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Primary tabs A street is a road or paved passageway in a town or city, owned and maintained by the municipality for public use. A street usually includes sidewalks, but a private road cannot be a street. Cases such as this one from Florida, explain that a street includes “all public roads or ways within municipality over which it has jurisdiction and as to which it owes public duty to exercise reasonable care to keep and maintain them in reasonably safe condition for public use.” Additionally, this case from Virginia, explains the “fundamental idea of a ‘street’ is not only that it is public, but that it is public for all purposes of free and unobstructed passage, which is its chief and primary use.” [Last updated in August of 2021 by the Wex Definitions Team
Are you tired of getting new water bottles from the market every time you run out of water supply? Do you want to ensure that you get filtered and clean water at home? Do you feel like you need a scientifically assessed and reliable system for filtration? Definitely yes! You need to install the Reverse Osmosis System in your house. This article will explain what is a reverse osmosis system and why you should get it installed. What is Reverse osmosis? Reverse Osmosis is the process of removing contaminants from unfiltered water. As suggested by the name, osmosis causes the highly concentrated (contaminated) water molecules to move across the semipermeable membrane to the less concentrated side. Now you must be wondering if osmosis ensures the equal concentration of the solvent on both sides of the membrane, then wouldn't both sides of the membrane be contaminated water? Reverse Osmosis System For Home Reverse Osmosis works a little differently. The semipermeable membrane has pores adjusted to a size so that it only allows the water molecules to pass through and prevents contamination particles from passing by. Hence by the end of the process, you will have clean and filtered water on one side. Why do you need reverse osmosis systems in your home? Replacing Bottled Water Reverse Osmosis System For Home Constantly restocking water bottles at home can get tiresome. So, install a filter system that supplies filtered water constantly at your home and have an endless water supply. Furthermore, according to modern science, chemicals from the plastic bottle containers can mix up with your water which is extremely unhealthy. Hygienically Superior Filtering in a reverse osmosis system is done by many pre and post-filters. A prefilter is used in most systems to extract sediment and chlorine from the water before the pressure is applied on the water to pass through a semipermeable membrane to remove dissolved solids. No Bitter taste Ever get the bitter taste of water from some local tap water? Reverse Osmosis ensures that the water flavor is not bitter as it also cleanses salt from the water. 4-Stage Reverse Osmosis Water Filtration System by PURE BLUE H2O Reverse Osmosis System For Home Why choose us? Pure Blue H2O is a water company that provides one of the purest 4 stages Reverse osmosis filtering systems. It has been certified to NSF/ANSI Standards 58 & 42 and it filters Lead, Chromium 6, Fluoride, Arsenic, Radium 226/228, Cyst, and many more contamination particles. If you want to place an order, click here. Rest assured, you’ll be in safe hands.
Cancer Screenings & Support Far too many of us are affected by cancer. We could be fighting this illness ourselves or helping those we love in their battle. There is hope, and you have support. Cancer screenings: Is it time for a test? Getting screened for cancer is a little like having an early warning system for severe weather. It gives you time to act before disaster strikes. For certain types of cancer, doctors can use screening tests and exams to find the disease early—sometimes before it causes symptoms. That's when cancer may be easier to treat. The only thing better than finding cancer early? Preventing it in the first place, which is what a few cancer screening tests can even help you do. What screenings do you need? The answer to that question depends on a lot of factors. So it's important to ask your doctor which screenings may be right for you—and how often to have them. The American Cancer Society guidelines below are for most adults at average risk. You might need other tests (or earlier or more frequent testing) based on your personal history, family history, race, gender identity or other factors. So consider this list as a jumping-off point for a conversation with your doctor. Breast cancer. Women 45 to 54 are encouraged to get a mammogram every year, although you can start at age 40 if you wish. At 55, you can start getting a mammogram every two years—or continue yearly screening if you choose. Continue screening as long as you're in good health and expected to live at least 10 more years. Cervical cancer. Starting at age 21, talk to your doctor about getting a Pap test every three years. Once you turn 30, you can switch to having a Pap test plus the HPV (human papillomavirus) test every five years. If you're over 65 and have had normal test results for at least 10 years, ask your doctor if you can stop getting tested. Colorectal cancer. At age 45, start regular screenings for cancer of the colon and rectum. There are several testing options to choose from. Your doctor can help you figure out which is best for you. Most healthy adults should continue screening through age 75. After that, you can discuss with your doctor whether to continue. People over 85 no longer need colorectal cancer screening. Lung cancer. Are you between the ages of 55 and 74? Are you a current or former smoker (meaning you quit within the past 15 years)? And do you have a history of heavy smoking (such as a pack a day for 30 years or 2 packs a day for 15 years)? If so, consider getting a yearly low-dose CT scan to screen for lung cancer. Prostate cancer. At age 50, men and their doctors should discuss the pros and cons of screening for prostate cancer. If you opt for the screening, your doctor will check the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood, a possible sign of prostate cancer. How often you're tested after that will depend on your results.
Solar Powered City solar cityNew York City is known for its dense skyscrapers and trend setting ways. With so many people and buildings crammed into a tiny space, New York City faces many challenges when maintaining a high quality of live and keeping their carbon footprint limited. Now a new project stands to bring a big impact through solar roof panels installed around the city. The Big Apple New York City Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, has approved a solar power project that intends to triple the city’s solar power production. 10 city-owned building will take part in the project and their roof will be home to enough solar panels to generate 648 kilowatts of power. The roof panels will be enough to power 143 households for up to 24 hours. While this may seem like a drop in the bucket for a city the size of New York the point isn’t that only 143 households worth of power will be generated, but that the city and local community is gaining a new found respect for the potential of alternative energy sources. The green roof movement is very much a lead by example type of concept. Despite years of popularity and use in other countries, America is just now jumping on the bandwagon for alternative and green energy sources. Although New York City is far from being a completely solar powered city, it has much to gain in the future with the continued advancement of their green roof movement. Some of the buildings already contain rooftop gardens and green space, both of which bring a much needed sense of nature to residents while also cutting down on smog and providing a space to grow fresh produce. Roofing Quote
Oil spills have become an environmental problem due to the growth of offshore oil exploration, production, and transportation. There are several methods that have been used to clean up oil spills such as chemical dispersants, water skimming, and using absorbent materials. Although skimming is the most common method for cleaning large spills, this method is time-consuming, expensive, and poorly separates oil and water. Chemical dispersants can be used to break up oil slicks into droplets that can be easily dissipated in water, but the mixture of oil and dispersants can be toxic and damage marine ecosystems. Thus, the use of oil sorbents can be an effective method to ease oil collection, and sorbents have a high capacity for removing oil from a targeted site. Sorption capacity of superhydrophobic silanized melamine sponges for organic solvent and oil spill cleanup. The present invention provides a simple, cost-effective method to fabricate robust superhydrophobic sponges with excellent oil sorption capacity and exceptional recyclability. The fabrication method creates superhydrophobic sponges by chemically modifying the surface of sponge skeletons via a solution-immersion process. This process comprises the silanization of commercially available sponges, such as melamine, by reacting secondary amine groups on the surface of the sponge skeletons with alkylsilane compounds. This will inherently form monolayers that can self-assemble on the surface of sponge skeletons, resulting in the chemical modification of the surface properties of the sponges. The resulting modified sponge is stable, and its properties can be easily tuned from being hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. The chemical bonds between surface and sponge skeleton remain unaffected during oil absorption-squeezing, making them reusable for repetitive cycles. The fabrication approach is fast, simple, inexpensive, widely applicable, and scalable in comparison to previous processes. The superhydrophobic sponge may have a sorption capacity greater than 160 times its own weight, and is recyclable with retention for more than 90% after 1,000 cycles. The coating is not easily detached from the sponge skeleton. Moreover, the invention can absorb a range of organic solvents and oils including acetone, butanol, toluene, THF, DMF, chloroform, diesel, motor oil, machine oil, biodiesel, and mineral oil. Superhydrophobic sponges can be used for oil spill and organic solvent cleanup applications. Additionally, this approach can be applied to other kinds of sponges used for general cleaning, including melamine sponges and cellulose sponges. For more information, contact Avijit Sen at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; 631-344-3752.
Blog Section GERD , Part 1 GERD (Gasto-Esophageal Reflux Disease) By Renata Trister DO When asking the average person on the street what causes heartburn, he/she will most likely answer “too much stomach acid.” Most of the ads on TV and in magazines seem to suggest the same. However, there is a big problem with this explanation: the incidence of heartburn and GERD increases with age, while stomach acid levels generally decline as we get older. Many studies have shown that stomach acid secretion declines with age. One study showed that over 30 percent of men and women past the age of 60 suffer from atrophic gastritis. Patients with condition produce little or no acid. Another well established fact in scientific literature is that the risk of GERD increases with age. Consequently if heartburn were caused by too much stomach acid, we should see teens requesting antacid medications, but of course the opposite is true. In fact, when stomach acid of heartburn and GERD suffers is measured, it is almost always low, not high. Excess stomach acid is only found in a few rare conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), and GERD is hardly ever associated with too much stomach acid. Moreover, many clinicians have found that giving hydrochloric acid supplements to patients with heartburn and GERD can relieve their symptoms. When nutritional changes are made and supplemented with hydrochloric acid and pepsin capsules Symptoms and digestion are improved even further. Symptom vs Cause When people first hear that GERD is caused by a lack stomach acid, rather than excess, they are skeptical. After all, if this were true then why would antacid drugs provide relief? The painful symptoms of heartburn and GERD are caused by stomach acid refluxing into the esophagus. Reducing or eliminating this “refluxed” stomach acid with medications will relieve symptoms. It is crucial to understand is that ANY amount of acid in the esophagus is going to cause painful symptoms. The esophagus has a delicate lining that isn’t protected against acid like the stomach lining is. We often focus on suppressing symptoms without paying attention to what is causing the problem. Symptoms are designed to alert one that there is a problem. Simply masking the symptom can lead to damage and exacerbation. Furthermore, Americans spend more than $13 billion on acid reducing medications each year. If antacids were actually curing heartburn and GERD, this kind of expense would be justified. However, not only do these drugs fail to cure GERD, they make the underlying condition (low stomach acidity) worse. Subsequently creating a chronic, lifelong need for these medications. GERD is caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure GERD is caused by an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Acid reflux occurs when increased intra-abdominal pressure, either secondary to gastric distention (bloating) or pressure changes outside the stomach, pushes acidic stomach contents through the LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter) into the esophagus. Factors contributing to this are obesity, postprandial positional changes (bending over, lying down). Several studies have shown an association between obesity and GERD, and a paper in Gastroenterology concluded that increased intra-abdominal pressure was the causative mechanism. The two primary causes of increased intra-abdominal pressure In the book, Heartburn Cured, Dr. Norm Robillard argues that carbohydrate malabsorption causes bacterial overgrowth, resulting in IAP producing reflux. Dr. Robillard makes a strong argument that carbohydrate malabsorption plays a significant role in IAP. But what is causing the carbohydrate malabsorption? Are there other reasons for bacterial overgrowth? It seems that low stomach acid is key. Low stomach acid can contribute to both bacterial overgrowth (independently of carbohydrate intake) and can cause carbohydrate malabsorption. Low stomach acid causes bacterial overgrowth Stomach acid plays an important role in killing pathogens. At a normal pH of 3 or less, most bacteria will die in 15 minutes. However, if the acidity is insufficient this protective process is impaired. At pH of 5 + bacteria begin to thrive. This process is seen in the gastrin knockout mouse. These mice do not produce stomach acid and as a result suffer from bacterial overgrowth, severe inflammation, damage and precancerous polyps in its intestines. Likewise, use of strong/IV acid-suppressing medications in hospital patients can cause bacterial overgrowth. Long-term use of Prilosec, one of the most potent acid suppressing drugs, reduces the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCL) in the stomach to near zero. In a trial of 30 people with GERD treated with a high dose of Prilosec (40g/day) for at least 3 months; 11 of the 30 Prilosec-treated people developed significant bacterial overgrowth. Low stomach acid impairs carbohydrate digestion Stomach acid (HCL) supports the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates by stimulating the release of pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine. If the pH of the stomach is too high, the pancreatic enzymes will not be secreted and the carbohydrates will not be broken down properly. Bacterial overgrowth + maldigested carbohydrates = Increased Abdominal Pressure (IAP) Although microbes are able to metabolize proteins and even fats, they prefer carbohydrates as an energy source. The fermentation of carbohydrates that haven’t been digested properly produces gas. The resulting gas increases intra-abdominal pressure, which is the driving force behind acid reflux and GERD. In the book Hearburn Cured, Dr. Robillard noted a study: According to Suarez and Levitt, 30 g of carbohydrate that escapes absorption in a day could produce more than 10,000 mL (ten liters) of hydrogen gas! If stomach acidity is sufficient, carbohydrates are properly broken down into glucose and rapidly absorbed in the small intestine before microbial fermentation can take place. Provided that carbs are eaten in moderation. However, if stomach acid is insufficient and/or carbohydrates are consumed in excess, some of the carbs will escape absorption and become available for intestinal microbes to ferment. It follows that gas produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates causes distention, and increased IAP. This pressure pushes acidic gastric contents into the esophagus causing reflux. Thus, reflux can be treated by 1) reducing bacterial overgrowth or 2) reducing carbohydrate intake. A study showing that administration of erythromycin significantly decreased esophageal reflux supports this. Only a couple small trials have been performed to test the effects of carbohydrate restriction on GERD. Both had positive results. Many case reports show an almost immediate resolution of GERD symptoms in obese individuals who are put on a very low-carb diet. In summary, low stomach acid contributes to bacterial overgrowth in the bowel which in turn can lead to carbohydrate mal-absorption. This may be so in most cases, but there are patients on a very low carbohydrate diet that still experience heartburn, which improves when stomach acidity is increased. In part 2 of this article we will look at important roles of stomach acid and the significant damage of long term hypochlorhydria.
Amber is a traditional souvenir from Lithuania TOP cities Placed on: 2006-12-04 13:31 Updated on: 2010-10-25 15:44 Comments: 0 Views from 2009-08-25: 0 Amber is a traditional souvenir from Lithuania 2010-10-04 13:29 The Baltic amber, succinct, formed of amber pine tress – pinus succinifera – which in the Eocene period (55-40 million years ago) grew in south slopes and plains of Scandinavia. In the old Baltic amber tertiary forests conifers, palms, oaks, beeches, elms, chestnuts, willows, cinnamons, magnolias and olives, also mushrooms, mosses and lichens were growing. Today more than 250 kinds of the Baltic amber are known. They are determined by color is yellow. Limpidity degree and color intensity depend on the number, size and arrangement of the smallest opaque admixtures in amber. Flomin (muddy) stones are limpid; it is easy to polish them. Bastard stones are turlid, having lots of air bubbles. They may be blotted with clods of pearl color (white, light yellow), yellow or brownish. Bone amber is white or ivory, opaque, sometimes with bluish tint. Physical and chemical characteristics of the Baltic amber are extremely various. Its hardness according to Mohs` scale is 2-3, but sometimes it reaches 10. The Baltic amber is easily processed, cut, drilled or polished. Amber density is from 1,05 to 1,096 g/cm 3. Water of the Baltic Sea is not very salty. Amber density is little, so it floats in the water and waves coast it ashore. Because of its amorphous structure amber easily cracks. It also easily takes fire and burns in a smoking flame spreading a smell similar to that of incense. It is difficult to determine the exact fusion temperature of the Baltic amber. When the temperature reaches 170C, it becomes soft and sticky. This characteristic is used producing pressed amber. Amber fuses and disintegrates when the temperature is above 300C. Only conofolium is left. Under the effect of oxidation amber weathers and becomes darker. Because of oxidation amber covers itself with patina. Its thickness sometimes reaches some millimeters. Amber is resistant to non-oxidizing chemicals and organic solvents. It melts being soaked in methyl alcohol (of 11,3%), turpentine (of 16,9%), ether (of 18.8%), acetone (of 23.3%). Chemical composition of the Baltic amber (succinct) is: 78.55% of coal C, 9.64% of hydrogen H, 11,81% of oxygen O. There is 3-8% of amber acid (C4H6O4) in succinct. The most effective method of investigating fossil resin is infrared spectroscopy. It helps to identity succinct quite precisely and to distinguish it from other fossil resins. Book your hotel in Lithuania Buy airline tickets to Lithuania Car rental in Lithuania Categories: Galleries and long time Exhibitions in, Shopping, souvenirs, gifts in, Jewelry in, Traditional souvenirs in, Travel goods in Add your comment! Log in to leave a comment or Sign up! Taste with us Sergejus Jeriomenko - have good time with us
Sappho . . . A tall, slender woman with flowing dark hair and warm, peachy skin stands atop a cliff gesturing towards a tumultuous sea below. Her head is tilted down, and her back is angled towards the viewer. She wears a long white chiton, with a peplos over it, embroidered with blue geometric thread at the bottom. Her Himation hangs off of her outstretched arm, blowing in the breeze. Near her feet lays a discarded lyre and a swath of cloth. The cliffside vegetation is murky green and the waves large, angry, and the color of autumnal grass before it begins to yellow. The sky is filled with grey-blue clouds with the barest hint of golden sun on the horizon. “sweet mother, I cannot waeve– slender aphrodite has over come me with love for a girl.” This scene seems like something you might find on a museum wall, with people milling around you, all too afraid to speak too loudly, else they disturb the peace of the pristine marble floors and golden molded ceilings. The plaque below the painting belies the above quote, as well as the words: “Sappho by Miquel Carbonell I Selva, 1881.” Yet, that is not where I saw this image nor where I saw this quote. I found this image and quote while scrolling through Tumblr on my phone. Image 1 courtesy of “Itcst” on Tumblr Sappho is not just an ancient poet, she is a figure for people to relate to today. She is a lesbian icon for many, and a model for lovers of literature and poetry. Her lyric poetry, most of which was written in the sixth century B.C., but destroyed in the fires when the Library of Alexandria burned. It is still widely read and loved today, even though we have mostly only broken and fragmented pieces of it. Sappho’s “94,” a greatly fragmented poem tells the story of her lover that must leave her and Sappho’s efforts to console her and remind her of “all the good times [they] had” (line 11). This poem has several stanzas that stand out to me as something I could see a person writing in 2019. The lines below feel particularly modern to me: “For many crowns of violets and roses and . . . . . . you put by my side, and many woven garlands made from flowers around your soft throat,” It is often that I see this feeling of passionate romance and longing partnered with flower imagery. What’s more, it is a tale of parting between two female lovers. The woman who is leaving even refers to Sappho by name when she expresses the desire not to leave her, so we know that Sappho is the narrator, and she speaks of the person leaving her as a “she,” so we further know that the other subject is a woman as well. During this time of visibility and activism for acceptance of sexuality and fighting for equal LGBTQ+ rights, Sappho’s lesbian poetry is tremendously relevant. Image 2 courtesy of “kerdjpg” on Tumblr Poem “94” is definitely a poem about both physical and emotional attraction. The two women share a strong physical attraction in the sense that when Sappho is telling her lover to remember the good experienced they’d chared, she told her to remember the time when “on a soft bed / delicate… / you let loose your desire” (lines 21-32). While not explicitly denoting sexual activity it is heavily implied the Sappho and her lover when somewhere far removed, to a place where they could drown out the rest of the world and simply be lost in passion. Even the missing pieces of this poem add to the effect of being in love, lost, and losing it. In the last two lines, there are a mere six words, yet they say so much about what they felt in the moments they were together and what they were about to lose: “No grove . . . no dance . . . no sound” There could very well be many more words that fit into those two ellipses of forgotten and destroyed text, but the stanza makes sense in the poem even without the rest of the text. We may never find out what Sappho truly intended to say in those last lines, perhaps they weren’t even the last lines of the poem, and more is lost. One could attempt to fill in the blanks with their own words or meaning, or one could simply take the ellipses as what is now part of the text and read it as a new whole instead of a fragmented part. I have been reading Sappho’s poetry as complete, though I know it is not, I see meaning in the blanks. I see meaning in “no grove… no dance / … no sound” (lines 27-28). That being said, Sappho’s ellipses are by no means just ellipses. Even if a one reads the piece not counting the ellipses as missing parts, they still might change the meaning of the work. The lines “and with much perfume / costly… / fit for a queen, you anointed yourself,” might mean that even though the perfume and flowers she adorned herself with were costly, she still wore them to show Sappho how much she loved her (lines 18-20). If we had the missing words, perhaps it could take on a wholly different meaning, but the ellipsis makes it seem like Sappho is reminiscing on how much that gesture meant to her. Those three little dots slow down the eyes and cause me to think about what feeling the poem is evoking. If I had come across this poem while scrolling through Tumblr one day, and not known the author, I might think it was just another young hopeful author, struggling with the loss of someone they loved, rather than a three-thousand-year-old poem that withstood the test of time. Image 1: Carbonell, Miquel. “Sappho.” Tumblr, Itcst. Image 2: kerdjpg. “My lesbian agenda.” Tumblr, kerdjpg.
20 Facts About Mass Shootings You May Not Know Red Lake Jeff May 10 yrs later Jeffrey May at his home in Redby, MN on the Red Lake Reservation. 10 years earlier May saved countless students who were being shot by jumping the school shooter who paused to reload. Photo: Jennifer Simonson, MPR News 1. NASA Astronaut Mark Kelly saw mistaken TV news reporting that his wife, Gabby Giffords was killed in a mass shooting before he jumped on an airplane from Houston, TX to Tucson, Arizona. 2. Liviu Librescu lived through a Nazi concentration camp in Romania only to be killed by the school shooter at Virginia Tech. 3. The Marjory Douglas Parkland High School killer took an Uber to the rampage, packing his AR 15, ammunition and smoke bombs in his bag. 4. When the UT Austin tower killer tried to take the elevator to the top of the tower to perpetrate the murders, the elevator was not working. He found a campus employee who activated the elevator for him. 5. A significant number of mass shooters, at least 9 killed a family member first before going on a shooting rampage. 6. While the school shooter at Red Lake High School, MN paused to reload his rifle, fellow student Jeffrey May tried to stop the attack by jumping the killer with a pencil; he was doing his math homework in study hall before the shooting. 7. The killers at Columbine High School selected April 20th for their killing because it was Adolph Hitler’s birthday and was the anniversary of the Oklahoma City federal building tragedy. 8. California woman Hannah Sindaha survived the Las Vegas Rte. 91 concert massacre, then a year later survived the Thousand Oaks barroom massacre. The day after Thousand Oaks she had to evacuate her home due to the Woolsey fire that claimed 3 lives. 9. The F.B.I. does not have an official definition of a “mass shooting,” but Congress defined a “mass murder,” and changed it in 2013 from an incident with at least four fatalities to one with three. 10. Mass shooters are male, with very few rare exceptions. 11. Conspiracy theorists waged a campaign to convince the world the twenty children killed at the Sandy Hook Elementary School were not really killed, their coffins were empty, and their grieving parents were actors. 12. In 1977 Stephen King wrote a novel about a fictitious high school shooting titled “Rage” under the pseudonym Richard Bachman. The book became associated with school shootings. Finally, after a copy of the book was found in the locker of Heath High School shooter Michael Carneal, King allowed the book to go out of print. 13. There are often visible warning signs before a mass shooter acts. In one unusual case, the case of the murders at the AME Church in Charlestown, a friend of the killer was arrested and sent to prison for knowing about the planned spree and failing to take action to prevent it. 14. The mass killer at the movie theater in Aurora, Colorado claimed he picked the midnight showing of Batman movie Dark Knight Rises for his killing, thinking there wouldn’t be children in the theater at that hour. There were. He killed a 6-year-old girl. 15. Because he was such a prolific gambler the Mandalay Bay Hotel gave Las Vegas Route 91 concert killer a free luxury suite that usually cost nearly $600 a night and allowed him to move his luggage containing a vast arsenal in the service elevators. He killed fifty-eight and wounded more than 800 people. 16. Christina Taylor-Green, the nine-year-old victim killed in the Tucson massacre was the granddaughter of former baseball manager and player, Dallas Green. Green managed the New Yankees and other teams in the 1970’s-1990’s. 17. Newspaper reporters at the Capital Gazette massacre in Maryland had the difficult assignment of having to write about a shooting they themselves witnessed, one that claimed the lives of their colleagues. 18. In preparation for the massacre the Columbine killers stored in their bedroom closets the bombs they built and used in the massacre. 19. After a fatal shooting at Red Lake High School, which is located on the Reservation of the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, the Tribe used donations to help pay for the funeral of the shooter. That payment is unprecedented. 20. The phrase “going postal” is believed to have been originated as a result of the 1986 massacre in Edmond, Oklahoma where a postal employee went on a workplace rampage, killing fourteen and injuring 7. The employee, a former Marine, received a series of negative performance reviews and was reprimanded earlier in the day before the killings. One of the victims of the massacre was the thirty-three-year-old Mike Rockne, grandson of Knute Rockne, the legendary Notre Dame football coach. [James D. Diamond’s 2019 book, After The Bloodbath: IS Healing Possible In The Wake of Rampage Shootings is now available from the publisher, MSU Press from your local bookstore, and all major digital booksellers like Amazon and Barnes and Noble. ]
A Short History of Russian Art and Russian and European Paintings Posted on \|Religious\|\| 0 If all you think about when it comes to Russian art are the little nesting dolls and onion-domed churches, then you are in for a big surprise! Just like any other countries, Russia has a variety of different kinds of arts that they are most proud of.Louis-Abel-Truchet Russian Icons The history of Russian art started very early when the country converted from pagan religion to Christianity during 988. Soon Russian artists stated a new art form which is now known as Russian icons. These religious icons are mostly images of Christian saints, Mary, Jesus Christ, and other religious figures. The birth of Christ and other miracles performed by saints were also depicted on these portraits. These portraits were common in Eastern Orthodox Christianity as seen in different schools such as Rostov-Suzdal School, Novgorod School, Moscow School, Mstera School, Palekh School, and Central Russia. Program of Westernizing From 1672 to 1725, a lot of changes happened when Tsar Peter the Great started to rule and he began a program to westernized Russian culture to catch up with Europe. Neoclassicism was the style that was followed in Europe at that time, which influenced a lot of Russian works in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. By the nineteenth century, some Russian artists got bored with the strict guidelines and limited subject given by Neoclassical art. This is when a group of artists such as the Wanderers (Peredvizhniki) created works of native Russian subjects instead of imitating Western styles. Artists who mostly create scenes related to Russian life and history can be seen in Ruzhnikov’s collection which contains the works of Max Rabes (Portrait of a Russian Soldier), Nikolai Semenovich Samokish (Night Raid), Franz Alekseyevich Roubaud (Buzkashi), Ivan Semenovich Kulikov (Portrait of the Artist’s Wife), and a lot more. Impressionism and Modernism Russia, again went to a lot of changes as the twentieth century began. Russian art made more experimental and avant-garde style, like what the rest of the world was also doing. Such modern painters were Louis Abel-Truchet (1857-1918), Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), Gustave Loiseau (1865-1935), Fernard Morin (1878-1937), and Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin (1860-1943) which can also be found in Ruzhnikov’s collection of Russian & European paintings. Common styles during those years were more of landscapes, more spontaneous style, with focus on light and shade. Russian artists also were influenced by the Futurist movement which emphasized boldness of design, modern themes, angular shapes, as can be seen in famous photomontages of Goncharova’s painting The Cyclist in 1913. Lauren Author Leave a Reply Required fields are marked *
RMS Titanic Now here’s a story with a lot of dimensions–the human tragedy of course, the investigations and scandal afterwards, the hundred-plus years of myth and legend surrounding the sinking, the new evidence emerging in recent decades through journeys to the floor of the ocean. The demise of the Titanic could easily be a Social and Psychological Mystery, for all the power it’s had on our popular imagination and psyche. But we list it here as a Scientific Mystery, ongoing, with new evidence or at least new theories about old evidence still surfacing. Over 1,500 people lost their lives the night of April 15, 1912. Are we sure, even now, what led to the collision, and what sunk an ‘unsinkable’ boat? Will the books ever really be closed on the mysteries of the Titanic? The RMS Titanic The RMS Titanic took to the seas as a source of wonder, an almost indescribable engineering feat, and statement of incredible luxury. Remember, passenger service across The Atlantic by air lay decades into the future. And now, early in the 20th century, came the great steam ships, with double magic–they were extremely fast, and extremely luxurious. The highest level of opulence of course was limited to first-class passengers, but it was unprecedented. “Two extraordinary first-class suites were constructed on B deck, one of them earmarked for J.P. Morgan. In addition to sumptuous state-room accommodations, these suites featured a spacious parlor and a promenade deck with half-timbered walls of the Elizabethan period; at the height of the season, the suites went for $4,350 one way (well over a hundred thousand in today’s money). On the same deck, a Parisian boulevard was added to the restaurant, giving the satisfying illusion of a French side-walk café.” From: “The Titanic: End of a Dream” by Wyn Craig Wade Truly it’s almost impossible, impossible to recreate the setting, the feeling of the times in which the first luxurious cities on water crossed the ocean. After all, that was then, and this is now, a very blasé time, when even the “incredible” almost bores us. But it may have been the most incredible of all “thens,” back then, just a few decades into the scientific and industrial revolutions. It’s hard now to imagine growing up in towns in Europe, or the U.S., connected by slow horses and buggies to the next small town, but a decade or two later going to sleep on a train and waking up hundreds of miles away. And the same lad who rode the striking trajectory of the railroads, the electric light, the emerging automobile, could now contemplate crossing the ocean quickly and safely. Great new steamships, longer and taller than the eye could quite believe, made the slow and risky crossing by sailing ship seem like a thing of the past. For a long time those with the need or the means to cross the Atlantic had often still hesitated to do so. As the English wit Samuel Johnson had said, the time crammed onto a ship’s hold crossing the sea was a bit like going to prison, but “with a chance to be drowned.” But that was all changing quickly in the first two decades of the twentieth century. The huge steamships were fast, so much bigger it seemed than waves and storms, and full of luxury. The week to ten days that a trip from Dublin to New York would take was barely enough time to sample all the restaurants in your floating hotel, to walk the promenades at all times of day and evening, to browse in the multiple libraries that the ship offered, or relax in the game rooms. Before you could be bored, you’d be on a new continent. The Titanic, when it sailed on April 10, 1912, boasted a crew and staff of over 900, an army of employees, enough to staff one of the largest cities of the era. The scale of the ship echoed the scale of human aspiration in the new age. Anything was possible, limits were melting away when touched by the magic wand of science and industry. The Titanic, one of the largest structures that man had ever built, could carry over 3,500 people. At 880 feet long and over 100 feet high, she was marketed by the owners as a super ship, a miracle of modern engineering. Dubbed by a Belfast Newspaper as “unsinkable,” Titanic was almost an Eighth Wonder of The World. First class passengers were wowed with mahogany lined rooms while steerage class passengers had dreams of new lives in America. Why wouldn’t you want to sail on something like that? An Iceberg and Horror The night of April 14, 1912, the third day of the Titanic’s maiden voyage, was numbingly cold — the water’s temperature hovered at 28 degrees Fahrenheit (-2.2 degrees Celsius). Around noon that day, the Titanic’s Marconi wireless operators received the first of at least four cautionary messages about large ice floes just ahead. A second message came in at 5:35 p.m. (EST) from a ship that reported three icebergs just 19 miles (30.5 kilometers) north of the Titanic’s path. And just one hour before the Titanic’s collision at 11:40 p.m., a vessel named the Californian messaged to the Titanic, “We are stopped and surrounded by ice.” The response from operator? “Shut up. I am busy. I am working Cape Race.” Cape Race was a wireless relay station in Newfoundland.From: howstuffworks.com, updated May 19, 2020 No question about it, the Titanic was making good time, and for the Captain and White Star Line, that was the point. Enormous investor capital had been mustered to build the new colossal steamships, lots more was spent to operate them, but in the end the hope was that the combination of luxury and speed would prove irresistible to intercontinental travelers. That would allow fully booked ships, at premier prices, to turn a steady profit. Captain Edward J. Smith Captain Edward J. Smith Thus when captain Edward J. Smith was informed that his path across the North Atlantic was laden with icebergs, part of his calculus was the high cost of delay. Captains of some ships had chosen the steam-by-day, anchor-by-night approach, so pronounced was the ice hazard, but that wasn’t part of the Titanic’s business plan. Apparently Captain Smith had asserted: I cannot imagine any condition which would cause this ship to founder, I cannot conceive of any vital disaster happening to this vessel. The ship’s navel architect, Thomas Andrews, and modern shipbuilders essentially echoed this attitude and were confirmed in their thinking because there’d been no recent incidents involving a large passenger vessel resulting in serious loss of life and it wasn’t going to happen to them. Thomas Andrew was so confident in the Titanic’s design that he assured passengers the internal structure would hold under any circumstances and would keep the water at bay. He essentially guaranteed that the Titanic could not sink. The floating community of the ship had been lulled into a false sense of security. The ship was so stable after the initial iceberg hit, many people refused to board the lifeboats. The combined tragedy of not having enough lifeboats (due partly to assurance that the ship was unsinkable) and the over confidence of the passengers, led to some lifeboats launched with very few people in them. It wasn’t until near the end, when it was painfully obvious that there were not enough lifeboats and the ship was indeed sinking that the passengers panicked. So, The Titanic was supposedly built to survive a disaster like a collision at sea. At first, after the iceberg strike, it looked like she would stay afloat well into the next day. But just two hours later, the ship sank to the bottom of the sea. Plummeting two and a half miles into the deep, black freezing waters of the Atlantic. Leaving 1,500 souls to freeze to death in the frigid watery darkness of a chaotic night. Life jackets on the Titanic were much more plentiful than seats on lifeboats. Water just above freezing temperatures shuts down a human’s vital functions within minutes. Thus, most victims didn’t drown, just froze to death. Searching for Answers The mundane mystery of the Titanic will always be: what really caused the disaster? Experienced seamen maintain that is was a plain case of negligent navigation, particularly on the part of Captain Edward J. Smith. It was E.J. who neglected to pay sufficient heed to numerous ice warnings, who neglected to reduce the speed of the ship, who neglected to post extra lookouts in the eyes of the ship, and who neglected to inform his officers of the gravity of the situation before they loaded the lifeboats. Those may be the most basic facts, but the questions about the Titanic on its final and fatal journey are many. The scientific Sherlock, and the Psychological and Historical detectives as well all have questions: • What part did hubris play in the disaster, the feeling that a ship this large and powerful was almost invulnerable to nature? • Did the recent history of steaming–with very few fatalities and few iceberg encounters–play a key role in that complacency? We tend to only believe in the type of accidents which have happened within recent memory. • Was a substandard steel or riveting procedure used, one that made the ship more vulnerable than necessary? Metallurgists will go on about this topic at some length. • Could another compartmentalizing process, in the design, have contained the interior flooding? The ship could have remained afloat indefinitely, or at least a lot longer, had the flooding been limited. Titanic, Searching for Answers Why was the Titanic going so fast when the warning came about the ice field in her path? Why did she not divert? Was the unsinkable theory just a marketing ploy? Was it even the Titanic that sank and not her sister ship the Olympic. There are so many theories, some of them a bit far-fetched, but important to know. Here are just a few. Some people actually believe that it was in fact sister ship the Olympic that sank as part of an insurance scam. The reason behind people thinking that the ship is not Titanic takes us back to September 20th 1911 when the Olympic collided with the HMS Hawke just off the coast of the Isle of Wight. This incident caused many problems for the ship’s owners as this meant that it would have had to be taken out of service while they would be repairing it and that the maiden voyage of Titanic had to be put back from the 20th March to the 10th April. This at the time was something that White Star Line could not afford to do as they had legal bills to pay and the cost of repairing the Olympic, as well, this meant that they had to come up with a way to claim back not only the money that they would have missed due to Olympic not being in service, but also the money they couldn’t claim back from the incident. So they came up with a plan– simply switch Olympic with her sister ship Titanic and sink it to claim compensation. No one would know they had swapped the ships except the people in charge, such as J Bruce Ismay, Thomas Andrews and JP Morgan. If you looked at the ships when they were standing beside each other you would not know which one was which unless you looked at the name plates on both ships. However there is one thing that allows people to tell the difference between the two ships and it is the portholes on the sea deck. When the Titanic was pictured while being built it had 14 evenly spaced portholes but when it left Southampton on it’s doomed maiden voyage on April 10th 1912 it had 16 unevenly spaced portholes, or so goes the allegation. And a few questions that will be perennially discussed. What was the mystery ship that so many claimed to see? The mystery ship many people standing on the sloping decks of the Titanic looking around for anything that could help them. When they looked at the horizon they saw a light that could only come from another ship. Some survivors testified that it was the Californian that was ignoring their rockets. The officers that were on duty that night claimed that there was indeed another ship. Who was this mystery ship? There are many theories about who this mystery ship was and a name much mentioned is The Sampson, a Norwegian sailing ship. Supposedly the Sampson was in the area hunting the seals that called the bigger icebergs their home. An activity is considered poaching and illegal. When the Titanic started going down, the orders were given for rockets to be shot off to get the attention of the ship on the horizon. Legend has it that when the crew of the Sampson realized that the Titanic was so close and firing rockets, they feared getting caught and rapidly left the area. Even captain Stanley Lord, the captain of the Californian, claimed that there was another ship in the area and the rockets he saw might have been Titanic trying to contact that other ship or they were just talking to one another via rockets and Morse lamps. Insurance Scam? Titanic’s insurance was increased five days before the maiden voyage which resulted in JPMorgan receiving twelve and a half million for her in insurance payouts from Lloyds maritime insurance, estimated at over 160 million dollars today. More than they could ever have recovered if they had sold or scrapped her. The switch theory primarily rests on the sinking being a deliberate act to recover insurance money to rescue the White Star Line from bankruptcy. It has been alleged that JP Morgan increased Titanic’s insurance from five million dollars to 12.5 million five days before her fateful journey. Some go as far as to state that Lloyd’s paid out 12 million five hundred thousand dollars. Did a German u-boat sink the Titanic? When the sunken Titanic was discovered in 1985 its starboard right side was imbedded in sand. This was the side that had struck the iceberg off a Newfoundland 100 years ago on April 14 1912. So-called sub profiler digital images revealed that six rivets have popped off, suggesting that shoddy workmanship led to the ship’s demise. But this covered only a relatively small area of just 12 square, feet hardly enough to cause the huge luxury liner to sink with such rapidity. Significantly, several survivors including passengers and crewmembers when questioned by a US Senate inquiry panel testified that they never felt any impact or heard any sound when the collision occurred. Suggesting it was minor in nature, however they reported having heard four reports or explosions deep in the bowels of the Titanic after it had scraped the iceberg. These could conceivably have been torpedoes launched by a German submarine; moreover a number of survivors huddled in lifeboats observed a searchlight in the distance. Encouraging them that a rescue vessel was approaching. Most assuredly that mystery craft could well have been a German sub, as their u-boat technology was highly perfected by that time and their subs were scanning the North Atlantic. then the sub may have deliberately targeted the luxury liner or possibly accidentally collided with it And from the world of the occult… Was there a cursed mummy on the Titanic? Of all tales of the supernatural, this one is perhaps the best documented the most disturbing and yet, the most difficult to believe. The princess of Amen Ra lived around 1500 BC. When she died, she was laid in an ornate wooden coffin and buried in a vault at Luxor on the banks of the Nile. In the late 1890s a rich young Englishman visiting the archeological digs near Luxor purchased the coffin and the mummy. He arranged for it to be shipped back to his home, but was not there to receive it. He disappeared never to be found. One of his companions on the trip later died, another lost an arm in an accident and the third lost his fortune in a bank failure. The coffin reached England and was purchased by a businessman. Three members of the businessman’s household were injured in an auto accident and his house caught on fire. Convinced that the mummy was unlucky, the man donated it to the British Museum. Ultimate Questions, Ultimate Memories Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri) Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri) In the tourist town of Branson, Missouri, a “Titanic Museum” keeps the memory alive well after 100 years. An ersatz ships’ hull and even more ersatz iceberg greet the visitor, but the story inside is all too real, and compelling. Upon entering, every museum visitor is given the name (and a bio-sketch) of a passenger who sailed on the ship. The tour which includes a chance to experience the temperature of the water of the North Atlantic at the time, a chance to try to stand on surfaces that slant from twelve degrees to ultimately more than forty degrees of pitch as the ship sank, a chance to sit in lifeboats of the same design, and much more to evoke a sense of the fateful voyage. Then, in the end, the visitor learns about his or her passenger. Were they among the survivors? What became of them, of their family members? After all, the event was real. It defined the lives of over two thousand people, and by extension to friends and relatives, several thousands more. And it defined the dreams, and nightmare of a period in history as few events have. There are museums dedicated to the great ship in Belfast, in Southhampton, as well as the U.S. Entire societies have formed to study and preserve Titanic history. It will live on in more than the eerie theme song from the popular movie directed by James Cameron, and in the several dozen full-length books that grapple with the Titanic story. Here, we open the forum wide for facts or observations about a story that shows no sign of fading away. There will always be more to say, it seems, about the Titanic.
Home • Trichaptum abietinum v1.0 Sorry, photo unavailable Trichaptum abietinum by Otto Miettinen Trichaptum abietinum This species is one of the most powerful white rotters in temperate forest ecosystems. It grows on dead wood of various conifer species and degrades the wood material quickly to a soft fibrous material, decomposing both the lignin and the cellulose polymers (hence, white rot). Though previously assigned to the order Polyporales, more recent molecular phylogenies have placed it in the Hymenochaetales. Using other fungal genomes previously sequenced at JGI, it has been reported that lignin degrading enzyme families have been expanded in copy number in white rot species, as compared with brown rot and mycorrhizal ones, however, what makes a white rot species more or less powerful remained an open question. This and other emerging fungal genomes will enable us to test whether the strength of wood decay is conferred by copy number variation in important gene families or sequence-level evolution of specific genes. The genus Trichaptum produces hundreds of perennial fruiting bodies, with attractive violet colors when young. The fruiting bodies start as a crust/like covering of the wood surface, then they produce caps with irregular pores on the underside (hymenophore), on which the spores mature. This irregular hymenophore is transitional between poroid and lamellar structures; with age it often splits up appearing more like a toothed fungus. Because of this transitional hymenophore type, Trichaptum abietinum will provide information on the evolution of hymenophore types. The primary purpose of structured hymenophores is to increase the surface for spore production. Fungi have evolved several different solutions, ranging from small excrescences on a smooth surface to teeth, pores or lamellae, several of these evolved multiple times independently in several clades, however, the genetic bases for these transitions are unknown.
Animals “Shapeshifting” in Response to Warming Climate Old African Elephant Climate change is not only a human problem; animals have to adapt to it as well. Some “warm-blooded” animals are shapeshifting and getting larger beaks, legs, and ears to better regulate their body temperatures as the planet gets hotter. Bird researcher Sara Ryding of Deakin University in Australia describes these changes in a review published on September 7th in the journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution. “A lot of the time when climate change is discussed in mainstream media, people are asking ‘can humans overcome this?’, or ‘what technology can solve this?’. It’s high time we recognized that animals also have to adapt to these changes, but this is occurring over a far shorter timescale than would have occurred through most of evolutionary time,” says Ryding. “The climate change that we have created is heaping a whole lot of pressure on them, and while some species will adapt, others will not.” Ryding notes that climate change is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that’s been occurring progressively, so it is difficult to pinpoint just one cause of the shapeshifting. But these changes have been occurring across wide geographical regions and among a diverse array of species, so there is little in common apart from climate change. Strong shapeshifting has particularly been reported in birds. Several species of Australian parrot have shown, on average, a 4%–10% increase in bill size since 1871, and this is positively correlated with the summer temperature each year. North American dark-eyed juncos, a type of small songbird, had a link between increased bill size and short-term temperature extremes in cold environments. There have also been reported changes in mammalian species. Researchers have reported tail length increases in wood mice and tail and leg size increases in masked shrews. “The increases in appendage size we see so far are quite small—less than 10%—so the changes are unlikely to be immediately noticeable,” says Ryding. “However, prominent appendages such as ears are predicted to increase—so we might end up with a live-action Dumbo in the not-so-distant future.” Next, Ryding intends to investigate shapeshifting in Australian birds firsthand by 3D scanning museum bird specimens from the past 100 years. It will give her team a better understanding of which birds are changing appendage size due to climate change and why. “Shapeshifting does not mean that animals are coping with climate change and that all is ‘fine,’” says Ryding. “It just means they are evolving to survive it—but we’re not sure what the other ecological consequences of these changes are, or indeed that all species are capable of changing and surviving.” Reference: “Shape-shifting: changing animal morphologies as a response to climatic warming” by Sara Ryding, Marcel Klaassen, Glenn J. Tattersall, Janet L. Gardner and Matthew R.E. Symonds, 7 September 2021, Trends in Ecology & Evolution. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.07.006 The authors received financial support from the Australian Research Council Discovery Project, an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship, and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant. 2 Comments on "Animals “Shapeshifting” in Response to Warming Climate" 1. Don’t take long to sling it do ya? Your brain shape shift into anything bigger than a thimble? So, how many animals did you capture & measure before & after this Global Warming event started taking place? No wonder no one but your pod people follow & believe your bilge! Does this pass the smell test? There has been approximately a 1 deg C AVERAGE global temperature change in the last century. Most of that has been in Winter and nighttime lows, with a strong bias coming from the Arctic. The average increase in mid-latitude and tropical ecosystem high temperatures has been less than 1 deg C. Most of that occurred before the 1940s. So, something like a 5% change in Summer temperatures, on the Celsius scale, are causing a 10% change in animal morphology? The temperature change is much less than 1% on the absolute (K) temperature scale! I can’t wait to see what is going to happen to the polar bears where the temperatures are supposedly changing at a rate 3X the global average. As is usual for articles relating to climatology, there is no mention of the uncertainty range for measurements, nor are alternative hypotheses offered as possible explanations. Leave a comment
Student-led Edcamp WES edcamp 2016 Students learn best when they can apply and teach their knowledge to others in real-world situations. Edcamps are becoming a popular form of professional development for educators. Edcamps are participant-driven experiences where educators can network, share ideas, and learn from one another in an informal, organic manner. This sharing and teaching model is ripe for implementing with students in an organized, educational setting. Recently, my 4th grade colleagues and I implemented a student-led edcamp at our school. As we wanted to find a good mix of student choice and project structure, we decided on thirteen topics from which the students would present. The topics were a combination of academic content we had learned over the course of the year, such as equivalent fractions and the three branches of government, to technology and presentation formats, such as Genius Hour, Google tools, Microsoft Sway, Buncee, and Every 4th grade student worked with a partner in another class to construct a short 15-minute informal presentation on at least one topic to present to a small group of their peers. The students indicated which topic they wanted to present on and what topics they were interested in attending. With that input, the teachers put together a master schedule of all the students consisting of six 15-minute blocks of time and whether each student was presenting or attending an edcamp session during one of those time slots. After a minute or two of finding their location and getting settled, the students took off. Student presenters took charge of their topic, showcasing their own student-created examples of work, and student participants were active listeners, paying attention and asking appropriate, content-driven questions. During the transition time between sessions, many students asked if we could do this again soon. Students were engaged in purposeful learning and owning their own education. Even though the students were familiar with all the topics to varying degrees, each learned something new from their peers. Because students from three fourth-grade classes were participating simultaneously in one edcamp, students learned new specific strategies about academic content and technology tools that may have been featured more prevalently in one classroom than another. When students are charged with explaining their thinking and relying on student-created examples, the academic content becomes more concrete in their minds; they begin to better internalize the material. They begin to own their own learning. Students also must adapt to being the “teachers” and conveying the material in a clear, concise message. Students are practicing their speaking and listening skills in a small group setting that feels safe and comfortable. As teachers, we were able to walk around the room and observe the handful of small groups conducting lessons at one time. This was our first attempt at a student-led edcamp, but it will not be our last. Student-led edcamps are a powerful way for students to own their learning and use creativity and student-choice to share, teach, learn, and grow. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Themes in Ancient Texts—Applicable from Past to Present Better Essays The ancient texts studied in any western civilization course obviously have relevance to today’s society either through the values they themselves possess or the works that they inspired; however, not all of the values presented in these works are still relevant in the modern world. The Tanakh, Sophocles’ Antigone, and Plato’s Apology are not exceptions to this rule. Each of these works has central ideas that are incredibly applicable to our modern culture and ideas that are less than appropriate in the twenty-first century. Across cultures and religions, perhaps one of the most recognizable passages from the Tanakh is the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-14). Here, God gives Moses ten laws, which are to govern the Israelites. While this passage may seem relevant because many people, especially those of the Jewish and Christian faiths, still observe these laws, it is relevant to today’s society for an entirely different reason. These Ten Commandments are one of the first sets of written laws and today, countries all over the world still have sets of written laws to govern themselves. More guidelines and laws are presented in Exodus 20:22-23:33 that cover topics that range from slavery to the murder of other people and all of these laws together were “a remarkably humane and ‘egalitarian’ body of social legislation” (Trulove 34). For any society to function properly, whether past or present, it is crucial that there is some set of universal guidelines guiding the people and organizations that the aforementioned society consists of. Another characteristic element of many of the books of the Tanakh is the long lists of family lineages. For example, the entirety of the fifth chapter of Genesis, 32 verses in all, is a “record ... ... middle of paper ...” (34). Additionally, Socrates comments on the corruption that stems those who use emotional tactics or appeals related to their family to try and escape harsh punishments for criminal charges (36-37). Obviously, with fraudulent charges and defenses riddled with emotional appeals, the judicial system in Athens during Socrates’ time was less than ideal. In America, the legal system obviously is more regulated than this; however, keeping past corrupt judicial systems in mind can help keep that negative aspect of Athenian life out of our own lives. As demonstrated, many of the early works of western civilization are still applicable in today’s society. Although some of the ideas in these ancient texts have had relevance throughout time and are still applicable today while others have no place in current times, there is much to learn from the works of the past. Get Access
B. J. Harrison Reads 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Share this book Pierre Aronnax is a famous marine biologist, who works together with his manservant Conseil and harpoonist Ned Land. The three brave men are tirelessly hunting a mysterious sea monster in the dangerous sea waters. But a great danger loom over them. Why are the three sailors chasing the monster? Why do they want to kill it at any cost? Will they succeed or will the creature attack and kill them? Find out all the answers in Jules Verne’s classic science fiction and adventure novel ”20,000 Leagues Under the Sea” from 1870. B. J. Harrison started his Classic Tales Podcast back in 2007, wanting to breathe new life into classic stories. He masterfully plays with a wide array of voices and accents and has since then produced over 500 audiobooks. Now in collaboration with SAGA Egmont, his engaging narration of these famous classics is available to readers everywhere. Jules Verne (1828-1905) was a French novelist who mostly wrote adventure fiction inspired by the scientific advances of the 19th century. With the help of editor Pierre-Jules Hetzel, he wrote a series of books called ”Extraordinary Travels”, which includes ”Journey to the Center of the Earth” (1864), ”Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” (1870), and ”Around the World in Eighty Days” (1873). Widely popular with both children and adults, Verne is one of the most translated authors of all times, and still inspires people the world over today. Show more
How Three Special Districts Made the Difference for the Homeless in their Communities By Kristin Withrow posted 12-14-2021 12:05 PM By Kristin Withrow, Districts Make the Difference Communications Specialist Tips for taking action It has been said that special districts are the most local form of government. Created by the community, for the community, special districts perform essential functions and provide essential services defined by their charter as established in their formation. So what do a southern California water conservation district, a California coastal park district and a northern California park district have to do with helping the issue of homelessness? They’ve each concluded the homelessness crisis is everybody’s business, and therefore everybody can help in the solution. They’ve each done their due diligence to assess the resources they could utilize in a fiscally responsible manner, and they’ve each been realistic with the capabilities of their district to pivot to such a complex issue when their mission doesn’t specifically include homelessness. They’ve assessed the liability involved, consulted their legal counsel, and determined a path that makes strides to help the homeless rather than simply moving them along to become someone else’s problem. One intrinsic tenet of special districts is the core mission to work for with their community, for their community. Each of these special districts are making a difference in the homeless community residing in their larger community. They’ve found a shift of focus away from seeing the homeless as a nuisance to instead recognize their humanity; to bring helpful resources to them as individuals with the goal of helping people experiencing homelessness become productive community members again. Three Special Districts: Three Strategies to Help San Bernardino Valley Water Conservation District (SBVWCD) In southern California’s San Bernardino Valley, the water conservation district found themselves encountering homeless individuals on the 7000 acres of land they manage. Charged with protecting the land and all its creatures, including endangered species, the district’s main function is “helping nature store our water,” explained the General Manager Daniel Cozad. He describes himself as a “reluctant homelessness management person.” From the district’s focal point of conservation, it was apparent that long term habitation of the Wash area or encampments results in habitat Aerial view of tents lining a bike pathdestruction for the species they protect. “Our ‘good neighbor policy’ was in conflict with our initial homelessness policy (of moving people along),” stated Cozad. San Bernardino Valley Water Conservation District (SBVWCD) maintains land for water recharge that included a structure for employees. The district partnered with an organization called Steps 4 Life Community Services to allow them to offer transitional housing services out of the existing structure. “Living outdoors is not the same as living indoors. People have to learn how to live inside again,” explained Cozad. Steps 4 Life’s website states their mission is to "empower individuals and families to receive the necessary training, education and life-skills that will allow them to re-enter society as positive individuals in our communities.” Since 2019, the program has helped 39 individuals. Of those, 79% have been able to move back into the community in their own housing and maintain jobs to sustain themselves. 8 people required higher care and were placed in appropriate programs for their needs. 1 formerly homeless individual has become an intern of the district and has been working with the field staff’s mentorship. Isla Vista Recreation & Park District Further north in Santa Barbara County, the Isla Vista Park District (IVPD) was also experiencing significant community issues from homeless encampments in their 57 acres of parks and open spaces. The small community near the University of California at Santa Barbara campus was home to approximately 100 homeless people living in makeshift encampments, which resulted in community members who were frustrated and afraid to use the parks. Tents with portable toilets and trash receptacles nearby The district formed partnerships with service providers such as the Department of Public Health, law enforcement, the District Attorney, county supervisors and others to create the Covid-19 Encampment Management Policy (CEMP). The program would temporarily provide guidance for accommodating this community of homeless people who were affected deeply by Covid-19. Safety guidelines were developed, along with a plan for sanitation facilities to provide bathrooms, trash collection and temporary emergency shelters in specific locations organized into 12 x 12 foot spaces. Each square space was outlined using erosion control materials to provide a sense of space for the occupant and to encourage everyone to maintain the boundaries that would accommodate access for emergency personnel and services to group together for effectiveness. The program goal, to efficiently, safely and humanely provide a space to live and access to resources, was made possible only through the community partnerships and tireless work by the park district’s 10 full time staff members and 3 part time employees. “Every human has a right to water, shelter and food,” stated General Manager Kimberly Kiefer, adding the statistics show, “it can take 7-14 contacts with a homeless person before they trust enough to use the resources you provide.” The partnership with law enforcement and the District Attorney was a key factor: no person was arrested for being homeless or sleeping on the streets in the creation of this program. One important ingredient to the CEMP program was an exit strategy. To be fiscally responsible, the district knew this program could not be sustained indefinitely. Beginning in June, the makeshift community was phased out one grid at a time. The formerly homeless occupants had been put in touch with rehabilitative resources and given a chance to re-connect with their humanity. As a result of the program, the district has received numerous reports of people who took advantage of the resources they were introduced to in the CEMP and have become productive members of the community. Some were also identified as higher need during the program and were referred to appropriate resources for further help. Fulton-El Camino Recreation & Park District In the suburbs near the California Capitol, Fulton-El Camino Recreation and Park District General Manager Emily Ballus has 10 years of prior experience serving on a board that deals directly with homelessness. When the park district began seeing homeless residents taking shelter in their 7 parks and 2 undeveloped acres of land, they reacted with a sense of compassion coupled by their duty to operate the parks effectively. Ballus noted, “we have a large population of low income residents and over 5500 homeless people.” The community has also grown to accommodate an Afghan population that is expected to grow with the recent influx of refugees. To compound the homelessness dilemma, they only have 200 shelter beds in the area and the cost of housing has soared with the pandemic. Row of white tiny homes The district has been developing a plan for the joint development of a community center and a series of small homes to use as interim housing. As with the other special districts who’ve tackled the crisis, this district has forged significant partnerships with community resources – including the library, an energy agency, adult protective services, a local non-profit and a refugee rescue group dedicated to the Afghan community. The Crisis of Homelessness is not Isolated to California: But Californians can Help While it seems to be on the forefront and many people believe housing insecurity has dramatically increased, homelessness is an issue that has actually decreased since the US Department of Housing and Urban Development began tracking it in 2007. In their 2020 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress, data show the 647,258 homeless in 2007 have decreased to 580,466 in 2020; however, the data collected was pre-pandemic. There are distinctions between sheltered and unsheltered homeless and chronic or temporary homelessness. The phenomenon of unsheltered homelessness is highest along the west coast. In California, 70% of the homeless population is unsheltered. Other coastal states show high figures as well: Oregon (61%), Nevada (61%) and Hawaii (57%). California’s enormous population of 39.6 million people vastly exceeds all other states in the US (the next most populous is Texas with 29.7 million); therefore, the number of homeless people is also dramatically high with 161,548 people estimated to be homeless in 2020. This means California’s large homeless population is highly visible due to its unsheltered status. Special districts in the state have a mission to serve their community. It is not necessarily within their scope to aid the homeless; however, in utilizing their resources in a fiscally responsible manner and partnering in their community, they are finding ways to make a positive impact on the problem. As the San Bernardino Valley’s Steps 4 Life Community Service motto says, “Each one helps one.” Perhaps if every Californian begins to explore what small steps they can take, a solution will rise from the collective effort. CSDA would like to extend our gratitude to Melissa Kuehne, senior program manager for the Institute for Local Government, for coordinating the presentation of these districts' separate stories at our 2021 Annual Conference and Exhibitor Showcase; and to Daniel Cozad, Kimberly Kiefer and Emily Ballus for your excellent presentations and willingness to share your stories with other special district leaders at the conference.
The Ultimate Guide To Using Aloe Plants Outside Aloe plant growing outside and potted aloe plant outside In this article I cover everything you need to know about using aloe plants outside. This includes the very popular aloe vera plant. I outline in what areas of the country you can grow aloe outside as a garden plant, or outdoor potted plant, and when it should never be grown outdoors. I cover when it is ok to move an aloe houseplant outside and also when it should never be left outside. I also show where an aloe plant should be positioned outdoors and the conditions necessary for healthy growth and strong blooms. Guide to using aloe plants outside To understand if an aloe plant can be grown outside you need to know what the care requirements are for the plant. Aloe plants are perennial succulents that can bloom year-on-year for decades. They grow naturally in warm, dry climates that are desert-like. This means aloe plants require more direct sunlight that many other popular houseplants in order to grow and bloom. An aloe plant needs at the very least 6 hours per day of strong direct sunlight. Many houseplant owners never experience the flowering of their plants, simply because their plant never gets enough direct sunlight to give it enough resources to bloom (see our aloe sun and light requirements guide). So does this mean that you should move your plant outside as it will obviously get more direct sunlight sitting in the yard than it would in a room in your home? Although moving an aloe plant outside will, in many cases, mean the plant gets more sunlight, as a desert succulent it may not be a great idea to try t grow aloe plants outside, or even move your aloe houseplant outdoors, if you don’t live in an area that gets the correct conditions for this plant. Let’s take a look at what outdoor conditions an aloe plant needs in order to grow and thrive. Growing aloe plants outside Aloe are tropical and subtropical plants that are not suitable for outdoor cultivation in many areas across the US (and in no areas in the UK). As a desert succulent that grows naturally in the tropical and subtropical parts of the African continent and in countries such as Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan and some islands in the Indian Ocean like Comoros, Réunion and Mauritius, the aloe plant plant is best suited to warm and dry climates. Aloe needs very specific conditions in order to thrive, It requires the correct soil and temperature as well as the correct amount of water and nutrients. If any of these elements are are not within the proper range an aloe plant can suffer. To understand the needs of this plant and how they relate to your local outdoor environment I will briefly cover the most important aspects of th eplant’s growth requirements. Aloe plant growing outside Aloe plant growing outside With summer temperatures that can rise to 80°F in an aloe plant’s natural habitat (in some extreme cases as high as 90°F ) these flowering perennials have evolved to need warmth to survive. An aloe houseplant can live in almost any home due to the protection it gets from the elements and the fact that households are kept at similar temperatures throughout year – temperatures that are more than adequate for an aloe plant. An outdoor aloe plant is not so fortunate though. Being left exposed to the climatic changes that are experienced outdoors and being open to the elements, a yard-grown aloe plant can only be cultivated in specific USDA climate zones. USDA climate zones 10 and 11 offer aloe plants the best chance of healthy growth outdoors as these zones have dry desert type conditions that are as close to the aloe plant’s natural habitat as you can get in the US. With dry warm days in the summer and moderate temperatures at night an aloe plant will happily grow in yards in these climate zones. Like amaryllis, aloe plants can also be grown outdoors in USDA climate zones 8 and 9 but only if given additional winter protection and also protection against rainfall, as aloe plants are scant drinkers. But, when it comes to growing aloe plants outside, temperature and rainfall are not the only things you need to consider. Aloe is well adapted to dry conditions and rocky or sandy soil and normal compost-type soil is not a good growing medium for this succulent (see our aloe plant soil guide). The natural habitat of the aloe plant offers limited water and the soil is not very nutrient rich and is quite sandy. If have yard soil that is compost-like and heavy in nutrients then it will not be the best growing medium for an aloe plant. This type of soil will also hold on to too much water for the healthy growth of an aloe plant and if the soil naturally holds on to too much water it will likely kill your plant. Water logged soil leads to root rot. Read our aloe vera root rot guide for more information on this hazardous condition. So, although the climate and amount of rainfall are important things to think about when considering whether or not to grow aloe plants in your yard, the soil type of the yard is also very important. For this reason it is usually best to cultivate an outdoor aloe plant in a pot rather than planting it directly into your garden (unless you live in climate zones 10 or 11). Can you grow aloe vera outside? What about the popular aloe plant, aloe vera … can you grow aloe vera outside? Aloe vera, like all aloe plants, can be grown outside year-round in USDA climate zones 10 and 11. It can also be grown outside in climate zones 8 and 9 but only with winter protection and protection from rainfall. Aloe vera can grow outside in the summer in most states. Yard-grown aloe vera is subject to the same rules that apply to growing any of the other 500 aloe plant species. As a desert succulent the plant requires warm dry weather. An outdoor aloe vera plant must be protected against low temperatures and heavy rainfall. For more information about growing an aloe vera outside you should read the entirety of this article. Can I put my aloe plant outside? So we can see that to grow an aloe plant outside, or an aloe vera plant, you need to live in the right climate zone. But what moving your aloe indoor plant outside … is it possible to put your aloe plant outside at certain times? Aloe houseplants can be brought outside in the summer months in areas where temperatures do not fall below 40°F. Even in areas that have cold nights an aloe plant can usually be brought outside during warm summer days as long as it is brought indoors at nightfall. Aloe plants also need to be protected from regular or heavy rainfall when outdoors. Although the outside temperature is an important consideration when moving an aloe plants outside, it is not the only one. Water will probably be your biggest concern. Aloe plants can live on very little water. Having evolved to grow in dry desert conditions aloe plants can go weeks without being watered (see our aloe plant watering guide). Too much water can be extremely detrimental to these succulents and in my experience it is overwatering that causes the most common problems with aloe plants. A potted aloe plant outside A potted aloe plant outside Just as an aloe houseplant needs to be watered only once every 3 weeks so too should an outdoor aloe plant be watered just as sparingly. If you live in an area that gets lots of rainfall, or just regular rainfall, even in the warmer months then it is not a good idea to move your indoor aloe plant outside – at least it is not a good idea to leave it outside when the rain starts to fall. Not only do aloe plants not like their leaves getting wet (see our aloe plant leaves guide for the proper care requirements of this plant) but too much water can lead to a host of serious problems that are difficult, and sometimes impossible, to fix. When aloe plants are left to sit in water or heavily water-drenched soil they can quickly develop root rot. This is often seen as a yellowing of the leaves, a browning of the leaves and can even manifest as a very strong and unpleasant smell that emanates from the plant. So you don’t want the plant to get any more water than it absolutely needs. Can indoor aloe plants live outside? Now that we know the conditions needed to grow aloe as a yard plant and we now also know when it is possible to bring an aloe houseplant outside (and we we shouldn’t), you may be wondering if a potted aloe plant can survive outdoors year-round. An indoor aloe plant can only live outside year-round in USDA climate zones 10 and 11. It can also live outdoors in climate zones 8 and 9 but only with winter and rainwater protection. An indoor aloe plant can be brought outside in summer in areas where temperatures do not fall below 40°F and there is not a lot of rainfall. Basically, indoor aloe plants are subject to the same restraints when used outdoors as yard-grown aloe plant because indoor aloe plants are exactly the same as outdoor yard-grown aloe. The only difference is that the indoor plant is potted. So, a potted aloe plant is subject to the same restrictions and requires the same care requirements as an aloe that is planted directly into the ground – information which I outlined above in a previous section. This is why I advise people to grow aloe plants in pots simply because it is so much easier to protect the plant from heavy rainfall and low temperatures because you can easily move a potted plant. Obviously if you live in climate zone 10 or 11 then you can put your aloe plant directly into your yard soil as your environment is naturally well-suited to aloe but even gardeners in these zones will often pot the plant rather than plant it in the garden. Aloe plants outside in summer In most areas of the US an aloe plant can be brought outside in the summer. Aloe plants can be left outside in the summer in areas that get limited rainfall and that have temperatures that do not fall below 40°F (including night temperatures). Aloe plants can be yard-planted in climate zones 10 and 11 and left there all summer (and winter). Aloe plants can be grown in the ground outdoors in the summer in climate zones 8 and 9 but will need removed in winter and potted before being brought indoors. If an aloe plant is left outside in climates zones 8 and 9 it must be given winter protection in the colder months where temperatures fall below 40°F and and water protection in months where rainfall increases. Aloe plants outside in winter The only aloe plants that can be safely left outside in winter are those that are growing in USDA climate zones 10 and 11. These zones are pretty close to the natural habitat of aloe plants and so leaving the plants outside all-year-round is perfectly fine. There are gardeners in climate zones 8 and 9 that will cultivate and grow aloe plants outdoors, directly in the garden, but they will always provide winter protection for the plants when the colder and wetter months roll in. More often than not the aloe plants will be removed from the garden and potted in these zones, before being brought indoors as low temperatures are not the only hazard of winter – rainfall and frost are also big problems for aloe plants. Aloe plant covered with frost Outdoor aloe plant dangerously covered with frost The two most important things to remember when growing aloe plants outdoors is temperature and precipitation. Aloe are tropical and subtropical plants that like warm, dry air, sandy soil and do they do not like to get wet preferring to drink from the bottom rather than the top. Aloe plants will die if left in freezing temperatures and if left in water-drenched soil or if given too much water. Where should I put an aloe plant outside Now that you know when an aloe plant can be grown outside you need to know where to put it. You should place your outdoor aloe plant in an area that gets at least 6 hours of direct light per day. If the plant gets excessive amounts of strong direct sun and the leaves start to get sun bleached and turn yellow move it to an area that gets between 6 – 8 hours of direct sunlight each day and partial or full shade the rest of the time. Where possible protect the plant from rainfall. Bear in mind that aloe plants should only be grown outdoors year-round in climate zones 10 and 11. Potted aloe plants can be brought outside in summer as long as temperatures do not fall below 40°F. If the temperatures are warm your biggest concern with the positioning of your aloe plant will be rainfall. Aloe plants should not be given too much water. They require watering only once every 3 weeks so if your area experiences more rain than this you need to protect the plant from rainfall. Where to put an aloe vera plant outside Aloe vera plants are often grown in the US (and other countries) for their latex. When you cut an aloe leaf it will ooze its inner gel and this aloe latex is used in many household skin care and hair products. So many gardeners want to know where to position their aloe vera plants outside to get the best foliage growth for latex harvesting. An aloe vera plant grown outside should be placed in a spot that gets at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. It should be protected from rainfall as these plants only require watering every 3 weeks. If the plant receives too much prolonged strong sun, and the leaves bleach yellow, move the plant to an area that gets 6 – 8 hours of direct sun during the day and partial or full shade the rest of the day. Your main concern when placing an aloe vera plant outside is the amount of water it will receive from rainfall. Even in summer rainfall is still common in many parts of the US and although the temperatures will be fine for growing aloe vera the amount of rainfall will not be. So, wherever you put the plant be sure it is protected from the rain while still getting plenty of direct sunlight. This is why it is a good idea to always grow aloe vera in a pot so it can be easily moved – unless you live in climate zones 10 or 11 that are perfect for growing aloe vera directly into the yard soil. Recent Posts How Does Your Garden Mow
Research Paper On Bystander Effect 2202 Words9 Pages The Bystander Effect Submitted to: Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado Psychology (NPS 103) Submitted by: Binitha Miriam Binu Human Beings exhibit varying characteristics depending on which kind of situation they are in. In here, the change in the mentality of people in offering a helping hand to people when they are with the public is taken into account. The multitude, that inclines to be helping in the actual sense, gets deprived of this habit when they are with a group of people. In order to explain this aspect a well-known experiment, “The Bystander Experiment” is brought to lime light. The Bystander Effect Providing a helping hand is one of the most typical …show more content… How ironic that this same question was answered separately by a non-scientist. When the killer was apprehended, and Chief of Detectives, Albert Seedman asked him how he dared to attack a woman in front of so many witnesses, the psychopath calmly replied, 'I knew they wouldn 't do anything, people never do ' (Seedman & Hellman, 1974, p. 100)". Two social psychologists, John Darley and Bibb Latané, bothered enough to ask as to why the people who witnessed it demonstrated a lack of any useful reaction towards the dying victim. Darley and Latané conducted an experiment in 1964, and it was called The Bystander Apathy Experiment. Who is a Bystander? What does it actually mean by the term ‘Bystander’? A bystander, also called a witness, is someone who sees a situation, and who may or may not know what to do, and he or she is himself or herself terrified to act, and thinks that someone else will do the needful. The Bystander Apathy Experiment The psychologists, Darley and Latané were in this experiment because of the ingenuity that they derived from the murder of Kitty Genovese in the year …show more content… 8. Helping Others. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from 9. Kalat, J. W. (2013). Introduction to psychology (10th ed.). California, United States: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 10.Krajicek, David (March 13, 2011). The killing of Kitty Genovese: 47 years later, still holds sway over New Yorkers. New York Daily News. Retrieved December 6, 2011. 11. Manning, R.; Levine, M; Collins, A. (September 2007). The Kitty Genovese murder and the social psychology of helping: The parable of the 38 witnesses. American Psychologist. 62 (6): 555–562. 12. Murder of Kitty Genovese. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved on November 15, 2016 13. Takooshian, H., Ph.D. (n.d.). The 1964 Kitty Genovese Tragedy: What Have We Learned? Retrieved November 24, 2016, from 14. Why Don’t We Help? Less Is More, at Least When It Comes to Bystanders. (2009, November 4). Retrieved November 20, 2016, from Open Document
5Biocompatibility of Nanodiamonds “A diamond is forever,” De Beers’ diamond campaign launched on the New York Times, September 1948, is the same slogan still used today [1]. Funny as it may sound, if asked, scientists working on nanodiamonds (NDs) would say the same. Scientifically, the slogan vividly depicts the exceptionally high physical and chemical stability of the gemstone under ambient conditions. However, some may be wondering: Stable, yes, but is it safe to use? How to tell if it is safe for humans? Can we measure safety in a quantitative way and, if so, how? These are some questions that we try to answer in this chapter. Diamond, categorized as an inorganic material, is considered both chemically inert and biologically compatible because it is composed of pure sp3‐hybridized carbon atoms, except those on the surface. According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the term “biological compatibility” or “biocompatibility” in short is defined in a general context as “the ability to be in contact with a living system without producing an adverse effect” or, in the context of medical therapy, “the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application” [2]. The exceptionally low chemical reactivity of diamond is well in line with the first definition. This characteristic, together with the facts that diamond can be synthesized by chemical vapor deposition methods for coating of biomedical devices and the surface ... Get Fluorescent Nanodiamonds now with O’Reilly online learning.
Idioms title The meaning of "red letter day" " Red letter day " A significant, important or happy day. Mom will be a hundred years old on the 23rd. That's a real red-letter day for the family. Where did it originate?: Britain - 15th century. Where is it used?: Hear the idiom spoken: More idioms about: colour happiness date We are also on Facebook Copyright Gary Martin
"Nature's 'Brita Filter' Is Dying and Nobody Knows Why" "On 'good' bad days, the shells lay open at the bottom of the river, shimmering in the refracted sunlight. Their insides, pearl white and picked clean of flesh, flicker against the dark riverbed like a beacon, alerting the world above to a problem below. 'That's what we look for in die-offs,' says biologist Jordan Richard, standing knee-deep in the slow-flowing waters of the Clinch River in southwest Virginia. He points at a faint shape submerged about ten feet upstream. 'I can tell from here that's a Pheasantshell, it's dead and it died recently. The algae development is really light.' The Pheasantshell is a freshwater mussel; a less-edible version of its saltwater cousin that spends most of its inconspicuous life part-buried in riverbeds, blending in with the rocks and filtering the water around them. In recent years though, biologists and fisherman noticed something was wrong." Nathan Rott reports for NPR December 6, 2019. Source: NPR, 12/06/2019
Grade Point Average What is a GPA? Your Grade Point Average tells how well you have done in a given time period (usually one academic year or across all four years of senior high school) on the four-point-scale, with 4.0 being the highest you can get. Note that there are different GPA formats, depending on the district of your school, allowing a student's GPA to also go beyond the 4.0 grade (for example by taking “Advanced Placement” classes). Unweighted GPA An unweighted GPA makes no difference between classes, which required more study time (worth more credits) and classes, which required less time (worth fewer credits). Say, you had 4 hours of Earth Science per week, but only 2 hours of Spanish in the same year. Your grade in Earth Science would weigh the exact same when calculating your GPA at the end of the year. Weighted GPA The opposite goes for your weighted GPA, which is thus a “fairer reflection” of your performance in the class room in a given time period. If you had done well in Earth Science, this would have a (more) positive impact on your GPA than a good grade in Spanish. Cumulative GPA For reasons all things college admission and recruiting process, your cumulative GPA is the average performance of your entire high school career (Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade 11 and Grade 12). The cumulative GPA (weighted or unweighted) is the one numerical figure college admissions offices usually look at for starters. GPA conversion to American grading scale No matter what GPA or academic performance you bring to the table from any country in the world, it needs to be converted to the American 4.0 grading scale. At big schools, admissions offices do that for you, but smaller schools often outsource this process to a grade evaluation service. Once you embark on your recruiting process, getting your American GPA converted is something that needs to happen sooner or later. It sometimes is a bit of an art to make sure you don't end up calculating something which is way off, but there are some really useful GPA converter tools and/or your recruiting service, which usually help with that. MacBook Smarthlete - Your Smarthlete Profile Iphone Smarthlete - Your Smarthlete Profile - Mobile Smarthlete Features Your Smarthlete Profile Your GPA is one of the the key elements of your recruiting profile, coaches need to see right from the start. Why does my GPA matter? Your GPA matters a great deal, as it's almost always one central factor in your college application. But if you plan on getting recruited by a NCAA D1, D2 or NAIA program, you also need your GPA to be eligible to compete: The NCAA Eligibility Center definitely looks at your grades (and thus GPA) as part of your academic documentation. But make no mistake, your GPA of 2.75 will not be what the NCAA cares about, as your best grades from 16 courses (NCAA core courses) only will be taken into consideration. While the NAIA Eligibility Center also accepts your high school GPA as one of three criteria to be eligible (GPA above 2.0), you can also replace it with a class letter rank (top 50% of your class) instead. Getting accepted Any school can define its very own admission criteria. For some universities that might be a combination of college entrance tests (SAT/ACT), letters of recommendation and personal essays, whereas others might put a greater emphasis on GPA and entrance tests only. A lot of schools work with a GPA – SAT/ACT index table. In other words, a high GPA will offset a poor test score and vice versa. Academic scholarships While there is no universal answer (as many colleges don't like to reveal academic scholarship criteria), quite often, the above-mentioned GPA/test score index table is used to define a scholarship range for an applicant. For example, an ACT of 26 and GPA of 3.7 may qualify a student for 15,000 USD – 18,000 USD in academic aid. The same student might move up a bracket were she to score 28 on her second ACT attempt, translating into 18,000 USD – 21,000 USD in potential scholarship money. Specific scholarships, such as “Presidential Scholarships” or “Leadership Scholarships” often come with other criteria, such as residency, specific major, but still: a minimum GPA. Recruiting Advice Besides improving your level of play, invest enough time in school work – your grades really do matter a great deal and may make the difference which school you end up getting recruited by. Are GPAs comparable? In the global world we live in, no. It's a reality that some education systems are way tougher when it comes to professors' grading or grading scales used than others. Some countries are also well-known for requiring a higher standard of knowledge than other countries. Ideally, the converted GPA reflects all that, but in reality, it doesn't always. This is when class rank letters come into play. It's not unheard of that a GPA of 3.5 puts somebody in the top 5% of class. Good admissions offices are able to interpret grade transcripts the right way or you can help them understand so much better; for example, through the “Common App” and/or stating additional information regarding the self-reported GPA (weighted, unweighted, class rank, etc.). At the end of the day, your GPA is what it is and you still have every chance in the world to add strong academic test scores to your recruiting profile. Next Read Read up on college entrance exams, ACT and SAT. TOEFL, IELTS and Duolingo English Test, if you are an international applicant.
Laser-Induced Graphene Makes Powerful Energy Storage Possible Rice University researchers who previously pioneered the development of laser-induced graphene have configured their discovery into flexible, solid-state microsupercapacitors that rival the best available for energy storage and delivery. Microsupercapacitors are not batteries, but inch closer to them as the technology improves. Traditional capacitors store energy and release it quickly, unlike common lithium-ion batteries that take a long time to charge and release their energy as needed. Rice's microsupercapacitors charge 50 times faster than batteries, discharge more slowly than traditional capacitors, and match commercial supercapacitors for both the amount of energy stored and power delivered.
Posts Tagged ‘September 25’ What Balboa Really Discovered Posted in General, On This Day on September 25th, 2009 by Eugene Finerman – 5 Comments September 25, 1513: Balboa Discovers the Pacific Ocean balboa with bonesThe geezers among us (40 years old or worse) will remember being taught that Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1474-1519) discovered the Pacific Ocean. We now realize that reflects a slight European bias. The Chinese may have noticed a mass of water to their east. The Japanese could hardly ignore it; in fact, they appreciated the ocean’s isolating charm. (It kept out Mongol cavalry.) Even if we only count Europeans, then Marco Polo discovered the Pacific Ocean. So today’s school textbooks–at least the ones that don’t attribute everything to Jesus–now credit Balboa as being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the American shore. It happened this day in 1513. At the time, he was touring the area we know as Panama, introducing himself to the local tribes and charging them all their gold and gems for the privilege. For a conquistador, Balboa was considered quite humane. He rarely attacked without warning, and he did not regard the natives’ attempt at self-defense as a personal affront or as a justification for genocide. Once he had thrashed any resistance, he was willing let the remnants of the tribe become his “allies”–a better social standing than slaves but not quite as dignified as toadies. While making new allies, Balboa heard reports of a great sea to the south and west. His interest was not merely academic; the coastal tribes were said to be rich in pearls. A rumor is as good as invitation, and what more did a conquistador need? With 190 Spaniards and 1000 native levies, Balboa proceeded on his quest. The distance from the Spanish base on the Caribbean to the Pacific would not seem very great; but that narrow isthmus had hostile tribes, dense jungles and steep mountains. It was nearly four weeks before Balboa came within sight of the southern sea, and it would be another four days before he was standing in its waters. Balboa claimed the ocean on behalf of Spain; but it would be at least three centuries before the Chinese and Japanese learned that they were trespassing. However, the conquistador was far less audacious in coming up with a name for Spain’s new waterworld. When in doubt, a prudent Spaniard would think of something impeccably Catholic. As far as the Inquisition was concerned, the whole world should be named for the Virgin Mother. A clever courtier might have gratified the Church and the King: the San Ferdinand Ocean? But, at his moment in history, all Balboa could think of was “Mar del Sur”: the South Sea. (Seven years later, Ferdinand Magellan offered a Pacific alternative.) Balboa then returned to the Caribbean and the far greater dangers of Spanish politics. The conquistadors were not a corps of civil servants or even army regulars; they were an assortment of cutthroats and sociopaths tolerated by the Crown so long as they remembered that the King received 20 percent of the loot. The quickest way for a conquistador’s promotion was to oust his superior. That had been Balboa’s path. A younger son of a minor noble and a failed pig farmer fleeing his debts, Balboa joined an expedition whose commander intended to overthrow a provincial governor. Balboa instead ousted him, organizing a mutiny and then arresting the commander for embezzlement against the Crown. Embezzlement was an useful charge because it was usually true, and the King was always ready to believe it. So the arrested officer was off to Spain, and now Balboa was the commander. As for the expedition’s original mission, Balboa soon was governor of Panama too. Of course, to justify his usurpations, he had to send ample loot to Spain. King Ferdinand appreciated a lucrative rogue like Balboa; but the Crown still had to protect the dignity of its governors. So Ferdinand came up with a compromise, appointing a new governor but elevating Balboa to be Admiral of the South Sea; the two were expected to cooperate and rule together. The new governor was an elderly aristocrat; how long do you think that he would last against the younger adventurer? Wrong! It was Balboa who proved the guileless dupe. The wily courtier bided his time and encouraged the marriage of his daughter to Balboa. Over the next few years, Balboa launched expeditions in the South Sea searching for a fabulously rich empire. However, none of the ships evidently reached Peru; and the Admiral’s repeated failures were accumulating as evidence to justify his ouster. Unfortunately, the governor also wanted Balboa out of the family. In 1519, Balboa was arrested for treason and beheaded. So it seems that aristocrats can be cutthroats, too. After all, that is how they first got their titles. As for that fabulously rich empire to the south of Panama, the rumors persisted. And one of Balboa’s soldiers was an illiterate ruffian named Francisco Pizarro.
Anhalt-Zerbst was a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts Potsdam-Mittelmark (Brandenburg) and Wittenberg, the city of Dessau and the districts of Köthen, Schönebeck and Jerichower Land. Lage des Landkreises Anhalt-Zerbst in Deutschland.png • Total1,225 km2 (473 sq mi) • Total79,500 • Density65/km2 (170/sq mi) Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) Vehicle registrationAZE While Zerbst is a small town today, together with Dessau it was one of the two central cities of Anhalt. When the state of Anhalt was dissolved in 1603, one of the successor states was the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst. It was a small state with almost no political power. In 1793 the line of the princes became extinct, and Anhalt-Zerbst was annexed by the neighbouring principality of Anhalt-Dessau. The present district was established in 1994 by merging the former districts of Zerbst and Roßlau with parts of the former district of Gräfenhainichen. Its borders are roughly identical with the ancient principality. The district of Anhalt-Zerbst was dissolved in 2007 and divided into the new districts of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Jerichower Land and Wittenberg. Catherine II of Russia was by birth a princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. Anhalt-Zerbst comprises plain countryside north of the Elbe River. The Elbe enters the district in the east, runs through the southeastern part and then forms the southern and western border of Anhalt-Zerbst. The Elbe banks within the district are part of the Biosphere Reserve Middle Elbe. The north is occupied by the southern portions of the Fläming plateau. Coat of armsEdit The coat of arms displays: • top left and bottom right: three red roses, the arms of the former principality of Anhalt-Zerbst • centre: a black bear on a red wall, symbolising Albert I of Brandenburg (called "Albert the Bear"), who ruled the region in the 12th century • top right and bottom left: the heraldic eagle of the county of Lindau, which existed in the region in the 14th century Towns and municipalitiesEdit Towns Verwaltungsgemeinschaften 1. Roßlau 2. Zerbst 1. Coswig (incl. town Coswig) 2. Elbe-Ehle-Nuthe (incl. towns Lindau and Loburg) 3. Wörlitzer Winkel (incl. towns Oranienbaum and Wörlitz) See alsoEdit External linksEdit Coordinates: 52°00′N 12°05′E / 52°N 12.08°E / 52; 12.08
1. Please check and comment entries here. Table of Contents Topic review Phages for Africa Subjects: Virology View times: 8 Submitted by: Livestock farming is vital to Sub Saharan Africa for food supply, source of employment, and income. However, antibiotic use in livestock farming is rampant leading to the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Because of this rise in antibiotic resistance, there is a growing need to find alternatives to antibiotics in the preventio, treatment and control of bacterial infections in livestock.An alternative that is going through a renaissance is the use of bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect and kill bacteria, which have been used and administered as pharmaceutical agents even before the discovery of antibiotics. Phages are the most abundant and ubiquitous organisms on earth, and can be found in natural and man-made environments, especially those in which their bacterial host thrives. Phage therapy has therefore been proposed as one of the most promising alternatives for the treatment of infections in livestock contributing towards mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. 1. Introduction In Africa, a majority of the population, in a range of 250–300 million, depend on livestock for their income and livelihood, with livestock representing an average of 30% of the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and roughly 10% of the total GDP [1]. Animal diseases, including zoonoses, are crucial constraints in the enhancement of livestock-production systems [2] and compromise food-producing animals’ nutritional and economic potential [3]. Facing its own challenges, Africa has been reported to be one of the continents with the highest number of foodborne diseases, with approximately 91 million related diseases and 137,000 death per annum [4]. Unfortunately, on a global scale, the use of antibiotics is largely unregulated, and this is worse in developing countries where the use of antibiotics for food and animal productions to accelerate the growth of animals is rampant. Compared to other continents, Africa produces fewer antibiotics, but unregulated access and inappropriate use worsens antibiotic resistance [4][5]. Other factors, such as the poor regulation on the use of antimicrobials in both human and animals, inaccessibility to appropriate therapy, weak surveillance systems, and a lack of updated use and treatment guidelines of antimicrobials, play a role in the spread of antibiotics resistance [6]. Farmers also play a massive role in the misuse of antibiotics whereby there is a tendency to store drugs and treat animals based on symptoms they are familiar with from past infections, engaging unskilled people to treat animals, and unregulated disposal of waste in dumps. Counterfeit medicines are an additional issue that could jeopardize the fight against antimicrobial resistance [7]. Due to this constant application of antibiotics, whether for prevention, treatment, or growth promotion, this creates a selective pressure on resistant bacteria. Due to this exposure, bacteria have also developed bet-hedging strategies to resist these harsh antibiotics over time; although this comes at a survival cost for the bacteria, a subpopulation of these resistant bacteria are propelled towards survival[7][8]. Among the strategies’ that bacteria use to acquire resistance, include the transfer of resistant genes through horizontal gene transfer, mobile genetic elements, and the bacterial toxin–antitoxin system [9]. 2. Using phages as an alternative to antibiotics in Livestock Farming An alternative that is going through a renaissance is the use of bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect and kill bacteria, which have been used and administered as pharmaceutical agents even before the discovery of antibiotics [10]. Phages are the most abundant and ubiquitous organisms on earth, and can be found in natural and man-made environments, especially those in which their bacterial host thrives [11][12]. After the discovery of antibiotics by Alexander Fleming in 1928, phage therapy was rapidly abandoned in the West. However, in countries that had witnessed the birth of phage therapy, such as Georgia and Poland, this therapy continued to flourish until modern days [13]. Phages are viruses that have the ability to infect bacteria, replicate within them, and eventually kill their susceptible host releasing progeny virions [14]. Phages use two primary life cycles to replicate, the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle, each having significant implications for their therapeutic application [14]. In the lytic cycle, the phage attaches itself to the bacterial cell, allowing the penetration of phage nucleic acid, transcription, translation, assembly, and exit. This exit involves killing the bacteria through the expression of endolysins and releasing multiple, as low as 20 and up to hundreds or thousands of progeny phages, which can infect other bacterial cells, thereby repeating the cycle [15]. The duration from the attachment of a phage particle to a bacterial cell and its subsequent release of new phage particles usually happens within 20–40 min but can take up to 1–2 h [16]. Due to this short life cycle, phages could potentially be used for different applications such as prior slaughter, to treat or control bacteria that may pose harm to the farmer or end user [16]. The lysogenic cycle begins with inclusion its genetic material into the chromosome of the bacterial cell, after which, replication of the phage nucleic acid together with the host genes occurs for numerous generations without major metabolic consequences for the bacterial cell, thus allowing co-existence between the phage and bacteria [17]. This also facilitates the exchange of genetic material between the phage and bacteria. However, the phage may occasionally return to the lytic cycle, leading to the release of phage particles and, in some scenarios, spreading acquired bacterial DNA [18]. Temperate phages are usually not recommended for phage therapy, as during replication they can randomly pick up a wide range of segments of bacterial DNA and transfer them to a new host. This quality makes them undesirable for therapeutic applications since virulence-associated genes, or antibiotic-resistance genes, amongst other examples, could be transferred by this route [19][20]. In some scenarios, when a suitable lytic phage cannot be isolated, it may be necessary to exclude such harmful genes, usually by synthetic biology, to circumvent or eliminate these unfavorable features. Apart from reducing undesirable qualities, other potential benefits of using synthetic biology to alter phage function include modulating the phage host range, reducing phage toxicity and immunogenicity, enhancing phage survival after administration, improving phage activity against biofilms, and enhancing bacterial killing when combined with antibiotics [19]. On the contrary to most antibiotics, phages are highly specific antibacterial agents that have the advantage of causing minor damage to the healthy microbial flora of the treated animal [21]. With the increasing cases of antimicrobial resistance worldwide, phage therapy can be used as an alternative to antibiotics and in the treatment of several bacterial infections [22]. Moreover, phages have been used to combat bacterial infections in animals with the goal of reducing the bacterial load [23]. The efficacy of bacteriophages as antimicrobials has fostered the approval and commercialization of several products intended for the reduction of different pathogenic bacterial species [24]. Examples of some phage-related products include SalmoFree and SalmoFresh™, both containing Salmonella enterica phages [25][26], ListShield™ designed with Listeria monocytogenes phages [27], as well as phage-derived enzymes such as Lysins, integrases, and excisionases, have received considerable attention as potential antibacterial agents [28]. Phage and phage related products have advantages over antibiotics in many ways; e.g., some applications may require only a single dose since phages can self-amplify. Moreover, because phages are easy to isolate from the environment, meaning short product development time frames and reduced production costs compared to antibiotics [29]. Other beneficial properties of phages include a decreased probability of resistance development if a single phage with a wide host range or a cocktail of phages is used. Additionally, phages are safe (non-toxic) for eukaryotic cells and act as a bactericidal by hijacking many essential cellular processes required by the bacteria [30] Another advantage is that phage discovery is relatively easy because they exixt natural entities that are easier to isolate, purify, and characterize within a short time and at a lower cost as compared to antibiotics, which require several years of discovery and clinical trials [31]. The four methods of phages isolation—spot lysis, plaque testing, culture lysis, and routine test dilution (RTD)—have been shown to require only 24 h [32]. Likewise, the isolation of phages from animals and their environment also requires about 24 h, which is less time and effort than antibiotic discovery [32][33]. These former steps are easy to achieve but numerous factors should be taken into account in the context of product development. Bacteriophages that are considered for product development must be produced with an acceptable level of purity and have to be assessed for their efficacy in vivo and the safety of the final product. To ensure the consistency and stability of phages, the procedure for their manufacture, physicochemical and biological quality tests should be defined, as well as stringent production facilities [34]. As livestock farming in SSA is quite dynamic, with farmers rearing multiple livestock species together, this represents a complex ecology between bacteria species from different livestock as well as their interactions with phages. However, this encourages the development and delivery of local phage products that would take into account these farming dynamics. Bacteria are also less likely to develop resistance against phages when the latter are used as therapy compared to antibiotics. One of the drawbacks to this is the host range of the phages used. The host range describes the breadth of bacteria a phage is capable of infecting [35][36][37][38]. The narrow host range which is exhibited by most phages limits the number of bacterial types with which selection for specific phage-resistance mechanisms can occur [39]. Experimental data has shown that 80% of phage-resistant variants occur mostly in wide host range phages. The use of well-characterized phage cocktails is less likely to cause phage resistance compared to broad-spectrum antibiotics [40][41][42][43]. The reason for this phenomenon is that phage cocktails generally rely on different receptor-binding proteins during attachment, allowing specific binding of a phage to a specific host through alternate routes of entry. Using single phage preparations rather than a cocktail toward a specific bacterial species only accelerates the process of mutations, thus rendering the phage product inactive [44] 3. Hurdles of Phage Research and Regulatory Aspects of Phage Development/Products in SSA with a Focus on Kenya As phage research in Africa is gaining interest, phages that are pure, well-characterized, sequenced, and have a defined host specificity still need to be documented. Moreover, this information should be publicly available to the different government bodies regulating veterinary practices in Africa. Currently, characterization, purification, sequencing, and storage of one phage can be achieved at a cost of about EUR 500 [45], which is not sustainable for the African continent and may need collaboration between different phage research groups around the world to cut down this cost. It is important to remember that several bacterial strains are often present in an infection; hence, multiple phage types may be needed to treat different strains of one bacterial species [45], making the goal of having a phage bank consisting of characterized phages equitably impossible if support from local governments is not achieved. Hence, our group, and several others, are pleading for the creation of phage banks across Africa to cater to the need for phages that are predicted to grow over the years to come amid the alarming rate at which AMR is progressing in the sub-continent. A point to consider during the development of phage therapies for livestock that is often overlooked is the regulatory requirements and legislation aspect that can shape the end product’s design at the early stage of development. Identifying the route of administration and the relevant bacterial pathogen to target can also benefit in developing the strategy. Contrary to antibiotics legislation and regulations that have solid systems in place, phage regulation guidelines are not uniform and readily in place as a grey zone surrounds the classification of phages as biological agents, chemical agents (for enzymes derived from phages such as endolysins), veterinary medicine products, or food additive [46][47]. In the USA, phages were classified as drugs in 2011, whereas in Europe, they have been classified as medicinal products [48]. However, Georgia, one of the few countries that have maintained research and development of phage products for use in medicine, considers phages as pharmaceuticals [49]. Even in Poland, which has been a pioneer in phage therapy in Europe, phage therapy is classified as experimental treatment according to Polish law [48]. One challenge that regulators are likely to encounter is the continuous renewal of phage cocktails with novel phages to counteract the emergence of resistance in bacteria [50]. By doing this, phages need to be tested again to make sure they are lytic, do not contain toxins or AMR genes, and are safe for the animals or humans using by-products of the treated animals [51]. The regulatory framework surrounding phage licensing should be flexible enough to allow slight changes in cocktail formulations for an approved product, unless it is for a hitherto unregistered product. The current regulatory framework used for antibiotics is too long and costly to be used for phages without adapting or adjusting it [52]. Moreover, in veterinary medicine, the compassionate use of phages is not likely to be the strategy of choice, as is the case in human medicine. Another challenge with phage products is their lack of patentability potential as is in the USA and Europe, phages cannot be patented [46][53]. However, some phage cocktails have been patented or kept as proprietary by the companies that have developed them [47]. Phage is an active treatment (because it is self-replicating) so different rules apply as the “pharmacology” of phages is different [47]. An additional concern for regulators is the co-evolving property of phages that co-evolve with their host. Furthermore, another level of complexity will be added for regulating genetically modified phages designed to evade immune recognition by the host or reduce the emergence of bacterial-resistant mutants. Conclusion: The control of zoonotic bacteria with antibiotics marks the beginning of the arms race between the discovery of new antibiotics and bacteria. The increase of resistant bacteria in the livestock sector causes serious health problems between the animal and human interface and also significant economic losses for the farmers. Phage therapy could be an interesting alternative for the treatment of bacterial infections thereby opening up present-day approaches for bacterial treatment in the near future. This entry is adapted from 10.3390/antibiotics10091085 1. Enahoro, D.; Mason-D’Croz, D.; Mul, M.; Rich, K.M.; Robinson, T.P.; Thornton, P.; Staal, S.S. Supporting sustainable expansion of livestock production in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: Scenario analysis of investment options. Glob. Food Secur. 2019, 20, 114–121. 2. Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Animal Production, Health Division, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 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1. Please check and comment entries here. Table of Contents Topic review Plasmodium vivax Malaria Subjects: Microbiology View times: 18 Submitted by: Plasmodium vivax malaria is a neglected tropical disease, despite being more geographically widespread than any other form of malaria. 1. Introduction Plasmodium vivax malaria is a neglected tropical disease, despite being more geographically widespread than any other form of malaria [1], and causes 132–391 million clinical infections each year [2]. Compared to P. falciparum, P. vivax has a broader temperature tolerance and an earlier onset of gametocyte development, enabling the parasites to spread through diverse climates [3] and making them more difficult to control and eliminate [4]. Currently, there is no vaccine available for P. vivax, though several preventative medications have been shown to be effective [5][6]. The epidemiology of P. vivax malaria is further complicated by the pathogen’s unique ability to form dormant-stage hypnozoites in the host liver cells, giving rise to recurrent relapse infections from weeks/months to years later [7][8]. Relapse infections have substantially impacted progress in malaria control, especially in countries that are approaching elimination [9][10][11]. Plasmodium vivax was previously thought to be rare or absent in Africa because people of African descent often lack the expression of a Duffy blood group antigen, known as the Duffy antigen–chemokine receptor (DARC). It is believed that the fixation of the Duffy negativity trait, and the rarity of P. vivax infection in Africa supports that Duffy-negative individuals are refractory to P. vivax. Unlike P. falciparum, which utilizes multiple erythrocyte receptors for invasion and has merozoite proteins with overlapping and redundant receptor-binding functions, invasion of erythrocyte by P. vivax merozoites exclusively relies on the interaction between PvDBP and DARC expressed on the surface of erythrocytes and reticulocytes. DARC is a glycoprotein on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) that allows P. vivax to bind and invade human erythrocytes at the cysteine-rich region II of Duffy Binding Protein 1 (DBP1) [12][13][14]. However, recent studies have reported several cases of P. vivax in Duffy-negative people in different parts of Africa where Duffy-negative populations are predominant [15][16][17]. It is apparent that Duffy-negative individuals are no longer resistant to P. vivax malaria [16][17]. This phenomenon raises important questions of how P. vivax invades erythrocytes of Duffy-negative individuals. To date, only a single P. vivax ligand protein PvDBP1 has been studied in great detail [17]. It has been hypothesized that either mutations in PvDBP1 provided a new pathway of entry, or a low expression of DARC in Duffy-negative individuals binds readily with parasites that contain high copies of PvDBP1 [18][19]. Recent studies have shown that, despite several mutational differences observed in PvDBP1 between Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative infections, none of them bind to Duffy-negative erythrocytes [17], implying that an alternative parasite ligand is being used. The investigation of erythrocyte invasion mechanisms in P. vivax could be complicated by the genetic characteristics and epidemiology of P. vivax in Duffy-negative individuals. P. vivax has a significantly higher nucleotide diversity at the genome level, compared to P. falciparum [20]. Such a contrast could be attributed to frequent gene flow via human movement, intense transmission, and variation in host susceptibility [21][22][23]. Genes associated with erythrocyte binding, such as Duffy binding protein (PvDBP), erythrocyte binding protein (PvEBP), reticulocyte binding protein (PvRBP), merozoite surface protein (PvMSP), apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA1), and tryptophan-rich antigen genes (PvTRAg) families, are highly diverse in P. vivax from Africa and Southeast Asia [24][25][26][27][28]. These genes have been shown to play a role in reticulocyte invasion [24][28] and patient antigenicity [29][30] and provide explanations to high levels of selection detected at the genome levels in P. vivax from South Korea [31], Kyrgyz Republic [32], New Guinea [33], and Thailand [34]. Proteins such as RBP, TRAg, anchored micronemal antigen (GAMA), and Rhoptry neck protein (RON) have been suggested to play a role in red cell invasion, especially in low-density infections [35][36][37][38][39]. Unfortunately, studies that investigated erythrocyte invasion pathways are scattered with no definitive evidence and systematic approaches to clarify the exact role of these target genes. Due to a lack of reliable and logistical long-term in vitro methods [40], P. vivax remains a parasite for which it is difficult to effectively study the molecular mechanisms and biology in detail, beyond genetic characterizations. 2. Pathogenesis of P. vivax Recent findings of P. vivax cases in Duffy-negative individuals suggest that some lineages may have evolved to use ligands other than Duffy for erythrocyte invasion [17]. This significantly increases the risk of P. vivax infection in the African populations and may eventually become a new cause of epidemics and severe disease across Africa. To establish how the phenomenon of P. vivax infection of Duffy-negative individuals has evolved and identify potential vaccine candidates to target it, it is important to understand how this parasite invades Duffy-negative erythrocytes and, hence, causes malaria. The investigations of P. vivax at the cellular and molecular levels have been restricted by the lack of a continuous in vitro culturing of live parasites. With the advancement in P. vivax genome sequencing technology, coupled with the ability to mature ex vivo isolates, it is now possible to obtain high-quality transcriptomes of the blood stages. However, there is still a lack of viable methods to indefinitely culture P. vivax, due to the need for young reticulocytes to sustain long-term culture. Strategies to overcoming this problem have been proposed but remain impractical due to a large initial and continuous investment of labor and infrastructure [41]. The successes of short-term culture utilizing young reticulocytes from placental blood [40][42] and indefinite culture in Saimiri boliviensis and Aotus nancymae monkeys [43][44] shed light on pathogenesis in humans and potential ligands for invasion [39][44]; however, several unanswered questions remain. While mature asexual P. vivax and its transmissive gametocytes occur in peripheral blood, histological analyses of P. vivax in Aotus and Saimiri monkeys have shown immature gametocytes and few asexual schizonts present in the parenchyma of bone marrow [45]. Asexual schizonts appear to be more concentrated in the sinusoids of the liver [45], suggesting that bone marrow could be a critical reservoir for P. vivax gametocyte development and proliferation. Indeed, the bone marrow reservoirs may suggest that microscopic detection is not ideal for active case detection and treatment of P. vivax until bone marrow samples are accessible. As P. vivax requires reticulocytes for growth [46][47][48][49], the general low proportion of reticulocytes (that make up only 1% of the total number of host erythrocytes) may explain low parasite loads in symptomatic patients [50][51][52] and a lack of observable schizonts in blood circulation [52][53]. Additionally, pathological analyses of S. boliviensis tissues showed that P. vivax infections also affect the lungs and kidneys, both of which had mononuclear infiltrates, higher macrophage levels, alveolar wall thickening, collagen deposition, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia [44]. The level of tissue damage is parasite-load dependent and determined by the amount of by-product, namely hemozoin, being produced [44]. These findings may imply a large number of asymptomatic P. vivax carriers in the general populations. It is well-known that P. vivax has the ability to relapse from dormant liver-stage hypnozoites, from weeks to years after the clearance of the primary blood-stage infection, and this is a major obstacle to its control and elimination [20][54]. The liver and bone marrow have been shown to be major parasite reservoirs for P. vivax hypnozoites in Saimiri monkey models [45][55], but mechanisms of hypnozoite development remain largely unknown and are difficult to study due to a lack of long-term in vitro culture. Moreover, relapse varies systemically by geographic region and/or seasonal changes in the environment [54]. In regions where P. vivax transmission is intense and stable, relapse is common and enhances local transmission [20][54], whereas, in Africa, P. vivax transmission is relatively low and usually seasonal and unstable [56][57][58]. The rate of relapse is largely unknown. There is, as of yet, no information on the frequency and clinical impacts of relapse in Duffy-negative P. vivax infections, nor reliable biomarkers for relapse detection, due to limited technologies and substantial knowledge gaps in the biology of P. vivax hypnozoites and relapse. Future investigations employing a longitudinal study design that monitors the dynamics and consequences of relapse infections in both Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative individuals will offer deep insights into the epidemiology and biology of P. vivax infections. 3. Erythrocyte Invasion Mechanisms in Non-Plasmodium vivax 3.1. Plasmodium falciparum Our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of erythrocyte invasion in several Plasmodium species offers a reference model on candidate invasion ligands in P. vivax. Plasmodium falciparum invades a wide range of red blood cells, from young reticulocytes to mature normocytes. One of the main binding protein ligands is the erythrocyte binding ligand (EBL) family, which includes multiple members, such as EBA-175, EBA-140, EBL-1, and EBA-181. EBA-175 binds to the sialic acid–containing structure on human erythrocyte receptor glycophorin A (GpA) during invasion [59]. The role of the EBA-175 protein has been shown to be critical for erythrocyte invasion, as antibodies raised against EBA-175 prevent binding to GpA in vitro [60][61]. EBA-175 triggers changes in the erythrocyte membrane [62][63], and the shedding of EBA-175 causes uninfected red blood cells to cluster or form rosette, which allows for immune evasion [64]. The host immune responses may explain the polymorphisms and diversifying selection observed in EBA-175 [65]. Other ligands, such as EBA-140 and EBL-1, are known to bind to glycophorin C (GpC) [66] and glycophorin B (GpB), respectively, on the erythrocytes. Unlike GpA and GpC, the GpB exhibits high levels of polymorphisms, particularly in people of African ancestry, suggesting that a strong selective pressure may have provided an evolutionary advantage to parasite invasion [67]. For example, the S-s-U- and Dantu GpB phenotypes both showed moderate protection against invasion; however, this does not hold true for all GpB phenotypes [67][68][69][70]. To the best of our knowledge, the specific receptor for EBA-181 is chymotrypsin-sensitive, trypsin-resistant, and neuraminidase-sensitive to erythrocytic treatment [71][72], although it remains to be identified. Another important binding protein family of P. falciparum is the reticulocyte-binding homologue (PfRh) that includes PfRh1, PfRh2a, PfRh2b, PfRh4, and PfRh5. PfRh1 binds to an unidentified receptor “Y”, which has been characterized to be trypsin- and chymotrypsin-resistant and neuraminidase-sensitive [73][74]. PfRh1 is necessary for sialic acid–dependent invasion of human red blood cells [74]. Antibodies raised against PfRh1 have been shown to block invasion by inhibiting calcium signaling in the merozoite [75]. PfRh2a and PfRh2b are identical for much of the N-terminus region, but each has a unique 500 C-terminus region [76] and differential expressions in various P. falciparum lines, including deletions, such as a deletion of PfRh2b in P. falciparum D10 [76][77]. The loss of PfRh2b does not appear to impact invasion or growth of the parasites and suggests compensatory mechanisms for the loss of PfRh2b [78]. PfRh2a binds to more than one receptor on erythrocytes, but these receptors have yet to be identified [79][80]. PfRh2b has been shown to be involved in merozoite calcium signaling [80]. It binds to an unknown receptor “Z” on erythrocytes, which is neuraminidase- and trypsin-resistant and chymotrypsin-sensitive [81]. PfRh4 has been shown to have sialic acid–independent binding activity with the complement receptor type I (CR1) on erythrocytes [82][83]. The PfRh5 complex is composed of PfRh5, Ripr, CyRPA, and Pf113, which collectively promote successful merozoite invasion of erythrocytes by binding to basigin (BSG, CD147) [84][85]. A BSG variant on erythrocytes, known as Oka-, has been shown to reduce merozoite binding affinities and invasion efficiencies [86]. This variant was reported so far only from people of Japanese ancestry [87]. Previous knockout or double-knockout experiments have indicated that the EBL and PfRh gene families work cooperatively or can functionally compensate for the loss of each other [88][89]. For example, a loss of EBA-175 can activate PfRh4 [88][89]. When EBA-181 expression was disrupted, PfRH2b was no longer functional [89]. When EBA-181 and EBA-140 genes were disrupted, the parasite deleted the PfRh2b gene [89]. Further study is needed to gain a deeper understanding of how they may work synergistically to promote invasion and immune evasion. 3.2. Plasmodium knowlesi Until recently, P. knowlesi was considered primarily a simian malaria that infects Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina, and Presbystis melalophos [90]. P. knowlesi is now confirmed to cause malarial infections in humans [91]. P. knowlesi has been shown to use different ligands to invade macaques and human erythrocytes [90]. Two gene families, DBL and RBP, are responsible for erythrocyte binding. The DBL gene family comprises PkDBP-α, PkDBP-β, and PkDBP-γ. In humans, the parasite ligand responsible for erythrocyte invasion is PkDBP-α, which binds to the DARC receptor. The other two Duffy-binding proteins, PkDBP-β and PkDBP-γ, bind only to macaque but not human erythrocytes [14]. The normocyte-binding protein Xa (NBPXa) is required for binding in human erythrocytes, but it is not necessary for invasion of Macaca mulatta erythrocytes [92]. Variation in PkNBPXa has been shown to be linked with parasite virulence and severity of disease [93]. The receptors for NBPXa and NBPXb necessary for invasion for either human or M. mulatta erythrocytes have yet to be identified [90]. Unlike P. vivax, both P. falciparum and P. knowlesi can be maintained in long-term culture, making them ideal systems for studying invasion mechanisms [94][95]. 3.3. Plasmodium cynomolgi P. cynomolgi is a vivax-like simian malaria that shares many genomic and phenotypic characteristics with P. vivax and has been often used as a reference model of P. vivax [96]. Two gene families, erythrocyte binding-like (EBL) and reticulocyte binding-like (RBL), are responsible for erythrocyte binding and invasion in P. cynomolgi [97][98][99]. The EBL gene family encodes PcyDBP-1 and PcyDBP-2, similar to PkDBP, which binds to the complementary DARC receptor on Duffy-positive erythrocytes. PcyDBP-1 is an ortholog for PkDBP-α, while PcyDBP-2 has no known orthologs with other Plasmodium DBPs [100]. Previous studies have shown no variation in gene copy number of either PcyDBP-1 or PcyDBP-2 among P. cynomolgi laboratory strains [101]. Studies of field isolates of both P. cynomolgi and P. knowlesi have shown that PcyDBP-1 exhibits high levels of nucleotide diversity, as compared to PcyDBP2 or PkDBPs [102]. The RBL gene family is composed of PcyRBP1, PcyRBP1a, PcyRBP1b, PcyRBP2a, PcyRBP2b, PcyRBP2c, PcyRBP2d, PcyRBP2e, PcyRBP2f, and PcyRBP3, most of which are responsible for mediating parasite invasion into reticulocytes [101]. Functional studies of PcyRBPs are further complicated, as different strains of P. cynomolgi have a different set of RBL genes. 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A Plasmodium falciparum Homologue of Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Protein (PvRBP1) Defines a Trypsin-resistant Erythrocyte Invasion Pathway. Exp. Med. 2001, 194, 1571–1582. 74. Triglia, T.; Duraisingh, M.T.; Good, R.T.; Cowman, A.F. Reticulocyte-binding protein homologue 1 is required for sialic acid-dependent invasion into human erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. Microbiol. 2004, 55, 162–174. 75. Gao, X.; Gunalan, K.; Yap, S.S.L.; Preiser, P.R. Triggers of key calcium signals during erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Commun. 2013, 4, 1–11. 76. Dvorin, J.D.; Bei, A.K.; Coleman, B.I.; Duraisingh, M.T. Functional diversification between two related Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion ligands is determined by changes in the cytoplasmic domain. Microbiol. 2010, 75, 990–1006. 77. Duraisingh, M.T.; Triglia, T.; Ralph, S.A.; Rayner, J.C.; Barnwell, J.W.; Mcfadden, G.I.; Cowman, A.F. 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Information Turner Syndrome Turner syndrome (TS) occurs in about one out of every 2,000-4,000 female live births. It only affects a girl’s development. Turner syndrome is not usually inherited from a person’s parents. Its cause is a missing or incomplete X chromosome. Girls who have it are short, and their ovaries don’t work properly. Therefore, most women with Turner syndrome are infertile. Also, developmental delays, nonverbal learning disabilities, and behavioral problems are possible, but most of women with the syndrome have normal intelligence.Â The syndrome can cause really bad middle ear infections. High blood pressure is also common in girls with Turner syndrome. Currently, there is no cure for Turner syndrome, but there are some treatments for it. Ongoing medical care from a variety of specialists together with regular checkups and appropriate care can help most girls and women lead healthy, independent lives. Keywords:Â information Turner syndrome, Turner syndrome info
Marguerite dar Boggia – Nikola Tesla, our Gift from Venus Nikola Tesla was a gift to our humanity from Venus. He was the world’s greatest inventor, a pioneer, blazing the trail. He had patents for 1,200 inventions, including operating a car and/or spacecraft without any fuel, wireless electricity, the radio, robots, etc. He wrote an autobiography, which was given to Arthur H. Matthews. Matthews was the son of a helper to Lord Kelvin. Matthews included Tesla’s autobiography in his book, The Wall of Light, Nikola Tesla & the Venusian Space Ship The X-12. Historians agree that Tesla was born at midnight between 7/9/1856 and 7/10/1856. Matthew’s book indicates that Tesla was born on a UFO. He was given to a good family in Smiljan, Serbia. For the date of birth and place, I use 7/10/1856, 00:01 AM, LMT, Smiljan, Serbia 15E19; 44N35. He died on 1/7/1943. Personally I believe the chart is speculative, if he was born on a space ship. The time of birth is more likely 00:21 AM giving an ascendant at 11+ Taurus. Tesla knew he was from Venus. He referred to his parents as his “earth” parents. This is the chart: As you can see, the mutable houses 12, 6 and 3 are full. Friends urged him to use his money from his inventions to create his own company to promote and sell his inventions; but with the strong mutable houses oriented towards the mind, service, and spiritual aspiration, he was not a CEO type, but a creator who lived in the mind. He tore up the contract he had with Westinghouse for total remuneration for his inventions when the bankers and backers objected. He was grateful to George Westinghouse. His invention finally being developed was more important than the money. He had Neptune trine Sun and Venus. He had faith that he would have money when he needed it. His mission in life was to serve humanity. Neptune, the 12th house and the 6th house all denote helping and service to others. The cardinal signs gave him initiative, drive, accomplishment, enthusiasm, and activity. Venus, the ruler of the Taurus ascendant, is the Ruler of the chart. It conjoins Sun and Saturn and is in a heavy T-square with the planets in Libra and Aries. Tesla was lovable and very loving, without any trace of arrogance. He was a poet, like his Father, who knew entire books by heart. His father quipped that if the classics were lost, he could recite them from memory. Neptune trines Venus, the planets of art and beauty. Literature, music and art were a source of joy and exhilaration to Tesla. While walking with his friend in the city park at sunset, he recited a passage in German of Goethe’s Faust. Then the idea came like a flash of lightning and he saw the solution to his problem of his invention of an alternating current electrical system. In youth his great joy came from reading books. Mercury in its own sign of Gemini was in the third house of mind. Until he was 8 years of age, he said his character was weak and vacillating. Then he read a novel entitled “Aoafi.” It awakened his dormant powers of will. When he practiced self-control, he experienced a pleasure never known before. Pluto (willpower) conjoins the ascendant. By the time he was 11 he had read all of the books in his Father’s vast library. He learned more from those books than he did in school. He was conversant in several languages besides English, to wit: German, French and Italian. Venus conjunct the Sun gave him courage, generosity, self-reliance, practical ability, stability, refinement, modesty and financial success. With Saturn conjunct Venus, he was identified with work. Discipline and organization were essential in his life. He could work for 48 hours straight. He did not need much sleep. When famous, after accepting many social and scientific invitations to lecture, he was angry with himself, since his valuable time for creating new inventions was lost. He was determined to be more organized. The highest creative power of Venus is the use of Higher Mind. In occultism it is called Kriyashakti. It is the use of thought, which is energy, which can produce great works. He could project his thought to another and was convinced that the thought could be materialized. Because he had developed the ability to visualize as a child, he could see his invention in etheric matter. There was no need to test it or experiment with it. He derived great pleasure from success of his invention and the knowledge that it would eliminate the drudgeries of life for humanity. The aspect of the T-square in Cancer in the third house of siblings, wherein Moon squares Venus, demonstrated as the tragedy, which he witnessed when his exceptionally gifted elder brother, (whose rare phenomena of mentality, which biological investigation has failed to explain) received devastating injuries from their thorough-bred horse. The death of his beloved brother caused much suffering to him and to his parents. He said that it contributed to little confidence in himself. Venus in the T-square contributed to his belief that he would always be wealthy. He was impractical in handling money and had very little towards the end of his life. Moon and Mars in the 6th house of health afflicted by the stellium in Cancer and Jupiter in Aries, manifested as Tesla’s three life-threatening illnesses; he almost drowned a dozen times; was nearly boiled alive and just missed being cremated. He was entombed, lost and frozen. Years later he had a nervous breakdown for months, wherein his hearing was so acute that the landing of a fly caused a dull thud on his ear. The pain was unbearable. We cannot imagine what torture he went through. After he contracted malaria and cholera, he was in bed for nine months. Many times he was completely exhausted by pain from overwork. His Mother had him read the Bible. In boyhood he suffered from an affliction that contributed to his late awakening. Images (of ordinary things and scenes) would appear accompanied by strong flashes of light, which marred the sight of real objects. He was unable to distinguish whether what he saw was tangible or not. He could not banish the image or scene. To free himself from these tormenting images he continuously conjured up new images. Then he saw new scenes which were at first indistinct. Every night he would see new cities and countries. He would live there and make friendships. However unbelievable, they were just as dear to him as those in actual life. (I believe it was the soul that was experiencing these things. He had continuity of consciousness.) He was 12 when he succeeded in banishing an image from his vision by willful effort, but he had no explanation for the strong flashes of light. They usually occurred when he was in danger or greatly exhilarated. Sometimes all the air around him filled with tongues of living flame. They attained a maximum when he was about 25 years old. The flashes of light protected him from harm. The incessant mental exertion developed his powers of observation. These experiences helped him when he was older. He could visualize in detail his inventions in 3-D. Tesla said he gave up everything that would undermine health, such as coffee and smoking. He did not indulge in alcohol. He said that abstinence was not always to his liking, but he found ample reward in having good health. He was in such good physical condition, that at the age of 59 while walking on a cold night when the ground was slippery, suddenly his legs went up in the air. At the same instant there was a flash in his brain. The nerves responded; the muscles contracted. He swung around 180 degrees, landed on his hands, and continued walking. His weight (142 lbs) remained the same all of his life. He was 6’2” tall. He has the fixed sign of Taurus on the ascendant. This balances the cardinal signs and mutable houses and gave him, determination and fixity. At one time he had a compulsion to finish everything he started. He started to read Voltaire, when he learned to his dismay, that there were almost 100 large volumes in small print, which that monster had written while drinking 72 cups of black coffee each day. When he laid aside the last book he said: “Never More!” (I’ll bet that cured his compulsion!) The Sun is the Life-Giver in the chart. It conjoins the IC and therefore is more influential. It expresses as the sign of kings: Leo. When he had money he had the behavior of royalty. He dined at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel every evening at 8 PM. He was arrayed in formal attire: white tie and tails. The Head Waiter was the only one to serve him. He carried a cane and wore gray suede gloves. He wore the gloves for a week and then discarded them. He purchased a new tie each week. After the first use of a handkerchief they were discarded. His collars were never worn more than once.18 He had an appreciation for elegant clothes, neatness and harmony in his personal self-expression. He was suave, meticulous in his dress and was quite handsome. He was exceedingly generous with tips to errand boys, cab drivers, etc. He had confidence that he would always be a millionaire and he lived like one, especially when he received a million dollars from George Westinghouse. Sun conjunct Saturn strengthened his instincts for science. It gave him practicality, discipline and responsibility. He excelled in math, mechanics and physics. When he came to the United States he worked for Thomas Edison, whom he admired. He worked from 10:30 AM to 5:00 AM. He did not complain. When the Manager for Edison’s company said that he would give him $50,000 for his invention, but later said he meant it as a joke, he quit. Sun trine Neptune gave him love of beauty, literature, poetry, art and spiritual aspiration. It developed his imagination and inspiration. He believed that imagination in the child was important. It should be developed. With Neptune sextile Uranus, he was receptive to the soul’s intuition and inspiration, which expressed as his inventive genius. When a youth, he was impressed with a picture of the Niagara Falls. He said that someday he would harness that energy for man. He did that 30 years later through the use of his alternating current system of electricity. Sun square Moon affected his family life. He wanted to be an engineer. His father insisted that he enter the clerical profession, because of Tesla’s delicate body. This depressed him. His father was an orthodox priest. When Tesla was gravely ill, he told his father that he would get well, if he allowed him to become an engineer. His father readily agreed and sent him to the best schools. Sun square Mars manifested as impulsiveness, immediate action, and wild endeavors. As a youth he got into more scrapes that nearly cost his life. As a child he had the unique distinction of being the greatest frog catcher, maybug catcher, and crow catcher. In later years, his biggest problem was that he had little patience. Everything had to be done immediately. His helpers did not have the energy to work for 48 hours. He lacked tact with engineers who argued with his wishes and decisions. He knew he was a superman and when he was offered the Nobel physics prize to be shared with Edison, he refused it. He was proud, overly sensitive and resentful. He felt the prize should have been given to him years before. Instead, prizes were awarded to inventors of little consequence. The Moon in Libra contributed to his intellectual and artistic inclinations. Its conjunction to Mars expressed as great intensity, energetic action and accomplishment. He was self-willed as a youth. He enjoyed gambling with cards. No reproach from his father could induce him to stop. It was his Mother who had him stop. She gave him a roll of bills and said: “Enjoy your gambling, until you ruin us.” His Mother was the inventor and came from a family of inventors: Her Father and Grandfather were inventors. Moon square Venus expressed as emotional discomfort and stress. The thought of compulsory three years of service in the military depressed him. Also, he was exhausted after completing his studies at the universities. He studied from 3 AM to 11 PM each day. Moon and Venus are in mutual reception. That means they are in each other’s sign. Moon is in Libra and Venus is in Cancer. This gives them more influence in the chart. Since the aspect is a square they do not help each other. Moon square Saturn manifested as distress as a child when he had flashes of white light. As a child he did not believe that he was special. When he was six years old the family moved into the city of Gospic. Seeing the city dudes and strange people from his window in the new house was so terrifying that he would rather have faced a roaring lion. His hardest trial came on Sunday when he had to attend the service. He was that bashful! The thought of his inventions used by the politicians for war depressed him. With Moon opposition Jupiter, the thought of entering into the clergy as a profession greatly oppressed him. At times he was disappointed in finding backers for his inventions. Pluto, conjoining the ascendant, gave him intuition from his Higher Mind. When his teacher at the university said that the alternating current system of electricity was impossible, he almost concurred with him, but inwardly he knew that he was right and his teacher was wrong. Pluto demonstrated as ‘control.’ He had to be in total control of everything. He could not delegate authority to anyone. Jupiter square Saturn in the 3rd house of mind expressed as the belief system of the materialistic scientist. He said that only matter and energy operated in the life. He was emphatic that he had no psychic experiences. He did not want to be connected with spiritualism which was popular at the time. He was overly optimistic (Jupiter) that he would always be able to live in the lifestyle of a millionaire. He knew he was a superman. Pluto sextile Saturn is the aspect of the Higher Mind enlightening the lower intellectual mind. He had so many creative ideas. He wanted to develop them all to better the conditions of humanity. Work was no drudgery. It was a pleasure. Mercury conjunct Saturn bequeaths a mind that is more along the lines of science. Mercury is strong in its own sign, Gemini. He had a sense of humor and could laugh at himself. He said it took him one year before he got the meaning of a joke. Neptune strong in its own sign of Pisces gave him insight and faith, but no money. Mercury was the ruler of the 2nd house of money in a very wide square to Neptune. He gave no thought to collecting money from manufacturers who used his patents. As a result he was always in need of it to carry out his experimentations. I would be remiss if I omitted the esoteric rulers of the planets for someone at his point in evolution. Vulcan, a first ray planet, is the ruler of his Taurus ascendant. It is usually close to the degree of the Sun, which would mean that it would be close to the IC, thus making it more influential and dominant. It is the soul that expresses through the ascendant. A first ray planet expresses as a very strong Mars-Aries. The natives are self-willed in youth, daring, rash, intrepid and need to be a leader in control. The esoteric ruler of the sign of Cancer, his Sun sign, is Neptune. This fits in with his inspiration, intuition, imagination and spiritual inclinations. The esoteric ruler of Libra is Uranus. This is the planet that rules inventions and new age technology, which he so abundantly bequeathed to the world. I believe that Arthur Matthews was the illegitimate son of Nicola Tesla. Tesla knew him from boyhood. They even looked alike. (Tesla said abstinence did not always appeal to him). Tesla gave his autobiography to him and helped him to build a wireless voice instrument so that they could communicate with each other. He also helped him to build an instrument, in order to guide space ships directly to Matthews’ property in Canada. Marguerite dar Boggia presently serves as Membership Secretary for ISAR, the International Society for Astrological Research. She was past Secretary and Director of ISAR and Publisher of Kosmos, the ISAR journal. She was a co-founder of UAC and its past Secretary and Director. Her goal is to serve humanity and the spiritual Hierarchy of our planet. To that end, she offers free, on-line, three pages weekly of the Esoteric Studies as was known by Pythagoras. To receive these studies, that expand the consciousness, she can be contacted at her website which she created at the age of 90:
Tuesday, September 03, 2013 Hi, Fidelity "Fidelity" means "faithful" and/or "accurate in details". The etymology takes you right to the Latin for "trust" (fides). Neil Young is still waving Pono around, and I keep hearing people who should know better talk about how "bad" recordings sound today. There are 3 elements to achieving fidelity in listening: 1. The actual audio to be recorded: the performer/musician/artist/noisemaker 2. The recording system 3. The playback system The Performer We can dispense with this pretty quickly. We'll just assume "the music is good". The artist knows what they're doing, and has good instruments, etc. It is generally true that back when recording was expensive and time-consuming, "the best" musicians got to make records. But you can go back as far as you like, all the way up to the beginning of audio recording, and you'll still find plenty of subjectively terrible artists and work. Garbage in, garbage out. If what you're starting with is "bad", it's all but impossible to fix. Musicians, get good instruments. Learn how to make them sound good in a room, on their own. Write good songs. Play them well. If you're a listener, choose stuff that comes from talented people, not products of the machine. The Recording System Edison Phonograph and cylinders The very first sound recording devices - the Edison wax cylinder and its eventual replacement, the 78 shellac disc - sound horrible. Even with lots of digital remastering, the "horn" (basically a giant funnel) used to record, and the horn used to reproduce both add resonance, coloring the sound, and the media itself is not great. The entire system adds a lot of noise (as in "undesired signal"). Things got a bit better once electrical recording was developed, using microphones and amplification. However, in the first few years of the technology, electrical recording was considered vastly inferior to the established "warmth" and fidelity of the mechanical system. From the recording side, things didn't really get acceptable or decent until the 1950s, when there was decent tape and decent recording technology. You can find remastered recordings from the 1950s that sound great...for what they are. You will almost never mistake them for reality. It takes until the late 1970s for stereo to be standard, and for records to generally start sounding "true" to life, including widespread adoption of real stereophonic recording and playback. But even in that era, many artists focused on making "good recordings" at the expense of just "recording in a room" for a "you are there" fidelity. Classical and jazz are generally exceptions here, but not always - many canonical records from those genres feature tape edits of multiple takes and overdubs. Since that time, as recording tools have become more powerful, recordings have become hyper-real or stylized. Why stop with documentary photography when you can airbrush, enhance, or digitally create something "better than real", or "perfect"? The democratization of recording has placed powerful tools in everyone's hands. But those hands are typically far less skilled at actually using said tools, so you end up with lots of records that sound "bad" by most recording standards. To make good records, learn to use the tools, and use them appropriately. Some of the best-sounding records were made with 2 microphones in a room, and people who knew where to put them relative to the musicians. In my admittedly limited analysis, there is absolutely zero correlation with how "good" a record sounds (by musician or engineering standards) and how well that record connects with an audience commercially or emotionally. (If anything, there may be some kind of inverse correlation!) There are a lot of canonical, great records that sound terrible by most audiophile standards. The Playback System On the listening side, it's taken a long time for consumer playback equipment to get good. Most cheap record players were and are awful. Most consumer tape players are not properly calibrated (and some can't be). They play at the wrong speed, too. Most listeners had no idea how to maintain them for optimal sound quality and used dull needles and magnetized heads to further destroy their media. The great thing about CD players - even cheap ones - is all of this went by the wayside. The difference between bad, decent, and great CD players is smaller than most people like to admit. The problems for most consumer audio playback is the end of the chain: the speakers or headphones. For most people, these are by far the weakest link. Sadly, those white earbuds that have become so popular are part of the problem, and their terrible fit and worse sound quality have helped perpetuate the myth that "MP3s sound bad". It remains fashionable among musicians and music fans to say "vinyl is better". Well, it isn't. At least, not in terms of fidelity, and not in terms of what most people can afford. Vinyl is demonstrably not faithful to the original recordings. There's surface noise inherent in the process. The theoretical dynamic range of vinyl is far lower than that of CDs. The available frequency range and accuracy are also narrower than CDs. There are frequently clicks and pops even on "virgin plays" (though quality control has improved somewhat). And you have to change your recordings to fit the medium: You can't have a lot of bass, and/or a lot of stereo information, without worrying about the needle getting literally kicked out of the groove. Records are fundamentally changed when mastered for vinyl - the high end is dramatically boosted on when the record is made, and then dramatically cut on playback. This is an attempt to reduce the high end noise (at the cost of increasing rumble). All of that is before you get to the actual record players many people have. Most record player manufacturers used the cheapest possible components to achieve something close to the desired effects above. There actually aren't even standards for tonearm angle, pressure, and other important elements that are fundamental to accurate reproduction. And strictly speaking, any standard "pivoting" tonearm is already terrible. You need a so-called "linear tracking" turntable (popular in the 80s) with an arm that moves in a straight line across the record surface to reproduce accurately. Records warp. They scratch easily. And on top of all that, because they are physical, mechanical things, the mere act of playing them degrades them. The Philips compact cassette doesn't inspire the same devotion as vinyl, but was also pretty bad. High noise (even with Dolby, which most people didn't understand), limited frequency response, and lots of tape alignment issues. And playing it also destroys it over time. The high fidelity audio world is populated by people who can be best described as "nuts". For people who value "truth", they cling to pseudo-science and voodoo. They spend $1,000 on special electrical cords to connect their gear to their home power. They buy oxygen-free speaker cable that "protects the signal from light" by insulating it with fluid or rubber or magic. Gaze into the mouth of madness. I'm not saying that expensive stereos don't sound good. But I am saying they don't automatically sound good. And that you don't have to spend a lot of money on your reproduction equipment to have a good experience. If you really want to improve your fidelity, here are the things I'd recommend, in order: • Get better speakers and/or headphones. You're probably listening to whatever you bought around college. Generally, the headphones that came with your phone or MP3 player are junk. For $100 you can get something decent. It makes a huge difference. • Fix your listening environment. If you listen on speakers, where you listen matters a lot. Put your speakers at an appropriate height. Not too low, not too high relative to where your ears will be when you're listening. You want to be sitting in the "sweet spot" between the speakers. You want a room with a minimum of acoustically reflective surfaces. If you clap your hands and hear reverb or echoes, your music isn't going to sound right. If you're like most people, you stuck your speakers wherever they fit in your weird-shaped room. • Pay attention. When you listen to a record, don't do anything else. Close your eyes. Or look at the cover. Get into the music. Just like how you might concentrate on the taste of a good meal. Listen carefully. Don't let the music be background, and it will immediately sound better. • Get better music. Stop listening to music made on computers out of shards of other digital recordings (or at least go find some of the ones making deep, huge, beautiful works). Go find some 256 or 320 kbps MP3s (or CDs) of well-recorded, great music. Rhymes With "Oh No" The Pono player, as seen on David Letterman All of this is a pretty long way of saying Pono is going to fail. This bums me out, because I like Neil Young's music. This is also unfortunate because its mere existence and continued discussion will further entrench the twin bad ideas that "regular old MP3s/digital sounds bad" and that the "fidelity" issue for consumers hasn't been "solved" yet. It has. By MP3s. Which (at 256 or 320 kbps, with a decent encoder) sound amazing compared to vinyl and tape. Science disagrees with Pono's fundamental premise. Even if Pono wasn't wrong here, the record companies are unlikely to release all of their catalog in this format (or any new format), making it similar to quadraphonic stereo, HDCD, SACD, DVD Audio, and various other "hi-def" audio formats that also failed due to a vicious circle/negative feedback loop of "no content, no users, no demand". But more importantly, most people don't care that much about fidelity to begin with. Those that do are pretty skeptical of digital audio (even though they're wrong to be). The average music consumer wants and expects all of the music they want to be available wherever they are, whenever they want it. They care far more about convenience than "quality" (and that is largely the short-sighted music business' fault), and they care about price above all. If you are reading this, you almost certainly are not the "average music consumer". But ask yourself this: When was the last time you took an hour, sat down, and really listened to something? "Fidelity" means being faithful - go be faithful to your music. Treat it right. Maybe get some new headphones, too. I work at Sony, I can get you a deal. "Coincidence that Pono rhymes with 'oh no'" - JP Lester mothra fakir said... An interesting read... also, Pono has been pushed back to early 2014. Unknown said... This comment has been removed by a blog administrator. Unknown said... geez, there's a lot i disagree with here and much that is not factual. not even sure where to start. William Bennett said... Another great article, Anu. I'll take you up on your offer for 'employee discounted' headphones. ;-) Which do you recommend for around $150? Anonymous said... "Pay attention." Thanks for being the ONLY person I've heard say such a crazy thing since reading Copland's What to Listen For in Music back in undergrad twenty years ago. Also, MP3s at 256 or even 192 or whatever are plenty good enough for humans. Pushing a private codec is essentially an attempted coup to gain part ownership of all of published music. Seems logical for big money to try such a thing. Mikey said... This is a simple minded load of B.S. that anyone with actual audio knowledge could refute line by line . The ignorance is appalling but like most ignoramuses, the statements are made with a level of authoritative (or authoritarian) certainty that will attract the even more ignorant. Suggesting that recordings didn't get "good" until the late 70s demonstrates the author's abject ignorance. And yes, all CD players do achieve a level of common quality as do all Big Macs. Yes, thanks to technology the bottom has been pulled up but the top had been lowered almost to the ground. So we've achieved with CD uniform mediocrity. Congrats! The author celebrates mediocrity. Enjoy! But trying to stop those who want what's truly better--like Neil--- is inevitably a fool's errand. Anu said... Mr. Bennett, I really like the XBA-4 headphones. They're the "plug in your ear" kind, with 4 drivers and a good deal of isolation. With discount, they are in your price range. Mikey, sure, there are plenty of decent recordings before what I consider the golden age. I was trying to focus on the mainstream/majority. I suppose if you're focusing on classical and jazz live recordings done with good mic arrays, etc. you can find some good stuff, but in my own experience, they don't sound as full-range and natural as later recordings. Far from "celebrating mediocrity", my point is that "average" audio fidelity these days is (at least theoretically) far better than it's ever been. "Better than CD" audio projects like Pono and a recently-announced Sony initiative are at best silly/unnecessary, and at worst, misleading. They'll fail to gain mass-market acceptance because: - Most people don't care enough about fidelity to justify the increased cost and re-buying their music - The labels themselves won't build sufficiently large catalogs
Welcome to Legit Writing LegitWriting LegitWriting how are the major themes presented throughout the novel the boy in the striped pjamas Knowledge and understanding of the ideas, values and beliefs explored in texts. Analysis of the connections between personal experiences, ideas, values and beliefs explored in the text. Use a range of language skills to analyse and solve problems and demonstrate creativity. Accuracy, clarity and fluency of expression.
Featuring Research Volunteer Contributions Republic of China (Taiwan) Stamps issued: 1950-PRESENT refer to caption 40c Map of Taiwan single Island off the coast of China, in the west Pacific Ocean. Originally populated by an aboriginal people of Malaysian origin, substantial Chinese settlement began in the 1600s. Taiwan was conquered by China in 1683 and remained a Chinese province until 1895, when it was ceded to Japan. Local Chinese inhabitants objected and proclaimed an independent republic, which was soon suppressed by Japanese forces. Between August and October 1895, the Formosan regime issued eight locally printed stamps. In 1945, it was reoccupied by China and, in December 1949, General Chiang Kai-shek withdrew the Nationalist Army to Taiwan, after the communists had conquered the mainland of China. The Nationalists maintained the policy that their regime was the only legitimate Chinese government and planned, with increasing futility as the years went by, their reconquest of the mainland. In the meantime, they ruled Taiwan as the Republic of China, with the 15% mainland Chinese minority ruling the country. United States support averted a Chinese invasion from the mainland in 1953 and kept China's United Nations seat in the hands of Taiwan until 1971. During the 1960s rapid manufacturing development increasingly created a prosperous and, by the 1970s a predominantly industrial, economy. Political controls began to loosen after Chiang's death in 1975. In recent years, Taiwan has become a democratic nation, and control of the country has gradually shifted from the old Nationalist mainland Chinese families to the native Taiwanese. While a significant minority favor long-term independence, the majority of Taiwanese prefer an eventual reunion with the mainland, at a time when economic and political liberalization there permits them to maintain their identity and way of life. Narrative by Linn's Stamp News $1 Chung Hsing Pagoda single refer to caption $5 Gateway, Hall of Classics, Peking single International Philately
The Time Shall Come by Jack KinsellaOmega Letter Editor The verses quoted above were part of Jesus’ response to the question, “What will be the sign of Thy coming and of the end of the world?” (Matthew 24:3)The Lord’s reply to the question is known to Bible scholars as the “Olivet Discourse” because, 1) Jesus was standing ‘upon the Mount of Olives’ at the time, and; 2) His answer, which is contained in the three Synoptic Gospels, fills the entire chapter. It is one of the most lengthy teaching discourses in the New Testament. The Olivet Discourse focuses its attention on events that take place DURING THE TRIBULATION, but begins by describing the events that conspire together to bring it about. The period of wars and rumors of wars has been ongoing now since 1914 with the first truly global war in human history. It was followed by a second global war in 1939, whose conclusion brought about the ultimate ‘rumor of war’ between the West and the Soviet Empire. There are two different entities under discussion, ‘nations’ and ‘kingdoms’. The word ‘nation’ is translated from the Greek word ‘ethnos’ and describes an ethnic state, like Israel or one of the ethnic states of the Arab world. Or North Korea. The world translated ‘kingdom’ ‘basileia’ means “royal power, kingship, dominion, rule” and it describes a national entity bound together by economic/social interests, rather than ethnic relationships. America would fit the Biblical understanding of a ‘kingdom’ in the sense Americans are not bound together by blood or ethnicity, but rather by common social and economic benefits. The same could be applied to the member/states of the EU. Individually, some European countries might be ethnic in origin, but the Common Market exists for economic reasons. The collapse of the Soviet Union uncorked a new round of ethnic unrest and international conflict, but, as Jesus was careful to note, “the end is not yet.” Ethnic or economic strife have been responsible for all the wars of modern times. The world wars were wars aimed at conquest for economic reasons. Hitler’s Nazis sought both ethnic purity and “liebensraum”(living space) for Germany. Japan’s Imperial government set out to conquer Asia to ensure a steady supply of raw materials and to establish ethnic Japanese rule over Greater Asia. Skeptics might argue that wars, ethnic unrest, even famines, earthquakes and pestilences, all have been part of the human condition since the Fall of Man at the Garden of Eden. (Or since the first amoeba turned into a person . . . for the skeptic who can’t bring himself to believe in God, but finds no conflict of faith in a frog turning into a prince). Note that Jesus said “all these are the beginning of sorrows.” The word ‘sorrow’ first appears in Scripture in Genesis 3:16 when God tells Eve, “I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children.” “Sorrow” is translated from the Hebrew “itstsabown” and refers to labor pains. The Greek word ‘odin’ translated as ‘sorrows’ in Matthew 24:8 also refers to labor pains. Every parent who has ever lived could instantly grasp the meaning of this metaphor — that is why Jesus chose it. As the birth of a child approaches, the mother begins to experience labor pains, which, having once begun, continue to increase in both frequency and intensity as the moment of birth approaches. Prospective parents in Jesus’ day did exactly what I did with each of my kids — timed the interval between the contractions. It was a carefully chosen metaphor designed to resonate with all people, of all cultures, in all generations. But, to the generation to whom those signs were addressed, the meaning would be unmistakable. When one compares the accuracy of the Bible’s account of the unknowable future to the ever-changing scientific ‘explanations’ for the distant past, doubts melt away. The skeptic has multiple explanations for static events that have already happened. The Bible gives a single explanation for a fluid, changeable series of events predicted to happen thousands of years in the future — the events that define our present day. Which is more convincing? Bible prophecy proves Jesus was the Son of God, regardless of the latest scientific, archeological or historical discovery. No matter what else might be offered as ‘evidence’ to the contrary, there is no other explanation for Bible prophecy. It is our generation’s unique miracle. It proves that He remains in charge of the affairs of men. Scripture records His Promise in all three Gospel accounts, “Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away.” (Matthew 24:35. Mark 13:31, Luke 21:33) Bible prophecy is proof positive that God remains on the Throne, that His Word will NOT return to Him void, and that all the chaos and terror of the world notwithstanding, all continues to go according to His plan. Given the unbeliever’s explanation of uncontrolled chaos, Bible prophecy isn’t all that depressing, after all. What WOULD be depressing would be to be among the lost, not knowing what this world is coming to, and believing the world is in a state of uncontrolled chaos. For the believer, Bible prophecy can be pretty encouraging, which is what the Lord intended for the last days’ Church all along: “But these things have I told you, that WHEN THE TIME SHALL COME, ye may remember that I told you of them.” (John 16:4) Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. 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Artificial Reef Project Koh Tao Corals play an essential role in providing habitats to other marine organisms that are found living in reef ecosystems. Their complex 3D tertiary structures offer suitable homes for a diverse range of creatures of all sizes. Corals also provide an important food source to several organisms that feed on their polyps or the mucus that they secrete. These reef builders are essential components required for reef ecosystems to thrive and play an extremely important role in promoting species richness and biodiversity on all coral reefs across the globe. In the last 100 years, corals have been exposed to numerous threats, many of which have been associated with increased anthropogenic activity. As a result, corals across the world have frequently shown signs of stress with several areas around the world seeing a mass reduction in coral cover. This has called for the need to conserve these essential reef builders if we are to save the existence of our coral reefs. A common method for coral restoration is through ‘active restoration’. This involves direct interaction with coral fragments in order to help them survive and continue to grow. Coral nurseries are a common example of active restoration, and have been established by the Roctopus ecoTrust in areas requiring coral restoration. Fragments that are found living in hostile environments (most commonly when lying in the sand) are collected and transferred to temporary artificial structures which are less stressful than the environment they were previously living in. Nurseries house these fragments (known as ‘fragments of opportunity’) until they have reached a certain size and condition which will favour their survival when permanently attached to the reef of artifical reef structures. The Roctopus ecoTrust have also established a coral reef restoration project working with international schools in Bangkok. This project aims to restore certain reefs on Koh Tao where the natural growth and development of certain corals is limited. Artificial reef structures deployed in these areas offer stability to transplanted corals, creating a more suitable environment for coral survival, growth, and future colony development. As the coral fragments develop into larger colonies, they provide habitats for a multitude of reef fish and other marine organisms. In doing so, this project aims to increase the abundance and biodiversity of marine life across the reef, allowing it to thrive once more. Coral Restoration Koh Tao Photography © All rights reserved Photography copyright Baillie Photos. All rights Reserved ©2022 Roctopus ecoTrust All rights reserved
Date of Award Spring 2018 Document Type Santa Clara : Santa Clara University, 2018. Civil Engineering First Advisor Tonya Nilsson Second Advisor Mark Aschheim Earthen construction is the most popular building method around the world. One particular building method, using earthbags, has shown promise in performing well against seismic activity. This project undertook the goal of developing a preliminary seismic response modification factor, R, to be used in the design of homes in seismically active areas. Two 4’ wide x 6’ tall x 1’ deep walls were cyclically loaded using a Three-Degree-of-Freedom (TDOF) Test Frame provided by Santa Clara University to determine the in-plane shear capacity of each wall. Testing revealed an average yield force of 419 lbs, an average ultimate force 1058 lbs, and an average R value of 6. Wall design and construction was focused on three aspects of the project that were modeled to replicate common building practices while still being modular enough to test multiple samples. These aspects were the base, bond beam, and wall. Wall bases were designed to withstand up to 3500 lb-ft bending moment during forklift transport, the bond beam was designed to transfer up to 9,000 lbs of shear force into the wall, and, the wall was designed using common building practices used in earthbag construction. Upon completion of the Consortium of Universities for the Research of Earthquake Engineering (CUREE) testing protocol, it was observed that the walls failed in buckling due to compression resulting from the force couple created by the loading arrangement. Despite failure, the walls continued standing even after the pin connection was removed from the tops of wall. This unexpected resiliency and behavior of the walls during testing led the team to believe that earthbag walls are much more ductile a material that was initially anticipated. A deeper understanding is needed to better understand how earthbag buildings behave against seismic forces. This project is encouraging for future research and the development of a more standardized building method.
Green Hydrogen: Challenges for Commercialization Written by Sivapriya Bhagavathy and Jagruti Thakur Hydrogen has been in use for many decades in sectors like refining and chemical industries. However, its use as an energy source has started receiving increased interest only in recent years. As this interest and end-use grow, the demand for hydrogen will also grow with an expected compound annual growth rate of 5.48% from 2019 to 2025 [1]. Hydrogen has been in use for many decades in sectors like refining and chemical industries. However, its use as an energy source has started receiving increased interest only in recent years. As this interest and end-use grow, the demand for hydrogen will also grow with an expected compound annual growth rate of 5.48% from 2019 to 2025 [1]. To ensure that this demand for hydrogen is met sustainably and with minimal impact on the environment, the production of hydrogen should have minimal or no carbon emissions. Such hydrogen, referred to as Green Hydrogen, can be produced from renewables, nuclear or fossil fuels with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Emissions from green hydrogen production can range from 43 gCO2e/kg of hydrogen produced using electrolysis to 9.3 kgCO2e/kg of hydrogen produced using steam reforming process without carbon capture [2], [3]. To provide a context, one kg of hydrogen has an energy equivalent of one gallon of gasoline which produces 9.1 kgCO2 during combustion. The major end use of transport using fuel cells have an efficiency of more than 50% (60% for conversion of hydrogen into electricity and 90% for conversion of electricity into kinetic power) as against the 25% efficiency of internal combustion engines [4]. That is, for similar miles, emissions from hydrogen is half that of gasoline considering production to tailpipe. Commercialization and deployment of green hydrogen on a large-scale faces significant challenges. This work, therefore, highlights the current challenges for the commercialization of green hydrogen across the four phases (shown in Figure 1): production, storage, transport and distribution, and end-use. The challenges highlighted here are based on the high-level review of more than 200 completed or on-going hydrogen projects across the globe [5]. 2 2 1 21 Figure 1: Production to end-use of hydrogen 1. Green Hydrogen Production Green hydrogen is commonly produced by electrolysis, steam reforming and fermentation. A brief description of the production method and the associated challenges are as follows. 1. Electrolysis: Electricity is used in this process to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process has an efficiency of around 60-80% by calorific value [6]. The commercialization and large-scale deployment challenges of electrolysis are as follows. 1. Need for improved overall energy efficiency. 2. Need for additional onsite compressors. 3. Low lifetime of electrolysers (<5 years). 2. Steam reforming: Steam reforming can be used to convert methane, liquids derived from biomass resources, and biogas to hydrogen. This process provides the advantage of being a mature technology and easy transportation of input fuels with conversion on-site or at refueling stations [7]. If methane or natural gas is used, then additional carbon capture mechanisms should be in place to limit the net emissions. The challenges associated with this method are as follows. 1. High complexity of the reforming process due to the relatively larger molecule sizes of biomass-derived liquids than fossil fuels. 2. Low overall efficiency of the process (currently around 40% [8]). 3. The reformer should be able to adapt to different compositions and flow rates of biogas or biofuels and local heat sources. 3. Fermentation: In this process, sugar-rich feedstock from biomass is fermented to produce hydrogen using microbes either through direct hydrogen fermentation or microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The challenges associated with fermentation are as follows. 1. Low overall efficiency of the biogas reactor. 2. Low rates and yields of hydrogen production from fermentation. 3. Scaling-up of MEC systems while maintaining production rates and system efficiencies are not yet proven. A series of alternative production methods to split water is also under development. For example, high-temperature water splitting, photobiological water splitting, photoelectrochemical water splitting, low-temperature hydrogen production by replication of photosynthesis, and extraction of hydrogen byproduct from chemical industries. 2. Storage of Hydrogen Hydrogen is stored typically by three methods: compression, cooling, or hybrid. Material based hydrogen storage is also being developed in the form of solids, liquids, or surface-based materials. Hydrogen can be stored on-site or bulk where in on-site storage is used for production plants and end-use applications, and bulk storage is used for large amounts of storage in geographical hydrogen storage (e.g. in salt caverns, abandoned mines etc.). However, there are some challenges with the storage of hydrogen as discussed below. 1. High energy requirement in compressed hydrogen storage, due to low specific gravity. 2. Temperature and pressure requirements while storing hydrogen in solid form. 3. Design aspects, legal issues, social concerns, and high cost. 4. Low durability of materials (fiber, metals, polymers etc.) for storage and potential chemical reactions raise safety concerns. 5. Bulk storage at geographic features may contaminate the hydrogen creating the need for further purification before end-use. 3. Transport and Distribution of Hydrogen Hydrogen can be either used onsite or transported and distributed to the end-user locations [9]. The common methods of transport and distribution of hydrogen are pipelines, high-pressure tube trailers, and liquified hydrogen tankers. Pipelines are currently the least expensive way and are already in use near large refineries and chemical plants. Liquified hydrogen tankers transport the hydrogen that has been cooled to a temperature where it becomes a liquid. This increases the density of distributed hydrogen, making it more efficient for transportation than high-pressure tube trailers. However, if the delivery and consumption rates are not matched, the compressed hydrogen will evaporate causing significant losses and ineffective utilization. The challenges in transport and distribution of hydrogen are as follows. 1. Existing hydrogen transportation pipeline infrastructure is not sufficient to meet future demand. 2. Existing natural gas pipelines cannot be directly used for hydrogen due to embrittlement. Though mixing of hydrogen with natural gas is considered an option, it significantly affects the life of the pipelines even at 5% concentration by volume [10]. 3. Lack of fine control of the flow of hydrogen at refueling stations. The flow of hydrogen has a significant impact on evaporation and losses of the system. 4. Fluctuations in temperature during fast transfers of compressed hydrogen has to be controlled optimally to minimize losses and prevent thermal instability. 5. The network of hydrogen refueling stations has to be increased. Alternate ways for transporting hydrogen, for example using liquid organic materials as hydrogen carriers, are being researched to enable a low-cost high energy density transfer of hydrogen. 4. End-use of Hydrogen Hydrogen can service multiple end-uses with its major application in energy use for the supply of electricity or heating through combined heat and power units, power for remote or off-grid applications like telecom towers, automotive sector, etc. Hydrogen based Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles have higher efficiency than gasoline-based vehicles, long driving range, and no emissions, thus offering a potential solution for future sustainable transportation. The use of hydrogen fuel cells for portable applications in portable electronic devices like mobile phones and personal computers are being explored. There are various advantages of fuel cells over battery systems like a longer lifetime, zero end-use emission, higher efficiency, cleaner fuel (hydrogen), lower weight etc. However, when it comes to end-use there are several challenges which need to be addressed before the large-scale commercialization of hydrogen as discussed below. 1. Need for weight, volume, and cost minimization of compressed hydrogen gas tanks for vehicles and fuel cell stacks. 2. Efficiency, degradation issues, durability, resiliency, size as well as power, and current densities of the fuel cell needs improvement. 3. Lack of systems monitoring the performance and state of health of the system. 4. High complexity of the fuel cell system especially with thermal and water management, purification, and humidification. 5. Low run time of fuel cells for portable electronic devices has to be improved without increasing the size [11]. The challenges for commercialization that are relevant across all phases are as follows. 1. High overall costs of the system including capital, operational, maintenance, and running costs. 2. Supply chain development across all the pillars is still in its nascent phase. 3. Integration with other energy vectors using information and communication infrastructure. 4. Need for legal and administrative adherence, certification mechanisms, recommendations, and regulations for different components of the system. 5. Low user acceptance and social awareness. 6. Developing after-sales service for hydrogen technology. In summary, green hydrogen has the potential to act as a lever to decarbonize the energy sector, especially the hard to reach areas of heating and heavy-duty transport. The advancement in digitalization offers various opportunities to harness Hydrogen as one of the prominent sources for energy and storage for energy needs. However, for maximizing the potential and commercialization, challenges spread across all four phases have to be addressed. 1. “Hydrogen Market Share, Size and Industry Growth Analysis 2019 - 2025.” (accessed Dec. 30, 2020). 2. “Estimating The Carbon Footprint Of Hydrogen Production.” (accessed Jan. 30, 2021). 3. P. L. Spath and M. K. Mann, “Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Hydrogen Production via Wind/Electrolysis: Milestone Completion Report,” 2004. Accessed: Jan. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available: 4. “Hydrogen fuel cell: overview of where we’re at in hydrocarbon replacement.” (accessed Jan. 30, 2021). 5. “Hydrogen.” (accessed Dec. 30, 2020). 6. “Electrolysers \| Hydrogen.” (accessed Dec. 31, 2020). 7. “Hydrogen Production: Biomass-Derived Liquid Reforming \| Department of Energy.” (accessed Dec. 21, 2020). 8. P. Sarothi Roy, J. Song, K. Kim, C. Seung Park, and A. S. Raju, “UC Riverside 2018 Publications Title CO2 conversion to syngas through the steam-biogas reforming process,” J. CO2 Util., vol. 25, pp. 275–282, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.04.013. 9. “Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Production and Distribution.” (accessed Dec. 30, 2020). 10. B. Meng et al., “Hydrogen effects on X80 pipeline steel in high-pressure natural gas/hydrogen mixtures,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 7404–7412, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.145. 11. P. P. Kundu and K. Dutta, “Hydrogen fuel cells for portable applications,” in Compendium of Hydrogen Energy, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 111–131. This article edited by Mehrdad Boloorchi For a downloadable copy of the February 2021 eNewsletter which includes this article, please visit the IEEE Smart Grid Resource Center. Sivapriya M. Bhagavathy (M’12) received the B Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the University of Kerala in 2006, M Tech in Energy Systems Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay in 2008, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Northumbria University in 2018. She is a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Oxford. She is an Oxford Policy Engagement Network Knowledge Exchange Fellow and an Oxford Martin Fellow. Her research interests include distributed generation and its grid integration, whole system perspective of energy analysis, demand-side response using domestic thermal, chemical, and electrical storage, energy policy, evaluation of government intervention, electric vehicles as load and storage, and electric vehicle infrastructure planning. Jagruti R. Thakur (Member, IEEE) received the B.Tech. degree in electronics and communications engineering from the South Gujarat University, Surat, India, in 2010. She received her master’s degree from Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, Gujarat, and the Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India in 2018. She is a Researcher at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in the Division of Energy Systems, Department of Energy technology. Her research interests include demand-side management, distributed generation, waste heat recovery, electrification of transportation, electricity markets, energy storage, and energy systems modeling. Past Issues IEEE Smart Grid Bulletin Editors IEEE Smart Grid Bulletin Compendium
The Hundred Languages of Pedagogy I was surprised to find that one of my articles, The Paradox of Pedagogical Documentation, was recently translated into Italian. A group of nature educators plan to use it as a point of discussion for an upcoming training seminar. Reading excerpts of my blog in translation was both exciting and a little strange. I was reminded of the words of George Borrow, British author and Romani cultural enthusiast, who once wrote “translation is at best an echo.” As an individual who has dabbled in translation throughout my life, I have conflicting emotions about Borrow’s assertion. The art of accurate translation, especially verbal interpretation, is the exercise of eliminating the translator’s voice altogether. It isn’t enough to just translate the general meaning of the author or speaker; a skilled translator needs to be able to reiterate what their subject says not just in another language, but with the same word choice, style, and idioms. That being said, I also think that there is something to be gained in hearing the thoughts of an author through the mouth of a translator passionate enough to endeavor a translation of their works. Translators are sometimes the greatest experts of the works they choose to translate, making their interpretations and opinions a source of insights that would otherwise be lost. Loris Malaguzzi looms large as the founder of the Reggio Emilia educational philosophy. His poem, “The Hundred Languages of Children,” is commonly referenced as a source of inspiration for Reggio educators. His opinions on the image of the child, the importance of reflection in teaching practice, and the complex relationships between students and teachers are valuable not just to Reggio educators, but teachers in general. The trouble is, I don’t speak Italian. From what I have read, I find Malaguzzi’s writing both beautiful and insightful, but my impressions of his works are based entirely on the efforts of translators and interpreters like Lella Gandini, George Forman, and Carolyn Edwards. Together, they edited and published a collection of writings titled The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Education, which has become one of the cornerstones of American Reggio-inspired teaching practice. The truth is that I’ve never read a single word written or spoken by Loris Malaguzzi himself. Because I don’t speak French, I’ve never read an article published by Jean Piaget either, despite the fact he is commonly regarded as one of the fathers of Constructivist educational theory. I’ve tried to read Lev Vygotsky (Piaget’s counterpart and the other psychologist to whom Constructivism is often attributed), but my Russian isn’t good enough to even make a dent. Despite the importance of the studies conducted by Malaguzzi, Piaget, and Vygotsky, I’ve only ever read translations or summaries of their ideas. Malaguzzi and Piaget lived long lives; Piaget passed away in 1980, and Malaguzzi passed away in 1994. Throughout their prolific careers, translators had many opportunities to speak to them face-to-face and clarify their theories and pedagogical beliefs. Because Malaguzzi was not just a psychologist but also teacher who worked with young children, interpreters like Gandini and Edwards even had the unprecedented opportunity to see him put his theories into practice inside and outside the classroom (such as can be read in Loris Malaguzzi and the Teachers: Dialogues on Collaboration and Conflict Among Children, Reggio Emilia, 1990, a record of a reflective practice venture between Reggio Emilia schools and University of Massachusetts, Amherst). Lev Vygotsky’s works are significantly more problematic. He died of tuberculosis in 1934 at the age of 37, which means almost all of his work translated into English happened posthumously. Having lived and worked in the Soviet Union, many educational scholars suspect that a portion of his work was lost, marginalized, or censored by the government, perhaps to minimize its impact on the larger psychological community. His book Thinking and Speech was published in English under his name in 1962, twenty-eight years after his death. Many of the concepts commonly associated with Vygotsky’s theories, such as “scaffolding” (the term many educators use to describe the process of providing necessary information or materials to facilitate new concepts), were never used by Vygotsky at all. Even the ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development), which is the backbone of Vygotsky’s flagship Theory of Social Constructivism, has been called into question as marginally significant in the greater scope of his authorship. In Ronald Miller’s 2011 article titled Vygotsky in Perspective, he provides intense criticism of a few of Vygotsky’s English interpreters: The literature emanating from within a broad sociocultural or cultural-historical activity fold projects a diluted version of Vygotsky’s theory that is tailored to meet the theoretical dispositions and inclinations of each contemporary commentator. Reading this literature, it is difficult to escape the impression that ‘Vygotsky’ has been hijacked in the interests of creating a new orthodoxy in which the Vygotsky name is branded to the detriment of his work. For 83 years now, educators have been debating what Vygotsky’s theories really mean and how to implement them in the classroom. Since perusing Soviet archives for his original works, historians have discovered that many of his articles that were published in translation during the 1960s were either unfinished drafts or never intended for publication at all. In a few bizarre instances, English interpretations of his works were translated back into Russian and passed off as originals that had been destroyed or misplaced. Because of these inconsistencies, Vygotskian revisionists have endeavored to start over from scratch since the 2000s, attempting to collect and totally retranslate Vygotsky’s unedited articles with uncompromising authenticity. The purpose of this article is not to discourage the reading of theory in translation. It is a simple reminder that, no matter what we read, there are layers to the knowledge we acquire. When we read Loris Malaguzzi in English, we are also reading Lella Gandini. When we read Vygotsky in English, we are also reading the opinions of Michael Cole or Ronald Miller. It is important to be aware of the lenses through which translated material is filtered. While these lenses can lead to questions of content authenticity (such as with Vygotsky), they are ultimately a means by which we can create richer understanding. By rereading translated works and revisiting primary sources, educators and historians can breathe new life into educational theory we sometimes present as being set in stone. Translation should serve as a reminder that understanding is an ongoing process, subject to constant review. Just like the negotiated curricula that are so common in Reggio-inspired schools, pedagogy isn’t absolute. It is a product of the combined perspective of the researchers and authors who create it, the interpretations of the editors and translators who digest it, and even the beliefs of the teachers who practice it. Pedagogy differs from dogma precisely because it is fluid and cyclical. Each time we incorporate new methods into our practice, we change both ourselves and the methods themselves. Educators in Reggio Emilia discourage the taking of photographs when giving school tours for precisely this reason; they have no desire for practitioners of the Reggio Way in America to create a carbon copy of their methods in a different language. While American Reggio draws inspiration from Malaguzzi’s original Italian model, it is an entirely different iteration. It is evidence that the Reggio Emilia Approach does not belong specifically to Italy; it is a living, breathing pedagogy that is changing with each teacher that practices it. Most of all, educational theory in translation is a prime example of the supreme power of discourse. It is a way for us to share knowledge across cultures. It is a reminder of the fact that in other reaches of the world, like-minded individuals are discussing the same issues we are in different languages. Translators endeavor to bridge the gap between groups of people who would otherwise be unable to share knowledge through conversation. They also create a bridge between generations of educators who would otherwise never intersect. I’m only 27 years old, which means Malaguzzi died when I was four. Without the incredible efforts of individuals like Gandini, I would have never had the opportunity to partake in the powerful educational lessons he has to offer. Regardless of whether we read in our native tongue or not, we are all in a way interpreters of the educational practices we subscribe to. Education is a field that is constantly shifting beneath our feet, whether we notice it or not. As teachers, it is important that we do our best to inform our practice based on a breadth of well-rounded sources. It is my opinion that we should read translations and summaries of important articles, but we should also take the time to read scientific studies, reviews, op-eds, and criticisms. We should consume text in our native languages and, when time allows, learn new languages to help broaden our horizons. We should even strive to author our own reflective and groundbreaking articles just like Malaguzzi, Piaget, and Vygotsky. 3 thoughts on “The Hundred Languages of Pedagogy Add yours 1. Hello, For many years I had the same feeling regarding translations. Having the knowledge of 3 languages I notice that when I read a book in an original language and then a translation there is a difference and most of the time I prefer the first one. The interpretations change from person to person and we value it when working on pedagogical documentation. However, reading a book or a document in the original language gives you a freedom to interpret yourself, to find your own meanings, to explore an author from your perspective. Being an interpreter of a well-known person is not easy. I respect the responsibility interpreters own and open to in order to help others discover treasures of the writer’s world. It is also beyond the language, it a part of the history and the culture the author lived in. Imagine the time Vygotsky lived … or the time Malaguzzi studied at the university… I am inspired by people who learn languages and who study at least one. With all interpretations and translations it turnes to be 100 languages of people, educators and many many more… Thank you for the post. It encourages me not to give up and find time to learn another language. 1. Well said. When I read works in translation, my mind always drifts to many of the things you mentioned, especially the cultural and historic context of the author. Which is to say nothing of the cultural context of the translator, which can also make a huge difference. I also like to contemplate the aspects that aren’t as abundantly apparent. What did the translator choose to omit? What did they simplify for the sake of making the underlying message of the author clearer to an unfamiliar audience? What did they embellish, and how would we know without an intimate knowledge of the source material? Are you by any chance familiar with the book “Snow Country” by Yasunari Kawabata? It is one of my favorite examples of the power of translation. Liked by 1 person Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s Create a website or blog at Up ↑ %d bloggers like this:
This article is featured in Gossamer Volume Seven: the Touch issue. Subscribe here. It’s a little known fact that a male octopus’s eighth leg is actually its penis. The very name—derived from the Greek word októpus, meaning “eight foot”— has led us down the garden path. I’ve lived my whole life believing an octagon has eight sides, my 83-year-old nanna is an octogenarian, and an octopus has eight goddamn legs—it’s basic linguistics. But now, at the auspicious age of 33, I have to accept that I’ve been suckered. There’s nothing “octo” about the male octopus. They have seven tentacles and a specialized limb for transferring sperm. In other words, the eighth leg is a penis. To put that in context, the name “octopus” is the species equivalent of referring to a human male as a triped. I simply refuse. This deceptive appendage, called a hectocotylus, was first recorded by Aristotle around the year 347 BC in one of the earliest surviving scientific studies. The ancient Greek philosopher left Plato’s Academy following his mentor’s death, swapping the city of Athens for the island of Lesbos where he spent two years observing the marine life of a lagoon at the island’s center. It was here that Aristotle, father of Western logic and apparent octopus voyeur, first surmised the use of the octopus’ eighth leg in the mysterious act of cephalopod sex. He was, of course, widely disbelieved. It wasn’t until 1827, some 2000-odd years later, that Aristotle was proven correct. It’s not hard to see why it took so long for biologists to catch up. The hectocotylus looks and acts like a leg on a regular day. It can bend, it can stretch, it can exert suction. But at the sight of a slinky lady octopus, the hectocotylus can, in some species, stretch to twice its regular size. If we’re talking ratio to body length, it’s a crime against octopus everywhere that we hold the donkey as the gold standard of gonopodia. But alas, we must collect our minds from the gutter. As one of the most antisocial creatures on earth, size for the octopus is about survival. While sex for humans certainly has its own set of challenges, sex for the octopus comes with a very real threat of cannibalization. The fear of being consumed—literally, not metaphorically—by the object of its affection is so great that some species of cephalopod have evolved a mating ritual so stealthy that they can avoid touching their partner at all. The male argonaut octopus, for example, is so averse to physical intimacy that he instead tears off his penis-leg, sperm clenched tightly in his tentacled fist, and gives it to the object of his affection like some kind of macabre Valentine’s gift. In other words, an argonaut octopus would rather wrench off its own penis than touch another living creature. Is that not the saddest thing you’ve ever heard? The more I think about it, the more I wonder—are these octopuses desperately lonely? Studies have long proven they have extraordinary minds, but it appears that evolution has dealt them a cruel hand: intelligence and vulnerability in equal measure. Have their exposed, fleshy bodies made them so terrified of the world around them that they can’t, even for a fleeting second, indulge in the tender touch of their own kind? Do their suckered limbs and bulbous bodies long to be wrapped in the tentacles of another? Unfortunately, we may never know the answer. More than two millennia after Aristotle’s observations in the lagoons of Lesbos, we still have so much to learn about this wildly intelligent, yet fiercely private creature. For now, I choose an alternative narrative. One where octopuses are the ultimate romantics, sacrificing life, limb, and loneliness in the quest for love and lineage. In my 33 years of dating, I’ve yet to receive a Valentine's gift as memorable.
2. Current Situation Initially the current situation has to be assessed. This ensures that resistance training is beneficial rather than harmful, especially to those individuals with pre-existing injuries or illnesses. This step additionally helps the design of an appropriate training (and nutritional) program. It includes: Medical checkup Usually exercise improves health (see Preface) but some medical conditions might not allow specific types of exercise (e.g. high intensity of effort for persons with high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease, running for overweight persons with low cardiorespiratory fitness etc.). Initially a self-guided screening for physical activity program is recommended. The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaires (PAR-Q or the more detailed PAR-Q+) are simple self-screening tools that can and should be used by anyone who is planning to start an exercise program (CSEP 2002, PAR-Q+ 2017). They are designed to identify major symptoms of cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic diseases or orthopedic conditions. Online or printed forms can be found at PAR-Q+ (2017). If any of those conditions apply, the trainee should seek advice from a doctor. The medical checkup includes a visit to the doctor where the overall health will be assessed. Points that need to be considered include: History and current medical issues regarding heart (blood pressure, chest pains, fainting), lungs (asthma, allergies, difficulty breathing), blood (diabetes, cholesterol, iron), bones or joints. Blood and urine exams and blood pressure measurement are also recommended. At this point it should be clear whether exercise is allowed and under what constraints, or whether exercise should be medically supervised. Body measurements The body measurements are the starting point for the goal-setting procedure, and will also provide information about the effectiveness of the programs. Simplified schematic overview of behavioral change or adaptation Figure 2.1: Body measurements chart. They can also identify issues with asymmetry or muscle atrophy. Table 2.1 describes how to take the body measurements. Photos at this stage are very important as they can be used to periodically check progress. The photos should be taken in a swimsuit and always with the same camera at the same location, position, and distance and with the same lighting. Figure 2.1 shows schematically where to take the measurements and also provides a template to register the measurements. It is recommended to take measurements of both left and right body parts periodically to confirm that any muscle asymmetry is decreasing. Table 2.1: Body measurements / circumferences (in cm), body mass and fat-free mass (in kg) and body fat percentage (%). Part Description Height [H] Without shoes Wrist Measured on the hand side of the styloid process. The styloid process is the bony lump on the outside of the wrist. Ankle Measured at the smallest part Waist Measured at its narrowest part width-wise, usually just above the navel (without pulling the waist in). Neck Measured below Adam's apple at smallest point. Upper arm Measured around fullest part. Flexed. Forearms Fist clenched, hand out straight, measured at largest part. Thighs Measured around the fullest part of the upper leg while standing. Hip (gluteus) Measured around the widest part of the hipbones. Gluteus (buttocks) is included. Calves Standing relaxed, measured at largest point. Chest (Bust) Without shoes Lat spread Measured all the way around the bust and back on the line of the nipples, flexing and spreading the lats. Body Mass [BM] Wearing only underwear. Fat-Free Mass [FFM] FFM=BM × (1-BF%) Body Fat percentage [BF%] See formula BF%. There are different ways to measure body fat including skin fold testing, bioelectrical impedance, DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) scan and hydrostatic weighing. If there is no access to any of those methods, internet calculators (Calculator.Net 2008) or the formulas below (Hodgdon and Beckett 1984a&b) can be used. The key for progress is consistency and continuity with the methods used (e.g., every 2-4 weeks using the same formula). Definitions of fat-free mass and the body composition of the reference man (Snyder et al. 1975) are given in Table 2.2. The formula to estimate the percentage of Body Fat (BF%) based on waist, hip and neck circumferences (in cm) and height (H, in cm) for men and women are given below (Hodgdon and Beckett 1984a&b): BF%men = 495 / {1.0324 - 0.19077 × [log(waist-neck)] + 0.15456 × [log(H)]} - 450 BF%women = 495 / {1.29579 - 0.35004 × [log(waist+hip-neck)] + 0.22100 × [log(H)]} - 450 Table 2.2: Body composition of the reference man (Snyder et al. 1975). The major components of each functional part are also given. The last columns give lean-body mass and fat-free mass definitions. Functional Body Tissue Molecular Simplified Simplified Adipose mass 21% 80% non-essential fat non-essential fat mass Fat mass 10% essential fat Lean-body mass (LBM) Muscle mass (skeletal) 40% 79% water Fat-free mass (FFM) 17% protein 1% glycogen Bone 7% 54% mineral 26% protein Blood 8% 80% water Other 24% 65% water Strength measurements Table 2.3 contains the main exercise recommended to be tested with 6 repetitions; the lowest number of repetitions recommended in this book. The reason to use 6 repetitions and not one, is that: (i) the absolute strength (one repetition maximum 1RM) is not important in evaluating progress, (ii) the determination of 1RM is time consuming and might not be accurate for untrained persons, (iii) the 1RM testing has a higher risk and can lead to injuries. For those interested in the 1RM, formulas predict that the 1RM should be 10-20% higher than the 6RM depending on the person, its sex, and the exercise (upper or lower body, single- or multi-joint) (Mayhew et al. 1992, Reynolds et al. 2006, Richens and Cleather 2014). See also Table 1.2. The strength increase (in percentage) when exercising at the repetition range 2RM to 10RM translates to similar increase of 1RM (Pereira and Gomes 2007, Carpinelli 2011), but this might not be true for higher than 30RM (Mitchell et al. 2012a). For example, a 10% increase in 8RM with training, will probably increase the trainee’s 1RM for that exercise approximately 10% (Carpinelli 2011). Table 2.3: Strength tests. 6RM: For each exercise, find the maximum weight (resistance) until the 6th repetition cannot be conducted in good form. Start with a light weight and increase it every time until you reach 6 repetitions. The “Resistance / Body weight” ratio can be compared with future targets (Table 3.4). Exercise Exercise Weight (resistance) Resistance / Body Weight Squat (barbell) Bent over row (barbell) Bench press (barbell) Military press (barbell) Bicep curl (barbell) Dips (extra weight) Pull-ups (extra weight) Row (one arm) (dumbbell) Calf (one leg) (dumbbell) Note: The advantage of using the specific exercises is that they require minimum equipment and can be easily tested even if one changes gym. However, one should feel free to replace them, especially considering that many of them are dangerous if the technique is not correct. Various characteristics Various characteristics like musculoskeletal leverage, flexibility, hormonal and energy levels, and injuries play an important role on the choices for training. For example, an injury at the back might mean that exercises like row or squat cannot be done with free weights. Reduced flexibility might mean restricted range of motion in some exercises. When designing the training program, all characteristics have to be taken into account. The differences among the people also show that the absolute numbers are of secondary importance and individuals should focus on their physical characteristics. In the ‘40s, American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon, categorized the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements, somatotypes, named after the three germ layers of embryonic development: the endoderm (develops into the digestive tract), the mesoderm (becomes muscle, heart and blood vessels), and the ectoderm (forms the skin and nervous system). His target was prediction of personality traits based on one's general appearance. It had nothing to do with actual physical improvement. In his 1954 book, Atlas of Men, Sheldon categorized all possible body types according to a scale ranging from 1 to 7 for each of the three "somatotypes", where the pure "endomorph" was 7-1-1, the pure "mesomorph" 1-7-1 and the pure "ectomorph" 1-1-7. The visual methodology was later developed in equations, which are used in the sports world (Carter and Heath 1990). Based on these equations: The mesomorphy is given by the following equation (Height, H, in cm): Mesomorphy = 0.858 × humerus width + 0.061 × femur width + 0.188 × upper arm + 0.161 × calf - 0.131 × H + 4.5 Humerus width is the width between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus when shoulder and elbow are at 90 degrees. Femur width is the greatest distance between the lateral and medial epicondyles with the knee bent at a right angle of the femur. The rest of the measurements should be taken as explained in Table 2.1. For more details see Carter and Heath (1990). Based on this equation a person can check the current mesomorphy index and can also estimate the maximum (future) index based on the maximum achievable arm and calf sizes (as will be given in Table 3.3). According to a study on twins (Peeters et al. 2007), additive genetic sources of variance in men explained 28.0%, 86.3% and 66.5% for endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy, respectively. For women, the corresponding values were 32.3%, 82.0% and 70.1%. Thus, mesomorphy and ectomorphy have high heritability, whereas endomorphy, which represents a relative measure of fat, does not. Thus, improvements of mesomorphy with exercise are relatively small. Bodybuilders were found to have high mesomorphy (Fry et al. 1991, Ackland et al. 2008, Nikbakhsh et al. 2013) (>6). Endomorphy and ectomoprphy were very low (<1), thus the fat mass was very low and the muscle mass very high compared to height. Although the importance of somatotypes for sport performance is strongly supported, there are no studies on the effect of various nutritional or training strategies for different somatotypes. According to anecdotal evidence, nutritional and training recommendations for different somatotypes are given in Table 2.4: Table 2.4: Characteristics of different body types and training recommendations. Body type Ecto Meso Endo Muscle mass Low High Medium Fat Low Medium High Height / weight High Medium Low Shoulder Narrow Broad Medium Hips Narrow Medium Wide Training frequency Low Medium High Training volume Low Medium High Cardio frequency Low Medium High Calories High Normal Low Chapter summary This chapter explained how one can assess his current situation. After a physical activity questionnaire and a medical checkup, the initial body measurements (Figure 2.1) should be taken and then the strength in some basic exercises should be checked (Table 2.3). More advanced trainees could check their somatotypes in order to optimize the design of the training routines (Chapter 6). After the assessment of the current situation, the next step involves goal-setting which is the topic of the next chapter.
Monkeypox outbreak in UK: what are the symptoms and how does it spread? Saturday, 12th June 2021, 10:32 am Monkeypox is a rare disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus (Photo: CDC/Getty Images) Two cases of monkeypox have been identified in north Wales health officials have said. Public Health Wales (PHW) said the initial case was acquired overseas and both cases were identified in two people from the same household. Sign up to our daily newsletter The i newsletter cut through the noise PHW added that monitoring and contact tracing is now taking place and the risk to the general public is very low. But what is monkeypox and what are the signs and symptoms? Here’s what you need to know. What is monkeypox and how is it spread? Most cases have been in Africa and the risk of catching monkeypox in the UK is very low, the NHS explains. Monkeypox is usually a mild illness that will get better on its own without treatment, but some people can develop more serious symptoms, so patients with monkeypox in the UK are cared for in specialist hospitals. However, there have only been a very small number of cases of monkeypox in the UK and when there is a case, health professionals will aim to contact anyone who has been in close contact with the infected person. The NHS website says: “If you have not been contacted, be reassured you are extremely unlikely to catch monkeypox.” - touching items like clothing, bedding or towels used by an infected person - touching monkeypox spots or scabs - a person with a monkeypox rash who coughs or sneezes near you What are the symptoms of monkeypox? The illness begins with: - high temperature - headache - muscle aches - backache - swollen glands - chills - exhaustion A rash then usually begins one to five days after the first symptoms appear. The spots often start on the face before spreading to other parts of the body. During the illness, the rash then changes from raised red bumps, to spots filled with fluid, with the spots eventually forming scabs which later fall off. How is monkeypox diagnosed and treated? The NHS explains that “it's difficult to know if the infection is monkeypox as it can often be confused with other infections such as chickenpox.” The virus is diagnosed after an examination by a specialist and treatment for monkeypox aims to relieve the symptoms and takes place in specialist hospitals.
Pinterest LinkedIn Tumblr D. Nomi Let’s be real. The world isn’t ready to fully embrace food intolerances but it’s coming around to admitting that food allergies are a thing. WebMD has an entire article on what foods are good for diabetics and which should be avoided. It cleverly states that all foods are allowed within limits. For example, while pasta is considered a carbohydrate and carbs turn into sugar, there are pastas that are acceptable for diabetics. Whole grains are great! White flour is frowned upon as it tends to lack in fiber and protein unlike its healthier counterpart. These sorts of missing nutrients can increase the likelihood of a person with Type 2 diabetes to be overweight or obese. So, what happens if you’re celiac or have a gluten sensitivity? How does that affect your diabetes? It turns out that the symptoms for celiac are like those of diabetes and once one is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes they should also get tested for celiac. The link between type 1 diabetes and celiac disease was first established in the 1960s. The estimated prevalence of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes is approximately 6%, and about 1% in the general population. Due to the significantly higher prevalence of celiac disease in diabetes patients, many doctors recommend getting screened for celiac disease after a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and vice versa. There is no established link between type 2 diabetes and celiac disease. The link has been made, you’re celiac with diabetes. Now how do you eat? For the average person with celiac disease, a salad may be a reasonable option at a restaurant that doesn’t have a gluten-free menu. However, for someone with both diabetes and celiac disease, a salad comprised only of vegetables, meat, and dressing is likely too low in carbohydrate to meet standard meal recommendations. Always come prepared with additions or use a beverage (like a smoothie or a latte) as your source of carbohydrate if necessary. Whole grains are best for type 2 diabetics and there is a whole world of alternate whole grain flours that are now at your fingertips such as almond flour and coconut flour. Bob’s Red Mill has wonderful products such as Millet flour and Quinoa flour which is a complete protein. This leads to another common allergy – nuts. What does a nut allergy do to insulin production in the body? Let’s look at all the good that nuts and other healthy fats do for insulin production in the first place. Through digestion, the proteins you eat are broken down into amino acids, which play many crucial roles inside your body. Some amino acids, including those that come from protein, trigger pancreatic cells to produce and release more insulin. While it’s good to eat proteins from a variety of sources, some research indicates that plant-based proteins are especially beneficial for increasing natural insulin levels. Plant-based proteins come from a variety of sources, including beans, lentils, peas, nuts, and tofu. There are articles on the benefits of nuts and tree nuts as they are wholly nutritious. They embrace all the fiber and protein needed for a healthy body. So, what if one has a tree nut allergy? Forget about peanuts! What if you also cannot have almonds or Brazil nuts which are high in zinc? Well, seeds have very similar properties and similar benefits. It would probably be best to find out what properties that food has in it and match that up with a food you can tolerate which gives the same benefits. For example, zinc is also found in lentil sprouts, shitake mushrooms, okra, and broccoli. These are also whole foods. With our current climate and increase in health awareness the use of supplements seems like the easiest answer, but we have food as medicine at our fingertips. “Compared to supplements, whole foods like fruits and vegetables are almost always a healthier option,” one expert notes. “In addition to containing more overall nutrients, including macronutrients and micronutrients, whole foods also contain beneficial fiber and protective compounds, such as antioxidants, that aren’t always present in supplements.” If a variety of foods are available to you, you most certainly should eat all the colors of the rainbow. Not just because it’s pretty but because each color represents a different nutrient your body needs. Recognizing what your body doesn’t like or is intolerant to is very important and knowing what to substitute is key. If the internet is not as user friendly for you a great concession would be to consult a Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist. They can guide you through all the ins and outs of meal prep and how to substitute any food your body may be allergic to with another of equivalent nutritional value. What’s most important is recognizing all that is available to you instead of focusing on what you can’t have. Write A Comment
Indigestion Causes \| Reasons for Dyspepsia Causes of Indigestion Problem: Indigestion is typically the result of the food passing through the digestive tract very quickly without being properly digested. As a result, the nutrients from the food are not properly absorbed by the body. It may also cause abdominal pain as well as stomach discomfort. But what causes indigestion? The following are some of the causes of the ailment: • Due to acid reflux disease and stomach ulcers. This happens because in cases of acid reflux the acid from the stomach enters into the esophagus and may cause pain in the chest. In time, the buildup of stomach acids can lead to indigestion. • Anti-inflammatory drugs are also known to cause indigestion. • Due to dysfunction of the organs within the gastrointestinal tract or by the nerves that control these organs. Because the nerves controlling these organs are connected to the brain, it is thought that any psychological problems a person may have can make him/her prone to indigestion. • In women, a common cause for having indigestion is due to the effect of her menstrual cycle. This happens because during menstruation, her body increases the production of progesterone and estrogen. As a result, the stomach is unable to properly digest the food, causing indigestion. Leave a Reply
Top-Rated Free Essay Old Man and the Sea Topics: The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway, Symbolism, Ocean / Pages: 12 (2895 words) / Published: Jun 8th, 2008 Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Many novels have two layers of meaning: the first is in the literal plot, while the second is in a symbolic layer in which images and objects represent abstract ideas and feelings. Using symbols usually allows authors to express themselves indirectly on delicate or controversial matters. Generally speaking, symbolism plays an important role in the development of a novel; this narrative technique is used to give significance to certain people or object. Hemingway's work "The Old Man and the Sea" is notable for its use of symbolism; the novel revolves around two major symbols: the old man and the sea. Besides that, some other objects that are described in the novel also have their symbolic meanings, such as Manolin, the marlin, the shark, the lion, etc. The Old Man and the Sea is a novel of much symbolic and the thesis of this research paper is the analysis of the many different usage of symbolism in the novel “The Old Man and The Sea”. “We can’t ever go back to old things or try and get the ‘old kick’ out of something or find things the way we remembered them. We have as we remember them and they are fine and wonderful and we have to go on and have other things because the old things are nowhere except in our minds now”. ( Michael Palin 256) That was said by Hemingway to Bill Horne in 1923, it’s writing like this from Hemingway that has made him into such a great writer. Ernest Hemingway's novel "The Old Man and the Sea" is considered to be his last, and often his greatest, literary work. “Shenandoah Magazine called Hemingway’s Novel the best, time may show it to be the best single piece of any of us.”(Baker 503-504) “The Old Man and the Sea was an enormous success for Ernest Hemingway when it was published in 1952. At first glance, the story appears to be an extremely simple story of an old Cuban fisherman (Santiago), who catches an enormously large fish then loses it again. But, there's much more to the story than that... The short novel, recounts the trials of an elderly Cuban fisherman who is thrown into an exhausting life-or-death struggle of wills when he hooks an unmatchable marlin.”(James Topham) When questioned about the presence of symbols in the novel, Hemingway maintained that "There isn't any symbolism. The sea is the sea. The old man is an old man. The boy is a boy and the fish is a fish. The sharks are all sharks no better and no worse. All the symbolism that people say is shit. What goes beyond is what you see beyond when you know."(Cuba). Hemingway also said that to be a great writer “ A writer, if he is any good, does not describe. He invents or makes out of knowledge personal and impersonal and sometimes he seems to have unexplained knowledge which could come from forgotten racial or family experience. Who teaches the homing pigon to fly as he does?...” (O’Connor 99). I think what he said is true and without that thinking he had he may have not of been the great writer he is today. Despite the short length of the story and what Hemingway claims, the pages are packed full of symbols and themes open to interpretation. From the beginning sentence to the very end, Hemingway employs a very basic, honest approach to storytelling using efficiently minimalist language to deliver a complex and engaging tale of pride, struggle, defeat and resolution. One ever-present symbol in Hemingway's novel is the sea. It represents the vast, limitless stage of life and the unpredictability of the world that surrounds it. Even more so, the sea represents Santiago's eternal friend and enemy. The man is at ease with the sea and her unpredictability even though he is at her will, for she provides the opportunities that rule his existence and livelihood and he understands that. The same is true if you view the sea and the novel itself as parallels for life; those who are living have no choice but to weather the tides and storms of time, and can only learn to accept that which comes to them. The sea here in the novel also stands for nature, love and freedom. "He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. Sometimes those who love her say bad things of her but they are always said as though she were a woman" (Hemingway 29). What this means is that in Santiago’s eyes the sea stands for a beautiful woman full of love and gentleness, and she is a merciful mother, who nurtures all the sea creatures, the flying bird, the fishermen as well as Santiago. But on the other hand, the sea also symbolizes cruelty and unpredictability of nature and fate. "Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel?...But she can be so cruel and it comes so suddenly and such birds that fly, dipping and hunting, with their small sad voices are made too delicately for the ocean" (Hemingway 29). This show that people are so helpless in front of the nature and fate, the sea is so powerful that it can dominate the fate of all creatures in it. That is why the younger fishermen think of the sea as the masculine 'el mar' and consider it a contestant or a place or even an enemy. Hemingway symbolizes this through the old man, while the old man knows that the sea can be both gentle and cruel at the same time. Now depending on how you read and understand the symbolism, the old man Santiago has different symbolic meanings. First the old man Santiago I believe stands for the indestructible spirit of human beings. In the novel, the old man, living in very poor conditions, is strong for his age and has a lot of scars; and his hometown is a little fishing village in Cuba. However, he still firmly holds the belief that every moment in life is worth to live and that every day gives you new chances. "Every day is a new day. It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready" (Hemingway 32). The most important thing for Santiago is to bring home the big fish even when it's only a skeleton, which shows that he is a hopeful fighter and he keeps up, never stopping during the whole fight. "Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated" (Hemingway 10). There is a prevalent saying that the heart's letter is read in the eyes and here Santiago shows us his determination and revolt against the fate through his blue and clear eyes. He has wide and keen eagerness and activities which still keep him effective, he would not think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years he has already lived, that is to say although he is getting older and older in age, he keeps young and energetic in his heart due to his firm determination and belief. Though he has been out to fish for 84 days without catching a fish and has become the laughingstock of his small village, and his only best friend Manolin is forbidden by his parents to go out to sea with him anymore, even under all these difficulties, he doesn't lose heart. Instead, he sets out for a further area where no one has ever been to. Old Santiago suffers a lot during this long and grueling struggle with the big marlin, but he never gives up, so finally he defeats the marlin successfully. However, things are not always go the way as people wish. On his way back home he is only to see that his trophy catch is destroyed by sharks. "But man is not made for defeat, he said, a man can be destroyed but not defeated...the dsntuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent. But I was more intelligent than he was..." (Hemingway 103). Here the sentence 'A man can be destroyed but not defeated' highlights the most important theme throughout the whole novel and has best demonstrated the old man's persevering endurance until destruction. Now there is other symbolism throughout the novel, symbolic meanings of other objects that are described in the novel such as the young man Manolin who symbolizes hope, love, fidelity and lives continue, the marlin and the shark that stands for different kind of opponents, or the lion on the beach symbolizes the youth and strength. But it is Manolin that I think that keeps Santiago motivated to continue to go out to sea, even when his only friend had left him for a time being but only to come back. "Now we fish together again...The hell with the luck, the boy said, I'll bring the luck with me" (Hemingway 125). "You must get well fast for there is much that I can learn and you can teach me everything..." (Hemingway 126). By the end of the book, the boy abandons his duty to his father, swearing that he will sail with the old man regardless of the consequences. Here the young man Manolin stands as a symbol of uncompromised love and fidelity. As the old man's apprentice, he also represents the life that will follow from death and his dedication to learning from the old man ensures that Santiago will live on forever from generation to generation especially in spirits. The lion on the beach symbolizes the youth and strength. Santiago dreams his pleasant dream of the lions at play on the beaches of Africa three times: the night before his three-day fishing expedition, he sleeps on the boat for a few hours in the middle of the struggle with the marlin, the very end of the book. "He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy" (Hemingway 17). Santiago associates the lions with youth, hope and strength, which symbolize that the spirit of the old man is undefeated and lasts eternally. That the lions playing happily in the dreams also suggests a harmony between the opposing forces of the nature---life and death, love and hate, destruction and regeneration The marlin and the shark stand for different kind of opponents, different opponents in life that teach us things, that we learn from and make ourselves better life. The marlin is magnificent and glorious, which symbolizes the ideal rival for one person all life. In a world in which everything kills everything else in some way, Santiago feels genuinely lucky to find himself matched against a creature that brings out the best in him: his strength and courage, his love and respect. When Santiago hooks the fish on his first day at sea, he quite obviously approaches the marlin with the attitude of a hunter, "Eat it so the point of the hook goes into your heart and kills you, he thought. Come up easy and let me put the harpoon into you. All right. Are you ready? Have you been long enough at table?" (Hemingway 44) At this point, Santiago believes himself superior to the fish, believing that despite the unbelievable weight on the line, he would reel the fish in like any other catch. As the struggle between the old man and his fish continues, their "hunter and hunted" relationship blurs and gives way to a much stronger, more meaningful connection. In Santiago's mind he and the marlin enter into a sort of brotherhood where they struggling against one another, yet undoubtedly struggling together. The fishing line serves as a symbol for the filial connection that binds Santiago to his fish. The relationship between the old man and the marlin could be compared to the connection between a soldier and his enemy, or two like-minded men forced into a kill or be killed situation. Nearing the end of their struggle, Santiago holds a great respect for the fish and even seems to believe that the fish feels the same way towards him. When Santiago finally conquers the marlin, much is suggested by his choice to bring the fish in next to the boat rather than tow him behind, "With his mouth shut and his tail straight up and down we sail like brothers. Then his head started to become a little unclear and he thought, let him bring me in if it pleases him. I am only better than him through trickery and he meant me no harm."(Hemingway) This connection is intensified with the appearance of the sharks. Santiago protects "his fish" with fierce determination. It is his trophy for attempting the impossible and winning which might symbolize the achievement of an idealistic goal, in the real world. He protects his accomplishment until he literally has nothing left to fight with, and nothing left to protect. Even though he may have caught the unmatchable fish, Santiago did not win. While the sharks are thoughtless and graceless, as opponents for the old man, they stand in bold contrast to the marlin, which is worthy of Santiago's effort and strength. The sharks symbolize and embody the destructive laws of the universe and attest to the fact that those laws can be transcended only when equals fight to the death. Because they're base predators, Santiago has no glory from battling them. The sharks in the story bring about uncertainty, struggle and strife. Hemingway portrays the sharks as scavengers who come only to tear down the old man's victory; to take away everything that he has worked for, and dull the once-brilliant glory of his triumph. When they first appear Santiago attempts to drive them away with his harpoon but his efforts prove futile, he knows that more will come. In his struggle to drive them away, Santiago loses his harpoon; this moment can be seen as a loss of power. He, however, does not back down, after fashioning a weapon from an oar and his knife, Santiago is ready to fight again. The sharks are important in revealing that Santiago simply refuses to concede defeat even when he is nose to nose with it. Time and time again, from the loss of his harpoon to the point where Santiago decides he must club the sharks despite his feeling that he is too old to do so, he stands up to his enemy with whatever courage and virility he has to offer. The guilt that mingled with his pride for conquering the fish was escalated when it was destroyed by the sharks, intensifying the feeling of victory without contentment. Hemingway's sharks symbolize the eternal "malevolent forces"; the unavoidable and undeniable purveyors of destruction and anguish. In conclusion, as symbolism is a traditional artistic form, it is also the major feature of the novel “The Old Man and the Sea”, and the various usage of symbolism in this novel makes one of the greatest novels that I have read. Despite what Hemingway says "There isn't any symbolism. The sea is the sea. The old man is an old man. The boy is a boy and the fish is a fish. The sharks are all sharks no better and no worse. All the symbolism that people say is shit. What goes beyond is what you see beyond when you know."(Cuba). Because there are tons of symbolism in the novel and so many different ways you can understand it, from what I have just wrote to taking this a step further and getting the religious aspect out of the novel. “Many times, stories by Ernest Hemingway have much religious influence and symbolism. In The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, numerous occurrences in the life of Santiago the fisherman are similar to the incidents recorded in the life of Jesus of Nazareth. The names of the characters translated from Spanish to English are just one of those many similarities.” Maybe Hemingway was not trying to symbolize anything in the novel but he did and that’s what has made this such a great novel to read. Works Citied Baker, Carlos. "Ernest Hemingway: A Life's Story." New York 1969 Biblical Influence and Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea. 12 April 2007 <> Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. O’Connor, Richard. Ernest Hemingway. New York: McGraw 1971 Part 2 From Cuba until death. 15 April 2007 <> Palin, Michael. Hemingway Adventure. New York: St. Martin Press, 1999 Topham, James. “The Old Man and the Sea” About: Literature: Classic 2007. 15 April 15, 2007<> You May Also Find These Documents Helpful • The Old Man and the Sea • The Old Man and the Sea • The Old Man and the Sea • The Old Man and the Sea • The old man and the sea • Old Man and the Sea • Old Man & the Sea • Old Man and the Sea • Old Man and the Sea • Old Man in the Sea
ROVER: Software Tool for Military Dog Handlers Detecting Explosives ROVER is a distinct module that employs Virtual Battlespace - a training tool widely used by the U.S. Army - and helps dog handlers practice commands and learn to read the dog's silent cues to find improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Adam Moses, a computer scientist at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), created the program, which runs off an Xbox Kinect, after watching hundreds of hours of tapes of handlers and their dogs in Iraq. "ONR wanted a way for the human to train with a dog, with a virtual dog, that you can train with anytime, anywhere," he says. "Gestures are important, the whistle commands are important, even the voice commands are important." Moses wrote what he calls a skeleton tracker program for ROVER, so an Xbox Kinect camera can 'see' a player's gestures. He was asked to build the program because of NRL's expertise with modeling plumes for hazardous material releases and attacks in urban environments. "[An IED is] actually leaking all this gas subtly, that no human built sensor could read because the particles are so small," says Moses. "Per billion is the level these dogs can sniff." He sees a potential for the program to be adapted for law enforcement agencies. Hidden narcotics also release plumes detectable by dogs, and Moses imagines using Virtual Battlespace to help handlers practice in different scenarios, like crowded airports or border crossings or city streets.
Raquette River Also found in: Wikipedia. Ra·quette River A river of northern New York rising in the Adirondack Mountains and flowing about 280 km (175 mi) north to the St. Lawrence River. References in periodicals archive ? The lake is 393 ha in area, reaches a maximum depth of 33 m, and is hydrologically connected to the Raquette River lake-chain through an outlet at its north end (Fig. He also was a true Native son of New York State, born in the Adirondacks on the Raquette River around 1800. The assemblage of Loyalists emerged from the forest near the mouth of the Raquette River, near the point at which Johnson's father had made camp so many years ago. Places like Raquette River, Saranac River, Black River and Taylor Pond to name a few. Regis River and Oneida Lake) have received the most intense stocking efforts with less intensive stockings in others waters (Cayuga Lake, Genesee River, Raquette River and St. The trail system culminates at the Raquette River, where raised wooden overlooks give you sweeping views of the river and mountains beyond. What we find can't be found on a High Peaks trail or in a canoe along the Raquette River. It's a feeling that says "This is where you need to be." For a week we study the woods and are inspired by nature. Armchair paddlers will marvel as they live Jerome's tour through the Inlet, Forked Lake, around Buttermilk Falls, up Long Lake and the Raquette River, into Lower and Upper Saranac Lakes and beyond.
Can we make arthritis surgery better and safer for patients by training surgeons using donated human bodies? Disease - Osteoarthritis, traumatic fracture, joint replacement Lead applicant - Mrs Hannah James Organisation - University of Warwick Type of grant - Educational Research Fellowship Status of grant - Active Amount of the original award - £149,998 Start date - 1 October 2013 Reference - 20485 Public Summary What are the aims of this research? 1. To map the learning curve of trainee orthopaedic (bone and joint) surgeons as they perform their first few operations 2. To investigate whether provision of an intensive training course using donated deceased human bodies (cadavers) enhances this learning curve 3. To understand the attitudes of trainees and trainers (senior surgeons) to this type of training 4. To explore the feasibility of introducing this type of training into the formal curriculum for Trauma Orthopaedic Surgery. Why is this research important? Due to changes in working regulations, today's trainee surgeons will have fewer hours of experience in the operating theatre by the time they become consultants than in the past. The government has emphasised the need to explore additional ways of training surgeons that provide realistic yet safe training. In the modern NHS it is rightly considered unacceptable to allow trainee surgeons to practise operations on living patients. One way of overcoming this problem is by using simulated surgery. Much in the same way as pilots learn to fly aeroplanes using a flight simulator before doing it for real, surgeons can first learn to do operations using simulation. A recent change in the law has allowed cadavers to be used in the training of surgeons. As cadavers have the same anatomy as a living patient the experience of surgery can therefore be replicated in an accurate and sophisticated way. However, we don't yet know whether this type of training will help trainee surgeons to learn operations more quickly and to a higher standard. This needs to be proved in order for the NHS and medical schools to invest public money in providing the necessary facilities across the UK. How will the findings benefit patients? This research project offers three major potential benefits for patients: 1. Trainee surgeons could achieve a high level of skill before operating on living patients. 2. Surgeons can learn to perform increasingly complex arthritis surgery such as joint replacements. Research has shown that factors such as placement of the skin incision and precise sizing and fitting of the implants can affect the outcomes of surgery. If these skills can be learnt using cadaveric simulation it could help to ensure the best possible outcomes for patients. 3. This research will also help develop measures for assessing surgeons' technical skill, which could potentially be used to assess whether surgeons are ready to proceed to the next stage of their training.
© 2022 WFAE 90.7 Charlotte 93.7 Southern Pines 90.3 Hickory 106.1 Laurinburg Play Live Radio Next Up: Available On Air Stations New Technology Could Revive Pacific Northwest's Ailing Timber Industry Let's hear about a technology now that could revive the Pacific Northwest's ailing timber industry. it's a process of using regular wood to make a building material that is as strong as steel. It's been used in Europe for years, but as Rachael McDonald from member station KLCC reports, an Oregon mill is the first in the United States to produce it. RACHAEL MCDONALD, BYLINE: A crane lifts huge wooden panels from a truck in north Portland. It sets them in place on an office building under construction. MCDONALD: This is Albina Yard. It's going to be a four-story office building with retail on the first floor. Thomas Robinson is one of the architects. THOMAS ROBINSON: It's the first building using domestically produced cross-laminated timber made in Oregon built in the United States. MCDONALD: Cross-laminated timber, or CLT, consists of typical wood components, like two-by-fours, glued together and pressed to make large panels. Here at Albina Yard, they are four inches thick, 10 feet wide and 25 feet long. ROBINSON: It's a solid wood panel, similar to, say, a big precast concrete panel, but it's made out of wood. MCDONALD: This building represents hope for an important industry. Timber used to be a huge driver of the Northwest economy. But over the past 30 years, it's shrunk due to stricter environmental laws and changes in the housing market. Other CLT projects in the works contribute to that sense of hope. For instance, 100 miles south of Portland in Springfield, Ore., Mayor Christine Lundberg is in the early stages of building a city parking garage using CLT. CHRISTINE LUNDBERG: it's an entirely different looking structure than a typical parking garage. So it's a signature piece. MCDONALD: Instead of a heavy gray concrete block, Lundberg shows off sketches of a blonde wooden ramp. It's actually an attractive building. Lundberg says CLT can bring the rural and urban parts of Oregon together and stimulate the timber industry here. LUNDBERG: We could actively manage the forests in a way that we save money. We save our forests. We do something that is renewable and sustainable and provide jobs in the state. DOUG HEIKEN: But it really matters where the wood comes from. MCDONALD: Doug Heiken with the conservation group Oregon Wild says cross-laminated timber isn't the fix-all people are suggesting it is. HEIKEN: If we're obtaining the wood to make these cross-laminated timbers from clearcutting old-growth forests, then it's not a green building product. MCDONALD: There is no perfect solution. In the 1980s, more than 70,000 Oregonians worked in the timber industry. Now it's about 20,000. That was devastating for small timber communities. But in the town of Riddle, D.R. Johnson Mill is having a bit of a renaissance. TODD BLACK: This right here is the CLT production area. MCDONALD: Todd Black is marketing director for the mill. He says they source their wood locally - Douglas-fir, mainly from private tree farms in southwest Oregon. Black says they are now safety testing CLT. BLACK: You know, people want to know, how is it going to react in an earthquake? What's going to happen in a fire? But what we're seeing with the test results are that this wood performs very well. MCDONALD: Block says his mill is getting lots of orders for custom panels, so it's expanding operations. The mill employs about 100 people. He expects they'll have to hire a couple dozen more workers to keep up with demand. For NPR News, I'm Rachael McDonald in Riddle, Ore. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
Smart Organic Gardening Ideas For A Healthier Garden! Pine Needles To be able to say you have legitimate organic and credible crops, you will need to be certified as having an organic garden. This will improve your sales and show your faithful customers that they are getting the best possible food that is grown. The watering needs of your garden will vary considerably, depending on your climate zone and the time of year. The watering depth and temperature depends mainly on the time you water them and the soil they are planted in. In some cases, you can’t water because of climate issues. You can’t water the leave of your plants during humid, warm weather–it’ll promote the growth of leaf fungus. Instead focus on watering the root system. Organic Gardening Feeling in harmony with the earth is a benefit of gardening as a hobby, and this holds especially true when it comes to organic gardening. By engaging yourself in organic gardening, you can start to gain knowledge and better understand the full process of planting. Grow your plants in different areas of the garden every year. When you continuously plant some plants from the same family in the same area every year, disease and fungus is encouraged in these areas. These kind of enemies to plants can stay underground ready for the next year to cause harm to your plants. Different plants have different immunities and vulnerabilities. Changing what you plant where will naturally stave off fungus and disease. As illustrated above, there is more to becoming a successful organic gardener than most people first imagine. It involves lots of work as well as patience, but it’s so worth it when you see your beautiful organic garden. Utilizing the advice provided in this article will definitely help you improve your organic gardening techniques.
Hypervigilance and Anxiety Hypervigilance is directly related to one’s level anxiety as it is an abnormally anxious response to stimuli. As one of the key diagnostic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) hypervigilance refers to the continuous scanning of one’s environment for possible threats; the mind and body instinctively remaining alert to any additional potential threats that is beyond the scope of what is considered “normal.” One account of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is that it results from hyper vigilance. A sense of Panic or Anxiety is embedded in this hyper arousal state often causing the level of anxiety one experiences to worsen. Hypervigilance is included in the cluster of symptoms referred to as “increased arousal”. Symptoms of hypervigilence can include sleeplessness, anxiety, panic attacks, and obsessive or obsessive-compulsive behavior, irritability or outbursts of anger, difficulty concentrating, and exaggerated startle response. A door slamming may cause, for instance, an exaggerated response of jumping or even running to hide; in other words a reaction to the slamming door that is over and above the response others may have to the same situation. The “hyper” in hypervigilance suggests that we do more than is normal or reasonable This increased arousal stems directly, in most case from a trauma and the form it takes is shaped directly by the nature of our trauma. The startle response is possibly a result of needing at one time to quickly get out of harms way. Though the trauma does not have to be something that directly affected us, such as the increase in in hypervigilant behavior of many following the 9-11 disasters, in most cases there has been some personal impact by a trauma. Whether it is a world wide disaster or a personal trauma there has been a shift in the perception of our safety within our environment and a belief that unpredictable dangers exist. This altering of our belief system creates an increase in our overall anxiety and may well lead to more paralyzing effects of Panic Disorder. In this sense, individuals may become fearful of certain situations or even leaving their home. In many cases hyper vigilance and anxiety can inhibit our ability to function well in the community at large and it may become necessary to seek assistance from a professional. Treatment then involves an awareness and increased understanding of the triggers that cause a startled or hypervigilant response. Armed with this knowledge one can move forward in learning to manage responses and unwanted behaviors that follow certain situations. With the help of a qualified therapist, one can learn to manage these behaviors and situations and thereby reduce their level of anxiety as well. The key will also be, when ready, to address the trauma issues that were the initial causes of both the anxiety and hypervigilance.
Pizza is a yeasted flatbread generally topped with tomato sauce and cheese and baked in an oven. It is commonly topped with a selection of different toppings, vegetables and condiments. The term was first recorded in the 10th century, in a Latin manuscript from Gaeta in Central Italy. The modern pizza was invented in Naples, Italy, and the dish and its variants have since become popular and common in many areas of the world.
Ethnic Groups of the Philippines Preserving Ethnicity in a Modern Society 30 June 2012 Quezon City – What is ethnicity? What does it mean to be ethnic? A formal definition states that being ethnic means belonging to a certain group or community that shares a common culture, language, or dialect; traditions; religion; or ancestry. In the Philippine setting, being ethnic is usually associated with being provincial, native, and to some extent, indigenous. To many, ethnic people are those who live in the mountains or remote places, speak an “exotic” language or dialect, and belong to a small community; or the elderly we often see in our history books. This perception is partly true. However, there are ethnic individuals who have chosen to detach themselves from their community due to compelling reasons, such as the search for a “modern” way of living, pursuit of further education or economic fulfillment, etc. In short, they aspired for more than what their community could offer. Therefore, are those who have left still as ethnic as those who stayed behind? Of course, they are — as long as they wish to remain so. In the fast growing and evolving society of the Philippines, it is quite difficult to stay abreast of developments while keeping one’s feet on the ground in preserving one’s ethnicity. Though it is true that the loss of ethnicity is a long process, it somehow gets fast-tracked when media, technology, and fraternal influences enter the picture. In many cases, say in terms of language preservation, fluency in the mother tongue deteriorates due to disuse, be it in the workplace, at school, or in the community. This happens when the new environment does not call for the use of the mother tongue. In particular, a multinational workplace requires them to speak a common language (usually English), act and behave in accordance with the norms of the corporation, mingle with people from different nations, and adapt certain principles to stay afloat. Most Filipinos, in fact, lead a “double” life in language matters: books, newspapers, magazines, movies, and TV programs come in English and Filipino (or another native language spoken the archipelago). The same thing happens when they converse, as they casually switch from English to their mother tongue. Eventually, they tend to stop using and propagating their native language. It is quite challenging to preserve one’s ethnicity in a technologically-advanced and foreign environment. Most of the time, the eagerness to blend into modern society makes some Filipinos break out of the “ethnic shell” and jump into the mainstream, and turn their back to their origins. But it is not impossible to stay ethnic in modernity. The acceptance of one’s roots — in fact, pride in them — is probably the best way to remain ethnic. It is likewise good to keep the values one is born to, speak one’s native language, and not lose track of traditions. One ought not to feel inferior due to dark skin or a local accent when speaking English. In short, Filipinos must overcome their desire to be “one of them” (Americans and other foreigners) and acknowledge that it is not a disadvantage to be different by remaining “native.” I suppose that ethnicity is not lost just because the person has left the tribe, wrapped himself/herself in imported clothes and accessories, or started speaking another language. Think about it: an Ilocana who teaches and speaks Spanish at the university in the morning, mingles with her foreign colleagues at the office in the afternoon, and goes home to an Ilocano household afterwards is still as ethnic as an Isneg who has never left her home and community in Flora.
1. a deed, action, performance, esp. an act imposed or inflicted upon somebody by a higher authority (by the king as representative of justice or by kamma MN.iii.181; see kamma 11 3.A b.) as an ordeal, a feat or punishment: a labour or task in the sense of the 12 labours of Heracles or the labours of Hades. kāraṇaṃ kārāpeti “he makes somebody perform the task. Pass, kāraṇaṃ or kāraṇā karīyati. Thus as a set of five tasks or purgatory obligations under the name of pañcavidha-bandhana “the group of five” (not, as Warren trsl. p. 257 “inflict on him the torture called the fivefold pinion”), a means of punishment in Niraya (q.v. under pañca). Not primarily torture (Rh. Davids, Mil trsl. i.254, and others with wrong derivation from kṛṇtati). At Dhp-a.iii.70 these punishments are comprehended under the term dasa-dukkhakāraṇāni (the ten punishments in misery); the meaning “punishment” also at Ja.iv.87 (tantarajjukaṃ k˚ṃ katvā), whereas at Ja.vi.416 k. is directly paraphrased by “maraṇa,” as much as “killing.” Often spelt karaṇa q.v.; the spelling kāraṇā (as f.) at Mil.185 seems to be a later spelling for kāraṇaṃ. See karaṇa for further reference ■ Kiṃ kāraṇaṃ ajja kāressati “what task will he impose on me to-day?” AN.v.324; as pañcavidhabandhana K˚ AN.i.141, Pv-a.251, Cnd.304#iii ■ As adj. ˚kāraṇa in dāruṇa˚ “being obliged to go through the dreadful trial” Pv-a.221 2. duty obligation, in kāraṇ’ âkāraṇā (pl.) duties great and small Dhp-a.i.385 Cp. also kāraṇaṃ karoti to try MN.i.444 3. a trick (i.e. a duty imposed by a higher authority through training) Ja.ii.325 (ānañja˚); Mil.201 (ākāsa-gamana˚) 1. acting, action as (material) cause: k˚-bhūta being the cause of… Pv-a.15 2. (intellectual) cause, reason Mil.150; Dhp-a.i.389; esp. as-˚: arodana the reason for not crying Pv-a.63; asocana˚ same, ibid Pv-a.62; āgamana˚ the reason for coming (here) ibid. Pv-a.81 Pv-a.106. = pariyatti, Dhp-a.36. = attha, SA on SN.i.215, Snp-a.i.238 ■ instr. kāraṇena by necessity, needs Pv-a.195 tena k˚ therefore ibid. Pv-a.40. ■ abl. kāranā by means of through, by (= hetu or nissāya) Pv-a.27; imasmā k therefore Pv-a.40; kāraṇaṭṭhā (expl. as attha-kāraṇā Cnd) for the purpose of some object or advantage Snp.75; opp. nikkāraṇā from unselfishness ibid ■ sakāraṇa (adj.) with good reason (of vacana) Pv-a.109. in meaning 1 represented in later Sk. by kāraṇā f., in meaning 2 = Sk. kāraṇa nt., equivalent to prakṛti, natural form, constituent, reason, cause
#Paint, #Paint, #Present… That’s it. Art Foundations: Color Schemes and Stained Glass (perhaps) Hilma af Klint: https://www.tate.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/grid-normal-12-cols/public/images/voss_02_0.jpg?itok=RWpSxWHH • A: What was the strength of last times work? What are you hoping to accomplish in today’s painting? Talk to your neighbor about all that you did last block to prepare for what we are going to do today. • G: How can you use the idea of ABSTRACTION to help you learn the materials that you might be unfamiliar with? Explain in more detail. Introduction to Painting: Painting from Direct / Photographic Observation – Let’s Hang our Artworks Today! Shelby Keefe as seen through the windows at the Pfister Hotel in Milwaukee. https://urbanmilwaukee.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Shelby-Thirty-article.jpg • A: What did you do last block and what do you need to do today to get a solid block of work accomplished? This is using the skills that you have and the research that you have done to make strong progress in the abstraction. The artists you have researched are a part of the work as well. Some of the artists are going to be easier to incorporate into the work. Hey… what about the negative space? The background? What is the CONTENT – the MEANING / MESSAGE behind your work? MAKE SURE YOU USING YOUR DRAWING AND REFERENCE IMAGES as you are working out the painting.This is essential in the planning process. REPRESENTATIONAL ASSIGNMENT HERE. Intro to Digital Art and Photography: Presenting your Presentation / Artist and final Portrait in Photoshop – Hand it into Google Classroom Let’s Critique and Talk about yoru Photograph: https://www.baxterst.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/aa_Critique6.jpg • Talk about the LIFE of your Artist. Who were they, What did they make photographs of? What was it about their portraits that drew you to them? Talk about their use of composition, elements and principles. Why is their work successful? • Talk about YOUR portrait. • Who was the person. Why are they important? What about the photograph explains their importance? How does the composition demonstrate success? What kinds of experimentation, use of Photoshop Tools did you use? What Elements and Principles did you use to help make this a strong photograph? • G: Nothing – we critiqued today. N: Crit – Not New. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
World war ii… …the biggest powerpoint ever Published on Scene 1 (0s) Scene 2 (14s) [Audio] • In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy, Germany, and Japan turn to totalitarian dictators. Beginnings/ Fascism Rises in Europe • Most devastating war in human history • 55 million dead • 1 trillion dollar damage • Began in 1939 as strictly a European Conflict, ended in 1945. • Widened to include most of the world. Scene 3 (57s) [Audio] Fascism Rises • Fascism is a new, militant political movement • Extreme nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian leader • Italians want a leader who will take action • Fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to rescue Italy • Italian king puts Mussolini in charge. Scene 4 (1m 22s) [Audio] Fascism Rises • Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s Germany • Nazism— German brand of fascism 1923 BEER HALL PUTSCH  Hitler tries—but FAILS—to seize power from the democratically elected, but troubled, Weimar Government MEIN KAMPF ( My Struggle) : written in jail, Hitler's book outlines his plan for a Nazi Germany. Scene 5 (2m 0s) [Audio] Adolf Hitler •Rise to Power. . . Adolf Hitler. Scene 6 (2m 8s) [Audio] Overall Purpose: The overall purpose of this blurb on Hitler is to explain how this little boy on the left became the man on the right who was ultimately responsible for the death of over 50 million people all over the world!! " One people, one empire, one leader!". Scene 7 (2m 29s) [Audio] Background  Father may have been Jewish – Alois Shickelgruber Hitler. He dies when Adolf is 14. Mother dies when he is 18.  Moves to Vienna  Originally wants to be an artist but fails to get in to Vienna Fine Arts Academy  Hears many anti-Semitic speeches by Vienna mayor. Ultimately enlists in German army for WWI.  Becomes interested in Conservative German Workers Party in Munich after war. Joins and becomes popular after he gives speeches about his experiences in the war.. Scene 8 (3m 17s) [Audio] 1 2 3 1- Painting 2- Speaking in Munich 3- Swastika – Nazi Party Flag. Nazi is NSDAP or National Socialist German Workers Party.. Scene 9 (3m 40s) . . . . . Scene 11 (3m 53s) [Audio] MEIN KAMPF 1. Superiority of German ( Aryan) race; all others inferior 2. Jews were the reason for all of Germany's problems (also Communists) 3. Treaty of Versailles must be overturned 4. Lebensraum: Germany needed " Living Space" for its people; room to EXPAND. Scene 12 (4m 30s) [Audio] MEIN KAMPF 5. FURHER Principal: One leader should have supreme power and rule Connector: Do you believe Mein Kampf should be sold in Germany today? Results:  Bad economic conditions get Nazi Party elected in growing #'s  1933 Ger. President appoints Hitler Chancellor  Burning of Reichstag gives Nazis majority in elections. Scene 13 (5m 9s) [Audio] Postwar Europe  Unstable New Democracies  German Inflation  American Great Depression has worldwide impact  Worldwide Unemployment. Scene 14 (5m 25s) [Audio] (don't write this down) Children using bundles of German marks as blocks  During and after WWI, Germany just printed more money to pay for the war and reparations. This lead to severe inflation. In 1923, a loaf of bread cost 200 billion marks!. Scene 15 (5m 52s) [Audio] Brownshirts •Q. How did Adolf Hitler accomplish such popularity or hardly any resistance? 1. Fear – Brownshirts Or SA – Stormtroopers – Threatened and beat up Jews and anti-Nazi voters ( Comm, democrats) –Numbered almost 400,000 by 1932 2. Propaganda by Joseph Goebbels – Ph.D. in Literature 3. Economic crisis and need for strong leadership 4. Indoctrination and education of young – Hitler Youth. Scene 16 (6m 43s) [Audio] Comparing Fascism to Communism COMMUNISM FASCISM Ruled by: STRICT GOV'T DICTATOR Political Parties ONE ONE Individual Rights Denied Denied Societal Classes None! (A classless society) Many • Aristocrats • Industrialist • Military •Lower middle class • Workers World View Internationalism -unite workers worldwide National issues take precedence. Scene 17 (7m 39s) [Audio] • Germans grateful • Violation • Factories designed as schools Hitler orders a program of rearming Germany in Secret. Scene 18 (7m 56s) [Audio] • Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other countries; the rest of the world does nothing to stop them. Why? • They don't want to risk World War II Aggressors Invade Nations. Scene 19 (8m 13s) [Audio] Aggressors March ( 1933- 1936)  Japan invades Manchuria ( NE China), later takes major cities like Beijing.  Chinese Nationalists and Communists fight back (remember…?)  Mussolini ( Italy) takes Ethiopia. Why?  Hitler ( Ger) takes Rhineland ( border land between FR and GER). Scene 20 (8m 42s) . . Aggression in Africa, 1935-1939 Aggression in Asia, 1931-1937 ) Miles LBA 39) Italy Italian colony C] Invaded by Italy L'fy 1 Kilometers MANCHURIA Phranean Sea LIBYA EGY ANGLO- EGYPTIAN SUDAN (1931) JEHOL (1933) •jancer ERITREA Japan invades China;.- NIGERIA Miles FRENCH EQUATORIAL ETHIOPIA AFRICA I (1935) KENY BELGIAN CONGO CHINA Japan and its colonies Invaded by Japan K9R Yellow Sea MALIA Equator INDIAN OCEAN Sea of Japan AP PACIFIC OCEAN TAIWAN Trucic of Cancer Kilometers ATLANTIC OCEAN GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps 1. Location On these maps, which countries are the aggressors? 2. Movement On what two continents did the aggression occur?. Scene 21 (8m 58s) [Audio] Major Violations of Versailles ( R.A.S.C.P.) 1 2 3 4. Scene 22 (9m 11s) [Audio] Taking Sides  Britain and France follow appeasement, a policy of giving in to aggression to keep peace elsewhere  Germany, Italy, and Japan—the Axis Powers— form an alliance  United States follows an isolationist policy (political ties with other countries should be avoided). Scene 23 (9m 36s) [Audio] Finally… Chamberlain meets Hitler to talk appeasement "If ever that silly old man comes interfering here again with his umbrella, I'll kick him downstairs and jump on his stomach in front of the photographers". -- Adolf Hitler to Neville Chamberlain. Scene 24 (9m 58s) [Audio] Axis Aggression  Hitler takes Sudetenland ( Czech- Ger border), and later rest of Czechoslovakia  GB and FR give in; think Hitler will be satisfied • Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of Poland  GB and FR continue appeasement • Nazis and Soviets secretly sign Nonaggression Pact  Stalin and Hitler pledge never to attack one another  Germans get Western Poland; Soviets get Eastern Poland and spheres – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Scene 25 (10m 45s) [Audio] Nazi-Soviet Pact ( Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact_. Scene 26 (10m 53s) [Audio] War!  Germany uses blitzkrieg, a new military strategy using airplanes, tanks, and MASSIVE infantry forces to SURPRISE and OVERWHELM the enemy.  Takes west Poland, Denmark, Norway  Stalin expands the USSR  Takes Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and eventually Finland. Scene 27 (11m 21s) [Audio] France Falls  May 1940, Germany moved quickly into Belgium and France  Cornered Allied BR troops (had to be rescued by boat)  Captured Paris by June 14  FR surrenders a week later  GER controls northern FR, sets up a " puppet gov't" in Vichy for southern FR  Charles de Gaulle, FR general, leads the resistance from exile in London. Scene 28 (11m 56s) . . World War II: German Advances, 1939-1941 INTERACTIVE FINLAND NORWAY S EDEN. grad GREAT BRITAI @ndo English DENM North Baltic ts Sea IA s Sea Berlin. Dunki GERMANY Warsaw Lei 1941 Moscow SOVIET UNION Stalingrad Parise NCE VICHY FRANCE (Uno"i ALGERIA 1938 POLAND CZECHOSLOVAKIA NGARY ROMANIA SPAIN o AL TU ISIA BUL ARIA Black sea TURKEY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps I. Region Which countries did Germany invade? 2. Location In what way was Germany's geographic location an advantage when it was on the offensive in the war? Crete Mediterranean Sea LEBANO PALESTINE SYRIA IRAQ Axis-controlled, 1941 Allies Neutral nations German advances LIBYA TRANS. JORDAN EGYPT Miles SAUDI ARABIA 1.0m Kilometers. Scene 29 (12m 14s) [Audio] Battle of Britain  German air force ( Luftwaffe) bombarded British cities, especially London  RAF ( Royal Air Force) fights back  They have radar and a German decoders!  Better dogfighters; 3: 1 kill ratio  Germany switches to night raids and blitzes ( bombs) London at night  Germany eventually backs out of England  Considered a British victory!. Scene 30 (12m 50s) Scene 31 (14m 6s) . . . . . . Scene 32 (14m 13s) [Audio] Winston Churchill "…We shall never surrender". Scene 33 (14m 22s) [Audio] Other fronts… Africa  Italy and BR armies compete for oil-rich land  Fights go back and forth for years; GER has advantage Eastern Europe  Hitler attacks and controls Balkans  SURPRISE! In June 1941, Hitler invades the Soviet Union  Soviet troops retreat!  GER wants Leningrad and Moscow—spends 2 winters trying…. Scene 34 (15m 2s) [Audio] Pacific Front  America stays isolationist until early 1941—then sells arms to the Allies  Japan is gaining land for empire and has its eyes on the Philippines – an American island  Roosevelt makes decision to embargo (not trade) oil, steel, and rubber to Japanese.  Reasoning is because Japan is an island nation and must import oil.  December 7, 1941—Japan attacks the American naval base at Pearl Harbor  Significant damage and loss of life  America declares war on Japan and its allies  Japan attacks other BR and AM colonies at the same time or soon after  Guam, Hong Kong, Philippines. Scene 35 (15m 58s) . . World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941— INTERACTIVE S VIET 'N MONGOLIA CHINA khalin arafüto 1945 Attu Mav 1943 Aleutian PACIFIC OCEAN Midway Island June 1942 Alaska (U.s.) .AT/o iiing eking) Nanki% Hong K MANCHURIA Hokkaido KOREA "Shu Tokyo Shikoku Shanghai agasaki. Aug. Kyushu Iwo Jima Feb.-Mar. 1945 Okinawa • Apr.—My 1945 INDIA Ot {cuator Mariana Islands Saipan Wake Island Dec. 1941 P A!LAND FRE CH INDOCHINr MALAYA inga Ö Borneb ILIPPINES Minonao June-July 1944 Guam July-Auw.1944 Caroline Islands Marshall' • . Islands Tarawa Nov. •Gilbert Isla n Solomon Islands uadaléanal ug. 1942-Feb.1943 Coral Pearl Harbor % Dec. Japanese empire, 1931 Japanese gains by 1942 Extent of Japanese expansion Allies Neutral nations Allied advances Battle INDIAN OCEAN GUINE & EAST/ Sea May 1942 Ellice . Islands Miles. Scene 36 (16m 21s) [Audio] " East Asia for the Asiatics" not a term to be used now—used in the 1940's to generally mean people from Asia  Japan wants to convince the 150 million people they conquered that Asia should be ruled by other Asians, NOT COLONIALISTS  Takes control of over 1 million square miles of land  Often treats prisoners with extreme cruelty Japanese culture: shameful to surrender.. Scene 37 (16m 54s) [Audio] Prisoner of War "…They took me outside and I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shovels to stun them and piled earth on top.". Scene 38 (17m 14s) [Audio] Allies Fight Back by Sea  Beginning: Doolittle Raid on Tokyo  Not too damaging, but inspiring to Americans!  Upsetting to dominant Japanese!  High point: Battle of Midway  AM code breakers know where Japan is headed. US Navy waits to attack at JUST the right time. It works!  Savvy move: Island hopping  AM and AUS forces target important islands instead of fighting for every single one  Want go get closer to Japan. Scene 39 (18m 0s) [Audio] Battle of Guadalcanal ( Japan-controlled Pacific Island that AM and AUS forces attacked) "Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist,…enormous rats and bats everywhere, and rivers with waiting crocodiles. Hell was the sour, foul smell of the squishy jungle, humidity that rotted a body within hours…Hell was an enemy…so fanatic that it used its own dead as booby traps.". Scene 40 (18m 29s) [Audio] Holocaust  A mass genocide of races Hitler considered inferior  Jews were targeted at the greatest rate (remember Mein Kampf)  Roma, disabled, homosexuals, incurably ill, and others were also targeted  Hitler called it the Final Solution  over six million killed, most in concentration camps. Scene 41 (18m 58s) [Audio] Turning Points North Africa Stalingrad  Germans in control after earlier victories  Allies send in two different forces (planned by Dwight D. Eisenhower) to trap the Germans  GER forces in Africa defeated in May 1943  Major industrial city in the Caucus Mtns area of USSR  Hitler wanted total control  Both leaders (Hitler and Stalin) refuse to back down  Enormous loss of life on both sides (over 1 million Soviets!)  Begins Aug 1942, GER surrenders in Feb 1943. Scene 42 (19m 54s) [Audio] D-Day Invasion  Allies from GB, invade at Normandy in Northern France on June 6, 1944  Largest land and sea (amphibious) attack in history  Allies take heavy losses but push on  Over one million troops land in one month  By September, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg are liberated. Scene 43 (20m 25s) . . St US Va Barneville US •7H30 C6.'06 Douvres Ia 17m Bayeux eStLö Caen 1&'07 Vire 7 H30 Le Havre 12109 eine 6th British Li ieux 121M Coutances 28,07 •J Granville 31/07 17/08 Argentd Ale Tron Avranchee 31/07. Scene 44 (20m 39s) [Audio] End of War in Europe  Battle of the Bulge— December 1944— Germans break through weak American lines but are eventually forced to retreat  April 1945— Allies invade Germany from East ( Soviets) and West (AM, BR, others). Surround Berlin.  April 1945— Hitler and his new wife take their own lives  April and May 1945— Concentration camps are liberated  May 7, 1945— General Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich. Victory in Europe!. Scene 45 (21m 25s) [Audio] Victory in the Pacific  Guadalcanal had stopped any other Japanese advances; now retreating  Battle of Leyte Gulf— October 1944— Allies take back the Philippines and destroy the Japanese naval fleet  More successful (but bloody) island hopping  Iwo Jima, Okinawa, others. Thousands die.. Scene 46 (21m 56s) [Audio] Japanese Surrender  Possible invasion  Could cost million Allied lives or more  Could take 10 years  POW's and treatment is horrible  Atomic Bombs • first tested July 16, 1945. Japan was warned. • August 6, atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima • August 9, bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Over 140,000 killed immediately, more of radiation  September 2, 1945—Japan surrenders. Scene 47 (22m 43s) [Audio] Harry S Truman taking the oath of office after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, April 12, 1945. The following day, Truman spoke to reporters and said, "...I don't know whether you fellows ever had a load of hay fall on you, but when they told me yesterday what had happened, I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me.". Scene 48 (23m 11s) [Audio] Red army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the roof of the Reichstag ( German Parliament) in Berlin, Germany.. Scene 49 (23m 21s) [Audio] V-E Day Celebrations in New York City, May 8, 1945.. Scene 50 (23m 33s) [Audio] For millions of Americans, Alfred Eisenstaedt's 1945 LIFE photograph of a sailor stamping a masterly kiss on a nurse symbolized the cathartic joy of V-J Day..
Coast & Sea Areas Wild Harris Regrowing Lost Body Parts Link to Common Starfish Regrowing lost parts If you were unlucky enough to lose a body part, say a finger or even a whole arm, there's not much you can do about it. Some marine animals however have amazing powers of regeneration. If a starfish loses an arm, it simply grows another one. Even crabs and lobsters have this ability, in fact they have special muscles that let them break off a limb deliberately. If a predator has grabbed them by the leg and won't let go, they can release the leg and escape, leaving the limb behind. A new leg will begin to grow beneath the hard shell, and next time the crab or lobster sheds its skin the new leg will make an appearance. Each time this happens the leg will be a bit bigger than before until it reaches its full size and looks like the original leg. If you find a crab or lobster with a leg or claw that's much smaller than normal, you will know that this limb was once lost and is in the process of being replaced. marthasterias regenerating arms.jpg(Photo: Paul Tyler) A spiny startfish regrowing 2 arms luidia regenerating.jpg(Photo: Paul Tyler) 4 of the arms of this 7 armed starfish are growing back. luidia regenerating 2.jpg(Photo: Paul Tyler) Sometimes just a piece of an arm needs regrowing... by Paul Tyler Link to Common Starfish Next Section
Everybody hates mosquitoes. Not only are they annoying pests that bite us during the summertime, but they are also transmitters of the parasite that spreads malaria–Plasmodium. However, scientists believe that they have found a way to wipe out malaria for future generations. By using CRISPR in order to alter the fibrinogen-related protein 1 (FREP1), Plasmodium can be stopped from spreading amongst human beings. The alteration stops the plasmodium from reaching the mosquitoes’ salvatory glands, effectively halting transmission into the human bloodstream. However, although CRISPR is a lot less drastic than simply wiping out the mosquito population, it does come with minor setbacks. The alteration made to the FREP1 gene causes the fertility of the mosquito as well as the egg-hatching rate to drop. These effects cause the reproduction rates of the altered mosquitoes to be significantly lower than that of other mosquitoes. If the modified mosquitoes are not able to reproduce, then the genetic modifications are unlikely to have any real effect on the transmission of malaria since they are not being passed on generationally. The solution? Alter the female mosquitoes. Only female mosquitoes transmit malaria, so scientists have realized that altering the genetic code of female mosquitoes might be the way to solve the problem with reproduction. This way, the mosquitoes are able to maintain the genetic resistance to Plasmodium whilst avoiding the dramatic drop in reproduction. Even though the alteration of mosquitoes’ genetics is definitely a scientific feat, there are no certainties when it comes to this attempt to stop malaria. Nobody is positive about whether or not CRISPR is the solution, but it is definitely a huge step in the right direction. Print Friendly, PDF & Email
Sign in Download Opera News App The Only African Country That Export Electricity To Europe According to the JPF magazine, many European countries are seeking to achieve 100 percent renewable electricity by 2050 as part of their climate change strategy. European countries have invested heavily on green energy production after deadly carbon emissions cause massive environmental damage that would take ages to be reversed. The only power connection between Europe and Africa are Spain's two current cables to Morocco that were laid under the water. The first cable was laid in 1998, and the second in 2018 after demand increased. The third interconnection that is being constructed will allow renewable energy, primarily photovoltaic, to be integrated into the European system. Between 2018 and 2019, Morocco's electricity exports surged by more than 670 percent. In 2026, a new 700 MW Morocco-Spain link is expected to be operational. If all five projects for additional electricity links between North Africa and the EU are completed, they will add 4.3 GW of import capacity. The country experiences approximately 330 days of sunshine every year, making it a perfect location. Morocco's King is converting a big unused section of the Sahara desert into a key solar energy field that would provide his country billions of US dollars in tariffs when completed. The project began in 2013 and has so far costed more than a billion dollars . It is made up of 500,000 mirrors that cover thousands of acres. It is the world's largest solar power plant. It doesn't cease delivering energy just because the sun has set. Any extra heat is stored in a molten salts tank. Morocco's goal is to lower its fossil fuel cost and focus on renewables while still fulfilling its growing energy demands of 7% growth per year. Other neighbouring countries like Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt are following the suit. Do you think African countries would satisfy Europe's demand for electric power in future? Give your opinion in comments section. Content created and supplied by: YatorNews (via Opera News ) Africa European JPF Morocco North Africa Load app to read more comments
Victim or Victor? Recently, there have been hyper-focused discussions on whether modern Western society has adopted a “Victim Culture” with everchanging power dynamics where silenced voices are now finding megaphones. There is a high probability that many of us can say we've gone through an event that has been painful, harmful, and traumatic. Such events can shape our perspectives of the world around us, how we perceive the people in it, and how we see ourselves. Being a victim of harm or a crime is a reality for many people, yet identifying as a victim is not so universal. A victim is defined as a person harmed, injured, or killed because of a crime, accident, or other event or action. In contrast, victimhood is the state of being a victim as well as identifying as a victim. Recently, there have been hyper-focused discussions on whether modern Western society has adopted a "Victim Culture." This rhetoric suggests that everyone seems to identify as a victim now and that victimhood is often used as leverage or a power play. This conclusion can be seductive when trying to grapple with everchanging power dynamics in our society, where silenced voices now finding megaphones. It is critical to be able to distinguish legitimate victimization versus the use of victimhood to avoid self-responsibility and accountability. This becomes problematic when arguments about the rise of victimhood are used to silence the voices of historically marginalized groups. For business leaders, being able to recognize when someone is using victimhood to disrupt company culture, peace, is becoming increasingly important to maintain a positive company culture and avoid the virus of victimhood to weave into the fabric of the culture. 🤕 Victimhood 🤕 Using terms like "victim culture" truly misses the mark in getting to the root issues that victimhood can cause because somebody can be a victim of an event and still not identify with victimhood. Victim mentality is defined as an acquired personality trait in which a person believes that only negative actions from others happen to them, despite contrary evidence of that being a reality, and a key to understanding the negative impact of victimhood is to focus on the lack of evidence that supports the perpetuation of the victim state. Victimhood Cartoon We are exposed to many conflicting messages of victimization and victimhood through social media platforms, which is why it's extremely beneficial to understand "victim signaling," which is defined as a public and intentional expression of one's disadvantages, suffering, and oppression or personal limitations. There are pros and cons to every type of system. Regarding victimhood, it has been argued that Western democracies are the perfect environments for victim signalers to intentionally use their victimhood to gain benefits usually afforded to victims. These benefits include but are not limited to justice, truth, economic compensation, independence, political representation, and martyrdom, among others. By being perceived as virtuous, the victim obtains a higher moral standard than the perpetrator. For example, people will most likely feel more sympathy for an elderly woman who was shot while working at a homeless shelter than they will for a man who was shot because he belonged to a gang. In a second scenario, the concept of Virtuous Victim Signaling would rob him of the sympathy of others because of the implicit and explicit biases of people who participate in gang activity. Virtuous victim signaling presents a slippery slope of deciphering what is deemed morally favorable for others and therefore deserving of sympathy or other material reprisals. When we label someone as a victim, we typically refer to the classic definition of someone who has been harmed, injured, or killed because of a crime, accident, or another action or event. Where there is a victim, there must be a perpetrator of said harm. As victimologists Kieran McEvoy and Kirsten McConnachie have pointed out, this simple definition rejects the complexity of scenarios we observe where a victim can also be a perpetrator of the same act or something completely unrelated. A common argument regarding victimhood is that because Western societies tend to prioritize egalitarian values, differences in outcomes among people or groups are considered illegitimate, leading to increased victimhood. This argument seems to fit well in a society where victimhood is confused for systemic victimization because there is an undertone of collective fear that many individuals who have never been victimized purposefully identify as victims and deceive others for personal gain. If you act like a victim, you are likely to be treated as one. Paulo Coelho Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood (TIV) While it can be confusing to discern victim from victimhood from many, especially in a world where many exploit and deceive others utilizing victim signaling, psychologists in Israel have recently coined a behavioral predisposition referred to as Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood (TIV) to better understand the attributes of victimhood iteself. While actual trauma and victimization often have detrimental psychological consequences, research suggests that developing a victimhood mindset can also be dependent on other variables such as context, socialization, and attachment style. Specifically, the anxious attachment style has been shown to be positively linked with TIV, which is defined as "an enduring feeling that the self is a victim across different kinds of interpersonal relationships." Initial studies conducted by Gabay and her colleagues established TIV as a consistent and stable trait that involves four dimensions: moral elitism, a lack of empathy, the need for recognition, and rumination. Victims in the Workplace Victimhood can be highly detrimental to company culture, team dynamics, and productivity by distorting constructs such as individual accountability and integrity. If a co-worker is exhibiting victimhood, addressing it from the beginning is a proactive approach and will prevent deeper-rooted issues in the future. Studies have shown that job status doesn't significantly influence perceived victimization. In fact, it is often seen across all levels of management within a company. Researchers Aquino and Bradfield found that highly aggressive employees perceived themselves as being victimized more than those who are less aggressive. 🧐 Victimhood Indicators 🧐 1. Blaming others when things go wrong or if a goal is not met. 2. Centering conversations around one's problems. 3. Refusing to join in on workplace activities or team-building exercises. 4. Sharing how others achieve success easier because they receive special treatment or better assignments. 5. Continually creating or involving oneself in workplace drama. 6. Only agrees to carry out tasks after displays of passive-aggressive resistance. If you find that the characteristics above resonate with a current co-worker, there are ways to address and resolve this disturbance in a professional manner. The following strategies are intended for those in management positions. • Test their claims - If the individual presents an example that their manager is the reason they are not performing, test this by assigning them to another manager or overseeing it yourself (if possible). • Give them a solo project - Victimhood tends to prevent individuals from working well within group settings without expelling blame onto others. • Create a Performance Improvement Plan (PIP) - For each objective, have them address what they need to accomplish said objectives and how they will meet them. This will allow them to provide input and discuss any potential roadblocks they may face. PIP goals should be measurable and clear. • Document examples of individual's victim mentality moments - This will be important to provide to HR if any future issues arise. It is also important to note that when a co-worker approaches you claiming that something is wrong, you must assume they are right until it is has been demonstrated not to be the case. As someone in a management role, your job is to enable your team members to perform well in their respective roles. You are not expected to be a therapist, and your strategy must revolve around clear and effective performance management. Bruce Lee Victim labeling continues to walk the thin line of subjectivity and personal bias. As we continue to gain more research behind behavioral phenomena like the Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood, we can better address the misuse of victimization. In addition, we must question why certain topics are being publicly discussed and who benefits from discovering explanatory behavioral tendencies like the TIV. Is there enough evidence to suggest the TIV is causing massive disruptions to our society, and are these disruptions only perceived as negative for groups who currently possess majority power? Please take a moment to self-reflect on the ways victimhood can show up in your behavior before attempting to discover it in someone else. Aquino, K., & Bradfield, M. . (2000). Perceived Victimization in the Workplace: The Role of Situational Factors and Victim Characteristics. Organization Science, 11(5), 525-537. . Campbell, B., & Manning, J. . (2014). Microaggression and Moral Cultures. Comparative Sociology, 13(6), 692-726. . Dewitt, S. . (2020). What Is Deflection? Psychology Explains This Defense Mechanism . BetterHelp. Dolan, E. . (2021). Study finds the need for power predicts engaging in competitive victimhood. PsyPost. Gabay, R., Hameiri, B., Rubel-Lifschitz, T., & Nadler, A. . (2020). The tendency for interpersonal victimhood: The personality construct and its consequences. Personality And Individual Differences, 165, 110134. . Kaufman, S. . (2021). Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood. Scientific American. Kets de Vries, M. . (2012). Are You a Victim of the Victim Syndrome?. SSRN Electronic Journal. Mind Tools . (2021). Managing a Person With a Victim Mentality: Dealing With Team Members Who Won't Take Responsibility. . McEvoy, K., & McConnachie, K. . (2012). Victimology in transitional justice: Victimhood, innocence and hierarchy. European Journal Of Criminology, 9(5), 527-538. Stiegler, L. . (2021). Five Ways to Manage an Employee with a Victim Mentality . Woods Rogers PLC. Sykes, C. . (1992). A Nation of Victims: The Decay of the American Character. . I dislike hanging out with people who always feel like they are the victim. Of course, it is just natural to be sad about something but it is an ultimate choice if you want to use it to become better and stronger. Rather than you just stay in the rut. He who conquers himself is the mightiest warrior, a quote that I truly believe in. If you know how to conquer your mind and shift your mindset, you will be able to conquer everything else. People who play the victim drain the life out of me. I also had someone that I use to work with who always played the victim. She would drive me crazy. I have also had to manage people with those personalities. Management changes things because you have to learn to deal with those personalities. It can be tough. On a personal level, I don’t want to be bothered I identify with this so much. My closest co-worker has such a victim mentality and it is such a drain of energy within the workplace. I am very happy I don’t have to manage this person so I can ignore when I’ve had enough. This article is so true about how some people like to play the victim in order to get out of certain assignments or to get out from under scrutiny in the workplace. As a manager for eight years I had many examples of people who would like to turn the tables and say that it was because of their workload that I gave them they couldn’t keep up with their papers being turned in or they would blame their supervisor for making them feel uncomfortable because they were too stern. For me I am a hard worker and I really don’t like excuses for your job not being done. I don’t really remember anybody with really legit reasons for the work not being done it was mainly a lot of excuses and trying to make me feel bad for them for the reasons why they couldn’t get it done and I just I’m frankly over it. So I do think that with so many people complaining or just trying to get out of work it makes it hard for managers to really take people seriously whenever they do have real concerns or they are being maybe a victim in the workplace. Because so many people were complaining about it I guess managers maybe just wouldn’t want to hear it anymore and that’s a problem too. I must say that this is some opf teh best advice I have heard, "take a moment to self-reflect on the ways victimhood can show up in your behavior before attempting to discover it in someone else" It is definitely common for many people to almost enjoy being the victim. I have worked with a few actors, I won't mention their names, but that love to play the victim. It blows me away. I was just having this conversation about victimhood. I do believe from experience that some people love being the victim, even when they are not. Being the victim gives great leverage to not be accountable for your actions, or short comings. It’s always someone else’s fault. It also provides great attention to one’s self, because when someone is saying they are the victim, people tend to pay attention. I do think true victims, and victimhood get intertwined, and lines are getting more and more blurred.
The man who made Lincoln President The man who made Lincoln President Political conventions in the 19th century were wild, chaotic affairs. Unlike today’s quadrennial events which ratify nominees chosen weeks or months earlier, conventions in the 1800s saw enormous amounts of wheeling and dealing among those vying for nominations, as well as for cabinet posts, patronage and a myriad of other potential spoils from the victor. Ironically enough, the President who has gone down in history as the most honest man ever to sit in the Oval Office secured his nomination through this traditional method of horse-trading, and it was a Bloomington judge named David Davis who helped him to do it; ensuring that Abraham Lincoln would be the Republican nominee for President at the 1860 convention in Chicago. David Davis came to Illinois in the 1830s and settled in Bloomington after obtaining an education at Yale and at Ohio’s Kenyon College. Born in Maryland in 1815, Davis married Sarah Woodruff Walker of Massachusetts and together they had two children. He practiced law in New England before setting out for the frontier, first in Tazewell County, Illinois, and then McLean County. Davis was elected to the Illinois House as a Whig at the age of 29 and served as a delegate to the state’s Constitutional Convention which produced the state’s second Constitution in 1848 (his great grandson, State Senator David Davis IV, helped write the current Illinois state Constitution as a member of the 1969-1970 convention). That same year he was elected Judge of the 8th Circuit in central Illinois. It was there that he met the young lawyer from Springfield. Davis and Lincoln crossed paths often. In the mid-19th century court hearings were one part solemn legal proceeding, one part traveling road show. Judges rode a multi-county circuit, holding court in the county seat only on a certain number of scheduled days each year. Lawyers in the area would follow the court schedule and travel to the courthouse towns, signing up clients and preparing for their hearings. When the judges and lawyers would ride into town, residents would turn out at the courthouse, eager for the entertainment. They were rarely disappointed. Bound for the same town at the same time, it was inevitable that Lincoln and Davis would begin riding the circuit together, and the two became close friends. When Lincoln sought the Presidency, he chose Davis to run his campaign. Davis was a natural in the raucous atmosphere of the convention halls as Lincoln vied with other prominent northern Republicans for the 1860 nomination. Davis began by working the Illinois delegation to ensure that it would support the state’s favorite son. Lincoln’s campaign managers set to work cutting the customary deals for support from other influential leaders and their state delegations. These efforts included an arrangement with Pennsylvania Senator Simon Cameron which would lead to Cameron receiving a Cabinet post after Pennsylvania’s delegate vote swung to Lincoln on the convention’s second ballot. The move came in direct contravention of instructions issued by Lincoln: “I authorize no bargains and will be bound by none.” The agreement with Cameron was therefore considered an understanding, not a bargain. They swayed other delegates by portraying Lincoln as the only viable alternative to the incendiary New York Senator William Seward. The hard work by Davis and others paid off, as Lincoln was nominated for President on the third ballot. “A lot of factors got Lincoln nominated, but the biggest factor was he had a friend like Davis who was a very skilled politician in 1860,” said Guy Fraker a Bloomington historian. “That’s something we in Bloomington can be very proud of.” Lincoln of course won the Presidency that November and then set about fulfilling the promises (and understandings) that had been made at the convention, assembling what historian Doris Kearns Goodwin called his “Team of Rivals,” a Cabinet made up of vanquished foes such as Seward for Secretary of State, Cameron as Secretary of War and Ohio Governor Salmon P. Chase for Secretary of the Treasury. One person not initially rewarded was Davis. “After Lincoln was elected President, there were two openings on the Supreme Court,” said Fraker in an interview with the Bloomington Pantagraph. “All the lawyers who knew Davis told Lincoln to take care of him and give him a seat. Lincoln never responded to any of that and their mutual friends were quite critical of his decision.” But Davis’ turn did eventually come. On December 1, 1862, Lincoln nominated Davis to the U.S. Supreme Court. He was confirmed a week later and became an Associate Justice. On the Court Davis was a guardian of civil liberties and was instrumental in striking the balance between civil and military government in the south after the Civil War. He wrote an opinion striking down a death sentence handed down by a military court against a civilian, arguing instead that the case should have been tried in a civil court. Davis was considered a Presidential contender in 1872, even being nominated by one of the splinter parties of the era, but he declined the nomination. He still received one electoral vote from Missouri in an election won overwhelmingly by his fellow Illinoisan Ulysses S. Grant. That same year the Davis family constructed a new home in Bloomington. Built by Alfred Piquenard; the same architect who designed the new state capitol building then under construction in Springfield; the 36-room house called Clover Lawn was completed at a cost of $75,000. In the next Presidential election Davis dodged a major political bullet, with some help from the Illinois General Assembly. The 1876 election between Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio and Samuel Tilden of New York was still unresolved two days before the date of the inauguration in March. Desperate to break the deadlock, Congress set up an electoral commission of seven Republicans and seven Democrats to resolve the matter. To break any potential ties, Justice Davis was named as the 15thmember of the commission due to his reputation for independence, integrity and honesty. As events would play out, this would have placed Davis in the position of personally choosing the 19th President of the United States. But just before the commission was to meet, Davis was notified that he had been selected by the Illinois legislature as the state’s next U.S. Senator. Resigning from the Court to take the Senate seat, Davis also had to leave the commission. It was left to his successor, Joseph Philo Bradley, to break the tie and hand the Presidency to Hayes, earning the inevitable contempt of half the nation. In the Senate Davis was immediately well-respected for his integrity. In the last two years of his one and only term in that body Davis was chosen as President Pro Tempore, the second-highest ranking office in the Senate behind only the Vice President of the United States. When President James A. Garfield was assassinated in 1881 and his Vice President Chester A. Arthur became the 21st President of the United States; thus leaving the vice presidency vacant; Senator Davis, under the law then in effect, became next in line for the Presidency. He was even unofficially known by some of his colleagues as “Mr. Vice President.” David Davis Mansion in Bloomington. Nearing the age of 70, Davis did not stand for a second term and retired from the Senate in 1883. He returned to Clover Lawn with his family, where he died on June 26, 1886. At the time of his death the estate was valued at more than $4 million. The house was donated by the Davis family to the state of Illinois in 1960 and remains one of central Illinois’ most popular tourist attractions. It is now known as the David Davis Mansion, and hosts more than 40,000 visitors per year. Justice David Davis, the man who perhaps did more than any other to make Abraham Lincoln President of the United States, is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Bloomington. Source link
How to Grow Mugwort or Artemisia Vulgaris - The Habitat The Habitat Share to PinterestHow to Grow Mugwort or Artemisia Vulgaris Share to PinterestHow to Grow Mugwort or Artemisia Vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris, commonly known as mugwort, is a hardy herb with a legacy of beneficial properties. Native to Asia, North Africa, and Europe, it was brought to America centuries ago for its healing properties and culinary zest. Growing mugwort is simple compared to other plants. As a perennial, once you get it started, there really isn't much for you to do care-wise. That's great news for beginner and established gardeners, alike! Planting your mugwort Share to Pinterestmugwort growing in the ground Herbaceous mugwort can become quite large, so it's best to allow it to flourish outdoors. Its preferred soil type isn't set in stone, and if tended to properly, it will thrive in almost anything, so you don't need to be an expert or buy fancy soils to grow it. High alkalinity and nitrogen-rich soils seem to work best. Fertilizing is optional, but if you go that route, do it sparingly. Just make sure that, when planting, you rid the area of any weeds, rocks, and other impurities. Add some organic matter if you want, aerate it, and you'll be good to go. Space requirements for mugwort Share to Pinterestmugwort plants growing in a planter With the potential to grow six feet tall and spread, like many perennials, mugwort needs its space. You should leave a free area of around 12 to 18 inches between plants. And don't inundate your garden with mugwort. It's considered invasive in many regions, so it won't hesitate to spread. Mugwort has the tendency to suffocate other roots if they're planted too closely together. Some people prefer to plant it pot and all to keep the roots under control. Regardless of your method, the depth shouldn't be anything extreme. Plant the seedling no deeper than the pot's soil level. Alternatively, just leave them on their own in planters above ground so they don't become a threat. Sunlight requirements Share to Pinterestmugwort plant in the sunshine Mugwort thrives in full sun, but partial shade works well, too. It's a resilient herb that will go along with pretty well whatever situation it's given and has evolved to withstand just about anything. Its hardiness is versatile, too. Zones 3 to 8 are all acceptable for mugwort. This means that it can grow almost anywhere in the United States. It will survive freezes as well as high heat and humidity, though it can appear droopy if the temperatures increase dramatically. Watering requirements Share to Pinterestwild mugwort wet from the rain Mugwort is prone to root rot, so don't over-water your plants. Typically, younger chutes need more water until they have established themselves. But once they're thriving, you can back off. It's important that the soil is well-draining, too. Slightly moist is best, though mugwort can survive in infertile, dry conditions. It often demonstrates adaptable qualities for such a situation, not growing as large, but becoming more aromatic with prolonged longevity. Pests that can harm mugwort Share to Pinterestant crawling on flowering stalk of artemisia In many parts of the world, mugwort is deemed invasive — as with many invasive species, it doesn't have many enemies. Conversely, mugwort is often employed to deter pests. Some people use its dried flowers as insect repellent. Also, placing its branches among vegetables will cast away threats like cabbage and carrot flies. Potential diseases Share to Pintereststalks of fresh cut mugwort Just as mugwort doesn't suffer from a specific enemy, diseases also tend to avoid this herb. Historically, in fact, it was used to fend off ailments in humans. It's widely believed that mugwort has antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Additionally, the herb helps relieve gastrointestinal issues. In a concentrated form, though, it can cause burns and adverse reactions when overused, so if you're planning to grow mugwort for its folk medicine qualities, use care. Special care Share to Pinteresthands holding fresh-cut leaves of mugwort plant Since mugwort is sometimes considered a weed, it tends to find a way to grow and needs no special nutrients. The special care it needs revolves more around keeping it in hand so it doesn't overtake your garden. A primary safeguard is to implement some sort of root barrier when planting, like including the pot, so it doesn't assume full control of an area. After the first year of growth, you'll want to prune the branches to create a bushy plant. In colder zones, it's okay to cut down the shrub before winter, as it will come back the next spring. Propagating your mugwort Share to Pinterestwoman cutting mugwort plant Not surprisingly, mugwort propagates well all on its own. But if you're interested in expanding your plant count or gifting a cutting to friends, you can deliberately duplicate your plant. Due to its rhizome status, mugwort bears roots that can easily be separated to form new plants. This method works best in the spring or autumn. For propagation in between these times, basal cuttings are the way to go. Just cut off the stem of a newer chute, apply a rooting hormone if you want, and put it in dirt or water. It will soon sprout roots of its own. Harvesting your mugwort Share to Pinterestdried mugwort on a table As long as it's growing, you can harvest mugwort. For a larger harvest though, the best time is autumn, prior to the first frost. The preferred method is to take the top third of each branch. Hang these clippings in a dark, dry location. Allow them to dry out completely, then use them for insect repellent, flavoring dishes, or medicinal purposes. Just be sure to not go overboard in whatever application you choose. Share to Pinterestflowering stalk of the mugwort plant Mugwort is just one of around 300 different varieties of Artemisia. All are under the umbrella of the Asteraceae, like daisies. Artemisia vulgaris is the common mugwort, though other familiar types include: japonica, indica, lactiflora, verlotiorum, and norvegica. Artemisia vulgaris is often confused with Artemisia absinthium, which is actually wormwood. To tell them apart, look for white hairs on the undersides of the sharp leaves. This is mugwort, while wormwood leaves are blunter.
Using variadic macros Variadic macros, as specified by C++11, is a feature taken from the C99 specification. They are macros which take a final parameter denoted as '...' which represents one or more final arguments to the macro as a series of comma-separated tokens. In the macro expansion a special keyword of __VA_ARGS__ represents the comma-separated tokens. This information when passed to a variadic macro I call 'variadic macro data', which gives its name to this library. The more general term 'variadic data' is used in this documentation to specify data passed to a macro which can contain any number of macro tokens as a single macro parameter, such as is found in Boost PP data types. The library assumes variadic macro support. If a compiler does not support variadic macros the macros in the library will fail with preprocessor errors. In previous versions of this library variadic macro support was determined by the value of the BOOST_PP_VARIADICS object-like macro from the Boost Preprocessor library, so that if this macro returned 0, none of the macros in the library would be defined. This is no longer the case since the Boost preprocessor library now also requires variadic macro support and BOOST_PP_VARIADICS always returns 1. What this means for the end-user is that the compiler must be used in C++11 or higher mode, or that a compiler in C++98/C++03 mode supports variadic macros. A number of major compilers, including Visual C++, gcc, and clang. do support variadic macros in C++98/C++03 mode, as long as strict compliance to the C++98/C++03 standard is not turned on through that compiler's compiler flags.
The 7.1-magnitude California earthquake created a massive crack in the Earth visible in satellite images Posted at 11:49 AM, Jul 08, 2019 and last updated 2019-07-08 11:50:34-04 The large crack extends some distance from an area that apparently held water before. The erosion patterns on the desert sand indicate that some of that water was sucked out. The satellite image isn't the only evidence that the region's topography was changed by the earthquake. A nearby highway is now shutdown after tremors cracked and moved sections of the roadway.
When you read the title, you may wonder, “What is modern Hebrew anyway?” The history of this language, which we often refer to simply as Hebrew, actually goes back quite a bit and has an important place in history. Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and the earliest written sources in Hebrew date back 3,000 years. Hebrew’s deep roots have resulted in numerous changes to the language over time. Hebrew is divided into groups such as Sacred Hebrew, Medieval Hebrew, and Modern Hebrew. Ancient Israelis mostly spoke Holy Hebrew between the 10th and 4th centuries BC. The modernization process of Hebrew started thanks to the work of Jewish activists and linguists from the 19th century who wanted to bring Hebrew back to life. The lexicographer and newspaper editor Eliezer Ben-Yahuda initiated these studies. These people wanted Hebrew to be included in daily life, and they encouraged the production of more Hebrew literary works. They added new words and idioms to the language and contributed to making Hebrew the official language of Israel, founded in 1948. Hebrew, which became a well-established language in the 19th and 20th centuries, is spoken by approximately nine million people today. These dedicated efforts, which carried Hebrew to its current position, increased the number of people who speak and write it. The modernization process paved the way for modern Hebrew to gain an important place in translation services. Do You Need Hebrew Translation Services? The deep-rooted history of Hebrew, the different geographies where it is spoken, and its dialects are the reasons why you should contact a professional company when seeking Hebrew translation services. Hebrew idioms and verb conjugations make it challenging to learn and translate. When some Hebrew idioms are translated into English, it is often the case that too many words are used, and errors in meaning occur. In addition, the 22-letter Hebrew alphabet does not contain capital letters, and 5 of these letters change form when placed at the end of a word. So, if you ever need Hebrew translation services, it is best to find professional companies that work with native Hebrew translators and editors. Hebrew is Important for Israel The Jewish people have tried to preserve their language for centuries. So, it is a sensitive topic that carries great importance for the Israeli government and the Israeli people in general. The Hebrew Academy works to keep Hebrew alive, and they are responsible for making sure that Hebrew is taught, studied, and translated correctly. Therefore, when looking for Hebrew translation services, this importance given to Hebrew should be considered, especially with translations for which the target language is Hebrew.
Computerized Neurocognitive Tests in Clinical Practice As with most tests in medicine, the results of computerized neurocognitive tests are not diagnostic, but they are useful adjuncts to the diagnostic process. There are 3 ways to assess a patient’s cognitive status: an easy way that is fast but unreliable; a formal approach that is definitive but expensive; and a number of alternatives in between. The first is based on a psychiatrist’s observations of a patient’s memory, attention, and thought processes during the mental status examination, complemented sometimes by symptom checklists for the patient or knowledgeable observers. The second is a gold standard formal neuropsychological evaluation. It is hard to get sometimes and is not always well covered by insurance, including Medicaid and Medicare. The alternatives include an array of “mini-mental state” measures, from the ubiquitous Mini-Mental State Evaluation (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Saint Louis University Mental Status used by physicians to the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, and the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination, primarily used by psychologists. Theoretically at least, computerized neurocognitive tests (CNTs) have the advantage of all 3 approaches: they can be administered relatively quickly and do not require a physician’s time; they can be tailored to a specific clinical issue (eg, ADHD), concussion, or mild cognitive impairment, or they can be broad-spectrum and comprehensive; and they are self-scoring and generate a report as soon as the test is done. They are accurate to the millisecond and data can be stored for serial comparison of a patient’s results. When such tests are reported in the medical literature, the developers assure us of their reliability and validity. Discriminant validity, however, may not be a meaningful standard for a clinician. Test A, for example, can distinguish between patients with ADHD and normal controls. However, can it distinguish among the conditions in the differential diagnosis of ADHD (eg, anxiety, depression, OCD)? Similar questions arise when CNTs are used for dementia screening or concussion management. Such questions are rarely addressed, although that is really what the clinician needs. There are many CNTs available for clinical assessment. Most are commercial products, with costs ranging from $7.50 per test to several hundred dollars for a license with per-test costs on top of that. Several are research instruments that are not available to clinicians but are used in academic centers or in clinical trials. At least one is free and available on the Internet for qualified users. There is even a CNT code that covers “computerized tests” (99120), but reimbursement is never ensured. Cognitive assessment by computer might solve many of the problems physicians have in accurately appraising a patient’s cognitive abilities if, in fact, the tests are reliable and valid in the clinical setting. The first CNT used in the North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics was the neurobehavioral evaluation system (NES)-II, developed by the late Richard Letz in the early 1980s for measuring the cognitive effects of industrial neurotoxins.1 We found it useful for evaluating patients with ADHD and mild brain injury, but because it was a DOS-based program, it is only a fossil now. A number of specific ADHD tests-the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and the Test of Variables of Attention as well as computerized versions of single tests such as Categories, the Stroop Test, and the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias (CARB)-were useful for detecting malingerers but are now also extinct. Another CNT we used was MicroCog. It was developed at the behest of the Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions, which insured about 5000 physicians at the time. The purpose of the test was to improve malpractice underwriting by identifying impaired physicians. A CNT would be less threatening to physicians, it was thought, than a battery administered by one of their colleagues. Since the early days, when CNTs ran on Commodores or Apple 2e’s, dozens of computerized tests and test batteries have been developed-1 or 2 new ones every year. Physicians and psychologists in research settings like CNTs it seems, but they have been slow to catch on in clinical practice. In 2001, my colleagues and I developed our own test battery-CNS Vital Signs. Are all computerized tests the same? CNTs are more alike than different, but some differences are important. Most CNTs have taken conventional neuropsychological tests and adapted them for computer administration. Others, notably the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), use a battery of novel tests. Some new tests use multimedia presentations that are said to have better “ecological validity.” As a rule, the closer a CNT is to established tests, the easier it is to learn and to interpret in a clinical setting. Most CNTs can be self-administered by a patient who can read and maintain his or her attention for a suitable length of time. Others require the patient to be supervised by a technician. The latter is preferable but is costly and defeats the purpose of computerization. In our clinics, technicians sit with patients during test sessions in special circumstances. Most patients can take a CNT by themselves or with the assistance of a family member. In general, the test batteries include a number (3 to 20) of specific tests. In some CNTs, all the tests must be administered at one time; others allow the tester to choose individual tests to administer. The venerable CPT is a component of many test batteries but is also available as a stand-alone test. Many of the wide-spectrum tests take about 30 minutes to complete; the screening batteries are shorter and some of the more complicated tests take more than an hour. Thirty minutes is the ideal time. Some test batteries were designed for specific applications, such as concussion management (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing [ImPACT]) or dementia screening (ComputerAdministered Neuropsychological Screen for Mild Cognitive Impairment [CANS-MCI]). Others were designed for a broad spectrum of clinical applications. Since the test batteries tend to be similar, emphasis on a specific clinical application usually reflects the particular interest of the test developer, the research base supporting the test, and marketing decisions made by test developers. Applications for computerized tests The list of potential applications for computerized testing is quite long and includes screening children for learning disability; evaluating fit-ness for driving or returning to work; gauging impairment; and measuring the impact of environmental toxins, postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and rheumatic disease. In the Neuropsychiatry Clinics, every new patient takes a broad-spectrum CNT as part of an initial evaluation. Even patients with what appears to be a simple and straightforward psychiatric condition, such as anxiety or depression, may have an underlying neurocognitive deficit. The CNT can shed light on the underlying basis of their problems, the appropriate diagnosis, and treatment. There is a high degree of comorbidity between virtually all of the psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities; similarly, the presentation of patients with toxic exposure or early dementia is not infrequently psychiatric. ADHD. Variations of the CPT are probably the most commonly used CNTs in assessing ADHD. The assumption is that deficits in sustained attention (or vigilance) are central to the disorder, which may be true for children. Deficits in executive function and processing speed, however, are more pertinent to the assessment of ADHD in adolescents and adults. In the Neuropsychiatry Clinics, we use a broad-spectrum CNT in the “test-dose” paradigm. The patient is tested at baseline and an hour following a dose of short-acting methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine. Not everyone responds favorably to a stimulant.2 Concussion. The ImPACT battery is widely used by professional, college, and high school teams. When a player is concussed, his performance must return to baseline before he is allowed to return to the game. The Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) battery of tests was developed for concussion management in the battlefield. Serious questions, however, have been raised about the reliability of both ImPACT and ANAM; it is dubious practice to rely on an athletic trainer and a CNT to diagnose or manage concussions. Most CNTs are sensitive to mild brain injuries, and all of them are sensitive to the effects of moderate or severe brain injuries. In the clinical setting, they are useful for serial patient evaluation. Dementia screening. Many tests may be useful for the early diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment, a sometime precursor to dementia. Some may distinguish between dementia and depression.3 We have used several CNTs for that purpose over the years; however, a CNT alone will usually generate an unacceptable level of both false positives and false negatives. If a CNT is used in conjunction with other tests, however, one’s confidence in the early diagnosis improves. The MMSE, MoCA, tests of verbal and visual memory, and tests of visual-spatial ability are necessary before the patient is subjected to a full dementia workup or drug treatment. Psychiatric disorders. Patients with schizophrenia almost always do poorly on CNTs; testing does not necessarily improve diagnosis. Serial testing, however, may improve management. Mild deficits in processing speed are commonly seen in patients with anxiety or mood disorders and the Stroop test is often difficult for patients with OCD. These observations are based on clinical observations and have not been confirmed. A more interesting observation is that more substantial cognitive deficits occur in about 20% of patients with generalized anxiety or major depression and in 30% of patients with bipolar disorder. Most patients are cognitively intact, but a substantial minority are not and they tend to be patients with more severe disorders who are more difficult to treat. Other disorders. Sleep disorders are almost always associated with diffuse cognitive impairment, as is chronic pain. Some pain patients who are receiving opiate drugs do so poorly on a CNT that one has to question whether they should be allowed to drive. Processing speed deficits are common in patients with multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and cerebrovascular white matter disease.4 Epilepsy has many different neuropathological substrates, however, and antiepileptic drugs may themselves have cognitive toxicity. Substance abusers and alcoholics will also generate variable but impaired profiles on a broad-based CNT. Hepatic encephalopathy is an underdiagnosed condition that is associated with deficits in processing speed and attention. The limitations of computerized testing Computerized tests have been around as long as personal computers. In 1983, Joseph Matarazzo,5 an eminent neuropsychologist, wrote: Thousands of relatively low-cost microcomputers and associated software are being purchased for use in psychological testing by employers, physicians, psychologists, social workers, counselors, nurse practitioners, and other licensed health care providers. . . . There is a danger that wholesale use of automated tests by people without a knowledge of their limitations will be a disservice to the public. As with any test in medicine or psychology, the results of a CNT are only meaningful if the examiner understands the limitations of the test and the differential diagnosis attendant on particular test profiles. CNTs generate enormous quantities of precise data, but interpreting the data correctly depends on training and experience. Some commercial test batteries include diagnostic recommendations (a dubious practice in the author’s opinion). CNTs generate measurements, just as a battery of blood tests does. Not knowing the functions of a specific test precludes its use. Performance on a CNT is compromised in patients who are not well educated or who are not familiar with computers. Thus, results of a test must be interpreted relative to the patient’s estimated IQ and familiarity with computers.6 Only one CNT includes those parameters in its report. It is assumed that if a CNT is a replica of a conventional neuropsychological test, then the CNT is measuring the same thing. This assumption is wrong. Computerized tests are primarily measures of central processing speed and general mental ability; even when they are supposed to measure memory or executive function, they are usually assessing the patient’s abilities in the context of his processing speed.7 As with most tests in medicine, the results of a CNT are not diagnostic, but they are useful adjuncts to the diagnostic process. Many neuropsychologists use CNTs as part of a formal assessment. They are particularly helpful in evaluating the course of certain conditions; for example, to interpret the nature and cause of a gradual or abrupt deterioration. Many test batteries have the capacity to generate serial reports of a patient’s status over time. CNTs introduce an additional measure of objectivity to the assessment and treatment process in psychiatry. The cost of testing is low but not unsubstantial. The availability of CNT freeware should make it more appealing, especially since third-party coverage is unpredictable. Patients can take some of the newer Internet-based tests at home, using a tablet or a smartphone. One hopes that such improvements in test availability will lead to increased use and a corresponding improvement in clinical care. Computerized testing is not a new technology, but it has yet to achieve its clinical potential in psychiatry, neurology, and general medicine. Dr Gualtieri is Medical Director of the North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics in Chapel Hill, Charlotte, and Raleigh. He reports no conflicts concerning the subject matter of this article. 1. Baker EL, Letz RE, Fidler AT, et al. A computer-based neurobehavioral evaluation system for occupational and environmental epidemiology: methodology and validation studies. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1985;7:369-377. 2. Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. ADHD: is objective diagnosis possible? Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2005;2: 44-53. 3. Elwood RW. MicroCog: assessment of cognitive functioning. Neuropsychol Rev. 2001;11:89-100. 4. Alpherts WC, Aldenkamp AP. Computerized neuropsychological assessment of cognitive functioning in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1990;31(suppl 4): S35-S40. 5. Matarazzo JD. Behavioral health: a 1990 chal-lenge for the health sciences professions. In: Matarazzo JD, Weiss SM, Herd A, et al, eds. Behavioral Health: A Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1984:3-40. 6. Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Ashton VL, et al. Does familiarity with computers affect computerized neuropsychological test performance? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2009;31:594-604. 7. Robbins TW, James M, Owen AM, et al. Cam-bridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): a factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dementia. 1994;5: 266-281.
Join our weekly Peninim on the Torah list! ושב ד' אלקיך את שבותך Then Hashem will bring back your captivity. (30:3) Download PDF Rashi comments: “Our sages derived from here that the Shechinah resides among Klal Yisrael when they are in exile.” Why is the word shvuscha, your captivity, used instead of the more practical galuscha, your exile? Horav Lazer Brody, Shlita, suggests that shvuscha refers to a specific exilee, the tinok she’nishbah, child taken captive. In our modern day vernacular, this refers to the assimilated Jew who never had a chance to learn about the beauty of Judaism and its observance, who has been, so to speak, taken captive by the culture in which he was raised. Without the opportunity to learn about Yiddishkeit, one is no different from the child taken captive by gentiles who raised him as a gentile. The Rambam rules that such a person is not held accountable for his lack of observance. In a well-known commentary, Rambam rules regarding children of the Karaim, a sectarian group who mislead their children with regard to Jewish religious observance. He considers these children to be no different than a child taken captive by them and reared in their misguided ways. This child is comparable to one who has been coerced to transgress the Torah. It is thus proper to catalyze their return to religious observance and to draw them near with words of peace. Most authorities have applied Rambam’s ruling to all contemporary Jews who have been educated in a secular/agnostic environment. We must reach out to them, taking in consideration that they are essentially blameless for their present state of non-observance. The above pasuk addresses these tinokos she’nishbu, assuring them that Hashem has not only not rejected them, but that He is with them and will awaken within their hearts a desire to return “home” to observance and to live as a Jew should live. In his commentary to the last pasuk in Parashas Kedoshim (Vayikra 20:27), the parshah which commences with a call for all Jews to “be holy” (not just “good” – we must strive for holiness) within the prohibition against consulting sorcerers such as the ovad yid’oni. He says that this sin symbolizes the chasm that exists between Klal Yisrael and the nations of the world. When we serve Hashem properly, we will warrant the privilege of guidance by prophets and thus not require the services of magicians to foretell what lays in the future. In other words, it is all about our mesorah, tradition, of transmitting Torah from one generation to the next. During most of our history as a nation, the Jewish People were all observant. We have been victim throughout the ages to meshichai sheker, false messiahs, who have attempted to sever our relationship with the past. The latest such falsehood was the Enlightenment, which was the precursor of the various secular groups that metastasized from it – each one preaching a break with the past. The hapless victims of these movements are tinokos she’nishbu. Rav Brody offers an inspiring and meaningful analogy to a man who was shipwrecked on a far-off island with no one to talk to. He began to raise kittens as a pastime to occupy himself. They benefitted him by addressing the growing mice population. All day, his cats (who were no longer kittens) would chase the mice. One day, a beautiful golden “kitten” appeared on the private island. Well, at least it looked like a kitten, despite the fact that it was actually a baby lion. As far as the man was concerned, he had one more cat to ride herd on the mouse population. Thus, the baby lion grew into adulthood among its feline cousins. It lived with and did everything like a cat, despite its inordinate size and brute strength. One day, a fishing boat wandered onto the island and the fisherman alighted his boat. The man with his many cats and one lion greeted him. The fisherman was interested in a tour of the island, which the man was happy to provide. When the fisherman saw the lion frolicking with the cats, he was shocked. How could the king of beasts spend his day chasing mice? He spoke to the man who had raised the lion. “Do you know that in your litter you have a lion?” “Absolutely not.” He replied that it was a large cat. It acted like a cat in every manner. It just happened to be much larger than the other cats, but what difference exists between a large cat and a small cat? A cat is a cat! A few days passed, and the fisherman was rested and ready to leave the island. It was late at night as he went to the cat shelter where all the cats were kept. He motioned to the lion to come with him. The lion, unfortunately having been treated as a cat for so long, had developed a cat mentality and was afraid to leave. After some coaxing, the fisherman “convinced” the lion to leave with him. Once the fisherman arrived home, he encouraged the lion to run and roam on his land. As the lion’s strength increased, his fear mentality decreased until he understood and acted like the lion that he was. The nimshal, lesson, is obvious: We act in accord to the environment in which we are raised. When we spend our days in pursuit of trivialities (much like the cats chasing mice), then we will become trivial people whose purpose in life is self-gratification with material pursuits and pleasures. We will have neither the desire nor the mental stamina required for spiritual ascendancy. We are lions, bnei melachim, princes, of a noble, illustrious heritage that heralds back to the Avos hakedoshim, holy Patriarchs. Hashem will return the captivity – the Jews whose connection to our heritage has been severed by misguided Jews who thought they were saving Jews from “Judaism” by offering a more enlightened and progressive outlook on life and living. How wrong they were, exchanging the blessings of eternity and morality for a putrid bowl of red lentils. They would rather be like cats who chase mice all day, than be the lions, kings and rulers over themselves and the world. Subscribe To Our Newsletter Join our weekly Peninim on the Torah list! You have Successfully Subscribed!
How They Worked 04 Evening Chores How They Worked 031 Frontier-styled farm How They Worked 03 Turkey Huntng How They Worked 02 Tending Garden How They Worked 01 Woodworkjing How They Worked Work on the frontier began before daylight and was finished at night by the light of the fireplace. Early frontier settlers were faced with a variety of daily tasks. Generally, men and women were expected to do different types of work, but sometimes the entire family had to help with the tasks involved in growing or raising food. More often than not, men farmed and conducted other activities outside the home. Most women focused on chores in and around the house, especially those needed to take care of the family. If a family owned a slave, family members might have to work less, but most families worked the field beside the slave. Only a handful of people owned large numbers of slaves whose labor might have reduced the duties of their owners. Children as young as three or four were expected to help by gathering kindling, collecting eggs, emptying chamber pots, fetching water, and removing ashes from the fireplace. By age 12, children did such adult chores as grinding grain, sewing, hunting small animals, milking cows, helping with crops, and chopping wood. Farmers trusted their almanacs for information on weather, advice, and, as unbelievable as it might seem today, astrology. Most people believed that cycles of growth were governed by the phases of the moon and positions of the planet. For example, farmers might avoid slaughtering hogs in a “waning moon” because they believed the pork would shrink. While some work was necessary for family survival, other tasks were geared for profit. Gardening provided a family's food supply, but in general, farming was intended to make money by selling or swapping the extra produce. Settlers raised cows, pigs, and sheep not only to eat but also to sell. Other commercial enterprises—like whiskey-making or blacksmithing—were undertaken as well. Not all settlers were successful at these ventures, but many were. Picture Credits: • A contemporary photograph showing a reenactor sitting at what is known as shaving horse and using a tool called a drawknife to smooth pieces of wood for crafting needed items on the frontier. Modern day hand woodworkers still use this method. Courtesy of Mansker Chronicles, online at • A contemporary photograph of a female reenactor, dressed in frontier-styled clothing, tending a vegetable plot outside the reconstructed Mansker's Station in Goodlettsville. The station was first built in 1779 as a frontier fort. Courtesy of Historic Mansker's Station • A print of a hunter aiming at a wild turkey. The title is "The Wild Turkey Hunter" by Jocelyn Whitney. It is taken from a book by T.B. Thorpe, The Hive of The Bee Hunter, published in 1854. Tennessee State Museum. • A frontier-styled farm in East Tennessee with split rail fences, barn and outbuildings. Tennessee State Photographic Services • Chores continued in the evening by the light of the fireplace. The baby in the center is probably playing with a toy. Reprinted by permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., copyright 1961 Frontier >> Living on the Frontier >> How They Worked >> Sponsored by: National Endowment for the Humanities Website developed and maintained by: The Tennessee State Museum. Contact us: Web Design and Hosting by: Icglink : :
Why do turbofan jets fly faster in cold weather at high altitudes? I read somewhere that prop planes do it due to cold weather means air is more dense, and the prop therefore produce more power. But what about jet aircraft at say 36000 feet? I looked at performance chart of a jet fighter, and at ISA-15 it could fly 0.17 mach faster than ISA. Do not misunderstand I am NOT asking why it flies faster higher up. I am asking why it flies faster at winter than in summer at same (optimal for speed) altitude. • 4 $\begingroup$ The question is, do they really fly faster? The speed of sound goes down with lower temperature, and it is cold at 36,000 ft $\endgroup$ – Koyovis Sep 2 '17 at 1:45 • $\begingroup$ Can you post an image of the chart? I believe if the shape of the max speed curve vs altitude (assuming that is what the chart shows) has the same shape as a curve of constant dynamic pressure, it would indicate the max speed limit is a structural limit. If not, the limit is due to another constraint (probably engine thrust?). These two limits also tend to occur for different altitude ranges. So knowing the shape of the max speed line might be very useful to answer the question. $\endgroup$ – Penguin Sep 3 '17 at 11:49 They don't. They fly slower. Most aerodynamic effects depend on dynamic pressure. More precisely, lift is proportional to dynamic pressure and drag has parasitic component, which is proportional to dynamic pressure, and induced component, which is inversely proportional. Therefore there is an optimal dynamic pressure at which the aircraft flies most efficiently, and minimal dynamic pressure needed to maintain flight. Now dynamic pressure is (half of) air density times velocity squared ($q = ½\varrho v^2$) and due to its significance the “indicated airspeed” shown in cockpit actually corresponds to dynamic pressure expressed as equivalent airspeed. All the desired speeds for various phases of flight are referenced to that. Since cold air is denser, the same dynamic pressure will occur at lower velocity, and because the pilot will maintain the same indicated airspeed, they will actually fly slower. One more thing: the maximum speed is one of the few exceptions that is not dependent on the dynamic pressure. There are three effects that may limit maximum speed: • Aeroelastic flutter depends on true airspeed (velocity), so the temperature does not, actually, have an effect on it. However because true airspeed is not usually indicated in cockpit, the pilots will use tabulated indicated airspeed values and since these are only tabulated for altitude, they will actually fly slower. • Mach tuck i.e. loss of lift, accompanied with undesirable change in trim, due to exceeding critical Mach number. Since speed of sound increases with temperature, critical Mach number corresponds to lower true airspeed (velocity) in colder weather, so they'll fly slower again. • Engine power. Engines are able to produce more power in colder weather due to being able to achieve higher mass flow with the higher density air. However, engine power is limiting factor mainly for smaller general aviation aircraft, which have low power engines, or fighters at the other end of the performance spectrum, which are designed to fly supersonic and resist flutter. But transport category aircraft generally hit the other two limits first. Original answer for the version before the reason they fly at higher altitude was explicitly excluded from the question: There are two, distinct, effects: 1. Aircraft fly faster at high altitude due to the lower air density. This is because both lift and drag are proportional to air density. So at higher altitude, the plane both have to fly faster to generate enough lift, and can do it because the drag is lower. Therefore there is optimal value of dynamic pressure where the drag is lowest. The optimal cruise speed is slightly above this point. Since dynamic pressure is proportional to density and square of speed, the same dynamic pressure corresponds to higher true airspeed at higher altitude. Dynamic pressure is usually expressed as equivalent airspeed, which is the speed to which current dynamic pressure would correspond at sea level. The indicated airspeed shown on the instruments is approximation of this value. 2. Heat engines are more efficient at lower temperatures. This is because efficiency of a heat engine (applies equally to both piston and turbine engines and both internal combustion and external combustion (steam) ones) depends on the ratio of temperature, but the combustion increases the temperature by the same (approximately) difference. So if the starting temperature is lower, the ratio is higher and the engines produce slightly more power for the same fuel flow. Additionally, the maximum temperature is often limited by what the materials can withstand, so at higher altitude the engine can be operated at higher power (well, not really; the power is also proportional to the density, but the engine will again run more efficiently). • $\begingroup$ There is more to it: Low temperature means there are more Mols of oxygen around to react with the fuel and, most important, there is a bigger temperature margin until the max T4 is reached, so more fuel can be burned. This is the main reason for the higher thrust. It does not mean, however, that the aircraft is more economical to operate - only that more thrust can be had if desired. $\endgroup$ Sep 3 '17 at 17:15 • $\begingroup$ @PeterKämpf, Mols are proportional to density, no? And since I used density as a reference throughout (because equivalent airspeed also depends on density), there is no additional effect. $\endgroup$ – Jan Hudec Sep 4 '17 at 17:21 • $\begingroup$ @PeterKämpf, also, if the margin until max T4 is higher, and is taken advantage of, the thermodynamic efficiency—and therefore specific power—does increase. $\endgroup$ – Jan Hudec Sep 4 '17 at 17:37 • $\begingroup$ Not anywhere near that complicated. Newton's third law: Conservation of momentum. Cold air weighs more than hot air. If you are sucking in more air (by mass) the engine is expelling more mass out the back. More mass means higher momentum equates to higher thrust. $\endgroup$ Feb 10 '18 at 13:57 • $\begingroup$ @CharlesBretana, I was about to explain how that says exactly nothing about efficiency, but then it made me actually re-read the question and replace the whole answer. $\endgroup$ – Jan Hudec Feb 13 '18 at 22:04 Engines are limited by maximum temperatures/pressures. Above a certain limit either you exceed short term or long term safety margins. When the incoming air is colder, you should be able to increase your fuel flow slightly because the extra fuel mass still keeps combustion temps within margins, because they start with colder air/fuel. Also by having colder air coming in, the same fuel flow produces more thrust/power because of higher thermodynamic efficiency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency Look at brayton cycle for turbines. Piston engines are typically installed so max throttle keeps a reasonable safety margin even on a hot day, so you can't give it a little extra fuel in a cold day for takeoff, you only get the benefit of thermodynamic efficiency (and a little leaner combustion because denser air is coming in for the same max fuel flow). But turbines are to be operated by professionals or controlled by FADEC (full authority digital engine control). Meaning if there's no FADEC the pilot must limit the throttle manually to a target temperature limit. For instance I flew quite a few times on Cessna 208 Caravans (non FADEC turboprop) on the right seat, just as a private pilot rated passenger. Takeoff throttle had to be hand limited at a given max temperature. As the aircraft climbed, throttle was periodically added to compensate for altitude (honestly I don't think it really was because of altitude but something to do with OAT, otherwise the throttle would have to be reduced with altitude instead). This method naturally leads to a higher fuel flow under the same altitude the colder OAT (outside air temperature) is. On bigger aircraft FADEC takes care of that, you just command the required detent for takeoff (TOGA), MCT/climb (max continuous thrust). The point being that FADEC will command higher thrust for take off using TOGA on a colder day than on a hotter day, to comply with temperature margins, same for other flight regimes. But... Cruising speed at the same altitude for a jet is highly dependent on if the engine still has excess thrust left or not ! If you are below the altitude where cruise will be throttle limited, do you really get faster cruise on a colder day, or is it only high enough where the engine is running at MCT and the colder air produces more thrust naturally ? PS: I'm not an expert on the subject. I have not received turbine training. But I am a private pilot with IFR and have college level physics which allows me to understand all concepts involved. Maybe I shouldn't be posting an answer here at all. Let me know. It is simple physics. The law of conservation of Momentum (Newton's third law I believe) says that for each action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The total momentum (Mass times velocity) must remain constant. So if you throw a cast iron anvil out the back of the ship, the ship will move forward faster than if you throw a feather out the back at the same velocity. Cold air weighs more than hot air. A jet engine operating at high density altitude (when air is very warm) is sucking in significantly less air by mass than a jet engine operating at a lower density altitude (colder) at the same pressure altitude. Higher mass of air sucked in means more mass is being shot out the back. So the Thrust is higher. • $\begingroup$ Nope, Thermodynamics is what you need to look at. Far, far more complex than you think. In fact the denser air argument is a net negative because the drag effect of thicker air on the airframe will be more significant than having more mass to push on the engine. $\endgroup$ Feb 15 '18 at 7:27 Your Answer
Winglets provide a lift boost that would be useful to a plane of this size. But the An-255 does not have any winglets. Why is it so? • 3 $\begingroup$ Winglets are less efficient than a longer wing - if you cannot increase wingspan then you use winglets (or you use winglets if you want your plane to look "cool" - which is part of marketing) $\endgroup$ – slebetman Jul 8 '19 at 0:38 • 14 $\begingroup$ Because Russian and Ukrainian aerodynamicists prefer pragmatism and don't give a s**t about marketing. $\endgroup$ Jul 8 '19 at 3:57 Winglets are less effective at producing added lift than an equal-length wingspan extension. They are used on airliners when simply enlarging the wing would put the plane into a larger size class, or outside the 80 m "box". A longer wingspan, which the An-225 has (10% over the limit), is better at producing lift. The An-225 is a special purpose cargo aircraft for delivering very large loads such as the Buran space shuttle. It doesn't have to care for commercial airport traffic patterns meant for high-throughput operations - servicing thousands of planes separated into fixed size groups. In its original role the An-225 would operate from airstrips purpose-built for it, and seeing little other traffic. Today, on the rare (or not so rare, but its most public deliveries are to remote destinations) occasion when it has a commercial airport in its itinerary, they can deal with the extra requirements of a somewhat larger plane. Think of it like a wide load truck: they can go outside the 102"+3" limit at the expense of pre-planning the route. It's always a special delivery with these planes. • 8 $\begingroup$ So you're saying winglets aren't to be cooler, they're to fit in airport gates. $\endgroup$ Jul 7 '19 at 21:53 • 10 $\begingroup$ The winglet was a way to improve the wing's efficiency without adding span either because of a dimensional limitation as Therac mentioned, or because you didn't want to add to the wing's bending by extending the tip. A pure winglet stands straight up and all of its lift is horizontal - inboard and slightly forward. You get a net thrust force from the forward component of the lift vector and you get an "outwash", a sideways downwash, that opposes the tip circulation. The circulation has to be strong to make it worth it and only really works on airplanes that cruise "slowly" at high altitude. $\endgroup$ – John K Jul 8 '19 at 4:04 • 4 $\begingroup$ Is it really rare for An-225s to visit commercial airports? I'd have thought they'd do it almost all the time -- where else would one land? Airport terminals care about the exact wingspan of the planes because they have to park next to each other. But cargo planes don't use the passenger terminal. $\endgroup$ Jul 8 '19 at 12:46 • 3 $\begingroup$ Ultimately there is only one AN-225 and it doesn't fly that much (indeed it's not clear at all if it's flying at the moment, the latest evidence I could find with my google searches was from 2018). So even if all it's landings were at commercial airports they would still be a tiny tiny proportion of total landings at those airports. $\endgroup$ Jul 8 '19 at 15:23 • 2 $\begingroup$ @Harper Not only gates, also runways, taxiways etc. $\endgroup$ – yo' Jul 9 '19 at 9:33 Winglets were just beginning flight tests at NASA with a modified KC-135 when the AN-225 was designed. No one at the Antonov Design Bureau could have known at the time the benefits of using them. • 22 $\begingroup$ Winglets have been used on corporate aircraft like the Lear 28 and Gulfstream III since the late 1970’s. The AN-225 first flight was 1988 and could have been designed with winglets, but instead has a large wingspan which eliminates any need for winglets. $\endgroup$ Jul 7 '19 at 17:07 • 12 $\begingroup$ @JuanJimenez The biggest reason to use winglets is to get extra lift or less drag within the same size group. If you don't care how much parking space your plane takes - and if it's the An-225, of which only a few were meant to exist, you don't care - you'll choose more wingspan every time. $\endgroup$ – Therac Jul 8 '19 at 0:49 • 12 $\begingroup$ I like your assumption that NASA are the only organization in the world which knows about aerodynamics :) $\endgroup$ – alephzero Jul 8 '19 at 11:16 • 8 $\begingroup$ The Tu-204 flew for the first time less than a month (2-01-1989) after the first flight of the An-225 (21-12-1988), so the knowledge was very much there, don't you think? $\endgroup$ Jul 8 '19 at 12:28 • 6 $\begingroup$ Well, your answer is speculative regarding what Antonov knew or not, so I guess speculation is on topic? The An-225 development ran 1984-1988, around the same years as the Tu-204 (1985-1989) according to the Russian wikipedia, so they are directly comparable: same tube-and-wings config, same country of origin, built by engineers likely educated on the same source material, etc $\endgroup$ Jul 8 '19 at 13:18 Your Answer
7 Rules to Make Your Dental Check-Up Easier The purpose of a dental check-up goes further than merely getting your teeth cleaned. It is also an opportunity for a dentist to evaluate the patient's mouth and come up with a treatment plan for any issues that may not be known by the patient. Regular visits to the dentist's clinic are an integral part of preventative dental care. Making check-ups easier Here are seven simple things that can be done to make a patient's visit to the dentist a lot easier: 1. Make a list of concerns and questions before the dental check-up Patients often have a hard time remembering all the questions they have during dental visits, so it is best to write them down before appointments. Patients should talk to their dentists about any issues they are experiencing like bleeding gums, tooth pain or sensitivity, sores inside the mouth, habits like teeth grinding, or difficulty brushing and flossing due to a damaged tooth. 2. Provide updates to medical history Patients should also provide any updates to their medical history during dental check-ups. Many health issues can affect a person's oral health like diabetes, and dentists are better equipped to treat their patients when they are fully aware of the health conditions the person is dealing with. The more informed the dentist is, the more likely they will be to recommend the right treatments. 3. Provide lists of medications, supplements, and vitamins being taken Certain medications have side effects like dry mouth, increased blood pressure, or depression which can increase the risk of gum disease and tooth decay. Other medications have a thinning effect on the patient's blood, and that can lead to increased bleeding after dental treatments are performed. When a dentist is aware of the medications a patient takes, proper steps can be made to ensure its side effects does not lead to complications during treatments. 4. Consider low-cost alternatives This option is particularly important for those working with a budget. Finances being tight can lead to dental anxiety since the patient finds that they continuously are worried about being able to afford the necessary treatments. When working with a budget, it is best to communicate that directly with the dentist so that cheaper treatments can be explored. 5. Ask for oral hygiene tips Dentistry is always changing, and some things that were once recommended by dentists are now considered unhealthy. Patients should talk to their dentist about the proper way to take care of their teeth and gums. Part of a dentist's job is to educate patients about their oral health so take advantage of this. 6. Arrive early Showing up for dental appointments on time gives the patient an opportunity to relax and calm down before treatments. That leads to a more pleasant experience since the person does not feel rushed. Patients should make it a habit of arriving at least five minutes before dental appointments. 7. Consider sedation dentistry Those who have a hard time staying relaxed at the dentist's clinic should consider sedation dentistry. This choice involves the use of sedatives to keep patients relaxed during appointments. Let us help find the right option for you Ready for your next check-up? Schedule an appointment with one of our dentists today! Request a dental appointment here: https://cummingsfamilydentist.com or call Cumming's Family Dentist at (770) 280-8723 for an appointment in our Cumming dental office. Recent Posts What You Need To Know About Snoring And Oral Health It is hard to miss the sound of someone snoring next to you, and, surprisingly, it may be caused by a person's oral health. Snoring is bothersome and has adverse effects on relationships. What happens is that during sleep, the muscles in the mouth, tongue and throat collapse, causing partial obstruction of the airway. As… Delaying A Dental Checkup Will Only Make Things Worse If it is time for a dental checkup or you have not had one in the last six months, give us a call. We won't judge you and truly only care about keeping your teeth healthy. Schedule your dental checkup today. Dental CheckupAt Cumming's Family Dentist in Cumming, we work to customize your treatment to match… 7 Signs You Need A Dental Checkup It was inventor Benjamin Franklin who wisely stated, “Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.” This quote applies to almost every field and area of interest, including dentistry. People avoid a dental checkup for a variety of reasons and increase the risk of causing more damage to their teeth. Here are seven… Easy Steps To Prevent Dental Infection For anyone who grinds his or her teeth at night, there are possible options for at-home treatment. Grinding teeth can wear down the tooth enamel and cause jaw pain. Since the teeth grinding occurs at night, it can be difficult for the individual to prevent it without extra assistance. We can determine your specific needs… Recent Posts Metal Crowns Vs Porcelain Dental Crowns Metal Crowns Vs. Porcelain Dental Crowns For patients in need of dental crowns, there are plenty of options available. Two of the most common choices are porcelain crowns and metal crowns (often with a porcelain overlay fused to the metal). Depending on a patient's specific circumstances, one of these crown types may be the preferred option.Metal crowns have the advantage of… Considerations For Denture Relining 5 Considerations For Denture Relining If a denture patient is experiencing sore gums, a denture relining may offer a better fit and more confidence. Dentures can have definite advantages, but only when they fit properly, allowing chewing and speech to be as normal as possible. Relining can help make this possible.There are three main types of relines, each with its…
Counterculture of the 1960s The peace sign (or peace symbol), designed and first used in the UK by the organisation Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, later became associated with elements of the 1960s counterculture.[1][2] DateMid 1960s to mid 1970s OutcomeCultural movements British Invasion Hippie movement Sexual revolution Swinging Sixties Protest movements Anti-nuclear movement Civil rights movement (Anti-racism) Chicano Movement American Indian Movement (Indigenous rights) Asian American movement Nuyorican Movement Free Speech Movement Gay liberation Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Second-wave feminism The counterculture of the 1960s was an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon that developed throughout much of the Western world between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s.[3] The aggregate movement gained momentum as the U.S. Civil Rights Movement continued to grow, and, with the expansion of the American Government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam, would later become revolutionary to some.[4][5][6] As the 1960s progressed, widespread social tensions also developed concerning other issues, and tended to flow along generational lines regarding human sexuality, women's rights, traditional modes of authority, rights of the non-white people, end of the racial segregation regimes based on the idea that defends the racial superiority of the white European race, experimentation with psychoactive drugs, and differing interpretations of the American Dream. Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s.[7] As the era unfolded, what emerged were new cultural forms and a dynamic subculture that celebrated experimentation, modern incarnations of Bohemianism, and the rise of the hippie and other alternative lifestyles. This embrace of creativity is particularly notable in the works of musical acts such as the Beatles and Bob Dylan, as well as of New Hollywood filmmakers, whose works became far less restricted by censorship. Within and across many disciplines, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers helped define the counterculture movement. Everyday fashion experienced a decline of the suit and especially of the wearing of hats; styles based around jeans, for both men and women, became an important fashion movement that has continued up to the present day. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the anti-authoritarian movements of previous eras. The post-World War II baby boom[8][9] generated an unprecedented number of potentially disaffected youth as prospective participants in a rethinking of the direction of the United States and other democratic societies.[10] Post-war affluence allowed much of the counterculture generation to move beyond the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents.[11] The era was also notable in that a significant portion of the array of behaviors and "causes" within the larger movement were quickly assimilated within mainstream society, particularly in the US, even though counterculture participants numbered in the clear minority within their respective national populations.[12][13] In general, the counterculture era commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963; became absorbed into the popular culture with the termination of U.S. combat military involvement in Southeast Asia; and ultimately concluded with the end of the draft in 1973 and the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974. See also: Timeline of 1960s counterculture Post-war geopolitics The Cold War between communist and capitalist states involved espionage and preparation for war between powerful nations,[14][15] along with political and military interference by powerful states in the internal affairs of less powerful nations. Poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with and distrust of, post-war governments.[16] Examples included harsh responses from Soviet Union (USSR) towards popular anti-communist uprisings, such as the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Czechoslovakia's Prague Spring in 1968; and the botched U.S. Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961. In the US, President Dwight D. Eisenhower's initial deception[17] over the nature of the 1960 U-2 incident resulted in the government being caught in a blatant lie at the highest levels, and contributed to a backdrop of growing distrust of authority among many who came of age during the period.[18][19][20] The Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines.[21][22][23] Internal political disagreements concerning treaty obligations in Southeast Asia (SEATO), especially in Vietnam, and debate as to how other communist insurgencies should be challenged, also created a rift of dissent within the establishment.[24][25][26] In the UK, the Profumo affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism.[27] The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech and actions on the part of the Soviet Union.[28][29] The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, and the attendant theories concerning the event, led to further diminished trust in government, including among younger people.[30][31][32] Social issues and calls to action Many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. One was a nonviolent movement in the United States seeking to resolve constitutional civil rights illegalities, especially regarding general racial segregation, longstanding disfranchisement of Black people in the South by white-dominated state government, and ongoing racial discrimination in jobs, housing, and access to public places in both the North and the South. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their basic constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.[33] Many counterculture activists became aware of the plight of the poor, and community organizers fought for the funding of anti-poverty programs, particularly in the South and within inner city areas in the United States.[34][35] Environmentalism grew from a greater understanding of the ongoing damage caused by industrialization, resultant pollution, and the misguided use of chemicals such as pesticides in well-meaning efforts to improve the quality of life for the rapidly growing population.[36] Authors such as Rachel Carson played key roles in developing a new awareness among the global population of the fragility of our planet, despite resistance from elements of the establishment in many countries.[37] The need to address minority rights of women, gay people, the disabled, and many other neglected constituencies within the larger population came to the forefront as an increasing number of primarily younger people broke free from the constraints of 1950s orthodoxy and struggled to create a more inclusive and tolerant social landscape.[38][39] Emergent media New cinema The breakdown of enforcement of the US Hays Code[45] concerning censorship in motion picture production, the use of new forms of artistic expression in European and Asian cinema, and the advent of modern production values heralded a new era of art-house, pornographic, and mainstream film production, distribution, and exhibition. The end of censorship resulted in a complete reformation of the western film industry. With new-found artistic freedom, a generation of exceptionally talented New Wave film makers working across all genres brought realistic depictions of previously prohibited subject matter to neighborhood theater screens for the first time, even as Hollywood film studios were still considered a part of the establishment by some elements of the counterculture. Successful 60s new films of the New Hollywood were Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate, The Wild Bunch, and Peter Fonda's Easy Rider. New radio A family watches television, c. 1958 A family watches television, c. 1958 Changing lifestyles Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era.[48] Early communities such as the Hog Farm, Quarry Hill, and Drop City in the US were established as straightforward agrarian attempts to return to the land and live free of interference from outside influences. As the era progressed, many people established and populated new communities in response to not only disillusionment with standard community forms, but also dissatisfaction with certain elements of the counterculture itself. Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. Emergent middle-class drug culture Law enforcement Anti-war protesters Anti-war protesters Vietnam War Main article: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Western Europe Carnaby Street, London, 1966 Carnaby Street, London, 1966 In the Netherlands, Provo was a counterculture movement that focused on "provocative direct action ('pranks' and 'happenings') to arouse society from political and social indifference".[68][69] In Eastern Europe In Australia Oz number 31 cover Oz number 31 cover The Digger was published monthly between 1972 and 1975 and served as a national outlet for many movements within Australia's counterculture with notable contributors—including second-wave feminists Anne Summers and Helen Garner, Californian cartoonist Ron Cobb's observations during a year-long stay in the country, Aboriginal activist Cheryl Buchanan, radical scientist Alan Roberts on global warming—and ongoing coverage of cultural trailblazers such as the Australian Performing Group (aka Pram Factory), and emerging Australian filmmakers. The Digger was produced by an evolving collective, many of whom had previously produced counterculture newspapers Revolution and High Times, and all three of these magazines were co-founded by publisher/editor Phillip Frazer who launched Australia's legendary pop music paper Go-Set in 1966, when he was himself a teenager. Latin America Main articles: La Onda Chicana, Mexican rock, and La balsa See also: Tlatelolco massacre, Mexico 68, and Tropicália Social and political movements See also: Timeline of 1960s counterculture Ethnic movements Yellow Power activist Richard Aoki at a Black Panther Party rally. Yellow Power activist Richard Aoki at a Black Panther Party rally. Further information: Civil Rights Movement, Chicano Movement, American Indian Movement, Asian American Movement, Nuyorican Movement, and Dialoguero The Civil Rights Movement, a key element of the larger counterculture movement, involved the use of applied nonviolence to assure that equal rights guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution would apply to all citizens. Many states illegally denied many of these rights to African-Americans, and this was partially successfully addressed in the early and mid-1960s in several major nonviolent movements.[80][81] The Chicano Movement of the 1960s, also called the Chicano civil rights movement, was a civil rights movement extending the Mexican-American civil rights movement of the 1960s with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment. The American Indian Movement (or AIM) is a Native American grassroots movement that was founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[82] A.I.M. was initially formed in urban areas to address systemic issues of poverty and police brutality against Native Americans.[83] A.I.M. soon widened its focus from urban issues to include many Indigenous Tribal issues that Native American groups have faced due to settler colonialism of the Americas, such as treaty rights, high rates of unemployment, education, cultural continuity, and preservation of Indigenous cultures.[83][84] The Asian American movement was a sociopolitical movement in which the widespread grassroots effort of Asian Americans affected racial, social and political change in the U.S, reaching its peak in the late 1960s to mid-1970s. During this period Asian Americans promoted antiwar and anti-imperialist activism, directly opposing what was viewed as an unjust Vietnam war. The American Asian Movement (AAM) differs from previous Asian-American activism due to its emphasis on Pan-Asianism and its solidarity with U.S. and international Third World movements. "Its founding principle of coalition politics emphasizes solidarity among Asians of all ethnicities, multiracial solidarity among Asian Americans as well as with African, Latino, and Native Americans in the United States, and transnational solidarity with peoples around the globe impacted by U.S. militarism."[85] The Nuyorican Movement is a cultural and intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists who are Puerto Rican or of Puerto-Rican descent, who live in or near New York City, and either call themselves or are known as Nuyoricans.[86] It originated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in neighborhoods such as Loisaida, East Harlem, Williamsburg, and the South Bronx as a means to validate Puerto Rican experience in the United States, particularly for poor and working-class people who suffered from marginalization, ostracism, and discrimination. Young Cuban exiles in the United States would develop interests in Cuban identity, and politics.[87] This younger generation had experienced the United States during the rising anti-war movement, civil rights movement, and feminist movement of the 1960s, causing them to be influenced by radicals that encouraged political introspection, and social justice. Figures like Fidel Castro and Che Guevara were also heavily praised among American student radicals at the time. These factors helped push some young Cubans into advocating for different degrees of rapprochement with Cuba.[citation needed] Those most likely to become more radical were Cubans who were more culturally isolated from being outside the Cuban enclave of Miami.[88] Free Speech Main article: Free Speech Movement New Left Main article: New Left The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in the Western world. They differed from earlier leftist movements that had been more oriented towards labour activism, and instead adopted social activism. The American "New Left" is associated with college campus mass protests and radical leftist movements. The British "New Left" was an intellectually driven movement that attempted to correct the perceived errors of "Old Left" parties in the post–World War II period. The movements began to wind down in the 1970s, when activists either committed themselves to party projects, developed social justice organizations, moved into identity politics or alternative lifestyles, or became politically inactive.[90][91][92] Herbert Marcuse, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory, was an influential libertarian socialist thinker on the radical student movements of the era[93] and philosopher of the New Left[94] A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred in western nations during the 1960s and 1970s.[97] Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s[98][99][100] and anarchists actively participated in the late 60s students and workers revolts.[101] During the IX Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in Carrara in 1965, a group decided to split off from this organization and created the Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica. In the 70s, it was mostly composed of "veteran individualist anarchists with a pacifism orientation, naturism, etc, ...".[102] In 1968, in Carrara, Italy the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France, the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile.[103][104] During the events of May 68 the anarchist groups active in France were Fédération anarchiste, Mouvement communiste libertaire, Union fédérale des anarchistes, Alliance ouvrière anarchiste, Union des groupes anarchistes communistes, Noir et Rouge, Confédération nationale du travail, Union anarcho-syndicaliste, Organisation révolutionnaire anarchiste, Cahiers socialistes libertaires, À contre-courant, La Révolution prolétarienne, and the publications close to Émile Armand. The New Left in the United States also included anarchist, countercultural and hippie-related radical groups such as the Yippies who were led by Abbie Hoffman, The Diggers[105] and Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers. By late 1966, the Diggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.[106] The Diggers took their name from the original English Diggers led by Gerrard Winstanley[107] and sought to create a mini-society free of money and capitalism.[108] On the other hand, the Yippies employed theatrical gestures, such as advancing a pig ("Pigasus the Immortal") as a candidate for President in 1968, to mock the social status quo.[109] They have been described as a highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian and anarchist[110] youth movement of "symbolic politics".[111] Since they were well known for street theater and politically themed pranks, many of the "old school" political left either ignored or denounced them. According to ABC News, "The group was known for street theater pranks and was once referred to as the 'Groucho Marxists'."[112] Main article: Opposition to the Vietnam War See also: Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization), Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Free Speech Movement, Vietnam Day Committee, National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, and New Zealand's nuclear-free zone In Trafalgar Square, London in 1958,[113] in an act of civil disobedience, 60,000–100,000 protesters made up of students and pacifists converged in what was to become the "ban the Bomb" demonstrations.[114] Main article: History of the anti-nuclear movement See also: Musicians United for Safe Energy A sign pointing to an old fallout shelter in New York City A sign pointing to an old fallout shelter in New York City The application of nuclear technology, both as a source of energy and as an instrument of war, has been controversial.[116][117][118][119][120] Scientists and diplomats have debated the nuclear weapons policy since before the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945.[121] The public became concerned about nuclear weapons testing from about 1954, following extensive nuclear testing in the Pacific. In 1961 and 1962, at the height of the Cold War, about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons.[122][123] In 1963, many countries ratified the Partial Test Ban Treaty which prohibited atmospheric nuclear testing.[124] Some local opposition to nuclear power emerged in the early 1960s,[125] and in the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express their concerns.[126] In the early 1970s, there were large protests about a proposed nuclear power plant in Wyhl, Germany. The project was cancelled in 1975 and anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of Europe and North America.[127] Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s.[128] Main article: Second-wave feminism Free school movement Main article: Free school movement Main article: Environmentalism Main article: National Farmers Organization Gay liberation Main article: Gay liberation Mod subculture Further information: Mod (subculture) Mod is a subculture that began in London and spread throughout Great Britain and elsewhere, eventually influencing fashions and trends in other countries,[130] and continues today on a smaller scale. Focused on music and fashion, the subculture has its roots in a small group of stylish London-based young men in the late 1950s who were termed modernists because they listened to modern jazz.[131] Elements of the mod subculture include fashion (often tailor-made suits); music (including soul, rhythm and blues, ska, jazz, and later splintering off into rock and freakbeat after the peak Mod era); and motor scooters (usually Lambretta or Vespa). The original mod scene was associated with amphetamine-fuelled all-night dancing at clubs.[132] During the early to mid 1960s, as mod grew and spread throughout the UK, certain elements of the mod scene became engaged in well-publicised clashes with members of rival subculture, rockers. The mods and rockers conflict led sociologist Stanley Cohen to use the term "moral panic" in his study about the two youth subcultures,[133] which examined media coverage of the mod and rocker riots in the 1960s.[134] By 1965, conflicts between mods and rockers began to subside and mods increasingly gravitated towards pop art and psychedelia. London became synonymous with fashion, music, and pop culture in these years, a period often referred to as "Swinging London". During this time, mod fashions spread to other countries and became popular in the United States and elsewhere—with mod now viewed less as an isolated subculture, but emblematic of the larger youth culture of the era. Further information: History of the hippie movement After the January 14, 1967, Human Be-In in San Francisco organized by artist Michael Bowen, the media's attention on culture was fully activated.[135] In 1967, Scott McKenzie's rendition of the song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" brought as many as 100,000 young people from all over the world to celebrate San Francisco's "Summer of Love". While the song had originally been written by John Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas to promote the June 1967 Monterey Pop Festival, it became an instant hit worldwide (#4 in the United States, #1 in Europe) and quickly transcended its original purpose. Marijuana, LSD, and other recreational drugs See also: History of LSD During the 1960s, this second group of casual lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) users evolved and expanded into a subculture that extolled the mystical and religious symbolism often engendered by the drug's powerful effects, and advocated its use as a method of raising consciousness. The personalities associated with the subculture, gurus such as Timothy Leary and psychedelic rock musicians such as the Grateful Dead, Pink Floyd, Jimi Hendrix, the Byrds, Janis Joplin, the Doors, and the Beatles, soon attracted a great deal of publicity, generating further interest in LSD. The popularization of LSD outside of the medical world was hastened when individuals such as Ken Kesey participated in drug trials and liked what they saw. Tom Wolfe wrote a widely read account of these early days of LSD's entrance into the non-academic world in his book The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test, which documented the cross-country, acid-fueled voyage of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters on the psychedelic bus Furthur and the Pranksters' later "Acid Test" LSD parties. In 1965, Sandoz laboratories stopped its still legal shipments of LSD to the United States for research and psychiatric use, after a request from the US government concerned about its use. By April 1966, LSD use had become so widespread that Time magazine warned about its dangers.[138] In December 1966, the exploitation film Hallucination Generation was released.[139] This was followed by The Trip in 1967 and Psych-Out in 1968. Psychedelic research and experimentation Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters helped shape the developing character of the 1960s counterculture when they embarked on a cross-country voyage during the summer of 1964 in a psychedelic school bus named Furthur. Beginning in 1959, Kesey had volunteered as a research subject for medical trials financed by the CIA's MK ULTRA project. These trials tested the effects of LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and other psychedelic drugs. After the medical trials, Kesey continued experimenting on his own, and involved many close friends; collectively they became known as the "Merry Pranksters". The Pranksters visited Harvard LSD proponent Timothy Leary at his Millbrook, New York, retreat, and experimentation with LSD and other psychedelic drugs, primarily as a means for internal reflection and personal growth, became a constant during the Prankster trip. Other psychedelics Sexual revolution Main article: Sexual revolution The sexual revolution (also known as a time of "sexual liberation") was a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships throughout the Western world from the 1960s to the 1980s. Contraception and the pill, public nudity, the normalization of premarital sex, homosexuality and alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.[144][145] Alternative media Main article: Alternative media Alternative disc sports (Frisbee) See also: Flying disc games Frisbee and alternative 1960s disc sports icon Ken Westerfield Frisbee and alternative 1960s disc sports icon Ken Westerfield As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternatives. The forms of escape and resistance manifest in many ways including social activism, alternative lifestyles, dress, music and alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a Frisbee. From hippies tossing the Frisbee at festivals and concerts came today's popular disc sports.[146][147] Disc sports such as disc freestyle, double disc court, disc guts, Ultimate and disc golf became this sport's first events.[148][149] Avant-garde art and anti-art See also: Happening In the 1960s, the Dada-influenced art group Black Mask declared that revolutionary art should be "an integral part of life, as in primitive society, and not an appendage to wealth."[150] Black Mask disrupted cultural events in New York by giving made up flyers of art events to the homeless with the lure of free drinks.[151] After, the Motherfuckers grew out of a combination of Black Mask and another group called Angry Arts. Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers (often referred to as simply "the Motherfuckers", or UAW/MF) was an anarchist affinity group based in New York City. Main articles: Music history of the United States in the 1960s, 1960s in music, and Album era - Carlos Santana[152] Bob Dylan's early career as a protest singer had been inspired by his hero Woody Guthrie,[153]: 25 and his iconic lyrics and protest anthems helped propel the Folk Revival of the 60's, which was arguably the first major sub-movement of the Counterculture. Although Dylan was first popular for his protest music. the song Mr. Tambourine Man saw a stylistic shift in Dylan's work, from topical to abstract and imaginative, included some of the first uses of surrealistic imagery in popular music and has been viewed as a call to drugs such as LSD. The 1960s was also an era of rock festivals, which played an important role in spreading the counterculture across the US.[157] The Monterey Pop Festival, which launched Hendrix's career in the US, was one of the first of these festivals.[158] The 1969 Woodstock Festival in New York state became a symbol of the movement,[159] although the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival drew a larger crowd.[153]: 58 Some believe the era came to an abrupt end with the infamous Altamont Free Concert held by the Rolling Stones, in which heavy-handed security from the Hells Angels resulted in the stabbing of an audience member, apparently in self-defense, as the show descended into chaos.[160] The Doors performing for Danish television in 1968 The Doors performing for Danish television in 1968 AllMusic Guide states that "until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate".[161] The term, "jazz-rock" (or "jazz/rock") is often used as a synonym for the term "jazz fusion". However, some make a distinction between the two terms. The Free Spirits have sometimes been cited as the earliest jazz-rock band.[162] During the late 1960s, at the same time that jazz musicians were experimenting with rock rhythms and electric instruments, rock groups such as Cream and the Grateful Dead were "beginning to incorporate elements of jazz into their music" by "experimenting with extended free-form improvisation". Other "groups such as Blood, Sweat & Tears directly borrowed harmonic, melodic, rhythmic and instrumentational elements from the jazz tradition".[163] The rock groups that drew on jazz ideas (like Soft Machine, Colosseum, Caravan, Nucleus, Chicago, Spirit and Frank Zappa) turned the blend of the two styles with electric instruments.[164] Since rock often emphasized directness and simplicity over virtuosity, jazz-rock generally grew out of the most artistically ambitious rock subgenres of the late 1960s and early 70s: psychedelia, progressive rock, and the singer-songwriter movement.[165] Miles Davis' Bitches Brew sessions, recorded in August 1969 and released the following year, mostly abandoned jazz's usual swing beat in favor of a rock-style backbeat anchored by electric bass grooves. The recording "mixed free jazz blowing by a large ensemble with electronic keyboards and guitar, plus a dense mix of percussion."[166] Davis also drew on the rock influence by playing his trumpet through electronic effects and pedals. While the album gave Davis a gold record, the use of electric instruments and rock beats created a great deal of consternation amongst some more conservative jazz critics. Main article: 1960s in film (See also: List of films related to the hippie subculture) The counterculture was not only affected by cinema, but was also instrumental in the provision of era-relevant content and talent for the film industry. Bonnie and Clyde struck a chord with the youth as "the alienation of the young in the 1960s was comparable to the director's image of the 1930s."[167] Films of this time also focused on the changes happening in the world. A sign of this was the visibility that the hippie subculture gained in various mainstream and underground media. Hippie exploitation films are 1960s exploitation films about the hippie counterculture[168] with stereotypical situations associated with the movement such as marijuana and LSD use, sex and wild psychedelic parties. Examples include The Love-ins, Psych-Out, The Trip, and Wild in the Streets. The musical play Hair shocked stage audiences with full-frontal nudity. Dennis Hopper's "Road Trip" adventure Easy Rider (1969) became accepted as one of the landmark films of the era.[169] Medium Cool portrayed the 1968 Democratic Convention alongside the 1968 Chicago police riots.[170] Inaugurated by the 1969 release of Andy Warhol's Blue Movie, the phenomenon of adult erotic films being publicly discussed by celebrities (like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope),[171] and taken seriously by critics (like Roger Ebert),[172][173] a development referred to, by Ralph Blumenthal of The New York Times, as "porno chic", and later known as the Golden Age of Porn, began, for the first time, in modern American culture.[171][174][175] According to award-winning author Toni Bentley, Radley Metzger's 1976 film The Opening of Misty Beethoven, based on the play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw (and its derivative, My Fair Lady), is considered the "crown jewel" of this 'Golden Age'.[176][177] External video video icon Counterculture technology prodigy and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs' 2005 Commencement Address at Stanford University on YouTube Religion, spirituality and the occult See also: New age Criticism and legacy The lasting impact (including unintended consequences), creative output, and general legacy of the counterculture era continue to be actively discussed, debated, despised and celebrated. External video video icon 2014: 1960s-Era Counterculture University professors and authors Alice Echols and David Farber discuss the content and legacy of the counterculture on C-SPAN. External video External video External video video icon 2009: Peter Coyote on the legacy of the counterculture (excerpt) on YouTube The 1990 Oscar-nominated documentary film Berkeley in the Sixties[205][206][207] highlighted what Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly noted: The film doesn't shrink from saying that many of the '60s social-protest movements went too far. It demonstrates that by the end of the decade, protest had become a narcotic in itself.[208] In popular culture Films like Return of the Secaucus 7 and The Big Chill[209] tackled life of the idealistic Boomers from the countercultural 60s to their older selfs in the 80s alongside the TV series thirtysomething.[210] That generation's nostalgia for said decade was also criticized as well.[211][212] Panos Cosmatos, director of the 2010 film Beyond the Black Rainbow, admits a dislike for Baby Boomers' New Age spiritual ideals, an issue he addresses in his film. The use of psychedelic drugs for mind-expansion purposes is also explored,[213] although Cosmatos' take on it is "dark and disturbing", a "brand of psychedelia that stands in direct opposition to the flower child, magic mushroom peace trip" wrote a reviewer describing one of the characters who happened to be a Boomer:[214] I look at Arboria as kind of naïve. He had the best of intentions of wanting to expand human consciousness, but I think his ego got in the way of that and ultimately it turned into a poisonous, destructive thing. Because Arboria is trying to control consciousness and control the mind. There is a moment of truth in the film where the whole thing starts to disintegrate because it stops being about their humanity and becomes about an unattainable goal. That is the "Black Rainbow": trying to achieve some kind of unattainable state that is ultimately, probably destructive.[215] Key figures Jerry Rubin, University at Buffalo, March 10, 1970 Jerry Rubin, University at Buffalo, March 10, 1970 See also 3. ^ "Where Have All the Rebels Gone?" Ep. 125 of Assignment America. Buffalo, NY: WNET. 1975. (Transcript available via American Archive of Public Broadcasting.) 7. ^ "Counterculture." POLSC301. Saylor Academy. 10. ^ Churney, Linda (1979). "Student Protest in the 1960s". Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute: Curriculum Unit 79.02.03. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2014. This unit focuses on student protest in the 60s 12. ^ Rubin, Joan Shelley, and Scott E. Casper (March 14, 2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History. Oxford University Press. pp. 264–. ISBN 978-0-19-976435-8.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 18. ^ Frum, David. 2000. How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-465-04195-4 23. ^ "Of Treaties & Togas". Time. August 30, 1963. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2009. 26. ^ Kennan, George F. 1951. American Diplomacy, 1900–1950, (Charles R. Walgreen Foundation Lectures). New York: Mentor Books. pp. 82–89. 29. ^ Dobbs, Michael. "Cuban Missile Crisis". Times Topics. The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2014. (JFK's) first reaction on hearing the news from National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy was to accuse the Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev of a double-cross 38. ^ Skrentny, John. 2002. The Minority Rights Revolution. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00899-1. 39. ^ Editors of the New York Times (December 11, 1994). "In Praise of the Counterculture". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2014.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) 40. ^ "American Experience \| The Pill". Retrieved June 9, 2009. 45. ^ Mondello, Bob (August 8, 2008). "Remembering Hollywood's Hays Code, 40 Years On". Retrieved April 18, 2014. It took just two years ... for Midnight Cowboy to be re-rated from X to R, without a single frame being altered. Community standards had changed — as they invariably do 57. ^ Kifner, John (April 28, 2008). "Columbia's Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2014. 71. ^ Keith Richards: The Biography, by Victor Bockris 72. ^ Joseph H. Berke (1969). Counter culture. Owen. ISBN 9780720614039. 82. ^ Davey, Katie Jean. "LibGuides: American Indian Movement (AIM): Overview". Retrieved May 7, 2019. 83. ^ a b Churchill, Ward (1990). The Cointel Pro Papers. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. p. 253. ISBN 2002106479. 84. ^ Matthiessen, Peter (1980). In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. New York: The Viking Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-670-39702-4. 85. ^ Maeda, Daryl Joji (June 9, 2016). "The Asian American Movement". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.21. ISBN 9780199329175. 86. ^ Allatson, Paul (2007). Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies. Wiley. ISBN 978-1405102506. 87. ^ de los Angeles Torres, Maria (November 22, 1999). In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States. University of Michigan Press. pp. 88–91. 88. ^ Arboleya, Jesus (2000). The Cuban Counterrevolution. Ohio Center for International Studies. pp. 162–163. 93. ^ "During the 1960s, Marcuse achieved world renown as 'the guru of the New Left,' publishing many articles and giving lectures and advice to student radicals all over the world. He travelled widely and his work was often discussed in the mass media, becoming one of the few American intellectuals to gain such attention. Never surrendering his revolutionary vision and commitments, Marcuse continued to his death to defend the Marxian theory and libertarian socialism." Douglas Kellner "Marcuse, Herbert" Archived February 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine 94. ^ Douglas Kellner Herbert arcuse 96. ^ The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy. Retrieved on December 28, 2011. 97. ^ Thomas 1985, p. 4 106. ^ Lytle 2006, pp. 213, 215. 116. ^ "Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con". The New York Times. February 25, 2012. 129. ^ "The Counterculture of the 1960s". Retrieved June 13, 2017. 130. ^ Grossman, Henry; Spencer, Terrance; Saton, Ernest (May 13, 1966). "Revolution in Men's Clothes: Mod Fashions from Britain are Making a Smash in the U.S." Life. pp. 82–88. 131. ^ Oonagh Jaquest (May 2003). "Jeff Noon on The Modernists". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2008. 132. ^ Dr. Andrew Wilson (2008). "Mixing the Medicine: The Unintended Consequence of Amphetamine Control on the Northern Soul Scene" (PDF). Internet Journal of Criminology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2008. 133. ^ Cohen, Stanley (2002). Folk devils and moral panics: the creation of the Mods and Rockers. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415267120. 134. ^ British Film Commission (BFC) (PDF), Film Education, archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2008 138. ^ "Drugs: The Dangers of LSD". Time. April 22, 1966. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2010. 139. ^ Hallucination Generation at IMDb 144. ^ Germaine Greer and The Female Eunuch 145. ^ "Abc-Clio". Retrieved November 5, 2011. 152. ^ Carlos Santana: I'm Immortal interview by Punto Digital, October 13, 2010 154. ^ Gilliland 1969, show 37. 155. ^ "1) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". Rolling Stone. November 1, 2003. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved June 9, 2009. 158. ^ Monterey Pop (1968)\|The Criterion Collection 159. ^ Kilgannon, Corey (March 17, 2009). "3 Days of Peace and Music, 40 Years Later". The New York Times. 160. ^ Gimme Shelter (1970). The Criterion Collection. 161. ^ Fusion Music Genre Overview\|AllMusic 162. ^ Unterberger 1998, pg. 329 165. ^ Singer/Songwriter Music Genre Overview\|AllMusic 170. ^ Medium Cool (1969)\|The Criterion Collection 175. ^ Porno Chic ( 181. ^ Hutton 1999, p. vii. 184. ^ The Hippie Trip, Lewis Yablonsky, p. 298 187. ^ Stephen Gaskin (2005). Monday Night Class. ISBN 9781570671814. 189. ^ Greenfield, Robert (2006). Timothy Leary: A Biography. p. 641. ISBN 9780151005000. Retrieved October 11, 2013. 195. ^ Jarecki, Eugene (2011). "American Idol - Reagan". YouTube. BBC Four. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2014. 199. ^ Leland, John (March 23, 2003). "A Movement, Yes, but No Counterculture". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014. 201. ^ Rolland-Diamond, Caroline (2016). "Another Side of the Sixties: Festive Practices on College Campuses and the Making of a Conservative Youth Movement". Revue Française d'Études Américaines. 1 (146): 39–53. doi:10.3917/rfea.146.0039. Retrieved October 24, 2016 – via 203. ^ Kitchell, 1990 204. ^ Selvin, Joel (May 23, 2007). "Summer of Love: 40 Years Later". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 23, 2014. 205. ^ Documentary Winners: 1991 Oscars 206. ^ 1991\| 207. ^ Berkeley In the Sixties\|POV\|PBS 208. ^ "Berkeley in the Sixties". Entertainment Weekly. November 30, 1990. Retrieved May 19, 2020. 209. ^ Lingan, John (August 30, 2010). "Take Two-3: Return of the Secaucus 7". Slant Magazine. Brooklyn. Retrieved August 18, 2013. 210. ^ Emmanuel, Susan. "Thirtysomething". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved May 8, 2008. 211. ^ Dullea, Georgia (April 30, 1989). "Life Style; Sick of the 60's, 3 Men Of the 80's Try to Give Nostalgia a Bad Name". The New York Times. 212. ^ Dullea, Georgia (June 4, 1989). "3 Men of the '80s Say No to Nostalgia". Orlando Sentinel. 213. ^ Marsh, James (September 25, 2011). "Fantastic Fest 2011: Beyond the Black Rainbow Review". Film School Rejects. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2013. 214. ^ Beggs, Scott (November 9, 2011). "Fantastic Review: 'Beyond The Black Rainbow' is the Best Example of Whatever The Hell It Is". twitch. Retrieved April 14, 2013. 215. ^ Reid, Joseph (May 12, 2011). "Panos Cosmatos "Beyond the Black Rainbow"". COOL -Creator's Infinite Links-. Retrieved April 14, 2013. Works cited Further reading
Many developing countries implement programs and policies to increase or maintain soil fertility, with the objectives of increased crop yields and decreased poverty. However, few countries give emphasis to the biological management of soil fertility (BMSF) compared to more traditional approaches. Ethiopia emphasizes the use synthetic fertilizers to increase food security and reduce poverty, with little attention to BMSF. This paper examines the long term fertilizer consumption and agricultural productivity response trend and discusses the potential for BMSF to promote agricultural productivity and reduce poverty in Ethiopia. The paper also discusses the Economics and Policy Context for BMSF for the well functioning of the ecosystem. To do so, we used long-term fertilizer consumption and crop productivity national data as well as data from several studies carried in Amhara Region near Bahir Dar. The methods include analysis of soil chemical properties for various land uses (crops, pastures, and forest) household surveys, focus group discussions and a review of pertinent literature. Aggregate data indicate increasing fertilizer use but stagnant crop yields. The lowest carbon and nitrogen levels in soil are for crop land, followed by grassland and forest. Continuous cultivation, removing crop residue and using cow dung for cooking rather than fertilization probably are responsible for the low values on cropland. At 1.49 percent threshold of carbon content, crop yields cannot be optimized through use of synthetic fertilizer alone. The household survey and focus group discussions suggest that farmers use of synthetic fertilizer to be minimal due to many and complicated factors. Surveys also indicated that all productive land in surveyed watershed was under cultivation, limiting the potential to increase crop production through expanding cultivated area. Thus, technologies and practices to increase yield per ha are needed. BMSF should be investigated further for its potential to increase agricultural production in Ethiopia, to reduce poverty and to achieve food security. Agribusiness \| Agricultural and Resource Economics \| Business Number of Pages URL: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/agb_fac/66
Speech, language, and communication \| Education homework help Speech and language develop together, allowing children to acquire adequate communication skills. If either or both of these skills are delayed, communication becomes difficult and the child cannot make their needs known. How can this delay affect other areas of development, such as social, academic, and emotional areas? Based on your experience and the readings, what impact do think this has on a child’s classroom performance?
The Democrat meeting was short and started a little late. Even though I am a conservative, I enjoyed this meeting. Everyone voiced their thoughts openly, no one was criticized or put down. After the meeting there was a discussion on the Constitution. Even though I disagreed with some of their ideas, I was able to understand why they felt the way they did. Sam Hanson made a comparison of sitting in a new car with the manual for a Model T. We have many documents that can seem to have out lived their usefulness, but this is not true. We need to go back and study them again. Everyone should have a Constitution and learn why it was written. The founding fathers had good reasons for everything. This took years to write, with much thought. What does the Second Amendment say? The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” There is much debate as to what this amendment means, due to its confusing wording. Some people believe that the Second Amendment protects the rights of individual citizens to possess firearms, meaning that it would be unconstitutional for Congress to restrict this right in any way. However, there is also the states’ rights theory, which suggests that this amendment merely restricts Congress from passing any laws that would limit a state’s ability to defend itself, i.e. to have an armed militia. In the case of United States v. Miller in 1939, the U.S. Supreme Court basically ruled that the amendment only applied to firearms that have “some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well-regulated militia….” This ruling stood for nearly 70 years, until the Supreme Court reversed the decision in the case of The District of Columbia v. Heller. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment protected an individual’s rights to own firearms that are not connected to any military service. They also ruled that a firearm can be used for any lawful purpose, such as for use in self-defense in an individual’s own home. GOP meeting was a horse of another color. Passions were running high. It was one sided and some people’s opinions were put down. We were glad to hear the Bylaws committee was on the ball and making progress. Getting a jump on next years fair was good, now don’t drop the ball. The report on voter fraud was very interesting, but they only had accusations and no proof, no statements from citizens or candidates. The web site to get the information provided … This group had 22 months from the primary election in 2014 to get the records opened. Why now? Why do they not have the money? How much support do they really have? Always too many questions. There are two things I have noticed in White Pine County 1. People vote against someone not for someone. So if you are a new name on the list, you will get votes. 2. There is a lack of interest or knowledge when it comes to voting. The voter is not informed and some prefer not to know. I did take the time in the last month to ask people if they voted for Mike Monroe. You would be surprised how many did. Mostly, they did not know anyone of the four and voted for the easy name. I would like to suggest to the local GOP to be responsible for letting voters know who the candidates are. This should be done in the newspaper or on the radio. I am glad only 4 people are going to peruse this action and do not feel the money should be spent. Bruce Setterstrom did express his thoughts with his no votes. If I were able to vote it would be a no vote. Are the other counties giving money for this? The meeting got out of control and chairman Mike Coster did bring it back. All factions got along after the meeting, and went home happy.
A Happy and Healthy New Year Did you make a resolution to begin a new diet or exercise program this year? If so, congratulations! Research shows that people who make a resolution are more likely to achieve their goals than people who don’t explicitly make resolutions. If you have made it this far, you are part of the 15% who reach the one-week hurdle, and you are well on your way to being one of the 52% who are going strong after one month. Improving your diet and fitness are important lifestyle changes that can pay huge health dividends. But if you take medication for a chronic condition such as heart disease, diabetes or depression, speak with your physician first to make sure your new diet or fitness program is safe for you. Diet and Medications There are so many diets out there all claiming to help you lose weight fast. While some of these diets can help jump-start weight loss, a diet that excludes certain foods or focuses only on one food group is not a sustainable solution and could interfere with the medications you use. For example, grapefruit or grapefruit juice can cause severe interactions with several medications, including some cholesterol, blood pressure and antidepressant medications. Take caution before changing your diet. Read: Are the supplements you’re taking helping or harming your health? To know for sure, just ask your pharmacist Also, dark, leafy greens are great for your immune and digestive systems, and are a rich source of vitamins —particularly vitamin K. However, too much vitamin K can interfere with blood thinning medications, such as Coumadin (Warfarin). Patients using a medication like this may want to avoid changing the amount of leafy greens (adding or deleting) in their daily diet. Instead of starting a “diet,” consider making lasting, healthy changes to your nutrition. Reduce portion sizes and limit high-calorie, high-sugar and high-fat foods. Eat well-balanced meals following Health Canada’s recommendations for fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy and protein. Fitness and Medications Ever wonder why your doctor makes you step on the scale before each physical? It’s not to embarrass you. Doctors need to know your weight so they can prescribe the proper dose of medication. Therefore, it’s important to inform your doctor and your pharmacist about any significant weight fluctuations since you last filled your prescription. And if you started a new fitness program or joined a gym, it’s a good idea to talk to your doctor about your new workout to make sure it’s not too strenuous. The best way to stay on track with healthy lifestyle changes is to plan for success, and a quick phone call to your doctor or pharmacist can give you important information about changing your diet or starting a fitness routine. Those few minutes can help prevent obstacles to reaching your health goals and keep you on the right path to a lasting healthy lifestyle. Happy New Year!
What They Got Right: Science in Media \| \| , , , , , When it comes to writing, or directing, or game development, reality can kind of… get in the way. It’s easier to just assume people won’t really realize that some things work certain ways. Sometimes these are big plot points, or a throwaway line; no matter what, someone usually notices it. But there are enough people pointing and laughing at the scientific inaccuracies in movies. I thought I’d try to highlight some that get it right. That took some time to put certain accurate and real details into their work. Halo: The Halo Array: Space Gravity In the Halo games, there is very little time dedicated to explaining why things are the way they are. Ships travel via “slipspace”, plasma weapons are commonplace (though alien), and nobody seems to wonder why the people are sticking to the spaceship’s floor in deep space. (These issues are discussed in the expanded universe books, but not in the games.) But one thing that definitely would work, even without an explanation or retcon later in the expanded universe, is the design of the eponymous space station, the Halo Array. The Halo Array is a superweapon designed by a long-dead civilization as a last resort against the Flood, a parasitic life form that feeds on intelligent life. Halo kills anything that the flood might feed on, starving the parasite. The Halo ring design was inspired by the Niven Ring, but is much smaller, 10000km compared to Niven’s 150,000,000 km (as big as Earth’s orbit around the sun). Niven’s Ring is so large that there are no known, or even hypothesised materials that could withstand the stresses involved. It would simply tear itself apart just by existing. Halo, on the other hand, is much smaller. Not only do we already know of material strong enough, we could do it with fairly garden variety steels. So we can build it, at least physically speaking. It would be the engineering project of the century, and would require as much material as the entire asteroid belt, but we can do it. So what about gravity? It’s not a planet, so what’s keeping people stuck to the surface? Space magic, like the ships? No magic, just physics. Halo generates artificial gravity by having the “surface” of the ring on the inside and spinning to create a downward “force” pushing you away from the center of the ring. The faster you spin the stronger the force is. This is called centrifugal force. It’s not really a force, it’s more of a function of perspective to angular velocity, but that’s neither here nor there. You stick to the ring, that’s what’s important. Halo’s design is oddly realistic, and feasible. It would not surprise me, if I were to jump into the future, to see Halo-esque space stations allowing humanity to populate the solar-system. Battletech (2019): The Argo – More space gravity Battletech (2019) is a video game adaptation of a tactical turn-based tabletop game of the same name. Set in the far future. Human society has been fractured into a number of different nations led by noble houses. Sci-fi feudalism powered by the use of giant, 15-100 tonne walking tanks called Battlemechs. (if you’re into turn-based tactical games I recommend it). You play as the leader of an enterprising group of mercenaries. Guns for hire in a galaxy with no shortage of conflict in need of big ‘mech diplomacy. Your mercenary Company’s home base is the Argo, an interstellar ship of mysterious origins. The Argo is an excellent example of a futuristic spaceship that uses scientific principles in its design. Humans experience muscle atrophy and loss in bone density while in microgravity for extended periods of time. To avoid this, some form of artificial gravity is needed, to stimulate bone growth and retain muscles. The Argo accomplishes this by using two main mechanisms. The first is acceleration, and the second is centrifugal force, just like the Halo Array. When Einstein was thinking about special relativity, he thought of a man in a box, falling freely through space. In this state, he would seem weightless, he would be falling at the same rate as the box around him, so it would seem to cancel out. But if a powerful being were to pull on the box with a constant force, it would appear to the man that he were in a gravitational field. The floor of the box would push up against him in a similar way to the effects of true gravity. This is how the Argo supplies artificial gravity to the ship while it’s moving. Its engines can accelerate at a constant rate (up to 2g – about 20m/s².) So the Argo would accelerate half the journey, then flip halfway and fire the engines to decelerate. Which the devs thought of, as the cutscenes for arriving at new planets show the Argo coming in engines first. In-Game, the Argo was designed as a “mobile space station” so it spends a lot of time in orbit around planets. You can’t use acceleration for artificial gravity in orbit, because, well, you want to stay in orbit. The Argo’s got you covered. Three habitation pods that are folded back fan out and spins to create centrifugal force, much like the Halo ring. One difference between Halo and the Argo is that the habitation pods are situated vertically relative to the center of rotation, so different floors get different amounts of “gravity”. In the levels further out, you would feel heavier than in those closer in, a fact mentioned in one of the upgrades. In which you add a pool to one of the lower levels of the pods, making a low G swimming pool. (Which would be SO cool). Oxygen Not Included: City planning is hard oxygen not included Have you ever looked at a design, for a building, or a city block, or some bit of city infrastructure, and thought to yourself. “Why’d those idiots do it like that? I could do a better job!” Well here is your chance! Oxygen not included is a base building/survival game from Klei Entertainment, in which you guide a handful of whimsically named clones in their bid to create a colony inside one of a variety of underground environments. To succeed, you need all of the normal things for your little colony: food, water, power, oxygen (which, funnily enough, doesn’t come included), as well as heat, storage, sanitation, and emotional needs all have to be tended to as well. The electricity isn’t as simple as building a generator and pulling all your electricals into it. Wires have a maximum load capacity, and if you go over it, they short out and your grid crashes. You need to distribute your grid properly to keep everything running, and have transformers to step power up and down. If you don’t plan ahead, your system is gonna be a mess. Underground bases don’t vent heat very well, you can’t just open a window. So you need to find a way to deal with it. There are a lot of heat sources, most electronics, compost, generators, lights, heaters, of course, if you’ve built them. All this heat has to go somewhere, or your citizens are going to sweat to death. You can even spawn your base next to natural heat sources, like volcanos, or steam vents, which will only add to the problem. Gas flow and CO2 levels are important. There’s an impressive fluid dynamics simulator as part of the game, which means you can make all the O2 you need, but if you put it all in one place, or build too far away from your O2 farms without ventilation, then you’re gonna have a bad time. Water can be scarce, especially drinkable water. Dirty water can be reused, but it’s full of germs and can get your duplicants sick. Saltwater can be treated, but that requires power, and of course, a saltwater source. On top of all this you need to try and keep your duplicants stress free as possible, which includes having decorations, activities, and other places for them to destress after work. And I haven’t even mentioned growing/ranching food. Oxygen Not Included does a lot of things right when it comes to making a complicated, but still slightly simplified, version of reality to play in. Between the different mechanics you need to succeed and the fluid simulations. But I think its greatest strength is showing you exactly how good you would be as a city planner. (which is to say, not very.) Deus Ex: Augmentations This is the odd topic out on the list. Whereas the others have been about taking some kind of observation from reality and adding to a project, this one is the opposite. When Deus Ex, a popular Sci-fi cyberpunk game franchise from 2000-2016, about the social and technical implication of cybernetic “augmentations” was written, I doubt that anyone in the development team actually thought that they would see anything like them in the real world. science of deus ex Because who doesn’t want minigun arms? But they didn’t count on Elon Musk, who probably looked at the game and went- Neuralink was born, and has been the constant reminder that we are living in the future ever since. Neuralink is a California-based company with the goal of creating an accurate, safe, and reliable read/write device implanted into a human nervous system. This means it will be able to see and interpret your brain activity and output a digital signal, and will be able to stimulate the parts of your brain it’s attached to. What could go wrong? In all seriousness, what Neuralink wants to achieve in the long term would put us directly in line with some of the technology of Deus Ex: telepathy, cybernetic enhancements, radical improvement of life for millions with debilitating neurological conditions. But what does Neuralink want to do in the short term? The first “low hanging fruit” Neuralink wants to target is restoring functionality to paralysed individuals. People with traumatic spinal cord injuries would be able to have a Neuralink device implanted in their brains, and another just BELOW the injury on their spine. This would act as a kind of neural shunt, directly transmitting the information from the brain to the spine, bypassing the damage to the spine. This could hopefully work with both tetrapelegics, and paraplegics. Those with even more advanced paralysis could be fitted with a Neuralink device that could help them function, allowing them to speak through a computer, or by controlling robotic arms. It could help make life worth living for people with severe paralysis. Which will have to be enough until we can get it to run inside our minds. Xcom: The Long War We like to think of ourselves as the heroes in our own stories. When we see a hero on TV or in a movie, we like to think that we are the same. That the things they’re doing are the things we would do. We don’t like to think of ourselves as ordinary, we would stand out from the unwashed masses. When the chips were down, we would be extraordinary. Wouldn’t we? Xcom: The Long War, is a turn-based tactics game that is actually a mod of Xcom: Enemy Within, which has the player lead humanity’s last line of defense against an alien invasion. The authors of the mod were playing Xcom and thought to themselves, “Y’know, I am not stressed, or terrified while playing this, let’s fix that.” So they made over 700 changes to the game, generally making it more difficult and punishing. Instead of a noble group of international soldiers standing against the invading xeno scum, you’re a frantic, overworked, terrified slapdash force that’s stretched too thin and always seems one bad day from utter collapse. You’re sent on some missions that you can’t hope to succeed, against vastly more powerful, technologically advanced enemies. The stress of combat wears on your soldiers, and even if they’re not injured, they need downtime between missions. Which means you need a large pool of soldiers to draw from. As opposed to vanilla, you can use the same soldiers over and over again if they’re not injured. In both versions of the game, your soldiers’ morale can break, especially in the early game. But with the Long War’s ramped up difficulty, it is much more common for your soldiers to panic when a mission goes sideways. Panicked soldiers will do any number of things, doing nothing, running out of cover, or even shooting your own allies. This can feel… punishing, sometimes, to say the least. xcom long war Long War Mission Beginning But that’s part of the game, it is balanced for this in mind, when you lose your soldiers, and you will lose soldiers, it isn’t the end of your mission, you can move on. Long War Mission End And that is what I think the Long War does right, if you want to see how well you would last as a fresh recruit in a crazy alien invasion. Get the Long War, put Ironman on (no save/reloading), and name a soldier after yourself. I think you’ll find it’s pretty accurate to how long you last in war with little experience and no plot armour. Final Thoughts So that was my list of things they get right. Not all of these were science, but I think they’re all important things to get right. Just some of these are key parts of the experience, others are incidental things that make my little gamer heart warm up inside. They’re all worth mentioning, they’re all worth appreciating. One of the hardest things about writing is not figuring out what to put on the page, it’s figuring out what should be there. And when creators follow unexpected or non-intuitive truths of the universe, it lends itself to more interesting and more engaging solutions to those problems. Which ends up with a much better story. If you enjoyed this article, and want to see some more things that people got right, you might enjoy this video we made on our Youtube channel. Would A Nintendo Switch Pro Be Redundant? Should You try Fortnite Again in 2021? 1 thought on “What They Got Right: Science in Media” Leave a Comment
New Data Source from USDA Risk Management Agency Provides Early Read on US Crop Losses Floods, droughts, derechos, and other environmental events pose risks to crop production across the US. Gro’s newly launched data source, the USDA’s Risk Management Agency (RMA) Cause of Loss report, gives detailed, district-level insight into where and why crops were damaged or lost as recorded by crop insurance adjusters. RMA cause of loss data gives Gro users insight into: - Indemnified crop acres due to specific environmental events that resulted in crop losses - Total premiums paid for crops associated with specific environmental events - Indemnities paid out to producers following events - Government insurance liabilities associated with crop losses This RMA data set updates weekly, providing Gro users a ground truthed look into crop conditions and losses that occur each month. The RMA data in Gro currently covers corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and sugar beets. More crops will be added in the future. With this new data Gro users can incorporate climate events and data into actuarial analyses for major crops grown in the US. For example, on August 10th, 2020, a derecho storm system formed in southeastern South Dakota and swept east across central Iowa and northern Illinois. Iowa took the brunt of the damage; 80-120 MPH winds ripped across the state, damaging about 1.27 million acres of corn and 94,000 acres of soybeans. Benton, Marshall, and Tama counties were hit hardest, with losses recorded for a combined 358,000 corn acres. Indemnities paid out to soybean and corn producers following the event amounted to some $321 million. The fallout can be seen clearly in the choropleth map shown in this Gro Display. Gro Displays provide a wider view of current markets and productions, while still allowing users to act on the small details. Displays offer a series of easy-to-use, aggregated Displays, including one that gives a comprehensive view of production. RMA data is a key input for the US Cotton Production Monitor, our new Display that provides a one-stop, district- and state-level view into cotton production in the US. Access Gro’s US Cotton Production Monitor here Monitoring the US cotton markets in-season aids tracking regional supply chains and forecasting for the US cotton outlook. With over half of the US’ cotton crop production, Texas leads US cotton production. Using our US Cotton Production Monitor’s Display as a tool, enables you to track the condition of cotton crop progress throughout the season and anticipate possible weather and climate-related supply disruptions. The Display includes insight into: - Sourcing risks - By using Gro’s Drought Index (GDI) or our precipitation-related data, manage sourcing risks for areas that may suffer yield declines or abandonment due to overly dry or excessively wet conditions - Allows for district-specific lenses - Look at cotton production acreage at district and state levels to gain a better understanding of crop-weighted risk - Indemnified acreage - Pair historical yield with area planted and area indemnified information to arrive at a clearer prediction of expected production from specific districts ahead of harvest - Weekly crop progress - Identify critical crop conditions during the growing season as weather conditions, including rainfall, unfold in various regions Additionally, everything from hurricane and tornado damage to insect and aflatoxin pressure on crops can be assessed using RMA data. A new Gro analysis shows that our indices, such as the Gro Drought Index, and rainfall and soil-moisture analytics can serve as leading indicators of RMA insurance claims; typically, RMA insurance claims are not recorded until they are confirmed by crop insurance adjusters. RMA data can also be used with USDA planted-area data and yield data to anticipate production for crops that Gro does not currently produce yield models for, such as cotton or sugar beets. RMA data is now available on the Gro Portal and API. Get a demo of Gro Talk to our enterprise sales team or walk through our platform
9 Trivial Habits That Actually Bad for Your Health bad health habits From holding your fart until too often shower, there are some of the habits that are actually bad for your health. These habits might sounds trivial. But when you do it too often, these habits can actually dangerous for your health. Before it’s too late, check below list if you’re unconsciously doing these bad health habits! 1. Holding Farts holding fart dangerous for health Image: NYPost Whether your fart has really terrible smells or it loudness makes everyone in the room can hear, don’t even think of holding your fart! Of course, the dangerous part is not the smell of the fart. Fart is actually a body system mechanic to remove excessive gas in your body. For instance, when you’re having cold or eat a lot of gassy food, your body will balance it by throwing the gas out through the fart. If you hold it, it will cause you bloated and discomfort at your stomach area. If you do this habits too frequent, it can have a bad impact to your health. So, instead of holding your fart, you can just step aside from the crowd and find a quiet place to fart! Read Also: 10 Unconscious Habits That Can Damage Your Eyes 2. Eating Too Fast eating too fast Image: Medical News Today Eating fast when you’re hungry is fine. But don’t over do it! A research conducted by University Hiroshima in Japan on 642 men and 441 women for 5 years. They found that the fast eater are more likely to have metabolic syndrome including three main risks factor such as obesity, high blood pressure, and high level of bad fats. Other impact that we can conclude is by eating too fast it can actually makes your diet fails. In our article about tricks to stop being hungry, we pointed out that rushing your meal is actually just making you end up eating more. This is because your stomach does not have enough time to send the signal to your brain. 3. Shower Too Often shower too often Image: Torwai/Getty Images Those countries with their hot climate and dust makes their occupant to bath more than usual. Yes, too cool down their body and have a refreshing sensation. We all know how unpleasant to have the sweat sticky feeling on our body. Meanwhile, there are also some mental illness that makes some people are “too hygiene” and bath too often. Well, being hygiene is not bad as it can get rid of bacteria, dust, germs and sweat that stick on our body. However, if you shower too often, it can make the natural oils in your body gone! This natural oil is useful for maintaining skin moisture. When this oil disappears, the skin will become dry and irritated easily. Read Also: 10 Habits That You Don’t Realize It Actually Can Cause Hair Loss 4. Using Plastic Containers Every Time plastic container Simple, easy to carry anywhere, shatterproof, easy to clean, and if it is lost it will not be a problem making people prefer to use plastic containers for storing food rather than containers made of glass or glass. In fact, from a health perspective, it is better to use glass material containers instead of plastic. You need to know that most plastic containers are made from chemicals called phthalates. This material is very dangerous for the body because it can interfere with the body’s hormone system. As a result, development becomes inhibited, reproductive hormone disorders, and nerves. Not to mention that recycled plastics can release even more dangerous chemical compounds into food. 5. Fingernail Biting biting nail bad health habits Image: Fitnessask Some people unconsciously bite their nail when they’re nervous. Although, some of the scientists claims that biting nail is actually more into mental disorder rather than bad habit. Still, nail biting is one of the common habits that are actually bad for health. According to the research, human’s fingernail contains bunch of germs and nasty bacteria. The researcher stated that the space between the human’s finger and nail is a perfect environment for these bacteria and germs to grow at the perfect moisture level. Well, if you’re curious what are the other impact from this habit, check out 7 Gross Things That Happen When You Bite Your Nails. 6. Excessive Consumption of Protein protein meat Image: Healthline It is true that a balanced diet is required to achieve the ideal body weight. One of the important nutrients needed to help the diet is protein. However, most people think that because protein is an important nutrient for their diet, they consume large amounts of protein to reach their target faster. This is where it got wrong! Keep in mind that our bodies have a mechanism to get rid of excess nutrients that are not needed by the body. Likewise with protein, if it is consumed in excess it will be wasted. In addition, consuming foods that contain high protein will make the kidneys work harder. This can lead to frequent thirst, little urination, and damaged kidney. 7. Holding Your Sneeze Image: ahchealthenews Not much different from holding fart that we discussed earlier, sneezing is also one of the body’s mechanisms for removing irritants in breathing in the nose. Sometimes, sneezing is accompanied by mucus from the nose and mouth saliva. That’s what makes people look disgusted. But it’s not a wise thing to hold back the sneeze. Did you know that our sneeze can reach speeds of 160 km / hour? So holding back sneezing is the worst thing you don’t want to do. Some of the fatal risks that can occur from holding in a sneeze such as fractures in the cartilage of the nose, nose bleeds, and even a separate retina. So, remember to don’t hold your sneeze! Just get out from the crowd and sneeze. Clean your nose in the toilet afterwards! 8. Earphones “All The Time” girl with earphone Image: Storyblocks Nothing is more fun than being alone while listening to your favorite song. Listening to the most exciting and private songs is by using earphones. By using earphones, songs sound clearer and louder. The sound from outside could not be heard. But it turns out listening through earphones continuously is not a good thing. Using earphones means bringing the sound source closer to the ear. In the ear there is a thin membrane called the eardrum. This eardrum has a limit on how loud a sound can be received. Maybe now you feel that it doesn’t really impact your hearing. But overtime, your eardrums become immune and you will have difficulty hearing smaller voices because you are used to hearing loud sounds. Read Also: 8 Tricks to Increase Your Hearing Power 9. Eat Before Bed Time bad health habits eating before bed Image: Forza Supplements Midnight can be a hungry time for some people where they like to enjoy their midnight snack. If you’re one of the midnight snacker, do you feel your stomach bloated and go up when you woke up in the morning? This is because eat before bed time can cause acid reflux and makes your stomach work hard during the sleep. Before sleep, it is recommended to give a gap minimum 3 to 4 hours to avoid eat anything. If you want to reduce your flux and improve your health, try to reduce this bad habits. Bottom Line So, is one of the “bad health habits” above considered to be your daily habit without you realizing it? Share this article to your dearest and save them from these bad health habits! Written by Gian Stavin Gian is the Founder of Life Hack Solution, where he started in 2019. Reach out at
Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disease That according to WHO (World Health Organization) will cause almost 3 million worldwide deaths per year! These statistics cause alarm, but the responsibility is still in our hands to take action against this killer disease. Diabetes mellitus or sugar diabetes is a metabolic disease that involves the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is characterized by increased blood sugar or blood glucose levels. Diabetes can occur when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin or when the cells of the body become resistant to insulin’s action. In both these cases, the blood sugar cannot enter into the cells for storage. This leads to an increase in blood sugar levels and causes serious complications. Symptoms of diabetes usually develop over a period of time and include more than one up to all of the following symptoms: 1. Excessive Thirst: A dry mouth and excessive thirst could be the first sign of diabetes mellitus. This happens when the body is drawing extra water in an attempt to dilute the increased glucose concentration in the blood. Dehydration is evident. 2. Excessive urination: The increased water intake to quench the thirst will put a burden on the kidneys and the bladder. 3. Weight changes: Glucose remains in the bloodstream and cannot be utilized by the muscle cells for energy. The body desperately looks for an alternative energy source. The body starts using muscle tissue and fat for energy 4. Constant fatigue and lack of energy. The body cannot use glucose from food to produce energy 5. Blurry vision and visual changes. Any visual change must be reported immediately to the health care worker or general practitioner. With proper, vigilant treatment and frequent eye tests, blindness can be prevented. 6. Slow-healing wounds. Cuts, bruises, and slow healing wounds are also directly related to the high glucose levels in the blood. 7. Numbness in hands and feet. The tingling and numbness in the hands and feet is a symptom and is called neuropathy and develops as a result of damage to the nerve endings 8. Erectile dysfunction affects about 50% of all diabetic men. The same increased glucose levels that cause damage to the blood vessels and nerve endings can cause changes in blood flow and nerve damage to the penis. 9. Constant hunger arises as a result of the loss of glucose through the urine. The cells are “starving” for glucose and this leads to the constant hunger sensation. Signs and symptoms are the hints our body is communicating with the environment. We need to take these seriously and act upon them immediately. Our active participation and guidance from the medical support team can manage diabetes effectively. Diabetes mellitus gets diagnosed by the general practitioner after careful examination and follow up laboratory tests. Type-1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes), type-2 diabetes (adult-onset diabetes), and gestational or diabetes during pregnancy are the different types of diabetes that one can be diagnosed with. The sooner diabetes gets diagnosed, the sooner treatment can commence. With good diabetic control, the body will not suffer the complications of diabetes. What are the dreadful complications of diabetes? Complications are a disease or other condition that arises during the course of or as a consequence of a disease – in this case, diabetes mellitus. Years of poorly controlled high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) lead to the development of complications. Micro-vascular complications affect the small blood vessels while macro-vascular complications affect the larger blood vessels. Complications can be summarised as follow: • Visual disturbances leading to glaucoma and cataracts. • Nephropathy leading to chronic renal failure. • Diabetic neuropathy develops as a result of decreased oxygen supply to the nerve endings. • Dental problems and gum disease. The treatment of diabetes mellitus includes lifestyle changes, anti-diabetic tablets, and insulin. The general practitioner will prescribe insulin on its own or in combination with anti-diabetic tablets. It is important to adhere to the treatment guidelines as blood glucose control determines the development of complications. Lifestyle changes include the following: • Exercise and adapting to a more active lifestyle. • Dietary measures and healthy eating. • Proper rest and relaxation. • Achieve and maintain the ideal body weight. • Stop smoking as this is an aggravating risk. A healthy lifestyle is a way of living that lowers the risk of being diseased and dying prematurely. It is not just about preventing disease or illness; it is about physical, mental, and social well-being too. It is the way of living that helps one to enjoy vibrant health and an abundance of energy! Healthy living is contagious! When one step up to the responsibility of taking care of their health needs and adopts a healthy lifestyle the rest of the family will also follow and together we can celebrate health! Article Source: Diabetes. Recommended Posts Start typing and press Enter to search Figuring Out Your Cancer and Disease RiskSabbaticals as a Means to Improve Employees Motivation and Wellness
Spaying a dog is the removal of the reproductive organs, including the ovaries and uterus. When a female dog is spayed, her ovaries are removed. If the vet also removes her uterus, she will no longer be able to reproduce or have heat cycles. Spaying is specific to female dogs only. The procedure is also known as an ovariohysterectomy (where both uterus and ovaries are removed) or an ovariectomy (where only the ovaries are removed). Both surgeries are equally safe and effective. , but behavior related to breeding instincts will cease, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association but in some dogs, this is not the case. The reaction they put up differ from each other. spayed dog with incision on the stomach Advantages of Spaying a Female Dog Spaying a female dog helps to reduce the number of unwanted animals that enter shelters or rescues. Spaying reduces the chance for mammary cancer, which is common cancer in many female dogs. It can also prevent pyometra, which is a life-threatening infection. Spaying can also help cut down on the number of unwanted animals, which can be a burden on shelters or rescues and is also an emotional burden for the owner. When to Spay your Dog Since spaying is the removal of a female dog’s ovaries and uterus, the normal age to do this to your dog is between 4 and 6 months, but most veterinarians recommend it before the first heat cycle. This occurs somewhere between 5 and 10 months of age. Spaying before her first heat cycle greatly reduces her risk of developing dog breast cancer which serves as an advantage to the dog owner. when to spay your dog Spaying a female dog before the age of 6 will often prevent the development of breast cancer. This is because spaying removes the ovaries, which produce estrogen. Estrogen can cause cells to grow abnormally and lead to tumors in dogs with intact ovaries. These tumors can be expensive to remove and may require dangerous surgeries. Recovery Plan Before surgery, dogs should be thoroughly examined to ensure that they are healthy. Blood work may be recommended to ensure that there are no underlying health issues in the dog. Dogs that have undergone surgery should be kept in and away from other animals during the recovery period. Dogs shouldn’t be allowed to run around or jump on and off things for up to two weeks after surgery, as long as their vet advises. recovery plan for a spayed dog To ensure the dog is unable to lick its incision site, use a cone. Do not bathe the dog for at least 10 days after the surgery. If you have a dog, you’ll need to make sure the incision is healing properly. If redness, swelling, discharge, or a foul odor are present, contact your vet immediately. Call the vet if your dog is uncomfortable, lethargic, eating less or vomiting, and/or has diarrhea. Post Surgery Plan Some dogs do tend to need fewer calories (by about 20 percent) when they are spayed, but their diet should be adjusted accordingly and they should be kept active so that they won’t gain weight. Unwanted behavior in some dogs is stopped through this process. Write A Comment
Objective: To determine whether population differences can explain the contrasting impacts on HIV observed in the Mwanza trial of sexually transmitted disease (STD) syndromic treatment (ST), the Rakai trial of STD mass treatment (MT), and the Masaka trial of information, education, and communication (IEC) with and without ST as well as to predict the effectiveness of each intervention strategy in each population. Methods: Stochastic modeling of the transmission of HIV and 6 STDs was used with parameters fitted to demographic, sexual behavior, and epidemiological data from the trials and general review of STD/HIV biology. Results: The baseline trial populations could be simulated by assuming higher risk behavior in Uganda compared with Mwanza in the 1980s, followed by reductions in risk behavior in Uganda preceding the trials. In line with trial observations, the projected HIV impacts were larger for the ST intervention in Mwanza than for the MT intervention in Rakai or the IEC and IEC + ST interventions in Masaka. All 4 simulated intervention strategies were more effective in reducing incidence of HIV infection in Mwanza than in either Rakai or Masaka. Conclusions: Population differences in sexual behavior, curable STD rates, and HIV epidemic stage can explain most of the contrast in HIV impact observed between the 3 trials. This study supports the hypothesis that STD management is an effective HIV prevention strategy in populations with a high prevalence of curable STDs, particularly in an early HIV epidemic. , , , , , , doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000127062.94627.31, hdl.handle.net/1765/68791 Erasmus MC: University Medical Center Rotterdam White, R.G, Orroth, K.K, Korenromp, E.L, Bakker, R, Wambura, M, Sewankambo, N.K, … Hayes, R.J. (2004). Can population differences explain the contrasting results of the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka HIV/sexually transmitted disease intervention trials? A modeling study. J A I D S (Vol. 37, pp. 1500–1513). doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000127062.94627.31
Battery Bikes For Kids – What’s An Ebike? What is an Ebike? To place it short, an Ebike is a crossbreed vehicle that was originally designed as a bike with both an electrical motor and also a battery. They resemble hybrid automobiles however have the advantage of not using both gas as well as power when they remain in movement. Instead they utilize their own power source, which can either be a battery or a gas engine. Although Ebikes have been around for a long time, they are ending up being a lot more preferred in recent times as more people are realizing the benefits they supply. The reason more people are selecting to use e-bikes is since they’re quiet, they’re easy to navigate, and also they’re reasonably cost-effective. A lot of e-bikes weigh under 3 pounds, that makes them a lot easier to take on than a conventional bike. If you wish to ride your bike, you simply strap it to your handlebars. You do not need to fret about changing it as you would with a traditional bike. One thing you might ask is “What’s an ebike?” An ebike is additionally called an electrical bike, recumbent bike, or simply a bike. E-bikes are identified by their handlebars as well as their pedals. Whereas conventional bikes have pedals, an ebike has no pedals. Battery Bikes For Kids Ebikes are not only considered to be a type of bicycle, but likewise a way of transportation. Numerous Ebikes work on electricity, so they can be made use of as a way of transport. This is frequently made use of by those that have a great deal of difficulty rising from a seated placement. Others make use of e-bikes as a means of exercising, considering that a lot of them are able to use their pedals in the event of an emergency situation. Ebikes have actually come a long way over the years. There was a time when bikes were absolutely nothing more than simple, regular bikes with elegant names. Today, electrical bikes have undergone a total makeover, becoming what many individuals would take into consideration to be a full-fledged motorbike. The initial e-bikes were not very effective, however things have altered considerably throughout the years. Today’s ebike is as efficient as any other bike available, and a lot of are incredibly streamlined and also modern-day in style. If you have been asking the question “what is an ebike?” for fairly a long time, after that it’s likely that you will be ready to acquire one of your own. Electric bikes are much more popular than ever before, and you might find yourself intending to acquire one as soon as possible. If this is the case, make certain to take your time and also search prior to deciding, because you wish to obtain the best bargain possible. There are a few things you require to bear in mind when you are purchasing an ebike. You should to start with guarantee that the motorbike you choose is legal in the location where you live. Some cities do not allow you to ride an ebike when traveling as they consider them to be an illegal activity. Additionally, you need to inspect the motorcycle over carefully to see to it it does not have any type of sort of issues that might affect you while riding it. Ultimately, make certain you do not wind up investing even more cash than you meant by buying a bike that has some sort of damages. If you are considering getting an elite, you ought to absolutely read more regarding them. In particular, you will certainly want to know what the current policies are so you can make an enlightened decision about whether or not you desire to acquire one. It is very important to keep in mind that bikes are still a fairly new principle, and so there are lots of possible troubles that can arise as technology proceeds additionally. Additionally, if you determine to go ahead with purchasing an elite, you will certainly wish to keep in mind that they have a tendency to cost a great deal more than regular bikes. While you can save cash by shopping around, it is additionally possible to pay too much for something that turns out to be a dud. Battery Bikes For Kids
Fueling Space Exploration NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) is the largest, most powerful rocket ever built. It can also carry an incredible amount of fuel – 5.2 million pounds at launch. SLS is designed for deep space travel. To achieve mission success, SLS requires 5.2 million pounds of fuel which is approximately the same amount to fill a 660,430 gallon Olympic-size swimming pool. SLS is fueling Americans’ passion for space exploration and scientific discovery. It will be NASA’s premier vehicle to usher in a new generation of space exploration. Back to Posts
Wake Up Early to Boost Your Day. Imagine waking up at 4 am and 5 am. Shocked? Not a big deal most of us will be. For us, morning sleep is the loveliest event not to compromise with. Despite loving the sunrise and sun kisses we hate to wake up early. But honestly, we all agree that the morning is serene, beautiful, tranquil, and soothing, aren’t we? Is it really impossible or insane to get up at 5 am or even earlier in the morning? Think of the complacency of relief on getting up early in the morning, say 4 am or 5 am, before anything is there to bother. No phone calls, no noise, no disturbances, no texts, no emails, less pollution, getting uninterrupted time to work, etc. By the time most are getting out of bed, early risers are able to finish their half day work like exercise, planning for the day, setting priorities, breakfast, reading-writing, etc. Eventually, the early riser gets the head start of the day. Exercise in the morning, brisk walking, jogging, and exposure to sunlight can help stimulate metabolism and body temperature. Early rising is not rocket science it is practised since ancient times. Even in Hinduism, it is popularly known as “Brahma Muhurt” means the time of Brahman which is a period precisely one and a half hour before sunrise. It is also called ‘The creator’s time’. Traditionally, it is considered an auspicious time for yoga, meditation, rituals, and learning. In Indian culture and families, it is common for kids or students to get up during this period to practise their learnings or teachings or courses. In the context of religious observances, spiritual writers have cited early rising practice “the heroic minute”. Early rising is not a goal to achieve in a day or months but a first step to boost your day. It should be practised regularly. Something which is practised regularly is viewed as routine and discipline. Routine and discipline are the practises training mind and body to obey rules and regulate actions in accordance with a particular system. They certainly encourage self-discipline that provides strength to overcome addiction, procrastination, laziness and enable us to observe our thoughts, behaviour, and actions. Sooner or later, they lead to improvement and success. Early wake-up is a route to be more organised. To wake up early we must go to bed early. Have we ever noticed we go to sleep with an idea of better tomorrow? But after rising life happens as usual. No clues to breakfast, witness traffic, spend time in searching socks or shoelaces, etc. But the things are different with early risers, they plan their day according to their priorities and other unavoidable circumstances. In nutshell, they create a series of approachable goals and organise everything according to their goals and needs. Getting up early advances us with ‘me time’. This is the time to analyse our thoughts, behaviour, problems, etc. A peaceful morning adds to decision-making ability by making us more cognitive, energetic, and organised. Every morning regular exercise helps improvement in body and brain functionality. Possibilities and probabilities do not have limits. For some early morning is a drag. Some may find early risers more efficient than night owls. For which night owls may disagree as (according to them) there is no harm in getting work done in the last hours of the day. This may lead to arguments or debates but most of us are conditioned to be more active and fresher during the early hours of the day. The fact is everything is dependent on the conditioning provided to the body and brain. But another fact is our brain becomes more active and more receptive once we wake up. The serene of early morning and early rising habit proves to be more productive and efficient for the body and mind. We may have personal reasons to wake up early but the other factors like enthusiasm and high job satisfaction aid eagerness to wake up early and get to work. The Last Corner We should not move with exaggeration and bragging related to waking up early. This may not lead to instant success (if someone aims at it) but the regularity, prioritizing, and discipline. Because everyone is different and possesses a different body cycle and sleep cycle. Before bringing any changes to our body and behaviour we should understand them properly without ignoring the benefits of early morning. And for humans, nothing is impossible even getting up early. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
What is the research behind BeneTalk? Scientific research tells us that the speed at which we speak is important. Speaking too quickly puts demands on parts of the body used to produce speech and can make us harder to understand. Speaking more slowly can help us use different techniques to feel more comfortable. Learning to be flexible with your pace of speaking can improve breathing, help you to resist time pressure, and feel less anxious when communicating. Benefits of learning to manage your speech rate and understand flexible speech rate. • Slower speech can reduce the frequency of stuttering by decreasing the pressure on motor systems used to produce speech (Packman, Onslow, & Menzies, 2009) • Learning to use a flexible speech rate can help people who stutter to manage breathing while speaking, use pauses and to learn to resist time pressure (Sønsterud, et al., 2020) • Using slower speech in combination with voluntary stuttering can reduce the frequency of stuttered speech (Davidow, Grossman, & Edge, 2019) • Learning to adapt speed of speech can help people learn and use soft contacts that help to reduce tension and struggle when speaking (O’Brian et al., 2003) Research at BeneTalk We know that learning never stops and we are dedicated to conducting further research to improve our understanding of stuttering. We’re running a study and would like you to get involved! Click here for more information.
Getting To Know Cloves: The FBC Spice Box Scientific Name: Syzygium aromaticum Did you know that cloves are actually unopened, pink flower buds that are dried? These little aromatic buds pack a powerful punch of flavour and are used in culinary traditions all over the world. Cloves are native to the Spice Islands (Maluku or Moluccas, the heart of the spice trade in Indonesia.) They are now cultivated in major tropical regions including Zanzibar, India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and most recently in Brazil. The history of cloves and clove production is a violent one, with the Dutch East India Company at the heart of monopolizing the clove trade in the world. Battles were fought to gain control of the spice trade from the Portuguese and later the English and French, and the clove trade, along with the scarcity of the spice, helped the Dutch gain an edge in the colonialism that took place in South-East Asia. Cloves were also the source of Dutch wealth for a long time. Flavour Profile of Cloves Cloves are one of the most common and earliest known spices in the world. Cloves have a strong aroma, almost medicinal in their fragrance. The main source of this strong flavour is the powerful compound eugenol, which is the basis for a lot of the health benefits of cloves. The flavour of cloves has been alternately described as floral but with strong undertones of eucalyptus. The flavour of cloves can very easily overpower other spices, especially if they're used with the oils still intact. Culinary Uses of Cloves Cloves are a popular spice in many cultures and, like I mentioned earlier, have to be used sparingly and with caution as they can very easily dominate a dish. Cloves that are sold as spices are normally what we call 'exhausted cloves,' as they have the majority of their oils stripped from them. This makes them less powerful. One way of testing if your cloves are 'exhausted' is by pressing them hard with your fingernails. If they release a little oil, then they have not been stripped and therefore are more powerful. Cloves are also considered to be 'warming' spices and contain several nutrients, which make them an incredibly healthy spice. Cloves can be used both whole and ground. In Asian cuisines they're used in spice mixes, to add fragrance to broths and pilafs, and are an important part of drinks like masala chai. In Europe, cloves are used to add flavour to meats, in baking and in seasonal specialties like mulled wine and gingerbread. They're also used to make 'pomanders,' a Victorian English tradition where cloves are studded into oranges and handed out as presents to perfume the air and provide 'warmth and comfort' during festivals. RELATED: 19 Fragrant Rosemary Recipes Buy whole cloves, if possible, as they retain their fragrance for longer. Like a lot of spices, ground cloves degrade faster and should be used up straight away. Look for plump, fragrant buds and store them in tightly sealed containers, away from the light. Whole cloves last a lot longer than dried, and are best bought from Asian groceries which have a high turnover of spices, guaranteeing a fresher product. Non-Culinary and Health Uses of Cloves Cloves are one of those spices whose health benefits and non-culinary uses almost exceed their culinary benefits. Eugenol, the compound found in clove oil, is used variously as an anti-inflammatory, digestive aid, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, analgesic and to help with nausea. The ancient Indian medicinal system of Ayurveda used cloves as an aid for helping with breathing problems as well. Cloves and clove oil were used for a long time in dentistry to help ease the pain of cavities and to minimize pain. Clove oil is also used in the perfume, aromatherapy and cosmetic industries as it's beneficial in controlling skin irritations like acne and burns. It's also used as an insect repellent, particularly for mosquitoes (now this is a use I can totally get behind!). In Indonesia, cloves are used in cigarettes although they are banned in some countries. Clove Trivia Did you know that the word ‘clove’ comes from the French word ‘clou,’ which means 'nail'? It may also be derived from the Latin 'clavus,' which also means 'nail.' Tradition states that, in Indonesia, a clove tree is planted when a child is born, as it symbolises love and protection. Another tradition also states that burning cloves would stop other people gossiping about you (okay, I'm off to burn some cloves now). More Reading Looking for more spices and herbs to help with your holiday baking? Here's some of our favourites What’s your favourite use for cloves? Leave a link to a recipe on your blog in the comments so everyone can check it out! Have a spice you’d like to see profiled? Let us know in the comments. You are subscribing to the FBC Food Lovers Newsletter. You can unsubscribe any time! Click Me Leave a Reply
Also found in: Thesaurus. (ĭ-lo͞o′sĭv, -zĭv) 1. Tending to elude capture, perception, comprehension, or memory: "an invisible cabal of conspirators, each more elusive than the archterrorist [himself]" (David Kline). 2. Difficult to define or describe: "Failures are more finely etched in our minds than triumphs, and success is an elusive, if not mythic, goal in our demanding society" (Hugh Drummond). [From Latin ēlūsus, past participle of ēlūdere, to elude; see elude.] e·lu′sive·ly adv. e·lu′sive·ness n. 1. As slippery as an eel —Dutch proverb This has given rise to extensions such as, “Slippery as an eel dipped in butter” by F. van Wyck Mason. 2. (Love is) as slippery as greased pigskin —Delmore Schwartz See Also: LOVE 3. Avoided [another person] like a vampire avoids sunburn —Joseph Wambaugh 4. (He was) difficult as a serpent to see —D. H. Lawrence The elusive creature being described is a fox sliding along in deep grass. 5. (The feeling persisted, insidious and) difficult to trace as perfume —Harvey Swados 6. Elusive as a collar button —Jim Murray Murray, sports columnist for the Los Angeles Herald, applied this simile to football player Mike Garrett. 7. Elusive as a dream —William Diehl “Fugitive as dreams,” used by Tom Maclntyre in a short story Epithalamion, illustrates the possibility for change through word substitutions. 8. Elusive as a wet fish —Anon 9. Elusive as buried treasure —Anon 10. Elusive as the cure for cancer —Anon 11. Elusive as the cure for aging —Anon 12. Elusive as the source of a rumor —Anon 13. Elusiveness, like a thought that presents itself to consciousness and vanishes before it can be captured by words —W. Somerset Maugham 14. Evaded me, much like the myth of Tantalus —Marguerite Young 15. Evasion, like equivocation, comes generally from a cowardly or a deceiving spirit, or from both —Honore de Balzac 16. Hard to hold as a flapping sail in a raging wind —Gerald Kersh The hold to which Kersh alludes is the grip of one wrestler on another in the story entitled All the Terrible Turk. 17. Intangible as a beautiful thought —W. Somerset Maugham 18. Intangible as love and fear —Andre Dubus 19. (A vision swarming through the mind as sudden and) irretrievable as smoke —William Styron 20. It [information] got away from me so easily, like the tail of a kite, when the kite’s already out of your hands —Cornell Woolrich 21. It [trying to tie up a boxing opponent) was just like trying to hold onto a buzz-saw —Ernest Hemingway 22. Like fish in an aquarium, they [two girls] flashed in and out of sight —Frank Tuohy 23. Like sand from a clenched fist, he was slipping through her fingers —Ben Ames Williams 24. (She was so marvelous that, when he tried to think of her, her description) rolled away from him like a dropped coin —Mark Helprin 25. (She) seemed like a shadow within a shadow —D. H. Lawrence Lawrence is describing one of the two main female characters in The Fox, a woman the male character desires but doesn’t understand. 26. She was like a rubber ball; he couldn’t get a grip —Beryl Bainbridge 27. Slipped by like a mouse —Anton Chekhov 28. [Something said] slipped out of me like a cork from the deep —Reynolds Price 29. Slipped through [guards] like a fox through a barnyard —Clive Cussler 30. Slippery as shadows in day’s foam —Delmore Schwartz 31. They might as well be looking for a shoe in a swamp —Clive Cussler ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun1.elusiveness - the quality of being difficult to grasp or pin down; "the author's elusiveness may at times be construed as evasiveness" unclearness - incomprehensibility as a result of not being clear [ɪˈluːsɪvnɪs] Ncarácter m esquivo [ɪˈluːsɪvnɪs] n [person, animal] → nature f insaisissable Collins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 n (of thoughts)Flüchtigkeit f; (of happiness)Unerreichbarkeit f; the elusiveness of this conceptdie Schwierigkeit, diesen Begriff zu definieren; the elusiveness of his answerseine ausweichende Antwort References in periodicals archive ? He's got speed, power (and) elusiveness, so he's everything that he was made out to be." He has literally alluded to its elusiveness because of the humongous crocodiles that have infested the proverbial river Jordan. Morrissey has been described as "a natural leader" in an AFL statement that also noted Down U20 attacker Laverty's speed and "excellent natural leap", plus an elusiveness that would make him useful close to goals. Euan chose to write about the Amazing Atlantic Salmon and its elusiveness, whilst Iona focused on the often misunderstood Brown Hare, entitling her poem "I am not a rabbit!" The talented duo were presented with their prizes at a winners' ceremony at Edinburgh Zoo and received a goody bag full of interesting donations from competition sponsors. Haji's hypnotic verse and lyric prose poems evoke the power of words and of wordless communion to carry us into grief, loneliness, and healing pain, tempering its fablelike tenor with an unflagging elusiveness. ARAB NEWS The women's range promises fragrances that incorporate the mystery and elusiveness of the three key ingredients: oud, rose and amber. In "Snooze: The Lost Art of Sleep", McGirr delves into the mysterious world of sleep, including its many benefits, its stubborn elusiveness, and exactly what our brains really get up to while we're in bed. Defender Dara O'Shea was next to fall victim to the midfielder's elusiveness and hauled him down on the edge of the area. But his elusiveness was punished midway through the Gold Medal match when the point deducted meant it was impossible for him to win the second round. He argues here that Waterhouse's art prioritizes color both as the keystone of an aesthetic vision informed by an original concept of formalism, and as the essence of a specific worldview predicated on a generous recognition life's metamorphic elusiveness. Among his topics are color and aestheticism, narrative color, color and desire, and color in decor and dress. For the record, Crawford won that big one mainly on his elusiveness, not on solid combat competence.
Home >> News >> News What is the Difference Between CNC Stamping and Stamping in Sheet Metal Processing? Jun. 09, 2021 For people who are new to sheet metal processing, most people confuse the views of sheet metal processing and stamping processing. Although the two have many similarities, they still have certain differences. As a Sheet Metal CNC Bending Processing Supplier, share it with you. Sheet Metal CNC Bending Processing Sheet Metal CNC Bending Processing The meaning of these two words seems to be the same. On the contrary, from the realization of the configuration required for stamping and stamping, sheet metal stamping and stamping are actually different. The first is the metal forming process realized by automatic numerical control machine tools, and the use of punches and molds to realize any type of hole. The punch passes through the metal plate, and the die on the other side of the metal piece serves as a support and helps the punch apply more force to ensure that the metal does not break. Otherwise, stamping is a set of operations performed to obtain a specific shape, which includes our sheet metal stamping. In fact, stamping is the result of other metal processes, such as stamping, blanking, deep drawing and bending of metal plates. This is the end process, which helps to provide a metal part of a specific shape for the entire part. It should be understood that there is a third metal process that is often confused, and it is called emergency. The metal restraint, which is the opposite of sheet metal stamping, is processed into shapes without damaging the metal parts. First of all, from a point of view, sheet metal processing refers to the processing of metal plates, which is the use of plates to make common items in our daily life, such as chimneys, iron barrels, oil tanks, ventilation pipes, elbows, and sky. Round area, funnel shape, etc., it is made by cutting, bending, bending, forming, welding, riveting, etc. These processes are processed, and the punching process uses the power of the old example or the special punching configuration. Make the sheet material inherit the deformation force and deform in the mold, so as to obtain the production skills of the product parts with a certain shape, size and performance. Sheet metal, die and configuration are the three elements of stamping processing. From the above, it can be seen that stamping processing is only one of the many procedures in sheet metal processing. The relationship between the two is inclusive and covered. Make it clear. The relationship between the two will help employees make fewer mistakes in the future operation process, and at the same time improve their operational skills. For partners who have just participated in the sheet metal processing industry, it is necessary to distinguish sheet metal. The difference between metal processing and punch processing, so that talent is more helpful to the development of future things. Our company also has Sheet Metal CNC Bending Processing on sale, welcome to contact us. Request a Quote Contact Us • E-mail: • Tel.: +86 134 5088 4472 • No. 28, Thanksgiving Road, Minle Community, Dongfeng Town, Zhongshan City • wechat
On this page... Cecil was born in 1939 in Cowra, NSW, and passed away in 2018. When he was a young child in 1941, he was taken from his family by the Australian government while his father was fighting for the country in the Second World War. Cecil Bowden first arrived in Redfern, Sydney in 1958 at the age of 18, and was able to reestablish connections with the Aboriginal community here. Cecil was a member of the NSW Sorry Day committee, and through this work he educated the world about the Stolen Generations and the treatment of Aboriginal children. Throughout his life, Cecil protested against the treatment of Aboriginal people by the Australian government, including the NSW Police Force. He fought to improve conditions for Indigenous Australians today by providing truthful and personal stories to expose truths that have long been hidden by the Australian government. Sydney Elders - Cec Bowden Portrait of Cec Bowden Image: Mervyn Bishop © Australian Museum
Squamish longshoremen and others at North Vancouver's Moodyville Sawmill in 1889. Date: 1889 Author: Unknown Source: Wikipedia In 1863, the first sawmill on Burrard Inlet opened along the body of water's north shore. For the Squamish, Tsleil-Waututh, and Musqueam, whose traditional territory abuts the inlet, the new business brought tremendous change. The introduction of wage labour encouraged Squamish families to move closer to the mill, and a hybrid economy emerged. Squamish men and women worked at the mills while also performing traditional tasks and duties like hunting, gathering and drying food. The arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1886 brought even more change. First planned to end in Port Moody, its western terminus ultimately landed in Vancouver. Once again, the Indigenous population along Burrard Inlet saw the land transform in front of them. Grain elevators now towered the shoreline. Warehouses sprung up. New piers jutted out into the water. Indigenous people continued to take part in the growing economy. The majority of the longshoremen on the Vancouver docks were Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh, usually tasked with the physically-demanding and specialized work of handling cargo. On the waterfront, Indigenous men participated in labour organization and strikes, but they also faced racial discrimination. Most unions excluded minorities from joining their ranks, viewing them as both inferior and an economic threat to white workers. One major exception was the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Founded in Chicago in 1905, the IWW prioritized class, not race. “An Injury to One is an Injury to All,” read its motto. In 1906, a group of Squamish and other marginalized workers applied to start their own IWW chapter, Local 526 — known colloquially as the “Bows and Arrows.” Numbering nearly 60 members in total, meetings were held on the Squamish reserve in North Vancouver. That same year, a delegation of chiefs, including Squamish Chief Joe Capilano, sailed to London to lobby King Edward VII on behalf of B.C.’s First Nations — a trip financed by the money Indigenous men had made on the docks. The Bows and Arrows union was short-lived, disbanding a year later. But its spirit lived on when Squamish waterfront workers started their own chapter of the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) in 1913, Local 38-57. A political awakening had occurred, tying workers’ rights to their own identities as Indigenous men. 1. Labour Heritage Centre. Working People: A History of Labour in BC - Backgrounder. Labour History Project, 2014. 2. Mickleburgh, Rod. "Fitz" St. John: A Longshoreman's Longshoreman. B.C. Labour Heritage Centre, 26 Feb. 2020, www.labourheritagecentre.ca/fitz/. 3. Parnaby, Andy. The Best Men That Ever Worked the Lumber': Aboriginal Longshoremen on Burrard Inlet, BC, 1863-1939. Canadian Historical Review, 2006, www.academia.edu/5881523/The_best_men_that_ever_worked_the_lumber_Aboriginal_Longshoremen_on_Burrard_Inlet_BC_1863_1939.
Public Safety and Police Interactions Drawn image of a police officer talking to a class of refugees Laws in the U.S. aim to protect the rights of all people, including refugees. Every person who lives in the U.S. is responsible for upholding the rule of law and taking responsibility for their personal safety. The police enforce the lawmaintain public order and safety, and protect individuals’ civil rights. Refugees coming to the U.S. may have different experiences and perceptions of law enforcement and public safety. As such, this lesson gives CO providers guidance on navigating discussions and delivering key messages to refugees on the role of police in the U.S. and how to interact with police in their communities. Download Lesson Plan • The role of the police in the U.S. is to maintain public order and safety, enforce the law, and protect the civil rights of individuals in communities across the country. • Refugees may encounter police in a variety of situations in their communities and should be aware of appropriate ways to interact if they encounter police in any setting. • Refugees have certain legal rights during police encounters including the right to an interpreter, the right to remain silent, and access to a lawyer if accused of breaking a law and/or arrested. • While the local Resettlement Agency will assist refugees in learning about U.S. laws, it is also the responsibility of refugees to know and follow the laws. • Refugees, like all people in the U.S., can face consequences if they break the law even if they do not know about the law they broke. After this lesson, participants will be able to: • Explain the role of the police in the U.S. and within their community; • List situations where they may encounter police in their communities; • Identify the proper steps to take when encountering police in different settings and situations; • Explain their rights to an interpreter and to legal assistance if they are accused of breaking a law and arrested; • Recognize their roles and responsibilities in relation to public safety, particularly when interacting with police. • Copies of How to Interact with the Police in the U.S. Guided Discussion Worksheet (1 per participant) • Copies of scenarios (as selected) • Flip-chart • Markers Resources on Trauma-Informed Care Resources for Parents and Youth Resources for Building Partnerships with Police Resources on Rights and Responsibilities
Durham Research Online You are in: Implicit leadership theories. Schyns, B. and Riggio, R.E. (2016) 'Implicit leadership theories.', in Global encyclopedia of public administration, public policy, and governance. Cham: Springer, pp. 1-7. While leadership is often seen as what leaders do, more recent work in this area acknowledges that leadership is a process of interaction between different actors (i.e., leaders and followers) and the environment. This notion of a process of interaction leads straight to the question of what shapes this interaction. Why do leaders behave the way they do? Why do followers react the way they do? One way of looking into this question is to turn to implicit leadership theories. Implicit leadership theories (ILTs) are everyday theories that individuals hold about leaders in general (or ideal leaders). They are mental representations of leaders and influence how an individual acts toward leaders or as leaders based on these cognitive representations. These cognitive representations are similar to stereotypes, in that they are stored in memory and will be activated when the person meets an individual whose characteristics and behavior matches their implici ... Item Type:Book chapter Full text:Publisher-imposed embargo (AM) Accepted Manuscript Publisher Web site: Date accepted:30 November 2016 Date deposited:16 June 2016 Date of first online publication:12 May 2016 Date first made open access:No date available Save or Share this output Look up in GoogleScholar
Smith Machine Calf Raise (Calves) – Exercise Guide Muscles worked: Calves Equipment needed: Smith Machine 1. First make sure to place a block or weight plate below the bar on the Smith machine. Then set the bar to the position that best fits your height. Now load the bar and step onto the plates with the balls of your feet. Place the bar on the back of your shoulders. 2. Hold the bar with both hands facing forward. Rotate the bar so that it is unracked from the smith machine. This is starting position. 3. Push off the balls of your feet to raise your heels as high as possible. Make sure to flex your calf at the top of the contraction. Your knees should remain extended. Hold the contracted position for a second. 4. Breathe in as you return to the starting position by lowering your heels. 5. Repeat for the recommended amount of repetitions. Variations/How To Target the Inner and Outer Calves Your calves consist of three heads, and you can train them using different feet placement. The parallel feet placement primarily targets the medial calves. To target the outer calf heads, stand with your toes together and heels apart (forming an “A”). Forming a “V” by placing your heels together and toes apart will train your inner calf heads.
5 Best Foods for Healthy Teeth Your teeth can also benefit from water. Water helps wash away food debris and keeps your saliva levels high. Believe it or not, saliva is actually your mouth’s best defense against tooth decay because it contains proteins and minerals that counteract enamel–eating acids. Saliva is made up of 95 percent water, so if you want to avoid unnecessary cavities do yourself a favor and stay hydrated. Water also displaces sugary drinks like soda and sweet flavored waters, which can damage tooth enamel and promote decay.
What is Integrity? Beyond “I’ll Know It When I See It” 20140821_143302By Linda Fisher Thornton During the recent 2014 NeuroLeadership Summit, Jamil Zaki (an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Stanford) talked about an interesting experiment the Stanford Neuroscience Lab did. The team took a large number of Fortune 100 statements of company values and generated a word cloud from them to see which word would appear most often. Which word was it? Integrity was the most frequently used word. This experiment reveals a general agreement that integrity is important, but what exactly does it mean? People may understand it in very different ways. The word integrity evolved from the Latin adjective integer, meaning whole or complete.[3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of “wholeness” deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency of character. As such, one may judge that others “have integrity” to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. Wikipedia, Definition of Integrity Following this definition, integrity is the alignment of our thoughts, actions and words with our personal values. The tricky thing about integrity in organizations is that integrity is partly internal (what we think) and partly external (what we say and do). When we demonstrate integrity, what we think, say and do are all aligned. But aligned with what? I think that something that many organizations include in the concept of “integrity” is good moral character. People with good character would be morally aware and ethically competent. This leads me to ask some important questions: Do your leaders know which values you want them to act on when they “Use the highest integrity in all that they do?” Do they know what those values look like? Do they know how to honor them while balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders? Without clarity about the ethical values we should honor in our work, integrity is individually interpreted, based on the personal values of each leader. To help them lead ethically at a high level, though, we need to answer a deeper question – “Which ethical values should we uphold in what we think, say and do?” Are your leaders crystal clear about which ethical values are most important to your organization? If your leaders are all perfectly clear about which high level ethical values to uphold and how to demonstrate them, you are probably incorporating complexity into your leadership development. You are also probably providing leaders with the level of detail about ethical values that they need to navigate through information overload, constant change and demands from multiple stakeholders. If not, you may be rolling the dice by taking an “I’ll know it when I see it” approach to ethics. For more, see 7 Lenses and the related 21 Question Assessment: How Current is My Message About Ethics? 2014 Bronze Axiom Business Book Award Winner About 7 Lenses Info@LeadinginContext.com @leadingincontxt @7Lenses © 2014 Leading in Context LLC 1. Scott, well said. The words we use to describe ethics mean so many things to different people. I am fascinated by trying to peel away the layers of those meanings, having studied Linguistics and Communications as an undergrad. Thanks for your words of support! 2. Indeed. Trust, integrity, respect, and ethics are integrally linked. But why does it take Stanford research to validate what we already know? Perhaps one of the answers is that the foundational element of “integrity” (among others) confounds academe as readily as anyone else. Keep up the great work, Linda. Join the Conversation! WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Military Wiki Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive Part of Eastern Front (World War II) Soviet map of Leningrad-Novgorod Offensive. Date1 February—1 March 1944 LocationLeningrad region, Soviet Union; Narva, Estonia Result Soviet victory Nazi Germany Germany Estonian Division.jpg Estonian conscripts Soviet Union Soviet Union Commanders and leaders Nazi Germany Georg Lindemann Soviet Union Leonid A. Govorov One army: 100,000 personnel 1500 artillery 100 armoured vehicles 400 aircraft[1] Two armies and the Baltic Fleet The Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive was a campaign between the Soviet Leningrad Front and the German 18th Army fought for the eastern coast of Lake Peipus and the western banks of the Narva River from 1 February till 1 March 1944. The 109th Rifle Corps captured the town of Kingisepp, forcing the 18th Army into new positions on the eastern bank of the Narva. Forward units of the 2nd Shock Army crossed the river and established several bridgeheads on the west bank, to the north and south of the town of Narva on 2 February. The 8th Army expanded the bridgehead in Krivasoo Swamp south of the town five days later, cutting the railway behind the Sponheimer Group. Army General Leonid Govorov was unable to take advantage of the opportunity of encircling the smaller German detachment which called in reinforcements. These came mostly from the newly mobilised Estonians motivated to resist the looming Soviet re-occupation. At the same time, the Soviet 108th Rifle Corps landed its units across Lake Peipus in Piirissaar Island 120 kilometres south of Narva and established a bridgehead in Meerapalu. By coincidence, the I.Battalion, Waffen-Grenadier Regiment der SS 45 (1st Estonian) headed for Narva reached the area. The battalion, a battalion of the 44th Infantry Regiment (consisting in personnel from East Prussia), and an air squadron destroyed the Soviet bridgehead on 15–16 February. A simultaneous Soviet amphibious assault was conducted, as the 517 strong 260th Independent Naval Infantry Brigade landed at the coastal borough of Mereküla behind the Sponheimer Group lines. However, the unit was almost completely annihilated. As the result of the campaign, the Soviet forces seized control of most of the eastern coast of Lake Peipus and established a number of bridgeheads on the western bank of the Narva River. Combat activity Soviet map of the beginning of Estonian Operation, February – April 1944. Meerapalu Landing is presented in the lower right corner. The 109th Rifle Corps captured the town of Kingisepp on 1 February.[2] Units of the 18th Army fought a rearguard action until it reached the eastern bank of the Narva. The Sponheimer Group blew up the ice on the southern 50 km (31 mi) section of the Narva River from Lake Peipus to Krivasoo Swamp.[3] North of the city, the 4th Soviet Rifle Regiment reached the Narva River, establishing a small bridgehead across it on 2 February.[4][5] The fighting to the east of Narva had left a large number of German troops stranded on the wrong side of the front.[6] Simultaneously, the 122nd Rifle Corps crossed the river south of the town in Vääska settlement, establishing a bridgehead in Krivasoo Swamp 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Narva.[4] Ivangorod Bridgehead The main brunt of the Soviet attack was where the Germans had least expected it[4] — the III SS Panzer Corps, positioned east of Narva and holding the German bridgehead on the opposite bank.[4] The SS panzer corps were mostly made up of SS volunteer formations. The 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland and the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland began frantically digging in along what had become known as the Narva line. The defensive line ran for 11 km (6.8 mi), from the estate of Lilienbach 2 km (1.2 mi) northeast from the highway bridge over the Narva River, to the borough of Dolgaya Niva 3 km (1.9 mi) in the south bulging eastwards. The Nederland Brigade defended the northern half of the bridgehead while the Nordland Division held the southern flank. Attacking them along the highway and railway were the four Soviet divisions of the 43rd and the 109th Rifle Corps. The Nederland Brigade, the I.Battalion, SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Regiment 24 Danmark and the German artillery inflicted heavy casualties on the Red Army, who failed to reach their operational goal of destroying the bridgehead.[4] The German defence was supported by the artillery manoeuvred back and forth between the banks. In order to implement such tactics, the bridge over the Narva River was hidden from numerous Soviet air attacks in a smoke screen.[7] Krivasoo Bridgehead, first half of February In the Krivasoo Swamp 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Narva, the Soviet 1078th Regiment and the ski battalion of the 314th Rifle Division crossed the river under a heavy German air and artillery attack in four hours. Despite the resistance of the 29th Estonian Police Battalion, the 314th Rifle Division approached Auvere Railway Station 10 kilometres west of Narva, threatening to cut the railway behind the III SS Panzer Corps and the two division-sized units of the Sponheimer Group. The Soviet author Fyodor Paulman depicts the battles for Auvere Station as ferocious[4] causing serious casualties to the 314th Rifle Division.[8][9] The 125th Rifle Division was sent to assist them.[4] The renewed Soviet units captured the railway crossing near Auvere Station on 6 February, losing it on the same day under the fire of the German coastal artillery. From then on, the Soviet forces remained passive in the direction of Auvere, giving the Sponheimer Group valuable time to regain their strength.[8][9] The Soviets forced the local women from Auvere, Kriivasoo, Sirgala, and the rest of the settlements in the bridgehead to slave work to carry ammunition and supplies to the front.[10] Omuti, Permisküla and Gorodenka Bridgeheads Two Soviet platoons of the 147th Rifle Regiment volunteered to cross the river to the boroughs of Omuti, Permisküla and Gorodenka 40 km (25 mi) south of Narva on 2 February.[4] The bank was defended by the 30th Estonian Police Battalion. The defence was built as an array of small bridgeheads on the east bank, appearing to the Soviets as a carefully prepared defence system in front of the main defence line. Repelled for the first time, the Soviet headquarters took some hours to prepare the attack by the 219th and 320th Rifle Regiments. The Estonians pulled back to their bank during the Soviet attacks, stopping the advance of the Red Army and causing heavy losses.[11] Despite the heroics of the Soviet commanders, only a small platoon commanded by Lieutenant Morozov fortified themselves on the west bank.[4] Soviet difficulties in February The Soviet operations were accompanied by major problems in supply, as the major transport connections had been largely destroyed by the Germans and the remaining poor roads were threatening to fall apart in the thaw closing in. Another failure was in intelligence as the Soviet partisan troops that had been sent to Estonia were destroyed.[9] In their report on 8 February, the War Council of the Leningrad Front saw the preparations for the landings across the Narva River as unsatisfactory:[4] The reconnaissance is unorganized in the army; in the corps and the divisions, there is a lack of a concrete decision on the order of battle and the line-out of batteries; entirely unsolved is the matter of the tanks crossing the river and conducting combat on the left bank; there are no schemes prepared of the engineering support for the attacks. The army (...) lacks an anti-air defence plan; (...) Siivertsi Bridgehead, Mid-February The Soviet 98th and the 131st Armoured Divisions established a bridgehead on the west bank near the borough of Siivertsi further north from Narva on 12 February.[4][7] The bridgehead soon became the most critical position on the whole Narva front. If the Soviets succeeded there, the city of Narva would fall quickly and the Narva Bridgehead on the east bank of the river would be cut off. All available units were thrown against the bridgehead. The Soviet artillery opened fire on the 16th Company, SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Regiment 23 Norge in the cemetery of Siivertsi simultaneously attacking from across the ice on 13 February. The attack was repelled under the command of Hauptsturmführer Günther Wanhöfer.[12] This allowed the 336th Infantry Regiment with a tank squadron to reduce the bridgehead into a smaller unit but that was all the German side had strength for. The trenches gained by the 336th Infantry Regiment during the day, were retaken that night by the constantly reinforced 2nd Shock Army.[13] Auvere Station, 11 February Army General Leonid Govorov of Leningrad Front ordered the 2nd Shock Army to break through the German defence line north and south of the city of Narva, move the front 50 km (31 mi) westward and continue towards the town of Rakvere. The artillery of the 2nd Shock army opened fire on all German positions on 11 February. The 30th Guards Rifle Corps, an elite unit usually used for breaching defence lines, joined the Soviet units attempting to seize Auvere Station.[9] The guards riflemen widened the bridgehead to 10 km (6.2 mi) along the front. The remains of the German 227th and 170th Infantry Divisions retreated.[4] General Major Romancov ordered an air and artillery assault at the village of Auvere on 13 February, with the 64th Guard Rifle Division seizing the village in a surprise attack. Half a kilometre west of Auvere Station, the 191st Guard Rifle Regiment cut through the railway 2 km (1.2 mi) from Narva–Tallinn Highway, which was the last way out for the Sponheimer Group but was repelled by the 170th Infantry Division and the 502nd Heavy Tank Battalion.[3][4] Mid-February situation The situation on the Narva front was turning into a catastrophe for the German Army Group North.[14] The Leningrad Front had formed bridgeheads both north and south of Narva, the closest of them a few hundred meters away from Narva–Tallinn Highway. The Sponheimer Group was in direct danger of getting besieged. The defence of the highway was held only by small infantry units formed of the 9th and 10th Luftwaffe Field Divisions, supported by Panther tanks after every few hundred metres along the highway. They obscured direct observation of the highway by placing branches of spruce trees along it, however, this did not distract the Soviet artillery from keeping the highway under constant bombardment. The faith of the Sponheimer Group, that the defence could go on like this, started to diminish.[9][15] Soviet landing operations Seeing the condition of the front, Hitler ordered the 20th Estonian SS-Volunteer Division to be replaced on the Nevel front and transported to the Narva front. The arrival of the I.Battalion, 1st Estonian Regiment at Tartu coincided with the prepared landing operation by the left flank of the Leningrad Front to the west coast of Lake Peipus, 120 km (75 mi) south of Narva.[3] The Soviet 90th Rifle Division seized Piirissaar Island in the middle of the lake on 12 February.[16] The I.Battalion, 1st Estonian Regiment was placed at the Yershovo Bridgehead on the east coast of Lake Peipus. The 374th Soviet Rifle Regiment crossed Lake Peipus on 14 February, seized the coastal village of Meerapalu in a surprise attack, and formed a bridgehead.[16] Additional units of the 90th Rifle Division attacking across the lake were destroyed by 21 German Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers.[9][17] On the next morning, the 128th Rifle Division established another bridgehead further south in Jõepera. A battalion of the 44th Infantry Regiment, the I.Battalion, 1st Estonian Regiment and the air squadron cleared the west coast of the Soviets on the same day. Estonian sources estimate the Soviet casualties to be in the thousands.[9][18] The East-Prussian battalion regained Piirissaar island on 17 February.[9] To break the last resistance simultaneously with the Meerapalu Landing Operation, Govorov ordered the 260th Independent Naval Infantry Brigade to prepare for an amphibious attack to the German rear in Narva.[3] This was an elite unit specially trained for an amphibious assault.[3] They were transported to Narva Font by a navy unit of 26 vessels.[5] The troops were to assault from the Gulf of Finland, landing several kilometers behind the German lines near the coastal borough of Mereküla. The first company were to destroy the railway and Auvere Station, the second company to occupy the railway east from Auvere and the third company to cover the left flank and to blow up the railway bridge east of Auvere.[5] Estonian sources claim upon the testimonies of the captured Soviet Major Sinkov and Captain Sapolkin that as the instructions for later action, Major Maslov had ordered to slaughter the civilians which was confirmed by the murder of a family.[14][19] Another amphibious unit was intended to land after them.[5] However, the Estonian Counterintelligence had acquired data on an amphibious operation being prepared to land in Mereküla in 1939. Preparing the Panther Line in 1944, the Germans placed their artillery on the coastal battery built by the Military of Estonia specifically against such a landing.[9] The 517 troops commenced their operation on 14 February, landing directly in front of the German coastal artillery. The Norge Regiment and the coastal guards, supported by three Tiger I tanks quickly responded. While the 8th Army artillery placed near Auvere failed to begin their attack at the agreed time,[20] in seven and a half hours of fierce fighting, the Soviet beachhead was annihilated.[8][9] 1. Jaan Kuningas. "1944. aasta veebruar. Võitlus Narva pärast (February 1944. Battle for Narva)" (in Estonian). Postimees. 2. David M. Glantz (2002). The Battle for Leningrad: 1941-1944. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 F.I.Paulman (1980) (in Russian). Ot Narvy do Syrve (From Narva to Sõrve). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat. 5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Евгений Кривошеев; Николай Костин (1984). "I. Sraženie dlinoj v polgoda (Half a year of combat)" (in Russian). Битва за Нарву, февраль-сентябрь 1944 год (The Battle for Narva, February-September 1944). Tallinn: Eesti raamat. pp. 9–87. 6. Marc Rikmenspoel (1999). Soldiers of the Waffen SS. J.J.Fedorowicz, Winnipeg 7. 7.0 7.1 R. Landwehr (1981). Narva 1944. Bibliophile Legion Books, Silver Spring. 8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Unpublished material from the official war diary of army detachment "Narwa" 9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 Mart Laar (2006) (in Estonian). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of II World War in Northeast Estonia. Tallinn: Varrak. 10. R. Landwehr (1981). Narva 1944: The Waffen-SS and the Battle for Europe. Silver Spring, Maryland: Bibliophile Legion Books. p. 58. 11. (Estonian) Voldemar Madisso (1997). Nii nagu see oli. (As It Was) SE & JS, Tallinn 12. Wilhelm Tieke (2001). Tragedy of the faithful: a history of the III. (germanisches) SS-Panzer-Korps. Winnipeg: J.J.Fedorowicz. 14. 14.0 14.1 Laar, Mart (2005). Estonia in World War II. Tallinn: Grenader. 16. 16.0 16.1 L. Lentsman (1977) (in Estonian). Eesti rahvas Suures Isamaasõjas (Estonian Nation in Great Patriotic War). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat. 17. (Estonian) A. Kübar (1993). Veebruar 1944. Viru Sõna, March 9 (February 1944). 18. Harald Riipalu (1951) (in Estonian). Siis, kui võideldi kodupinna eest (When Home Ground Was Fought For). London: Eesti Hääl. 19. (Estonian) Eesti Sõna (1944). Testimony of Major Sinkov 20. (Russian) Bor'ba za Sovetskuyu Pribaltiku v Velikoj Otechestvennoy Voyne (Fight for Soviet Baltics in the Great Patriotic War). Vol. 3. Liesma, Riga
What is the Difference Between Breakfast and Brunch? difference between breakfast and brunch Curious about how breakfast and brunch differ? Surely, you’ve encountered the two terms numerous times before. From simple inquiries to formal invitations, a ton of occasions carry these terms. But, how exactly do these two vary? What makes one meal breakfast and the other brunch? If you’re not aware yet, then here is a comprehensive guide that will help you draw the line between the two. Generally, knowing how these terms vary can help you know how to properly respond to certain questions and have the ability to set up a more accurate meal schedule for your diet plan. To cut to the chase, here is everything you need to know about breakfast and brunch and how the two meals differ. Read on. Defining the Terms: Breakfast vs Brunch Breakfast vs Brunch To make the comparison clearer, let’s start by laying down the definitions of each word. It’s safe to say that many are familiar with the term “breakfast” but not as many are familiar with “brunch.” After all, the first term is more often used and has actually been present in language longer than the latter. As you likely already know, the term “breakfast” refers to the first meal of the day, which is usually taken in the morning before taking on the day’s work. Meanwhile, the word “brunch,” which only appeared in 1896, combines the words “breakfast” with “lunch” and is used to refer to a meal usually taken late in the morning. Essentially, the time they happen and the menu items included in each set the two apart. Origin of Breakfast Generally, the story of how the concept of having breakfast came to be is a long and complex one. According to Breakfast Cereal, the meal’s origin traces back as far as the Neolithic age. At the time, men used large stones to grind grains and make a sort of porridge that they likely ate early in the morning. Later, when the Medieval age arrived, eating early in the day became a necessity for peasants who had early tasks to attend to, while the petit-bourgeois took the practice as a sort of luxury. Traditional Breakfast It was not until the 16th century, however, when breakfast finally became part of man’s day-to-day routine. According to historians, the concept of breakfast came along with the birth of employment. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, people made it a routine to have a meal first thing in the morning before they left for a full day’s work. Priceonomics provided a common list of foods usually served for breakfast. Among these included breads, porridges, or leftovers – anything quick and easy to prepare. Since then, the meaning of breakfast as we know it today came into effect. History of Brunch While the history of breakfast goes a long way back, the birth of “brunch” only dates back to the 1890s. Specifically, the term is said to have been coined by the British writer Guy Beringer, who first used it in his article entitled “Brunch: A Plea.” In the article, Beringer proposed the concept of a Sunday meal that combined breakfast with lunch to assist those who drank heavily on Saturday nights. This hybrid meal, according to him, would be perfect for those who wanted to ease their previous evening’s hangover, as it was lighter compared to the traditional Sunday supper. From then onwards, the idea of “brunch” began to spread and different cultures worldwide adopted it. Today, however, while Guy Beringer described the meal as “lighter” than normal Sunday supper, modern-day brunch often includes lavish buffets with heavy meals and sweet desserts. According to Mashed.com, this transformation may be linked to the “the age of conspicuous consumption” led by the American elites. Breakfast vs Brunch Breakfast vs Brunch Perks of Having Breakfast • Eating breakfast boosts your energy levels, making you more prepared to welcome the day. • Available studies suggest that eating breakfast can help improve your metabolism and therefore help in weight management. • Eating breakfast helps you develop better-eating habits. • People who eat their meals early in the morning are less likely to feel hungry during the day. Perks of Having Brunch • With two meals in one, you can have both sweet and savory options in one go. • Since it also serves as your first meal of the day, eating brunch also promises improved brainpower and energy. • Generally, brunch is considered a social activity. You’ll get to spend your time eating food you love with people you like. The Bottom Line Is the difference between breakfast and brunch clearer to you now? Which one do you personally prefer? Enjoy the most of these two meals by preparing only the best and healthiest food out there. Learn more about the most ideal food items to include in your meal by visiting your nutritionist today! 5 Easy Brunch Recipes Check out these great Brunch Recipes that have been shared on Pinterest. • Author: Recipe Marker 1. Click on each link above to view the pin and recipe. 2. Obtain all the necessary ingredients to make the recipe. 3. Follow the steps to create your dish. 4. Enjoy your delicious meal =) Keywords: Easy Brunch Recipes difference between breakfast and brunch you may also like well hello there! Linh Image free newsletter Join the mailing list and receive our free newsletter! recent posts What to Serve With Ravioli What To Serve With Ravioli: 5 Best Side Dishes What to serve with beef bourguignon (Featured Image) What To Serve With Beef Bourguignon: 10 Best Side Dishes What to serve with latkes What To Serve With Latkes: 6 Best Side Dishes Baskin Robbins Daiquiri Ice Recipe Baskin Robbins Daiquiri Ice Recipe (Copycat) let's be social search site Recipe Marker
The following article has explained both differently. X.509 wiki Now my question is: 1. Can we use more than one extension in a certificate? Is it how there can be more than one use of extensions in a certificate? 2. How are they differentiated by a server? Certificate extensions are just additional information in the certificate, i.e. "extending" on the information which has to be provided at minimum. If you need these extensions you have to use X.509v3, without extensions you can use X.509v1. Typical extensions are usage restrictions, subject alternative names or links to CRL download and the OCSP resolver. A certificate can contain multiple extensions and this is actually the common case. The server can differ between the various extensions because each has a type id which is contained in the X.509 file. For more detailed information about the variety of extensions which exist see Redhat: B.3. Standard X.509 v3 Certificate Extension Reference. Certificate extensions have nothing to do with file name extension, hair extensions, loan extensions or any other kind of extensions. • While interesting, the blog post you link to is rather confusing in context, because it is primarily talking about file extensions (and formats for storing and transmitting certificate data), whereas the rest of your answer is, as your last sentence pithily explains, nothing to do with that. A better article, picked from the first page of DuckDuckGo, would be this Redhat reference. – IMSoP Jun 25 '17 at 21:08 • @IMSoP: you are perfectly right. I've changed the link to the one you provided. Thanks a lot. Jun 25 '17 at 21:15 Your Answer
Circular Breathing Circular Breathing: Oboist's guide There are two sections below; first a basic guide for the oboist as to how to learn the technique and, second, a guide for composers; though both groups of people could learn from the information it the other section. Circular breathing can be found being practiced by many different people in different situations: Glass blowers, didgeridoo players, jazz musicians and of course oboists. Any oboist can be taught to do this technique and I suggest that it is more of a knack than a technique. It has been said that circular breathing makes you unmusical. This is of course nonsense and has no more truth to than saying that eating ice cream makes you unmusical. What it does do is to add a significant technique to your arsenal and can make some of the more demanding solo easier to play. It also brings into your grasp, at least in theory, works that really cannot be performed without it: Globokar’s Atemstudie for example. The unmusical charge is often used because it can be used unmusically, that is without reference to good phrasing, but, I suggest, the musical performer will be able to avoid this problem. The Technique: Some people suggest using a straw and water in order to practice the technique in the initial stages. This is not necessary but if you want to try it this way then there is no reason why not. The way the technique works is as follows: The air is taken in through the nose while air, which has been trapped in the mouth, is pushed out through the reed thus maintaining a continuous sound. Learning the Technique: I have broken the technique down into a number of stages. Each stage needs to be practiced until you are happy with it before moving on to the next. Some people get it quite quickly but others take time; like anything else it will take practice. Stage one... The back of the tongue is placed on the roof of the mouth, near the back, where the top becomes softer. This has the effect of closing off the air column. It is very similar to preparing to say the word ‘good’. The ‘G’ placing for the tongue is just about right. Instead of taking the tongue of the roof of the mouth as you would do when saying the word ‘good’ you leave it there. By moving the tongue forwards in the mouth, and holding the back of the tongue in the ‘good’ position, you should be able to force air out through the lips. If you make a small aperture with your lips it will be easier to test this. This is worth practicing until you feel you have it. You should be able to make a small and brief ‘jet’ of air through the lips. Stage two... Having got the idea of stage one start practicing using a free reed: At first simply rest the reed on the lower lip while performing the actions of stage one and then begin to fold the lips into more of an embouchure position until eventually you can make the reed squeak. Stage three... While the air is being forced out through the reed you will need to be able to take air in through the nose. Once again this needs to be practiced. Start breathing in through the nose slowly and, with your mouth in the ‘good’ position, squeak the reed. This gets your mind ready to cope with making a sound while breathing in! (As well as practicing a significant part of the technique.) When the embouchure is properly formed you should be able to maintain the squeak for a couple of seconds or more. This should be aimed at when practicing the above. Stage four... Now place the reed on the oboe and choose a pitch in the middle of the range. Going back to stage two try maintaining a sound for a couple of seconds. In other words placing the tongue in the ‘good’ position and forcing air through the reed but with the oboe attached. Don’t work if the sound is not that great – it takes time. Stage five... You now need to practice stage three once again but this time with the reed on the oboe and fingering a pitch somewhere in the middle register. Work towards making the sound as long as you can. Stage six... Having got used to stage five you are now ready for the trick bit – joining up the breath of the mouth with the breath of the lungs. Keep as relaxed as you can. Follow the stages above and as you make a sound by pushing air through the reed with your tongue inhale through the nose. As soon as you have a reasonable amount of air in the lungs release the tongue as you start to blow normally. Once again this takes a little practice. As you work on this technique try, rather than playing a single note, doing it on a trill of other faster passage. This covers up a multitude of problems! The first time you decide to use it in a performance, especially in an exposed section, I suggest that this is a good way of starting, rather than on a long note. As you gain confidence you will find yourself able to use it in all kinds of places. One last point – I tend to double take when circular breathing. Because on the oboe, as we all know, we need to breathe out as well as in. I therefore make one pass in order to exhale air and another to inhale. On some occasion I will do only one or the other depending on the demands of the music. On the video you can see the technique in use in a variety of ways.
The Misanthrope as a Comedy of Manners Moliere's The Misanthrope, is characterized by features like: exposure and satire of the upper-class society's bad culture, the use of witty dialogue and lively repartee, comic scenes of love and intrigues and typical characters which are the features of comedy of manners. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere) In terms of its subject and theme, The Misanthrope is a play that deals with the social issues of vanity, hypocrisy and the falsities of social manners in the upper class people of France in the seventeenth century. But the drama is not only critical of the contemporary society's social evils: it is also critical of the universal stupidity of high-sounding ideals that cannot be put into practice. The drama explores the paradox of human culture and nature. The paradox is that we may oppose a society and its culture and customs for being disagreeable, unreasonable, insincere or meaningless; but still we can neither fully solve such problems at large, nor can we simply accept them as they are. If we decide to reject the society's ills and live away from it, we ourselves will become anti-social and ridiculous. But, though a comedy of manner like The Misanthrope can be understood as a satire of the universal weakness of human societies and manners, this drama is mainly related to a particular society. It is a realistic drama that portrays the picture of a society of a certain time-the seventeenth century France, especially its upper class society. It is concerned with the artificial manners and conventions of the elites who had so much time and resources that they had developed a 'culture' of wasting them and corrupting themselves. In its form and style, The Misanthrope is characterized by several comic elements. One of the features is that its characters are of the typical kind, which means that they all belong to some category of human beings, like proud, hypocritical, foolish, impractical, and coquettish and so on. Alceste the main character is a typical impractical idealist who keeps shouting at the world, but he cannot correct his own mistakes. Celimene is the typical coquette who will never stop having as many lovers as she can attract. Oronte is the 'type' of poet who writes only to satisfy his hunger of being appreciated. None of these characters are serious or complex. They are supposed to represent or stand for one or the other type of weakness in the culture and manners of the time. The dialogue also characterizes The Misanthrope as a comedy of manners. The dialogue is the most artistically dominating and perhaps the most interesting aspect of this drama as a comedy of manners. It is full of clever exchanges and witty replies, which we understand as 'repartee'. The charm of the lively repartees in the play is mainly due to the poetic and aphoristic (short but effective) quality in the language and the intelligence (wit) in the use of it in the contexts. The language of this play is also characterized by the extensive use of wit, or clever sayings. One more important element of comedy of manner found in this drama is that of exposing the faults of potentially positive things of life: this includes the misuse of philosophical ideas, the manipulation of logic for justifying weaknesses, eccentric behavior in the name of high culture, and the use of affected language as 'standard'. Alceste misuses philosophical ideas and ideals, and he manipulates logic for justifying his blind love for a false woman. Characters like Arsinoe use affected language and lies to tempt and lure people; she tries to tempt Alceste with boasting and affected language. Characters like Oronte, Alceste and Celimene go beyond the limit of what we might call 'sanity' in their passions; they are all eccentric in their thought and habits. The Misanthrope Study Center The Issue of Incompatibility in The Misanthrope Portrayal of Virtues and Vices in The Misanthrope Individual versus Society in The Misanthrope Alceste as a Social Misfit in The Misanthrope Dramatic Technique in The Misanthrope Contrasts of Human Relationship in The Misanthrope The Misanthrope Study Center Introduction of The Misanthrope Summary of The Misanthrope The Misanthrope as a Social Satire Morality in The Misanthrope Biography of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere

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