaller but still significant influence as direct shareholders or creditors. As studies estimate, do about 80% of the large German companies have a non-bank shareholder who owns a share of over 25%. Family control through majority ownership or pyramids is the norm in smaller German companies. A pyramid means that the owner controls 51% of the company which controls 51% of its subsidiaries. The function of pyramids is to enable the ultimate owners to control the assets with the least amount of capital. In Germany, large shareholders are associated with a higher turnover of directors. The effectiveness of large creditors and large shareholders depends on the legal rights they have. In Germany, banks have much power because they vote significant blocks of shares, sit on boards of directors, play a dominant role in lending and work in a legal environment favorable to creditors. In Germany, banking governance is very effective. German banks are relative to their lending power and control over equity votes not as active in corporate governance as one could expect. Large investors such as banks often fail to terminate unprofitable projects they have invested in when continuation is preferred to liquidation. A large investor often maximizes private benefits of control rather than wealth because he is rich enough. He will not internalize the costs of these control benefits to the other investors, large investors fail to force managers to maximize profits and pay them out. Germany has a successful corporate governance system relying on a combination of concentrated ownership and legal protection of investors. Compared to the United States, German creditors have stronger rights but shareholder rights are weaker. Germany has a system of governance by both permanent large shareholders, for whom the existing legal rules suffice to exercise their power, and by banks, but it does not have participation of small investors in the market. As Germany has a system of permanent large investors, hostile takeovers are rare. The advantage is that firms with long-term investors go through crises with less economic distress and better access to financing. Takeovers limit the planning for future for the managers and reduce the efficiency of investment. Permanent large shareholders and banks that dominate corporate governance in Germany are able to influence corporate management through informed investors who are better able to help firms. A large investor-oriented governance system discourages small investors from participating in financial markets. Germany has a successful corporate governance system that combines significant legal protection of at least investors with an important role for large investors. This combination is very different from the governance systems in most other countries which provide limited legal protection of investors and are stuck with family- and insider-dominated firms receiving little external financing. 5.3 Analysis of corporate governance in Germany from the approach of transaction costs theory The degree to which a firm can switch or differentiate its governance mechanisms depends on the legal jurisdiction in which it operates. German law accords greater bargaining power to labour unions than other countries do. This tends to create a stronger degree of governance inseparability. Governance inseparability means that a firm’s choice of governance mode for a transaction is constrained by the governance choices it made for prior transactions. Governance inseparability can also be created by contractual commitments. Most German firms are efficiently engaged in long-term exchange relationships which require long-term contractual commitments. These contractual commitments cause governance inseparability because they are costly and sometimes even impossible to reverse. The flexibility of a firm is restricted for the future through contractual commitments. Changes in bargaining power of other parties -e.g. employees, suppliers or customers – to a firm’s contractual commitments can also lead to governance inseparability. Changes in bargaining power can for example emerge from changes in law and regulations. Parties that gained bargaining power unforeseen, try to use this circumstance to improve their own positions but forcing the firm to adopt locally suboptimal governance mechanisms in the future. The German government does not change its regulations constantly giving security to firms and private actors, but there are still other factors that could affect bargaining power and thus make changes in bargaining power to a constant risk in Germany. As German firms engage in long-term transactions, no firm can entirely avoid making contractual commitments and are thus always aware of the risk of governance inseparability. Governance inseparability constrains most firms over time because of their existing arrangements which limit their scope and flexibility. 5.4 Analysis of corporate governance in Germany from the approach of business ethics theory. Germans in general are pessimistic about the introduction of an ethical code. Businessmen in Germany think that ethical codes are not effective. In their view, ethical codes do not provide aid for executives in refusing unethical requests and do not give a clear definition of acceptable limits of conduct. But over the years, there is a growing acceptance of business ethics among German executives. Managers like former Nestlé chairman Helmut Maucher, who are fed up with such “moral poppycock” have given way to an increasing number of corporate members of the German branch of the European Business Ethics Network, including well-known German companies, such as Daimler Benz, Bayerische Hypo Bank, Siemens, together with German subsidiaries of transnationals like Procter & Gamble and IBM. 5.5 Conclusion to the chapter. The German corporate governance system is one of the best in the world. Of course it has some disadvantages and it still can be improved but it already works more efficient than most other corporate governance system and is one of the most advanced ones. Case study. Corporate governance in Ukraine and Germany differs in many ways. Ukrainian corporate governance system is younger and less developed, it has many weaknesses yet, comparing to the OECD standards of corporate governance and German Code of Corporate Governance (GCCG). This gap between the corporate governance systems in the two countries becomes especially obvious when globalization enters the picture. Due to the internationalization of the markets, foreign (German in our case) corporations with their own systems of corporate governance involve in the economy (Ukrainian in our case) with completely new to them conditions. Such changes have a double effect on both foreign corporations and domestic market. To show this, we will focus on how different are German corporations’ headquarters from their branches in Ukraine. 1). Metro AG was formed in Germany in 1996 through a merger of retail companies Asko Deutsche Kaufhaus AG, Kaufhof Holding AG and Deutsche SB-Kauf AG. The same year the company entered the list of 20 largest publicly listed companies in Germany and since then it started expanding to foreign markets as well. (Official website of METRO Group, METRO AG has established its branch in Ukraine in 2002. One of the main changes the company implemented was decentralization of its structure in order to improve performance of each separated sales division, this way METRO Cash & Carry was formed in Ukraine. Further on METRO Cash & Carry launched a new strategic performance improvement program “MCC 2012 – Committed to Excellence” in Ukraine. The program is built upon two cornerstones: the re-positioning of METRO Cash & Carry’s business focus and the optimization of the company’s structure with the introduction of a regional organization. METRO Cash&Carry Ukraine established an “Inter-corporation university” to provide practical managerial education to potential employees. (Official website of METRO Cash&Carry Ukraine, The company had to adjust to a number of particularities with regard to Ukrainian economy, political state and geographical specialties; weather conditions, different consumer preferences and available labour market supply were taken into consideration, and few alterations in the company’s strategy, structure and logistics were made. A substantial problem was the process of negotiation in the beginning of business in Ukraine, the reason for that was lack of unity between the state national level authorities and city level authorities and inconsistency of their activity. Another substantial problem was caused by the difference in business ethics, written contracts are of the highest value in Ukraine, whereas METRO relies on the agreements with suppliers that regularly has contract proof, and therefore a number of trials on that account took place in Ukraine. As a matter of fact, METRO Cash&Carry was performing successfully in Ukrainian market, since they cooperate with mostly domestic suppliers, with national authorities and launch special projects for Ukrainian market, they employ national specialists as company managers, the company also focuses on the exchange of experience between the international branches and attempts to adjust the most to the country they operate in. 2). Henkel corporation has its headquarters in Dusseldorf, Germany. Henkel has business lines: Laundry & Home Care, Cosmetics/Toiletries and Adhesive Technologies. The company management is committed to such principles: value creation as the foundation of our managerial approach; sustainability as a criterion for responsible management; transparency underpinned by an active and open information policy. Henkel corporation was established in Ukraine in 1998. The company is centrally managed, a range of products is not presented in Ukraine due to a lower level of demand for these products in Ukraine. The company succeed in Ukrainian market by employing Ukrainian specialists as top managers, although they would dedicate German specialists marketing and financial reporting functions, as the corporation required accounting to be done by its standards. Strong system of detailed planning for 5-years periods and experience of Ukrainian specialists in the domestic economy helped the company to get itself a strong position on the market. (Official website of Henkel corporation, The most essential factors in formation of a national model of corporate governance in Ukraine are: The structure of ownership of shares in corporations; Specificity of financial system as a mechanism of transformation of savings into investments; Ratio of sources of corporate investments; Macroeconomic and economic policy in Ukraine; Political system; History of development and modern features of legal system and culture; Traditional Ukrainian ideology; Business relations practice; Traditions and level of government intervention in economy and its role in regulating of legal system. Arthur, E. E. (1987). The ethics of corporate governance. Journal of Business Ethics, 6(1), 59-70. Betzer, A., & Theissen, E. (2009). Insider trading and corporate governance: The case of germany. European Financial Management, 15(2), 402-429. Drobetz, W., Schillhofer, A., & Zimmermann, H. (2004). Corporate governance and expected stock returns: Evidence from germany. European Financial Management, 10(2), 267-293. Estrin, S., & Rosevear, A. (2003). Ownership changes and corporate governance in ukraine 1995-1999. Problems and Perspectives of Management, 1, 29-38. Goergen, M., Manjon, M. C., & Renneboog, L. (2008). Recent developments in german corporate governance. International Review of Law and Economics, 28(3), 175-193. Gugler, K., Mueller, D. C., & Yurtoglu, B. B. (2004). Corporate governance and globalization. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(1), 129. Hart, O. (1995). Corporate governance: Some theory and implications. The Economic Journal, 105(430), 678-689. Haxhi, I., & Van Ees, H. (2009). Explaining diversity in the worldwide diffusion of codes of good governance. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4), 710-726. Jackson, G., & Moerke, A. (2005). Continuity and change in corporate governance: Comparing germany and japan. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 13(3), 351-361. Kerr, R., & Robinson, S. (2009). The hysteresis effect as creative adaptation of the habitus: Dissent and transition to the ‘Corporate’in post-soviet ukraine. Organization, 16(6), 829. Lehmann, E., & Weigand, J. (2000). Does the governed corporation perform better? governance structures and corporate performance in germany. European Finance Review, 4(2), 157. Muravyev, A., Talavera, O., Bilyk, O., & Grechaniuk, B. (2010). Is corporate governance effective in ukraine? Eastern European Economics, 48(2), 5-24. Rogach, A., & Balyuk, T. (2009). Transfer pricing in transition economies: Evidence from ukraine. Transition Studies Review, 16(1), 20-33. Schubert, S., & Miller, T. C. (2008). At siemens, bribery was just a line item. New York Times, Sunday Business, , 1. Sidhu, K. (2009). Anti-corruption compliance standards in the aftermath of the siemens scandal. German Law Journal, 10(8), 1343-1354. Wójcik, D. Change in the german model of corporate governance: Evidence from blockholdings 1997-2001. Official website of Henkel corporation, Official website of METRO Cash&Carry Ukraine, Official website of METRO Group, How has the Game of Baseball been Affected by the Increase in Technology over the Past Decades Essay Industrial Engineers will need to be a element of major league baseball team setting up. The capability to benefit from this willpower is significant to the game of baseball. Industrial Engineering has integrated into the video game with the maximize of technological know-how by utilizing newer tech like significant pace cameras and personal computer algorithms to analyzes gamers mechanics to equally strengthen and evaluate their skills. Baseball has obtained a lot of contributions from industrial engineering which includes, box scores, video analyze, pitch counts, on base share. It is important for the enterprise of baseball to carry on to glance to industrial engineering strategies to strengthen the game. Can Industrial Engineering genuinely be that important to baseball? This displicine has provided much more contributions to the current match of baseball than most know. There have been people who have appeared to understanding of analytics and advanced principles to enjoy the activity far more proficiently due to the fact the late 1800’s. These gentlemen had been nonetheless restricted in the ideas they could check out because of to the absence of technological improvements. In the previous couple a long time engineering caught up with what these men experienced envisioned for the match, and these concepts have turn out to be ever more more important in the recreation nowadays. The business of professional baseball must proceed to glimpse to industrial engineering methods to strengthen the match. Literature Overview Since of the importance of stats and mathematical investigation of baseball, it is much more critical than at any time to go on to create a more concise marriage concerning industrial engineering techniques and the recreation of baseball. The 4 areas of industrial engineering, which are operations investigate, ergonomics, manufacturing, and management, all align well to locations of the sport of baseball. Operations research includes mathematical tools like statistical assessment, linear programming, and simulation modeling (1). Baseball has been gradual to capture up to this notion in latest several years, but in the late 1800’s, that was not the scenario. Scientific baseball, which is synonymous with the phrase little ball, was utilised actively as far back as the 1870s. (3) The charting of diverse data regarded as the box rating have been to start with applied in 1858 by a British writer named Henry Chadwick (4). Making use of Platooning, which is location up certain baseball players versus every other for a unique gain (making use of remaining handed pitchers against suitable handed batters and vice versa) was utilized as a technique in the 1870’s by Cap anson’s Chicago White Stockings (3). These awesome analysis were dropped in the early to mid 1900’s for the reason that there had been massive dwelling operate hitters that created exhilaration in the recreation. Small ball and platooning ended up deemed poor administration strategies through this time (3). Having said that, in the 1970’s, The Culture for American Baseball Study, SABR, was born. Today’s phrase Sabermetrics is a direct result from the expression SABR and incorporating the measurement metrics to it. SABR commenced making use of the new computing technological know-how to collect and interpret large quantities of statistical baseball information. Baseball is a quantities video game effortlessly shown by the investigation all-around the range of pitches, hits, outs, and scores (4). The activity by itself encourages the use of numerical assessment. If you listen to sportscast or read any athletics report these days, you would be difficult pressed to not uncover the phrase sabermetrics made use of. Ergonomics, also recognised as human engineering, is the next element of industrial engineering that is employed in baseball. The research of human factors engineering analyzes perform mostly from three views: anthropometric, the analyze of the dimensions of the human system physiological, the research of the calls for of actual physical exertion on the human overall body and psychological, the research of the mental impacts of operate on the entire body (Puerzer 2002, 5). The concept guiding human engineering in baseball is to make things safer. Branch Rickey, in 1952, commenced using particular plastics helmets for the fielders and batters. Baseball phycologists have been included as early as 1970 in baseball academies (6). Frank Gilbreth was the to start with to begin filming motions in sluggish motion, so they could researched and baseball as created studying film a big element of the activity (2). Pitch counts have lowered radically considering the fact that the 1960s because folks are starting to recognize the harm to pitchers. Also, the enhance of aid pitchers has emerged from the reduction of commencing pitchers usage (7). Production and administration has improved by means of the many years as the video game has improved. Manufacturing efficiency methods have been introduced to the activity as a result of gear and technology. Specialised products encourages an upward degree of perform. Baseball Administration has absolutely adjusted. Specialized corporate management has become the norm as teams have included pitching, batting, bench, and hitting coaches to a team. Joe Torres was very productive in the 1990’s with the Yankee business and relied intensely on other coaches in his corporation like Don Zimmer to talk about what was essential for each sport (7 and 8). Baseball would seem to have been sluggish to rejuvenate the statistical evaluation of the game. The principles of industrial engineering is quite critical to the recreation and I imagine the corporations need to have a Main of Statistical Examination, which is as significant as any other C stage in a company. It is great to see that some of the far more productive professionals have backgrounds in one thing other than sports. For instance, Tony LaRussa has a bachelor degree in industrial engineering. He has been incredibly thriving as a baseball mentor for the Cardinal firm. Joe Girardi, who just lately managed the Yankees also retains a bachelor’s diploma in industrial engineering (8). For the reason that of the relevance of stats and mathematical evaluation of baseball, it is additional essential than at any time to benefit the intricate romance among principles of industrial engineering and baseball. The industrial engineering ideas of functions investigation, ergonomics, production, and administration have reshaped the video game of baseball by means of a variety of means. We are fortunate that the baseball small business is supporting the concepts and as a result, baseball is a superior game. How has the Development of the Internet Affected Media Regulation? Essay Media regulation is outlined as the direction or regulate of mass media by watchdogs and government via methods, principles and rules in purchase to protect the community curiosity (Feintuck & Varney, 2006). It is normally linked with print and broadcast news resources but the parameters of regulation have been continuously tested in the latest decades as a direct final result of the enhancement and exponential growth of the Web and the new media that has emerged from it. Typically regulation of the media has occurred in just a framework that incorporates products of self-regulation and authorities plan while preserving the idea that freedom of expression is a elementary human proper that should really be revered and even nurtured by the media in democratic nations (Fourie, 2010). Even so, the development of the Web has lifted thoughts of this distinct framework, this sort of as its relevance to new media and its skill to govern an intercontinental instead than domestic entity, by adding a further really modern-day aspect to a various and increasingly colourful media. This essay will study how the growth of the World-wide-web has impacted media regulation by inspecting the idea about media regulation, the realistic regulation and plan in position and how satisfactory it is for the Internet, and eventually the arguments in favour of even more growth of regulation due to the fact of the progress of the World-wide-web and new media. This will be finished with a see to concluding that the Internet has afflicted media regulation in that it has created a require for alter in existing regulation, which has really modified quite little in conditions of its sensible application and is simply not adequate plenty of to fulfill the issues that the international and open up mother nature of the Web poses. Media principle incorporates thoughts about plan, regulation and accountability and is very important in facilitating the identification of details at which the improvement of the Internet matches into or troubles the present-day regulatory framework. For instance, while his work was released prior to the arrival of the World-wide-web, Habermas’s (1992) idea of discourse principle assumes that method may perhaps be linked with context so that all persons can participate in a absolutely free and rational discourse that is reputable and formative in phrases of producing a consensus. Though rather basic in nature, this unique component of idea identifies the want for liberty for the media to deliver disparate expressions and enduring discussion on certain issues. This idea is relevant to the Internet as effectively as the media in normal and this indicates that its remit matches into the applicable democratic media regulatory framework. In addition, Kogut (2004) locations the growth of the Web firmly in the economic sphere and suggests that its speedy growth was a direct final result of the globalisation of finance, trade and company governance. This implies that its job as a media system was a secondary final result of its improvement and as a result provides some clarification as to why a regulatory framework was not recognized from the outset. Both of these theoretical views, or the application of the concept in the circumstance of Habermas, acknowledge that the expansion of the Online was not expected and has not impacted on strategies of what media regulation must be. The principle also explains a deficiency of speedy regulation to accommodate the switching nature of communication. Nonetheless, it is vital to seem at the regulation and ideas in place in order to assess these details even more. Some critics and academics draw parallels with media regulation and Online regulation, therefore suggesting that the improvement of the latter has not impacted on regulation to any wonderful degree but in its place has provoked slight adjustments to accommodate the new medium. For instance, Value and Verhulst (2004) admit that there was a negotiation concerning self-regulatory bodies and authorities in the early years of the Online, which indicates that the patterns of media regulation have changed incredibly minor if at all. They go on to note that the World wide web does actively limit the means of self-regulation and government to be efficient and so it is required for the application of each to be pursued to make sure that the new world type of interaction adheres to the problem of public desire to the biggest attainable extent (Price & Verhulst, 2004). Tambini et al (2008) concur, noting that the application of the classic model of self-regulation is effective in considerably the similar way as it does in other sectors of the media with the exact same debates more than accountability, obligation and liberty. Though they go on to argue that the ongoing progress of the Net does incorporate considerable public fascination and policy problems that necessitate nearer command than would be possible with slight tweaks in present authorities plan and self-regulation (Tambini et al, 2008). These views are based mostly on the thought that self-regulation is satisfactory in spite of the simple fact that digital media is so various to classic media platforms. The fact that these arguments so thoroughly focus on self-regulation demonstrates that media regulation as a entire has in fact improved really very little, with only slight shifts taking place involving the harmony of self-regulation and governing administration coverage to protect issues of public curiosity. On the other hand, inspite of the truth that there are intensive debates as to the extent that self-regulation need to be operational in the new media sphere, Mitra (2001, p. 415) has pointed out that the progress of the World wide web has had a tangible influence on media regulation: …the regulatory landscape in which the Internet will produce is vastly various from the one particular that nurtured broadcast and cable television. As a substitute of offering a check on economic forces, rules will mostly open the doorway to them. This is since the rationales employed by the Supreme Courtroom in upholding electronic media restrictions are mostly inapplicable in the context of the Internet. The inadequacy of the media policy and regulation in spot has also specified increase to arguments in favour of improvement of the regulatory framework of the media. For example, prior to the development of the World wide web, plan and regulation was based upon specified issues that presented concern to the media and its effect upon society as a total. These fell into two unique types – community and private. Challenges of general public issue include things like the upkeep of public purchase and the marketing of the public fascination even though non-public problems include things like guarding personal and residence rights as well as avoiding private damage (Iosifidis, 2013). Building upon this, there are voluntary codes of perform that journalists adhere to in terms of their function in print and that put on the internet but Lambert (2005, p. 170) stresses that these codes are not adopted by all bloggers on the web: “Standard journalistic apply, for instance, calls for info to be double checked and presents people who are criticised by a tale a suitable to reply. Weblogs have no such standards.” Certainly, there is very very little policy to govern carry out in advance there is only authorized recourse need to an specific, corporation or collective experience slighted immediately after the occasion. In essence, media regulation has not evolved to adequately cover the community interest and non-public defense of person legal rights by powerful all publishers of information content material, or other articles that falls inside the media sphere, to adhere to ethical ideals to the extent that journalists affiliated with publications or media shops have to. As the present regulation does not offer ample protection there is a deficit that has nevertheless to be addressed domestically and internationally. As the parts of the media are perceived as countrywide institutions relatively than world wide entities, which is a major basic principle that the improvement of the World wide web worries as a consequence of the growing access of online media resources, there is a unique absence of intercontinental units of handle (Weber, 2010 Drezner, 2008). In truth, there are no international regulations or set up bodies that oversee world wide governance of the media as a full. Alternatively, there are a number of bodies, like the Earth Trade Organisation, the World Intellectual Residence Organisation and the European Commission, that have authority in particular mediums, geographical contexts or as an extension of an economic interest but can do tiny to regulate the worldwide trade of information and facts that the Online facilitates (Siochru, Girard & Mahan, 2002). In this respect, the affect of the Net on media regulation in a world-wide context has been very limited and it appears that this might continue being the circumstance in fast upcoming. There are disparities between media laws in many nations around the world that pose a big difficulty in encouraging global legislation to deal with the global character of the Internet and the articles posted on it. For example, in China there has been the vigorous pursuit of Net regulation via comprehensive blocking and censorship in order to restrict democratic freedoms and enhance the electrical power of the authoritarian routine (Tai, 2013). In the United States, on the other hand, the First Amendment of the Structure makes certain flexibility of speech and so minimal has been performed to control on the net communications either through policy or via lawful challenge as a result of the Supreme Court docket (Fetzer & Yoo, 2013). These two nations occupy opposing ends of the domestic regulatory spectrum and so the likelihood of mediating the two positions in an global context is low. As such, inspite of the need for international regulation, the improvement of the Net has not inspired extensive worldwide media regulation. In conclusion, the evaluation of the effects that the development of the Online has experienced on media regulation raises two distinct factors. The initially is that there has been very little in conditions of functional regulatory alterations apart from recommendations to improve regulation on a domestic and an worldwide level. A lot of of the procedures that deal with regulation of the media are domestic in character and so do not have the reach to address pages that seem on the Net from distinctive nations. There are also voluntary codes of perform that journalists in other mediums abide by but are dismissed by individuals online. In spite of this, there have been incredibly couple new actions executed to control the media even with the progress of the Net. The second issue is that there is a definite require for regulation supplied the challenges that the character of the World wide web poses to the present framework. Whilst theories that propose self-regulation is sufficient may possibly be productive in some sections of the media, the need to give oversight in a world ecosystem with number of limitations is extensive and outside of present parameters. Self-regulation may well work with the ethical code accepted by journalists and specialists who do the job inside of the media market, with some notable exceptions in modern years, but it is not adequate to constrain individuals who have entry to the Internet and the potential to publish articles at will. In this regard, the Internet has without doubt designed a want for a fundamental transform within the current regulatory framework as that is just not able to fulfill the difficulties that the worldwide and open character of the Net poses. There is a will need to tackle the regulation of new media and this might want to be finished by means of international regulation or coverage. However, there is absolutely no question that the improvement of the Net has influenced media regulation to a good extent. Drezner, D., (2008). All Politics is World: Explaining International Regulatory Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Feintuck, M. & Varney, M., (2006). Media Regulation, General public Fascination and the Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh College Push. Fetzer, T. & Yoo, C., (2013). New Technologies and Constitutional Legislation. In M. Tushnet, T. Fleiner & C. Saunders eds. Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law. London: Routledge, pp. 485-494. Fourie, P., (2010). Media Scientific studies: Plan, Administration and Media Illustration. Cape City: Juta. Environmentally friendly, L., (2010). The Web: An Introduction to New Media. New York: Berg. Habermas, J., (1992). Amongst Details and Norms. Boston: MIT Push. Iosifidis, P., (2013). World wide Media and Interaction Plan: An Worldwide Viewpoint. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kogut, B., (2004). The World-wide Web Financial system. Boston: MIT Push. Lambert, L., (2005). The Internet. London: ABC-CLIO. Mitra, S., (2001). The Demise of Media Regulation in the Age of the World-wide-web. Legislation and Community Plan, 4:415, pp. 415-438. Selling price, M. & Verhulst, S., (2004). Self-Regulation and the Online. The Hague: Kluwer Law Intercontinental. Siochru, S., Girard, B. & Mahan, A., (2002). Worldwide Media Governance. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Tai, Z., (2013). The Online in China: Cyberspace and Civil Society. London: Routledge. Tambini, D., Leonardi, D. & Marsden, C., (2008). Codifying Cyberspace: Communications Self-regulation in the Age of Net Convergence. Abingdon: Routledge. Weber, R., (2010). Shaping Internet Governance: Regulatory Troubles. Dordrecht: Springer. How has Recession Affected the Financial Markets Essay Introduction and Business reasons: The global liquidity crunch has affected most of the countries and among the highly affected countries is United Arab Emirates which was one among the growing business hubs in the world with its massive development and acceptance of different culture and business. “Dubai”? known as the economic capital of U.A.E was badly affected by the recession. Consequently, huge fortunes have been wiped out due to Dubai’s current economic crisis exposing the risk of doing business in the Gulf. The expansion of Dubai was very ambitious but improbable. A $64 billion project that was initially planned at 107 square miles for a development that was to be the world’s largest collection of theme parks, shops, residences, and hotels called the Dubai Land.A For now all these remain a fantasy which is the cause of the economic downturn. WILSON, Z (2009) As a consequence to that, various other projects like an underwater hotel, a Tiger Woods golf course, a residential community set among full-scale replicas of the Seven Wonders of the World, a rotating skyscraper, and a beach designed by Versace, complete with chilled sand have been delayed. However after six years of quick expansion, the emirate had approximately $600 billion going into construction and is home to the world’s tallest building, the world’s largest shopping mall,A the biggest man-made island andA an indoor ski resort. These rapid developments caused a 7% increase in population anually. WILSON, Z (2009) However, once the recession hit the country, the economic conditions and development scuttled. Currently, an estimated 50% of construction have been delayed or cancelled, banks have stopped lending, real estate prices fell down by 41% in the first quarter of 2009 and are estimated to drop more and the stock market has fallen 70% from its peak. Due to this economic crisis, the expatriates living in the emirate are either fleeing or have lost their jobs. When the economy of Dubai was in its booming stage, it had 80% of its total 1.7 million residents to be foreigners. As long as this economic condition prevails in the emirate, life is going to be a challenge for the foreigners and other residents. However Abu Dhabi which is the capital of U.A.E has helped Dubai with $10 billion which is still a small amount when compared to the debt of Dubai estimated to be over $50 billion. Abu Dhabi is also being affected slowly due to the recession. However the impact is lesser than Dubai since Abu Dhabi controls over 90% of U.A.E’s oil reserve and is also home to one among the biggest investment company in the world known as ADIA (Abu Dhabi Investment Authority) The research will have its focus mainly on the damage done to the financial market and Business of the country. U.A.E’s strategy towards gaining momentum in overcoming the economic crisis will be critically analyzed. Personal reasons: U.A.E’s development has always amused me. The country is one among the leading business hubs with all major multinational companies in the world. I had always wanted to study the business sector and financial market of U.A.E but coming from an Engineering background I did not have the tools and resources to do so which is the reason I have taken MSc International Business. I am taking this opportunity to study the country’s business using the tools and resources that I have already studied and going to study during my course. Moreover it would help me to understand more about International Business and reasons to the economic downfall of U.A.E. This would also help me once I go back in order to start a business. The knowledge of the economic situation and its detailed study would help me a great deal. During the late 2007, with the US economy going through its worst post war recession, the global economy faced the most synchronised recession ever which was a result of increased globalisation and global interdependence financially and trade linkages. The economies of almost all the major developed countries shrivelled rapidly along with many trade dependent developing countries which include U.A.E along with other major countries like India and China. Anirvan B and Pami D (2010). Before the spread of the global recession, it was believed only the U.S economy will face the economic downfall. But almost the whole of Europe and cuntries like India and China were also hit badly along with U.A.E which is a small developing country with big ambition. The economy of dubai was growing at an alarming rate with projects estimated to approximately $660 billion until the recession hit. In november 2009, the announcement of Dubai that it was going to freeze $26 billion of debt was a shock to the world and after two months when the real estate market crashed, Dubai government had over $60 billion debt which created serious doubts in the minds of investors about Dubai. A political science professor at Durham University in the U.K. stated “The real story of Dubai is that it was a trick,” Christopher D (2010). Abu Dhabi which is the capital of United Arab Emirates has been using its $43 billion of annual oil revenue to work controlled by one among the world’s biggest investment company called ADIA (Abu Dhabi Investment Authority) building art museums, mosques and a renewable energy research institute. Pendleton and Devon (2010) Vol.A 185 Issue 5, p108-109 With the likes of abundant oil reserves of Abu Dhabi and one of the world’s biggest institutional investors (ADIA), Dubai has a ray of hope in surviving the current economic crisis. Abu Dhabi Inbestment Authority is known to be one of the biggest financial institutions in the world ranking second after the Bank of Japan, according to the Oxford Business Group. Roy and Sudip ()2006, Vol.A 37 (444), 70-76. The company established in 1976 by the late ruler of U.A.E Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahiyan had its gaol towards investing the country’s surpluses in International market with low risks. The company currently manages U.A.E’s surplus oil reserve which is estimated to be approximately $500 billion. The company has been able to raise its liquidity during this global crisis when equity market was struck severely. The country is mainly depending on the turnover of this establishment. The company’s aproach towards investment in US and Europe market are looking strong. Sheikh Ahmad says “US treasuries are still the most liquid benchmark bonds in the world and will remain an important diversification tool”. Mccrum and Philip (2010), Vol.A 54 ,8, p30-31. In 2009, Dubai’s Jebel Ali airport which is going to be the world’s biggest airport found its construction at halt as its development plans were threatened by the gloabl economic crisis. The current economic situation has mainly affected the real estate market of U.A.E. With reduced net migration, decreasing jobs and the lack of availbility of credit has badly affected the real estate market. The prices for properties has gone down by 40% and reduced liquidity and credit for developers has shut down major projects. While there is no consumption data, inflation figures are below requirements. Dubai’s ‘housing, electricity, gas and other fuels’ inflation was at 0.5% in February 2009 which was the lowest during that year. Emerging Markets Monitor (2010) 16,(32) 17. The emirate of Abu Dhabi shows less vulnerability to the current economic crisis when compared to Dubai. The Dubai Government had announces at 6 month stand still for debt payments in november 2009. U.A.E’s economic recovery only started gaining momentum in 2010. In this research, I will endeavour to highlight the key positive development that has occured since the recession and critically analyze the country’s future strategy. 4.1 Research QUESTIONS: What are the reasons for the tragic economic downfall of U.A.E especially in the emirate of Dubai? What is the extent of damage to the financial market and business in the country due to the recession? How badly is the real estate market sector affected due to recession and what are its impacts on the residents? How has this economic downfall affected the country’s financial market? What are the measures undertaken by the government and private business sectors to recover from the financial crisis? 4.2 Research OBJECTIVES: To critically analyze the reason for the economic downfall in U.A.E. To critically analyze and comment on the extent of damage and the precise business sectors that are most affected due to the recession in U.A.E. To critically evaluate the downfall in the real estate market and its impact on the residents To evaluate the effect of recession on U.A.E’s financial market. Finally, to comment on the measures undertaken to recover from the financial crisis and recommend measures which can help the recovery Analysing a global phenomenon (the green phenomenon) at a European level and carrying out researches about a pillar industry (the automotive industry) that indicates most of the European countries’ economic health implies that various data are available. Whilst numerous advantages such as giving precious in-depth data concerning the topic, it also means that important drawbacks will arise such as so-called “fake”? or “disinformation”? data. Furthermore, this fact also implies that while collecting accurate data on such “hot topics”?, the need to constantly access the latest and up to date data will be crucial and even unavoidable alongside my research. 5. 1 Data collection methods outline 5.1.1 Secondary Data In order to complete my research, I will be using secondary data like text books that are available at Coventry University related to Business strategy and Management to use the appropriate tools required to analyze a company or business that is hostile due to recession. Books like Business strategy Formulation Ulwick, Anthony W (2004), Chaotics: The Business of Managing and Marketing in the Age of TurbulenceA Kotler, PhilipA A A C, John A (2009) and Stock Market Cycles: Practical Explanation Bolten, Steven E.A A (2000). Other databases like EBSCO will be used to find journals and articles related to my research area. Articles like ‘’Jebel Ali terminal faces 12-month delay’’ Foreman,c (2009) Middle East Economic digest, Vol 3,(9) 18 and ‘’Contractors pay for falling prices’’ Foreman,c (2009) Middle East Economic digest, Vol 53,(5) 27-30.. Other articles and journals will be used for as my research progresses. Database like SAGE journals will also be used to find journals on Global recession and its effect on develpoed and developing countries. 5.1.2 Primary data One on one interview will be conducted with the IT department head of ADIA (Abu Dhabi investment Authority) as a part of primary data collection for my research. The interview will help me understand and perceive how the company is doing and regarding their current investments. Depending on the quality and depth of the information collected from this interview, I will be conducting another interview with the Marketing Manager of Abu Dhabi Cable Factory L.L.C which is a company I used to work for before the start of my course at Coventry University. All these data will help me comment on the present economic condition in United Arab Emirates and their future plans as my research progresses. 5.2 Data collection methods per objective In order to complete my first objective, I will be using journals and articles from databases like EBSCO and SAGE journals that contains materials purely on recession, its roots and forecasts. The second objective will be addressed using the information collected from the interviews and journals from EBSCO. For the third objective, information will be collected from databases like EBSO and SAGE journals. Additional information will be collected from local newspaper articles in United Arab Emirates. For the fourth and the fifth objective, information collected from the interviews will be used along with other journals and articles. In order to recommend measures which could help the recovery from recession, I would use information from books like Business strategy Formulation Ulwick, Anthony W (2004), Chaotics: The Business of Managing and Marketing in the Age of TurbulenceA Kotler, PhilipA A A C, John A (2009). 5.3 Analysis of data Primary data collected by interview will be grouped accordingly to answer the necessary objective of my research work. In order to do so I will be using the NVIVO 9 software which will help me analyze any unstructured information collected. 5.4 Limitations As far as the secondary data is concerned, the limitations are that the information available is from a third person’s point of view which might not be accurate and also that we could find information contradicting some particular information since the research will talk about issues concerning the reason for the country’s current economic condition and measures that could be employed to overcome the economic crisis. The limitations for the primary data would be that the information collected may not be precise as it is information regarding a company or economy from an individual’s perspective. I will ensure that I will follow the University’s ethical procedures and submit the low risk ethical approval form and follow all the guidelines. For my primary data collection, I shall use the participation information leaflet for interviews and also attach a consent form for interviews. Interviews will not be conducted in ways that could go against the ethical issues like harm the respondents or question their honesty. All the data collected will be treated confidentially and will not be used for any other purpose than the research work. All data will be securely kept in line with the Data Protection Act 1998. Wilson, Z (2009) “ROAD TO NOWHERE”?A : FAST COMPANY 138, (13) 90-93 BusinessWeek (2009) “ ECONOMICS & POLICY JAWBONING THE BANKS”?A 4161, (4) 8-13 available at Foreman, C (2009) “Jebel Ali terminal faces 12-month delay”? : MEED-A Middle East Economic Digest 53, (9) 18 Anirvan, B and Pami, D (2010) “Synchronisation of Recessions in Major Developed and Emerging Economie”?A : The Journal of Applied Economic Research 4, (2) 197-223 avalible at Pendleton and Devon (2010) “Middle Eastern Mirage”?A : Forbes 185, (5) 108-109 Mccrum and Philip (2010) “Abu Dhabi begins to open up.”?A : MEED-A Middle East Economic Digest 54, (8) 30-31 Ulwick and Anthony, W (2004) Business strategy Formulation KotlerA ; Philip, C and John A (2009) Chaotics: The Business of Managing and Marketing in the Age of TurbulenceA Bolten and Steven, E.A A (2000) Stock Market Cycles: Practical Explanation Middle East Monitor:A The Gulf (2010) 20, (5) 4-5 avalilable at Emerging Markets Monitor (2010) Vol.A 16 Issue 32, p17-17 available at Has the Sociological Function of the Mass Media been Affected by Modern Technological Developments? Essay For instance, do the plethora of ways of finding and reporting news, through online forums, blogs, YouTube, etc., available to the average citizen undermine the hegemonic role of traditional news media in this regard? Discuss from a functionalist, Marxist or other sociological perspective. The mass media plays a major role in today’s society. Functionalism emphasises its strength, but warns of the danger of having its power controlled by a few individuals or organisations. That hegemony was threatened with the creation of the World Wide Web. Twenty-first century internet technology now offers any citizen the potential to reach an audience of millions. The key sociological concepts for analysing the impact of the media are long-established, and later commentators often reinterpret existing theories rather than offering new perspectives. Two macro-theories, both viewing society as a system shaping human behaviour, dominate discussions: the functionalist stance and the Marxist-oriented conflict perspectives. This essay will draw on Parsons, Merton, and Wright to present the classic functionalist viewpoint. Conflict theory offers several interpretations of Marxism, which serves as a critique. This essay will detail the popularity of the most frequently-accessed mainstream websites and consider social media’s role in news-gathering and dissemination. Examples of traditional and modern media coverage will illustrate changing attitudes and societal mores and the capacity of social media to precipitate change, before using a functional analysis to assess if the sociological function of the mass media has been affected by modern technological developments. Social theory and the media Functionalism, a ‘structural’ perspective and a leading sociological stance of the 1940s and 1950s, regards society as an interdependent system that can only be understood by examining how separate structural parts relate to each other and to society as a whole. The traditional mass media, principally newspapers and cinema, reached their zenith during this era so it is unsurprising that sociologists used functionalism to analyse the media and society. Functionalism makes certain assumptions, including the need for stability, and examines ‘the origin and maintenance of order and stability in society’ (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004: xv). Functionalism suggests that the mass media’s common perspective and shared common experience bind society together. Parsons (1964) argued that societal behaviour is governed by shared values that become societal norms, a value-consensus which enables society to function effectively. Functionalism being value-neutral, disruptive activities are dysfunctional rather than intrinsically bad; defunct values become extinct.A Merton (1968), remaining within the functionalist tradition, felt that functional unity was unlikely in complex societies and that all functions, whether of religion, social stratification or even the family itself, could be met elsewhere within society. He distinguished between manifest (intended) and latent (hidden/unintended) functions of the media. A manifest function could be the need to sell goods for profit. The latent functions included supporting the status quo by reinforcing values. (Merton, 1968). Charles Wright developed what became known as the classic four functions of the media. He stated that media theorists ‘noted three activities of communication specialists: (1) surveillance of the environment, (2) correlation of the parts of society in responding to the environment, and (3) transmission of the social heritage from one generation to the next (Wright, 1959:16). He also identified a fourth element -entertainment – and distinguished between the intended purpose of the mass media and its consequences. Whereas functionalists believe that societal norms govern human behaviour, Marxists argue that the controlling factor is the economic system. They offer a conflict perspective where the mass media legitimises the status quo, enabling hegemonic control over the dissemination of information. Marx argued that members of the elite produced the dominant societal ideas to conceal exploitation of the working class while the mass media manipulated information to normalise inequality (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Functionalism has also been critiqued on the grounds that the value-sets presumed to characterise Western society have never been conclusively demonstrated, and the ‘content of values rather than value-consensus as such can be seen as the crucial factor with respect to social order’ (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004:943). Old and New Mass media The time lag between reporting and printing left newspapers a day behind in publishing events; the visual impact of television was immediate. The Vietnam War was the first ‘televised’ conflict. The iconic image of nine-year-old Kim Phuc running naked down a road outside Saigon following a napalm attack helped to turn public opinion against continued American involvement (Newton and Patterson, 2015). In the world of the traditional media, the internet’s potential impact was underestimated by commentators such as Clifford Stoll. Writing in Newsweek he said: ‘The truth is no online database will replace your daily newspaper [and] no computer network will change the way government works’ (Stoll, 1995). He was quite clearly wrong on both counts, but at that time few people had access to the new form of media that had been developed by enthusiastic amateurs, academics and students. (Rheingold, 1994). According to Pew Research (2015), Yahoo – the world’s biggest on-line news service – attracted 127,995,000 unique visitors in January 2015.A A Google search of the traditional media reveals that the BBC warrants an impressive 793,000,000 Google listings while The Times newspaper has 398,000,000. However, these numbers are dwarfed by social media listings. YouTube has 7,540,000,000 entries, Twitter has 11,350,000,000 and Facebook tops the poll with 15,050,000,000 (Information retrieved 27.8.2015). Furthermore, on Monday 24th August 2015, it was reported that one billion people – one seventh of the world’s population – logged into their Facebook accounts (Zuckerberg, 2015). Digital communication normalises rapid dissemination of information. Anyone with a smart phone can potentially break a major news story; the first images of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in 2001 came from mobile phone footage. ‘Micro-blogging’ is event-driven; Twitter provides users with a regular feed of news and trivia. Stories which are re-tweeted or commented on frequently are said to be ‘trending’. However, with a limit of 140 characters per ‘tweet’, brevity still rules occasionally, just as it did when news of the Crimean War was transmitted to Britain via telegraph. Historically, a comparatively small group of people working for an even smaller and more exclusive group of newspaper, film and broadcasting organisations gathered information. They determined what should be made public and how it should be presented. Deciding what to omit was probably as important as deciding what should be included; stories presenting the establishment in a negative light were often suppressed. Certain reports, decades apart but linked by a common thread, bridge the gap between traditional media and the digital age and illustrate changing attitudes in Britain. During the 1936 Abdication Crisis, despite it being widely disseminated elsewhere, British media initially ignored the affair between Edward VIII and Mrs. Simpson out of deference to King George V (Rubenstein, 2003:199). However, less deference was shown to Princess Margaret; MP Willie Hamilton, who regularly raised the issue of the royal finances in the House of Commons, described her as ‘a floosie….. a monstrous charge on the public purse.’ (Davies, 2002, np). The rise of celebrity culture also gave rise to the ‘paparazzi’, an independent cohort of photojournalists, who followed and photographed members of the royal family at every opportunity. Earl Spencer’s passionate oration at the funeral of his sister, Princess Diana, blamed the paparazzi for her death, describing Diana as ‘the most hunted person of the modern age’ (Princess Diana 97, 1997). More recently, compromising pictures of Prince Harry on a trip to Las Vegas were circulated on-line by US celebrity website (TMZ, 2012). What used to be news is now entertainment. There are a number of potential dangers in the functions of the media. Analysis accompanying factual reporting influences public opinion, but unchallenged norms and values can perpetuate injustice; one only has to recall the portrayal of racial minorities in 1950s media. Entertainment may double as propaganda, as in the jingoistic films released during WWII. Nevertheless, deciding what information goes into the public arena may still have hegemonic undertones, as demonstrated by a BBC Newsnight investigation into Jimmy Savile. This was ‘pulled’ shortly before a tribute programme to the late celebrity, believed to have abused hundreds of children, was due for broadcast. Members of the investigation team were sidelined amid allegations of a management cover-up (Jackson, 2015). Wright’s observation distinguishing between intended and unintended consequences of the media is particularly relevant to the new social media. In late 2010, mass demonstrations against political repression, poverty and corruption swept the Middle East during the short-lived ‘Arab Spring’ uprising. The authorities were unable to suppress the outflow of information via social media. The Tunisian government was the first to fall. The hegemony of their state-approved news agencies had been completely undermined. However, organisations such as ISIS also use social media to spread their message, recruit followers and boast of their horrific accomplishments (Ajbaili, 2014). From the value-neutral functionalist stance (Wright, 1974) this is not ‘evil’ but merely dysfunctional when viewed from the paradigm of Western culture; ISIS is communicating, commenting and sharing its value system to gain wider acceptance of its fundamentalist values. Contrary to Stoll’s predictions (Stoll, 1995) internet usage proliferated. Some functions of the new media, such as gathering and disseminating information, clearly descend from their traditional forbearers, but news is a globalised and a 24/7 product which has given rise to a cult of celebrity (Hollander, 2010). Gatekeepers cannot determine what constitutes news when a story may ‘go viral’ without warning, although unedited on-line content can be disturbing. Recently, the world was appalled by the murders on live television of a reporter and cameraman, in an attack filmed by the gunman and later circulated by him on social media. Such incidents bring into question the wisdom of facilitating unmediated access to what was once ‘the airwaves’. However, that particular discussion is beyond the scope of this essay. Social media has been proven to instigate social change. The viral impact of the YouTube video ‘Kodaikanal Won’t’ forced Unilever to clear mercury waste from its disused factory in Tamil Nadu (Kasmin, 2015). Social movements such as anti-globalisation campaigners use social media very effectively to spread their message. Charities and NGOs regularly harness its power and it is said that U.S. President Barack Obama owed his election success to his team’s mastery of social media. Only this week, the image of a lifeless Aylan Kurdi, the three-year old Syrian refugee washed up on a Turkish beach, galvanised public opinion worldwide, although one fears that effective political action to resolve the refugee crisis may take rather longer. Mainstream broadcasters have embraced social media, routinely incorporating audience participation by inviting comment via Twitter, text or e-mail. They have websites, Twitter feeds, and Facebook pages, as do organisations or individuals wishing to raise their public profile. Printed media struggles with falling sales, but on-line services stream news, opinion and entertainment directly into the family home, traditionally seen as the location for the transmission of cultural values. Mesch cautions that: ‘The introduction of new technologies such as the internet into the household can potentially change the quality of family relationships’ (Mesch, 2006:119, cited in McGrath, 2012:9). This impact is particularly strong on children growing up with digital media, quite literally, at their fingertips, and a trend towards individualisation within households is “undermining natural family interaction” (Buckingham 2000:43). Discussion of the functions fulfilled by family life is beyond the scope of this essay, but the issue highlights concerns over whether communications via the new social media have become a substitute for face-to-face interaction and whether social media can in fact, sustain the social fabric of traditional family life – and, by implication, society as we know it – across the generations. Although one would sincerely hope otherwise, Merton’s (1968) analysis suggesting the possible extinction of functional family life could be prophetic. Functionalists have been criticised for seeing social order in terms of value-consensus on the grounds that consensus is presumed, not proven, to exist. Critics also note that research has not demonstrated widespread commitment to the value-sets assumed to underpin Western society, and suggest that value-content is the crucial factor (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Marxism argues that functionalism does not explain social conflict, and sees the mass media as another tool used by the elite to maintain their power and privilege. Social media news content is clearly not controlled in the conventional sense and posts can disturb the status quo, influencing political and social change. This strength has diminished hegemony, although organisations such as the BBC still exert editorial control over the ‘old’ media. Ideologically-driven campaigns of the ‘left’ such as the anti-globalisation movement have been able to use social media to publicise their activities as never before. The differences between opposing sets of cultural values are brought into sharp focus as social media follows events in the Middle East and elsewhere, bringing our unstable, i.e. dysfunctional world into our homes. McGrath (2012) cautions that social media could have far-reaching impacts on family life; Merton (1968) posited that any function, including that of the family unit itself, was dispensable and that society would always find an alternative. These issues cannot be discussed here but they clearly warrant investigation. On reflection, news may be trivial or disturbing, the message may travel faster and further and the values transmitted may be radically different from those of previous generations, but despite social media’s impact, its functions – gathering and disseminating news, transmitting culture and entertaining – have remained consistent. It is the changing value-content which is disconcerting, but functional analysis necessitates a distinction between functions and effects so it cannot offer a value judgement. Ajbaili, M (2014). ‘How ISIS conquered social media’ in Al Arabiya News, 24th June 2014. Available at Retrieved 28.8.2015. Buckingham, David, 2000. After the death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. USA: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Davies, C (2002). ‘A captivating woman who was courted by many suitors but failed to find everlasting love’. In The Telegraph, 11th February 2002. Available at Retrieved 6.9.2015. Haralambos, M, and Holborn, M (2004) Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, HarperCollins. Hollander, P (2010).A ‘Why the Celebrity Cult?’A in Society, Vol 47 pages 388 – 391.A Available at Retrieved 8.9.2015.A Jackson, J, 2015. ‘ BBC forced out team behind Savile exposA©, says ex-Newsnight journalist’ in The Guardian, 29th July 2015. Available at Retrieved 29th August 2015. 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Twentieth Century Britain: A Political History. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan Stoll, C (1995) ‘Why the Web won’t be Nirvana’. In Newsweek, 26.2.1995. Available at Retrieved 27.8.2015. (2012) ‘Prince Harry nude pics surface from Las Vegas Trip’ 21.8.2012. Available at ( Retrieved 6.9.2015.A A Wright, C (1959) Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective. New York, Random House Wright, C (1974). ‘Functional analysis and mass communication revisited’ in Blumer, J, and Katz, E (eds) The uses of mass communications (pp 197 – 212). Beverley Hills, Sage Publications. Available at Retrieved 27.8.2015 Zuckerberg, M (2015) cited in ‘One Billion People used Facebook on Monday’. Sky News report, 28.8.2015. Available at Retrieved 28.8.2015 Families Affected by Mental Illness Essay A ton of psychological troubles make the existence of a affected individual depressing considering that they are unable to are living a standard lifetime. The dissimilarities between the daily life of a mentally stable and mentally ill man or woman are distinct, and their excellent of daily life differs. The problems affect not only the affected person but also their people. The people endure tension which then develops into much more state-of-the-art psychological challenges. The social distance in between a affected individual and family also increases the moment the affected individual gets to be a burden to them when their life need help by other people today. The society stigmatizes the people and their relatives, and this helps make the existence of the entire family members uncomfortable (Thornicroft, 2006). Different family members use distinctive strategies to solve the issues that appear with psychological illness of a family members member. Also, most of the families want different kinds of aid this kind of as counseling, money and clinical dependent on abilities of the households. Due to lack of economical qualities and believing in regular healers, quite a few of the families selected the traditional healers above pros who offer with mentally challenged people. On the other hand, there are others who in no way search for any assist, and it remains unclear why they by no means choose any action towards making certain they seek help so that they can recover (Hyperlink, et al, 2001). Having said that, though many individuals know that their relatives are suffering from mental sickness, they in no way consider it as a major make a difference. Some consider it as a curse, witchcraft, and possession by evil spirits. They at periods seek divine intervention from the spiritual leaders. The patient is accused of remaining the major contributor. The the vast majority of people in no way seek out assist for their clients simply because they worry victimization. Even individuals who have relations who know how to offer with mental sickness discover it tough to humble them selves and search for guidance considering that they assume the condition to heal on its very own. For that reason, only a several of the situations are introduced to the attention of the pertinent authorities. The burden of the sickness is primarily on the shoulders of the loved ones users, and they also go through stress. 1. The demands of the family with people today living with mental disease are mostly neglected mainly because only a couple persons and establishments are willing to hear to their concerns and the challenges they go through in their day-to-day existence. The best outcomes can be obtained if people can start out addressing the demands of such family members in the public domain. Addressing this sort of troubles in a community platform will build awareness and properly-wishers will come up and volunteer to generate the agenda even more to particular degrees. 2. Nursing gurus ought to also be a part of the attempts and support their clientele recognize additional about the subject. Recognition will build some enhancement pertaining to capabilities the victim have and how they use the strategies to strengthen their excellent of everyday living. The capabilities will incorporate how to do parenting, and how to defeat pressures from relatives customers and pals. 3. The needy people should really be made available aid for them to get consciousness about establishments that can support them. Several households are going by psychological ailment for the reason that they have mentally ill patients. There a noticeably huge number of mentally unwell people. The existing estimations state that men and women influenced by psychological health issues are as substantial as four hundred and fifty million. Out of the 4 hundred and fifty million people affected by the disease, thirty-7 people have dementia, twenty-4 million folks have schizophrenia, and twelve a single hundred and 20-1 people today endure from despair. In 2001, about twelve percent of the disorder affecting human in the earth was men and women struggling from mental troubles. The unipolar problem is believed to come to be the next condition foremost to disabilities by the yr 2020. The family members are the at the time who bear the obligation of searching just after the mentally sick sufferers due to the fact they are unable to have out most of their day by day particular obligations. Several psychological worries end result from the psychological health problems. The challenges ensuing from psychological disease contain deteriorating standards of life for patients and family members (?–stman, &Kjellin, 2002). The society abandons households with mentally ill patients since of their affected person. They experience stigmatization and humiliation by the general public simply because of the patients. Mentally sick persons go by means of a lot of problems which affect their life and behaviors. They are instances included in poor activities this sort of as crimes. Some of them end up in prison considering the fact that it will become very tough for the family customers to regulate their behaviors. Populace Influenced by mental ailment: The total selection of men and women who undergo straight or indirectly from the conditions is estimated to be forty-two million five hundred thousand (Saunders, 2003). Out of the full population of grown up individuals in The United States, eighteen per cent of them are affected, possibly instantly or indirectly, by psychological ailments. Target Populace: Psychological problems are witnessed in men and women of all ages. But it normally begins when men and women are at their young ages. Nevertheless, it is not distinct what age group is generally affected by psychological sickness. It, therefore, results in being challenging to know the team the preventive actions will target on. Family members who experience psychological troubles simply because they have mentally unwell sufferers can be assisted by giving them with family therapies. Spouse and children therapy serves two applications. The initially goal is to create recognition which will help people present assist to the individuals likely via distinct treatments procedures (Corrigan, et al, 2001). With the essential aid from the complete communities, patients and their people can stick to the restoration approach. Finding critical supports eradicates relapse. The second objective is to guarantee the family get important psychological assistance so that they can get better immediately (Phelan, 2005). Distinctive families have in different ways thought, and they involve individualized techniques. People people providing help need to have to pay attention to those they want to assistance and realize how they will offer with their beliefs to motivate them to participate in such things to do (Goldberg, & Huxley, 2003). The strategies will be adjusted relying on the degree of good results realized. The family members ought to have the liberty to take or reject proposed methods and suggest some others if they are mentally able. Assistance personnel should not grow to be the victims to attend the aid periods, and they should be authorized to determine when to go to (Hinshaw, 2009). The main aim will be to enable assistance victims recover without having discouraging them or creating them truly feel like the courses are compelled into them. The plan supported under this proposal will operate for one particular yr. Inside of the one 12 months, the first thirty day period will be devoted to registering people and the influenced families. After the registration plan is over, then the instruction and remedy will commence. By the close of the twelve months, the households will have been given adequate education and counseling, and they will be in a placement to present information to other impacted men and women. The counseling will supply mental support to sick folks, and as a result, there will be reduced suicide conditions. Integrated cure mixed with early intervention The program will run for twelve months. The initially thirty day period will target on registering unwell and impacted people today. The moment they are registered, the team will assist them, and they will employ well being procedures developed by the group by way of session with the influenced families and people today. Each specific is anticipated to have recovered in six months. Restoration services To enable the impacted individuals strengthen their high-quality of lifestyle, they will be made available products and services that will uplift them and supply a superior daily life and stop lapses. Restoration services will be supplied from the sixth thirty day period to all those who entire the counseling plan. But those people who are unable to increase finances for primary desires will be specified some funds to support them pay for fundamental requirements and motivate them to just take component in the plan. Individuals who comprehensive the program will be offered positions, housing, and other guidance expert services that will be run by their friends. This services will be made available to those people who have a frail spouse and children guidance and have no resource of cash flow. Thornicroft, G. (2006). Shunned: discrimination in opposition to individuals with mental sickness. New York. Saunders, J. C. (2003). Family members living with extreme mental health issues: A literature evaluation. Concerns in psychological health nursing, 24(2), 175-198. Goldberg, D., & Huxley, P. (Eds.). (2003). Psychological health issues in the community: the pathway to psychiatric treatment (Vol. 3). Psychology Press. Corrigan, P. W., Edwards, A. B., Green, A., Diwan, S. L., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental health issues. Schizophrenia bulletin, 27(2), 219. Phelan, J. C. (2005). Geneticization of Deviant Behavior and Penalties for Stigma: The Circumstance of Mental Illness —. Journal of Wellness and Social Actions, 46(4), 307-322. –stman, M., & Kjellin, L. (2002). Stigma by association. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(6), 494-498. Hinshaw, S. P. (2009). The mark of disgrace: Stigma of mental disease and an agenda for modify. Oxford College Press. World Health and fitness Business. (2003). Investing in psychological wellbeing. Url, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to restoration: The repercussions of stigma for the self-esteem of persons with psychological sicknesses. Psychiatric providers, 52(12), 1621-1626. Ernest Hemingway: how his Life Affected his Writing Essay Ernest Hemingway was worldly acknowledged for his composing style that was composed of short, easy sentences. Hemingway’s exclusive type inevitably led to him getting rewarded with the Nobel Prize in 1954. Not only was he known for his fashion of writing, but the main strategies applied in his stories had been from experiences he faced in his everyday living himself and he just dramatitized them himself. Some extra novels that Hemingway wrote include: The Solar Always Rises, A Farewell to Arms, To Have and Have Not, and For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway’s selections and points he underwent in his early daily life finally led to occasions that transpired in his later on everyday living. Ernest’s father Clarence Edmonds Hemingway or Ed Hemingway started follow to remaining a health care provider and when he served his internship re-fulfilled his later on wife, Grace Hall. Ed Hemingway was encouraging are inclined to Grace’s mother because she had cancer. Ed Hemingway and Grace Hall had earlier noticed each individual other when they went to the same substantial university, Oak Park Superior University. Their letters they sent to every other around a span of 6 yrs later led to their marriage in the yr of 1896. Grace liked actively playing music and later found herself instructing audio to persons. Ed Hemingway and Grace Hemingway had 6 youngsters collectively, like Ernest. Ernest experienced an older sister, Marcelline, which was born in January 1898. Ernest also experienced three young sisters and young brother: Ursula, Madelaine or Sunny, Carol and Leicester. Ursula was born in 1902, Madelaine in 1904, Carol in 1911 and Leicester in 1915 (Dearborn 18). Ernest’s mother, Grace Hemingway recorded things about Ernest as a little one in his infant reserve, she would file items that Ernest did as a baby that were particular and uncomfortable. There had been images of Ernest as a child with his sister and it seemed like they were twins and the two women. In that century, it was frequent for boys to have on ladies clothes, but even following, there began to be dissimilarities in the outfits amongst boys and women. Ernest’s mother continue to dressed Ernest in girl’s apparel. As a little one Ernest was pretty close with his oldest sister Marcelline. Grace always dealt with his two older kids as twins, since she had often wanted twins. Not only did Grace costume up Ernest like Marcelline, but she desired them to be in the similar grade so she held Marcelline back a yr. Ernest and Marcelline’s partnership were truly close as they have been children and continued to develop as they turned more mature but their romance soon turned toxic as they achieved adulthood. There were being specific traits that Ernest pointed out in Marcelline’s identity that he didn’t like since they were the exact same lousy attributes his mom experienced (Dearborn 22). Ernest’s moms and dads acquired a house on Walloon Lake in northern Michigan the calendar year just before he was born. A third of Ernest’s summers were expended at this Michigan lake dwelling. This summer time house had a major impression on Ernest as he was growing up and later on in his writings. Michigan is exactly where Ernest experienced the entertaining in nature and the wilderness in the world. All the Hemingway young children have been taught how to shoot a gun and the safety about them by Ed Hemingway, he taught them how to shoot an animal and catch a fish. While at the property on the lake the young ones would generally fish and hunt. Even however Ernest went to the dwelling in his before a long time there were being continue to constant appearances of the Michigan household in a lot of of his later functions, but 1 major perform that it appeared in was The Nick Adam Tales. The Nick Adam Tales were being a group of short stories describing main functions in Ernest’s lifetime, from childhood to adulthood. Not only did the summers likely to Walloon Lake aid produce some of his writings, but I imagine that it brought on Ernest to have a liking for traveling to sites and observing the entire world (O’Connor, “When Hemingway Was a Younger Fisherman in Michigan”). As Ernest entered in as a freshman into Oak Park and River Forest Substantial University, he wasn’t critical about English and basically experienced options to develop into a health care provider. After having English classes and classes in writing, his plan started to transform and he turned significant about English. Marcelline and Ernest liked reading magazines that came to their house and competed to see who could complete examining things first, like King James Bible. The afterwards many years in superior university was when Ernest seriously commenced to improve an inspiration and adore for writing. Two teachers motivated him extremely, Margaret Dixon and Fannie Biggs. Both equally teachers took a ended up intrigued in supporting Ernest, but every single assisted him otherwise. Ernest was inspired and motivated by Miss Dixon when he was commencing to generate. Miss out on Biggs had an club that each Ernest and Marcelline were being intensely included in. During the club, pupils would mail in operate and critique every single other’s get the job done with help from Miss Biggs. Miss out on Biggs was a huge impact for Ernest to focus on the genre of shorter stories, but Miss Biggs was much more influential to Ernest on his route to journalism. Overlook Biggs’s journalism class was known for becoming ran like an real newspaper office. The two Ernest and Marcelline were picked to be rotating editors for the newspaper. The editors have been precisely preferred by Overlook Biggs’s to publish about distinctive items in the newspaper. Ernest identified that sports activities composing was the most straightforward for him primarily since he performed on a few of sports teams in substantial school. Ernest’s passion for creating undoubtedly commenced from higher school and flowered into something amazing as can be witnessed in his writings. His teachers gave him the commitment and opportunity to even further his English and creating techniques in large college(Dearborn 37-38). In Ernest’s senior yr of higher school, he started considering about college or university. Ernest’s father desired him to observe his sister, Marcelline, and show up at Oberlin, but Ernest favored Cornell improved. Ernest advised a lot of individuals that he was likely to the University of Illinois, but Ernest’s interest in faculty disappeared and was much more interested at performing for the newspaper, The Kansas City Star. Ernest’s uncle Tyler assisted Ernest get the apprenticeship at The Kansas Metropolis Star because he knew a writer at the newspaper. The newspaper gave Ernest a full-time position in the fall. Ernest was new to writing newspapers, but at some point, he turned a very talented newspaper writer. Ernest had the position of interviewing people in a specified space of Kansas, through this he achieved several people and turned far more involved with the town. He was taught the procedures of the newspaper and the principles took place to turn out to be the reason he was these kinds of a exceptional writer. Surely, acquiring these skills early on in his everyday living served him simply because the policies he was taught at the newspaper was the type he was later on regarded for (Dearborn 45-49). Through Ernest’s time at the newspaper he required to provide in the Wonderful War. Ever since his senior calendar year in substantial faculty, Ernest saw the societies’ change to militarism. This patriotism drew Ernest to the military services lifetime, and prompted him to indication with the 7th Missouri Infantry of the National Guard. Ernest’s relatives was recognized for owning lousy vision and this induced for the U.S. Unit to not accept him. Thankfully, for Ernest the American Crimson Cross was providing alternatives as a result of ambulance driving in France. The Crimson Cross was actively recruiting for the reason that of the key defeats the Italians confronted because of to the Austrians. Ernest signed up and explained to The Kansas City Star he was leaving in April. Ernest manufactured his way from Mestre to Fossalta, which would be the Purple Cross base camp. Ernest would go from trench to trench handing out materials to Italian troopers. A single day as Ernest walking out of the trench and the Austrians began shooting their mortars at them. The explosion induced soldiers to lie dead on the ground or cause key wounds to them. Ernest who experienced been terribly wounded from the shrapnel, brought on by the explosion, lifted a badly wounded soldier and walked to the Purple Cross dugout. On Ernest’s final techniques to the dugout his leg was shot by a device gun, producing him to be unconscious in the trench. Purple Cross motorists took Ernest to Fornaci where they would thoroughly clean his wounds. For Ernest’s act of heroism, he was awarded The Silver Medal of Military services Valor. Several unique versions of Ernest’s story would floor. Whilst in the Purple Cross medical center in Milan, Ernest was seeking to come up with a superior fictional novel about his war wounds. Inevitably, Ernest wrote, A Farewell to Arms, in 1929. A Farewell to Arms was a appreciate story about a hero, Frederic Henry, and a nurse, Catherine Barkley, that whilst recovering from his wounds they fell in love. Just like in Ernest’s novel, Ernest finishes up acquiring a liking for a nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky even though he was recovering from his war wounds. They invested time collectively, digging shrapnel out of his leg, sightseeing, and heading to races at San Siro. While in the healthcare facility, several have mentioned that Ernest’s encounters had brought on his individuality to adjust from a fresh new, boyish character to becoming self-centered. He imagined of himself so remarkably by wearing his uniform with all of his medals and wounds stripes. Not only did this event that Ernest working experience immensely enable his supporter base afterwards in his life, but it also modified Ernest as a man or woman (Dearborn 59-68). Ernest Hemingway’s early lifetime seeded the origins for his wonderful creating techniques and accomplishment. From his experience in the wilderness that later led to his love for touring, his academics that sparked his inspiration for crafting in higher faculty, to his occupation in journalism that designed him acknowledged for his exceptional writing design, to his around loss of life practical experience that led him to crafting an awesome novel. These are only a handful of illustrations in Hemingway’s early existence that helped his success in his later daily life. With out these significant gatherings Hemingway skilled in his early life, I think that he wouldn’t be just about as effective and nicely-recognized currently. How 9/11 Affected the Whole Nation Essay You wake up 1 morning contemplating that now is heading to be normal day. You comply with your daily plan and change on the Television information channel. Your surprised by the chaos on the news and from your apartment you can hear persons screaming and shouting. Out of nowhere you listen to a loud increase. This is the 2nd airplane that crashed. You verify the date 9/11/01. The us text widely known this kind of as Al-Qaeda, Taliban, ground zero, radicalism and anthrax.( Villemez, 2018, p1) On September 11 terrorist assault the United States. They hijacked four air planes mid flight. They terrorist flew the airplanes into the twins towers creating them to make two large holes on the prime of the buildings. Quite a few men and women were being on the prime of the constructing and it took several several hours to rescue them. The 4 planes had been hijacked with 19 terrorist who have been from the center east. All planes were crashed in accordance to plans and some of the terrorist died in the plane crash. 9/11 has left a lasting affect on thousands of individuals around the world. approximately 3000 men and women died. Individuals who have lost their beloved ones or skilled the incident will never erase this from their reminiscences. Quickly afterward, the FAA banned all flights all-around New York City, and bridges and tunnels in the area began to near.( Gale, 2017, P1) There was no cell phone services. Transportation support had been cancelled. Persons were frantic not figuring out if their beloved types were secure. The FAA suspected a different hijacking immediately after Flight 77 crew members and passengers commenced calling household customers and other officers.(Gale, 2017, P1) At 9:31 President Bush declared that the country was less than an evident terrorist attack. The President was in Florida looking through to college small children when he was notified. Airports and protection forces tightened up and had been upgraded. we had significantly a lot more ways 9/11. This incident created US know that they had to do additional then just upgrading their stability. A new department was designed soon after 9/11 named-Office of Homeland Safety. The division was specially manufactured for terrorist and protection from terrorism. Two months after the assaults, Congress federalized airports by stability by passing the Aviation and Transportation Protection Act.(Villimez, 2018,P1) Airports tightened safety to involve steps like eradicating footwear when going through stability. Laws was developed to insure that soldiers and other folks who helped with the cleanup experienced access to healthcare. Making codes were being developed to make skyscrapers stronger and to be protected in other cases like this assault. Osma bin laden was born in Riyadh 1957. He went to faculty in Saudi Arabia and afterwards moved to Afghanistan where he acquired included with terrorists. Afterwards on he moved to Afghanistan, where by he joined the jihad or holy water, towards the Soviet Union. He shaped the group Al-Queda , which means the foundation in 1998.(Gale, 2017, P2) They built the initial terror assault in 1991 and space was directed to the American troops. At that time the bomb assault did not destroy any Individuals. After that they began to assemble much more persons and got even a lot more highly effective. 9/11 started out a lot of fights and created a lot of enemies. As of 2012, ICE claimed that 9/11 attack experienced taken virtually 48,000 convicted criminal aliens.(The Lowdown, 2018, P8) It bring about heaps of commotion and all the information channel ended up only chatting about the incident. The activities of 9/11 is even now very unfortunate for individuals who dropped beloved ones or seasoned the incidents. This afflicted the total nation. The place is now regarded as Ground Zero. The terrorists concerned in the attack have died butAl-queda is continue to very a lot alive and active. 9/11 is an incident that will never ever be forgotten. How the Rwandan Genocide Affected on People Essay A genocide is the mass murder of a huge group of folks and or a certain ethnic team or nation. In 1994, April by July, a genocide took place in Rwanda. About 800,000 Rwandan persons had been massacred in just 100 times. This devastating event sparked just after the Rwandan President’s plane was taken down, killing President Juvenal Habyarimana. The total of people today killed and how rapidly it all transpired, still left the persons traumatized. Thousands of women were taken by the militia and were being impregnated. Leaving them with a constant reminder of becoming held and what disgusting activities took place whilst there. The Rwandan Genocide affected countless numbers of life, lasted for quite a few days, and destroyed hundreds of households. The Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana’s airplane was shot down higher than Kigali airport on April 6 of 1994. This sparked the Rwandan genocide which was concerning Hutus and Tutsis. The Hutus men and women ended up generally the folks that carried out the killings and the Tutsis were being typically the people that have been remaining killed. The genocide was prepared by Hutu persons and lots of of them had been a component of the national govt. The Hutus individuals experienced a target of wiping out all the Tutsi. Numerous gatherings and disagreements led up to the murder of the Rwandan president, Juvenal Habyarimana. Some of the Tutsi nationalist were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). The aim of the RPF was to overthrow Rwandan President, Habyarimana and return to their homeland. This brought on Tutsi hatred all in the course of Rwanda. The Rwandan Patriotic Front, discrimination and the competing of ability that led to the genocide and the murder of the Rwandan President. A lot of people today may inquire about a genocide. Are there several different functions in a genocide? How quite a few are there? According to Stanton, there are 8 areas of a genocide. The 8 distinctive levels of a genocide are classification, symbolization, dehumanization, group, polarization, extermination and denial, (Stanton). In accordance to Stanton, classification is the place when each individual party decides who they will be against. The next stage is symbolization, at this issue, every single party will make your mind up the title of their group and if they will receive a image to be involved with their identify (Stanton). The 3rd phase is dehumanization, which means that the procedure of killing commences. Organization is the future stage. Which usually means All genocides are arranged. At this stage, loathe groups are arranged, militias are qualified and armed, and the armed forces are purged of customers of the intended victim team as well as officers and other folks who could possibly oppose genocide, (Stanton). Phase 5 is polarization. All through polarization, the average 3rd functions are targeted and assassinated, (Stanton). Planning is upcoming, which according to Stanton signifies, throughout the preparation phase, plans are created for the genocide. Loss of life lists are compiled. Demo massacres are conducted, both equally as education for the genocidists, and to test regardless of whether there will be any response, (Stanton). Just after planning, extermination starts. Extermination means that the genocide has formally began. The remaining phase of genocide is denial. Stanton states throughout and after each and every genocide, the perpetrators deny they committed the crime, (Stanton). There were a number of warnings foremost up to the genocide. Thousands of women have been raped all through the Rwandan Genocide. Some even became pregnant. A young woman named Josette was taken by the militia. She and numerous diverse females had been held in a property and were being raped by a lot of distinctive gentlemen. Just about every and each early morning the adult men would arrive and strike the women 10 moments. After hitting them, they acquired a distinctive person, (Torgovnik). Josette at some point turned pregnant and had a small boy, his title was Thomas. The moment he grew up, he was quite stubborn, and Josette states that it was not because of to him knowing his mom did not adore him. It was simply because of the blood that is in him, (Torgovnik). Whilst Josette realized this baby was innocent, she could not assist but assume that he was a result of rape. She suggests I ought to be trustworthy with you I never beloved this child. Each time I try to remember what his father did to me, I applied to sense that the only revenge would be to destroy his son. But I under no circumstances did that. I forced myself to like him, but he is unlikable, (Torgovnik). Josette struggled to adore Thomas as her baby. She had hardly ever been pregnant before, by no means raised a child right before, permit alone increase and enjoy a boy or girl from the end result of rape. A number of women of all ages turned expecting in the course of the genocide. Every single mom looked at their child a distinctive way. Some moms would view their youngsters as a result of rape and other moms would nonetheless see their kids as becoming harmless. In order for a mother to adore and take pleasure in the kid as her individual inspite of the situations, she need to comprehend the father was the disgusting a person and not the loving boy or girl. The moment this horrific genocide finished, it was however important for small children to get their demands. Hundreds of kids had been remaining to endure without having just one or the two of their mothers and fathers. Having said that, some Rwandans have been very generous in providing the desires that orphans have. Whilst numerous little ones have been taken absent from their family members and some even had to just take treatment of their more youthful siblings. Schooling was still a massive component of a child’s demands. A lot of children, which were deserted and experienced no academic rights or possibilities or a probability to turn out to be a part of a relatives, remaining. They still left the city they had known, in buy to fend for themselves and to survive on their personal. Most of the folks that have been associated in the genocide were people today that have been effectively identified, people that have been a component of Rwanda. A well-known musician named Simon Bikindi wrote songs and sang tunes. Bikindi was the initial entertainer that was identified to be responsible of a genocide-connected charge, (Simons). Mr. Bikindi’s rap songs was made of lyrics endorsing ethnic hatred, which was greatly broadcasted and was sung by mobs as they killed their victims, (Simons). The Rwandan people today that ended up included in the genocide have been individuals that were well-recognised persons. Nevertheless, surprisingly seven persons that had been responsible for up to a million fatalities were being arrested for these horrific crimes. If these seven individuals would not have confessed to staying accountable for the deaths of thousands and thousands of folks, they would not have been in a position to arrest them and punish them for the crimes they dedicated. These 7 individuals arrested have been key ministers, former minister in the authorities, a colonel in the basic workers of the Rwandan army, former editor-in-chief of the influential newspaper Kangura, previous commander of the para-commando battalion of the Rwanda armed forces, former prefect of Butare, (Suspected Rwandan Genocide Perpetrators Arrested). This goes to show how the folks during the local community are the types responsible for the Rwandan people’s dying. The moment this horrific party arrived to an finish, at least 2,000,000 people had fled the nation, such as several of the Hutu and perpetrators. Their people were being gone, and their local community had been torn apart. Although several family members had been torn apart, hundreds of young children survived their dad and mom, leaving them all by yourself. Numerous females survived because of to the militia keeping them in houses and getting edge of them. Due to the girls becoming held in properties and raped by the militia, they became expecting. These mothers had been still left with the frequent reminder of remaining taken advantage of and that reminder would under no circumstances go away, as long as the mom would continue to keep the baby. After the genocide, about 70 % of the population was gals and 30 per cent gentlemen. The Rwandan genocide still left Rwandan families alone and wrecked. The Rwandan Genocide was a quite devastating function with a substantial demise depend and lots of sudden individuals associated. People ended up ruined and torn aside. Multiple kids have been positioned into an orphanage, due to their loved ones becoming killed or taken. Several moms had been still left to raise their children alone and some moms have been raped and grew to become expecting, becoming pressured to have the toddler. Increasing that boy or girl would be very tricky on the mom and the mother would have to pick out no matter if she could acknowledge the instances and really like the kid or if she would have to disown that baby. This genocide induced so quite a few heartbreaks in Rwanda. How Propaganda Affected Women in WW2 Essay The onset of the second globe war resulted in major disruption of the social standing quo in a lot of communities about the world. So several resources have been channeled cowards preventing. Wide quantities of youthful and equipped adult men who were instrumental in delivering the booming industries throughout Europe and America turn out to be recruited to serve in their various militaries. At the similar time, scores of these fighters have been dropped in the war as a result building a demand from customers for additional military personnel. Distinctive countries mobilized both of those guys and girls to provide in various capacities to make certain their economies that had been under danger in the deal with of the disruptive next world war was taken care of. Adult men have been mobilized as a result of anticlastic propaganda to exhibit their patriotism by starting to be enlisted in their militaries. Gals, on the other hand, turn out to be mobilized to occupy the vacuum left by the combating gentlemen in industries and income-producing endeavors. The Next Planet War, therefore, contributed appreciably to a change in the ordinarily held gender roles. In advance of the war, women of all ages had mostly performed the part of getting care of households, bearing and getting care of children amid other stereotypes gender roles ordinarily involved with females. Men on the other hand were being mainly perceived to be the breadwinners and protectors of their households. The Seconds Earth War (WW2) was consequently powerful governing administration to mobilize women to aid in sustaining economies. Females ended up informed that the war was not merely an endeavor to be resolved by their male counterparts. Females as well experienced a job to engage in in various capacities. The paper, consequently, intends s to deeply delve into the impacts the WW2 propaganda campaigns experienced on females. Considering that the Colonial interval up to about 1940s, the greater part of Us citizens had been convinced that the organic atmosphere in which a lady thrived is with her relatives at household.WW2, nevertheless, resulted in disruptive modifications that altered the position quo. The federal government aggressively utilized propaganda that emphasised the will need women of all ages be additional included in earnings building ventures during the war. Millions of girls, as a result, were being recruited into factories consequently demystifying the customarily held gender views. While the propaganda campaigns were immensely thriving in aiding the government to achieves its objective of stating America’s financial state, it similarly brought a lasting alteration to gender roles. Propaganda channels that had been utilised by the federal government incorporated advertisements, magazine posts, radio applications, and posters. For the 1st time, ladies ended up depicted doing the job in factory traces in overalls with their hand significantly greasy. Using these propaganda applications, various organizations which includes the Workplace of War Data encouraged women of all ages to change from the kitchens to factories. The propaganda similarly encouraged girls to be additional enthusiasm for consumers and nurses. Active usage would maintain the overall economy as functioning women of all ages bough authorities bond making sure the federal government experienced sufficient money resources to sustain the war. Scores of injured military services staff who were delivered back dwelling required the even additional nurses to guide in restoration. In the a long time in advance of WW2, the wonderful melancholy constrained financial routines so ensuing in significantly handful of work positions. Gentlemen, for that reason, monopolized the minimal employment positions available consequently starting to be the breadwinners in their families. The development developed a rigid social bias as a result limited girls from venturing into lively profits generating ventures. Some states have handed laws barring married girls from accessing positions. It was as a result noticeably demanding [specially for mid-class operating women of all ages to obtain feasible employment positions. In the onset of the second entire world war, solitary females and very poor gals were being promptly absorbed into America’s labor technique. Middle-course single females keep on being an untapped labor useful resource at as a result junctures. To realize best achievement in mobilizing these ladies, the government via agencies like The United States Office environment of War Facts (OWI) to decimate propaganda stimulate women’s involvement in work Even though promotion greater, wages would have been an effective mobilization instrument. These an solution would have simply resulted in increased investing thus contributing to inflation. The authorities thus solely adhered to emotional appeals and private patriotism. The patriot enchantment has two critical attributes. ?Do your ?strategy was the initial stage. The subsequent portion was a warning reminding women of the possible damaging effects of their failure to do their part’ a soldier might die.’ Women of all ages have been equally sensitized that their contribution would consequence in a much more expeditious gain in the war. As at the mid-1942 involving 150,000 and 200 000 women have been currently being employed in America’s labor current market each and every month. As at September 1943, in excess of ten million adult men experienced been recruited into the war, and a bulk of the relaxation who remained were being currently in employment. WW2 compelled The united states to have interaction in 1 of the most intense generation campaigns during background. Japan and The us have now amassed their weapon for the previous ten decades, and now The united states had to measure up. Females were being hence vital in the manufacturing of the weapons that finally contributed to America’s achievements in the war. Topics on war tactics that focused women had been issued by OWI in publications, radio commentators and journals. As of 1941 (December), about 12 million women of all ages had been employed. The amount improved by 35% early the pursuing yr (sixteen million). The changeover was not as clean as the integration of ladies into the labor current market produced vacuums in their domestic tasks. The most challenging was childcare. The somewhat limited technological know-how in laundry and cooing demanded that women of all ages nonetheless dedicate a major sum of their time to safeguard their properties. Gasoline rationing and deficiency of rubber resulted in important problems in the transportation business. The vast majority of ladies however resided in semi rural regions as a result restricting their successful and timely entry to perform or voyage back property. Ladies who owned cars and trucks gave rides to their counterparts to get the job done and back household. It is crucial to take note that the propaganda campaigns considerably undermined concerns about the unfavorable impression of WW2. As a substitute of trying to get effective and quick ways of de escalating the war and consequently stopping its negative results, women have been encouraged to dedicate all their initiatives to help the govt reach its aim. Many economic assets had been as a result directed in the growth of armed forces sources these kinds of as weapons. Quite a few ladies selflessly committed all their initiatives to their professional obligations as effectively as their domestic obligations again at household. When dedicating all their hard work to meet up with their countries demands, girls were continue to encouraged to be frugal in their use of assets to make certain navy forces could be sustained. Volunteer will work WW2 considerably attained America’s economic means. Limited farming ventures and lack of peace in the relaxation of the world resulted in confined availability of food items methods. Meals reserves hence rationed available meals means. The federal government came up with the Women’s Land Arm (WLA), a volunteer application. WLA was included in a huge-scale volunteer farm get the job done system to aid strengthen food stuff sustainability in the country. Some farm homeowners were, on the other hand, reluctant to use WLA companies as town women have been barely regarded as to have any successful possible in farmlands. Females ended up, however, the only labor resource at their disposal. The volunteer system realized a 14% maximize in foods manufacturing by the initial summer season of the war. The propaganda instruments sensitized girls to be a lot more frugal in their use of methods like cotton, rubber, tea, silk, wool, espresso, and beef. Girls were being important in the rationing courses considering the fact that they are the main people in their family members buildings. Other women were being included in nursery courses wherever young children obtained treatment as their moms toiled in distinct places across the nation. Serving in the Army The 2nd Earth War also noticed the induction of ladies into armed company. The transfer was undoubtedly a radical shift in the perceptions beforehand held in direction of gals. In early 1942 the Property of Representatives passes a invoice that resulted in the development of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps. Later on in July the adhering to year, the auxiliary position of the team was dropped producing women whole lively individuals in America’s armed service ventures. The Navy later came up with Women Recognized or Voluntary emergency provider. These adjustments in America’s Military service ended up in reaction to the want to replenish the country’s army staff. The war was boasting a rating of serving army men even though maiming many others consequently the have to have to coach and combine ladies into energetic companies. The films that ended up designed through this [time period were instrumental in motivating ladies to sign up for the military services. Journals and Newspapers also utilized to glamorize military services daily life. While the number of women of all ages that have been to begin with recruited into different navy branches was comparatively modest. They have been the pioneer that paved the way for the later inclusion of additional women in the armed forces provider. WW2 propaganda alters the position quo about gender roles. The inclusion of women in the labor sector contributed to the later emergence of the feminist movement that demanded equal access to employment prospects. Fictional propaganda figures like Rosie the Riveter were being quite instrumental in later building a vocal wave of feminist who viciously fought the limitation gals confronted in their try to entry equivalent work predicament in spots of operate. Even with the greater inclusion of women in the labor marketplace all through WW2, it is critical to notice that glass ceiling ongoing to bar gals from accessing management positions in the decided on areas of endeavor. A negligible variety of women of all ages ended up included in leading administration positions as perfectly as political management positions. The feminist movement was motivated by the societies desire to prohibit them to domestic obligations just after WW2 as soon as once again. Gentlemen returned had been natural currently being rewarded with work positions. Thanks to the constrained availability of employment positions, females ended up inspired to relinquish their employment position to war veterans. Ladies who built an effort to keep on to their employment positions were being shamed into compliance. The intense propaganda campaigns had nevertheless created a long lasting impact on women of all ages who became keen that ever prior to to be utilized. Teams of ladies labor unions and other activists generate groups that championed for the equality of ladies. Illustrations or photos like Rosie the Riveter shifted from currently being propaganda instruments to lively feminism icons. The impact that the propaganda campaigns experienced on females impacted the basic essence of America’s social fabric. Girls have been for instance photos of women of all ages carrying pant for instance reworked commence social values as reserved domestic personnel who were envisioned to be completely faithful to their husbands. Quite a few solitary girls chose to peruse their profession not becoming keen to enter into marriage and hence thoroughly depend upon their spouse for monetary aid. It was unquestionably difficult to pressure ladies again into their past standard kitchen and residence roles. Even gals who experienced young children took momentary breaks from their employment just before having back to work. Organizations championing for the legal rights of women of all ages commenced to actively foyer for the formulation of legislation that would be certain businesses used a reasonable amount of money of both of those adult males and women of all ages. Additionally, the propaganda waves equally resulted in the force on legislators and the government to occur up with exclusive rights for women in their work this sort of as maternity leaves. Just after WW2, The united states was engrossed in a jubilant celebration ignorant of the truth that their intensive propaganda campaigns would endlessly alter America’s social construction. The general public belief on the gender roles had without end been altered women of all ages started on a long and painful journey to have not only equivalent opportunity to employment but also equal employment gains. The propaganda strategies experienced been careful to depict gals as industrious and self-assured but also female and dedicated to their domestic chores. Employment, even so, gave women of all ages obtain to a whole lot of independence as they had their cash and could comparatively do as they make sure you. In a drive to strengthen their suitability to get employment much more women of all ages, choose to progress their education even to tertiary concentrations. Increased entry to education and learning equally drove gals away from their conventional domestic roles. The return of soldiers soon after the WW2 resulted in a rise in birth rates and quite a few women who had been doing the job have been coaxed into relinquishing their employment positions. Ladies were now urged to go back again dwelling and relaxation as they celebrate their attempts. Gals ended up equally inspired to use the dollars they had generated in obtaining home goods that would make their domestic roles more efficiently. It was however very clear that the war had forever terraformed America’s female inhabitants. Pressured to enter into the next entire world war, America enlisted a significant variety of into male population in the military services. The country on the other hand still required to maintain its economic sources and maintain its ambitious armed service expedition. The united states, thus, contracted companies such as The United States Place of work of War Info to maximize the role of women in profits generating ventures. More women of all ages were being recruited in factories making weapons utilized by military services strategies all over the planet. Other women of all ages served as nurses who attended to wounded customers of the armed forces brought back residence. Females similarly took element in food items manufacturing consequently feeding the nation. The campaigns equally contributed to the inclusion of women in the military services as active serving participants. The propaganda strategies were being escalated and in the long run terminated following the war. Gals were inspired to reassume their domestic roles and make it possible for adult males to be the breadwinners in homes The WW2 propaganda strategies, nevertheless, altered the common perceptions with which ladies ended up perceived there have been developments in feminist groups that campaigned for gender equality. Some girls pick out to concentrate on their professional career and their schooling. 1. Basinger, Jeanine. “The Wartime American Lady on Film.” A Companion to the War Movie (2016): 89. 2. Brock, Julia, Jennifer W. Dickey, Richard Harker, and Catherine Lewis, eds. Over and above Rosie: A Documentary Historical past of Girls and World War II. College of Arkansas Press, 2015. 4. McEuen, Melissa A. “Women, Gender, and Earth War II.” In Oxford Investigation Encyclopedia of American Heritage. 2016. 5. Ryan, Kathleen M. “Military Existence: Coordinating WWII Journal Publicity by the US Naval Women’s Reserve.” Journalism Background 40, no. 4 (2015): 217.
Women have come a long way in the labor force. Much of women’s gains have consisted of steady progress in education, labor force participation, and earnings. But historical events have also played a role, including the surge in their labor force participation during World War II. Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic might mark another such event for women’s progress. A silver lining of the devastating virus might be a leap forward in flexible jobs and family-friendly workplaces that women have been working decades to achieve. Coupled with the added use of technology brought about by the pandemic, the so-called gender pay gap might decline, and women will likely have more opportunities that appeal to their desires. That might seem counterintuitive, since women initially experienced more job losses and disproportionately had to cut back on work to care for children, whose schools and day care facilities were closed. But now that women have largely recovered, relative to men, they may be poised to experience significant gains in the labor market. Why is that? Consider what happened during World War II. The exodus of working men to fight in the war required employers to seek women to fill their workforces. After the war, about half of the women drawn into the workforce by the war remained in the workforce, causing a permanent jump in women’s work opportunities and earnings. Similarly, the health risks of close physical contact during COVID-19 forced employers to adopt remote-work technology. And school and day care closures required employers to become more accommodating to employees’ personal and family situations. Many of the changes in remote technology and family-friendly policies necessitated by COVID-19 will stick around for the long haul. In particular, employers are likely to keep in place more flexible and remote-work options—both because many of those policies haven’t hurt, and might have even helped their productivity, and because if they fail to meet employees’ desires, they won’t be able to attract and retain the workforce they need. To date, one of the biggest explanations for why women, writ large, make less than men is that women—namely, mothers—desire fewer hours and more workplace flexibility. Oftentimes, women give up higher-level positions that require a lot of time in the office for less-demanding positions that give them the flexibility to spend more time at home. As employers increase flexible work options, it’s less likely that women who have a greater preference for such options will have to give up as much pay to achieve them. Men will also have the added flexibility to take on more household duties, potentially easing women’s caregiving duties and making it easier for them to pursue their work desires. Harvard economics professor Claudia Goldin is well-known for her research on gender differences in the labor market, and she attributes some of the largest pay gaps to the ease of substituting any one worker in a given occupation for another worker in the same occupation. Pharmacists, for example, can easily substitute for one another, and there’s little pay gap among them. Conversely, doctors and lawyers fill unique roles in serving their individual patients and clients, making it harder to substitute one for another. Yet, COVID-19 may have increased substitution capabilities in even some of the most demanding jobs, such as medicine, where telehealth has become more widespread and increased digitization of records makes it easier for one doctor to take over for another. As this trend continues across industries, the high costs associated with shifting between workers to allow for less-demanding hours should shrink, further leading toward pay equality. While government responses to COVID-19 softened the initial blow for both men’s and women’s employment and income losses, it has largely been the lifting of government-imposed restrictions and government-imposed school closures that’s caused women’s employment and earnings to bounce back relative to men’s. That suggests that less government—not more—is the key to improving opportunities for women in the workforce, both immediately and in the future.
Scholarship Form Federated Farmers Comments on Better Urban Planning Issues Paper December 2015 This Issues Paper does not define what an urban area is in a planning context. Does it broadly mean cities and towns? What about villages and other highly peopled living environments such as papakainga? Is an urban area defined by population e.g. ‘x amount of people in x area? Or, is it based on administrative boundaries that a regional council might use? Or, is it based on zoning in District Plans, or where reticulated district council infrastructure such as stormwater or mains water supply extend? Statistics NZ has found that population alone does not reflect the characteristics that make places urban and rural areas similar or different and instead compares a persons’ usual residence with their work place address. It appears that many rural areas meet many of the criteria deemed relevant for inclusion within an urban area e.g: strong economic ties; cultural and recreational interaction; serviced from the core for major business and professional activities; integrated public transport network; significant workplace commuting to and from the central core; planned development with the next twenty years, as a dormitory area to, or an extension of, the central core. Federated Farmers is wary of planning approaches which seek to separate urban and “other” landscapes. Neither society nor the natural environment works this way. Rural production activities are major industries in the areas surrounding our towns and cities. They support our urban centres by providing goods and services, income and employment. Rural ratepayers reply on, and pay a significant amount for, many urban based Council services and facilities. It is not clear from the Issues paper that these linkages are appreciated, but any future planning system needs to provide for them.
Corn is the largest agricultural crop grown in the United States. We are the largest suppliers and the production of this crop contributes in a large way to our economy. Farmers plant more than 90 million acres of corn in the United States, that equals 69 million football fields! The United States currently leads the world in per capita corn consumption, and really no other nation even comes close to matching our love for this hearty golden vegetable. Corn is grown in most states, but the largest portion of it is grown the heartland of the United States. Farmers grow more than 90 million acres of corn each year, making the United States the world's largest corn producer. Corn is a wind pollinated plant so while bees and other pollinating bugs may buzz around the tips they don’t carry pollen from one plant to the others. The silky strands at the top of corn are there for pollination and each single silk is attached to each potential kernel in a cob. This means that a severe rainstorm could lead to lots of “empty” kernels. Sweet Corn is what people eat straight off the cob, while Field Corn is a very important crop used for animal feed. Field Corn is also used to make food products like cornmeal, corn chips and corn syrup.
• Blake Maples Integrative Therapies to Wellness Could the frequencies of music and the amplification from binaural beats improve mental health more effectively than Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy? Throughout the study by Hakvoort, sixteen prisoners at the Penitentiary Psychiatric Center were chosen to participate in Short-term Music Therapy Attention and Arousal Regulation Treatment (SMAART) to help decrease PTSD symptoms and increase concentration. From the sixteen prisoners, the group suffered from various traumas such as: Physical intimidation and/or threat, rape or sexual assault, sexual abuse, maltreatment or violence, serious accident, war, other. To qualify for the SMAART therapy, the individual would have failed to engage in EMDR therapy because “language and motivation issues, difficulties with emotion regulation, and severe [maladaptive] behavior” (Hakvoort 377). When individuals suffer from PTSD, the probability of the prisoner to be readmitted in the system were greater. During the study, the SMAART therapy consisted of six sessions, conditioning the prisoners to follow “abdominal breathing techniques, rhythmical entrainment, bilateral movement patterns in music with body percussion, and musical attention control training” (Hakvoort 378). With the six sessions, the administrator conducted a pre-examination to collect baseline data. After the six sessions, the administrator conducted a post-examination to compare the improvements from the participants. When individuals suffer from PTSD, the lower brain region fails to “engage [in] the executive functions; severely limiting self-regulation” (Hakvoort 378). This passage will discuss the benefits of SMAART therapy and personal experience, conditioning the benefits of Sound Healing and deep abdominal breathing, which can be utilized to help reduce PTSD symptoms, diminishing stress, anxiety, and depression. As a Western society, westerners are conditioned to shallow breathing, which forces the body into a “fight or flight response”(Gaynor 59), encouraging stress and anxiety in the body. To help alleviate the negative consequences of shallow breathing, one can implement deep abdominal breathing, allowing the breath to circulate the body with oxygen, which “is a key to breaking the vicious cycle of fight-or-flight” (Gaynor 61). In addition to the deep abdominal breathing, sound frequencies allow molecules in the body to vibrate, aligning cells through sonar entrainment. When the body vibrates in entrainment, the “sound can transform negative, repressed emotions into a state of psychological equanimity that has direct and immediate effects on our physiology (Gaynor 64-65).” From the SMAART study, “the brain responds to rhythm with synchronization, entrainment, stimulation of the reward system and a calming of the amygdala” (Hakvoort 378). The amygdala is in the temporal lobes, controlling the ability to process memory, form decisions, and react to emotions. Emotions such as, fear, anxiety, and maladaptive behavior are reactions involved with the amygdala. When an individual suffers from PTSD, one has difficulty with focusing thoughts, as attention is divided into over stimulated thoughts, undesired memories, and over analyzing their environment. As one has difficulty with focusing, the consequence of PTSD causes one to refrain from assimilating new information and have difficulty implementing antecedent interventions for maladaptive behavior. During the methods of SMAART, the first step is musical attention control training (MACT), “a technique from the neurologic music therapy, [reconstructing] sustained and selective attention” (Hakvoort379). To help with the selective attention method, researchers utilized rhythms, inquiring drums, xylophone, and percussion. Additionally, the second step trained the selective attention by incorporating two auditorial stimulus, which the prisoner attempted to focus on the first auditorial stimulus. While focusing on the auditorial stimulus, the prisoner would continue to engage in abdominal breathing. If the participant had difficulty with breathing, the instructor would condition breathing with singing music, which would help the prisoner bring awareness to their breathing pattern. During the intervention, the administrator would adjust the rhythm, allowing the prisoner to bring awareness back to breath and focus on original rhythm that was provided at first. Since the additional rhythm would cause confusion, the prisoner would have to concentrate and prompt with breathing techniques to stay on task and prevent stress. With the sixteen prisoner participants, three of them were expelled from the study due to no longer serving time, transferring to another prison, and one inmate was extremely hostile with the administrator. While measuring the attention improvement, prisoners improved “54.4%,” comparing the post-test and pre-test with rhythmic patterns (Hakvoort 385). Throughout the study, twelve participants declined PTSD symptoms by at least ten points. The greatest improvement was from participant thirteen, which they dropped “thirty-six” points (Hakvoort 386). Participant three declined by the pretest by “seventeen” points because he felt that his trauma was valid when someone listened to him and confirmed his emotions, providing him a sense of hope and relief (Hakvoort 386). Since the beginning of music therapy treatment, five participants provided feedback that their nightmares decreased in the middle of the night, “while seven reported that nightmares had stopped altogether” (Hakvoort 387). In addition, participants felt capable of regulating arousal by remaining in the present moment. Twelve of the participants were impressed with the intervention, differentiating between “trauma related arousal; avoidance behavior and responses associated with daily life” (Hakvoort387). As a Sound Healing practitioner, I have witnessed positive feedback from individuals that suffer from PTSD, stimulating from anxiety, depression, and stress. During a session of eight participants, each participant voiced their concern of exhibiting depression, anxiety, and stress to the Behavioral Health Counselor. To start off the session, I guided the clients through abdominal breathing, drawing awareness with slow intentional breaths. Throughout the session, clients focused on abdominal breathing and listened to various frequencies, ranging from 396 HZ to 963 HZ. Once the session was complete, all participants concluded that all worries and stressors melted away, stating thatthey had no idea what they were concerned about to begin with. Participant two expressed that some undesired thoughts came to consciousness, but she was able to analyze them and come to peace with reality. All the participants felt a spiritual enlightenment, which they expressed a sense of peace. With my personal background as a yogi sound healing practitioner, I have firsthand witnessed the benefits of Sound Healing and abdominal breathing. I believe that this type of intervention can be an alternative approach to the way mental health is perceived. The following SMAART research conducted at the prison was a pilot study, which contributes to a holistic alternative method to healing. When participants can bring awareness to breath and allow thoughts to pass, the ability to naturally calm the mind is extraordinary. With the combination of the following study and personal experience, I will strive to pass this type of healing with the health care department, local prisons, and school districts to help transform the approach to mental health. Works Cited Gaynor, Mitchell L, M.D. Sound of Healing A Physician Reveals the Therapeutic Power of Sound, Voice, and Music. Broadway Books. New York. P 59-65. Hakvoort, Laurien, Macfarlane, Clare, and Masthoff, Erik. Short-Term Music Therapy Attention and Arousal Regulation Treatment (SMAART) for Prisoners with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Feasibility Study. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice 2019, Vol. 19, No. 5 P 376-392. 4 views0 comments
Greek Gods in Italy in Ovid's Fasti a Greater Greece This monograph deals with Ovid's treatments of the gods in the poem, and in particular with gods who emigrate from Greece to Italy and become part of Roman religion as the poem progresses. It offers a new reading of the Fasti which focuses on four figures from Greek mythology (Saturn, Ino, Faunus, and Hercules). In the course of the poem each of them comes to Italy, and Ovid shows how each one sheds his or her Greek past to become a figure of genuine religious significance to the Roman people. These transformations suggest that the Fasti is meant to be read as an encomium of Roman religion. Other Classics Books
In related news, UCLA geochemists have found evidence that life probably existed on Earth at least 4.1 billion years ago, which is 300 million years earlier than previous research suggested. The research suggests life in the universe could be abundant, said Mark Harrison, co-author of the research and a professor of geochemistry at UCLA. The research was published Monday Oct. 19 in the online early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The data show that the universe was making stars at a fast rate 10 billion years ago, but the fraction of the universe’s hydrogen and helium gas that was involved was very low. Today, star birth is happening at a much slower rate than long ago, but there is so much leftover gas available after the big bang that the universe will keep making stars and planets for a very long time to come. A billion Earth-sized worlds Based on the survey, scientists predict that there should already be 1 billion Earth-sized worlds in the Milky Way galaxy. That estimate skyrockets when you include the other 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe. Kepler’s planet survey indicates that Earth-sized planets in a star’s habitable zone; the perfect distance that could allow water to pool on the surface; are ubiquitous in our galaxy. This leaves plenty of opportunity for untold more Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone to arise in the future; the last star isn’t expected to burn out until 100 trillion years from now. Regrettably, the observational evidence for the big bang and cosmic evolution, encoded in light and other electromagnetic radiation, will be all but erased away 1 trillion years from now, due to the runaway expansion of space. Any far-future civilizations that might arise will be largely clueless as to how or if the universe began and evolved.
H264 vs H265 – What is the difference? What is the difference between H264 and H265 really? In this article we'll go more in-depth about each so that you know which one suits your needs. H264 vs H265 – What is the difference? Video content is engaging, popular, and up to 1600% times more successful than other forms of media. It’s also annually increasing, showing a near-unlimited potential for industry growth. After all, people watch 16 hours of video a week on average —a number that’s increased by 52% just within the last two years. Countless creators and companies have jumped on the video-creation trend and begun developing content covering a wide range of topics. These days, it’s simple to do a quick YouTube search and discover yoga tutorials, financial how-tos, commentary, and anything in between. Investing in high-quality video for your streaming is an absolute necessity. And while many people associate expensive cameras and sound equipment as the only must-own video creation technology, the right method of video compression can make all of the difference in the quality of your streaming. Two codecs currently at the center of video technology are H.264 and H.625. Think of codec as the way that video signals are stored and converted so that you can watch the video on your screen. Both video compression systems improve video quality, yet each provides different features to streamers. Learn all about the need-to-know basics of H.264 and H.265, easily compare between the two codecs, and see which video compression system is the real winner by reading on! What is H264? The classic image of video compression codecs, H.264 is an industry-standard beloved by creators in various industries. Also known as Advanced Video Coding (AVC), or even MPEG-4 Part 10, this codec helps users record, compress, and most importantly, stream. H.264 is able to be played by almost any device and delivers viewers great video quality at a lower bitrate. By utilizing multiple processes, a H.264 bitstream is created which processes frames of video content. H.264 uses a block-oriented standard that divides video into macroblocks. These blocks can be as big as up to 16x16 pixels. After the video has been divided, the video decoder prepares the file. Now that we’ve taken a closer look at the H.264 and how it works, let’s check out another favorite codec used by streamers and content creators all over! What is H265? In comparison, H265 is an up-and-coming codec option that offers some sizable improvements to H264’s weak areas (namely, video compression at high-resolution quality). Also called High-Efficiency Video Coding (HVEC), this method of video compression is still not as widely used as H264. However, that might change in the future as more and more streamers recognize the benefits offered by H265. Because H265 is more recently developed with the new generation of high-speed internet and technological advancements in mind, it offers some serious perks. Such as 25-50% better data compression to start. That’s a serious advantage offered by H265. Plus, it keeps video quality the same, making sure that no streamer has to compromise between compression and quality. H265 also supports up to 8192x4320 resolution. And yeah, that includes 8K UHD. Those are stats that H264 can only dream of. By utilizing newer technology, H265 can offer streamers all of these additional benefits. The most beneficial feature of H265 is the new encoding method. H264 breaks down data pixel squares called macroblocks. While effective, it’s nothing compared to the coding tree units (CTU) used by H265. How does it work exactly? Essentially, by using CTUs (coding tree units), coding efficiency increases. This is because the CTUs can handle bigger blocks of information —up to 64x64 pixels— which streamlines the coding process. The results of this new technology are providing many advantages to streamers across countless different platforms. What is the difference between H264 and H265? So, now that you’ve got a better understanding of H264 and H265 codecs, it’s time to pit the two compression systems against each other and determine the best codec for creators. By comparing two key features of both codecs —video quality and file size— plus other additional components, determining whether H264 or H265 comes out the winner will be simple. After all, if 78% of people watch videos online every week —and 55% watch videos every day— it’s vitally important to stream using the best method of video compression. First, let’s start with video quality. To put it simply, H265 is able to provide better video quality. It can achieve better results thanks to the new data-processing technology used. To start out with, much like H.265’s lower file size, the method of how H.265 processes data also compresses information that increases efficiency. Processing data in coding tree units, instead of the macroblocks used by H.264, allows H.265 to handle up to 64x64 blocks of data. Compared to H.264’s simple 4x4 or 16x16 blocks of data, the difference is huge. File size is another important factor to consider when streaming and compressing videos. A smaller file size for your stream can have a big, intensely positive impact on upload speeds. That’s because a lower file size also lowers bandwidth requires. In some cases, where H.264 might require 32 mbps internet speed, H.265 can do it in just 15 mbps. And, when it comes to creating smaller files, H.265 takes the cake. H.265 also possesses other features that make it distinctly more superior than H.264. For example, motion compensation in H.265 performs better than in H.264. For streamers, this allows your viewers to use less bandwidth and processing power when watching. Having a smother stream can set you apart from others in your niche, as well as ensure happy viewers. If you’re searching for the best method of video compression, H265 is the obvious winner. While H264 still provides adequate video quality and is accessible on nearly all devices, H265 is the better choice for streamers and content creators looking to upload professional content. However, that’s not to say that the H264 is without its merit. Therefore, everyone interested in streaming should carefully consider their own unique situations and determine which method of video compression best suits them! Keep in the loop Subscribe to the Streampal newsletter to receive the latest video business insights, strategies and promotions straight to your inbox. Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. 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Skip to main content The Martyrdom of Saint Ursula and 11,000 Virgins by Bernardo Daddi (about 1333). The angels fly toward the gilded pinnacle with their eyes covered, to keep from being blinded by God's radiance. He looks right at us, like a figure in a Byzantine icon, but this wintry God with his narrow-eyed gravitas has something most Byzantine images lack: personality. That spark of life was seen as novel when it appeared in Italy in the early 14th century, and Giotto di Bondone, who painted that Apparition of God the Father, has been a famous artist ever since. Not much of Giotto's monumental art can travel, so fans of Old Master painting will flock to the Art Gallery of Ontario to see a show that includes just three of his works, including an imposing altarpiece painted for Florence's Peruzzi banking family. The show is teasingly called Revealing the Early Renaissance: Stories and Secrets in Florentine Art. The key word here is "Renaissance," which in the show logo is much larger than all the rest. Giotto may be the star, but the hook for the broad public is a term that has been changed and hollowed out over the centuries till it signifies scarcely more than a best-selling art brand. The idea of an Italian renaissance in art began as a polemical tool, to beat down the Byzantine tradition that the 16th-century writer Giorgio Vasari described as "rude and inept," and to promote a naturalist evolution from Giotto to Michelangelo. The rebirth was supposed to have something to do with a classical revival, but Greek vase painting isn't very naturalistic, and nobody knew what Roman wall painting looked like till a century after Giotto's death. "The Renaissance" was broadened and popularized during the 19th century till it became a general term for a two- or three-century slice of time, which current historians mostly prefer to call "early modern." Yet "the Renaissance" still calls to us. It sounds fresh and hopeful, and if we can't muster the faith that Vasari and the Victorians had in the upward progress of modern civilization, we can still feel nostalgic about it. The open secret of the AGO exhibition, which originated at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles, is how much its treasures from 1300 to 1350 owe to medieval fixations, such as the spectacle of pain. Saints are shown being broiled or flayed alive, mutilated or beheaded while praying. Blood gushes from the wounds of Christ on the Cross, sometimes pooling around a skull. The Byzantine influence is not hard to spot in the stylized poses of saints and Madonnas, and the iconographic details that surround them. The private wealth that allowed Florentine citizens and social clubs to commission such images was the fruit of a medieval industrial revolution that mechanized the city's textile works. Medieval financial innovation made Florence the banking capital of Europe, and gave the Peruzzis the means to pay Giotto for their fabulous five-panel altarpiece. Of course, the Middle Ages don't have the brand appeal of the Renaissance, whose humanistic glow helps us feel close culturally to the Europeans of Giotto's time. Bernardo Daddi's warm, almost sensual portrait of Saint Catherine of Alexandria gives visual form to this feeling of temporal nearness – the skin textures are remarkably naturalistic, and even the painting looks much younger than its 680 years. But in some ways, Daddi's world is very remote from ours. An image in the Laudario of Sant'Agnese, one of several illuminated texts in the exhibition, shows three angels slaying the dragon Satan, while a crowd of devils looks on. This fantastic scene gains new punch when you know it was made 50 years into Europe's three-century war on witches and other Satanic helpers. In 1327, at about the time Giotto was painting his Apparition of God the Father , an astrologer was burnt at the stake in Florence. The Getty's take on the pieces it has assembled – mostly from other museums' collections – is detailed and academic, as shown in a lavish catalogue filled with ponderously fine-grained object descriptions. Rich in cash, relatively poor in holdings, the Getty put its resources into scholarship and the sleuthing needed to reunite, for example, the three panels of a triptych by Taddeo Gaddi. The museum gave extra dimension to the Laudario of Sant'Agnese, another research object, by having its choral-music notations transcribed, recorded and played through the exhibition rooms. Giotto is the show's headliner, but its main focus is on little-known painter-illustrators such as Pacino di Bonaguida and the Master of the Dominican Effigies. Pacino is responsible for almost half the works on display, including an arresting Crucifixion against a black background, with sun and moon regarding each other like two dark bottle caps. If you don't know Pacino and his workshop, Bryan C. Keene contends in his lead-off catalogue essay, you don't really know Florentine painting of the early 14th century. Like any good historical exhibition, the show contains things that challenge whatever you thought you knew about the artists and the period. Many of the manuscript illustrations really are superb, and some are surprising, including a few small illustrations of initials by Maestro Daddesco, whose dynamic, geometric line teeters on the edge of abstraction. The show gives you the predictable impression that great things were yet to come, and that was certainly true for Florentine art. But Florence was past its peak by the end of the mid-century. A banking crisis that began in 1337 destroyed the city's financial eminence and beggared the Peruzzi. A decade later, the Black Plague reduced the population by half. In terms of the city's prosperity and power, the "birth of the Renaissance" was actually a golden age that ended early and never returned.
How does the Bill of Rights affect our lives? As a citizen, the Bill of Rights has a huge affect on me daily. As citizens we are extremely lucky to have this document to protect and ensure us all of our freedoms and rights. This right is so important, because it protects our rights to speech, press, petition, religion, and assembly. Why the Bill of Rights is important to our way of life? The Bill of Rights built on that foundation, protecting our most cherished American freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and due process of law. What does the Bill of Rights protect us from? How can I remember the 1st Amendment? For example, the first amendment can be remembered with the acronym, “SPRAP.” SPRAP would refer to speech, petition, religion, assembly, and petition. The second amendment can be remembered by “two bare arms.” There are many more like this. What are the Bill of Rights in order? Bill of Rights – The Really Brief Version1Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.2Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia.3No quartering of soldiers.4Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.6 What are 5 facts about the First Amendment? How do you remember the Bill of Rights with your fingers? 2:56Suggested clip 93 secondsMrs. Ethington’s Bill of Rights Hand Signals – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip How do you memorize the Constitution? Mnemonic for remembering the Articles of the Constitution:Lazy Elephants Jump Slowly And Sit Regularly.L = legislative.E = executive.J = judicial.S = states.A = amendment process.S = supremacy of constitution.R = ratification.
CYBOCEPHALIDAE Jacquelin du Val, 1858 No Common Name A single adventive species has recently been recorded from Surrey, otherwise the family is absent from the UK. POLYPHAGA Emery, 1886 CUCUJOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Cybocephalus Erichson, 1844 C. fodori Endrödy-Younga, 1965 This group was formerly included as a subfamily of the Nitidulidae Latreille, 1802 but is distinct on a number of features (see below) as well as the overall appearance. The family includes more than 220 described species and, following recent revisions, at least 13 genera and is cosmopolitan in distribution. By far the majority of its members are included in the genus Cybocephalus Erichson, 1844, a group of about 200 species and 2 subgenera; Theticephalus Kirejtschk, 1988 includes 5 species distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa, and the remainder are included in the widespread subgenus Cybocephalus s.str. which includes many species of restricted distribution and some Island endemics e.g. C. serrativentris Waterhouse, 1925 from the Galapagos, and C. etiennei Enrödy-Younga, 1987 from the Indian Ocean islands, the greatest diversity is in tropical regions and especially tropical Africa, about 20 species are recorded from Europe including one, C. fodori Enrödy-Younga, 1965, from the U.K. and 5 have been recorded from North America of which one is adventive. All members of the family are small, between 0.5 and 2.5mm, and most are drab; yellow through brown to black, some are bicoloured with the head or the head and pronotum contrasting with the elytra, and some are dark with pale margins, many are weakly metallic blue or blue-green, and some tropical species are brilliant metallic green or bronze. All members of Cybocephalus possess 11-segmented antennae, as do most of the genera, but in some they are 10-segmented: • Apastillus Kirejtshuk & Mantic, 2015 which is monotypic, from Japan. • Theticephalus Kirejtshuk, 1988 from northwest Africa and Asia. • Pacicephalus Kirejtshuk & Mantic, 2015 from The Caroline Islands (northwest Pacific.) • Amedissia Kirejtshuk & Mantic, 2015, which is Neotropical. • Horadion Enrödy-Younga, 1976 from tropical Africa. The remaining genera have 11-segmented antennae: • Pycnocephalus Sharp, 1891 with 3 species from Central and South America. • Hierronius Enrödy-Younga, 1968 with 3 species endemic to Madeira and Canary Islands. Cybocephalus fodori Cybocephalus fodori • Pastillodes Enrödy-Younga, 1968 with 2 species from northwest Africa. • Taxicephomerus Kirejtshuk, 1994 which is monotypic, from Vietnam. • Pastillus Enrödy-Younga, 1962 with 2 Afrotropical species. • Endrodiellus Enrödy-Younga, 1962 which is monotypic from Madagascar. All are very convex and rather globular beetles, superficially resembling Agathidium Panzer, 1797 (Leiodidae, Agathidiini), but have a distinctive, compact 3-segmented antennal club, or Clambidae but are distinctive in head and tarsal structure. They are broadly elongate to almost round and more-or-less continuous in outline, although this is broken when specimens are laid out for setting, and they can roll into a compact ball (conglobulation) with the head held ventrally so that the mandibles are resting against the metasternum. The head is transverse and proportionally very large though not so wide as the pronotum, with entire and very large eyes that follow the outline (Cybocephalus means ‘cube head’), the vertex is convex and smooth, without sculpture, the temples short and hidden under the pronotum; generally rather parallel but sometimes strongly converging towards the base from a small tooth behind the eyes, the clypeus smooth and extended in front of the eyes, without a distinct frontoclypeal suture. Antennae inserted laterally in front of the eyes, the insertions widely separated; 10- or 11-segmented, segments 1 and 2 large and globular, 3 to 7 or 8 quadrate to slightly elongate, and the club 3-segmented, compact and gradually thickened, the penultimate segment is sometimes wider than the terminal segment which is truncate or widely curved apically. Ventrally the head lacks grooves for the reception of the antennae, a feature present in Nitidulids. Pronotum widely transverse and convex, smooth and very finely punctured and pubescent, any microsculpture being weakly impressed or defined and visible only at high magnification. The lateral margins are strongly curved and finely bordered, the anterior and posterior angles rounded and the basal margin weakly sinuate. The scutellum is generally proportionally large, triangular and sometimes widely transverse. Procoxae round and protruding (transverse in Nitidulids), the Prosternal process not extending beyond the basal margin of the cavities, as it does in Nitidulids, and without mesoventral procoxal rests which are present in Nitidulids. The elytra are smoothly rounded and very convex, completely covering the abdomen and lacking striae although in some there may be a longitudinal impression parallel to the suture towards the base, the surface is generally very finely and sparsely punctured and pubescent although in some Cybocephalus these become much stronger behind the middle. In some cases the elytra are weakly truncate or widely curved around the apex, and in some e.g. C. metallicus Baudi, 1870, they diverge weakly behind the middle. Abdomen with 5 visible sternites, in Nitidulids there are 6. The legs are usually long and slender with the tibiae thin and curved but in some specialized groups e.g. Enrodiellus they are variously dilated and flattened. Tarsi 4-4-4; when the group was originally described they were thought to be 5-5-5, and this justified their inclusion in the Nitidulidae. All species are predators and most are specialized both as adults and larvae to feed on scale insects, although if necessary they will predate eggs and young larvae or nymphs of other small insects but in all the species studied it seems that they need to consume scale insects in order to complete their development. Various species are among the most important biological control agents of scale insects on a very wide range of crops e.g. orchard fruits, olives, mangos and pistachio nuts. The family is included in the British list on the strength of a single record of the widespread European Cybocephalus fodori Enrödy-Younga, 1965 from Betula pendula in Putney, London in 2000.
Quedius curtipennis Bernhauer, 1908 POLYPHAGA Emery, 1886 STAPHYLINOIDEA Latreille, 1802 STAPHYLINIDAE Latreille, 1802 STAPHYLININAE Latreille, 1802 STAPHYLININI Latreille, 1802 Quedius Stephens, 1829 Quedius Stephens, 1829 This widespread Palaearctic species occurs commonly throughout Europe from Spain to Italy and Greece in the south and north to the UK and some central provinces of Fennoscandia, it is also common across North West Africa and the Near East and occurs on most of the Mediterranean islands, the Azores and Faroe. It was first recorded in North America in 1962 from specimens collected from Washington in 1934 and it is now established along both the east and west coasts, it is also established in both eastern and western Canada, presumably from European imports, and a recent discovery in Nova Scotia is thought to represent a separate introduction. In the UK it is generally common throughout England and Wales, including all the islands, and rather less so to the far north of Scotland, the Outer Hebrides and across Ireland. In Europe the species occurs naturally up to the subalpine zone although also appears synanthropically at higher altitudes. Typical habitats are damp grassland and woodland on a variety of soils but it often occurs on ruderal sites such as waste ground, parks and domestic gardens; it is likely to occur in any permanently damp situation but in general avoids wetland areas; in North America it seems to be much more synanthropic and away from human habitation is more typical of agricultural fields, regenerating woodland and other disturbed sites. Adults occur year-round, they overwinter under bark or in tussocks or litter and are active from the first warm spells in February until late in the autumn, peaking in abundance during May and June and again in September and October. Little is known of the biology of the species but both adults and larvae are predatory and breeding is thought to occur in the winter, at least in the UK. Adults are nocturnal and they fly well and so may appear in any suitable habitat. Nocturnal searching is the best way to find adults although they often appear under logs and loose bark during the day, they usually occur on the ground, less often on trunks fence posts etc., and they are generally very active, even during mild winter spells, beyond this they sometimes occur among samples of moss, decaying vegetation and compost. Because of the close similarity with Q. fuliginosus (Gravenhorst, 1802) they will need to be taken for close examination. Quedius curtipennis 1 Quedius curtipennis 1 Quedius curtipennis 2 Quedius curtipennis 2 10.0-15.0 mm. Elongate, parallel-sided and discontinuous in outline, glabrous and shiny black, maxillary palpi red, antennae entirely red or with the basal segments partially darkened, legs black but usually with the front tibiae and tarsi partly red. Head with large eyes that follow the outline and occupy more than half the lateral margin, surface with very fine punctures among linear microsculpture and three setiferous punctures beside each eye, anterior margin of labrum rounded, not notched at the centre. Antennae with three glabrous (except for scattered longer setae) and very elongate basal segments, from segment four densely pubescent and only slightly elongate. Pronotum quadrate or nearly so, broadest near widely-rounded basal margin and narrowed to slightly projecting anterior angles, surface with very fine punctures among linear microsculpture and with a series of three setiferous punctures in the anterior half either side of the disc. Scutellum smooth, unpunctured and microsculptured as the pronotum. Metasternum with a fine longitudinal median keel. Elytra quadrate to slightly transverse and a little narrower than the pronotum, weakly dilated from rounded shoulders to separately curved apical margins, surface with dense backwardly-pointing punctures and overlapping pubescence. Abdomen finely punctured and wrinkled and slightly iridescent. Sternite 7 depressed along the apical margin, and sternite 8 widely excised in males. Front tarsi dilated in both sexes. Compared with Q. fuliginosus the eyes are not so convex, the elytral punctures are stronger and the antennae are paler; specimens with completely pale antennae are invariably curtipennis. There are differences in the aedeagi but the most convenient feature is the finely keeled metasternum, in Q. fuliginosus it is smooth.
Recycling Process All the dumping operation of the Used Lead Acid Batteries (ULAB) will be done in the Storage Pit to avoid a dispersion of acid or lead containing material on the floor. The Storage Pit for batteries and all the floors involved in the process will be built with an underlying concrete protection layer of PE-HD to avoid the contamination of the soil with acid and lead containing material. The batteries from Storage Pit are loaded by the Grab Bridge Crane into the Feed Conveyor and then to the primary Hammer Mill (HM1) The materials crushed by HM1 will be fed to secondary Hammer Mill (HM2) by reducing the size of material to 30 mm. The crushed material will go through a Vibrant-Screen (VS1), and the Lead Paste and the Electrolyte screened into Thickener Tank. The crushed fraction of plastic materials and metallic parts will be fed to a primary Hydrodynamic Separator (MS1); with the water flow utilized for the separation process, also the heavy plastics (separators, etc.) and the light plastics (Polypropylene) are discharged from the MS1 and conveyed to the primary Rotating Screen (RS1) designed for solids separation from liquid. The plastics conveyed to the Static Separator (PLS1) by means of a screw conveyor are separated in accordance with their specific weight, made up by the floating part (Polypropylene) and by the heavy part, consisting of the other plastics (Mix Plastic). The mixed plastic will be further separated to be sure that all the contamination of lead will be reduced at minimum by using a secondary Hydrodynamic Separator (MS2) and than dewatered through a secondary Rotary Screen (RS2). Battery paste is de-sulphurised using sodium carbonate before being stored ready for smelting. Previously collected battery acid is also converted to sodium sulphate in the same process. The process reaction is basically the following: PbSO4 +Na2CO3® PbCO3 +Na2SO4 Sulphuric acid as well is part of the reaction, as follows: Na2CO3+H2SO4® Na2SO4+H20+CO2 At the end of this process, the reactor will contain the reacted solid mass (desulphurated paste) and the liquid mass, containing the sodium sulphate solution. Separation of the solid mass from the liquid mass is carried out by means of filter press FP1. The solid mass (desulphurated paste) is fed to rotary furnaces and the filtered solution process will be fed in the Sodium Sulphate Crystallization unit. The Sodium Sulphate Crystallization is based on a Forced Circulation Evaporative Crystallizer; precipitated crystals will be separated by a pusher centrifuge and dried in a vibrated fluid bed drier and then the sodium sulphate salt stored in a silo and packaging with big bag. Two Rotary Furnaces are designed to produce crude lead from de-sulphurised paste and metallics produced by the battery breaker. These are heated by oxygen enriched, natural gas burners, designed to reduce emissions from the combustion process. A chemical flux is added to aid the conversion reaction and help remove impurities from the resultant bullion. 3P monitors the process to ensure that peak efficiency is maintained. Lead bullion tapped from the furnace will be transferred to the Refinery Unit for next steps. Lead bullion produced by the Foundry Unit is transferred into a processing kettle. Each kettle is capable of holding 120 tonnes of molten lead and is heated via high efficiency natural gas burners. Pyrometallurgical refining is undertaken with the lead in molten form. Refined/ Pure/ Soft Lead 99.97% is produced in accordance with the British Standard Specification EN 12588 and various Lead alloys is produced according to customer’s specification. All the stages of the refining/ alloying process are continuously checked by an Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (OES). The casting unit is a full automatic Casting Machine and Stacking Unit for the production of 33 Kg Ingot at continuous casting rate of 20 Tons per hour. Polypropylene pieces separated by PLS1 in Crushing and Separation Unit is transferred to Polypropylene Recycling Unit for below processing and producing Recycled PP Granule: 1) Re- Grinding for transforming PP Pieces to PP Chips. 2) Separation other plastics and containment from PP Chips 3) Dewatering and Drying step by Centrifuge and Hot Air Fan for PP Chips 4) Storage PP Chips 6) Transforming PP Chips to PP Granule by Extruder 7) Dewatering and Drying step by Centrifuge and Hot Air Fan for PP Granule 8) Storage and Packaging PP Granule
Today's Article - S. A. Andrée This article is for quizzes on Thursday November 10th... Salomon August Andrée (18 October 1854, Gränna, Småland – October 1897, Kvitøya, Arctic Norway), during his lifetime most often known as S. A. Andrée, was a Swedish engineer, physicist, aeronaut and polar explorer who died while leading an attempt to reach the Geographic North Pole by hydrogen balloon. The balloon expedition was unsuccessful in reaching the Pole and resulted in the deaths of all three of its participants. Supported by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and funded by people like King Oscar II and Alfred Nobel, his polar exploration project was the subject of enormous interest and was seen as a brave and patriotic scheme. The North Pole expedition made a first attempt to launch the balloon Örnen (The Eagle) in the summer of 1896 from Danes Island, an island in the west of the Svalbard Archipelago, but the winds did not permit the expedition to start. When Andrée next tried, on 11 July 1897, together with his companions engineer Knut Frænkel and photographer Nils Strindberg (a second cousin of playwright August Strindberg), the balloon did set off and sailed for 65 hours. This was not directed flight, however; already at the lift-off the gondola had lost two of the three sliding ropes that were supposed to drag on the ice and thus function as a kind of rudder (this was observed by the ground crew). And within ten hours of lift-off, they were caught by powerful winds from a storm raging in the area. The heavy winds continued and, together with the rain creating ice on the balloon, impeded the flight. It is likely that Andrée realized before the flight ended that they would never come near the pole. For these reasons they were forced down onto the ice, though the landing was conducted in a semi-controlled way rather than actually crashing. They had covered 295 miles (475 km) and floundered on the pack ice. The expedition was well equipped for travelling on the ice (three sledges and a boat) and had supplies for three months; also there were three deposits in northern Svalbard and one in Franz Josef Land. They set off eastbound for the latter, but after a week they had moved west due to the currents which moved the ice. They then changed direction towards northern Svalbard; movement was slowed down by ice drift and by the craggy surface of the pack ice. The three had to pull the sledges themselves, and despite good reserves of food, added to by their shooting polar bears, the efforts against the moving, uneven ice wore them out. They reached land in early October after over two months on the ice, setting foot on Kvitøya (White Island), just east of Svalbard. They perished there, probably within two weeks after landfall. Most modern writers agree that Nils Strindberg died within a week of arrival: he was buried among the rocks (though no marker was placed on his grave) while the other two men were later found in the tent. Facebook Feed
What Is The Difference Between Gamma Decay And A Gamma Ray Saturday January 15, 2022 What is the difference between gamma decay and a gamma ray? They both are gamma rays (electromagneticz); gamma decay is the energy released by a transition electron that moves from a higher orbit to a lower orbit as a result of a beta decay event that took earlier in a radioactive isotope resulting in the spontaneous release of an inner electron. b. Gamma decay is the energy of a fast moving electron Gamma rays come from outer-space while gamma decay comes from earth d. Gamma rays can be used only for diagnostics (like in PET) while gamma decay is used for therapeutics NONE C. e. 1 12. FDG is a fluorine isotope-labelled glucose sugar widely used in cancer diagnostics, especially using PET. Why is this compound used in PET? Negative identification of hypoxic cells and positive identification of cancer cells b. Positive identification of kidney failures Treatment of brain tumors d. Treatment of organs that are sensitive to X-rays NONE a. c. e. 13. A truck carrying nuclear material meant for a power plant met with a road accident resulting in a massive explosion leading to several kilograms of radioactive materials being thrown out into the air. People living within a mile radius from the accident site were suspected to be influenced by this accident. It was later known that the radiation is caused only by electromagnetic emission. The victims were treated adequately and any loss of property, life and health has been addressed. Two years later, an individual came forward to suggest that he was a victim of radiation exposure. Although he did not experience any physical trauma or visible injuries due to radiation exposure, he claims that the authorities failed to provide him with adequate medical diagnosis and treatment which caused blindness due to radiation-induced cataract. He filed a law suit against the US Government. But the judge declined to even hear the case after looking over the initial evidences. Which of the following may have convinced the judge to throw away the case? a. His 18-month old son, who was in his mother’s womb at the site of the radiation, was born with no malformations or eye defects. b. The numerical classification of his cataract is not 4 Get a custom answer for this and any question related to academic Order Now Order a Custom Paper By placing an order, you agree to our terms & conditions Powered by WhatsApp Chat × How can I help you?
WhatsApp: An Online Platform for University-Level English Language Education Author: Mufleh Salem Alqahtani Keywords: English language learning, e-learning, survey study, use of technology, WhatsApp DOI: DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no4.7 Technology has developed immensely and its role in the aspects of learning a language has grown bigger and bigger. Among the university level students, WhatsApp at present is getting into the frontline as one of the most widespread online social networking platforms concerning to language learning. The research work undertaken tries to understand if university level students consider WhatsApp as a significant learning platform that can develop and support their language learning skills. Moreover, , the research work focuses on the routine practices or use of WhatsApp by students. The outcome of the survey data reveals that students consider that WhatsApp may be utilized as a teaching cum learning online platform to assist them in the process of language learning. They also highlighted the necessity of imitating language courses associated with WhatsApp, integration of technology through WhatsApp for the access of class materials with a set of objectives and outcomes explicitly focused on learning language to create meaningful experiences for students. Pedagogically, the study concludes by emphasizing the efficacy and prospective role of WhatsApp in improving the capability of students with regard to learning a language at university level.
The Benefits of a Carnivore Diet The Benefits of a Carnivore Diet The carnivore diet is a restrictive diet that can be too restrictive. A carnivore’s diet must have little or no carbohydrates in it, as well as very little animal fat. The carnivore diet is the extreme version of the diet, one in which all or most of the calories come from carbohydrates. As a result, carnivores must eat much food to get their daily needs. As a result, carnivores eat a lot more food than other types of animals. The diet can be too restrictive and unhealthy for dogs and cats. The Munsey diet says that the ideal diet for carnivores should be primarily plant-foods but should include fish and eggs in limited quantities. A carnivore diet should also contain salt, butter, and honey, along with zero-fat, low-sugar, low-calorie, high-fiber options and protein. Other foods like fruits and vegetables, bread, grains, dairy products, fish, eggs, beans, potatoes, meats, vegetables, and whole grains are all completely excluding from the carnivore diet. Meats, eggs, fish, and poultry could all be eaten in small quantities but not in large amounts. The Benefits of a Carnivore Diet The Benefits of a Carnivore Diet One common question that pet owners have about the diet: why do they recommend it? Carnivore diet When looking at the food choices available on the market today, it is hard to find good quality sources of protein and essential fatty acids in the form of carbohydrates, which is what is typically found in the carnivore diet in your typical grocery store. If you read the labels of the different brand name foods you purchase, you will often find little to no carbohydrates listed or even a negative rating for carbohydrates. This occurs because the typical store brands are over-processed, laden with artificial additives, highly refined starches, and high fructose corn syrup. When looking at a carnivore diet, you want a high source of natural carbohydrates, which can aid in regularity and overall weight management. In addition to helping overweight and obese individuals shed unwanted pounds, the carnivore diet has long-term health benefits. Eliminating wheat from your diet will not only help increase your energy level, but it can improve your immune system and strengthen your digestive system. By removing the harmful components of food, your body can better absorb minerals, including iron, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. It can help strengthen your bones and cartilage, improve blood circulation, increase bowel movements, increase energy levels, improve moods and self-esteem, reduce cholesterol levels, lower harmful cholesterol levels, prevent heart attacks and strokes, strengthen your immune system, improve your cognitive abilities, improve your short-term memory, lower high blood pressure levels, promote better cholesterol retention, promote better digestion, lower your cholesterol levels and blood sugar levels, improve your joint function and increase stamina. All of these benefits mentioned can be had by eating a diet that is void of grains and other high carbohydrate foods. Many people experience constipation daily, but some suffer from chronic constipation. One of the critical factors in determining if one is suffering from constipation is the amount of fiber consumed in one’s diet. If one is on a carnivore diet, it may be beneficial to add more fiber to one’s daily diet to alleviate constipation. Another problem commonly experienced with carnivore diets is an imbalance of fat, protein, water, and carbohydrates. To remedy this imbalance, you can eat more fat and protein sources in your daily meals than carbohydrates and water. While this may seem challenging to do on a carnivore diet, it is possible. By substituting animal proteins such as lean meats and fish for your food groups, you will be able to get all of the nutrients lacking in your daily meal. In fact, by including additional protein sources, fat, calcium, and amino acids, you will be taking in more nutrients than you usually would. Lastly, a significant problem with a carnivore diet is an insufficient number of nutrients in the gut. A healthy small sized intestinal system is optimal for absorbing essential nutrients. However, a smaller intestine is not a normal part of the average carnivore’s physique. This leads to nutrient deficiencies and decreases the body’s ability to fight off infections. By following a good exercise and a balanced diet and giving the body the proper amounts of food groups, you can enjoy a healthy lifestyle. By following a carnivore diet, you will still be able to get all of the nutrients you need. You will be doing this while getting rid of all of the excess carbs and fats that would otherwise overwhelm your body. These changes will lead to long-term health improvements and less risk for diabetes and heart disease diseases. These diets also decrease the amount of cholesterol in your body and cause weight loss. As a result, you will live a long and disease-free life.
Positional Vertigo – How can PT help? Many of you may have experienced an occurrence of dizziness, perhaps after performing yoga or exercising, or maybe you know someone that has been diagnosed with positional vertigo. There are always lots of questions as to what causes this problem or how can it be treated. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an inner ear problem that causes short periods of dizziness when your head is moved in certain positions. It is one of the most common types of vertigo, a spinning sensation in your head that can be very disturbing. It occurs most commonly when lying down, turning over in bed, or looking up. BPPV occurs when pieces of calcium carbonate material (often called “ear rocks”) break off from a part of your inner ear and move to another part of the inner ear. When you move your head a certain way, the crystals move inside the canal and stimulate the nerve endings, causing you to become dizzy. The crystals may become loose due to trauma to the head, infection, conditions such as Meniere disease, or aging, but in some cases there is no obvious cause. HOW CAN A PHYSICAL THERAPIST HELP? After a confirmed diagnosis following a series of tests, most people recover from BPPV with a simple but very specific head and neck maneuver performed by a physical therapist. The maneuver is designed to move ear crystals from the semicircular canal back to into the appropriate area of the inner ear. The most common treatment is called the Epley maneuver. The physical therapist shows you how to move your head through a series of 4 positions, with the head staying in each position for about 30 to 60 seconds. In the Semont maneuver, the body is rapidly moved from lying on one side to lying on the other. Depending on information from your test results, you might be asked to perform Brandt-Daroff exercises, which need to be performed several times per day for several days. If you or someone you know is experiencing the symptoms of positional vertigo, seek the help of a Body One Physical Therapist right away. The sooner you initiate treatment, the quicker the recovery!
Does your dog have a hormone deficiency? hormone deficiency Does your dog have a hormonal deficiency? You probably already know that canines can suffer from hormone imbalances of the thyroid gland, or the insulin insufficiency associated with diabetes. But the most common hormone problem in both dogs and humans is sex hormone deficiency. Think about it. Unless you are a breeder, your dog is most likely spayed or neutered. In females, spaying removes the uterus and ovaries (estrogen/progesterone source), while neutering males removes the testicles (testosterone source). As for us humans, simply surviving into our 40s and beyond takes us through the portals of decreasing gonad function and diminishing sex hormone reserve and quantity. Yes, folks, we also ultimately “get fixed”! We’re more alike than you think The need for dog population control is real and compelling. Unfortunately, we have been slow to realize the adverse consequences of sex hormone disruption on a dog’s lifespan, functionality, and activity. We share 82% to 84% of the same DNA with our dogs. This means dogs have the same “operating platform” as we do and suffer from the same metabolic disruptions. A hormone deficiency or abnormality may manifest in various ways depending on the species but we share the same metabolic pathways. The bottom line is that we are genetically more alike than different. Symptoms of hormone loss Here’s what sex hormone deficiency does to us and our dogs: Metabolic – Decreases metabolic rate, increases appetite, food consumption and weight gain. Bone/joint – Decreases bone mineral content and strength. Increases joint inflammation (degenerative arthritis). Increases abnormal bone matrix deposits contributing to cervical and spinal stenosis. Decreases ligament/tendon strength (a leading cause of joint instability). Hormone deficiency is the largest contributor to joint inflammation and degeneration and premature aging. Teeth – Decreases bone mineral content and strength of alveolar and jaw bones, leading to weaker tooth anchorage and increased periodontal disease with tooth loss. Muscles – Lean body mass is adversely affected by hormone loss in humans and dogs. It’s usually more apparent in humans. Activity can largely offset this in both dogs and humans. Brain/cognitive – Much higher incidence of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s in humans. Cognitive/coping mechanisms decrease in spayed/neutered dogs. Bladder control – Spayed dogs have a higher incidence of bladder leakage just as post-menopausal women frequently have stress incontinence. So we have a bit of a dilemma. We want humane treatment of animals. We believe that animal population control is essential. Wouldn’t it be nice if we could achieve the same contraception that spay/neutering provides, but somehow spare our dogs the premature aging and mortality caused by hormone deficiency? I would love to have an extra two years of full, interactive life with my spayed dogs! Enter soy isoflavones One option is to leave the ovaries intact when spaying a female, or to perform a vasectomy on male dogs. But for dogs already spayed or neutered, there is only one practical, safe and effective hormone substitute. Soy extracted isoflavones have been proven to almost completely offset the life-shortening impacts of sex hormone loss caused by spaying and neutering. Isoflavones from soy have been tested since the 1970s, and there are now over 11,000 scientific papers about them. Isoflavones are to soy what ascorbic acid is to oranges. The three principle soy isoflavones are the well studied genistein, daidzein and glycetin. Isoflavones don’t have the allergenic potential that soy proteins and flours do. Soy isoflavones got noticed thanks to the estrogenic effect that large amounts of soy meal mixed with meat had on cheetahs in the Philadelphia Zoo during the early 1970s. There was a rush of interest in the medical community to use “phytoestrogens” in place of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) because they were associated with a much lower cancer risk. We physicians cooled off on using them because they seemed to offer little help for the hot flashes, anxiety, insomnia and agitation caused by peri-menopausal changes in women. We concluded that they “didn’t work”. Meanwhile, veterinarians thought spaying and neutering had little impact on a dog’s health since good vet care was improving life spans. Plus there remained the very real need to control animal populations. From their perspective, the system wasn’t broken and didn’t need fixing. What they can do But keeping all hormones at functionally normal levels benefits both dogs and humans. In cases of sex hormone deficiency, soy isoflavones can: • Restore bone mineral content and strength • Prevent joint inflammation and degenerative arthritis • Maintain cognitive and neuron growth • Restore and maintain bladder control • Maintain lens and retina functions in the eye • Maintain appetite feedback and weight control • Improve lipid levels • Improve lean body mass to total body weight ratios • Enhance bone density in mandible and alveolar bone, leading to less periodontal disease and tooth loss • Maintain ligament and tendon strength • Maintain normal blood pressure • Promote micro circulation to limit cardiovascular disease and liver and kidney problems. Soy isoflavones don’t help with hot flashes, insomnia or agitation in peri-menopausal women. They don’t stimulate breast proliferation (make them larger or produce milk) or stimulate prostate growth or proliferation. (This is thought to be the reason some studies have shown an anti-cancer effect regarding breast and prostate cancer.) Isovflavones don’t stimulate growth of the ovaries or uterus at replacement doses. They also don’t influence hair growth at the doses tested, or enlarge the prostate or penis. Supplementing your dog Soy has been in cultivation for over 3,000 years. The FDA has ruled that soy products are GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe). This means no prescription is needed. Soy isoflavones are sold over the counter in most drug stores in the form of 60 mg to 100 mg supplements for human consumption. You can give one of these to your dog every day for each 20 pounds of weight. Isoflavones taste awful so be sure to mask the flavor. There is only one dedicated spay/neuter supplement currently on the market. EstraPet isoflavone supplement biscuit treats ( are made with 60 mg of isoflavones and are baked using chicken, hypoallergenic barley, malt, rice and oat grains. They contain bone meal and vitamins to promote the maximum benefit and are very palatable to dogs. Supplemented spayed/neutered dogs maintain greater activity and have less degenerative disease than unsupplemented dogs. Hormone supplementation reduces “aging” in animals just as it does in people. I am now giving my own dogs the EstraPet treats and the older one has relearned the joys of jogging with me. Life is best when hormones remain at factory specs! + posts
Written evidence submitted by Néstor Osorio Londoño (INR0060) 1. Since the early days of the independence of the Latin American countries, two centuries ago, the United Kingdom has played an important role in the region, fostering political and economic relations. The degree of intensity has been quite uneven, and it is well known that since the second world war Latin America has been distant from British strategic priorities worldwide. 1. In the past ten years, a fresh approach and engagement has emerged within the framework of the so called “Canning Agenda” originated in the policy formulated in 2010 by the British Foreign Secretary William Hague. Since then there has been more visibility and attention to the region and a much more dynamic interaction has improved the relationship. 1. High level political dialogue and exchange in key areas of interest has increased significantly. New British Embassies and Consulates have been opened in the region and ministerial delegations have increased in frequency in both directions. Special Trade Envoys have been appointed and London has seen the arrival of more Latin American Presidents on official visits. In 2015 and 2016 the Presidents of México and Colombia came on State Visits. 1. At the same time, efforts to increase trade and investment in both ways have also been successful. However, bilateral trade between Latin American countries and the United Kingdom is still low in comparison with other markets. Today, less than 2% of UK exports go to Latin America and in return, less than 3% of Latin American Exports come to the UK. Progress have been made but there is still significant room for improvement. Former Colombian Ambassador to the United Kingdom, to The United Nations, to the World Trade Organization and former Executive Director to the International Coffee Organization. 1. Most of the effort in the implementation of the Canning Agenda has gone into increasing bilateral trade and investment. This should continue to be a priority, particularly in the context of Brexit, but there are other fields of cooperation that can and should be addressed at a regional level. With that objective in mind, this document suggests seven areas of cooperation that can invigorate the foreign policy of the United Kingdom regarding Latin America, towards the next decade and beyond: 1- Trade and Investment Post-Brexit 2- Partnership for Sustainable Development 3- Energy Security 4- Partnership for Security and the Rule of Law 5- Partnership for Education, Science and Technology 6- Tourism 7- Public Health 1. Britain’s trade and economic links with Latin America are conducted mainly through preferential and free trade agreements between most countries in the region and the European Union. As the United Kingdom is disengaged from the European Union, these agreements should be the starting reference for future improvement and enhancement of trade exchange, either bilaterally or with trading blocks. 1. In addition to regional political mechanisms, over the years, Latin America has developed different economic integration models, like the Andean Community, Mercosur or the Pacific Alliance in South America, as well as the Integration System of Central America (SICA). Most of the countries in the region have already a free trade agreement with the European Union and some are in the process of negotiation. On this basis, a future agreement with the United Kingdom could be achieved swiftly. 1. The potential for increasing trade and investment with Latin America is huge. The region represents a market of 625 million people with increasing purchased power. While in 1990 half of the population lived in poverty, today the proportion has been reduced to a third. The region has consistently increased its middle class, which doubled in the past ten years to up to 180 million people and the trend indicates that by 2025 another 10 million will be added. 1. The sustained growth trend of the region in the las decade has been significantly affected by the financial crisis and the fall of commodities prices. In 2019 the Latin American growth was 0.6% The expectations of some recovery in the next years have been completely shattered by the current pandemia, Covid-19. The capability for recovery will depend very much on the individual capabilities of the different countries to provide resources to re-start the economy and to attract investment. 1. In the coming years Latin American countries will require to find new sources of investment in order to update infrastructure networks, improve the quality of education, reshape the health services and develop capabilities in more technology intensive activities that will reduce their dependency on exporting commodities. The United Kingdom could play a prominent role as a partner creating great opportunities for British business. 1. Knowledge sharing in entrepreneurship and access to financial institutions are essential fields. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) is well equipped to play a key role in facilitating and helping to expand the outreach of the Latin American diplomatic representations to relevant stakeholders. Embassies would profit from deeper links in the multiple financial services institutions, particularly in the City of London. 1. Latin American countries are keen to increase its trade and investment exchange with the United Kingdom. Once the transition period of the Brexit process is completed, the UK will be able to sign new trade agreements. In the meantime, both sides will need to identify the main negotiating issues and to decide about the appropriate moment to start negotiations that will provide a smooth transition from the European Union agreements to the UK agreements. 1. Latin America is the most biodiverse region on earth and is home to six of the world’s 17 megadiverse countries. It holds 1/5 of the world’s forests, 1/3 of the water reserves and 12% of its arable land. For this reason, sustainable development in Latin America is not just a regional but a global priority in which the United Kingdom can make a great contribution. 1. Biodiversity protection. The UK can strengthen its position as a key ally of Latin America in the protection and sustainable use of the region’s biodiversity. Institutions like Kew Garden are already conducting important projects that should be maintain and expand. 1. Climate change. Latin America has seen the terrible consequences of climate change and the region is one of the most vulnerable to natural disasters. The United Kingdom can support regional efforts to reduce climate change effects and strategies for protecting forests and ecosystems that contribute to balance CO2 emissions. 1. Implementations of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The United Kingdom played a significant role in putting in place the SDGs, and several Latin American countries were pioneers in promoting this developing agenda towards 2030. It is important to enhance this alliance to comply and implement these goals. 1. Prosperity Funds. Many countries in the region are recipients of British resources for projects of social content in specific areas of interest for the UK. A comprehensive analysis of the results of these funds should be conducted in order to be more efficiently allocated through better coordination with the receiving countries. 1. Energy security is one of the most pressing challenges for Latin America and according to the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB) the region will need to double its energy output in the next twenty years in order to cope with increasing demand by business and homes. 1. Sustainable use of conventional energy sources. Latin America holds 20% of the world’s oil reserves and one of the largest reserves of shale gas. Three of its countries are in the top ten worldwide. UK cooperation training and advising on best practices and regulations for efficient and sustainable use of these resources, can contribute to the region’s energy security, while creating business opportunities for British companies. 1. Development of renewable energy projects. Many Latin American countries are net importers of oil, gas or coal. For those countries as for the rest of the region it will become increasingly important to gradually expand the renewable component of their energy mix. As the world transitions into low carbon emission, sustainable development models, cleaner and more sustainable energy production will gain more relevance. 1. Without prejudice of the already remarkable achievements in renewable energy investments and production in certain Latin American countries, the UK, being a global leader in the sector, can provide valuable support to the region in the development of these types of projects that will make a long term, sustainable contribution to the region’s energy security. 1. In order to strengthen the Rule of Law, the United Kingdom and Latin America have promoted the exchange of knowledge and good practices as well as to increase the links between legal systems. These exchanges could contribute to reinforce the region’s institutions. 1. Latin American countries have implemented important open government reforms in recent years. A renewed common effort would certainly boost achievements in the field. Latin America’s participation in the global anticorruption strategy established in the Anticorruption Summit in London 2016, should be enhanced. 1. Organized crime has consolidated as the main security threat for Latin American countries and their citizens. This problem is a global challenge in which a shared responsibility approach is welcome. From illicit drugs to human trafficking and contraband, rings of transnational organized crime in Latin America are linked with criminal activity in Europe and in the UK. It is in the interest of both, to work together in strengthening the cooperation to counter these criminal organizations. 1. The commodity price crisis forced governments throughout Latin America to put in place plans to diversify their economies and make them less dependent on commodities exports. Strategies to build new capabilities and skills for the work force and to develop and expand science and technology based economic sectors will be the key to more diversified and robust economies. 1. The UK being a global leader on education and scientific research and development, can provide valuable support in training and education for skills development; innovation culture for entrepreneurs and development of scientific research capabilities, all of them, fundamental elements of the global economy. 1. According to the World Tourism Organization by 2030 there will be 1.8 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide. Emerging destinations are expected to increase at twice the rate of those in advance economies and will account for 57% of the global tourism market share. 1. Latin America is well positioned to consolidate its status as an emerging destination and capture an important part of the global market share. UK could play a role in developing a modern tourism industry and hotel infrastructure in Latin America, as well as working together to attract more British tourists to the region. 1. The extraordinary event of the Covid-19 has exposed the weakness of the public health services of many countries around the world, and the Latin American ones have not been an exception. The lack of adequate infrastructure and equipment to fight the disease and the contamination has been notorious. As a consequence of the necessary lockdown of the world population for a prolonged time, the economies of all countries have suffered the most severe backlash in a century. The recovery will be very slow and painful and the capacity of the States to inject resources to activate the economy will be very scarce. 1. Given the expertise of many British companies in the health sector, their contribution in helping Latin American countries in shaping a public health policy and investing in hospitals and services related, could be a substantial component of the British Foreign Policy. 1. Looking forward to the next decade, Latin America rises as a relevant player in world affairs. In a world increasingly battered by conflict and terrorism, Latin America remains a peaceful region upholding a long-standing commitment with international peace and stability. The region has shown leadership around key issues of the global agenda like climate change, sustainable development and global governance. In shaping a British Foreign Policy, Latin America should appear as a reliable partner to tackle global challenges and to seize opportunities for economic growth, social prosperity and cultural exchange. May 2020
Learning Empathy Poetry Saturday—On Another’s Sorrow Can I see another’s woe, And not be in sorrow too? Can I see another’s grief, And not seek for kind relief? Can I see a falling tear, And not feel my sorrow’s share? Can a father see his child Weep, nor be with sorrow filled? Can a mother sit and hear An infant groan, an infant fear? No, no! never can it be! Never, never can it be! And can He who smiles on all Hear the wren with sorrows small, Hear the small bird’s grief and care, Hear the woes that infants bear— And not sit beside the next, Pouring pity in their breast, And not sit the cradle near, Weeping tear on infant’s tear? And not sit both night and day, Wiping all our tears away? Oh no! never can it be! Never, never can it be! He doth give His joy to all: He becomes an infant small, He becomes a man of woe, He doth feel the sorrow too. Think not thou canst sigh a sigh, And thy Maker is not by: Think not thou canst weep a tear, And thy Maker is not near. Oh He gives to us His joy, That our grief He may destroy: Till our grief is fled an gone He doth sit by us and moan. —William Blake 10 Benefits From Suffering Horatius BonarCommenting on one of the opening passages in Paul’s second letter to the church at Corinth, Horatius Bonar shares ten benefits to Christians who will cling to God during times of suffering. “The meaning and use of trial: 1. It shows God to be in earnest with us. He does not let us alone. He takes great pains with our spiritual education and training. He desires fruit and progress. 2. It assures us of His love. 3. It draws us to prayer. When one member suffers all the others suffer with it. As soon as it is said, ‘such a brother or sister is in sorrow,’ all who hear of this begin to pray for the afflicted one. Thus sorrow becomes a magnet which attracts the prayers of the church. 4. It knits us in sympathy to the whole body. 5. It teaches us sympathy with brethren. 6. It brings us into a mood more receptive of blessing. It makes our spirits tender, it softens our hearts, it makes our consciences alive, it empties us of adverse influences. 7. It makes us prize the Word. 8. It shuts out the world. 9. It bids us look up. 10. It turns our hope to the Lord’s great coming.” Responding For Those Who Can’t Do you know what empathy is? It’s not the same thing as sympathy. Sympathy is just wallowing with someone who is hurting, but empathy goes beyond that. Empathy is a compound word: em- + -pathos = joined + feeling I feel what you feel, but I can respond like you should even when you think you can’t. Sometimes people get paralyzed by their deep hurts, or crushing depression, or infuriating anger. Someone in sympathy feels the pain, the depression, the anger, but their involvement stops at the feeling stage. Someone in empathy feels the hurt AND responds in an appropriately healthy way. Check out what Paul wrote: Who is weak without my feeling that weakness? Who is led astray, and I do not burn with anger? (New Living Translation) Paul took those feelings his friends and loved ones were experiencing and he turned them into positive action. This is challenging and desperately needed. Sympathy is easy; empathy is hard work. Sympathy keeps people paralyzed; empathy helps them move forward. Sympathy enables people to remain unchanged; empathy gives people a healthy way to respond. If you want to help your hurting, discouraged, or angry friend, don’t sympathize with her hurt, empathize to help her heal. By responding in a healthy way—a way she isn’t able to yet—and you will help her move to a place of wholeness. The Power Of Touch I grew up in a church that believed in the literal “laying on of hands” while praying for someone. I still like to pray that way because I believe there is a power in the human touch. Science has proven that human-to-human touch helps people feel better faster, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates cognitive development in newborns. We shake hands with people when we meet them as a sign of acceptance. We lay our hand on a friend’s arm or shoulder to show we empathize with their pain. We embrace or kiss a loved one to show affection. Dr. Paul Brand, a renowned surgeon who worked with leprosy patients in India, said that his hands were his most delicate and most accurate diagnostic tool. How devastating when we withhold our touch! How crushing when the only time we touch is when we are angry! • Think about how much more meaningful our prayers with someone would be if we would just lay our hands on them. • Think about how much warmer the greeting would be if we gave someone the two-handed handshake. • Think about how much greater our bond with a hurting friend if we simply put our arm around their slumping shoulders. • Think about how much deeper the connection with your spouse and children if you held hands more often. Touch someone today. When you do, you’ll be touching much more than their hand; you’ll be touching their heart. Your touch could make a world of difference to someone today. %d bloggers like this:
Dr. Roy D Jennings Office LocationDirections Dr. Roy D Jennings Contact InformationCall Dr. Roy D Jennings Dental AppointmentSchedule 5 Ways Stress Affects Your Oral Health Nothing good comes out from stress. With the growing health concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic, chronic stress, and anxiety can make you more susceptible to more health risks. Not to mention the silent ways stress affects your teeth, gums, and overall oral health. 5 Ways Stress Affects Your Oral Health Your body’s reaction to stress We all react to stress differently. However, our body all works the same by releasing a flood of stress hormones when we face a threatening situation. The stress hormones push other parts of the body to store fat for later use and keeps the body in high alert. Stress also weakens the immune system and triggers our brain to seek comfort causing sudden cravings. That is the reason why some people turn to comfort foods and unhealthy habits like drinking and smoking to feel better. These damaging habits developed over time, and the added tension to your body during stress put your oral health at risk. How does stress affect your oral health The effects of stress on your oral health starts unconsciously. Not until you feel pain or see damages in your teeth that you’ll realize the negative implications of stress in your oral health. Early detection of your body responses during distress can still save your teeth, gums, and jaws. Check if you’re having signs of the following oral health conditions: Clenched jaws Our body has its defense systems that we don’t usually notice. Muscle tension is a reflex reaction of the body against stress to guard it against injury and pain. If you’re experiencing chronic stress, the constant muscle tension in your jaws can lead to painful tight jaws or the TMJD. TMJD or Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is a condition that involves pain or difficulty in moving your jaws. Symptoms of this dental condition include: • Pain in your jaws • Locked jaws • Difficulty in opening your mouth • Noises from temporomandibular joint • Difficulty in chewing • Pain around your ears Teeth grinding Another case linked to the tightening of jaws is teeth grinding. Bruxism is the habit of grinding your teeth when you’re anxious and stressed. With a preoccupied mind during stressful times, some people don’t even notice that they’re grinding their teeth. The constant friction in your upper and lower teeth may cause the tooth enamel to wear down and strain your jaws. Some people often grind their teeth while sleeping. The following symptoms may include: • Chipped teeth or loose teeth • Increased tooth sensitivity • Tight jaws • Teeth-grinding noises while sleeping • Pain in the temple or the ear area Dry mouth Saliva is our mouth’s best friend. It keeps the teeth moist, removes food particles from our teeth, and has components that fight bacteria. However, stress affects your oral health by its adverse effects on your nervous system that causes salivary glands to stop producing enough saliva for your mouth. It’s common to misunderstand this condition as a sign of dehydration. Consult your symptoms with a dentist to get an accurate diagnosis. Gum infection A weak immune system is one of the most damaging effects of stress. A compromised immune system makes it hard for the body to fight infections and increases your risk of having gum diseases. The high level of stress hormone cortisol triggers the production of proteins in the gums that cause inflammation leading to a higher risk of periodontal disease. Poor dental hygiene due to distress Dealing with a lot of stress and anxiety fixates our attention to our problems. Thus, it becomes easier to skip self-care. Mood-boosting foods that are high in sugar, carbs and caffeine becomes our instant refuge to feel better. We may get the ‘instant’ comfort of skipping the healthy routine, but the negative consequences can last due to the damages done to our health. A constant poor diet plus poor dental hygiene is the recipe for oral health issues down the line like carries, plaque buildup, and even tooth loss. Restorative dental treatments at Dr. Roy Jennings Dentistry Stress is inevitable. We can only manage it the best we can to protect ourselves from its damaging effects on our health. If you feel like you have one of the dental conditions above, Dr. Roy Jennings Dentistry provides dental care services that can help you maintain your oral health while under stress. For more details, you may contact or schedule an appointment with us. Take care of yourself because, in the end, our health has always been and always will be our wealth. Call Now Button
I have a 200 litre water butt and plenty of 22 mm plumbing pipe and fittings and I want to build an irrigation system for my vegetable patch so that I can open the tap after a few dry days and ensure all my plants get equal amounts of water from the butt. The end of the patch is about 5 m from the water butt and at the same level, so the head is only the depth of the water-butt (1 m) plus about 10 cm as it sits on a small platform I built. I will bury a hose 20-30 cm under the ground to the end of the vegetable patch, where it will come back up to the surface and split into 4 rows of pipe about 15 m long each with holes drilled to release the water. I think I should taper the holes so that the ones at the start will be smaller and the ones at the far end will be bigger, but given the low pressure I don't know how small these should be or what the size-difference in holes I should use from one end to the other to ensure that water gets all the way along and is evenly distributed? Controlling the pressure with variously sized holes will be a fairly difficult task. It may be simpler to run hose with no perforations along the length of the planter, and then place the hoses with perforations as branches off of your main line. That still won't lead to a perfect distribution, but would help. Another common approach to this is to use so called 'drip emitters' which are very cheap regulated orifices. They are designed to put out a certain volume per time, relatively independent of the pressure. I don't know if they can be buried. • $\begingroup$ Yes, the drip emitters can be buried. I've done so with many projects. It gets frustrating when you have to repair the line though... :-) $\endgroup$ – user16 Jan 26 '15 at 15:22 • $\begingroup$ We use to have a lawn watering hose that was flat, with three or four little holes, every few inches. (Spraying this way and that.) You would notice more flow rate for holes near the inlet at low pressure/ flow rate. But at high pressure it seemed like all the streams were about the same. (I'd go down to the garden store and ask someone there.) $\endgroup$ Jan 27 '15 at 3:44 A second option would be simply to have a small container that you fill up and cap (like a bucket with an airtight lid). Then distribute your piping with perforations at will. Arrange your system so the bucket is elevated enough that the soil can swap the water for gas (like a do-it-yourself water tank system): Aqua Globe Diagram So long as you make the cap on the tank airtight, water can only leave when the soil emits gas to displace the water in the tank. Then you just fill the bucket up, cap the lid, and allow the water to dispense when the plants need it. Your Answer
Where are the self driving cars? Share this: Business Insider article from 2016 said that 10 million self-driving cars will be on the road by 2020. This obviously didn’t happen. It seems that the earlier excitement levels for this technology have dropped. One big reason for this is the death of Elain Herzberg. In March of 2018, she was hit by one of taxi company Uber’s cars, which was testing an autopilot system. Video from the crash shows it would be extremely difficult for a human driver to see the woman and stop the car. However, Uber’s taxi used technology called LiDAR to sense the environment. LiDAR doesn’t need light to check the environment. So even though it was dark out, the car should have sensed the woman. A point of interest is that many people seem to misunderstand what “self-driving car” means. There are actually 6 levels for self-driving cars. As you go up each level, the driver does less and less work. At level 0 there is no automation; the person does everything. At level 5, drivers are not needed at all: People see videos of self-driving cars and hear people like Elon Musk talk about how safe the technology is. A blog post on Tesla’s website explains that their plan is to develop “a self-driving capability that is 10X safer”. At the bottom of all this excitement is one fact: the technology currently available is not level 5 “full automation”. People might get the feeling it’s level 4 or 5, but Tesla’s autopilot is closer to level 2, moving towards level 3. There are quite a few companies working on this tech, but let’s just compare Tesla with driverless tech company Waymo. These two companies use very different strategies for their driverless technology. Waymo uses cameras and Google Maps, but the main technology used to sense the environment is called LiDAR. LiDAR uses laser light to hit everything around it in the environment and create a 3D image of the world up to 300 meters around the car. You can take a short look and see what it’s like to ride in Waymo’s car. Waymo doesn’t produce cars like Tesla does, they just bought cars and added the hardware. To test their system, they also use something called Carcraft, which is like a high-tech video game to ‘practice’ real-life driving conditions. In 2018, Carcraft had already test driven over 5 billion miles. Elon Musk (who uses LiDAR in his SpaceX rocket ships) doesn’t believe LiDAR is a good choice for electric cars, saying that it is too expensive, and not as useful as developing other types of technology. The logic is that people don’t need LiDAR to measure distance and drive, we just use our eyes.. Cameras are so much cheaper than the hardware needed for LiDAR. Their plan is to use software that can judge 3D distance from camera imaging (just like the human eye). They also use radar (what we use to find airplanes in the sky) and ultrasonics (using sound to sense objects in the environment) to sense the environment around it. Since all new Teslas come with the needed hardware, owners can send their driving information back to Tesla, which already has several billion hours of ‘real driving’ experience. Source: lexfridman.com The hardware used in both companies is fully developed. The software that makes driving decisions is what needs to be improved. The systems need huge amounts of data and the AI software programming simply needs more time to perfect. There are mixed levels of confidence about the safety of self-driving technology. While Elon Musk claims it’s “much safer than human drivers”, others have started to disagree. Either way, the future of self-driving cars is much less certain than it seemed to be several years ago. Some people in the industry think consumers won’t own self-driving cars anytime in the near future. These fears will almost certainly cause governments to take more time deciding when this technology is allowed to hit the road. Elon Musk plans to make Tesla’s self-driving system 10x safer than human drivers. Once this happens, there will still be many questions to work through. For example, neither the Tesla nor Waymo systems provide 100% real driving data. Tesla’s comes from drivers who are in the car paying attention to the road, and Waymo’s is coming from a computer model named after a video game. When more people begin using the self-driving systems, after more car crashes happen, governments will need to decide who is responsible and a whole new system of laws will need to be created. Who knows how long that could take…
Madame bovary book analysis report Lydia daviss new translation of madame bovary captures for the first time in. Madame bovary study guide from litcharts the creators of sparknotes. Theme analysis desire emma not only desires love but is impelled to feel desired herself. Need help with part 1, chapter 8 in gustave flauberts madame bovary. Gustave flaubert the centre of the novel is the character emma bovary, but the french author gustave flaubert also emphasized his social critic towards the life in french provinces in the 19 th century. The eponymous character lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life. Madame bovary is a novel by gustave flaubert that was first published in 1856. Seriously, the guy just loooved a good ironic twist. Madame bovary cliffsnotes study guides book summaries. Madame bovary gustave flaubert interpret how flaubert describes the plight of women during that time through the words and actions of emma bovary madame bovary written in 1857 and is considered to be one of the most famous works by gustave flaubert. This practical and insightful reading guide offers a complete summary and analysis of madame bovary by gustave flaubert. From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the sparknotes madame bovary study guide has everything you need to ace. I didnt like madame bovary when i first encountered the book as a teenager. As byatt on the provinicial tragedy of madame bovary. In gustave flauberts madame bovary, the story predominately follows how emma bovary becomes disenchanted with her lifestyle as the wife of charles bovary and seeks to find the unobtainable life she so desperately dreams of from the books she reads. The centre of the novel is the character emma bovary, but the french author gustave flaubert also emphasized his social critic towards the life in 19th centruy. She escapes into sentimental novels but finds her fantasies dashed by the tedium of her days. The main characters of this classics, fiction story are emma bovary, charles bovary. Read a plot overview of the entire book or a chapter by chapter. Flaubert transformed a commonplace story of adultery into an enduring work of profound humanity. The story of a suicide of a doctors wife in rural 1840s normandy seemed too banal for me. Somewhat small story, a pathetic tale of a provincial woman stuck with. When emma rouault marries dull, provincial doctor charles bovary, her dreams of an elegant and passionate life crumble. The character of emma in madame bovary, by gustave flaubert, is different than any of the female characters depicted in the story. The centre of the novel is the character emma bovary, but the french author gustave flaubert also emphasized his social critic towards the life in french provinces in the 19 th century. A short summary of gustave flauberts madame bovary. Madame bovary is a nineteenthcentury french novel by gustave flaubert. Madame bovary noticed that many ladies had not put their gloves in their glasses. Book summary charles bovary, the only son of a middleclass family, became a doctor and set up his practice in a rural village. Madame bovary study guide contains a biography of gustave flaubert, literature essays, a complete etext, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. But the book has become one of the few works of fiction that i read again. This free synopsis covers all the crucial plot points of madame bovary. Flaubert was greatly interested in writing about the bourgeoisie, or middle class. His heroine, emma bovary, a bored provincial housewife, abandons her husband to pursue the libertine rodolphe in a desperate love affair. He made a marriage of convenience with a woman older than himself. One can notice that they both share a fairly similar view on life, and that their experiences actually tie in with each other. Metaphor analysis charles bovary s hat the ugly, mongrel hat that young charles bovary wears on his first day at the lycee symbolizes the bourgeoisie attempt to combine various elements of culture into a single frame without regard to aesthetic value. The first is charles mother, who takes a firm hand in guiding her only sons life, making most of the arrangements, including, once he finished his medical studies, finding him the proper place to practise his art in tostes. One can notice that they both share a fairly similar view on life. Madame bovary is considered flauberts masterpiece, and. The book was published in multiple languages including english, consists of 327 pages and is available in paperback format. Madame bovary begins when charles bovary is a young boy, unable to fit in at his new school and ridiculed by his new classmates. Even today, flauberts masterpiece is still going strong. Soon heartbroken and crippled by debts, she takes drastic action, with tragic consequences for her husband and daughter. It was serialized between october 1, 1856 and december 15, 1856. None of bovarys efforts to please her were successful, and she did not value or understand his devoted love for her. However, before all of that, charles bovary has a history of his own with a previous marriage and a dreary childhood. When emma rouault marries charles bovary the fairy tale happy ending she becomes the third madame bovary in the book, after her living motherinlaw and charles bovary. French author gustave flauberts novel madame bovary was first published in 1856. Pdf madame bovary book by gustave flaubert free download. Beautiful but bored, she spends lavishly on clothes and on her home and embarks on two disappointing affairs in an effort to make her life everything she believes it should be. He spent up to 12 hours a day at his desk, for months at a time, discarding far more material than he kept and reporting as little progress as a. This study guide and infographic for gustave flauberts madame bovary offer summary and analysis on themes, symbols, and other literary devices found in the text. Check out our revolutionary sidebyside summary and analysis. Emma bovary dreamed of a life beyond that of perfection as well. Moreover, it is a character so strong, complex, rich, and unique. For this reason she pushes her lovers to continually give proof of their desire for her. See a complete list of the characters in madame bovary and indepth analyses of emma bovary, charles bovary, and monsieur homais. Cinematographer andrij parekhs melancholy images seamlessly combine muck and luxury, sometimes within the same image, in a way thats reminiscent of joe wrights pride and prejudice and thomas vinterbergs far from the madding crowd earlier this year. Madame bovary is never less than lovely to look at. Yet, madame bovary on first reading may strike the modern reader in english as, well, all right but hardly the best. Entering part then of the book, madame bovary becomes attached to the presence of a young man leon. In madame bovary, one of the great novels of 19thcentury france, flaubert draws a deeply felt and sympathetic portrait of a woman who, having married a country doctor and found herself unhappy with a rural, genteel existence, longs for love and exciteme. Madame bovary is considered flauberts masterpiece, and, according to some. Free download or read online madame bovary pdf epub book. In 1856, after five years of work, flaubert published his master piece, madame bovary, in a paris journal1. The first edition of the novel was published in 1856, and was written by gustave flaubert. Flaubert also deliberately used his setting to contrast with. This onepage guide includes a plot summary and brief analysis of madame bovary by gustave flaubert. After making reference to chabrols film, barthes stated in an interview, i wanted to make a film that would be as aesthetic as possible and to. Flaubert gustave 1811880 was born in rouen, france. He studied law unsuccessfully in paris and returned home to devote himself to writing. Escaping into sentimental novels, she finds her fantasies dashed by the tedium of her days. It provides a thorough exploration of the novels plot, characters and main themes, including marriage, love and adultery. Madame bovary study guide from litcharts the creators of. The book is called madame bovary, but there are two such characters before emma is even introduced. The differences between literature and film underlie these omissions, and require some analysis of why flauberts madame bovary is so very hard to transpose to the screen. Indepth summary and analysis of every chapter of madame bovary. In 2007, a book called the top ten polled 125 famous authors for their top 10 books of all time and constructed a master list from all of their input. Sophie barthess madame bovary fiction and film for. Read a plot overview of the entire book or a chapter by chapter summary and analysis. A critical analysis find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Madame bovary is a novel by author gustave flaubert in which one womans provincial bourgeois life becomes an expansive commentary on class, gender, and social roles in nineteenthcentury france. It reflects esthetic principles of the author marked by deep sociophilosophical meaning. Madame bovary gustave flaubert 1821 1880, translated by eleanor marx aveling 1855 1898 published in book form in april 1857, the novel focuses on a doctors wife, emma bovary, who has adulterous affairs and lives beyond her means in order to escape the. Madame bovary came in second place, a most impressive finish, only behind anna karenina. He fails his first medical exam and only barely manages to become a secondrate country doctor. As a child, and later when he grows into a young man, charles is mediocre and dull. The novel was extremely successful in its time, mostly due to the scandal it caused upon release. Madame bovary, gustave faluberts first novel, is the story of the beautiful emma rouault who is married to the provincial doctor charles bovary yet harbors dreams of an elegant and passionate life. It was considered scandalous at the time and public prosecutors attacked the novel as immoral. Soon heartbroken and crippled by debts, emma takes. Basically, the outlook is grim for basically all of the sympathetic characters of the book emma is dead, having succumbed to what is possibly the worst death ever two words. After the publication of madame bovary, flaubert was sued for the book s obscene depictions of extramarital affairs. Some critics and writers consider it the greatest novel ever. In the novel madame bovary, its easy to relate to the characters as well as the author of this book. The pleasure that he gets from young madame bovary distorts his logical to the extent that he begins to disregard the words of his mother because they are contrary to the words of wife instead of the inverse. 1222 1622 1414 531 512 320 704 494 513 916 18 152 452 1364 671 20 16 1428 973 862 1675 450 990 446 460 518 693 466 505 1332 240 228 152 835 745
Liberty Nation GenZ: News For Kids News and Current Events Through the Lens of America’s Founding Principles 🔍 Search Dollars and Cents: How Money is Made How the US Treasury creates notes and coins. By: \| September 26, 2019 \| 499 Words Have you ever made money doing chores at home or by setting up a lemonade stand in your neighborhood? Have you earned pocket money, worked a summer job, or paid for items with cash? Most people use money almost every day, but where does it come from? Money can take the form of cash or electronic information. When someone pays for something with a card or online app, they are moving money directly from one place to another electronically, through a computer. Cash, on the other hand, takes the form of notes and coins. The currency used in the United States is the US dollar. Who Makes Money? The US Department of Treasury is in charge of making US currency. Two agencies of the Treasury are responsible for actually creating physical money; the US Mint produces coins and the US Bureau of Engraving and Printing prints paper money. The government hires designers to draw updated versions of coins and notes. These are then stamped onto metal discs to make coins or printed onto special paper to create dollar bills. Security features such as watermarks, serial numbers, specialized designs, and unique inks, are added to make sure that nobody can create counterfeit money, which is illegal. Although the Treasury produces the physical notes and coins that are cash, it is the Federal Reserve that determines how much money should actually be available in the US economy at any time. The Fed also has methods of changing the value of the US dollar compared to other currencies around the world. How Notes are Made The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is in charge of printing dollar bills. Once a design is created, it is engraved onto metal plates. These plates are then coated in ink, and a printing press transfers the design onto paper. In the US, dollar bills are printed using special black and green inks, as well as color-shifting ink that can change color depending on how it reflects light. Notes are printed on paper that is made from a mixture of 75% cotton and 25% linen. Around the world, paper is becoming less common for printing money – many countries make their notes out of plastic, these days. After printing, the bills are carefully examined for mistakes and imperfections, before being packaged into bundles and sent across the country. US dollar bills are available in several denominations. Today, you can get notes worth $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. In the past, larger bills were printed, some worth $10,000, and even $100,000! Today, the $1 and $100 notes are the most common. How Coins are Made Coins are produced by the US Mint. Six branches of the Mint are located across the country. As well as coins for use as money, the Mint creates special coins and medals for collecting. Coins come in six denominations today. These are: Penny = 1¢ Nickel = 5¢ Dime = 10¢ Quarter = 25¢ Half Dollar = 50¢ Dollar: 100¢, or $1 For more information on how coins are made, check out this video by the US Mint: Behind the News Digging Deeper
Robert Sinsheimer: sequencing the human genome Robert Sinsheimer In May 1985, molecular biologist and UC Santa Cruz Chancellor Robert Sinsheimer shared with a group of eminent biologists a radical proposal to launch a massive project to determine the complete DNA sequence of the human genome. The technological challenges were daunting, but Sinsheimer recognized that knowledge of the human genome would have profound implications for biomedical science. Although he was unable to secure funding for it at the time, the meeting planted the idea of sequencing the human genome within a core group of scientists. Five years later, the Human Genome Project was officially launched with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. In 1999, project leaders asked David Haussler, then a professor of computer science and now director of the UCSC Genomics Institute, to help with the analysis of the human genome. Before that work could start, however, the genome sequence had to be assembled from fragmented data generated by the project's sequencing laboratories. This unexpectedly challenging task was accomplished by Jim Kent, then a UCSC graduate student, who wrote the computer program used to assemble the first working draft of the human genome sequence. Kent finished the assembly in June 2000, just days before this landmark achievement was announced at a White House press conference. In 2001, Sinsheimer received the UC Presidential Medal at a ceremony during the UC Santa Cruz Human Genome Symposium, which brought together many of the original participants in the 1985 Santa Cruz Workshop, along with NIH's Francis Collins and other leaders of the Human Genome Project. This article is part of our Original Thinkers series, recognizing some of the original thinkers whose paradigm-shifting contributions have made lasting impacts and changed the world.

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