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satire in gullivers travels essay 5530 essay
Jonathan Swift’s renowned fresh Gulliver’s Travels is perchance the greatest work of literary sarcasm of all time written. Ever since its publication. it has been an of import and challenging piece in English literature. As defined by a dictionary. sarcasm is “The usage of wit. sarcasm. hyperbole. or ridicule to expose and knock people’s stupidity or frailties. peculiarly in the context of modern-day political relations and other topical issues” . Originally. when it was foremost published. Swift refused to subscribe the book. fearing prosecution from the authorities.
Swift himself admits that he penned ‘Gulliver’s Travels‘ in order “to vex the universe instead than deviate it. ” In this novel. the chief character. Gulliver. travels to four really different lands. He is exposed to a huge array of political and societal scenes. and his position on political relations and the human race as a whole deteriorates as the journey progresses. Often thought to be misanthropic. Fleet utilizations satire to show his ain unfavourable sentiment on humanity. cognition. and authorities. During the first journey Gulliver finds himself on an island ruled by people who are merely 6 inches tall.
He is a elephantine in this foreign land. but he respects the bantam indigens. The chief thing Swift satirizes in this journey is the fiddling political relations of his native England. On the island. which is called Lilliput. there are two rival forces – the high heels and the low heels. About these parties. it is said “that for above 70 Moons past there have been two fighting Parties in this Empire. under the Names of Tramecksan and Slamecksan. from the high and low Heels on their places. by which they distinguish themselves.
During the life of Jonathan Swift. political relations in England were greatly controlled by two parties called the Whigs and Tories. merely as Lilliput is manned by the high and low heels. Using these two parties. Swift paints a image of fiddling differences between them. This is satirising what Swift truly thinks about the minor differences between the two commanding powers of England. In the following journey. Swift begins to satirise western civilization as a whole. After go forthing the island of Lilliput. Gulliver finds himself in a new state called Brobdingnag.
Here. the functions are reversed. with the indigens being over 60 pess tall. and Gulliver merely a few inches tall. The giants are monstrous. but their political relations and civilization far surpasses that of England. They are peaceable and do non want force. unlike the people of Europe who are barbarous and ambitious for war. The chief usage of sarcasm in the 2nd ocean trip comes when Gulliver tries to explicate to the male monarch of this island the civilization. history and authorities of Europe.
He attempts to do it sound every bit impressive as possible. but the king merely sees the corruptness in European society. proclaiming. “I can non but conclude the Bulk of your Natives to be the most baneful Race of little abominable Vermin that Nature of all time suffered to creep upon the Surface of the Earth. ” This statement is one of the most well-known in the art of sarcasm. Through the lingua of the male monarch. Fleet expresses his feelings towards humanity. Throughout the class of the 3rd journey. Gulliver finds himself in four different locations. Swift is satirising the cognition of humanity through these travels.
The first topographic point Gulliver visited was a floating island. On this island. the people were visionaries. but they were absentminded and had no construct of world. At his following halt. Gulliver meets a group of people who have their ain thoughts to better their state. but they are besides without a existent footing. Yet. the people of this land follow these thoughts. even though they are clearly farcical. The following land he visits is place to prestidigitators who can temporarily convey the dead to life. Here. Gulliver speaks with celebrated figures in history and uncovers that a batch of the history he has read is non accurate because of the prejudice of historiographers.
The concluding state he visits is place to immortal work forces. Gulliver begins to conceive of how astonishing it would be to populate for infinity. but he is informed that while the people are immortal. they do non hold everlasting young person and they are suffering. Throughout this venture. Swift uses sarcasm to mock the cognition of adult male. Swift’s disgust of humanity is shown clearly through the sarcasm used in the concluding journey. This clip. Gulliver ends up in a land inhabited by speaking Equus caballuss called Houyhnhnms. These Equus caballuss are apparently perfect and rational. Besides on the island are barbarous humanoid animals called Yahoos.
The yokel are gross outing and unintelligible. Gulliver much prefers the company of the Equus caballuss over the yokel. even though he is evidently biologically related to the latter. The Equus caballuss are so idealistic that Gulliver becomes ashamed of humanity. and wishes to remain with the Houyhnhnms for the balance of his life. They finally force him off the island and Gulliver returns to his native land. He is now terrified of other worlds. including his ain household. and spends many yearss speaking to regular Equus caballuss. Swift’s repulsive force of humanity reaches its breakage point here. revealed through the sarcasm demonstrated during this concluding journey.
Jonathan Swift is widely thought to be misanthropic. or. to be a hater of humanity. To this twenty-four hours it is unknown if he genuinely felt animus towards humanity as a whole. but it decidedly seemed like it through his usage of sarcasm in many of his narratives. In his fresh ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ . Swift painted adult male as a disgustful animal with corrupt thoughts in political relations and an irrational idea procedure. Although it has been met with much contempt and unfavorable judgment. Swift’s book will forever stay one of the most first-class illustrations of sarcasm in all of literature.
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In the long term, overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agriculture has caused soil to harden, strengthen pesticides, decrease fertility, and pollute water and air, and destroy the natural ecosystem. It is clear that these chemical agents bring hazards to our environment and human health as well.
In the animal husbandry industry, animals in overcrowded livestock operations are raised in stressful conditions with poor hygiene and foul odours. Due to this, excessive use of disinfectants and antibiotics are common as there is a risk of an infectious outbreak.
In aquaculture, the fish are often overfed to speed up production, which ends up creating excessive waste. The waste then turns into sludge, deteriorating water quality. Medicines like antibiotics are also commonly applied in the water to prevent the fish from getting sick. This will affect their habitat and environment.
We, at Masaaki Sdn. Bhd. aim to introduce farmers to chemical-free, natural farming methods using EM Technology. We cater to companies as well as households, giving them technical advice and support. By using EM Technology, we can naturally (but not limited to) improve the quality of soil, plant growth and yield in agriculture, improve immunity against diseases while lessening the use of antibiotics and disinfectants in animal husbandry, improve water quality and prevent the accumulation of sludge in aquaculture, all without damaging the ecosystem, and instead purifying the environment.
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Why Do You Need a Proper Vacuum Pump for Your HVAC System?
HVAC system is the abbreviation for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It is the technology used in households, and in vehicles to achieve temperature control. It is used for acceptable and inhalable air quality; to regulate the temperature per the outside climate and purify the inside air to remove unwanted moisture. HVAC is used almost everywhere these days starting from apartment flats, duplex houses, hospitals, office buildings, a startup to giant industries, police stations, airports, and community halls to vehicles like cars, buses, trains, airplanes, ships, cruise, submarines, etc.
Vacuum Pump
A vacuum pump’s mechanism is to create a vacuum in the required vessel by removing any air or gas particles present. It is generally used for industrial purposes such as in electronic manufacturing units to produce CRT tubes, electric bulbs, etc.
In a HVAC system, V stands for ventilation which is the process of interchanging air from indoor and outdoor and hence regulating the temperature and purifying the air. It involves two processes: it introduces outside air inside and circulates the interior air to prevent saturation of the air. It is also responsible for removing not so pleasant smells and excessive moisture. It can be done both naturally and mechanically.
The Need of a Vacuum Pump in a HVAC System
Since the HVAC system ventilates air from inside to outside and vice versa, it is possible to have some of the gas particles trapped inside. The system needs servicing from time to time to ensure the flawless function of the heating system and air conditioners. A vacuum pump is used to remove unwanted air and water vapors from the air conditioning system while it is under service and to restore the vacuum. CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) is the unit on which vacuum pumps are evaluated; bigger pumps don’t ensure better quality or faster to use. CFM defines the speed at which it can evacuate the system; it can be at times even more than the size of the pump itself.
How the Vacuum Pump Works for HVAC System
The first step is to take out the refrigerant from the system and save it for later usage. Then, proceed with a thorough check-up for any defects, such as leakage. At times, water starts to flow back from air conditioners; this is an indication of leakage in the system which requires immediate attention. When the leakage is detected during service, it should be fixed first, or the total vacuum condition cannot be attained. Also, refrigerant will leak leading to its wastage. After the reassurance of no more defects, we can now evacuate the air and moisture using a vacuum pump. A full integration testing is done before it is handed over to the customer to ensure flawless delivery.
Evacuation Process
In an ideal system, only the refrigerant and oil should be circulating in the system. However, after many years of operating the device without servicing it may accumulate air and moisture. The air from the atmosphere includes oxygen, nitrogen, and moisture. These particles can cause unwanted results such as a rise in head pressure causing higher compression ratios. This will overall result in the decreased efficiency of the system. Also, acids produced in refrigerant can cause chemical reactions and acids might also corrode the walls of metal over time.
Tips to Keep in Mind While Selecting an Air Conditioning Vacuum Pump:
• Sight Glass Oil
To see the level of oil before operating, it is needed to have sight glass oil.
• Anti-Suck Back Feature
Both the refrigerant and the pump have oils but they are quite different from one another, hence anti-suck back feature is needed before servicing so that oil from the pump does not flow into the refrigerant system in case there is a power outage. The oil in the refrigerant is different from the ones in the pump.
• CFM Rating
The higher the CFM the faster the evacuation process is.
• One-Stage or Two-Stage Design
As the name suggests, one-stage and two-stage designs have one and two rotors and vanes respectively. The dual-stage vacuum exerts greater pressure and hence, the two-stage design pump is more efficient and can produce a deeper vacuum than the former one. Single-stage vacuum pumps are less expensive and work well with a rough vacuum level. Depending on the requirement, single-stage or dual-stage vacuum pumps should be used.
• The Lowest Vacuum Level That the Pump Can Achieve
The vacuum level is defined as the difference between evacuated volume and surrounding pressure. The lower the vacuum level, the lesser the difference with the surroundings. Hence the lowest possible pressure is zero.
• Intake Fittings
Proper intake fittings are important with any and every gauge. Hence, it is very important to ensure proper fittings of the vacuum pump before starting the whole troubleshooting service. Otherwise, there remains a chance of accidents or wastage of oil and refrigerant which will ultimately lead to an inefficient vacuum created in the resulting vessel.
• Weight
Lightweight vacuum pumps are easy to handle, hence preferred.
After concluding all the facts specified here, we can conclude that a proper vacuum pump is very much required for any HVAC system. Starting from the troubleshooting procedure to create the vacuum perfectly and lastly testing the end product to ensure it is free of any defect. Hence, we should analyze the HVAC system and then the required vacuum pumps accordingly for a working system.
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Bariatric surgery is designed to help obese patients achieve substantial, long-term weight loss that they have been unable to achieve using other methods. The surgery works by restricting the stomach size and (in some cases) limiting the body’s ability to absorb nutrients from food by bypassing a portion of the digestive tract. This operation has evolved through more than half a dozen variations since it was first invented in 1954. Early versions of the procedure were risky and often led to unacceptable side effects such as constant diarrhea, dehydration and liver damage. Older techniques that caused too much malabsorption have largely been abandoned; newer techniques such as the gastric balloon are still in the clinical trial stages. Today, there are four main types of weight-loss surgery performed in the United States.
Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y)
The Roux-en-Y is a modern version of the gastric bypass surgery developed in 1967. It can be performed through a long, open incision in the abdomen or laparoscopically via several small incisions. The laparoscopic approach is associated with fewer complications (especially with wound healing), less pain and a shorter recovery. However, patients who are very obese or who have previously undergone abdominal surgery may only be candidates for the open version of the procedure. This is determined on a case-by-case basis, and the criteria may vary between surgeons.
This bariatric surgery is performed using general anesthesia. The surgeon uses a line of staples to create a small pouch out of part of the stomach. This new stomach pouch holds less than an ounce of food (it will stretch a little over time). This limits meal sizes and leads to a feeling of fullness that makes it easier to resist overeating. Gastric bypass also leads to changes in the hormonal signals sent out by the gastrointestinal system, reducing feelings of hunger.
The lower part of the intestine is severed and then surgically attached to an opening in the new stomach pouch. Now, food passes directly from the pouch into a lower segment of the small intestine, “bypassing” part of the digestive system. The more length of intestine bypassed, the less food gets absorbed during digestion. This malabsorption of nutrients can lead to more rapid and effective weight loss. However, there is a tradeoff between high levels of weight loss and the side effects of malabsorption. Most Roux-en-Y procedures bypass only a short segment of the small intestine to limit these side effects.
The large, unused portion of the stomach and the bypassed segment of small intestine aren’t removed from the body entirely. Instead, they are reattached lower on the intestine. This portion of the stomach still produces acids. Letting those gastric juices flow into the lower intestine aids the digestion of food. This approach also means the tissue remains viable. This is important in case of complications that would require a reversal of the procedure.
Pros of Roux-en-Y:
• This is the most common bariatric surgery. Depending on where you live, it’s relatively easy to find a surgeon with lots of experience performing gastric bypass (an important factor for limiting the risk of complications).
• Weight loss occurs very quickly after the procedure and tends to be long lasting.
• Diseases such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure that are associated with excess weight may improve rapidly.
Cons of Roux-en-Y:
• Unpleasant side effects such as “dumping syndrome” are very common. Patients may experience dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and other symptoms after eating high-sugar foods.
• This procedure has a higher 30-day mortality (death) rate than less-invasive procedures such as gastric banding.
• Calcium and iron deficiencies are an unavoidable side effect requiring lifelong supplementation.
• The surgery is difficult to reverse and should be considered permanent.
Sleeve Gastrectomy
This bariatric surgery is referred to as a gastric sleeve or vertical sleeve. The surgeon reduces the size of the stomach by about 75 percent. Basically, it becomes a tube rather than a pouch. This reduction restricts food intake and leads to a greater sense of fullness after eating even small amounts of food. The intestines are not modified in this surgery. This procedure may be recommended when only moderate weight loss is needed or if a patient is too high risk for a more invasive bypass surgery.
Pros of sleeve gastrectomy:
• This procedure has fewer complications and a quicker recovery than gastric bypass.
• Nutrient malabsorption is not an issue since the intestines are intact.
• The gastrectomy can be converted into a bypass or duodenal switch later on if needed.
Cons of sleeve gastrectomy:
• Weight loss occurs more slowly and may not be as substantial as with gastric bypass.
• The surgery is not reversible.
• Fewer surgeons have experience performing this new procedure, and the long-term results are unknown.
Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD-DS)
This weight-loss surgery is often referred to as simply the “duodenal switch” although that is also the name of another, different procedure. In BPD-DS, the stomach is reduced to a tube or sleeve to limit food intake and hunger sensations. The pylorus, which controls the flow of food from the stomach into the intestine is left intact as is the first part of the duodenum (in Roux-en-Y, this part of the intestine is bypassed). A long section of small intestine after the duodenum is removed and reattached further down, close to the beginning of the large intestine (colon).
The duodenum is attached to the remaining length of small intestine. In this way, two different “channels” are created. Digestive juices flow down one, and food moves down the other. The two channels meet up just before the large intestine. Only a small amount of fats and carbohydrates are absorbed in this shortened area where the food and digest |
Insomnia refers to a variety of sleep issues, including unsatisfactory duration, efficiency and quality of sleep. Not falling asleep at bedtime, waking up frequently during the night, and arising too early are just some of the problems associated with sleep. Not only is sleep impacted, but often individuals are very tired during day. Most people require about 7 to 8.5 hours of sleep per night to feel refreshed in the morning; however, some only require 5-6 hours of sleep. With chronic insomnia, these sleep issues continue and are not reflective of just one night of “bad sleep”.
When you don’t get sufficient quality sleep, you may experience psychological and health problems. Those with insomnia experience higher levels of distress and physical complaints, such as tension headaches and gastrointestinal problems.
Fortunately, there are proven non-pharmacological techniques that can help improve your sleep. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a modality of psychological treatment used to treat a wide range of disorders, including anxiety, depression and sleep issues. CBT comprises various treatment components, which target adaptive changes in thinking, emotions and behaviors. In a recent study, 60% of patients diagnosed with acute insomnia were cured by a 60-minute cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) session. The primary components of CBT for insomnia treatment are Stimulus Control Therapy (SCT) and Sleep Hygiene.
Stimulus Control Therapy: This technique limits the amount of time an individual spends in the bed while awake and the types of behaviors engaged in while in the bedroom. SCT typically requires that an individual only go to bed when he or she is sleepy, engage only in sex or sleep while in the bedroom, leave the bedroom if awake for more than 20 minutes, and return to bed only when sleepy. Also, individuals are encouraged to maintain a specific sleep schedule, such as going to bed at 10 p.m. and awaking at 6 a.m. every day. The idea behind these behaviors is that the individual will only associate the bedroom with sleep and sex-not lying in bed awake or watching television.
Sleep Hygiene: Sleep hygiene essentially comprises “sleep tips” to help individuals improve their sleep. Some of these include disconnecting from electronics (which can disrupt natural sleep patterns), engage in wind-down time before bed (e.g. meditation, deep breathing, quiet time), limit naps during the day, eat a balanced diet, avoid alcohol and illegal drugs, restrict caffeine intake and maintain a sleep diary to track your progress.
Although these techniques have proven to be effective for many individuals, sometimes more intensive treatment is required. Outpatient counseling, such as the type of counseling we offer at Evolutions Behavioral Health, includes CBT and other techniques to improve sleep. Treatment is typically conducted in approximately 6 to 8 sessions, depending on the severity of the issues. Some individuals might benefit from more intensive therapy conducted at a sleep clinic. |
That park is garbage (don't worry, it's a good thing)
Article By:
Senior Associate | Landscape Architect
You've probably heard the saying one person's trash is another person's treasure in the context of perusing garage sales on a Saturday afternoon or scouring Kijiji ads during a break at work. You see the value when someone else sees nothing.
So, have you ever attributed that line of thinking to a garbage dump? You know, that unnatural mountain slowly building up around the city limits. That same mountain when on a hot summer’s day and wind conditions are just right, a putrid smell starts to invade your work, home and yard and you can't escape it. Honestly, most people would probably say no, let alone, refer to a garbage dump as a treasure. However, a garbage dump to designers, planners and engineers is a park in the making—a future city gem that everyone can enjoy.
How much garbage do we produce?
Now to be clear, I don’t condone the excessive production of waste in the anticipation that someday, down the road, it could be a park. But really we should all do our due diligence in reducing daily consumption and waste. In 2013, a report by the Conference Board of Canada revealed that Canadians "produce more garbage per capita than any other country on Earth," producing 777 kilograms of garbage per citizen. According to Len Coad, the board's director of energy, environment and technology policy, our dismal performance has a lot to do with the "inefficient use of our resources," referring to our country’s inability to “promote economic growth without further degrading the environment.”
Yet, even while we work towards sustainable solutions that could drastically reduce our impact on the environment, it’s still hard to ignore that we, as humans, are wilfully wasteful and have been since the beginning of time. We have and continue to consume and contaminate massive amounts of land to dispose of it. The only small glimmer of light to this darkness is that in the last century or so there has been a slow movement to reclaim some of this land to create public parks, small and large. I believe it's essential to recognize the value park developments bring in regards to education concerning waste management, biodiversity, engineering, history, and environmental stewardship.
Freshkills Park Alliance
In Staten Island, NY, Freshkills Park has become one of the most well-known landfill to park conversions to begin development in the last decade. While the Freshkills Park Alliance (a group of Government Partners and Contributing Agencies) estimate that the park will take over 30 years to complete, once its fully realized, it’s predicted to be the second largest park in New York City (triple the size of Central Park). In an area of the world where land is scarce and expensive, the addition of a new public park is of immeasurable value. The Freshkills Park Alliance recognizes this and is devoted to its ongoing development and furthering its public education agenda. Furthermore, at no time does it ever deny or ignore the roots of its beginnings because even though the park rests on a foundation of decades of human waste, it does not taint the parks picturesque notions. Instead, it adds to the intricate beauty of the park’s story, showcasing how history, innovation, and renewal can come together to create a productive landscape that harvests and distributes energy back into the power grid while providing a cultural destination for the public to enjoy for generations.
However this type of advocacy, recognition and landfill education is rare. Much landfill to park conversions go undetected and are unknown to the general public. I recently became aware that there are currently 17 parks in Winnipeg that used to be former landfills. We can attribute this acknowledgement shortfall to the lack of resources available for conversions. It takes a lot of people and funding to create something comparable to the Freshkills Park Alliance and most landfill to park conversations are more modest in comparison. They do exist though. They live in the form of the quaint neighbourhood park where you play baseball, that grassy field where you let your dog run free, or the hill you take your family to go tobogganing on in the winter. The authenticity of these spaces doesn’t have to be elaborate. It can be as simple as informing the people through conversation, education and public intervention.
Garbage park objections
One of the primary objections we've seen is the idea that we can't mix garbage and public space because it's repulsive. Recently, I walked with a city councillor around a park we designed in Winnipeg in preparation for the park's naming ceremony. Unlike the quaint parks I previously mentioned, this park is substantial in size. It’s 50-acres, half of which is a decommissioned landfill. Its amenities include a soccer pitch, a beach volleyball court, basketball court, children’s playground, open recreational fields, picnic shelter and approximately five kilometres of pathways and trails. When I mentioned to the councillor that the unique topography is the result of a landfill for which considerable amounts of engineering, planning and design took place, the councillor met me with a look of disgust and an explicit reply that they wouldn’t be mentioning that detail to the public or press at the opening. I was shocked by that response. Without informing people about the previous use of the land, we’ve missed the opportunity to bring citizen awareness to the sheer scale of the impact of waste on our planet. A park should not be used to camouflage our wasteful past, but instead, provide an opportunity to inform people that we can repurpose discarded land, and to some extent, repair contaminated land.
In the end
I understand that the idea of picnicking on a pile of garbage is not as inviting as say picnicking on land that has been shaped by history rather than human waste. No landfill reclamation project will use that image for promotion. The intent, however, is to increase public awareness of waste management, engineering, science, and design to show how we can re-establish these ignored and unsavoury sites into productive landscapes. With the right infrastructure, these decommissioned landfills can contribute back into our energy grid while providing an amenity for the public. By taking on an out of sight out of mind approach, we fail to inform the public of these concepts and hinder progressive thought.
Fortunately, in regards to the park mentioned earlier and the resistance to publicly speak about the park's history, there is still an interpretive plaque that the City will install, detailing the effort that went into the reclaiming the land. Here’s hoping that a few people will take the time to read it and realize that just because we developed the park from a pile of garbage doesn’t mean that the park is garbage.
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Wild Things: Life as We Know It
Caterpillars, Bonobos, European Songbirds and More…
Cheryl Carlin
Parachuting Caterpillars
Parachuting Caterpillars
(Kazuo Yamazaki / Journal of Insect Science)
Caterpillars that live in treetops typically crawl or jump or rappel down silk threads to the ground, where they spin cocoons. But one nettle caterpillar goes its own way, according to a new study in the Journal of Insect Science. Larvae of the moth Scopelodes contracta—found in Japan, China and India—nibble through a leaf to detach it from the stem. The caterpillars cling to the leaf as it floats to the ground, as if riding down on a parachute.
Mothers Help Sons Mate
(Frans Lanting)
Male bonobos accompanied by their mothers have greater success mating with fertile females than unchaperoned males, say researchers from the Max Planck Institute in Germany. Mother bonobos can assist low- and mid-ranking sons by interrupting the mating attempts of unrelated males. By hanging out with mom, sons also have more opportunities to interact with fertile females, make their own overtures, mate and reproduce.
Why Fish Stop and Go
zebra fish
(Matthew Henry)
Small fish, especially young ones, tend to swim quickly for an instant, stop and then zip away again. What accounts for such darting around? Briefly stopping may allow small fish to better feel the pull of predators, such as larger fish, that suck prey into their mouths. Researchers at the University of California at Irvine found that stationary zebra fish larvae in laboratory tanks are twice as likely as swimming ones to avoid piston-induced suction that mimics the water flow of a predator slurping up a meal.
Web Master
bark spider
(Matjaz Kunter)
A species of bark spider recently discovered in Madagascar spins the largest webs ever recorded—up to 82 feet wide—over streams, rivers and lakes. Named Caerostris darwini after Charles Darwin, the spider has evolved exceptionally tough silk for “bridgelines,” which anchor its giant, orb-shaped webs to vegetation on land and keep the webs suspended above water. The spider itself is only a few inches long and eats insects such as bees and mayflies.
(Alan Williams / Naturepl.com)
Name: The blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus, a European songbird.
At First Light: Males sing at dawn.
By Night Light: In areas with streetlights, males sing earlier in the morning and attract more mates, and females lay eggs 1.5 days sooner.
Not So Bright: “Light pollution influences the timing of breeding behavior,” says co-author Bart Kempenaers of the Max Planck Institute, and could override natural cues about when to mate and with whom. |
The international humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) this weekend called for no patents to be granted and no speculation about drugs, tests or vaccines developed to combat the Covid-19 pandemic caused by the new coronavirus. They also asked governments to prepare to suspend and replace patents and take other measures, such as price controls, to ensure availability, reduce prices and save more lives.
Canada, Chile, Ecuador and Germany have already taken steps to facilitate patent replacement by granting “compulsory licenses” for medicines, vaccines and other medical tools to Covid-19. Likewise, the Israeli government granted a compulsory license for patents on a drug they were investigating for use against the disease.
After intense criticism from civil society groups and MSF, the pharmaceutical corporation Gilead has just renounced a special designation from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that would allow prolonged monopoly control over 20 years of patents applied for in more than 70 countries for its potential candidate for Covid-19 treatment, remdesivir. Preliminary results from clinical trials using remdesivir to treat Covid-19 are expected in April. However, Gilead has not yet committed to not applying its patents globally.
MSF is deeply concerned about access to future drugs, tests and vaccines against the new coronavirus in places where MSF works and in other countries affected by this pandemic. The organization asks governments to prepare to suspend or replace Covid-19’s medical tool patents by issuing mandatory licenses. Removing patents and other barriers is critical to helping ensure that there are enough suppliers selling at prices everyone can afford.
American diagnostic test maker Cepheid offers another example of pandemic profit. The company has just received the US FDA Emergency Use Authorization for a rapid Covid-19 test (Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2) that provides results in just 45 minutes, using existing test machines that have been routinely used for tuberculosis, HIV and other diseases.
Cepheid has just announced that it will charge $ 19.80 per test in developing countries, including the poorest countries in the world, where people live on less than $ 2 a day. Research from MSF and other institutions on Cepheid’s tuberculosis test – which uses a similar tuberculosis test cartridge, for which the corporation charges $ 10 in developing countries – shows that the cost of products, including manufacturing, overhead and other expenses for each cartridge is $ 3, so each test can be sold at a profit for half the price: $ 5.
MSF warned that high prices and monopolies will result in the rationing of medicines, tests and vaccines, which will result in the prolongation of this pandemic.
News from: Paranashop |
sleep- time management strategy
An old handheld device for managing time – a pillow.
An older strategy was to sleep one hour less and get more done. The newer strategy is the exact opposite: sleep one hour more and get more done.
In the years that intervened, as Daniel Levinson expresses in his book, The organized mind, it has been shown by research that sleep is among the critical factors for peak performance, memory, productivity, immune function and mood regulation. And the average individual gets at least one hour less sleep today than he or she did 50 years ago.
The expectation of individuals that they should sleep soundly for seven or eight hours prompts many to seek out sleeping pills, which have been shown to be addictive and have side effects – including interference with memory consolidation – and cause them to be drowsy and unrested in the morning. The National sleep Foundation reports that 25% of Americans take some form of sleep medication every night.
In one study, sleeping pills only allowed individuals to sleep 11 minutes longer a night, and poor quality sleep at that. And according to literature on the topic of sleeping pills, it appears that the risks outweigh any benefits. One study, reported in the BMJ open Journal, found that regular sleeping pill users were 4.6 times likelier to die prematurely.
Thomas Wehr, a scientist at the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, showed that without artificial light, people tend to fall asleep about two hours after the room goes dark, sleep for about four hours, stay awake for an hour or two, and then sleep for another four hours. Whether you take two minutes or two hours to fall asleep, it’s still normal. Not everyone has the same sleep cycle, and it’s the amount of time you sleep, not the amount of time you spend in bed, that is critical.
Seven hours of sleep a night is considered to be a healthy minimum and anything less them six hours is considered to be sleep deprivation – along with its adverse effects. One of these effects is to leave you with less energy, and less likely to perform at your peak, and therefore less productive.
If you value your health, your time, and your personal productivity, you should also value your sleep – and you should see it as an important strategy in getting more accomplished in the time at your disposal. Sleeping off the job will keep you from sleeping on the job.
Since adequate sleep also has a bearing on your longevity, it could very well increase the time at your disposal as well. |
Blog Post #3 – Inquiry Research Round #1 – How Does Different Genres of Music Affect Different Living Beings?
“How Does Different Genres of Music Affect Different Living Beings?”
Pop, Rap, Country and Reggae
Listening to pop music has some great benefits. It can get your blood pumping and can generate great feelings of excitement (1). It can also make you feel happier and can lift your mood easily. There are some negatives though, too. The strong, fun, rhythmic beat of the song can cause people to feel like they want to dance and sing with the music (1). The bad thing about this is if you are using pop, rap, country, or reggae music to study is that it can easily create distractions (1). It might not be the best idea to use these kinds of music for study music. Pop music has gotten worse over the last 50 years (2). Modern pop music has been used to brainwash listeners into catching on to their repetitive, bouncy tunes (2). If you listen to pop music a lot, you better tune it down a little, because pop music lovers have a significant lack of creativity (2) when being compared with different music-genre listeners.
Metal and Rock
Metal and Rock, surprisingly, can actually aid more than harm your brain. Usually we think that metal and rock can harm our brain and give us more negative thoughts, but the opposite of that is often true. Listening to heavy metal can calm people (1), especially people who are agitated easily. In other words, they can make you feel happier (3), and can help you exude joy. This is especially helpful for people with mental disabilities because it can lessen your suicide risk (3).
Based on the Mozart Effect, classical music can make a child smarter (1). This music type can also calm you. It releases stress hormones and can cause a dopamine rush (1). This happens because of the large waves of calmness and pleasure people feel when listening to classical music (1). It can even aid in visual attention of stroke patients (4) can can lower blood pressure (4). But, the most unique fact about it all is that people who listened to classical music were more willing to share personal information about themselves in writing (4) than other people who don’t listen to classical music. This genre of music can make your more emotional (4) and can help produce emphatic responses in people (4). Listening to classical music daily can also improve your memory (4). It can make you more receptive to information, which makes storing and recalling information easier (4) and faster. This can especially help in class because it can enhance your learning skills and understanding (4).
No Music
When you are listening to music when studying, it might not be the best idea if the music has lyrics. If the song has lyrics, then it could be distracting (5), and in that case, studying in silence would be better (4). Even though it might not be the best idea, it might be the best idea for others. It depends mainly on the person (4) because everyone has different styles and different tastes in music. It would be a better way to unwind, though (6). After a whole lot of work, you might want some music to help you relieve some stress.
Playing an Instrument
Playing an instrument does wonders to your brain. When you listen to music, only certain areas of your brain are being used (7). But when you play an instrument, you give your brain a full-body workout (7). Playing an instrument will engage all areas of the brain at once (7). Musicians tend to solve problems more effectively and creatively (7). Learning how to play an instrument can give you higher levels of planning (7), strategizing (7), and it makes you more susceptible of paying attention to details (7). People who have learned music before have enhancements in multiple brain areas (7), and are better at multi-tasking when being compared to others (7). So, what are you waiting for? Go pick up your instrument and start playing!
1. .http://glows, itssara. “How Music Genres Affect the Brain.” Itssaraglows, 19 May 2016,
2. Sloan, Jordan Taylor. “Scientists Prove That Pop Music Is Literally Ruining Our Brains.” Mic, Mic, 10 Sept. 2014,
3. Rigby, Sara. “Is Heavy Metal Bad for Your Mental Health?” BBC Science Focus Magazine, 18 Mar. 2019,
4. Nelson, Brooke, and Dawn Yanek. “10 Wondrous Things That Happen to Your Body When You Listen to Classical Music.” Edited by Renata Chalfin, The Healthy, The Healthy, 18 Oct. 2019,
5. Hernberg, Emily M, et al. “SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy.” SiOWfa15 Science in Our World Certainty and Controversy, 4 Dec. 2015,
6. Jones, Justine. Study in Silence or Listen to Music?, 2020,
7. Collins, Anita. “Transcript of ‘How Playing an Instrument Benefits Your Brain.’” TED, 2020,
4 Replies to “Blog Post #3 – Inquiry Research Round #1 – How Does Different Genres of Music Affect Different Living Beings?”
1. Hi Karen,
I personally play the alto saxophone in both concert and jazz band in Charles Best. I find it interesting that playing an instrument can engage all parts of the brain and help with problem-solving. Some music genres I enjoy listening to are Hip Hop and Classical. I like to listen to music because it lightens my mood and makes me happy. It would be interesting if you should look into different genres of music.
Here are some helpful links. The first one is a funny video of how rap will sound like in 20 years.
2. Hello Karen! I really enjoyed reading your post. Like Shieva, I was really surprised by how metal and hard rock can affect the brain. In our society, many of us are taught that metal and hard rock genres are violent and dangerous types of music that will only serve to hurt our brains, and learning that this is untrue is really interesting! I also found it intriguing how low the creativity of pop listeners is and how pop music has changed over the years. Keep up the great work!
Some resources that you may find useful are:'s%20Take.,not%20that%20helpful%20when%20studying.
3. Hi Karen,
I found it interesting that metal and rock music can actually calm people! I would expect it to also raise blood pressure but I guess its quite helpful. Iv’e also heard of the Mozart Effect before and thought it was just a placebo effect. I think that it puts children in the right state of mind to take in information and share information which is what makes them smarter. I think that its interesting to look into this topic. I kind of expected these outcomes for music on humans but I’m excited to see what the affects on other beings are because personally iv’e never looked into it.
Here are some links for future research
Good luck!
Shieva Mokhtarnameh
Leave a Reply |
Pay Attention to These Numbers in Summer Fruits!
Nutrition and Diet Specialist Elif Gizem Arıburnu talked about the numbers to be considered in summer fruits, gave important warnings and suggestions.
Apricots, do not exceed 4!
Thanks to its high fiber content, apricot supports digestion by increasing bowel movements. It is also a good source of the minerals vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium and potassium. Being rich in vitamin A, it strengthens immunity, supports visual functions and regenerates skin epithelial tissue. When 4 apricots are consumed, 1 portion of apricot is consumed. 4 apricots are 120 grams. Since apricot is a fruit rich in potassium content, it is necessary to pay attention to its consumption in kidney diseases.
Plums, do not exceed 4!
Plum, thanks to its antioxidant properties; It strengthens the immune system, balances cholesterol and blood pressure. Since it is a fruit with a low glycemic index, it helps prevent sudden blood sugar spikes. Consumption in dried form has positive effects on cardiovascular diseases and bone health, but since the sugar content of prunes increases, it is healthier to consume fresh in patients with insulin resistance and diabetes. Consumption of 4 medium-sized (80 gr) damson plums is 1 portion. Since damson is a fruit rich in oxalate, it poses a risk in individuals with kidney stone disease. Its consumption should be limited in kidney stone diseases.
New world (Maltese), do not exceed 6!
Maltese is a fruit used in traditional medicine because of the compounds it contains in its fruit and leaves. Its leaves are used in cases such as chronic bronchitis, high fever, cough. The fruit part is rich in antioxidants. Consumption of not more than 1 servings in 2 sitting will prevent the occurrence of complaints such as headache, diarrhea and stomach indigestion. When 6 malt plums (125 gr) are consumed, 1 portion is consumed.
Green plums, do not exceed 10!
Among the benefits of plum, which has a great effect on health; bone health and memory improvement, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer effects and prevention of constipation. plum, same zamIt also supports the prevention of cancer. In the studies carried out; It has been seen that plum helps to prevent the proliferation of breast cancer cells and to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells. Plum, which is a good antioxidant due to its high phenolic content, protects the body against oxidative stress caused by radiation. Plum is a fruit with high acid content. It is not recommended to consume more than 10 pieces in one sitting, as the acid rate in the stomach may increase as a result of excessive consumption and negative effects may occur.
Cherry, do not exceed 12!
Consuming 12 cherries a day during the season reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the body; It has a protective effect against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Despite all these benefits, excessive consumption of cherries can negatively affect stomach health and problems such as heartburn may occur. zamSince it has an effect that increases bowel movements at the same time, excessive consumption can cause diarrhea. However, there is no clear evidence that cherry consumption interacts with blood thinners.
Figs, do not exceed 4!
Fig is a fruit that we have difficulty in maintaining portion control because it is quite sweet. Consumption of 1 serving (2 pieces) of figs per day provides significant benefits in lowering cholesterol thanks to the pectins in figs. When more than 2 servings (4 pieces) of figs are consumed per day, the risk of fatty liver increases due to high fructose intake. It is useful not to exceed the portions, as organ fattening can weaken our immune system.
Grapes, do not exceed 15!
Thanks to the compound called resveratrol, red grapes prevent blood pressure and support heart health. zamAt the same time, it prevents bad cholesterol that clogs blood vessels and causes coronary diseases due to its antioxidant content. Another effect of red grapes, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, is that it prevents clotting by increasing the nitric oxide levels in the blood thanks to its resveratrol content. It is important not to exceed 15 grapes for both green and red grapes. Uncontrolled consumption can cause excess calorie intake, leading to weight problems and lumbar lubrication.
Mulberry, do not exceed 10!
Complaints of constipation, risk of anemia, egzamMulberry, which has a positive effect on problems such as a, hair loss, is one of the fruits that we eat as we eat and have difficulty in stopping ourselves. Even though it has many health benefits, it is important not to be consumed by diabetics and patients with sugar restriction, or to be consumed by paying attention to its portion, since it is a fruit with a high sugar content. 1 portion of mulberry fruit is equivalent to 10 large mulberry fruits. 10 large mulberry fruits are 75 grams.
Peaches, do not exceed 1!
Peach is a fruit rich in nutritional value and fiber content and has a diuretic effect, but since peach is rich in potassium, it should be consumed in kidney patients. It is recommended that kidney patients with high potassium parameters in blood tests should not consume peaches at all, and healthy people should choose 1 medium-sized (150 grams) peach in one serving.
Watermelon, do not exceed 4 small triangular slices!
Portion control can be difficult when consuming watermelon, which is one of the first fruits that come to mind when we say cold and juicy fruits. Although it varies according to the person, when we consume an average of 2-3 servings of watermelon per day, the majority of our daily vitamin C needs are met. Consuming watermelon at a sufficient level during the season prevents the formation of prostate cancer. In addition to its positive effects on health, individuals with diabetes or those who want to lose weight should pay special attention not to exceed the recommended portion according to their daily needs. 1 serving (200 grams) of watermelon is 4 small triangular slices.
Melon, do not exceed 6 small triangular slices!
Nutrition and Diet Specialist Elif Gizem Arıburnu “Melon fruit, another favorite of cold summer fruits, is one of the fruits where portion control becomes difficult. Although the daily consumption of 2-3 servings of melon varies according to the person, it meets the daily vitamin C need at a high level. zamAt the same time, melon contributes to the balancing of blood pressure thanks to the potassium it contains. In addition to its many health benefits, it is important for individuals who want to lose weight and have diabetes to consume in accordance with their daily needs, without exceeding the portion amount. "One serving (1 grams) of melon is equivalent to 200 small triangular slices."
Controlled consumption is a must!
Nutrition and Diet Specialist Elif Gizem Arıburnu “The amount of fruit that people will consume daily varies according to age, gender, weight, height, mobility levels and energy needs of people. Therefore, consuming only one variety of these summer fruits at a time corresponds to one serving. Otherwise, eating all these amounts in one sitting will make the liver and waist area fat. Since we need various vitamins and minerals to strengthen our immunity, it is beneficial to consume the fruits we choose in a controlled manner by changing them every time.
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Biography of Monsignor Tadeusz Fedorowicz
Born February 4, 1907, in Klebanov, outside Zbarazh. Graduated from Lwów Seminary in 1936 and was ordained. Completed a master’s degree in theology and law at Lwów University. From 1936 he taught religion in high schools in Ternopil; from 1937 he was the diocesan secretary for Caritas, and was there during the Soviet occupation. In April 1940 Father Tadeusz voluntarily joined a group of Poles who were being deported from Lwów to Siberia. While among them, he was identified as a priest, arrested, imprisoned and then later sent to Karlag. In 1942 he was amnestied as a citizen of Poland and released from the camp. He became a chaplain in Anders’ Army but he was in the hospital when it was being evacuated into Iran. Left behind, he ministered among the Catholic exiles in Kazakhstan and participated in the formation of a Polish gymnasium in Bolshaya Bukon. He became chaplain of the Second Division in the Polish People’s Army and returned with it to Poland. After the end of the war he served as chaplain at the Center for the Blind in Liaski, outside Warsaw, and was named a monsignor. Source: Polacy na Lotwie, p. 307; list compiled by R. Dzwonkowski; Madała, p. 53
Variant Names:
Fedorowicz, Tadeusz; Fedorovich, Tadeush
Zbaraz︠h︡ (Ternopilʹsʹka oblastʹ, Ukraine); Lʹviv (Ukraine); Ternopilʹ (Ukraine); Siberia (Russia); Qaraghandy (Kazakhstan); Kazakhstan; Bol'shaya Bukon', Kazakhstan; Warsaw (Poland)
male; clergy and religious; survived |
The Power Of Table Talk | #E2xTwinkl Series
Table talk refers to conversations between parents and their kids during mealtimes. According to research, talking together as a family has immense benefits for children, boosting their communication skills and emotional well-being.
1. Why Is Table Talk Important?
Anne Fishel, co-founder of The Family Dinner Project, professor at Harvard Medical School and the author of “Home for Dinner,” says that table talks are like “brain food,” nurturing children’s intellectual ability and physical health. Researchers from Harvard Graduate School of Education found that children having conversations during dinner time were more likely to learn difficult words than those who listened to read-aloud stories. Another study by the University of Michigan suggested that school-aged children spending regular mealtimes with families achieved higher academic results than those only studying in school or doing homework. When table talks with parents become a routine, this can create a reassuring foundation for children’s feelings of safety and security. Besides, some research also shows that dietary choices of children as young as five years old may impact subsequent nutrition practices and weight outcomes and long-term health. Therefore, having frequent family dinners together can help parents keep track of their children’s diets and encourage them to eat more healthily.
2. Which Skills Can Your Kids Develop Through Table Talks?
Language skills
During a table talk, children can learn how to converse with other family members. They can experiment with different words, phrases, and grammar structures while parents can correct and guide them to use the language properly. The conversational environment that a table talk creates will enrich children’s vocabulary and get them familiar with words used in daily-life situations, not just those they are taught in a more formal in-class setting. Moreover, the home atmosphere also helps your child to take time and choose proper words to converse. Children will also learn to listen and think critically by asking questions and explaining to their parents during mealtimes.
Table manner
Conversational skills are not only established through verbal language but also non-verbal communication. This is why parents need to let their children practice table manners during mealtimes. Apart from basic gestures to express politeness and respect, for instance, not chewing and talking concurrently, keeping their surroundings clean while eating, children can also improve their eye-contact skills with table talks. Let your children understand that making eye contact will represent paying attention and help them learn how to value other people’s points of view during the conversations.
Social-emotional skill
One of the greatest benefits of a table talk is that parents can have the opportunity to listen to their children’s stories about things they might not be comfortable sharing with their teachers or friends. Social-emotional skills including self-awareness, self-management and social awareness could be strongly established through frequent table talks. For instance, sensitive topics such as bullying, peer pressures, competitiveness in school, and difficulty making friends can be addressed if parents effectively direct these conversations with their children. Besides, listening to their parents’ advice will help children calm down and be emotionally assured, especially if they face a potential breakdown or anger. Also, children can build stronger self-esteem and empathy through meaningful conversations with their parents.
3. Ideas to build quality table talks
It is easy to fall into awkward silence or begin providing one-word replies when you and your kids are exhausted and hungry at the end of a busy day. “Have you had a good day?” “Yes.” “Can you tell me what you did?” “Nothing special.” So, how can you make table talks more engaging and beneficial for your child’s development?
Start from the family roots
Having conversations with your kids about the family’s heritage is always exciting to help your child bond with their origins and give them a different perspective in life. For example, you can start with questions such as “do you know where your grandparents’ hometown?”, “do you want to hear about games we play in our generation without Internet access?”, “do you know your grandparents’ jobs before they retired?”.
Talk about food
Food topics will never get old, and this could be a great conversation starter idea for your little kids. In addition to common questions such as “how is the food today?”, “what do you like to eat for tomorrow’s dinner?”, parents can take this chance to provide more knowledge about ingredients and nutrition. For instance, you can ask, “do you know what this dish is made from?” followed by explaining the ingredients and why their combination is good for your kids’ health. An additional activity is to let your kids write and design their own menu for the week, or you can suggest to them to help you prepare meals.
Parents have used storytelling across many other occasions, including bedtime, snack time, or separate reading hours. For mealtimes, you might not want to disrupt your kids’ digestion with books or comics around, but you can give them cues and encourage them to tell you their stories. These cues could be, for example, “I saw you got a new comic book last week, what is the plot?”, “How are you and your best friend? Did you guys do anything fun at school today?”, “If you wrote a book, what would it be about?”. Always remember to ask lots of open-ended questions, “how,” “why,”, “what,” to keep your conversations going.
Talk about hobby
Children will always be excited to talk about what they like, either sports, music, arts or games. Your conversation starter ideas should never miss the topic about their hobbies. However, instead of just asking what their interests are, you might dig into the conversation deeper and provide them with more relevant knowledge. For instance, if your kids like playing football, you can share how football was invented. If your kids are into music, you can introduce them to various genres or ask whether they will learn some musical instruments.
Discuss the news
Creating opportunities where your child can openly discuss surrounding events and significant pieces of news will develop their social awareness. You do not need to make this topic dry and hard to digest. Pick the news that is relevant to your child’s interests and age range. Fuel your kids with good news stories such as a hero dog in town, someone is helping the sick elderly, or how people celebrate some significant international events such as Earth Day, Children’s Day, Christmas and other historical events. Do not fear discussing some bad news, but make it more comfortable for your child to digest. For example, if an earthquake or flood is happening in the country, you can let your child know about the impacts of these natural disasters and nurture their empathy for others.
Don’t skip the debates
Debates will not only help your kids practice critical thinking and persuasive skills but also enhance their confidence and public speaking ability. Bringing a fun and entertaining debating conversation to your dinner is a way to encourage your child to exchange their thoughts while stimulating themselves to explore a broader knowledge base. Some child-friendly topics you can choose for your table talks include “what are the pros and cons of having a pet?”, “Are zoos good for animals and why?”, “Can we replace teachers with computers?”, “Should smoking be banned?”.
About E2xTwinkl series
E2 and Twinkl collaborated on articles in the E2xTwinkl series to give families a range of valuable information, activities, and ideas for following your children on their learning journey. The articles cover a variety of themes, like how kids learn STEAM and English efficiently at home. We believe you will start coming up with many wonderful ideas to help your children study well every day.
Twinkl Educational Publishing is a British online educational publishing house producing teaching and educational materials. It is trusted by 11 million teachers, parents, and 12,000 schools in more than 200 countries worldwide. Twinkl has a collection of over 750,000 documents created by a team of international experts. |
The Delightful History of Cajun Food
The Delightful History of Cajun Food
seafood restaurant
If you are looking for a great seafood restaurant, chances are you have stumbled across Cajun cuisine at least a few times. Cajun dishes have a unique spice and flavor to them that end up bringing people back for more and more. But where exactly do Cajun seafood restaurants get their dishes from? What are the origins of Cajun seafood? Cajun seafood is a style of cooking that developed in the southern United States after Acadian immigrants fled Canada a few hundred years ago.
Creole is a term that is often used interchangeably with Cajun. Typically Creole arouses images of charred, blackened fish, fiery seasonings, and red sauce. However, while there are similarities between Creole and Cajun, they are very different. Inhabitants of New Orleans were the creators of Creole food, while the Cajuns settled at a later date in the remote marshes and swamps of Louisiana, and had to improvise to make do with the ingredients in the bayous (no fancy seafood restaurants back then!).
The Acadians were the first French settlers to land in North America. They immigrated to Canada in the 1600s and learned to live off of what food was readily available in the area. Traditional meals of meat and veggies cooked in a stew bot were common. The Acadians adapted each meal to what they could catch or gather from the land and sea. However in 1755, the British Crown attempted to force the Acadians to pledge their allegiance – the Acadians refused. This lead to 14,000 Acadians being deported, the majority of whom moved to the swamps and marshes of Louisiana. Again, the British inadvertently helped make America the greatest country in the world, as you will soon see how this lead to the creation of some of the best seafood restaurant style food in the world.
Once settled in what is present-day Louisiana, the Acadian farmers showed their heartiness and adaptive lifestyle in finding new ingredients that were available in the region. Their cuisine adapted to crab, oysters, crawfish (hence the classic crawfish boil . . . pronounced bow’ell), catfish, and even alligator. All of these animals were readily available in the great bayou. Rice was also used in place of potatoes and bell peppers were thrown into the great pots of food. New spices were also found and introduced, thanks to great influence from the Native Americans. Black pepper and cayenne pepper are common in almost all Cajun recipes.
This incredible diversity should be celebrated not just as the creation of a great seafood restaurant (so to speak), but also to show the hardiness and adaptability of the Acadian people. These were individuals who truly valued their freedom and, rather than submit to British rule, made the trek into the swamps and bayous of Louisiana. Once there, they created a beautiful lifestyle.
Cajun dishes are based heavily on seafood (especially crawfish) and living off the land. The spices are key – especially the hot spices of black and cayenne pepper. Additionally, onions and celery often used to help arouse flavor in the dish. The strong sense of community among Cajun people brought about incredible traditions such as the crawfish boil (again, pronounced “Bow-ell.” Learn to speak properly), family boucherie, and of course Mardi Gras.
So next time you are looking for a great seafood restaurant, tip your hat to the incredible Cajun history and pull up a chair to a crawfish boil. You will be happy you did.
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postage stamp identification of source of #general
Herbert Lazerow
<Any postage stamp experts out there? >
In those days, the British king's face appeared on most stamps issued in the
British Commonwealth in general use. George V with full face beard died in early
1936 at age 70. His successor, Edward VIII, ruled for less than a year, and was
followed by his younger brother George VI. Neither were bearded; both were in
their 40s when they became kings; and both had youthful appearences in photos,
though an adult is unlikely to confuse them with children.
Take the person to a major public library, which should have a copy of Scott's
Postage Stamp Catalogue, which contains photos of many stamps. There will
certainly be photos of late 1930s British stamps that she might be able to
identify. You can also examine there Palestine stamps of that era, but I think
they are unlikely to feature such a person.
US stamps of that time are unlikely to show anyone young. Most US stamps had
presidents on them, and the stamps commonly used at the time pictured Washington,
Adams or Jefferson, none of whom would likely have appeared young, especially to
a child.
Herbert Lazerow
San Diego CA
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What Are Customs In Culture
Difference Between Culture and Custom
The phrases culture and custom are intertwined ideas that are specific to various social groupings and are thus difficult to define. Culture is a complicated system that includes people’s beliefs, knowledge, rituals, morality, conventions, and other habits and talents, as well as other aspects of their lives. When someone refers to custom, they are referring to a conventional method of doing or doing something that is peculiar to a certain area, period, or civilization. The most significant distinction between culture and custom is that custom is a component of culture; to be more precise, it is a representation of culture.
What is Culture
Culture is a social phenomena that reveals the characteristics of a specific society in which it exists. Culture may refer to the way of life that a group of people has developed over time. Founded by E.B. Taylor, who is considered the father of cultural anthropology, culture is defined as a “complex totality that comprises knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, tradition, and any other capacities and habits that man has acquired as a member of society.” Cultural characteristics include attributes such as beliefs, habits and values as well as artistic, musical, and linguistic expressions.
Almost all of the people of a certain culture have these cultural characteristics in common.
It is possible to distinguish between various races, nationalities, and even different age groups in terms of cultural behaviors and characteristics.
Culture is not a tangible term; rather, it is an intellectual concept.
As a result, the term “culture” can apply to a variety of diverse things.
What is a Custom
The term “custom” refers to a commonly recognized, customary manner of acting or doing something that is peculiar to a certain culture, location, or period of time. Every civilization, church, and group has its own set of customs and traditions. In every culture, customs are an integral part of life. As previously said, custom may serve as a reflection of a culture. Consider the case of a Chinese wedding ceremony, for instance. There are some rituals and traditions that are practiced that are specific to the area.
When a certain gesture, action, event, or act is repeated over and over again, it is referred to as “custom.” When something is followed for a long period of time and then passed down to newer generations, it is said to be a tradition.
The Japanese Tea Ceremony is a formal ceremony in which tea is served.
Difference Between Culture and Custom
The term “custom” refers to a commonly recognized, customary method of acting or doing something that is peculiar to a particular culture, location, or historical period. There are customs that are specific to each society, faith, and group. Culturally, customs are a necessary part of life. A custom can serve as a symbol of culture, as previously indicated. As an illustration, consider the following: a Chinese wedding ceremony Traditional and practices are practiced that are peculiar to this region of the world.
It is only after years of consistent practice that a gesture, action, event, or deed is accepted as a tradition.
The Japanese Tea Ceremony is a formal ceremony in which tea is served to participants.
Culture is an abstract concept that is expressed by physical things. Customize a person’s behavior or the way they do things.
Customs can serve as a representation of culture. Customization is an important component of culture. Image courtesy of: “Japanese Tea Ceremony” by Georges Seguin (Okki) – Own work, (CC BY-SA 3.0) viaCommons Wikimedia “Culture” (CC BY-SA 3.0NY) viaThe Blue Diamond Gallery “Culture” (CC BY-SA 3.0NY) viaThe Blue Diamond Gallery
11 Surprising Customs from Around the World
Kevin Whipple’s Culture Trip is a collection of photographs taken by Kevin Whipple. One characteristic that distinguishes humans from other members of the animal world is our proclivity to build conventions and traditions around a variety of topics, ranging from beauty rituals to sexual practices. Since the start of civilization, mankind have taken such pleasure in doing so that the globe has been enriched with hundreds of diverse civilizations. Without a question, one of the most significant aspects of every particular culture is the code of etiquette that exists within it.
• While hand motions are frequently susceptible to customary variation among cultures, only a few cultures can claim that the same phenomena applies to contortions of the lips.
• Have you ever been curious about how someone points with their lips?
• Once a Nica has put on their duck face, they can move their lips forward or side-to-side to express what it is that they wish to draw attention to in their environment.
• Greetings are customarily performed in a certain way in almost every culture.
• In spite of this, the multitude of details included in the French kissing traditions appears to elevate it to a whole other level of sophistication.
• Second, the quantity of kisses necessary to complete the greeting varies from one place to the next depending on the culture.
• Only a basic description of the usual kissing customs in France has been provided here.
Spitting is considered a good luck charm in Greek civilizations, and it is believed to be effective in warding off the devil.
As a result, it has developed into a more symbolic ritual, in which guests mostly forcibly shout the phrase, “Ftou Ftou Ftou,” as part of their greeting.
Spitting can also be used as a superstitious technique to ward off evil during a normal discourse, according to some cultures.
Russia, on the other hand, may take the cake in terms of institutionalized acceptability in this regard.
As a response, the government has established a national holiday that is completely dedicated to providing couples with time off from work in order to engage in sexual activity in the hopes of resulting in pregnancy.
Many nations celebrate holidays that are a little out of the ordinary because they honor their unique history.
Since 1887, on the second of February, the entire country has waited to see if the groundhog, Punxsutawney Phil, has seen his shadow.
What’s even stranger is the Inner Circle of the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club, which is made up of committed men who dress in black suits and top hats to tend to the groundhog on Groundhog Day every year.
Unlike many other countries, where tipping is optional or only done in modest amounts when the meal is very outstanding, tipping is almost always expected at most restaurants in the United States.
Wait staff rely on gratuities to supplement their income because the legal pay for waiters are minimal.
While some may argue that this practice is unreasonable, there is little question that the tipping culture in the United States provides an incentive for waiters and waitresses to deliver better service to their customers.
Many people like to spend their time in parks, but the Danes find it more convenient to transform their graves into gathering places for socializing, which we think is a really practical use of available space.
The Assistens Kirkegrdin in the country’s capital, Copenhagen, serves as an excellent illustration.
Kevin Whipple /||Cultural Exploration In certain cultures, the act of pointing with the index finger is considered abrasive and unpleasant, and it is forbidden.
Instead, it is traditional to point to objects with the thumb, as this is considered to be a more courteous gesture.
Table etiquette is a topic that is covered in most civilizations across the world.
Making slurping sounds when eating, on the other hand, has a whole opposite connotation in Japan.
At the same time, the Japanese consume their noodles without first twisting them into strange shapes, a process that is inherently louder than the previous one.
Some experts even suggest that slurping allows more air to enter the palate, which enhances the flavor of the noodles in the process.
This is especially true when it comes to welcoming senior citizens.
More specifically, when women meet one another, they kneel, whereas males often lie prostrate.
Interestingly, this practice separates Yoruba peoples from other ethnic groups in Nigeria, such as the Bini and the Kalabari, who do not do it.
Because many cultures in these nations wipe themselves after using the toilet with their left hand, the left hand is often seen as unclean.
When greeting people, handling items, exchanging money, and, of course, eating, always use your right hand when traveling to any of these places of the world for safety.
The Difference Between Culture and Tradition
Can you tell me about the distinction between culture and tradition? Is there a distinction between the two terms? However, although these two terms are frequently used interchangeably, they both have a distinct and vital meaning. We live in a world that is completely interconnected. With a single flick of your finger, you may access any culture you like. You can learn about customs that you may never have the opportunity to experience directly. You may, however, end up culturally appropriating and upsetting them if you do not comprehend their meanings.
Tradition vs. Culture: Why The Japanese Remove Their Shoes
Japanese people first started wearing shoes some 2,300 years ago, to help in the growing of rice. They wore them to keep their feet dry throughout the long, muggy, and rainy days that they spent outside in the elements. In order to avoid introducing dirt inside the house, they would remove their shoes before entering the house each evening before entering. However, cleanliness was only a portion of the explanation behind this. Another issue came down to etiquette and whether or not they believed their home to be a holy space.
Bring dirt into the storeroom after a long day’s work was considered an insult to your hard work since the amount of rice paddy you harvested signified power.
There are tea rituals not just in people’s homes, but also at some restaurants, schools, temples, and other public places.
What is Culture?
Culture is a phrase used to refer to a collection of beliefs, practices, and social behaviors that are shared by a group of people. When a collection of individuals or a society’s knowledge, beliefs, values, and laws are combined, the result is called a symbol. Culture, for the most part, is concerned with the larger picture. It’s a broad word that refers to the entire situation. It encompasses everything from the cuisine you eat to the television shows you watch, as well as art, language, fashion, dancing, and other forms of cultural expression.
People are drawn together by their shared cultural values and beliefs.
It is deeply ingrained in your personality and conduct, and it frequently results in a common set of beliefs and values.
In a nutshell, culture is all that a particular group of people has accumulated throughout the course of their history.
What is Tradition?
While tradition is a general phrase, it is also a distinct concept. It’s frequently used to describe a specific occurrence or behavior, such as taking your shoes off before entering your house for the first time. Traditions are ideas and beliefs that are passed down from one generation to the next through oral transmission. Rather than being regulations, they are more like recommendations. Each family within a culture might have its own set of customs while yet adhering to other traditions that are shared by everybody.
This is a shared custom that has been passed down through many generations.
Nonetheless, various families may observe it in a variety of ways.
It may be customary to visit a certain site or to give a specific gift, for example. Traditional customs serve as a bridge between the present and the past. They provide you the opportunity to pay tribute to your ancestors and to particular parts of your cultural heritage.
The Difference Between Culture and Tradition
It is important to note that the primary distinction between culture and tradition is that traditions reflect a group’s beliefs and practices that have been passed down from one generation to another. The term “culture” refers to the qualities that all members of a group have in common that have been accumulated over time. For example, in Japan, it is customary to take your shoes off while entering a house, a practice that has been passed down from generation to generation. It has its origins in good manners, just as the custom of bowing to people whom you welcome does.
• Culture serves as the underlying thread that binds you to everyone else, and traditions serve as the events and practices that commemorate these cultural threads.
• For example, in Mexico, the value of family plays a significant part in the country’s culture.
• The Day of the Dead (Da de los Muertos) is a widely observed celebration that commemorates the lives of people who have previously passed away.
• Each culture has a set of customs that serve to protect and preserve it.
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Why Knowing The Difference Between Culture and Tradition is Important
It is important to use appropriate language. It is important to understand the terms you employ. As a species, we are becoming more linked, and we are getting insights into the lives of others. It is possible for you to pick up your phone right now and learn about a culture that you have never encountered before. Perhaps you have a sense of shame about some events of history, or you have just stumbled upon a culture that you admire and desire to honor. The traditions of these civilizations provide you with the chance to accomplish exactly that.
• You are a member of a culture, despite the fact that you may take many parts of it for granted yourself.
• It has an influence on your own views and ideals.
• The culture of a person is precious.
• It’s a gift from above.
• But are you truly honoring the culture, or are you merely indulging in a custom that you are unfamiliar with?
• Traditions are frequently the most visible aspects of a society to the outside world.
• They assist you in determining what to do and when to do it (and what not to do).
• And one of the first lessons to learn is the distinction between culture and tradition, which is one of the most important.
Once you comprehend this, you may go deeper and have a better understanding of the wider picture. This leads to feelings of empathy, respect, and admiration, as well as the capacity to appropriately recognize a person and his or her cultural heritage.
How To Honor a Culture and its Traditions
True understanding paves the way for lasting transformation. As movements like as MeToo, Black Lives Matter, and those supporting the LGBTQ community gain traction, millions of people are becoming aware of this reality. We’re starting to consider what it’s like to walk a mile in someone else’s shoes more frequently. We only know what we know, which contributes to the widening gap between knowledge and apathy. However, when you begin to comprehend what you may not be aware of, to attempt to grasp the perspectives and experiences of others, and to empathize with them, you build the groundwork for positive change to take place.
The origins of violence begin long before bombs and bullets are fired, in our minds and emotions, in the words we speak, and in the ideas we have about other civilizations and traditions.
American Culture: Traditions and Customs of the United States
The term “Americanculture” refers to the practices and traditions of the United States of America. Culture includes everything from religion to food to clothing to language to marriage to music to our beliefs about what is right and wrong. “Culture includes everything from religion to food to clothing to language to marriage to music to what we believe is right and wrong,” said Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London. According to the United States Census Bureau, the United States is the third most populous country in the world, with a population of more than 332 million people.
1. As a result of immigration from other nations, and in addition to Indigenous Americans who were already living on the continent, the population of the United States grew significantly.
2. According to The London School of Economics, this has resulted in the United States being one of the most culturally diverse countries on the planet.
3. The cultures of Indigenous Americans, Latin Americans, Africans, and Asians have all had an impact on the development of American culture.
4. In the same way that civilizations from all over the world have impacted American culture, American culture is now influencing the rest of the world.
5. The way individuals “melt” in the United States is different from other countries.
An introduction to the culture of the United States is provided here.
According to the United States Government, there is no official language of the United States of America. The image is courtesy of Getty Images/SDI Productions. According to the United States government, there is no official language of the United States of America. While nearly every language spoken around the globe is spoken in the United States, Spanish, Chinese, French, and German are the non-English languages that are spoken the most often. Ninety percent of the population of the United States speaks and understands at least some English, and the vast majority of government business is performed in the language.
According to the Washington Post, English and Hawaiian are the official languages in Hawaii, while English is the primary language.
The agency categorizes those languages into four groups, as follows: Spanish; other Indo-European languages, such as German, Yiddish, Swedish, French, Italian, Russian, Polish, Hindi, Punjabi, Greek, and numerous more; and additional languages not included above.
Another category is “all other languages,” which is comprised of languages that did not fall into one of the first three categories, such as Hungarian, Arabic, and Hebrew.
An example of a post-Covid wedding in the United States (Photo courtesy of Getty Images/Phynart Studio) In the United States, which was founded on the principle of religious freedom, nearly every known religion is practiced in some form. As of 2017, according to data obtained by the Pew Research Center, a neutral research organization, around 70% of Americans identify themselves as Christians. According to the findings of the study, around 23% of the population has no religious connection at all, and approximately 6% of the population is comprised of non-Christian religions.
It is predicted that this group would decline from 16 percent in 2015 to 13 percent in 2060, according to the Pew Research Center.
American style
Photograph by Getty/Westend61 depicts a representative sample of modern American fashion. Clothing styles differ according to social position, area, employment, and climate. According to InterExchange, jeans, sneakers, baseball caps, cowboy hats, and boots are some of the articles of apparel that are most strongly associated with Americans, but there have been a number of different fashions over the years. Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors, and Victoria Secret are just a few of the well-known American fashion labels.
In 2019, clothing and accessories sales in the United States reached 24 billion US dollars.
Fashion, gadgets, and other items are increasingly popular among Americans who shop online. According to the Census Bureau, retail e-commerce sales in the United States were $214.6 billion for the third quarter of 2021.
American food
Macaroni and cheese is a staple American comfort food. Featured image courtesy of Getty/Burcu Atalay Tankut. The early history of American cuisine was marked by the impact of Europeans and Native Americans on its ingredients and preparation. Burgers, hot dogs, potato chips, macaroni and cheese, and meat loaf are just a few of the meals that are frequently associated with the United States of America today. It has evolved to represent anything that is genuinely American, despite the fact that the dish’s roots are not in the United States, according to the Smithsonian Institution.
According to Southern Living, southern-style cooking is generally referred to as “American comfort food,” and it includes meals such as fried chicken, collard greens, black-eyed peas, and cornbread, among many more.
The food jerky, which is dried meats offered as snacks, was also invented in the United States, according to National Public Radio (NPR).
The arts
View of the world-famous Broadway theater district The image is courtesy of Getty Images/Martin Holtkamp. Worldwide, the United States is largely recognized as the leader in mass media output, which includes television and motion pictures, among other things. United States accounts for one-third of the world’s media and entertainment business, which is valued at $717 billion according to the Select USA research group According to Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), the television broadcasting business first established itself in the United States in the early 1950s, and American television shows are currently aired all over the world.
According to Forbes, the film business in the United States earned a record $100 billion in 2019, before seeing a decline in 2020 as a result of the COVID epidemic.
According to Arcadia Publishing, Broadway is located in New York City, and Americans have a long and illustrious history in the theater.
American music is extremely diverse, encompassing a wide range of forms such as rhythm and blues, jazz, gospel, country and western, bluegrass, rock ‘n’ roll, and hip hop, to name a few examples.
a baseball player from the United States The image is courtesy of Getty Images/Donald Miralle. In terms of sports, the United States is a sports-crazy country, with millions of fans who are passionate about sports like football, baseball, basketball, and hockey, among others.
Baseball, which was founded in colonial America and became an organized sport in the mid-1800s, according to Sporcle Blog, is often regarded as America’s favorite pastime, despite the fact that, according to the Harris Poll, its popularity has been overtaken by football for the past three decades.
American holidays
The United States is the only country where several holidays are observed. On July 4, Americans commemorate the anniversary of their independence from Great Britain. Memorial Day, which is observed on the final Monday in May, commemorates those who have died while serving in the military. Labor Day, which is held on the first Monday in September, is a day to honor the nation’s labor force. Observed on the fourth Thursday of November each year, Thanksgiving is another distinctively American holiday that dates back to colonial times as a time to commemorate the harvest.
Veterans’ Day, which is marked on November 11, recognizes and honors the contributions of veterans.
Alina Bradford, a Live Science Contributor, has contributed further reporting.
Additional resources
• The University of Michigan’s 101 Characteristics of Americans/American Culture course is available online. Among the attractions at Penn State are the Politics of Fashion Museum, the American Folk Art Museum, and the World Atlas of the Most Spoken Languages in America.
Contributor Kim Ann Zimmermann is a writer for the Live Science website. She graduated with honors from Glassboro State College with a bachelor’s degree in communications.
Cultural Differences: 9 Surprising Customs From Around The World
Localization is, in essence, a technique for making your product or service look as though it was designed specifically for consumers in a certain market. Localization refers to the use of regional customs, cultural rules and values, appropriate colors, and comparable sensibility and signals that are recognized by your target audience. By failing to take cultural variations into consideration, you run the risk of offending and alienating your potential clients. We’ve all heard the expression “it’s a small world,” but is it truly true?
People have a strong tendency to build traditions and customs around a wide range of topics, from beauty routines to eating habits.
There are numerous cultural variances, and the following are nine startling instances.
1. People in Malaysia Use Their Thumb to Point
It is considered impolite and unpleasant in certain cultures to point with the index finger. However, while individuals of many cultures are likely to consider pointing one’s finger in both the literal and figurative senses to be uncouth, this action is considered extremely disrespectful in other nations, such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Instead, it is regarded more courteous and appropriate to make a thumbs-up gesture towards objects or objects in general. The act of pointing is reserved only for inanimate things in many African cultures, and not for individuals themselves.
2. Nicaraguans Point With Their Lips
The use of hand gestures varies according to cultural variances, but only a few nations can lay claim to the use of lip contortions as signals. In Nicaragua, on the other hand, it is customary to point with the lips rather than the thumb or index finger. Are you curious as to how this is accomplished? It all starts with a puckering of the lips, almost like a duck face.
In order to convey what the individual is attempting to point out, the lips can be pointed forward or side-to-side as needed. In conjunction with a directing head movement, the lip-point gesture is frequently employed during conversation to convey that something is happening nearby.
3. The FrenchReallyGo In For Kissing
Almost every culture has its own set of customs for greeting people. The habit of kissing on the cheek as a sign of greeting is shared by both romantic and Latin American cultures. The French, on the other hand, have taken this to an entirely new level. As an illustration:
• The guidelines for kissing are different for men and women. According to the area, the amount of kisses necessary to complete the greeting differs from one to another. Regardless of whether or not they know someone, the French are required to welcome them with a kiss upon their arrival to a gathering.
4. Nigerians Kneel or Prostrate Themselves When Greeting
Individuals from the Yoruba tribe, a Nigerian ethnic group, take their greeting customs very seriously, especially when it comes to welcoming elders. Traditionally, when an adult approaches, it is usual for young people to welcome them by bending their knees in front of them. Women kneel, and males prostrate themselves, to be more particular about this. Traditionally, these hand movements are used to express deference and respect for the elders in the society. Other ethnic groups in Nigeria are not involved in this practice, according to the anthropologist.
5. People Spit on the Bride at Greek Weddings
Spitting is considered a good luck charm in Greek civilizations, as it is believed to fend off the devil. In addition, spitting is used to fend off evil when participating in everyday talks. This tradition is no longer practiced nowadays, and wedding guests are no longer expected to spit on the bride. Instead of causing harm to the bridal gown, it has developed into the more sanitary and symbolic gesture of guests aggressively screaming the vocal spitting phrase “ftou ftou ftou” (“ftou ftou ftou”).
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6. In Russia, September 12 Is Known as the Day of Conception
Marriage, sex, and reproduction are often approached differently in different cultures. It is possible that Russia may win first place in the category of institutionalized acceptance of a tradition. This was brought about as a result of grave worries about the state of Russian society. Russia is experiencing dropping birth rates, an unbalanced gender distribution, and disturbingly short male life expectancies, to name a few issues. In order to assist in resolving this issue, the Russian government declared a national holiday on September 12 to provide couples with time off from work to engage in sexual activity, which will ideally result in a successful pregnancy.
7. The Danes Hang Out in Cemeteries
While cemeteries are popular haunts for folklore enthusiasts in many parts of the world, they are not so in Denmark. As opposed to meeting in parks, the Danes (who are a pragmatic nation) have transformed their graves into social gathering places. After a long winter, Danish cemeteries are immaculately maintained and crowded with residents as the weather begins to warm up. If you visit Copenhagen, the country’s capital, you will be in excellent company, as the city is home to the graves of many notable Danes, including Hans Christian Andersen.
8. The Japanese Enjoy Slurping
Table etiquette is a topic that is covered in almost every culture. In Western countries, eating while making a lot of noise is considered disrespectful. In Japan, however, making slurping sounds while eating is considered normal. Perhaps this has something to do with the manner in which noodles are consumed. Before placing your noodles in your mouth, you should swirl them around on a spoon or fork in Western nations. The Japanese eat their noodles by slurping them up without using a tool to wrap them around.
This method of noodle consumption is inherently louder. When you’re eating noodles in Japan, making slurping sounds shows that you’re thoroughly enjoying yourself. Some individuals even believe that slurping allows air to enter the palate, which enhances the flavor of the noodles.
9. Cultural Differences: Using the Left Hand
Utilizing one’s left hand for eating or other activities is considered offensive and unpleasant in several cultures and nations. People in these nations wipe themselves after using the toilet using their left hands, and as a result, the left hand is seen as filthy in these cultures. This practice is prevalent throughout most of the Middle East, India, Sri Lanka, and portions of Africa. When traveling to these regions of the globe, always greet people with your right hand and use your right hand to exchange money, handle items, and, of course, to consume food.
Why Cultural Differences Matter
Working in an online global business environment necessitates an understanding of the traditions, habits, and practices of the people in the nation in which you intend to do business with. When it comes to the consequences of failing to take cultural variations into consideration when organizing your marketing initiatives, the word “problematic” doesn’t even begin to define the situation. Localizeunderstands the significance of cultural variations in today’s world. When it comes to all of your translation and localization requirements, we can make a significant impact.
20 Fascinating Cultural Traditions Around the World
Every community on the planet has its own set of cultural traditions that distinguishes it from others and distinguishes it from others in the globe. However, some individuals, particularly those who are new to a foreign nation, assume that the natives would act and behave in the same manner as they do. Cultural traditions, like language, serve to identify a person’s ancestors. A person’s cultural traditions and customs are deeply embedded in him or her. They are customs and beliefs that have been passed down from generation to generation.
Unique cultural traditions around the world
If you want to avoid being perceived as disrespectful or impolite when visiting another nation, you should get familiar with some of the distinct cultural traditions and customs that exist around the world.
1.Choose the flowers you give to a Russian
It is important to be cautious about the flowers you gift to Russian business partners or personal acquaintances. Flowers with yellow colors should be avoided since they signify the end of a relationship or deception. Additionally, red carnations are prohibited since they are flowers that are offered to soldiers who have survived the war and placed on the graves of those who have passed away.
2.Be careful of what you give to Chinese colleagues
China has opened its doors to the rest of the world, yet the cultural traditions of the Chinese will never be completely eradicated. Because they are one of the world’s oldest civilizations, it is necessary to recognize that their cultural traditions have been established through millennia and passed down from generation to generation. The vast majority of Chinese people are also superstitious, and they attribute symbolic meanings to a variety of objects. When gifting flowers to your Chinese acquaintances, avoid choosing white because it is associated with ghosts and death in their culture.
White flowers are traditionally associated with innocence and purity in the United States. Flowers with prickly stems should also be avoided. Other items that are not appropriate gifts for the Chinese include:
• Clock. Its Chinese name (song zhng, which translates as “send clock”) sounds similar to the words “song zhng” and “funeral ritual.” Handkerchief is also considered to suggest that time is running out, or that life and a relationship are on the verge of ending
• – Umbrella is a farewell greeting in Chinese, and it is pronounced like such. Offering or providing an umbrella to a Chinese friend or coworker is a subliminal indication that a relationship is coming to an end. You are welcome to share your umbrella, but you must bring it back with you
• Gifts that are packaged in groups of four The number 4 is related with death
• For example, straw sandals and shoes are associated with death. Green hat is also used to imply that you are ready to split ways
• It is also used to indicate separation. Other individuals believe that the color green is fortunate since it is the color of money. A green hat, on the other hand, indicates that the woman is disloyal in the eyes of the Chinese.
3.Don’t ask for salt when dining in Egypt
The practice of asking for salt to be added to your dish is acceptable in many cultures, including those of the United States. Keep in mind, though, that if you’re dining with friends or coworkers in Egypt, you should avoid asking for salt. When you say something like this to an Egyptian, they consider you to be insulting the host since they believe you are disgusted by what you have just eaten.
4.A question of being punctual
The importance of being on time varies from country to country. In Venezuela, it is really customary to arrive 10 to 15 minutes late for a dinner invitation, depending on the situation. Being early in Venezuelan culture indicates that the individual is either extremely eager or greedy. Americans, like the Germans, the South Koreans, and the Japanese, are adamant about being on time for work. The fact that being five minutes late (which may potentially extend to 60 minutes) is okay in Malaysia and that you do not need to apologize is astonishing.
The Chinese will overlook your tardiness if you are 10 minutes late, whereas the Mexicans and Greeks will overlook your tardiness if you arrive 30 minutes after the scheduled hour.
5.Mind your table manners in Norway
There are several cultures in which it is accepted to consume meals with one’s hands. As a matter of politeness, it is generally essential that you utilize utensils such as a spoon and fork, chopsticks, or a spoon, fork, and knife when eating a meal in a restaurant. Before traveling to Norway, make sure you are familiar with how to eat with a knife and fork. In this Scandinavian culture, even sandwiches are eaten with a fork and a knife rather than with a spoon.
6.“No” to sharp objects
There is a significant difference between the cultural traditions of the Netherlands and China. However, there is one aspect in which they are extremely similar, and that is the fact that they both get pointed and sharp gifts, such as scissors and kitchen knives. Please remember that presenting pointy or sharp things to your friends or coworkers in the Netherlands (as well as in China) is considered a serious offense. Sharp things are regarded unlucky presents in the Netherlands, yet for the Chinese, it indicates that you wish to end or terminate your relationship with them.
7.Losing a tooth in Greece
In many countries, children are instructed to place their baby teeth beneath their pillows, where the Tooth Fairy will return them money in exchange for the teeth they have left. Greek youngsters, on the other hand, are instructed to throw their teeth onto their rooftops. According to the cultural custom, the child will grow up with a healthy set of teeth and will bring good fortune to the family.
8.Say cheers but don’t clink glasses in Hungary
When drinking a drink, especially when there is a celebration, it is practically normal to say “cheers” and “clink your glasses” with one another. Hungary, on the other hand, does not follow the conventional practice. Because, during their battle with Austria in 1849, Hungarian soldiers were terribly and cruelly defeated, and they watched Austrian generals celebrating the victory by drinking beer and clinking their glasses.
For more than 150 years, Hungarians have sworn not to clink their glasses when enjoying a drink. Although the pledge came to an end in 1999, the cultural custom is still practiced by the majority of Hungarians.
9.Choose the right occasion to discuss business in Bolivia
Even if you are in Bolivia to do business and have a limited amount of time, it will be deemed impolite to conduct business during a dinner party or any other social event in the country. Dinner, according to Bolivian tradition, should be used to strengthen personal ties. Even if you have been asked to a business lunch or dinner, you should avoid bringing up the subject of business until your Bolivian host brings it up first. Otherwise, simply relish the dinner and use the opportunity to improve your relationship with your Bolivian host by talking about your family.
10.Don’t try to ”go Dutch” in Turkey
In some cultures, it is customary to divide the meal bill even if the lunch or dinner is being hosted in your honor, but this is not allowed in Turkey, where it is considered impolite. It is considered courteous to offer to pay for half of the lunch, but your host will be irritated if you insist on paying the entire bill alone. It is acceptable to reciprocate by inviting your host to a subsequent meal so that you may take your turn paying for the lunch or supper.
11.Avoid using red ink for writing names of your friends in South Korea
Pen inks are available in a broad variety of colors, and it may be entertaining to use them to create vibrant doodles, sketches, and other artwork. Some individuals don’t care what color ink you choose to write their names with as long as their names are spelt correctly; for them, the color of the ink is irrelevant. Red ink, on the other hand, is not permitted in South Korean culture since it signifies death to the people there.
12.A trip to the sauna in Finland
Going to the sauna is a very personal experience for many individuals. When it comes to stress relief and relaxation, visiting the sauna is a great option. It is also a good method to meet new people. Even if the Finns believe in the same thing, if your business customer or rival asks you to the sauna following your meeting, don’t be surprised or shocked. This indicates that your business meeting has been a success.
13.Where do you sit when taking a taxi?
The practice of showing passengers taking a taxicab trip and sitting in the rear of the car is common in films and television programs. Even though you learned this from your Etiquette 101 class, it is still appropriate to travel in a cab when there is just you and the driver. However, in Australia, sitting in the rear of the bus is considered snobby. Australians are accustomed to sitting in front of the taxi driver.
14.Greeting a magpie on its own in the UK
To prevent experiencing bad luck, it is traditional in many regions of the United Kingdom to meet a lone magpie, which may be found in various locations.
15.Birthday greetings in the Netherlands
When you celebrate your birthday in the Netherlands, you won’t feel alone in your celebration. A birthday greeting to the individual who is celebrating his or her birthday as well as to the person’s family and other relatives is customary in this nation.
16.Greeting people in Japan and Germany
When you’re in Germany and you’re invited to a function, it’s customary to shake hands with everyone in attendance. You must even shake the hands of any youngsters who are present. In Japan, bowing is used to express greetings and gratitude to others. The depth of the bow you use depends on the social standing or age of the person you are wishing to meet. Argentina is a country where it is common to greet someone with a kiss on the cheek. In Brazil, it is common for friends to exchange three cheek kisses on each other’s cheeks.
Brest is a city in which it is allowed to offer someone a kiss on one cheek. In Toulouse, it is acceptable to kiss both cheeks. In Nantes, on the other hand, it is acceptable to bestow four kisses on the cheeks.
17.Finger-pulling in Austria
When you witness Austrian guys engaged in finger-pulling, you might wonder what they’re up to. It is, in fact, a serious traditional sport, with very severe regulations that must be followed at all times. The game is called Fingerhakeln (finger-pulling), and it is a miniature version of the classic game of tug-of-war. The goal is the same for both games: to move the opponent across the table with your finger. This sport is very popular in Bavaria.
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18.The dangers of remaining single after age 25
Family members are expected to marry off their children at a relatively young age in some countries, according to custom. In some modern nations where people have greater independence, it is up to them to determine whether or not they want to marry and at what age they want to do so. Friends and family, on the other hand, can be “cruel” in some cultures. In Germany, for example, a person who is still unmarried at the age of 25 gets sprinkled with cinnamon powder throughout the day by his or her social circle.
During Saint Catherine’s Day, which is celebrated on November 25, individuals in France purchase amusing hats for their 25-year-old unmarried pals.
19.Shoving your face on your birthday cake
It is common in both live-action and animated films for people to giggle when they shove their faces into birthday cakes. Some people do it as a joke, while others do it out of contempt or resentment. However, because it is a cultural practice in Mexico, there is no need for the birthday celebrant to get furious. It even adheres to a procedure. The birthday cake is brought out and delivered to the individual who is enjoying his or her special day. The birthday song is sung by the guests, and the birthday candle is blown.
20.Wife-carrying is a competitive sport in Finland
No one would have thought that carrying your wife around would be considered a sporting event. Mrs.-carrying oreukonkantoin Finnish (wife-carrying) is officially recognized as a sport in Finland, and couples from across the world flock to Sonkajarvi each year to take part in the tradition that dates back to the nineteenth century. Wife Carrying World Championships has been the official name of the event since 1992. Beer is awarded as a prize, with the amount awarded matching to the wife’s weight.
Language services while traveling
Different countries have different cultural traditions, and tourists from other countries are sometimes perplexed by these differences. While they may be rather intriguing, it is vital to familiarize yourself with the cultural practices of your travel locations so that you do not make any cultural faux pas. If you’re traveling for business, it’s possible that you’ll want translation and interpreting assistance. If that’s the case, we’re here to assist you. For quality translations, turn to the professionals at Day Translations, Inc., a professional translation firm that provides a comprehensive range of language services.
Considering that all of our translators are native speakers, you can be certain that you will receive the most accurate translation possible in over 100 languages.
Any time you want translation or interpreting services, please contact us. We are available by phone at 1-800-969-6853 or by email at Contact us. We are open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, so please do not hesitate to contact us. Image Photograph by 123RF Stock Photo (copyright: potowizard)
What Is Culture, Anyhow? Values, Customs, and Language
1. Understand what it means to be a part of a culture Recognize that there are several types of cultures
2. And Identify numerous different types of cultural traditions
As the example of Dunkin’ Brands in the introduction indicates, local tastes, habits, beliefs, and culture have an influence on all elements of doing business in a particular nation. But what precisely do we mean when we talk about culture? Personality and culture are not the same thing. For the purposes of this discussion, let us define personality as a person’s distinct physical, mental, emotional, and social features, as well as their identity. Accessed February 22, 2011, from Dictionary.com’s entry on “personality.” Without a question, one of the most difficult obstacles to cross-cultural understanding and productive relationships is our inability to distinguish the influence of culture from the influence of personality on a regular basis.
So, What Is Culture, Anyway?
The term “culture” in today’s context is distinct from the conventional, more single sense, which is typically used in Western languages, and in which the word often connotes refinement and sophistication. The ideas, values, mindsets, and customs of a group of people are referred to as their culture. Specifically, it refers to the behavior pattern and social norms of a certain group—the rules, assumptions, perceptions, as well as the logic and reasoning that are unique to a particular group. In essence, everyone of us is raised inside a belief system that has a significant impact on our particular perspectives to the point that we are unable to account for, or even realize, the extent to which it has influenced us.
1. Culture is, in fact, the communal programming of our minds that begins at conception.
2. A large part of the difficulties in any cross-cultural relationship originates from our assumptions about the other person or group.
3. A popular definition of cultural sensitivity is having a thorough knowledge of the values and perspectives of another culture.
4. It is only through understanding that you can correctly comprehend someone’s words and behavior and hence have a productive interaction with them.
5. Value systems and reasoning are formed by people in accordance with the teachings and experiences of their culture.
6. Understanding people from different cultures Changing our mindset, and most crucially our expectations, is necessary in order to appropriately perceive the gestures, attitudes, and utterances of individuals from other cultures with whom we come into contact.
7. It is possible to realign our mentality, although it is not always the case.
In order to properly comprehend a culture, one must look beyond the lists of dos and don’ts, while they are still vital to know and understand.
It is critical to understand the “why” of cultural practices.
On a general level, avalue is anything that we prefer above another—whether it’s a behavior or an actual object.
In terms of cultural orientation, our principles serve as the fundamental building elements.
Values are often formed early in life and are frequently irrational, despite the fact that we may assume that ours are in fact fairly reasonable in nature.
Unlike our colleagues and counterparts throughout the world, the chances are that everyone of us was brought up with a set of values that is quite different from their own.
Our human nature is such that we experience the world through the prism of our own cultural values and perspectives.
This prejudice is hidden between the text of our rules.
When we examine our personal habits and perceptions, we must also consider the events that have come together to shape our cultural frame of reference through time.
This isn’t always a negative development.
Maintaining awareness that cultures and values are not static things is important.
People all throughout the globe are changing their values and cultures from generation to generation as they are impacted by things that are outside of their society.
In modern times, media and technology have possibly had the most influence on civilizations in the shortest amount of time.
It will also help you to better grasp and interpret local indications and norms, as well as to better appreciate different cultures.
As Confucius put it concerning cultural crossings: “Human people are drawn together by their common nature; but, habits and conventions keep them separated.”
What Kinds of Culture Are There?
Political, economic, and social ideologies all have an influence on the way people’s values are formed and reinforced. Our cultural frame of reference, which is shaped by our education, religion, or social structure, has a significant influence on our professional dealings as well. When studying cultures, it is critical to keep in mind that all civilizations are in a perpetual state of transformation. When we say “cultural,” we don’t always refer to individuals from various nations; we may also refer to persons from diverse backgrounds.
1. For the sake of this chapter, we’ll concentrate on national and ethnic cultures, while there are subcultures inside each country or ethnic group that need to be discussed.
2. Some cultures are restricted to certain geographical areas; others, of course, overlap.
3. For example, Indians in India and Americans in the United States may converse and engage in a different way than their compatriots who have only been living outside their respective home countries for a short period of time, such as those who have been in the United Kingdom or Australia.
4. And cultures that exist inside one political boundary may manifest themselves within other political limits in a very similar manner, as is the case with Chinese culture in China and Chinese culture outside of China in nations all over the world.
5. Nationalities, subcultures (gender, ethnicity, religion, generations, and even socioeconomic class) and organizations, such as the workplace, are examples of such groupings.
A national culture is characterized by its physical and political limits, and it encompasses regional cultures within a nation as well as cultures shared by multiple surrounding nations, as the phrase suggests. Nationalism is essential because it emphasizes the fact that borders have shifted throughout history. The changes in the land that constitutes a nation and the name given to that country have an influence on the culture of each country. We have witnessed several changes in the last century alone, as new states arose as a result of the slow collapse of the British and Dutch empires at the turn of the twentieth century.
However, while it’s easy to forget that the British ruled India for more than two centuries and that the Dutch ruled Indonesia for more than one hundred and fifty years, what’s more obvious is the impact of the British and the Dutch on the bureaucracies and business environments of the countries in question.
In contrast to the British colonial authorities in India, the Dutch colonial rulers in Indonesia did little to establish the country’s infrastructure, civil service, and educational system.
Many entrepreneurs now complain that the Indian bureaucracy is too sluggish and overly concerned with rules and regulations, yet the infrastructure and English-language education system established by the British helped prepare India to emerge as a powerful high-tech economy in the 21st century.
In the United States, there is a national culture embodied in the symbolic concept of “all-American” values and traits, but there are also regional cultures based on geographically distinct regions—the South, the Southwest, the West Coast, the East Coast, the Northeast, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Midwest—that are distinct from one another.
Many groups are distinguished by ethnicity, gender, generation, religion, or other traits, and each group has its own culture that is distinct from the other groups. In the case of the ethnic Chinese business community, despite the fact that it may contain Chinese businessmen from a variety of nations, it has a particular culture. The extent to which this is true throughout Asia is illustrated by the fact that many people refer to Chinese enterprises as being a single business community. Whether they are from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, or any other ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) country, the overseas Chinese business community has a strong tendency to support one another and form commercial ties with one another.
Their shared experience as a minority ethnic population with significant commercial interests has resulted in a common knowledge of how to handle major firms in a discreet manner in several nations.
However, once in the network, the Chinese have a tendency to favor conducting business with one another and to give preferred pricing and other commercial services in exchange for their cooperation.
Every business has its own workplace culture, which is referred to as the organization’s organizational culture. a system of ideas, values, and conventions, as well as symbols such as dramatized events and people, that serve to symbolize the distinctive character of an organization and provide the framework for activity within and by it The way individuals dress (casual or formal), how they view and appreciate personnel, or how they make choices are all examples of what is meant by this (as a group or by the manager alone).
We may infer that a firm has an entrepreneurial culture if it encourages employees to think creatively and respond to new ideas in a timely manner, rather than requiring them to go through an extensive internal approval procedure.
For example, Apple, Google, and Microsoft each have their own distinct company cultures that are affected by their respective businesses, the sorts of technology-savvy personnel that they hire, as well as the personalities of their respective founders, among other factors.
Their worldwide workforce may appear to be unconcerned in their casual work attire, yet behind the surface there is frequently intense competition.
This is a continuous difficulty that human resources (HR) departments are always striving to resolve on their own.
Key Takeaways
• The ideas, values, mindsets, and customs of a given group of people are referred to as their culture. Specifically, it encompasses the behavior pattern and social norms of a given group—the rules, the assumptions, the perceptions, as well as the logic and reasoning that are unique to that group. Culture is, in fact, the communal programming of our minds that begins at conception. It is the collective programming of a group of individuals that differentiates them from another group of people. Cultural awareness is most usually defined as having a knowledge of the values and viewpoint of another culture. When attempting to understand how cultures grow, we look at the elements that influence the development of cultures and the values they hold. For the sake of this definition, avalue is defined as something that we prefer above something else—whether it’s an action or an actual object. Values are often formed early in life and are not based on rational considerations. Our values are the fundamental building blocks of our cultural orientation
• When we say “cultural,” we don’t always mean individuals from other nations
• Nevertheless, we do imply people from various cultures. Cultures may be found in a variety of different sorts of organizations. There are even subcultures within a country or target ethnic group that are distinct from one another. There are various types of cultures that a person can be a part of: national, subcultural (regional), ethnic (ethnicity, religion, generational, and socioeconomic), and group or workplace culture (corporate culture).
In accordance with the AACSB standards, reflective thinking and analytical skills are required.
1. What exactly is culture? I’m wondering what the different degrees or sorts of civilizations are. • Define your national culture and define the subcultures that exist within it.
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ATP Testing
Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy molecule found in all living things, making it a perfect indicator when trying to determine if a surface is clean or not. Companies use ATP systems to rapidly verify surfaces have been cleaned thoroughly in food manufacturing and healthcare applications, and to ensure that biofilms are not developing on the surface that could affect quality.
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In the fall of 1937 an alarming news broke through in the headlines of New York newspapers: a wolf was staying in Central Park. A cold shiver ran down the spine of the New Yorkers, who stopped frequenting the park. Testimonies were unequivocal: the neighbors of the adjoining buildings said they heard wolf howls at night. After arresting all the fools who used to howl at night in the vicinity, the police found that a howl kept piercing the nighttime. The New York Hunting Club organized a hunt against the beast. At nightfall, a half hundred armed men were distributed throughout the park. Towards midnight there was a long howl followed by the sound of gunshots, and the next morning the lifeless body of one of the hunters was found. A grimace of horror blemished his face while a mustache with curls upward at both ends embellished him. The coroner ruled that he had died either as a result of a fright or of the slipping of some ice cubes down his shirt collar. In addition, it was discovered that the mustache was not his and that someone had stuck it in his face so quickly that didn’t manage to put it under the nose but right on the tip of it. It’s true that in the hunting party there were some jokers known for their great fondness for practical jokes with ice cubes and fake mustaches, but the police tended to favour the most disturbing hypothesis, that of death as a result of a fright. (TO BE CONTINUED)
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Technology in Everyday Life
David Lyons
David Lyons
Self confessed nerd and lover of all things tech. Particularly anything audio/visual and gaming, currently pulling my hair out over Demon's Souls on the PS5 and trying not to buy a new OLED TV.
Technology is the collective term for a variety of things, including machines, apparatus, processes, information systems, and other things of a like kind. Technological change is a constant in all the changes that take place in technology. Technological change occurs for the better, sometimes substantially. The pace of technological change is usually dictated by the needs of society. Technology is used to describe any system of action which aids the efficiency of human activities in achieving their goals and purposes.
Some examples of technological objects are computer systems, electrical appliances, airplanes, trains, digital and optical technology, cellular phones, and more. Technological progress can be measured using different terms. A great deal of technological advancement has been made in all of these items since their inception. A definition of technology is a system of processes, machines, and humans which yields the results equivalent to the actions of a human being. Technological change is very broad. There are some technological objects and processes that change over time for the better and other changes that occur for the worse.
Many people confuse technology with technology. In fact, the two words are not interchangeable. Technological change happens when man develops new techniques or makes technological objects, but technology refers to those objects, which are developed, used, and maintained by a person or an organization. For instance, a person can become knowledgeable about a particular type of software by studying it and learning how to use it rather than the more common means of learning such as reading it on a book or watching it on a video.
The term technology was first used in reference to the study of technology in its more abstract form, to distinguish it from applied science, politics, and engineering, and to emphasize the intellectual property associated with it. It was first used in a broader sense to define any progressive development that contributed to modern technology, in combination with other intellectual properties. The first modern usage of the term technology was in 1855, with the publication of Jean Rappau’s text, Manif poursu, a sort of aphorism on how technology could be developed by means of scientific methods. Since then it has become widely used, although its meaning has greatly expanded since then.
In his influential book, The Demands of the Search, twentieth century French philosopher, Albert Camus, used the term technology to refer to the progress made by man in mastering the forces of motion and matter, and to be expressed in human terms. This gave the term a much wider meaning than had been attached to it previously. After World War II, the work of German philosopher, Martin Heidegger, also utilized the concept of technology to express a larger trend within the European philosophy. Using the term in this way gave it a much broader appeal.
In twentieth century American English, technology was commonly used to describe the development of new technical innovations, machines, and scientific methods for a variety of purposes. Two of the more popular nineteenth century American commentators, George Knowles and Henry Adams, used the term technology in order to highlight developments which occurred throughout the century, particularly in the fields of electronics and social science. William Gates used the term to describe some of the opportunities available through computer science and to point out some of the difficulties encountered when using computers. British writer, W.B.D. Eliot, used the term to express his conviction that progress towards a higher level of understanding is possible, and that people must fight to achieve that.
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Anza Transfer Station recycles
A 10-ton roll off bin is loaded onto a truck, filled to the top with recyclable metal. Anza Valley Outlook/Diane Sieker photo
The Anza Transfer Station, commonly known as the dump, is where people living in the unincorporated Anza Valley can dispose of their trash. Weekends are busy with residents bringing loads of rubbish, from green waste to household garbage. Many people do not realize that the dump will take recyclable materials and there are bins, roll-off dumpsters and a compactor just for this purpose at the county's landfills and transfer stations. The Anza Transfer Station is no exception. The transfer station accepts most waste items, except toxic waste, tires, refrigerators, freezers, cement and roofing materials. The dump is designed to take residential garbage. The trash is collected, stored and transported to the landfill at Lamb Canyon, hence the term “transfer station.” The Riverside
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Baby Toxicity: Nursery Water for Babies “with added Fluoride!”
baby bottle
Toxins and Chemicals
baby bottleWe are all concerned about what we put in our bodies. For parents, that concern extends to our children. Honestly, as parents we are often more concerned about what our children are ingesting than what we are. But I digress. When something is made specifically for the better health of your child (or at least is marketed that way), it would be great to be able to assume the company creating that product had your child’s best interest in mind. But, at least in the case of Nursery Water, water specifically marketed to parents of infants, the company is either completely misguided or just doesn’t care.
Proudly on every label of Nursery Water is the notification that it has “added fluoride”. This is added directly under their logo, not hidden on the back or in small print under the content measurement. The company wants you to know they’ve added fluoride, and we’re truly grateful for that.
The dangers of fluoride among young children are well-recognized. Contrary to several decades ago, children under the age of 12 months are cautioned against drinking fluoridated water, and those under 6 months should not get any fluoride at all—not in the drops or pills that were once commonly recommended.
So why are we concerned about babies receiving fluoride?
Dental fluorosis is one reason. Associated with early-life exposure to fluoride, dental fluorosis causes permanent damage to the tooth enamel, leaving its victims with discolored and damaged smiles. But this isn’t the only reason.
A review released in The Lancet revealed fluoride could damage a developing brain, calling it an “emerging neurotoxic substance.” Also, as reported by, the National Research Council has identified fluoride as a hormone disruptor that could damage thyroid function.
Read: 5 Ways to Detox Toxic Fluoride
This is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the dangers of sodium fluoride, classified as a “severe poison” on its material data safety sheet. Actually, fluoride has been shown to contribute to numerous health issues, including cancer and reduced IQ. This is why most nations don’t fluoridate their water, and why nations like Israel are halting water fluoridation.
By giving infants this poison, we are truly putting them at risk.
It isn’t clear how Nursery Water maintains a place on store shelves with added fluoride. What’s troubling is we know someone must be using it for them to stay afloat. If you know someone giving their infant fluoridated water, you have a duty to speak up and tactfully inform them of the dangers. |
Fall 2021
Too much technology harming society
by Brittany Marriott
Staff Writer
A lot of people use technology, whether it’s using your cell phone or your fancy cars to get you from one place to another. Do people take advantage of technology?
It’s hard to imagine that there was a time when technology did not exist. There was communication between people instead of through text messages or phone calls. Typewriters were common in the mid 1880’s, but you don’t usually see typewriters. You can usually find one in the pawn shop. But now people use their laptops or computers to type.
Ever heard of a map? Neither have I, because the source I use to find my way is GPS on my phone. You don’t see people driving with a map in their hand. Their GPS on their phones is more convenient and easier to use. You easily just go on your phone and type in the location where you want to go. Then it shows you the directions, speed limits and traffic. You’re most likely not going to get lost with GPS because of how accurate it is. With a map, it’s confusing because it’s in tiny print and hard to read.
Technology is used in so many ways. It makes life easier for us to get by. You see it being used for school and work. Cooking meals is not the same anymore, considering you can easily just pop in a kid’s cuisine in the microwave and call that dinner. If it was not for technology, I feel like there would be a lot of struggles in life. People wouldn’t know what to do with their lives. They would be lost and confused.
Something I’ve always noticed when going to family events is you see people not talking to each other like they are supposed to be. You see their heads down looking at their phone. What happened to bonding time? Tik Tok is being used most of the time, or people are Facebooking their food. You see parents trying to capture the moment on their phones. Why is it so hard to remember the memories in our minds rather than on a phone? You really don’t know what’s going on half the time when your mind is just on a cell phone.
There are both pros and cons when using technology. It offers you many resources you can use, and it teaches you answers you need to know in a faster way. Interactions are easier, instead of having to meet someone face to face.
But people are less likely to be independent, because humans depend on technology. Youth are more addicted to technology, which affects their education and personal life. It also can affect work ethics and personal life for adults.
Technology has grown so much over time. It’s so crazy when you think about what we can do using technology. Years from now, the world is going to be seen differently. I have a crazy theory which is that I believe technology is going to take over the world. There’s going to be flying cars, or robots cooking our meals, instead of humans putting in their time and effort to make a meal. There’s going to be less bonding time between friends and family.
The stress would be lifted off everyone’s shoulders, but sometimes I miss seeing kids play with each other outside. When I was a kid, I was always outside creating mud baths or playing in my little tree house. Not everyone was on their phone during holidays.
Technology is beneficial and more convenient. I’m not trying to say it is all bad. All I’m saying is we just take advantage of it without even realizing. But it is easier to access.
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Section: Biology
Cats and Genes: 30 Years Later
Cats and Genes: 30 Years Later
Some scientists study a single object and a single problem all their lives. As for the author of this article, biologist Pavel Borodin, he was all the time swinging to and fro. One of such "swings" was his interest in cats. He would not say that he is a cat fancier… However, he dedicated a fair part of his spare time to them, because their genetics turned out to be extremely interesting. Indeed, it is also much more fascinating to get acquainted with the science of heredity dealing with such a charming object rather than with the classic Drosophila fly.
What has happened in the genetics of the domestic cat over the last 20 years? The first results on the cat genome sequencing appeared in 2007. So far about 65 percent of the cat genes have been sequenced. Comparison of the cat genome with the well studied human, chimpanzee, dog, cow, mouse, and rat genomes allowed 20 285 cat genes to be identified. Consequently, the total number of cat genes is likely to be close to the number of human genes, i. e., about 30 000.
Comparison of the genetic content of the cat chromosomes and chromosomes of other mammals gave very interesting and quite unexpected results. In particular, cats, as well as humans, have rather insignificantly rearranged its chromosomes over the 80-90 million years of evolution from a common ancestor.
The beginning of this story dates back to my student time at Novosibirsk State University. Once our English teacher asked us to retell a scientific paper that would be interesting to the other students in the group. I was looking through journals, and the cover photo of the Journal of Heredity with a fountain in a city square caught my attention. There, around the fountain, 94 cats were sitting, lying, and walking! The photo referred to the paper titled “Some Cats from Sao Paulo, Brazil”, one of a series of papers on the gene geography of cats.
Cats are an ideal object for such studies, because their populations contain a high frequency of mutants for various genes determining coat color (gray, black, white, red, spotted, and so on). As long ago as the late 1940s, J.B.S. Haldane, an outstanding British geneticist, paid attention to this phenomenon and initiated geneticists worldwide to count cats. This founded the outlines of a worldwide map of cat gene geography. Comparison of different populations with respect to the frequencies of coat color genes elucidated the evolution of cats and factors that had determined it, namely, natural and artificial selection, migration, isolation, and genetic drift.
This map had one disadvantage – our entire country (at that time, the USSR) was a terra incognita. Naturally, I commenced filling this gap. First, I counted cats in Akademgorodok and then, in all the cities of our vast country where my life took me.
Cat counting itself was very exciting, adventurous, and even somewhat risky. I had to take into account not only animal behavior, but also public attitude, as a person spying and ferreting out in the yards and breezeways caused a just suspicion. At best, the locals took this person for a tax officer and at worst, for a foreign agent. Especially, when this person every now and then took out a notebook and started to put something down, the strengthening suspicions could cause most adverse consequences.
Therefore, I had to observe and record cats without getting attention, preferably, in motion without slowing down. When my memory “accumulated” more than five cats, I used to enter a pay phone booth, take off the receiver, and ask an imaginary Mariya Ivanovna to tell the phone number of a similarly imaginary Ivan Ivanovich. Than I calmly put down the accumulated information, thanked Mariya Ivanovna, and rang off.
I then tried to expand the scale of my gene geography research by recruiting multimillion cohorts of Soviet schoolchildren. For this purpose, the USSR Central Television shot an educational movie, in which the most beautiful TV anchor Irina Ermilova and I walked around Moscow pretending to come accidentally upon cats. I diagnosed them according to their genotypes, and Irina put down the data.
In fact, the project was just a contrived coincidence. The director mobilized teachers of biology from several Moscow schools. In turn, they mobilized their pupils, gave each of them a vial of valerian drops, and sent them to hunt for stray cats. A TV van brought Irina and me to a site. Here we assumed thoughtful poses (she, all in red, and I, all in white), the director uttered “Action!”, and another schoolchild released another cat towards us.
The map of marbled coloration distribution in cat populations resembles a diffusion pattern. The concentration is maximum in the British Isles, slightly lower in France, and then gradually decreases as the distance from the center of distribution becomes longer.
A frequency of marbled cats in seaports, in particular, Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, indicates a sea-going route of their distrtibution. In Siberia marbled cats are exclusively rare
After this, schoolchildren from all over the country sent me three large bags of letters with descriptions of local cat populations. These letters were admirable but poorly informative from a scientific standpoint. Thus, I had to recruit experts, my colleague geneticists.
The fruit of this work was two scientific papers in the mentioned Journal of Heredity and the monograph Cat Genetics. Being fascinated by this issue, I wrote two popular science books, Essays on Mutants (1983) and Cats and Genes (1995).
In addition, I wrote two popular science papers for the journal Khimiya i Zhizn’ (Chemistry and Life): the first paper titled “Cats, Genes, and Geography” appeared in 1979 and the second, “Cats and Genes: Ten Years Later”, in 1989. Thus, this paper had to be titled “Cats and Genes: 30 Years Later”.
Cat chromosomes
What has happened in the genetics of the domestic cat over the last 20 years? On the one hand, the situation with gene geography practically has not changed. The global maps became informative enough as early as 20 years ago, and new data did not add to their interpretation. Consequently, publications on this issue eventually faded away. On the other hand, important events have occurred in the cat genetics over the last decade, in particular, those connected with the development of total genome sequencing methods.
Comparison of the genetic content of the cat chromosomes and chromosomes of other mammals gave very interesting and quite unexpected results. In particular, cats, as well as humans, have rather insignificantly rearranged its chromosomes over the 80—90 million years of evolution from a common ancestor.
However, although the cat chromosomes look extremely conserved in a macroevolutionary context, they appeared to be the champions among the studied mammalian species in the frequency of genetic recombination, the redistribution of genes through the exchange of chromosomal regions between chromosome pairs. As is known, recombination is the main supplier of new gene combinations, which feed for natural selection as well as the micro- and macroevolutionary processes.
Recombination takes place in the first division of meiosis, the process comprising two divisions of a cell and leading to formation of four germ cells containing a single rather than double chromosome set.
When preparing for the first division, homologous (paired) chromosomes are juxtaposed and aligned, and multiple double-strand breaks are formed in their DNA. The protein Rad51 is an active player in the repair of DNA breaks: it binds to the free ends of broken DNA strands and inserts them into the DNA of a homologous chromosome concurrently unwinding the DNA target.
Having found the complementary region, the inserted DNA strand pairs with it. However, the majority of links between DNA fragments are cleaved and linked to restore the initial state of the DNA strands (exchangeless pathway). In all the studied mammals (except for the cat!), less than ten percent of the breaks are linked in a crossover manner (exchange pathway). In this process, the DNA strand of one homologous chromosome is linked at exchange points to the DNA of the other homolog. These are the recombination points.
The marker for recombination points is the protein MLH1, a member of the repair protein family whose function is to repair DNA mispairing, i. e., to excise the unpaired nucleotides. The antibodies to MLH1 labeled with fluorescent dyes provide markers for analyzing the frequency of recombination events and their distribution over the genome
As has been found, cat heads the list of all the studied mammalian species in the density of recombination events, i. e., exchanges of individual fragments between DNA strands per unit chromosome length. The mean distance between the recombination points in cat chromosomes is 3.7 microns (versus 7.1 microns in mice and 6.0 microns in humans). In addition, the lower threshold for this distance is as small as 0.05 micron, which is close to the resolution of a microscope.
A high recombination density in the cat chromosomes results from a high recombination efficiency. In all the studied mammals, only a small part (less than 10 percent) of the primary bonds between the DNA of homologous chromosomes is linked in a crossover manner, thereby forming recombinant chromosomes. As for cats, the rate of the recombinationally resolved cross-links reaches 25 percent. This shows that the recombination process in cats is organized in a more economical manner as compared with the other mammals: it provides for a sufficiently high recombination level on the background of a smaller number of double-strand breaks.
Siamese substitution
Two decades ago, the cat genetic map contained only several dozens of genes, whereas their current number reaches two thousand. In particular, the genes determining coat color have been sequenced and mapped, and critical points mutations in which change coloration have been determined.
In particular, two coloration mutations are localized onto one somatic (non-sex) chromosome. Mutation of the dominant white color, located within the c-kit protooncogen, interferes with the migratory ability of melanoblasts, precursors of embryonic pigment cells. Since melanoblasts fail to reach the skin in time, the hair remains without the pigment. Consequently, the fur grows completely white. However, if sometimes melanoblasts succeed in entering the hair follicles on the cat’s head, small colored patches develop there. In the carriers of this mutation, the number of melanoblasts that have reached the retina can be different. If this number is large, the eyes will have a standard yellow color; otherwise, the eyes will be blue.
The same chromosome carries the gene determining the coloration pattern. The normal allele (structural form) gives a tabby, tiger-like coloration. Sometimes these strips are continuous and sometimes, dashed. We know the semidominant mutation Abyssinian tabby. The homozygotes (i. e., individuals carrying a pair of the same alleles) for this mutation display no stripes on their coat: the animals have a uniform coloration. As for the heterozygotes for this mutation, they have strips on the tail, muzzle, and legs. The recessive mutation in the same gene, marble tabby, transforms the transverse strips into curly or irregular-shaped spots. Usually, such cats have a wide black band long the backbone.
In the case of albinism, a widespread phenomenon in various mammalian species, mutations take place in the gene encoding the enzyme tyrosinase. These mutations either completely block the synthesis of this enzyme or result in a defective enzyme with an altered activity.
Several mutations of this kind have been described in cats. Tyrosinase activity in the homozygotes for the mutation Burmese albinism is somewhat decreased as compared with the norm. Moreover, the degree of enzyme activity inhibition depends on body temperature: the enzyme is more active at a temperature below the normal level. This is why the Burmese cats display a more intensive fur coloration on paws, nose, and points of the tail and ears, i. e., on the body parts with a decreased temperature,
The same is true for the mutation referred to as Siamese albinism. However, its carriers display a higher degree of depigmentation: as a rule, the body fur of Siamese cats has no pigment, whereas paws, nose, and points of the tail and ears retain color. However, even these parts are less pigmented as compared with Burmese cats. The eyes, as a rule, are blue, because of a decreased pigment content in the retina.
Today we know precisely the molecular nature of these mutations: they result from the substitution of only one nucleotide in the sequence of the corresponding gene! In Siamese cats, the nucleotide at position 422 from the beginning of the gene coding for tyrosinase is changed. In contrast to common cats having guanine at this position, Siamese cats have adenine. Consequently, the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid arginine is transformed into the sequence determining another amino acid, glycine. The substitution of glycine for arginine in the tyrosinase protein leads to a decrease in the corresponding enzymatic activity at a normal body temperature.
In the Burmese cats, an analogous fading of the coat color on the body is determined by a nucleotide substitution at position 227.
A relative of horse
A detailed analysis of the genomes of cats and other mammals suggested a radical revision of the overall mammalian phylogenetic tree. The previous phylogenetic tree looked like a bush rather than a tree, with all the branches representing orders coming from one root. The modern phylogenetic tree displays successive branchings.
The three main branches are Afrotheria (elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, aardvarks, golden moles, etc.), Edentata (endemics from South America – armadillos, sloths, and anteaters), and Laurasiatheria (all the remaining eutherian mammals). These three stems formed due to splitting of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea into Gondwana to form Africa, India, South America, Antarctica, and Australia and Laurasia to form Eurasia and North America. Then Gondwana separated into the corresponding continents, and Africa was the first to break away. It was on this isolated continent that the superorder Afrotheria developed.
Cats, the focus of our interest, belong to the order of carnivores, located in the branch of Laurasiatheria, which contains the largest number of species. Among other things, further branching led to the formation of the group uniting carnivores, ungulates, and chiropters (bats). Bizarre as this group may look, its common origin has been convincingly confirmed by molecular data. Moreover, these data demonstrate that further branching within this group followed a pattern different from the one that could be inferred from the external appearance of the animals the group comprises.
The group of Cetartiodactyla was the first to diverge. (This is not a misprint: this group unites the whales (Cetacea) and even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). According to the old “premolecular” phylogenetic tree, whales originated directly from the root of the mammalian phylogenetic “bush”. As for the current views, the closest relative of whales is hippopotamus.) The other branch, Pegasoferae, divided to form odd-toed ungulates (horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses), carnivores (cats, dogs, bears, walruses, and so on), and chiropters (bats).
The branching order within the superorder Pegasoferae is still unclear; however, certain data suggest that chiropters were the first to separate followed by the divergence of odd-toed ungulates and carnivores. What is known for sure is that the last common ancestor of horses and cats existed later (i. e., closer to our time) than the last common ancestor of horses and cows.
The feline phylogenetic tree has also been revised considerably over the last two decades. It has been found that the first branching in this family took place about 11 million years ago (MYA) in Asia, with separation of the lineage of large roaring cats (lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, and snow leopards). Many species belonging to this group have practically identical chromosome sets. In nature they remain as separate species; however, in captivity they readily produce hybrid offspring. Many zoos have tiglions, ligers, and other hybrids. Although the majority of these hybrids are sterile, the mere possibility to obtain viable hybrids between these species suggests a close genetic similarity between the large roaring cats.
The second group, which also separated in Asia, comprises marbled cats and Asian golden cats, now inhabiting Southeast Asia. The branch that separated from this lineage and migrated to Africa contains servals, caracals, and African golden cats. This occurred 6—10 MYA, when the world ocean was rather shallow, while Africa and Asia were connected by an isthmus in the region of the modern Red Sea.
As is known, she-cats, similarly to other mammalian females, have two X chromosomes in their genome. This is where the gene determining the coat coloration is located. This gene has two alleles, which determine orange and not orange (black) color.
Both X chromosomes are active in zygote, the cell produced by the fusion of egg and spermatozoid. However, in the course of cell divisions and subsequent differentiation, one of the X chromosomes is inactivated in all the body’s cells, including the future pigment cells. If a cat is heterozygous for the coloration gene, the chromosome carrying the allele conferring orange color can be inactivated in part of the cells and the allele conferring black color, in the others. The daughter cells stringently inherit the state of the X chromosome. Thus, a tortoiseshell coloration is formed.
Presumably, during cloning the inactivated X chromosome failed to reactivate completely in the nucleus of the reconstructed egg cell extracted from a common somatic cell.
During the same time, the remaining cats colonized Asia, and part of them entered North America via the Bering Bridge. This is the region where the most ancient puma, ocelot, and lynx fossils are found. Later, descendants of the North American cats migrated back to Asia and then to Africa to give birth to Eurasian lynx and African cheetah. In the late Pliocene (2—3 MYA), the Isthmus of Panama was formed between North and South Americas. The ocelot lineage entered South America to give rise to seven new feline species. Puma and jaguar also migrated there from North America. The remaining Asian cats partitioned into individual genera and species in Eurasia during the last 5 million years. This is the group that contains domestic cats.
How many lives does a cat have?
As is known, the first cloned animal was a sheep: the famous Dolly was born in 1996. Five years ago, the first cloned cat appeared, which was wittily named CC (Carbon Copy).
A tortoiseshell (gray-orange) cat with a white patch, named Rainbow, was chosen as the template for cloning. Both egg and somatic cells were isolated from its ovaries. The nucleus was removed from each egg cell and replaced with the nucleus isolated from a somatic cell. After electric stimulation, the reconstructed egg cells were transplanted into the uterus of a gray tabby cat. This surrogate mother gave birth to CC (Shin et al., 2002).
In its genotype, CC was a precise copy of Rainbow; however, CC differed from it in the external appearance, because it lacked orange patches. The authors of the mentioned paper in the Nature explained this in a rather equivocate manner, stating that the pigmentation pattern in multicolored animals resulted not only from genetic factors, but also from developmental factors not controlled by the genotype.
This statement can be understood in many different ways. This is how I understand it. In the somatic cell that donated the nucleus used for creating CC, one of the two sex X chromosomes was inactivated, actually, the one that carried the allele determining a orange coloration. As is known, the state of the X chromosome is stably inherited in the generations of somatic cells.
What is amazing about CC is that the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell failed to induce a reactivation of the X chromosome. Consequently, the cloning procedure did not lead to a complete reprogramming of the nucleus. Presumably, this is the cause of health and reproductive problems in cloned animals. However, CC has no heath problems. It is now eight years old, and three years ago it gave birth to three kittens.
The company Genetic Savings & Clone, which funded creation of CC, tried to do business out of it. However, the things went wrong, as they succeeded in selling only two cloned pets (for US $50 000 and $32 000), and that was that.
Nonetheless, the baton was picked up by South Korea: the first cat was cloned there in 2004. Korean researchers regarded this cloning not as an end in itself but rather as an intermediate stage in solving another, much more ambitious problem.
They were interested in producing GM (genetically modified) cats. For this purpose, they isolated fibroblasts, cells of the connective tissue from the ear of a white angora cat. The fibroblasts were cultivated in the nutrient medium containing a mobile genetic element carrying the gene coding for red fluorescent protein.
After this mobile element entered the fibroblast nuclei and inserted into the host DNA, these nuclei were isolated and transferred into enucleated eggs. Two GM kittens developed from these reconstructed egg cells; the red fluorescent protein was synthesized practically in all the cells of their body. Consequently, these cats radiated mysterious red light when exposed to ultraviolet radiation (Yin et al., 2008). The most intriguing is the last phrase in the paper published in the Biology of Reproduction to the effect that this technology will be useful for a directed creation of design cats.
It is difficult to imagine what will be the price for such design GM cats and who will need them. As for me, I am in no way afraid of genetically modified cats. Indeed, giving it a second thought, all the cats in the world have been genetically modified over the endless generations of natural and artificial selections of their ancestors.
P. S. Remembering well the consequences of my science popularization activities, I would like to inform that I do not clone or genetically modify cats, give no recommendations on cat mating, and will not take any kittens.
Borodin P. M. Essays on Mutants. – Moscow: Znanie, 1983.
Borodin P. M., Ruvinsky A. O. Cat Genetics. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1992.
Borodin P. M. Cats and Genes. – ZAO Zoosalon, 1995.
Borodin P. M. Cats, Genes, and Geography. // Khimiya i Zhizn’ (Chemistry and Life). – 1979. No. 4. P. 40—46.
Borodin P. M. Cats and Genes: 10 Years Later. // Khimiya i Zhizn’ (Chemistry and Life). – 1989. No. 4. P. 40—45.
Shin T, Kraemer D, Pryor J, Liu L, Rugila J, Howe L et al. A cat cloned by nuclear transplantation. // Nature. – 2002. V. 415(6874). – P. 859
The work on analysis of recombination in cats was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 04-04-48024-a)
The author and editorial board are grateful to I. Bodunov (Cat Fancier’s Club Asia, Novosibirsk, Russia), M. Westhusin, and L. Wadsworth (Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, College-Station, United States) for their assistance in preparing illustrations
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Image of the Week: Oligodendrocyte
what is this
This alien-like image is all in your head. Really. It's an oligodendrocyte - a specialized brain cell that secretes a coating that protects the nerve cells in your brain. As described in an Inside Stanford Medicine story, this cell is composed of tinsel-like filaments of protein, called actin (shown here in green) and regulatory proteins (shown in red).
Researchers don't yet know how the nerve coating, called the myelin sheath, is formed by oligodendrocytes. But one theory is that the process is powered by regulatory proteins (in red) that create a network of the protein filaments (in green).
From the Stanford story:
"The oligodendrocyte is one of the most beautiful examples of cell specialization in nature," said Brad Zuchero, PhD, the Stanford postdoctoral scholar in neurobiology who prepared the cultured rat brain cells for imaging. "Being able to visually compare healthy and damaged oligodendrocytes in this much detail ultimately will help us treat nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis, which are associated with damage to myelin."
The expert behind this exquisite oligodendrocyte image is Andrew Olson, PhD, director of microscopy at the Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation & Translational Neurosciences. He captured it using a relatively new imaging technology, called a structured illumination super-resolution microscope. This microscope fills a 10-foot-square office and costs about $700,000. It consists of precision motorized platforms to position the sample; lasers and optical components that produce finely patterned illuminations of the sample; scientific cameras; and high-powered analysis software.
Photo by Brad Zuchero and Andrew Olson
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A new study has shown how people whose mothers smoked when they were young have a significantly increased risk of breathing problems and developing COPD later on life. The pulmonary disease consists of a group of lung disorders including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that harmfully affects airflow and breathing, to the point where the patient needs artificial oxygen supplement in order to breathe normally. The study was based on 50 years of follow-up on 8,000 youngsters and their parents which included lung function tests and questionnaires about their smoking habits.
There was no link between mothers who smoked less than 20 cigarettes a day, nor with whether the fathers smoked or not. However parents whose mothers smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day had nearly 3 times the risk of airflow obstruction in middle age compared to those who were not exposed as a child. Men seem more susceptible however and have nearly 4 times the risk of developing COPD compared to women who have 2 times the risk. Also interesting was that these figures are not impacted by the individual’s smoking habits as they grew up.
It suggests that mothers smoking is linked to a reduced lung function in offspring when they get to middle-age and that a reduction in lung function in childhood may predispose to having a lesser lung function in adulthood.
The efficiency of oxygen transfer to the blood is also more significantly impaired in smokers who had mothers that smoked heavily.
It was already known that smoking when pregnant resulted in the baby having smaller lungs and that your maximum achieved lung function usually developed by 25 years is lower if parents smoked. The lungs continue to grow for a few years after birth, the number of alveoli increases and smoking exposure limits this growth. This study shows that in addition to affecting growth, parental smoking also leads to lung disease in later life for the offspring.
In addition second-hand smoke causes irritation and inflammation in the airways and chronic scarring of the airways makes them stiffer and smaller contributing to the development of COPD. Children who had parents who smoked are also more likely to be frequent smokers later on in adulthood, which also significantly increases the risk of lung damage and developing respiratory diseases like COPD.
It is becoming even more important that pregnant women and mothers do not smoke around their children as it harms their lungs from the start and predisposes them to a greater risk of lung disease in the future.
References: and
Stopping smoking will not only help your lungs, but also your brain!
For COPD patients and others that use supplemental oxygen to help them to breathe, quitting smoking is hugely important to stop further lung damage, help slow the disease down and reduces the danger of smoking near oxygen cylinders. 2016 is going to be the year to stop smoking as part of a new campaign to try and combat lung disease. However if you stop smoking it is not only your lungs that you will help but your brain will benefit too.
It’s never too late to quit, even if you’re in your 70’s, there is still a chance for a noticeable recovery. For light smokers the damage can be reversed in a few weeks and for heavier long-term smokers it may take anywhere up to 25years for full recovery but every little helps.
The cerebral cortex, which is responsible for memory, attention, awareness and language naturally thins with age but this process is hugely accelerated by smoking. Scientists at the University of Edinburgh found that even though smoking thins the outer layer of the brain and increases the risk of memory problems and dementia, it is reversible. The damage that cigarettes cause to the brain can start reversing as soon as you give up the habit. Even when quitting later in life there is still a chance of reversing the harmful damage done to your brain.
In the study the thickness of the cerebral cortex was measured and important thinking skills were tested on smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers. Those who had never smoked tended to have a thicker cortex than the smokers but ex-smokers also had a thicker cortex than those who had continued with the habit. Also more importantly those who had kicked the habit some time ago seemed to have a thicker cortex than more recent quitters, showing that there had been continuous recovery.
Professor James Goodwin from AgeUK talks about how we all know that smoking is bad for our heart and lungs but it is also important that we know it is also bad for our brain. Avoiding smoking offers the best protection against the risk of brain decline, dementia and other cognitive disease but this study gives smokers a new hope that by quitting smoking even later in life can still allow our bodies to start to heal itself.
“With research suggesting that older people’s fear of developing dementia outweighs that of cancer, it is important we inform people about the simple steps they can take to safeguard against this horrible and distressing disease.”
COPD patients already have many health issues related to their condition but the fear of cancer and dementia adding to them is concerning for patients. Knowing that by quitting smoking you can help to reverse damage to your brain, on top of preventing further damage to your heart and lungs, reduce the risk of combustion with oxygen cylinders and concentrators and halting progression of the respiratory disease you’re suffering from is a huge incentive for people to encourage them to give up smoking.
E-CIGS: Worth it?!
Smoking is the main factor in developing COPD and many patients struggle with giving up smoking. E-cigarettes could be the way to help COPD give up and to improve their lung function and slow down the progression of their disease. Using oxygen to help improve your breathing is highly beneficial in coping with the disease but if you are still smoking then it is counter-acting the good work of the oxygen and other medications prescribed for you. However what are the facts and are they actually safe?
Electronic cigarettes are battery-powered devices filled with liquid nicotine that is dissolved in a solution of water and propylene glycol. They can look very similar to ordinary cigarettes or other designs are less conspicuous. Often termed as ‘vaping’ you take a puff, the battery heats up the nicotine which creates a vapour than you then inhale, resulting in a sensation similar to smoking but without the smoke.
You can smoke them indoors, they are closer to a nicorette inhaler than tobacco and there are many studies supporting the opinion that they do alleviate the desire to smoke. For those people that use them in conjunction with tobacco in order to cut down on their tobacco intake, they found that they managed to reduce their tobacco intake and not suffer from any withdrawal symptoms. They have worked for people who constantly fail at ceasing smoking via other conventional methods. An online survey revealed that 96% said that E-Cigarettes helped them to quit smoking, 92% said that it made them smoke less and the majority stated that they helped to fight cravings, cope with withdrawal symptoms and avoid relapsing.
However many feel that they are not regulated enough and lack essential health warnings, proper labeling and instructions and disposal methods. Some have been found to leak which may expose you to a toxic exposure of nicotine.
A study found that e-cigarettes caused accused pulmonary effects after smoking it for 5 mins. Healthy non-smokers were reported to suffer airway flow resistance and oxidative stress. The authors however also suggested that if they were only being used as a bridge to stop smoking then the benefits would outweigh the risks.
It is important to stop smoking as a COPD patient, not only for your health but for your safety due to the use of supplemental oxygen and the dangers of smoking around oxygen tanks. However how you choose to quit is a matter of personal choice and everyone is different and will respond differently to the various methods that are available from nicotine gum/patches, quit smoking medications, support groups and educational materials as well as E-cigarettes. You have to decide what is safe and easiest for you and ask your doctor for help, advice and support.
References: and and
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A recent study has shown that if you suffer from a lung condition such as COPD then you are at a much higher risk to suffer from falls, especially if have other medical conditions, have already taken a tumble or have a long history of smoking.
Past research has already linked COPD to an increased risk of imbalance, muscle weakness, thinning bones and blackouts. COPD alone accounts for 5% deaths globally and falls are also a major public health problem, accounting for more unintended deaths and injuries each year than any other cause (except traffic accidents).
Most falls in the study occurred indoors, often when people were standing and using their upper body at the same time, with loss of balance the most commonly reported cause. It was found that people had more than twice the risk of falling if they suffered from additional medical problems and more than triple if they already had a fall in the previous year. The findings add to growing body of evidence highlighting the increased fall risk faced by COPD patients.
In another study it was also noted that those patients who used supplemental oxygen regularly were at a reduced risk of falls. This is probably due to the fact that oxygen levels are increased in the blood stream due to the use of supplemental oxygen and that the problems such as weakness and imbalance are reduced.
Just one fall especially in the more elderly of patients can result in anything from a bruise to a hip replacement and from an unnecessary trip to the GP or a long-term stay in hospital. Having an injury when you have difficulty breathing only adds to the severity of the injury and the recovery process and could hamper your progress and increase the severity of your condition and lessen your quality of life. COPD patients need to be aware of their increased risk of falling and injuring themselves and take precautions. If you are prescribed oxygen then ensure you use it as regularly as required and as prescribed. There are workouts designed to help improve balance and stability which can help to minimize the risk. Adjust your home and activities to reduce the likelihood of a fall; not using stairs as often, moving objects to lower heights etc.
Does gender have an impact on severity of COPD?
Chronic Pulmonary Disease is a leading cause of death around the world. However mortality rates for women are higher than for men, who’s mortality rate has actually dropped between 1999 and 2006. The mortality rate for women however did not change and by 2000 women exceeded male mortality rates. This has prompted a shift in the perception that was once held that COPD was a ‘male disease’ and to look into why women are at a significant risk of death from COPD compared to men.
The primary risk factor for CPD is tobacco smoking. There is new evidence suggesting that the two genders differ in their susceptibility to the effects of smoking.
There may be a gender-specific genetic predisposition for lung damage, also women have smaller airways and therefore smoking the same amount of tobacco as men can result in proportionally more lung damage. Exposure to second-hand smoke, choice of cigarette brands and inhalation methods all may contribute to these gender differences. The number of women smoking also has increased dramatically over the last few decades.
These gender differences may start early in life and may be influenced by sex hormones. A study showed that young girls exposed to pollution and tobacco smoke showed greater lung reduction than the boys.
Smoking women are typically younger when they receive their COPD diagnosis and also the annual progression of COPD is more rapid in female smokers than in male smokers, even if they smoked for fewer years and smoked less than their male counterparts.
However 15% COPD diagnoses are non-smokers and of this group 80% are non-smokers suggesting that it is not just tobacco but other risk factors that contributes to a higher prevalence of COPD in women compared to men. Occupational exposures to dusts, coal and metallic fumes in the agricultural and industrial workplaces are a huge risk factor and over the last few decades more women have entered into these traditionally male occupations. In less-developed countries women are more likely to be employed in the textile, brass-ware, ceramics and glassware industries where there is a risk of exposure to damaging agents.
There is also a difference in the clinical symptoms experienced between the genders. Men report more sputum production and quality of life is lower for women who tend to suffer with higher rates of anxiety and depression and suffer more from shortness of breath. Men demonstrate higher rates of diabetes, sleep apnoea and cardiovascular disease whereas women tend to develop osteoporosis and bowel disease. Women also tend to suffer more with decreased BMI and higher airway obstruction readings and a poorer resulting prognosis. Women are also more likely than men to be diagnosed late, which also impacts upon their health and outlook if treatment is started later after more lung damage has occurred.
Upon diagnosis women tend to be younger than men and examination of their lung tissue shows that women in fact had more airway problems at that point, than men. This may explain why women experience more breathlessness and more of a decreased capacity to exercise than men.
These findings suggest that gender must be considered in future COPD studies and that gender is highly important in the treatment of COPD in the future. Gender-specific treatments may need to be developed as well as trying to diagnose women at an earlier point in their lung deterioration to increase survival rates for women.
References: and
The link between diabetes and COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease and Diabetes Mellitus are both common and under-diagnosed diseases. COPD is considered as a risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes due to inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance and weight gain. On the other hand Diabetes may act as an independent factor as it negatively impacts upon pulmonary structure and function. It also results in an increased risk of infection and worsened COPD outcomes. Recognising the inter-relations between these two diseases can help to improve the outcome and medical control for both conditions.
Patients with COPD have an increased risk of developing Diabetes. Not only directly but indirectly as COPD patients often suffer from other medical conditions like elevated blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, which are linked to diabetes. The combination of these medical problems is often referred to as ‘metabolic syndrome’.
The specific pathology as to why COPD patients are at a high risk of developing diabetes is unclear, but it is thought that it is due to inflammation associated with lung disease and the use of corticosteroids.
Elevated levels of glucose are associated with abnormal lung function. Those with type 1 diabetes experience a 20% decline in lung function and it may contribute to worsening symptoms in COPD patients.
Diabetes can affect the lungs in different ways. It has been associated with decreased lung volume, reduced lung expiration volumes and reduction in the ability of the lung tissue to diffuse oxygen. It is thought that glucose affects the diaphragm, breathing muscles and nerves in the lungs.
Diabetes is also associated with abnormal brain control of breathing pattern and can cause sleep-breathing disorders. Studies show that COPD patients with diabetes have an accelerated decline in lung function compared to those without diabetes and uncontrolled diabetes in COPD patients result in increased exacerbations, more frequent and longer hospitals stays and risk of death.
The adverse affects of diabetes on lung function appears to be stronger among people who smoke tobacco, and this group of people also have the highest risk of developing COPD.
Both conditions have also been linked to a phenomenon called oxidative stress, in which highly energized compounds called reactive oxygen species, which react strongly with other molecules, damage tissue. In the case of COPD, oxidative stress injures the airway and promotes inflammation in the lungs, and oxidative stress has been implicated as an underlying cause of the insulin resistance seen in Type 2 diabetes.
Both conditions can occur independently of each other but can also occur due to the presence of the other one. Both diseases also have a negative impact upon the state of the other. COPD will cause worsening of Diabetes and vice-versa. Therefore adequate diabetic control is key for patients with COPD to prevent worsening of their condition, as there is no cure for COPD and prevention is critical.
Due to the huge overlap between these conditions if you have been diagnosed with either condition you should ask your GP to check for the other. If you have diabetes and have a history of smoking you are at a high risk for developing COPD and like-wise if you have COPD make sure you are checked for diabetes especially if you have a family history of diabetes.
References: and and
The dilema of a smoker with COPD
Smoking is a main contributing factor to developing COPD and there has been an ongoing debate as to whether Oxygen therapy should be prescribed to patients who are still smoking.
The reasons that oxygen might not be allowed are because in the presence of oxygen, things (like oxygen tubing, facial hair, clothing) are much more flammable and patients have set fire to their heads resulting in serious burns and occasionally even death.
Oxygen therapy is delivered through plastic tubes that go up the patients’ nostrils. Quite a lot of oxygen comes out of the nostrils and effectively bathes the face, head and clothing. Patients have set fire to themselves when not smoking, for example lighting stoves, and one patient was killed when an e-cigarette exploded.
The tubes that the oxygen goes through are made of PVC which is quite flammable and releases highly flammable vinyl chloride gas when it burns.
There is no safe way to smoke when using home oxygen. Until patients quit, they can practice safer smoking. Should an individual need to smoke, it’s important to first turn off the tank, and wait 10 full minutes before going outside to smoke. This practice should decrease the amount of oxygen in the home and on the person. The best way for patients to protect themselves, their families, neighbours, and emergency responders is to quit smoking.
Oxygen is a fundamental requirement for life and therefore taking away oxygen from a patient who will die without it is difficult and perhaps immoral, bringing into consideration other aspects of smoking.
Smokers quite often blame themselves for developing an illness where they are a burden on their families and often feel anxious, depressed and guilty. Oxygen therapy provides relief from some of the anxiety, but sadly effective psychological support is often lacking and oxygen is a kind of substitute.
The benefits from reducing smoking, such as fewer deaths and diseases of the heart and lungs can be discounted by 0% to offset the loss in pleasure that smokers suffer when they quit. For many smokers the fear of losing that pleasure from smoking and perhaps enjoying life a lot less is justifiable in perhaps dying sooner.
Patients are told not to smoke, but recent surveys show the percentage of home oxygen users still smoking to be between 14 and 51%. The use of a less combustible material for cannula tubing and a more efficient oxygen delivery system may reduce the incidence of such burns. Another suggestion would be labelling the oxygen cylinders with large stickers emphasizing the danger of smoking in the presence of oxygen.
In summary there are grave risks that COPD patients take if they smoke on oxygen therapy, such as a detrimental effect on health and disease progression and the risk of burns to themselves and others. However many find that oxygen therapy and the continuation of smoking improves their quality of life, both from the benefits of oxygen therapy and the pleasure obtained from smoking. There is a debate as to whether the importance of a patient’s choice to choose how they live and die is outweighed by the possible risks and dangers to themselves and others.
Common Causes of COPD
The 5 most common causes of developing COPD are below:
1. Cigarette smoke. This is by the far the most common reason people get COPD. You can get it from any tobacco products, like cigar and pipe smoke, especially if you breathe in the smoke. Smoking is the main cause of COPD and is thought to be responsible for around 90% of cases. The lining of the airways becomes inflamed and permanently damaged by smoking and this damage cannot be reversed. Up to 25% of smokers develop COPD.
2. Passive smoking. Even if you don’t smoke yourself, just by breathing in second-hand smoke can cause damage to your lungs.
3. Air pollution. You can get COPD from breathing in chemical fumes, dust, air pollution or toxic substances at work.
4. Your genes. About 3 in 100 people with COPD have a defect in their DNA. This defect is called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency or AAT deficiency. Your lungs don’t have enough of a protein needed to protect them from damage, which can lead to severe COPD. The symptoms normally show before you’re 35 years old. A research study has shown that smokers who have brothers and sisters with severe COPD are at greater risk of developing the condition than smokers who do not.
5. Asthma. If you don’t treat your asthma, over time you can get lifetime damage and it can develop into COPD.
Some of these risk factors can be avoided by quitting smoking, reducing the amount of pollution we breathe and if we have respiratory problems ensure we medicate and treat them properly. These steps will help to prevent damage to our lungs and help to prevent the development of COPD. Obviously the genetic factor cannot be avoided but only 1% of COPD sufferers have the genetic defect.
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Oxygen Therapy and Smoking Does Not Mix
smoking and oxygen do no mix
Cigarettes on their own are the leading cause of house fires, but add to this the risk of oxygen being stored in the home and the danger dramatically increases.
Over the last few years there have been a staggering number of reports of people on home oxygen therapy being admitted to hospital with facial burns, eyebrows and hair burned off, death, smoke inhalation injuries and fire damage to their homes in the thousands of pounds. These occurred because they or a friend/family member were smoking whilst the patient’s oxygen equipment was in use.
However, do not interpret this to mean that oxygen therapy is something to be afraid of, it just needs to be respected.
General Advice when using oxygen equipment:
• If you’re on oxygen, DO NOT smoke.
• If you live with or visit someone on oxygen, DO NOT smoke around them.
• Stay away from open flames, sparks, and gas (including gas stoves).
• Turn the oxygen off while not in use.
• Avoid petroleum-based products.
• Do not use aerosol sprays nearby.
• Comply with all safety instructions provided by your home medical equipment company.
• Keep your oxygen concentrator in a well-ventilated area.
• Never allow the tubing, cannula, or mask to be covered, as it can result in a build-up of concentrated oxygen.
• Keep the name and number of your home medical equipment provider in a prominent spot for reference.
• Post a sign stating ‘DANGER: No Smoking-Oxygen in Use’ for the benefit of engineers or visitors.
There are also health risks associated with smoking while on oxygen therapy. Smoking is the most common cause of many medical conditions associated with the requirement of oxygen therapy. Smoking got you here therefore it is highly recommended that you put as much effort as possible into trying to give up this harmful addiction, or to at least cut down. Smoking more will just continue to damage your lungs and increase the deterioration of your respiratory capability and make you increasingly more dependent upon supplemental oxygen. Using supplemental oxygen can improve your health and improve your medical condition but if you smoke you are hampering the possible medical benefits of the treatment.
There should be a respectful balance between your own lifestyle choices, your medical needs and the safety of yourself and others around you. Be aware of the dangers and make sure you take all possible safety precautions.
References: and
Playing with fire and oxygen
There are so many articles saying do not smoke when using medical oxygen and the below article shows exactly why experts advise you not to smoke:
Woman left fighting for life after sparking huge explosion by lighting a cigarette while wearing an oxygen mask
• The 47-year-old was lighting up at home at 7.30am in the morning
• The flame set light to oxygen coming from her medical mask
• She is in intensive care with facial burns after being taken to hospital
The unnamed woman tried to light her cigarette too close to her medical oxygen apparatusA woman is fighting for her life after she lit a cigarette while wearing an oxygen mask, sparking an explosion.
The incident happened as the unnamed 47-year-old attempted to light up at her home in Heywood, Manchester just after 7.30am on Friday morning.
As she brought the light to her cigarette it set fire to the oxygen emitting from the nearby medical equipment, causing the gas to explode in her face.
The blast left her with severe burns and started a fire in a first-floor bedroom of the terraced house in Cartridge Street, Greater Manchester.
Emergency services were called to the scene but the fire was out by the time they arrived.
The woman received treatment in the house and was taken to Fairfield Hospital in Bury. Doctors then opted to put the woman into an induced coma.
She remained in intensive care for treatment last night. Shocked neighbours woke to find several fire engines and police cars in their street following the accident.
Frances Tennant, 85, who lives opposite her, said: ‘I do see her and her husband. They seem friendly. It’s a bit of a shock that this has happened and I hope she’s OK.
‘I could see police cars on the corner and plenty of activity with the fire service and I wondered what was going on.’
Another neighbour, who did not wish to be named, said: ‘They seem like a nice family. My boyfriend knows them better than me but we often say hello.
‘The fire engines woke me up this morning just before eight o’clock and I wondered what had happened.’
The family of the woman, who has not been named, declined to comment.
Find out about OxygenWorldwide :
article By AARON SHARP
PUBLISHED: 14:35, 7 December 2013
Read more: |
How To Lie In A Foreign Language? Discover Why It Is So Easy
Before you end up with the proficient information on ways to Lie in a Foreign Language, there are some notes to consider first. A recent study has indicated that telling the truth is always easier if you do that in a foreign language. People actually don’t have hard time lying using second language when compared to native one.
What Study Says:
According to the study, as conducted by the University of Wurzburg and as published in May 2018 under Journal of Experimental Psychology, the research enlisted around 50 volunteers asked to complete specified tasks. They were told to provide truthful answers to some questions and deceptive ones to others, based on the colour cue. Some questions were neutral ones and others were designed to provoke some emotions.
The participants were mainly asked to offer answers in their native language first and then in a foreign one. It as part of their language services experiment. The experts observed some physical changes among participants when they lied, mostly in response time, heart rate, skin conductance and more. Skin conductance is mainly an electro dermal response where the skin can be a better conductor while arousing stimuli psychologically. A special device is used for the same with silver chloride electrode.
Results From The Study:
You must be so pumped up to actually understand more about the ways on How to Learn Foreign Language. But before any of that, let’s just deal with the results as conducted by the researchers on the language section, as mentioned before. The summary might help in clarifying your points better.
✓ Most of the time, lying will always entail longer response time when compared to the truth. The participants took longer time as they answered questions in non-native or second language.
✓ Moreover, the questions, as considered emotional took longer time to response among participants. It mostly took more time to state lie than telling truth in native language. But, while using foreign language, telling truth recorded longer time to respond.
✓ The difference right between the response times while providing deceptive and truthful answers became quite obscure while the participants were forced to answer in the second language, regardless of the state of questions.
So, before you head toward the Most Spoken Future Language, you might want to get these basics right. Researcher’s notes the difference related to response time as they answered questions with lies and truths in different languages. They found out a pronounced difference in time taken by participants to answer questions with lie and truth. The same difference came in response time but was not quite observing when they had to answer in foreign language.
The study found out that the time it took for the study participants to answer question in foreign language with truth or lie is more or less same. The results clearly indicate that using foreign language can be conductive to not telling truth. It comes with longer response time when they responded to questions with deception. It reduces the different between response time while answering with lie or truth.
The researchers actually attribute that it takes longer time in answering questions involving emotions. Answering questions in truthful manner entails massive perceived emotional loads. Moreover, answering with lie is believed to involve higher cognitive load. They further believe that more massive perceived emotional load might cancel the higher cognitive loan when a person uses foreign language. So, the response time can be a bit comparable, used for creating impression that using this foreign language makes it easier to withhold truth.
Different Theories:
Before you deal with the ways to Improve Your Foreign Language Speaking, make sure to check out the theories first. There are mainly two
contrasting theories used for clarifying the research results.
The first one has to be cognitive load theory. It states that it is quite hard to lie in foreign language. It further suggests that concealing the truth is way more demanding.
The second theory around here talks about the emotional distance hypothesis. It suggests that lying is done easily when using second language as lying comes with a lot of emotions. It takes the presumption that liars suffer from some higher forms of stress levels and can be more tensed. Under the present emotional hypothesis, people believed to have lied more easily using foreign language as using non-native language is less emotionally arousing. They are then less attached to thoughts they utter when they speak the foreign language. This emotional distance is well supported by experts in linguistic, psychophysiology and psychology areas.
Depending on the results there are some manifestations of these theories in how the test subjects might have behaved. The findings here show the antagonistic outcomes of cognitive theory and the emotional hypothesis one as well. The cognitive load theory is stated to have increased lying efforts in foreign language. On the other hand, the emotional theory manifests in longer time to tell the truth in foreign language. So, the use of foreign language creates emotional distress, tending to offset higher cognitive lead in lying.
However, the conclusion does not say that people will respond faster with lie when using foreign language in same manner they lie as quickly in mother tongue. The conclusion depends on the findings that response times between answering truth and lie when using foreign language are not pronounced when compared to time to answer in native language.
Here, the conclusion is primarily based on the available findings that response times between answering with a truth and lie while using foreign language are not that pronounced, when you compare that with to the significant responses in difference in given lie and truth in native language. It is not just because it is rather fast to say a lie in foreign language but because if the difficulty or ease of telling a tie or truth becomes comparable to some extent.
Lying In A Foreign Language:
This study is enough to fill out the scarcity of research whenever it is about how less people lie using foreign language. It might help you with proper selection of Languages To Learn In Upcoming Years. A number of researchers will explore perceived trustworthiness of the non-native speakers, as they suggest that most of these speakers of particular language are viewed to be less trusted ones as compared to the native ones.
• When it comes to how people are less trained to lie in non-native language, the results have turned out to be rather inconsistent.
• This form of study is a bit different from previous ones as it will not focus on perceived trustworthiness of people while communicating in native tongue and in second language.
• It can expand the scope by just measuring and challenging the changes when anyone is lying and telling truth in native and non-native languages.
Honest And Highest Quality Language Solutions:
People are always in the lookout for the best firms, able to offer them with the finest approaches in answering questions like Why Learn Another Language and the languages you should learn for your betterment. This is the primary reason for the experts from Tridindia to ensure that the people get what they have been here for. They are able to deliver the people with a comprehensive range of language services, guaranteed to be of highest quality and delivered promptly on time.
The team from this source actually ascertain to deliver turnaround estimates as provided to clients. They will ensure to offer nothing but the best quality language solutions just to make you a pro in this regard. The team from TridIndia can actually advertise some of the premium quality services because of their notable globalized network of human translators.
These language experts have proper proficiency and experience in the respective localized languages. It helps in delivering timeliness, precision and even contextual accuracy. If you want, you can reach out to the team that easily. It will just take a single call at the official number or just sending email at the given address anytime, as per the convenience. If you want, you can even download the official mobile app of the company to conveniently learn a lot more about the available services and then just set up a proper appointment.
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How Harvey made it harder to evacuate for Irma
Evacuees from Florida were stranded on the sides of highways because of gas shortages.
Vehicles lined up at a gas station to prepare for Hurricane Irma in Doral, Florida on September 6.
Mark Wilson/Getty Images
For the past several days, residents of Florida and neighboring states have been desperately trying to get out of the way of Irma, one of the largest and most powerful hurricanes ever recorded.
But the exodus has been hampered by another hurricane that struck two weeks earlier more than 1,000 miles away.
Mandatory and voluntary evacuation orders covered almost 7 million people across Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. But many residents pulled into empty gas stations as they tried to flee the storm.
According to GasBuddy, an app that tracks gasoline prices and availability, major cities in Florida had fuel outages of 46 percent or more by Sunday afternoon. The worst was Gainesville, where 70 percent of gas stations were out of fuel.
Many had to deal with long lines, like this one in Spring Hill, a town north of Tampa, and tense encounters at the pump.
The scarcity also crept further North into North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia.
GasBuddy app showing empty fueling stations in Miami as Hurricane Irma made landfall
Particularly for Florida residents, the shortages exacerbated what were already stressful preparations for a massive, threatening hurricane. Some were stranded on the sides of highways and abandoned cars clogged evacuation routes, while other families were stuck at home due to high gas prices and low fuel levels.
But the gas crunch is also a stark illustration of the narrow bottlenecks in US energy infrastructure and how disruptions to energy production from extreme weather in one area can harm other regions.
“Harvey obviously shut down a vital connection Florida has to gasoline supply,” said Patrick DeHaan, a senior petroleum analyst at GasBuddy who I spoke to from Tallahassee, where he’s helping emergency responders. “Florida receives almost all its fuel, every gallon, from Gulf Coast refineries.”
Up to a quarter of US oil-refining capacity went offline ahead of the Texas hurricane as surging floodwaters inundated plants. These refineries are massive, billion-dollar industrial facilities and it will require weeks to assess flooding damage and restart production, continuing to cut into gasoline and diesel supplies around the country.
A visualization of fuel outages in Florida and Texas over the weekend
Shutting down flooded infrastructure after Harvey in the nation’s largest oil-producing state, including the largest oil refinery in the country, made a nation-wide dent in gasoline production. The United States saw a drop of roughly 2 million barrels a day of refined petroleum production during Harvey’s peak, according to DeHaan, a more than 10 percent bite out of the 19 million barrels the US guzzles a day.
As of last Thursday, US refinery capacity is still down 12.8 percent.
Florida officials saw this coming, but couldn’t do enough to stop it
Florida, which gets almost all of its oil by ship, saw its fuel deliveries stall ahead of Irma’s landfall, leading to panic-buying. Drivers rushed to fill up en masse, quickly depleting fueling infrastructure designed for cars that top off every week or so.
The New York Times reported that fuel was so scarce ahead of the storm that some residents followed tanker trucks around to see where they would dispense fuel. Florida Gov. Rick Scott told Floridians at a press conference Thursday that fuel trucks would receive police escorts.
Florida also asked neighboring states to lift some highway restrictions on trucks bringing gasoline and diesel into the state and provided a dedicated hotline for people who were unable to evacuate due to a lack of fuel (1-800-955-5504). And state officials also kept southbound highway lanes clear for fuel trucks to come in rather than allowing people to use the highways to get out, further exacerbating congestion.
The US federal government meanwhile issued waivers for the Jones Act, which bans foreign-flagged ships from transporting goods between US ports, allowing more vessels to transport fuel into Florida ahead of the storm.
The Environmental Protection Agency also issued waivers allowing trucks to use oil originally designated for heating homes.
While refineries in the Northeastern United States are now shipping more fuel via barges to Florida, DeHaan said it’s only “putting a bandage on a wound that’s gushing blood.”
The low fuel supply and high prices will linger
Fuel shipments to Florida have stopped with Irma now making its final pass across Florida’s coast.
“The fuel levels are being directly affected and impacted by the closure of the ports due to Irma,” said Alberto Moscoso, a spokesperson for the Florida Division of Emergency Management.
Both Harvey and Irma will continue to strain gas supplies across the country as refineries and ports slowly reopen, so higher gasoline prices will persist in much of the country. “It does take weeks to restore gasoline markets to normal after an event like this,” DeHaan said.
Experiences with past hurricanes like Katrina show that it can take up to a month for gasoline prices to return to normal, but oil refineries can remain shuttered up to a year.
The fuel shortages also show that hurricanes are no longer just regional events, and that disaster planners have to pay close attention to the status of energy choke points. |
Letter of Reprimand for Employee Performance (with Examples)
Letter of Reprimand
Letters of Reprimand are usually followed by further disciplinary action and, in severe cases, termination. An employee’s performance problem can be well documented by a letter of Reprimand. These letters precisely and directly state the issues and consequences the employee must resolve. However, it is essential to remain professional when writing a letter of Reprimand to inform the employee of his misbehavior and negative traits at the workplace.
Simply it is define as;
A letter of Reprimand is a letter usually issued by management to explain a performance problem that needs improvement.
The purpose of the letter of Reprimand is to ensure that the Reprimand does not blindside the employee. As a logical and expected extension of progressive discipline, it should benefit the employee by helping him/her improve. This letter is typically followed by counseling and coaching by the manager, carefully documented to secure one’s position if there is a lawsuit.
The importance of a letter of Reprimand lies in its use as a tool to increase the performance of employees. A letter of Reprimand is a warning to improve their performance, if erring employees continue in their ways, they will face more drastic repercussions, and in some cases, they may lose their jobs.
A Letter of Reprimand as a Disciplinary Action
In most cases, sending a letter of Reprimand is considered a disciplinary action documented to help as a reference in the future. However, it may be an action with severe consequences, depending upon the employer’s behavior.
For example, it is common for companies to allow a certain number of written reprimands before punitive actions that could affect an employee’s rank or salary.
When to write and use a letter of reprimand?
A letter of reprimand is a formal letter that the employer should write under particular circumstances according to the company policy and laws. It should not be written emotionally or anxious, as it can later create legal issues. Employees are reprimanded depending on their performance. It is generally the responsibility of the Human Resources Department to monitor an employee’s conduct and then issue a letter of Reprimand to an employee if he is underperforming or engaging in unacceptable behavior.
Addressing the letter to the employee can help protect the employer against future disputes. Therefore, the letter must take the form of an official document indicating the unacceptable conduct of the employee in question. Employee deficiencies can include attendance, behavior, performance, and other issues that require attention.
Process of Writing a Letter of Reprimand
The letter of Reprimand is formal and should be written clearly, highlighting the misconduct and incidents in the past reference to the employee’s file. As mentioned above, the purpose of the letter of Reprimand is to increase the employee’s performance; therefore avoiding considering the termination. What follows are the processes that go into writing a letter of Reprimand:
Take legal side into account
It is essential to take the legal side into account before writing a letter of reprimand. It includes making sure that the reprimand is following workplace policies and local labor laws. If the company has a progressive discipline policy, compare one’s notes from the file review to the company’s disciplinary policy. If you are a sole proprietor, you should consult your lawyer or an expert in labor law who knows about the government policies to get all the legal things covered before issuing the reprimand.
Be objective but humane
The letter should be written by the employer formally and objectively, clearly stating the employee’s conduct or actions that are not acceptable by the company policy, mainly if the employee repeats the behavior regardless of numerous verbal warnings. After the discussion is over, the employees should be asked to follow appropriate procedures. While a letter of Reprimand has a negative connotation, the letter is still an opportunity to express your intentions elegantly and humanely. Keep in mind that the letter should help the employee personally and professionally, ensuring the continuous and smooth operation of the workforce.
Add basic details
Start the letter of Reprimand with standard details that go into a formal letter. The letter should be addressed to the employee. It should be addressed to the employee by their full name and with Mr. or Miss if appropriate. Make sure to include the date on the letter when it was written and sent.
Highlight the problem clearly
Many professionals suggest writing about the employee’s positive traits since the letter of Reprimand is written to improve the employee’s performance and is not usually written to terminate the employee. However, the content should clearly state why a letter has been issued. Keep the content short and direct.
In addition, you need to specify the specific violation or misconduct committed by the employee. Make sure you have proper documentation to support your allegation. Make sure the time and date of the violation are accurate, along with the location.
You can refer to the company policy. Use it to reinforce that the issue is not a matter of personal preference or unreasonable expectation. In addition, reference the company policy to show the employee what required behavior and parameters they must follow to conduct themselves correctly. Explain the progress the employee made following each disciplinary action, including any performance improvement plans he or she completed and any he or she still needs to complete.
Better improvement practices
In the letter, the employee could be given examples of how they can change their performance to conform to company performance expectations. The use of examples conveys a shared understanding among the employees regarding the company’s and manager’s expectations.
Explain how the employee’s non-performance impacts not only them but also the organization’s success. An employer can include a timeline in the form of a due date or an end date when the manager will evaluate the employee’s performance once again.
Describe the consequences
If an employee fails to show improvement in performance as outlined in the letter of Reprimand, the reprimand letter should outline the consequences they can expect if they fail to do so. Provide the employee with a clear definition of the consequences should they fail to abide by the corrective actions. This act will motivate the employee even more and prove to the client that they understood what they were doing and improved themselves.
Clear employer’s actions
The employers should communicate what actions they will take in response to this behavior. It includes scheduling a private meeting with the employee and discussing the behavior or actions you wish to see them improve or implementing an intervention plan to track this employee’s performance and behavior. It clarifies expectations for employees, and it protects your organization against legal repercussions.
Include signature lines
When reprimanding employees, the manager must sign the letter. The signature signifies that they have received the letter and that they understand its contents. The wording must be specific to understand they acknowledge receipt of the letter, not that they have committed misconduct.
You must remind the employee to sign the letter and let them know they have the right to submit a written response. If the employee refuses to sign, add the words “refused to sign” after his signature and ask the HR representative to sign the letter. Affixing a signature to this letter also constitutes the employee’s agreement or disagreement with its content. The signature indicates that the employee has received and read this letter.
Things to Avoid
Do not sound like an angry parent rebuking the employee as a child. Instead, write down the rectification measures that the employee must follow to ensure that he or she can realize the violation that one had made and how he or she can improve per the standards established by the company.
To avoid any legal problems, you may attach an employee’s attendance records or a performance review when there has been poor performance or productivity as evidence of the claim made against him or her.
Be in place of the employee
Keep the purpose of the letter of Reprimand in mind and write the letter from a perspective that helps achieve the purpose by putting yourself in the employee’s shoes.
Letter of Reprimand Samples
Habitual absenteeism sample
From: XYZ
Job Position
Date: May 21, 2021
Re: Letter of Reprimand
We send this letter of Reprimand to you formally because your attendance adversely affects your ability to do your job. While we do not assign specific hours to salaried/exempt employees, a standard workweek will cover 40 hours.
The manager found that between April 10 and April 14, you stopped showing up for the job, not presenting any valid justification for that.
Despite beginning your new job, you have failed to attend work at least one day a week. Your manager informed you that there is no FMLA time off available.
Your failure to perform is adversely affecting the work of your coworkers in the marketing department. They are missing their deadlines because you are failing to perform.
We will not tolerate the negative impact on the workplace due to your absenteeism. Our company will terminate your employment if we fail to see an immediate improvement in your attendance. It means that you must attend work five days a week. If you fail to attend work five days a week, you cannot achieve the goals for which you have been employed.
Your job is expected to be at stake. You will no longer be receiving warnings. However, we firmly believe that you can increase your attendance and performance.
Poor performance sample
From: XYZ
Job Position
Date: May 21, 2021
Re: Letter of Reprimand
This letter of Reprimand is being sent to you as a formal reminder that your performance has fallen short of expectations as a customer support expert. As a customer support expert, your job expectations were developed by all the customer support experts and their managers. Accreditation is the accepted standard by which customer support experts are judged.
Failures in performance include failing to perform the following:
● There is 33% less customer service per week than the rest of the tech support staff.
● Your problem-solving skills fall lower than the standards of the rest of the staff by 37%.
● Your call duration is 43% longer than what the rest of the staff spends.
We have spoken to you many times and provided you with additional training. However, as you can see, these three essential performance measures aren’t being met. We believe that you have become unwilling to perform. It is negatively affecting the workload of the company’s support staff.
Additional disciplinary actions including termination will occur if all three performance areas do not improve immediately. We have faith that you can improve.
Failure to comply with policies sample
From: XYZ
Job Position
Date: May 21, 2021
Re: Letter of Reprimand
This Reprimand is being issued to you for your failure to follow your responsibilities as a member of management in safeguarding the confidential information you have acquired about the employees who report to you. By divulging confidential information to other employees, you are breaching an employee’s confidentiality rights.
You have violated your expected and entrusted managerial role by discussing employee business with another employee, even though the employee did not specify that the information shared with you is confidential, which goes against rule number 123 of company policy.
I have already verbally counseled you for abusing confidential information entrusted to you by an employee. I am now sending you this letter reprimanding you for ill-handling confidential information as your role demands.
It will help if you exercise sound judgment as an employee responsible for management responsibilities. Because of your position, you should take extra care in carrying out your responsibilities.
Further breaches of confidence in you as a manager will be met with further disciplinary measures, including termination of your employment. I hope that you will learn and avoid discussing sensitive information.
Free Letter of Reprimand Templates
Following are the free letter of reprimand customizable templates available to download.
Letter of Reprimand Template 01
Letter of Reprimand Template 02
Letter of Reprimand Template 033
Letter of Reprimand Template 04
Letter of Reprimand Template 05
Letter of Reprimand Template 06
Letter of Reprimand Template 07
Letter of Reprimand Template 08
Letter of Reprimand Template 09
Letter of Reprimand Template 10
Letter of Reprimand Template 11
Letter of Reprimand Template 1
Letter of Reprimand Template 13
Letter of Reprimand Template 14
Reasons of Writing a Letter of Reprimand
Letter of Reprimand is written from the employer to the employee, informing the latter of his failure to comply with the company policy. What follows will guide you through the reasons for writing a letter of Reprimand.
Violation of company’s policies
The ways an employee can violate company policy include attendance, behavior, performance, and other issues requiring attention.
Below are the most common reasons that may result in the issuance of such a letter:
• Breach of employee obligations.
• Violation of health and safety policy
• Violation of alcohol and drugs policy
• Theft of company property.
• Frequent tardiness
• Absenteeism
• Violation of confidentiality policy
Things to be considered inappropriate
There are some specific things and behaviors that should not be tolerated or considered acceptable in a workplace. A letter of reprimand can be for insubordination, which involves intentionally refusing to follow directions from management or company officials, unnecessarily arguments, misconduct with coworkers, or underperformance-that involves failure to meet minimum standards of the position and job requirements for a probationary period.
Tips to Consider in Managing Behaviors
A productive and successful workplace depends on good behavior. For organizations to succeed, employees’ behavior must be in line with what the organization needs. Changing behavior at the workplace is not an easy task. There are at least a few “tried and true” methods to get it done. Here are a few tips to keep in mind:
Considering office-based policies
According to the workplace’s terms, a dedicated human resource department handles and amends the policies and policy handbook according to the workplace’s terms in large companies. However, small businesses should also create a company policy.
Company policies address both inside and outside the workplace and are usually contained within a business’s employee handbook. They apply to both the employees and employers. Employee motivation and engagement can be vital to driving your company’s success. Favorable company policies can reinforce these factors and help your company thrive – especially if you are just getting started.
Maintaining progressive discipline
A progressive discipline process is used when employees fail to demonstrate behavior that corresponds to their expected and communicated performance standards. Progressive discipline is designed to help individuals understand that there is a performance problem or opportunity to improve.
Contrary to the old notion that discipline is punishment, it is a series of tactics giving the employee feedback to improve. It involves telling the employee verbally that he will be shown how to improve his performance despite repeated warnings and that he will have to document the changes.
Continuous policy implementation
The most important thing for the success of a company’s workplace and disciplinary policy is consistent application. Employers who selectively enforce workplace policies are likely to lose employees due to a substantial turnover owing to low morale and general dissatisfaction.
In addition, reprimands need to be consistent concerning their content and actions. Employees are exposed to potential legal liability when they complain about unfair treatment if their employers cannot enforce policies consistently. For large companies, applying a consistent policy is not an easy task, and it’s the HR department that has to overlook it; however, it is much easier to maintain a consistent policy in small companies.
Develop a verbal route
Giving a verbal warning is always advised before issuing a formal letter of reprimand. It is considered standard practice, which involves informing the employees that they might face further consequences if they don’t improve their behavior or performance in the workplace. The consequences can vary depending on the severity of the misconduct and may include demotion or termination. It is also advised to document the verbal warning for later references in the demotion or termination letter, and it may also be helpful in a lawsuit.
Issuing a termination
If the employee is still misconducting after the verbal warning and the written Reprimand or cannot increase his performance, it’s okay to terminate the employee. However, he should be given enough time after sending the letter, and only after that should his employment be terminated.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a written warning and a written Reprimand?
A written reprimand is often used after previous written, or verbal warnings do not result in the desired results. With the written Reprimand, the issue is placed in the employee’s personnel file and kept for a predetermined amount of time.
How long does a letter of Reprimand stay on file?
How long a letter of Reprimand stays on the file depends on the company policy; however, in most cases, it’s between 6 months and a year.
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Cleanest Fish To Eat
Since the dawn of time, seafood has always been a part of the human experience. For humans, partaking in the blessings that the seas have to offer us is almost no different from us breathing; this is simply a fact. But how do we determine which fish or kelp will be good or bad for us?
What is the cleanest fish to eat? According to experts, the six healthiest types of fish are the Albacore tuna, salmon, oysters, sardines from the Pacific, Rainbow Trout, and the Freshwater Coho salmon.
This article aims to discuss seafood and discuss which seafood is healthy for you and which fish you should avoid eating.
What Is Seafood?
Seafood is a form of sea life and sea flora that is regarded as food by humans. This cuisine typically features fish and shellfish. Shellfish include many mollusks such as clams, oysters, and cephalopods, crustaceans like crabs, shrimps, lobsters, and echinoderms such as sea cucumbers and sea urchins.
Historically, humans have also hunted cetaceans like whales and dolphins, and seals for consumption, but that effort has dramatically lessened in much more modern times. In Asia, edible sea flora like seaweed and microalgae are widely eaten as vegetables.
The practice of harvesting wild seafood is concisely called hunting or fishing, while the cultivation of seafood is dubbed as aquaculture or fish farming.
Because seafood is colloquially distinguished from meat, some vegetarians only consume seafood as their source of protein. These people are called pescetarians.
The 6 Healthiest Seafood You Can Eat
If you like keeping track of your diet, you probably know that humans are supposed to ingest seafood at least twice a week. Fish are a healthy and lean source of protein. Fish with oily meat like salmon, sardines, and tunas have heart and brain-healthy omega-3 fats that do wonders for everybody’s diet.
But of course, knowing which seafood is healthy for you can be quite a struggle since there are loads of different cuisines and types in the world. That being said, what do we need to watch out for when we eat seafood?
What are the healthiest options we can intake for the optimal benefit of our bodies? According to experts, here are the six healthiest types of seafood that you can eat.
Albacore Tuna
Tuna is usually high in mercury content, but Albacore tuna, usually the kind of white tuna that is canned, gets a super green rating as long as it is “troll or pole caught” in the U.S. or British Columbia.
Smaller and younger fish, usually less than 20 pounds, have proportionately less mercury count and fewer contamination ratings than larger fish with higher omega-3 concentrations.
Salmon fisheries in Alaska are pristine and well-managed. So well managed that biologists are posted at river mouths to keep track of how much wild salmon return to spawn. Once they see that the numbers dwindle, the fisheries are closed and are allowed to recuperate before reaching their limits.
Such close monitoring of the fisheries, along with the strict implementation of quotas and careful management of water quality, ultimately means that salmon fisheries in Alaska are more sustainable than any other fisheries out there. Alaska’s wild-caught salmon boasts 1,210 mg of omega-3s per 3 ounces of serving with minimal contaminants.
Oysters that have been farmed can be very beneficial to a balanced diet. They contain over 300 mg of omega-3 per 3 ounces and about a third of your recommended daily iron intakes.
Oysters are not only beneficial to health but the environment as well. They feed off of the natural nutrients in the water and algae, which help improve water quality.
They also act as natural reefs since they attract and provide food for various species of marine life. Beware of eating raw shellfish, though. Raw shellfish, especially those that come from warm waters, may contain many bacteria that can cause health issues.
You heard it right. These humble and inexpensive fish make it into the list with good reason. Don’t be deceived by their size: these babies pack more omega-3s than any other fish in this list, clocking at about 1,950 mg per 3 ounces, as well as one of the few foods to naturally be rich in vitamin D.
Many fish that belong to the herring family are dubbed sardines. Because sardines can procreate and reproduce quickly, they have since bounced back from being overfished in the 1940s.
Rainbow Trout
Because lake trout are usually high in contaminants, trouts that you can find in the market are usually grown as a solution to this, and
Rainbow trouts are no exception. In the U.S., rainbow trout are farmed in freshwater ponds and raceways so that they are protected and can be kept from contaminants that can damage or reduce their quality.
These trout are also fed a fish meal diet that has been fine-tuned to conserve resources among fisheries.
Freshwater Coho Salmon
Freshwater Coho salmons are unique since they are the first – and only – farmed salmon to get a Super Green rating. Other salmon farms are still on Monterey Bay’s “avoid” list for various reasons.
One of these is that many farms use crowded pens where the salmon can easily be infected by parasites and, in turn, spread disease towards other wild marine life. Though these may be treated with antibiotics, it is much easier said than done.
It can also take as much as 3 pounds of wild fish to raise a pound of salmon, so the current method isn’t the most cost-effective. The problems stated above do not apply to freshwater Coho salmon.
Coho salmon are raised in closed, freshwater pens, requiring less feed, making them very environmentally friendly. These salmon are a great source of omega-3s since a 3-ounce serving delivers 1,025 mg.
Fish You Should Avoid Eating
We have talked about fish that can be incredibly beneficial to your diet and the environment as well. Now, it’s time to touch upon some fish that might be problematic on plates instead of in the ocean.
Environmental institutions have long advocated taking a lot of species of fish off the menu. The fish listed below are examples of popular seafood left alone by themselves in the sea and not be food.
Bluefin Tuna
The bluefin tuna debuted into the World Wildlife Fund’s list of endangered species in December 2009, along with the giant panda, tigers, and the leatherback turtle.
However, even though environmental institutions continue to advocate for the bluefin tuna’s protection, this fish continues to command upwards of 170,000 dollars in the market.
Furthermore, bluefin tuna has high levels of mercury and PCBs that can endanger one’s health, that the EDF recommends not eating this fish at all.
Chilean Sea Bass, a.k.a. Patagonian Toothfish
The Chilean sea bass has been hunted near extinction from its native cold waters of the Antarctic for their very buttery meat. Since their life cycles cannot keep up with the pace, they were being hunted. They have been classified as endangered.
Not only that, the tools used to catch Chilean sea bass – trawlers and longlines – can also damage the seafloor and harm other seabirds.
At present, there is only one MSC-approved farm for the Chilean sea bass. Furthermore, the EDF has issued a consumption advisory for the Chilean sea bass since it contains high levels of mercury.
The grouper is also prone to overfishing since it takes quite a long time for them to reproduce. However, the EDF has also issued a consumption advisory for these fish because they contain high amounts of mercury in their bodies.
The monkfish and the catfish are somewhat similar in that they both have whiskers and bottom-dwellers. Their difference, however, lies in their meat. The monkfish has a fresh taste that is the staple of gourmets and chefs across the globe.
Though this fish species is recovering from being overfished, the trawlers some fishers use still threaten to damage their habitats.
Orange Roughy
Like the grouper, this fish is also prone to overfishing since they take some time to procreate. Orange roughy can live around 100 years, making them possibly older than your grandmother. Their longevity also causes them to have high mercury concentrations in their bodies.
Salmon (Farmed)
Most farmed salmon and Atlantic salmon are raised in tightly packed, open-net pens, often packed with parasites and diseases that can contaminate the salmon being raised and their ancestral habitats once they return to their spawning waters. These salmon have high enough PCB levels to warrant a health advisory from the EDF.
Seafood has been a part of a person’s experience. Consumption of seafood is excellent if you’re either on a diet or just eating seafood because you enjoy its highly appealing taste.
While eating seafood is enjoyable in its own right, it is also our responsibility as consumers to know what seafood is good for us and what seafood we should avoid. Maintaining this balance not only helps us but, by extension, helps the environment around us. |
Miniature magnetic sensor opens new era for neurology
12 June 2012
A new type of magnetic field sensor, called a chip-scale atomic magnetometer (CSAM), uses miniaturized optics for measuring absorption changes in a rubidium gas cell caused by magnetic fields.
Developed by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, the sensor has applications in magnetoencephalography (MEG), the study of the brain's magnetic field and the underlying neurology.
The sensor has passed a sensitivity test carried out by Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in a magnetically shielded room. It was able to detect both spontaneous and stimulated magnetic fields of the brain.
Magnetic sensor
Magnetic sensor the size of a sugar cube
with electrical and optical lines.
Up to now the measurement of very weak magnetic fields was the domain of cryoelectronic sensors, the so called superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). They can be considered as the "gold standard" for this application, but they have the disadvantage to operate only at very low temperatures close to absolute zero. This makes them expensive and less versatile compared to CSAMs.
Even though at present CSAMs are still less sensitive compared to SQUIDs, measurements as accurate as SQUIDs, but at lower costs, might eventually become reality. Due to the cooling requirements, SQUIDs have to be kept apart from the human body by a few centimeters. In contrast, CSAMs can be attached close to the human body. This increases the signal amplitude as the magnetic field from currents inside the human body decays rapidly with increasing distance.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) enables the characterization of neuronal currents, which has gained importance during the last few years for neurologists and neuroscientists. Objective indicators of psychiatric disorders as well as age dependent brain diseases, are urgently needed for the support clinical diagnostics.
Already in 2010 scientists from NIST and PTB had successfully tested the performance of an earlier version of the present CSAM by measurements of the magnetic field of the human heart. For the present study the sensor was positioned about 4 mm away from the head of healthy subjects. At the back of the head, the magnetic fields of alpha waves were detected, a basic brain rhythm which occurs spontaneously during relaxation. In another measurement the brain fields due to the processing of tactile stimuli were identified.
Further information
T. Sander-Thömmes, J. Preusser, R. Mhaskar, J. Kitching, L. Trahms, S. Knappe: Magnetoencephalography with a Chip-Scale Atomic Magnetometer. Biomedical Optics Express Vol. 3 Issue 5, pp.981-990 (2012),
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Spotted Kestrel (Falco moluccensis)
Spotted Kestrel
[order] FALCONIFORMES | [family] Falconidae | [latin] Falco moluccensis | [authority] Bonaparte, 1850 | [UK] Spotted Kestrel | [FR] Crecerelle des Moluques | [DE] Molukkenfalke | [ES] Cernicalo Moluqueno | [NL] Indische Torenvalk
Monotypic species
Members of the genus falco are mostly medium-sized falcons, but vary from the large peregrine falcon to the small American kestrel. The wings are long and pointed and used almost continuously during flight. The bill is short, powerful, and with a distinct ‘tooth’ on each side. Most falcons of this group have a black teardrop-shaped ‘mustache’ mark on each side of the head. Falcons are fastflying birds of open country and are famous for attaining high speeds as they dive from high altitudes to knock birds out of the air.
Physical charateristics
Very similar to Eurasian Kestrel but darker in plumage. Size difference between male and female is remarkedly smaller. Also paler underparts and ear-coverts greyer (race microbalia).
Listen to the sound of Spotted Kestrel
[audio: Kestrel.mp3]
Copyright remark: Most sounds derived from xeno-canto
recorded by van den Berg, Arnoud B
wingspan min.: 0 cm wingspan max.: 0 cm
size min.: 28 cm size max.: 33 cm
incubation min.: 0 days incubation max.: 0 days
fledging min.: 0 days fledging max.: 0 days
broods: 1 eggs min.: 3
eggs max.: 4
Oriental Region, Australasia : Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, Java and Bali
Inhabits Imperata grasslands with scattered trees, lightly wooded cultivation, and the edges of primary and tall secondary forest; also occasionally along logging roads penetrating forests, in clearings within forested areas, and in areas of human habitation, including towns
Nests on Sumba, Indonesia were in the crown of a palm tree, and another was purportedly in the high thatched, peaked roof of a traditonal house. Courting behavior was observed there during the dry season (June-July), and pairs were seen roosting together and mating at the beginning of the wet seasons.
Feeding habits
Feeds on small mammals, birds, lizards, and insects
Video Spotted Kestrel
copyright: Pieter de Groot Boersma
Spotted Kestrel status Least Concern
Presumed sedentary, vagrant to Borneo
Distribution map
Spotted Kestrel distribution range map
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Every few months, I try to point out that the news about endangered species isn't all doom and gloom. Oh sure, most of the stories I cover are pretty depressing, but then I come across the success stories that make it all worthwhile.
First up, we have this week's announcement that the Lake Erie water snake (Nerodia sipedon insularum) no longer needs to be protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) because it has recovered from its previously threatened state. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, there are now about 11,980 of the snakes in their key habitats, double the number needed under the ESA to declare the species recovered.
The water snake is the 23rd species to be removed from the endangered species list due to recovery. It was listed as an endangered species in 1999 after years of habitat loss and humans needlessly killing the non-venomous snakes. A public awareness campaign helped inform people that the species was not dangerous. They also benefited from a new food source: invasive round gobies (Neogobius melanstomus), which crowded out many native fish and amphibians but now represents 90 percent of the Lake Erie water snake's diet.
Several species of other animals have been rediscovered recently, decades after they were last seen or were believed to have gone extinct.
A freshwater mussel known as the false spike (Quadrula mitchelli) was rediscovered in San Saba River in Texas, the first real evidence of the species's existence in 30 years. This isn't exactly great news for the mussel, as they didn't discover a live specimen, just a shell with some tissue inside, but it's a start.
It's also been about three decades since the Silurian moth (Eriopygodes imbecilla) was last seen in Britain, but it has now been observed for the first time in 1976. Moth expert Dave Grundy told the BBC that "the moth behaved very oddly in the trap, running round in circles. We wondered whether this was the reason for its scientific name...which roughly translates as 'idiot.'"
A lichen species called Caloplaca haematites—not seen in more than 120 years—was found once again at Goodworth Clatford in the U.K. According to the BBC, conservationists had feared the lichen was driven into extinction in Britain by air pollution and a decline in traditional orchards, which, as we previously covered here in Extinction Countdown, were replaced by industrialized farming.
Also unseen for more than a century was Salvia peyronii boiss, a plant only observed once in Lebanon in the 19th century. But two French botanists spent the last 10 years looking for it and finally rediscovered it this year in the Jabal Moussa nature reserve. The exact location of the plant is not being disclosed to protect it from people who might accidentally or purposefully damage it.
Finally, a rare feline is slightly less rare today as a sand cat (Felis margarita) has given birth to a kitten at Israel's Zoological Center of Tel Aviv–Ramat Gan. Sand cats live throughout the Sahara and Arabian deserts, but they are extinct in Israel. Of course, because the endangered kitten is extremely cute, the story was covered by dozens of media outlets.
Photo: Lake Erie water snake, courtesy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
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Scripting: Why Scripts Fail In August
Date calculations are not natively supported In batch scripting, so checking, for example, if a file has been updated recently can be achieved simply by comparing the relative number of months between the system time and the file time.
So if the current time is 3rd March 2019, and the file is 14th November 2018, this could be compared by calculating 2019*12+3 and 2018*12+11. The difference is 4 (24231-24227) so the file is older than three months. Very simple and good enough for some tasks.
However, with command processor (CMD) arithmetic, this can fail. The following will process as expected:
set /A _DATE=2019*12 + 03
The following will trip over:
set /A _DATE=2019*12 + 08
Invalid number. Numeric constants are either decimal (17),
hexadecimal (0x11), or octal (021).
The explanation is that command-line tools in Windows often return days and months as two digits, with a leading zero if less than 10. When processing arithmetic, CMD sees a number with a leading 0 as a hexadecimal number. Thus “07” is still 7 and processes as expected, whereas “08” is not a hexadecimal number.
The solution is to remove the leading zero, which can be done quickly by prepending the value with 100 and performing a modulo with the %% operator:
SET _M=08
SET /A _NewM=100%_M%%%100
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(Solved)Information Technology (402) Term 1 Sample Paper for class 10 2021-22
CLASS X (SESSION 2021-2022)
Max. Time Allowed: 60 Minutes (1 Hrs.) Max. Marks: 25
General Instructions:
1. Please read the instructions carefully
2. This Question Paper is divided into 03 sections, viz., Section A, Section B and Section C.
3. Section A is of 05 marks and has 06 questions on Employability Skills.
4. Section B is of 15 marks and has 20 questions on Subject Specific Skills.
5. Section C is of 05 marks and has 07 competency-based questions.
6. Do as per the instructions given in the respective sections.
7. Marks allotted are mentioned against each section/question.
8. All questions must be attempted in the correct order
Answer any 5 questions out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
1. __________feedback is specific information, in the form of written comments or verbal conversations that help the learner understand what she or he needs to do in order to improve.
a) Descriptive
b) Specific
c) General
d) Sign
2. ____________communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to convey information to others.
a) Verbal
b) Written
c) Non-Verbal
3. Sonika gets up at 6 am and goes for her hobby classes. Then she comes back home and finishes her homework before going to school. She does all work by herself. No one tells her to do so. This is called ___________.
a) Self-Awareness
b) Self-Motivation
c) Self-Regulation
d) Discipline
4. High expectations from self can leave one with chronic anxiety and stress, thus leading to stress.
a) Physical
b) Emotional
c) Mental
d) Financial
5.A __________ operating system is a computing environment that reacts to input within a specific period of time.
a) Single User
b) Multi-User
c) Real Time
d) Distribute
6.Identify the measure to protect computer from threats and viruses:
a) Sharing password with friends
b) Allow anyone to use your device
c) Use Antivirus
d) Leave computer without logging out
Computer 402 Class 10 Sample Paper 2021-2022
Answer any 15 questions out of the given 20 questions (1 x 15 = 15 marks)
7.When you apply a ____________, you apply a group of formatting effects together in one single step.
a) Effect
b) Style
c) Template
d) Format
8.Which function cannot be performed through Subtotal in a Spreadsheet?
a) Sum
b) Product
c) Average
d) Percentage
9.In a document, __________ refers to the vertical or horizontal placement of a graphic in relation to the chosen anchor point.
a) Arrangement
b) Anchoring
c) Alignment
d) Text Wrapping
10.A_________ is a model that you use to create other documents.
a) Template
b) Document
c) Design
d) Copy Paste
11._________________ styles in a text document affect selected text within a paragraph, such as the font and size of text, or bold and italic formats.
a) Cell
b) Paragraph
c) Formatting
12.To repeat the graphic across the entire background area, we need to select option in word processor.
a) Tile
b) Position
c) Stretch
d) Area
13.Scenarios are a tool to test questions.
a) Auto
b) Goal Seek
c) What-if
d) Drop Down
14.___________ is particularly useful when creating a watermark or when wrapping the image in the background in a document.
a) Transparency
b) Fill
c) Filters
d) Crop
15.It refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used to find the values or data that you want formula to calculate.
a) Row
b) Column
c) Autosum
d) Cell Reference
16.__________, totals/adds data arranged in an array—that is, a group of cells with labels for columns and/or rows Which step one must should follow before using the Subtotal option?
a) Consolidate
b) Rename Data
c) Filter Data
d) Subtotal
17.A ______ hyperlink contains the full address of the destination file or web page.
a) Relative
b) Absolute
c) Mixed
d) Address
18.Which of the following is more elaborate form of Goal Seek?
a) Subtotal
b) Scenario
c) Solver
d) Consolidate
19._________ means combining data in a spreadsheet from different worksheets into master worksheet
a) Hyperlinks
b) Consolidating
c) Linking
d) Filter
20.An __________ link will stop working only if the target is moved while a__________ link will stop working only if the start and target locations change relative to each other.
a) absolute, fixed
b)Relative, Absolute
c) absolute, relative
d) permanent, absolute
21.Database servers are referred to as _______________.
a) Front-ends
b) Back-ends
c) Clients
d) Model
22.A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical ___________ and horizontal ____________.
a) Rows, Tables
b) Columns, Rows
c) Rows, Columns
d) Forms, Reports
23._______________ include fonts, alignment, borders, background, number formats (for example, currency, date, number), and cell protection in document.
a) Cell Style
b) Numbering Style
c) Paragraph Style
d) Character Style
24.By default, sheets tab are present at the __________ of the spreadsheet.
a) Top
b) Bottom
c) Center
d) Right
25.The cell reference in a spreadsheet for cell range B2 to F15 is _____________.
a) B2.F15
b) B2;F15
c) B2:F15
d) B2-F15
26.____________ controls how graphics are stacked upon each other or relative to the text.
a) Arrangement
b) Alignment
c) Anchoring
d) Wrapping
Answer any 5 questions out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
27.Millennium University is organizing a reunion meet for their alumnae students. For this purpose, university wants to send the invite to all these students with their different addresses. Which feature of the Word Processor University should use to accomplish the task?
a) Mail Merge
b) E-Mail
c) Templates
d) Data Source
Information Technology code 402 class 10 sample paper 2021-22
28. Prisha is a book editor. She wants to change the indentation of all paragraphs, and change the font of all titles in the book. Which feature she should use to make the task easy?
a) Styles
b) Templates
c) Table of content
d) Consolidating
29. Gaurav has inserted an image in a document. He wants to remove the unwanted area of the image. Which option of the word processor he will use to complete the task?
a) Clip art
b) Cut
c) Crop
d) Contrast
30. Hema is a chartered accountant. She used to maintain the accounts in a spreadsheet on everyday basis. There are number of steps which she needs to follow every time. Can you suggest her a feature of spreadsheet through which she can perform these tasks quickly without repeating the steps every time?
a) Record Changes
b) Track Changes
c) Goal Seek
d) Using Macros
31. Raj has created a worksheet where he has added all the information of his employees. He wants every employee to go through the worksheet and update their address and phone number, if required. He also would like to know the changes done by his employees. Which feature of spreadsheet he should enable to see the changes made by his employees?
a) Macro
b) Link Workbook
c) Change Worksheet
d) Track Changes
32. Akshat wants to store a huge amount information about his firm in a database. Which type of table organization would be most suitable for this purpose?
a) Relational
b) Flat File
c) Either Relational or Flat file
d) Hierarchical
33. Sunita is making a project in spreadsheets. Her friend has told her how to rename a spreadsheet as it will help her identify the worksheet data easily. She was very excited and told the same to her brother. Her brother told her that in spreadsheets(OpenOffice, a worksheet can be renamed using __________ ways.
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1
I.T. (402) Sample Paper Class 10 Set-2
I.T. (402) Sample Paper Class 10 Set-3
I.T. (402) Sample Paper Class 10 Set-4
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The Shocking Health Facts About Sugar: Why Sugar Isn't Good For You
Dr. Daryl Gioffre, one of the thought leaders we’ve teamed up with to offer science-backed meal programs, knows the highly-acidic foods that make up our diets are detrimental to our health. And he believes that our longevity is paying the ultimate price. We’re collaborating with Dr. Gioffre to offer an acid-kicking meal program that prioritizes alkaline foods rather than acidic, so you can live your healthiest and longest life. He calls this Strength Eating - an all-natural, immunity-boosting, alkalizing approach to nutrition.
Dr. Daryl Gioffre recently released his new book Get Off Your Sugar, where he outlines his best tips for kicking sugar cravings for good.
How much sugar is in processed food?
It's often said that sugar is America's drug of choice. That's because more than 50% of Americans consume a half a pound of sugar each day, equaling 170 pounds a year.
Since 1900, the amount of sugar consumed by Americans has doubled. And that's not necessarily by choice. It's because just about every processed food we buy in the store is packed with sugar, and it's even hidden inside a lot of items. More than 80% of processed foods you find the grocery store have hidden sugar in them — this includes things like bread, sauces, green juices, and even vitamins.
The amount of sugar in foods these days isn't doing anything good for our health. In fact, the average adult is 25 pounds heavier than they were in 1960. But weight gain isn't the only thing that sugar is doing to our body — it's also literally making us sick.
Why is sugar bad for my health?
From Dr. Gioffre's Blog about sugar:
Sugar and grain consumption is at a high in the history of the human species. When people are eating high levels of sugar and carbohydrates day in and day out, the result is constantly elevated blood glucose levels.
What happens is that when you eat sugar, blood glucose levels spike. In order to maintain healthy blood sugar levels, the pancreas releases more and more insulin. If this happens long enough and often enough, it becomes a chronic inflammatory issue, leading to diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and more.
The pancreas is one of the most important organs in charge of maintaining alkaline balance. And if sugar is consumed day in and day out, the pancreas becomes overtaxed.
That leads to chronic, low-grade acidosis because the pancreas can’t process acids, which increases body toxicity over time, making you more vulnerable to diseases from the common cold all the way to heart disease. This is why you become more vulnerable to not only diabetes, but also many other diseases when you eat sugar constantly, as many Americans do.
And sadly, we’ve seen far too much of the consequences during the pandemic. So many people with diabetes and heart disease have had a much harder fight when they’ve become sick with Covid-19. I don’t have to tell you that you don’t want to put yourself in that position if you can avoid it.
One particular note about heart disease, which is not commonly associated with sugar, but it should be. You can see a correlation if you look at the rise in the low-fat, high sugar diet craze of the 1990s and the rise in obesity and heart disease. Western medicine is just starting to come around to this idea that sugar is a primary cause of heart disease. If you can stay ahead of the curve and break your relationship with sugar, there is no doubt you’ll be better off.
If that isn’t bad enough, sugar consumption causes massive depletions in one of the most important minerals for overall health, magnesium. Research shows that 80% of Americans are lacking in this vital mineral, and sugar is one of the culprits behind this deficiency.
Magnesium helps regulate glucose and insulin, so it’s no wonder there’s a strong correlation between sugar consumption, magnesium deficiency, and diabetes.
Magnesium also gives you energy, helps you sleep better, and keeps digestion flowing – all important for a healthy, functioning immune system to prevent disease.
The bottom line is if you get sick frequently, the hidden culprit may be the sugar in the foods you eat. Think of the colds and viruses you get as a helpful warning sign of potentially bigger issues like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer down the road. Remember that with each thing you put in your mouth, you’re choosing to FUEL disease, or to FIGHT it!
How do I know if sugar is affecting my health?
Here's how to tell if sugar is affecting your health:
• You have trouble losing weight.
• You get headaches frequently, including migraines.
• You have trouble sleeping.
• You have digestive issues, from constipation to diarrhea.
• You feel sluggish and tired often, even after a good night’s rest.
• You suffer from acne, rosacea, eczema, or other skin issues.
• You crave sugar at some point during your day.
• You already have high blood pressure, too much cholesterol, or other signs of heart disease.
How do I eliminate sugar from my diet and kick the habit?
From Dr. Gioffre's Blog about sugar :
So now you know the problem and its serious consequences, and you’re probably wondering what to do about it if you are addicted to sugar like so many Americans are.
Well having been a former sugar addict, I know firsthand how hard it can be to overcome sugar cravings.
In fact, keeping you addicted is built right in. Anytime you consume sugar, it keeps you feeling hungry. It alters the hormone function of 2 hunger hormones—leptin and ghrelin. When insulin levels spike from eating sugar, the effects of these 2 hormones are negated, so you continue to feel hungry, and you never feel satisfied.
If you wonder why you gain weight so easily, this explains it – when insulin levels spike, your hormones tell your body to 1) eat more sugar, and 2) store sugar as body fat.
But all of that said, you CAN take control of your sugar addiction. I’ve done it, I’ve helped countless patients do it, and you can do it too.
Before I share my suggestions today, be on the lookout for next week’s blog post, where I’ll share 10 tips to end your sugar cravings from my new book, GET OFF YOUR SUGAR: 7 Steps to Crush Your Cravings, Boost Immunity, and Fire Up Your Fat-Burning Engine.
Until then, I have the single most important thing you can do to end a sugar addiction. And no, it does not involve going off sugar cold turkey!
My advice is always to add, not take away. Add more of the good to your diet, and good will soon crowd out the bad – in part because good foods will help end your cravings.
And the foods you MOST need to add are foods high in magnesium and other minerals (because again, if you crave sugar, your body is really craving and deficient in magnesium), mostly dark leafy greens like:
• Watercress
• Kale
• Spinach
• Romaine
• Chard
By eating more greens every day, and adding in Alkamind Daily Greens and Acid-Kicking Minerals if you’re not taking them already, you’re going to replenish your deficiency in the minerals that naturally take away your body’s cravings for sugar.
In my new book, GET OFF YOUR SUGAR: 7 Steps to Crush Your Cravings, Boost Immunity, and Fire Up Your Fat-Burning Engine, you’re going to find out WHY going off sugar cold-turkey almost always fails – and you’ll find out how to outsmart sugar and kiss it goodbye.
At this point, we all know that sugar is bad for us. The problem is we can’t stop eating it. This book removes the blame and guilt that so many of us feel for the sugar we eat day in and day out.
It’s time to ditch the mindset of depriving yourself and instead, arm yourself with this powerful yet easy-to-follow program full of practical tips to kick the sugar habit in your real life, including stressful times, vacations, and celebrations.
Whether you eat sugar 10 times a day, or you have already embraced a healthy lifestyle, this book will make it easier to get off your sugar and stay that way.
Dr. Daryl Gioffre is a longevity expert who uses cutting-edge nutrition to help you uncover the root causes of inflammation in your body, to achieve and maintain an optimal level of health and energy. A former sugar addict turned health machine, he knows firsthand what it takes to overcome adversity and challenges in your health.
Acid-Kicking Plan
This acid-kicking meal plan is ideal for anyone who wants to live a longer, healthier, high-performance, low-stress life.
Get Off Your Acid
An acidic lifestyle-consuming sugar, dairy, excess animal proteins, processed food, alcohol, preservatives, artificial sweeteners, refined grains - along with lack of exercise, food allergies, and food sensitivities-causes inflammation. And inflammation is the culprit behind many of our current ailments, as well as causing weight gain and preventing weight loss.
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Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope (HRG)
Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope (HRG)
The Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope (HRG), also called wine-glass gyroscope or mushroom gyro, is a compact, low-noise, high-performance angular rate or rotation sensor. An HRG is made using a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures that surround the shell. The gyroscopic effect is obtained from the inertial property of the flexural standing waves. Although the HRG is a mechanical system, it has no moving parts, and can be very compact.
The HRG makes use of a small thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by dedicated electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused quartz structures that surround the shell.
For a single-piece design (i.e., the hemispherical shell and stem form a monolithic part[1]) made from high-purity fused quartz, it is possible to reach a Q factor of over 30-50 million in vacuum, thus the corresponding random walks are extremely low. The Q factor is limited by the coating (extremely thin film of gold or platinum) and by fixture losses.[2] Such resonators have to be fine-tuned by ion-beam micro-erosion of the glass or by laser ablation in order to be perfectly dynamically balanced. When coated, tuned, and assembled within the housing, the Q factor remains over 10 million.
In application to the HRG shell, Coriolis forces cause a precession of vibration patterns around the axis of rotation. It causes a slow precession of a standing wave around this axis, with an angular rate that differs from input one. This is the wave inertia effect, discovered in 1890 by British scientist George Hartley Bryan (1864–1928).[3] Therefore, when subject to rotation around the shell symmetry axis, the standing wave does not rotate exactly with the shell, but the difference between both rotations is nevertheless perfectly proportional to the input rotation. The device is then able to sense rotation.
The electronics which sense the standing waves are also able to drive them. Therefore, the gyros can operate in either a "whole angle mode" that sense the standing waves' position or a "force rebalance mode" that holds the standing wave in a fixed orientation with respect to the gyro.
Originally used in space applications (Attitude and Orbit Control Systems for spacecraft),[4] HRG is now used in advanced inertial navigation systems, in attitude and heading reference systems, and HRG gyrocompasses.[5]
The HRG is extremely reliable[6][7] because of its very simple hardware (two or three pieces of machined fused quartz). It has no moving parts; its core is made of a monolithic part which includes the hemispherical shell and its stem.[8] They demonstrated outstanding reliability since their initial use in 1996 on the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft.[9][10]
The HRG is highly accurate[11][12] and is not sensitive to external environmental perturbations. The resonating shell weighs only a few grams and it is perfectly balanced, which makes it insensitive to vibrations, accelerations, and shocks.
The HRG exhibits superior SWAP (Size, Weight, and Power) characteristics compared to other gyroscope technologies.
The HRG generates neither acoustic nor radiated noise because the resonating shell is perfectly balanced and operates under vacuum.
The material of the resonator, the fused quartz, is naturally radiation hard in any space environment.[13] This confers intrinsic immunity to deleterious space radiation effects to the HRG resonator. Thanks to the extremely high Q factor of the resonating shell, the HRG has an ultra-low low angular random walk[14] and extremely low power dissipation.
The HRG, unlike optical gyros (FOG and RLG), has inertial memory: if the power is lost for a short period of time (typically a few seconds), the sensitive element continues to integrate the input motion (angular rate) so that when the power returns, the HRG signals the angle turned while power was off.
The HRG is a very high-tech device which requires sophisticated manufacturing tools and processes. The control electronics required to sense and drive the standing waves is somewhat sophisticated. This high level of sophistication strongly limits the dissemination of this technology and only few companies were able to develop it. Up to now, only three companies are manufacturing HRG in series: Northrop Grumman Corporation,[15] Safran[16] and Raytheon Anschutz.[17]
Classical HRG is relatively expensive due to the cost of the precision ground and polished hollow quartz hemispheres. This manufacturing cost restricts its use to high-added-value applications such as satellites and spacecraft.[18] Nevertheless manufacturing costs can be dramatically reduced by design changes and engineering controls. Rather than depositing electrodes on an internal hemisphere that must perfectly match the shape of the outer resonating hemisphere, electrodes are deposited on a flat plate that matches the equatorial plane of the resonating hemisphere. In such configuration, HRG becomes very cost effective and is well suitable for high grade but cost sensitive applications.[19]
See also
1. ^ "Resonator, Hemispherical Resonator GYRO".
2. ^ Sarapuloff S.A., Rhee H.-N., and Park S.-J. Avoidance of Internal Resonances in Hemispherical Resonator Assembly from Fused Quartz Connected by Indium Solder //Proceedings of the 23rd KSNVE (Korean Society for Noise & Vibration Engineering) Annual Spring Conference. Yeosu-city, 24–26 April 2013. – P.835-841.
3. ^ Bryan G.H. On the Beats in the Vibrations of a Revolving Cylinder or Bell //Proc. of Cambridge Phil. Soc. 1890, Nov. 24. Vol.VII. Pt.III. - P.101-111.
4. ^ "Housing, Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope (HRG)".
5. ^ "Safran Electronics & Defense logs orders for 3,000 HRG-based inertial navigation systems in 2016, a new record". Safran Group. May 2, 2017.
6. ^ "Northrop Grumman's Highly Reliable Resonator Gyro Achieves 25 Million Operating Hours in Space". Northrop Grumman Newsroom. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
7. ^ "Northrop Grumman's Hemispherical Resonator Gyro Achieves 50 Million Operating Hours in Space". Northrop Grumman Newsroom. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
8. ^ a b The Hemispherical Resonator Gyro: From Wineglass to the Planets, David M. Rozelle
9. ^ Hemispherical Resonator Gyro
10. ^ "Northrop Grumman's Hemispherical Resonator Gyro Achieves Record 30 Million Hours of Continuous Operation". 19 February 2015.
11. ^ http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/HRG/Documents/hrg.pdf
12. ^ Delhaye, Fabrice (2018). "HRG by SAFRAN: The game-changing technology". 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL). pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/ISISS.2018.8358163. ISBN 978-1-5386-0895-1. S2CID 21660204.
13. ^ Jerebets, Sergei A. "Gyro Evaluation for the Mission to Jupiter" (PDF).
14. ^ "SIRU - Scalable Inertial Reference Unit for Space". Northrop Grumman. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
15. ^ http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/HRG/Pages/default.aspx
16. ^ "HRG Crystal". 22 March 2018.
17. ^ "Standard 30 MF - Maintenance-Free Gyro Compass".
19. ^ "HRG by Sagem from laboratory to mass production". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
20. ^ "FAQ for Scientists Webb Telescope/NASA".
21. ^ "REGYS 20 | ESA's ARTES Programmes".
22. ^ "Safran's SpaceNaute navigation system chosen for new Ariane 6 launch vehicle". 30 November 2016.
23. ^ "Horizon MF Gyro Compass (HRG)". Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
24. ^ a b "Sagem to Highlight Wide Range of Warfare Products at Defexpo 2014".
25. ^ "At Euronaval Sagem introduced BlueNaute, a new-generation shipborne inertial navigation system".
26. ^ "EURONAVAL 2018: New family of naval inertial navigation systems by Safran".
27. ^ "Safran Vectronix AG | Optronic equipment & laser rangefinder technology". Safran Vectronix. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
28. ^ Sagem wins new order for SIGMA 20 navigators on MBDA surface-to-air weapon systems
29. ^ Sagem to Supply Seeker and Firing-Posts Optronics for MBDA’s New MMP Medium-Range Missile
30. ^ Tran, Pierre (2018-06-08). "Eurosatory: This navigation system by Safran doesn't need GPS". Defense News. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
31. ^ "Safran reveals Geonyx inertial navigation system for assured PNT | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
32. ^ Sagem unveil SkyNaute inertial navigation system
33. ^ "Sagem carries out first flight test of HRG-based navigation system for commercial aircraft". 21 November 2014. |
Lassa mammarenavirus
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Lassa mammarenavirus
TEM micrograph of "Lassa mammarenavirus" virions
TEM micrograph of Lassa mammarenavirus virions
Virus classification e
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Arenaviridae
Genus: Mammarenavirus
Lassa mammarenavirus
• Lassa virus
Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) is an arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever,[1] a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates. Lassa mammarenavirus is an emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially Sierra Leone, the Republic of Guinea, Nigeria, and Liberia, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year.[2]
As of 2012 discoveries within the Mano River region of west Africa have expanded the endemic zone between the two known Lassa endemic regions, indicating that LASV is more widely distributed throughout the tropical wooded savannah ecozone in west Africa.[3] There are no approved vaccines against Lassa fever for use in humans.[4]
In 1969, missionary nurse Laura Wine fell ill with a mysterious disease she contracted from an obstetrical patient in Lassa, a village in Borno State, Nigeria.[5][6][7] She was then transported to Jos, Nigeria where she died. Subsequently, two others became infected, one of whom was fifty-two-year-old nurse Lily Pinneo who had cared for Laura Wine.[8] Samples from Pinneo were sent to Yale University in New Haven where a new virus, that would later be known as Lassa mammarenavirus, was isolated for the first time by Jordi Casals, Sonja Buckley, and others.[9][10][11] Casals contracted the fever, and nearly lost his life; one technician died from it.[9] By 1972, the multimammate rat, Mastomys natalensis, was found to be the main reservoir of the virus in West Africa, able to shed virus in its urine and feces without exhibiting visible symptoms.[12][13]
Structure and genome[edit]
Lassa virus structure and genome.Figure by Fehling et al., 2012[14]
Lassa viruses[15][16] are enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented, ambisense RNA viruses. Their genome[17] is contained in two RNA segments that code for two proteins each, one in each sense, for a total of four viral proteins.[18] The large segment encodes a small zinc finger protein (Z) that regulates transcription and replication,[19][20] and the RNA polymerase (L). The small segment encodes the nucleoprotein (NP) and the surface glycoprotein precursor (GP, also known as the viral spike), which is proteolytically cleaved into the envelope glycoproteins GP1 and GP2 that bind to the alpha-dystroglycan receptor and mediate host cell entry.[21]
Lassa fever causes hemorrhagic fever frequently shown by immunosuppression. Lassa mammarenavirus replicates very rapidly, and demonstrates temporal control in replication.[22] The first replication step is transcription of mRNA copies of the negative- or minus-sense genome. This ensures an adequate supply of viral proteins for subsequent steps of replication, as the NP and L proteins are translated from the mRNA. The positive- or plus-sense genome, then makes viral complementary RNA (vcRNA) copies of itself. The RNA copies are a template for producing negative-sense progeny, but mRNA is also synthesized from it. The mRNA synthesized from vcRNA are translated to make the GP and Z proteins. This temporal control allows the spike proteins to be produced last, and therefore, delay recognition by the host immune system.
Nucleotide studies of the genome have shown that Lassa has four lineages: three found in Nigeria and the fourth in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The Nigerian strains seem likely to have been ancestral to the others but additional work is required to confirm this.[23]
Entry mechanisms of Old World and New World arenaviruses.
Lassa mammarenavirus gains entry into the host cell by means of the cell-surface receptor the alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG),[21] a versatile receptor for proteins of the extracellular matrix. It shares this receptor with the prototypic Old World arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Receptor recognition depends on a specific sugar modification of alpha-dystroglycan by a group of glycosyltransferases known as the LARGE proteins. Specific variants of the genes encoding these proteins appear to be under positive selection in West Africa where Lassa is endemic.[24] Alpha-dystroglycan is also used as a receptor by viruses of the New World clade C arenaviruses (Oliveros and Latino viruses). In contrast, the New World arenaviruses of clades A and B, which include the important viruses Machupo, Guanarito, Junin, and Sabia in addition to the non pathogenic Amapari virus, use the transferrin receptor 1. A small aliphatic amino acid at the GP1 glycoprotein amino acid position 260 is required for high-affinity binding to alpha-DG. In addition, GP1 amino acid position 259 also appears to be important, since all arenaviruses showing high-affinity alpha-DG binding possess a bulky aromatic amino acid (tyrosine or phenylalanine) at this position.[citation needed]
Unlike most enveloped viruses which use clathrin coated pits for cellular entry and bind to their receptors in a pH dependent fashion, Lassa and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus instead use an endocytotic pathway independent of clathrin, caveolin, dynamin and actin. Once within the cell the viruses are rapidly delivered to endosomes via vesicular trafficking albeit one that is largely independent of the small GTPases Rab5 and Rab7. On contact with the endosome pH-dependent membrane fusion occurs mediated by the envelope glycoprotein, which at the lower pH of the endosome binds the lysosome protein LAMP1 which results in membrane fusion and escape from the endosome.
Life cycle[edit]
Lassa virus life cycle. Figure by Fehling et al., 2012[14]
The life cycle of Lassa mammarenavirus is similar to the Old World arenaviruses. Lassa mammarenavirus enters the cell by the receptor-mediated endocytosis. Which endocytotic pathway is used is not known yet, but at least the cellular entry is sensitive to cholesterol depletion. It was reported that virus internalization is limited upon cholesterol depletion. The receptor used for cell entry is alpha-dystroglycan, a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptor for extracellular matrix proteins. Dystroglycan, which is later cleaved into alpha-dystroglycan and beta-dystroglycan is originally expressed in most cells to mature tissues, and it provides molecular link between the ECM and the actin-based cytoskeleton.[25] After the virus enters the cell by alpha-dystroglycan mediated endocytosis, the low-pH environment triggers pH-dependent membrane fusion and releases RNP (viral ribonucleoprotein) complex into the cytoplasm. Viral RNA is unpacked, and replication and transcription initiate in the cytoplasm.[25] As replication starts, both S and L RNA genomes synthesize the antigenomic S and L RNAs, and from the antigenomic RNAs, genomic S and L RNA are synthesized. Both genomic and antigenomic RNAs are needed for transcription and translation. The S RNA encodes GP and NP (viral nucleocapsid protein) proteins, while L RNA encodes Z and L proteins. The L protein most likely represents the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.[26] When the cell is infected by the virus, L polymerase is associated with the viral RNP and initiates the transcription of the genomic RNA. The 5’ and 3’ terminal 19 nt viral promoter regions of both RNA segments are necessary for recognition and binding of the viral polymerase. The primary transcription first transcribes mRNAs from the genomic S and L RNAs, which code NP and L proteins, respectively. Transcription terminates at the stem-loop (SL) structure within the intergenomic region. Arenaviruses use a cap snatching strategy to gain the cap structures from the cellular mRNAs, and it is mediated by the endonuclease activity of the L polymerase and the cap binding activity of NP. Antigenomic RNA transcribes viral genes GPC and Z, encoded in genomic orientation, from S and L segments respectively. The antigenomic RNA also serves as the template for the replication.[27] After translation of GPC, it is posttranslationally modified in the endoplasmic reticulum. GPC is cleaved into GP1 and GP2 at the later stage of the secretory pathway. It has been reported that the cellular protease SKI-1/S1P is responsible for this cleavage. The cleaved glycoproteins are incorporated into the virion envelope when the virus buds and release from the cell membrane.[26]
False color Scanning electron micrograph of Lassa virus (in orange) budding off an infected cell
Lassa fever is mostly caused by the Lassa mammarenavirus. The symptoms include flu-like illness characterized by fever, general weakness, cough, sore throat, headache, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Hemorrhagic manifestations include vascular permeability.[27]
Upon entry, the Lassa mammarenavirus infects almost every tissue in the human body. It starts with the mucosa, intestine, lungs and urinary system, and then progresses to the vascular system.[5]
The main targets of the virus are antigen-presenting cells, mainly dendritic cells) and endothelial cells.[28][29][30] In 2012 it was reported how Lassa mammarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) sabotages the host's innate immune system response. Generally, when a pathogen enters into a host, innate defense system recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and activates an immune response. One of the mechanisms detects double stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is only synthesized by negative-sense viruses. In the cytoplasm, dsRNA receptors, such as RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA-5 (melanoma differentiation associated gene 5), detect dsRNAs and initiate signaling pathways that translocate IRF-3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) and other transcription factors to the nucleus. Translocated transcription factors activate expression of interferons 𝛂 and 𝛃, and these initiate adaptive immunity. NP encoded in Lassa mammarenavirus is essential in viral replication and transcription, but it also suppresses host innate IFN response by inhibiting translocation of IRF-3. NP of Lassa mammarenavirus is reported to have an exonuclease activity to only dsRNAs.[31] the NP dsRNA exonuclease activity counteracts IFN responses by digesting the PAMPs thus allowing the virus to evade host immune responses.[32]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Frame JD, Baldwin JM, Gocke DJ, Troup JM (July 1970). "Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. I. Clinical description and pathological findings". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 19 (4): 670–6. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.670. PMID 4246571.
2. ^ "Lassa Fever Fact Sheet".
3. ^ Sogoba N, Feldmann H, Safronetz D (September 2012). "Lassa fever in West Africa: evidence for an expanded region of endemicity". Zoonoses and Public Health. 59 Suppl 2 (59): 43–7. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01469.x. PMID 22958249. S2CID 27063493.
4. ^ Yun NE, Walker DH (October 2012). "Pathogenesis of Lassa fever". Viruses. 4 (10): 2031–48. doi:10.3390/v4102031. PMC 3497040. PMID 23202452.
5. ^ a b Donaldson RI (2009). The Lassa Ward:One Man's Fight Against One of the World's Deadliest Diseases. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37700-7.
6. ^ "Lassa Fever | CDC". Retrieved 2016-09-23.
8. ^ Frame JD (May 1992). "The story of Lassa fever. Part I: Discovering the disease". New York State Journal of Medicine. 92 (5): 199–202. PMID 1614671.
9. ^ a b Prono L (9 January 2008). Zhang Y (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0. OCLC 775277696.
10. ^ Buckley SM, Casals J, Downs WG (July 1970). "Isolation and antigenic characterization of Lassa virus". Nature. 227 (5254): 174. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..174B. doi:10.1038/227174a0. PMID 5428406. S2CID 4211129.
11. ^ Oransky I (2005-03-12). "Sonja Buckley". Lancet. 365 (9463): 932. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71068-0. PMID 15786567. S2CID 5188080.
12. ^ Fraser DW, Campbell CC, Monath TP, Goff PA, Gregg MB (November 1974). "Lassa fever in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, 1970-1972. I. Epidemiologic studies". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 23 (6): 1131–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1974.23.1131. PMID 4429182.
13. ^ Monath TP, Maher M, Casals J, Kissling RE, Cacciapuoti A (November 1974). "Lassa fever in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, 1970-1972. II. Clinical observations and virological studies on selected hospital cases". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 23 (6): 1140–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1974.23.1140. PMID 4429183.
14. ^ a b Fehling SK, Lennartz F, Strecker T (November 2012). "Multifunctional nature of the arenavirus RING finger protein Z". Viruses. 4 (11): 2973–3011. doi:10.3390/v4112973. PMC 3509680. PMID 23202512.
15. ^ Jamie Dyal and Ben Fohner Lassa virus Stanford University Humans and Viruses Class of 2005, n.d. accessed 9 May 2018
16. ^ Lashley, Felissa R., and Jerry D. Durham. Emerging Infectious Diseases: Trends and Issues. New York: Springer Pub., 2002. Print.
17. ^ Ridley, Matt. Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. New York: HarperCollins, 1999. Print.
18. ^ "Lassa virus RefSeq Genome".
19. ^ Cornu TI, de la Torre JC (October 2001). "RING finger Z protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) inhibits transcription and RNA replication of an LCMV S-segment minigenome". Journal of Virology. 75 (19): 9415–26. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.19.9415-9426.2001. PMC 114509. PMID 11533204.
20. ^ Djavani M, Lukashevich IS, Sanchez A, Nichol ST, Salvato MS (September 1997). "Completion of the Lassa fever virus sequence and identification of a RING finger open reading frame at the L RNA 5' End". Virology. 235 (2): 414–8. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8722. PMID 9281522.
21. ^ a b Cao W, Henry MD, Borrow P, Yamada H, Elder JH, Ravkov EV, et al. (December 1998). "Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus". Science. 282 (5396): 2079–81. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.2079C. doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2079. PMID 9851928.
22. ^ Lashley F (2002). Emerging Infectious Diseases Trends and Issues. Springer Publishing Company.
23. ^ Bowen MD, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Hustad HL, Bausch DG, Demby AH, et al. (August 2000). "Genetic diversity among Lassa virus strains". Journal of Virology. 74 (15): 6992–7004. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.15.6992-7004.2000. PMC 112216. PMID 10888638.
24. ^ "Endemic: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
25. ^ a b Rojek JM, Kunz S (April 2008). "Cell entry by human pathogenic arenaviruses". Cellular Microbiology. 10 (4): 828–35. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01113.x. PMID 18182084.
26. ^ a b Drosten C, Kümmerer BM, Schmitz H, Günther S (January 2003). "Molecular diagnostics of viral hemorrhagic fevers". Antiviral Research. 57 (1–2): 61–87. doi:10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00201-2. PMID 12615304.
28. ^ Levene MI, Gibson NA, Fenton AC, Papathoma E, Barnett D (July 1990). "The use of a calcium-channel blocker, nicardipine, for severely asphyxiated newborn infants". Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 32 (7): 567–74. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08540.x. PMID 2391009. S2CID 38807245.
29. ^ Mahanty S, Hutchinson K, Agarwal S, McRae M, Rollin PE, Pulendran B (March 2003). "Cutting edge: impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by Ebola and Lassa viruses". Journal of Immunology. 170 (6): 2797–801. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2797. PMID 12626527.
30. ^ Baize S, Kaplon J, Faure C, Pannetier D, Georges-Courbot MC, Deubel V (March 2004). "Lassa virus infection of human dendritic cells and macrophages is productive but fails to activate cells". Journal of Immunology. 172 (5): 2861–9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2861. PMID 14978087.
31. ^ Hastie KM, King LB, Zandonatti MA, Saphire EO (Aug 2012). "Structural basis for the dsRNA specificity of the Lassa virus NP exonuclease". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e44211. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744211H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044211. PMC 3429428. PMID 22937163.
32. ^ Hastie KM, Bale S, Kimberlin CR, Saphire EO (April 2012). "Hiding the evidence: two strategies for innate immune evasion by hemorrhagic fever viruses". Current Opinion in Virology. 2 (2): 151–6. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.01.003. PMC 3758253. PMID 22482712. |
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Dreams: What Do They Mean?
John has always been interested in the study and interpretation of dreams. He has read widely on the topic.
There have been many theories about the possible meanings of dreams.
There have been many theories about the possible meanings of dreams.
What Do Our Dreams Mean?
Are dreams prophesies, and can they predict the future? Are there different types of dreams, and are some more significant than others? Is it possible to learn the meaning of dreams and unlock their messages? These are just a few of the common questions people may ask concerning their dreams.
Dreams offer us useful information about our unconscious minds. For thousands of years, people have believed in the power of dreams to heal illness, foretell the future, provide spiritual insight, and solve daily problems and dilemmas.
When dreaming, our unconscious minds are aware of certain aspects of our personalities that our conscious minds are reluctant to acknowledge. Dreams are one way of bringing up issues that our waking selves choose to ignore at significant risk to our emotional, mental, and physical health.
Creative types like writers, artists, actors and inventors, often get their ideas and inspiration from dreams. One such person that comes to mind is the best-selling author Stephen King who admits most ideas for his novels have come to him in dreams.
It is important to keep in mind that dreams reflect our innermost thoughts and feelings and that all events and actions that happen in our dreams are personal to us. If we are in tune with our waking lives, dreams can help us understand ourselves better. By interpreting them correctly, we may be amazed by the hidden treasures revealed.
Why Do We Dream and What Is Their Purpose?
Three of the main theories of why we dream are as follows:
1. Sigmund Freud theorized that the main function of dreams was simply to preserve sleep. This thinking has been contradicted by more modern studies showing that because dreams happen so regularly—at least four or five times per night during REM sleep—they should not actually be beneficial to sound sleep.
2. Carl Jung, on the other hand, claimed that the main reason for dreaming is to compensate for those parts of our psyche or personality that are suppressed or undeveloped in our waking life.
3. Other dream theorists believe that the main purpose of dreams is for problem-solving. Dreams help us to deal with problems that we have trouble facing or solving in our waking life and may offer some form of solution.
Realistically, a dream is a hallucination. It is like a fantasy story unfolding in our sleep that either reduces our stress levels or lets us live out our greatest fears in the safety of sleep. Dreams allow us to relax and let our minds drift away into different worlds and realities. We can interact in this non-physical state with people, places, and things (real or imagined.)
Everyone dreams every night, but not everyone remembers dreams regularly. One thing that is likely to hinder your dream recall is actually fear. All of us enjoy a beautiful dream and are upset when we are woken from one, but one frightening dream or nightmare can stop us from remembering our dreams for years to come. Well, because you are still dreaming those scary dreams but, because you can't remember, you are forgoing the opportunity to learn something from them.
When you ignore a situation that is troubling you, it grows out of proportion. If you face those worries head-on, and study them closely, they are rarely as bad as they seemed, and you usually find a solution. It is the same with dreams. You need to welcome back your dream recall and confront those scary dreams—when you face your fears, you grow and learn.
A dream is a hallucination. It is like a fantasy story unfolding in our sleep
Between your dreams and your reality, there is no distance, there is no time. WAKE UP to your dreams. Live them as the reality they are.
My Own Dreams and How I Interpret Them
The interpretation of dreams is too complex a subject to be able to cover in one article, but there are countless excellent resources for you to turn to. Just two such books are Dictionary of Dreams by Rose Inserra, and 101 Dream Interpretation TIPS by Jane Teresa Anderson. I have both of these in my collection and can genuinely recommend both.
The following strange dream came to me as I slept last night, so I have not yet had time to interpret it. I am currently reading through these two wonderful books to see if I can make some sort of logical sense out of it all. Anyway, I thought I would put my dream to poetry as a way of remembering it.
Read More From Exemplore
101 Dream Interpretation TIPS by Jane Teresa Anderson/ Dictionary of Dreams by Rose Inserra.
The Strangest Dream
I had the strangest dream last night,
It really verged on weird.
Trying to make sense of it
Has me scratching at my beard.
It started in a forest green,
In a cabin off the grid,
Where I lived sustainably with my wife -
There was no sign of kids.
But, suddenly the scene had changed -
We were in a shopping mall,
Engaged in grocery shopping,
But from farmer’s market stalls.
Exchanging produce we required
For crops, we’d grown at home.
Not a dollar crossed a palm -
A better way was shown.
Quickly the scene had changed again -
In a hospital, we appeared.
But my memory is blurry,
I can’t remember why we’re here.
The doctors were alternative,
One mixed potions with his feet,
And diagnosed his patients
Just by measuring their heat.
He felt my dear wife’s shoulder,
Said, “I sense there’s cancer there.
I need to phone a specialist
To confirm initial fears.”
He called and left a message
For them to call him back,
But the hospital had disappeared
And I was in the dry outback.
The land was flat and treeless,
Just a windmill and a tank.
Some kangaroos were hopping by,
And from a trough, cows drank.
A helicopter hovered,
And a black-clad man jumped out.
He had a box of ice creams,
Which he handed all about.
Where there’d been no one just before,
Except for me alone,
Now suddenly there was a crowd
Eating ice cream cones.
I called my wife, who wasn’t there.
I don’t know where she’d gone,
And then I woke up with a start
To the ringing of our phone.
I don't dream at night, I dream all day; I dream for a living.
— Steven Spielberg
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Stock Market 101
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By Co-Founder & Chief Evangelist Brent Weiss, CFP®, ChFC® & Chief Financial Officer Lisa Rapuano
What it is, how it works, and how to use it
What is the stock market? What are stocks? How do stocks fit into your big-picture financial plan? Here are some answers.
What is a Stock? What is a Public Company?
In broad terms, companies are defined by who owns them. Your local independent pizzeria is privately owned, probably by the folks who started it. Contrast this with Domino’s Pizza, which is publicly owned. What that means is that members of the public can buy stock in Domino’s. Buying stock means you’re actually buying a piece of that company. Rather than saying, “you own 0.001% of this company,” companies will sell shares of stock.
If you buy shares you become a part owner and receive these benefits:
• You can vote on certain company issues, such as the members of the Board of Directors and executive compensation
• If the company is profitable, you share in the profits as the stock value rises
• If the company returns some of its profit to shareholders, also known as dividends, you’ll receive a pay out
Sadly, you won’t get free pizza. But in the last five years the value of Domino’s stock has more than tripled. That will buy a lot of pizza.
Why Do Companies Go Public?
Companies generally go from private to public for two reasons: going public and selling shares is a way to raise a lot of money (or “capital”) quickly, and it gives the founders (and sometimes early employees) an opportunity to “cash out” on their hard work.
Companies must achieve a certain size and meet specific financial and other requirements to go public, which is why your neighborhood pizzeria is just, well, your neighborhood pizzeria and not Domino’s.
How Does the Stock Market Work?
The stock market, which began in Philadelphia in 1790, brings buyers and sellers together. Before computers, sales and purchases were made in person in one of several stock exchanges, where buyers and sellers “exchanged” money for shares. Today, that happens electronically. Buying and selling is also called trading; you’re trading your money for shares of stock, or vice versa. Similar marketplaces exist for bonds and other assets.
What Makes Stocks Rise or Fall?
Stock prices are based on future expectations. If investors expect a company to be profitable in the future, its stock price is likely to rise.
That doesn’t mean that the price of a stock will rise every day. In the short term, the market will react to many factors and the stock price will rise or fall. A hot new product, the loss of a key contract, or some other incident can cause a sudden rise or drop.
Those short-term fluctuations aren’t where investors should focus. Instead, take the longer view, building a risk-appropriate portfolio aligned with long-term goals and your overall plan.
Tracking the Market
The general direction of the market is usually judged by one of two indexes. Indexes use a combination of stocks to measure the market.
• The Standard & Poors 500 Index, referred to as the S&P 500, is the value of the 500 (actually 505) largest stocks in the stock market. The largest are Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon.
• The Dow Jones Industrial Average, often just called the Dow Jones or the Dow. The Dow is based on the stock prices of 30 companies, which change from time to time. Apple is also in the Dow, along with Microsoft, Visa, JP Morgan Chase, and 26 others.
Smart Investing is Boring
Buying and selling stocks may seem like a game or a gamble. To smart investors, it’s neither. Here are things to keep in mind:
The stock market is best used for long-term investments, such as saving for retirement. In the short run, stocks can rise or fall dramatically. In the long term, the overall market (as measured by the S&P 500) has averaged about a 10% annual gain. Invest for the long term and the law of averages will work in your favor.
Many investors get nervous when the market drops or excited when it rises. That’s natural. But when those emotions cause investors to try to time the market, results suffer. Studies show that market timers average about a 4% annual gain. Investing in the S&P 500 for 30 years may not give you an exciting story to tell, but an average gain of 10% a year will help you get to some exciting places. When it comes to individual stocks, buying and holding for the long-term is also often a good strategy. Had you purchased $1,000 worth of Apple stock on the day the first iPhone was announced in 2007, your investment would have gained $300 that day, and would be worth over $30,000 today.
Most importantly, have a financial plan for every aspect of your life, including the role stocks will play in that plan. If you need help, talk to a CFP® professional at Facet Wealth.
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Poor grammar
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• Author
• #24350
To me, grammatical errors stick out like sore thumbs. I recently encountered these three examples; can you see what is wrong?
(Heard on a commercial on KPAM) “If you’re worried like I was…”
(In an e-mail from a major automobile manufacturer) “What could happen in a subsequent collision if your car was repaired incorrectly?”
(In the same e-mail)To learn more about ProFirst Certified shops and how an improperly repaired vehicle in a subsequent collision could effect you, watch this video.
The first one is excusable. It’s the way a lot of people talk, even though it probably should be, “If you’re as worried as I was…”
It’s less excusable in a written ad or email. I think the second one has two mistakes. It should be “What would happen is a subsequent collision if your car were repaired incorrectly?”
Many Americans wouldn’t worry about using the subjunctive “were.” Its use seems to be dying in American English. But since you speak Spanish in which there is no avoiding use of the subjunctive, you’re probably more sensitive to it.
In the third case, “effect” should be “affect.” I see that error a lot online in casual posting, but it shouldn’t happen in business communications.
could/would… “could” suggests a *possibility* not a forgone conclusion, IMHO, ok in the sentence.
Ding! Ding! Ding!
#1 I thought definitely should have been “If you’re worried as I was…” I was taught a long time ago that “like” is used to make a comparison to a noun, whereas “as” is used to make a comparison to an entire phrase. There was once the classic slogan, “Winston tastes good, like a cigarette should.” Mad magazine came along and fixed the grammatical error by changing the slogan to, “Winston tastes like a cigar.”
I think that ad copy writers sometimes deliberately write in this grammatical error because they believe it makes the speech sound more extemporaneous.
#2 I had to give some thought. The e-mail in which this sentence occurred urged the reader to only use manufacturer-approved collision centers. The ad then presented the hypothetical scenario of taking one’s car to a non-approved collision center and the potential consequence of ending up with an unsafe car. To me, subjunctive sounds appropriate because the car wreck hasn’t happened.
#3 I believe was simply a common typographical error. I included it because I think that many people mistakenly believe that the noun “effect” can be turned into a verb that means “to cause an effect.”
I now see that there was a typographical error on my part. I forgot to put quotation marks around the third example.
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In this important book distinguished international scholar and author Dr. Joseph Schwartzberg has provided us with a detailed proposal focused on what needs to be done to move toward the creation of a democratic world parliament. In addition to Schwartzberg’s cogent observations and arguments, this book also provides a huge amount of relevant information about all the nations of the world, information which he uses in order to clarify and justify his proposals and which will be very useful to diplomats and scholars concerned about global political affairs. This book of concrete proposals of how to do it takes us beyond the abstract dream of a global democracy.
As the subtitle indicates, we should not expect that the creation of a world parliament is something that can be completed all at once. Schwartzberg proposes a three-stage process somewhat similar to the way in which the European Parliament was developed. The first step would occur when the UN General Assembly, following Article 22 of the UN Charter which allows for the creation of subsidiary organs, establishes a World Parliamentary Assembly (WPA) whose members are chosen by the UN’s member states. Ideally, these delegates to the WPA would be members of national parliaments and would even be of different political parties proportional to their representation in each national legislature, but each national government could decide how to select its delegates in the WPA as well as whether to participate in it at all. Resolutions adopted by the WPA would be advisory rather than binding, but that is also the case for resolutions adopted by the UN General Assembly itself.
Chapter 2 titled “Relevant Constitutional Experience” briefly summarizes the history of democracy in nations and the development of the European Union internationally to find clues about how to move toward more democracy at the global level. Schwartzberg notes that his plan for working through the UN General Assembly to create a WPA is not the only way to move toward more democratic governance in the global community, and he discusses some of the alternative ways of doing this in chapter 3 and mentions them again on page 95. In chapters 4,5, and 6 he returns to discussing the WPA approach which he favors and the various issues which need to be addressed to get the WPA started.
Obviously, an important and controversial matter to be decided would be the number of delegates/ votes each nation-state would have in the WPA. Schwartzberg already addressed this issue in his 2004 monograph REVITALIZING THE UNITED NATIONS: REFORM THROUGH WEIGHTED VOTING where he recommends an apportionment of national votes based on the three factors of population, wealth, and the sovereign equality of nations; and he addresses it again in chapter 7 of this book. In chapters 7 and 8 he also discusses many other matters that would need to be addressed even at this first stage of the WPA.
It is worth mentioning that in this first stage (Model A) the numbers of delegates for some of the 190+ countries in the WPA would be approximately USA-57, China-55, India-39, Japan-20, and Germany-15 while 35 countries would have 2 delegates each and 114 out of the 190+ countries would have only one delegate each (pp. 42-44 & 103-110) . Nevertheless “collectively, those 114 nations contain only 6.8% of the total world population, yet would account for a total of 20.2 % of all the seats” (p. 44). This situation shows what a challenge it is to develop a democratic world parliament when there is such a discrepancy in the size of the populations of the 190+ countries of the world, a point which Schwartzberg makes on pages 34 and 64 and often elsewhere. (In chapter 11 where he discusses Stage 3 Schwartzberg moves on to explore what is possible in a WPA which represents peoplerather than countries.)
The second step toward a more democratic global governance system would be the popular election of the members of the WPA along with increasing the authority of the WPA to enact real laws with regard to global issues. Schwartzberg says this transition should take place within 25 years or so (p. 49), but he recognizes that it will be resisted by the larger and richer countries (pp. 41 & 68). It seems to me that this transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 will be even more difficult than the move to Stage 1. This second step where the people begin to elect the representatives in the WPA presents an opportunity to revise the allocation of votes each nation gets in the WPA, partly because the economic weighting used in Stage 1 could be dropped. Schwartzberg provides 2 detailed alternative systems of how the quantity of representatives from each country could be determined while noting that many other systems are possible.
In the first alternative (which he calls Model B.1) each elected representative to the WPA would have one vote, and each would represent roughly the same number of constituents. In this system, the number of representatives a country gets would depend on its population, and each nation would get at least one. Schwartzberg thinks that in order to be practical there should not be more than a total of 1000 members in the WPA (pp. 63-64). Schwartzberg’s second alternative (which he calls Model B.2) allows for a variation from country to country in the number of persons one representative in the WPA represents. He goes into great detail indicating the way in which the influence of particular countries would be affected depending on whether one relies on the “degressive proportionality” system used by the European Parliament or the “Penrose method” based on the square-root of the population in determining how many persons a single member of the WPA will represent.
Schwartzberg then presents his own middle way (pp. 71-75 & 115-20) between these two approaches. If his proposal were adopted, to give some examples the approximate number of representatives in the WPA would be China-37, India-34, USA-18, Indonezia-15, Brazil & Pakistan-14 each, Russia-12, Japan-11, Vietnam, Egypt, Germany, Ethiopia, Iran, and Turkey-9 each, Congo DR, Thailand, France, U.K., and Italy-8 each, 29 countries with 3 each, 34 countries with 2 each, and less than 20 countries with 1 each. Schwartzberg proposes that countries with 9 votes or less (pp. 75-77) should have proportional representation so groups with less than a majority would also be represented. He also discusses the issue of requiring more than a simple majority in the WPA for various kinds of issues as the WPA acquires authority over more kinds of global issues (pp. 78-81). In chapter 10 he addresses the issue of what nations and groups of nations might try to do as the WPA is developed. He says, “Even the most optimistic observer would probably concede that the world is at least a decade away from establishing a WPA”(p. 80).
In Chapter 11 Schwartzberg considers Stage 3 of the development of a WPA where national boundaries are no longer so crucial and the focus turns to creating voting districts with about the same number of constitutents each. He limits his discussion to how the districts might be drawn in the Americas.
In his concluding Chapter 12 he says, “This essay has sought to demonstate that creating a World Parliamentary Assembly . . . would be a feasible, even if difficult, undertaking . . . ” (p. 95). He is sure that creating a WPA would be worth the economic cost, but admits that he has not demonstrated that conclusion in this book (p. 96). He agrees with those concerned about the “glaring democratic deficit” in the UN, but he thinks that that should and can be changed. “With a WPA and other needed reforms in place, we can expect a world in which people from one country will be much more inclined to listen to and learn from others with a different nationality, in which states will be much less prone to armed conflict, and in which a revitalized UN will be better able to focus on meeting the economic and social needs of all the world’s inhabitants”(p. 96). |
How to Spread Seeds
Broadcasting seeds allows you to inexpensively establish plants in a wide variety of landscaping situations. Lawns, wildflower meadows and soil-enriching crops for vegetable gardens are a few common scenarios where spreading seed manually may be appropriate. Simple mechanical devices are available in garden centers specifically for this purpose, though you can do it entirely by hand. Whichever technique you use, follow a few basic procedures to ensure success .
Remove existing vegetation from the planting area and till to a depth of at least 3 inches. Spread 1 to 2 inches of compost or soil conditioner over the same area and till again to mix thoroughly with the existing soil.
Rake the planting area to form a smooth, level surface.
Follow the instructions on the seed package to calculate the appropriate amount of seed for the size of the planting area.
Fill the seed spreader with the seed and spread it evenly over the planting area. In general, the opening on the seed spreader should be adjusted to the highest setting that does not allow the seed to spill freely through the bottom of the spreader. Walk slowly, making several passes across the planting area until all the seed has been spread.
Rake the seed lightly into the soil.
Compact the soil in the planting area with a roller. Good seed-to-soil contact is essential to achieve a high rate of germination.
Cover the planting area with a thin layer of straw. This will help to conserve moisture in the planting area and deter birds from eating the seed.
Water thoroughly with a sprinkler. During germination, provide water whenever the surface of the soil is dry. |
Common Chinese Astrology Characteristics Explored
Updated October 26, 2021
Pretty young mom with her lovely daughter
The Chinese New Year is almost always celebrated on the second New Moon following the winter solstice. Therefore, it typically falls between late January and mid-February. Each year is assigned one of the 12 Chinese zodiac animals. Each animal has common Chinese astrology characteristics, and all people born in a specific year are believed to share these characteristics.
Common Characteristics of the Chinese Animals
The cycle of 12 animal signs is the Chinese method for naming the years. The animals follow one another in an established order that repeats every 12 years.
Chinese Zodiac years chart
People Born in the Year of the Rat
Rat are ambitious and work hard to achieve their goals. These are commonly charming, talkative individuals who easily make friends and are devoted and faithful to close friends. They tend to be gossipy but also very private about their personal life. Rats are adaptive, flexible, clever, and good at solving problems, and are generally successful at whatever they do. More negatively, Rats can be gullible. When it comes to money, Rat people are considered the nastiest animal in the Chinese zodiac.
People born in the Year of the Ox
An Ox is strong, reliable, fair and conscientious, calm, patient, methodical, and trusted. They say little and have a great deal of common sense but are opinionated. Ox is serious, quiet, and not naturally sociable, which can sometimes make them seem gloomy and dull. These people believe strongly in themselves, are stubborn, and hate to fail or be challenged. While they don't lose their temper easily, their anger can become explosive and impulsive.
People Born in the Year of the Tiger
Tigers are born leaders who hunger for excitement, crave attention, and inspire the respect of others. They are courageous and energetic individuals who walk and talk assertively, love a challenge, and are prepared to take risks. Tigers can also be sensitive, humorous, and capable of great love and generosity. Tigers may appear calm, but they can be rebellious, short-tempered, aggressive, and outspoken.
People Born in the Year of the Rabbit
Rabbits are kind, honorable, and popular. They are artistic, have good taste, and love the finer things in life. Rabbits have impeccable manners, like to make everyone happy, and have very few enemies. Rabbits prefer peace and quiet, are compassionate listeners, exceptional negotiators, and work well with others. They are peaceful but pessimistic individuals who don't like change, avoid stressful situations, and don't like to make hasty decisions or argue.
People Born in the Year of the Dragon
Dragons are healthy and energetic individuals with the gift of good fortune and good luck. Dragons have magnetic personalities and stand out in a crowd. They are perfectionists who set very high standards and usually find success in all endeavors. Though they seldom fail, when they do, they take it gracefully. Dragons can be demanding and arrogant, but usually inspire confidence and trust. More negatively, they can be terrible snobs who are easily impressed by wealth and splendor.
People Born in the Year of the Snake
Snakes are wise, intelligent, charming, and generally passionate, good-looking, and alluring. They are also deep thinkers who plan well and are determined in whatever they do. Snake people are quiet, reserved, and good at giving advice to others. Still, they distrust others and choose their friends carefully. Snakes are financially fortunate and enjoy the good things in life. More negatively, Snakes can be possessive, jealous, and need a lot of security.
People Born in the Year of the Horse
Horse people are energetic, confident, and popular. They are independent, eager to try new things, and are bored by routine. These are individuals who enjoy traveling and are interested in different cultures. Horses enjoy entertainment and parties, always look their best, and have above-average sex appeal. They are very talkative, loveable, and are usually relatively easy to get along with. Still, they hate being controlled, rarely listen to advice, are prone to mood swings, and have a hot temper.
People Born in the Year of the Goat
Goats are creative, artistically talented, and easy-going, with good manners and charm. Sensitive, compassionate, gentle, and caring, they avoid confrontation and try to make everyone happy. Goats are often religious and fascinated by the mysterious. More negatively, Goats can be indecisive, lazy, and lack ambition.
People Born in the Year of the Monkey
Monkeys are intelligent, witty, strong-willed, inventive, creative, and able to solve most problems. They're curious and have a great thirst for knowledge. Monkeys love challenges, and their popularity means they often become leaders. At times, Monkey people are unreasonable, self-centered, cunning, manipulative, and opportunistic.
People Born in the Year of the Rooster
Roosters are deep-thinkers and very observant. They like to be noticed and are often eccentric. Roosters make loyal and devoted friends, who enjoy a lively debate and are happy to share their opinions. Still, they can be arrogant and a bit tactless and hurtful. They're also anxious and aggressive but have the determination and patience to achieve their goals.
People Born in the Year of the Dog
Dogs are responsible, compassionate, reliable, loyal, faithful, and honest, with a deep sense of right and wrong and a desire to support the underdog. They enjoy being physically active and make good leaders who are, at times, overwhelming. Dogs can be very stubborn, unyielding, and nosey. A Dog's natural pessimism makes them anxious individuals who harbor irrational fears.
People Born in the Year of the Pig
Pigs are honest, sincere, and genuine, with a heart of gold. They hunger for knowledge, and while they don't often say much when they decide to speak, nothing can stop them. Pig people can be the best friend anyone can have. Others call on them when they need sincere advice, and they're always ready and willing to lend a helping hand. Pigs are fun-loving and know how to throw a good party, but they can be highly vengeful if rubbed the wrong way. They are also a bit naïve, which allows others to take advantage of them.
The Five Chinese Elements
In Chinese calendar astrology, each animal is assigned an element and a Yin or Yang modality. Plus, in addition to the well-known 12-year cycle of the Chinese animals, there's a 10-year cycle associated with the five elements of Chinese astrology. The five elements rotate every two years. The combination of these cycles resets every 60 years. For example, 2020 wasn't simply the Year of the Rat. It was the year of the Metal Rat. There won't be another Metal Rat year until 2080.
The five elements written in Chinese
Your Birth Year Element
A year's element is determined by the last digit of the year. The birth year element combines with the animal to make the common characteristics of each more complex. Some animals are better suited or more comfortable with a particular element. Some examples would be - Rat with Water, Ox with Earth, Rabbit with Wood, and Rooster with Metal.
• The last digit of a Metal year is either zero or one. Those born during Metal years are unyielding, disciplined, and have high moral standards.
• The last number of a Water year is either two or three. People born during Water years are sensitive, empathetic, introverted, and fearless with strong wills.
• The last digit of a Wood year is either four or five. Individuals born during Wood years are understanding, patient, and compassionate.
• The last number of a Fire year is either six or seven. Those born during Fire years are passionate and adventurous thrill-seekers.
• The last digit of an Earth year is either eight or nine. People born during Earth years are responsible, justice-oriented, and natural peacekeepers.
Digging Deeper and More Personally
One of the 12 Chinese animals is also connected to a person's birth month, day, and hour. Together, these create what's called the "Four Pillars" system of Chinese astrology. By calculating your "Four Pillars," you can learn what makes you different from others born in the same Chinese animal year.
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Common Chinese Astrology Characteristics Explored |
Globalization has brought about an era of economic, institutional and cultural integration.
Globalization has become a buzzword today. It generally refers to how organizations and businesses develop international influence and begin operations on an international level. The wave of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (commonly abbreviated as LPG) that has been blowing up since the 1990s has shrunk the world into a global village. This fire of LPG has been further fueled by rapid technological advances and improved communications with the advent of the 21st Century. As a result, the barriers between the countries have reduced, which has led to increased global connectivity, integration, and interdependence in the social, cultural, economic, technological, political, and institutional dimensions.
Thanks to globalization, the world has made its way into the era of economic, institutional, and cultural integration. It is the brainchild of capitalism, and the advocates of globalization assert that the promotion of free trade intensifies the competition among nations, and the foreign direct investment (FDI) will help in the economic growth and development of both the developed and developing economies in the world.
The rapid expansion of international trade and the proliferation of Multinational Companies (MNCs) have brought about radical changes in contemporary management and workforce practices. The globalization implies newer forms of work organization, most significantly, the global workforce. To enhance competitiveness in the changing business environment, both the companies and the governments are forced to come up with strategies to increase labor effectiveness in terms of innovation, productivity, and quality.
Changing labor force
No doubt, the global shift towards more liberal markets, privatization factors of production, and greater division of labor has opened up the opportunities for specialized talents. However, at the same time, it has resulted in adverse consequences with respect to the matters relating to wages, employment, working conditions, and, most importantly, the labor relations in many developing countries. Critics argue that globalization has evidently contributed to rising unemployment levels, contingent labor force, and weakening labor movements. This scenario is clearly evident, especially in the context of third world developing countries that have to deal with the multidimensional effects of globalization on industrial relations. Non-standard forms of work such as part-time, fixed-term, and self-employment (sometimes, freelancing) are common occurrences in the modern-day labor market today. In general, industrial relations has been drastically affected by the increased competition in the global labor market.
Impact of Globalization on Industrial Relations
089photoshootings/ via
Globalization is a complex phenomenon and is often subjected to controversy. It pictures a global market facilitated by technological advances and unrestricted flow of capital and labor throughout the world. But the reality is far from this utopian image. Most of the issues emerge from the diverse impacts globalization has on industrial relations, which are not free from contradictions. The basic idea of globalization is economic liberalism based on the principles of free-market and deregulation, where the interference of the government is minimal. In this process, not only the opportunities for employment but also the conditions of work are affected.
Government regulations on industrial relations
The increasing global demand for flexible labor has led to changes in the manner in which the human resources are mobilized in the workplace, working practices and wages, mobility of the workforce, and the set of skills expected from individual labor. However, this process naturally challenges institutionally and statutorily regulated industrial relation systems in many countries. The global economic integration and interdependence have made the industrial relations susceptible to international competition and changes, which previously used to be confined within the national rules and regulations. In this context, the industrial relations system has to undergo critical changes, especially in the case of the power and legitimacy of trade unions. The critical issue here is to find the balance between the government regulations regarding industrial relations and the global trend of labor market deregulation while remaining competitive.
Permanent employment has become a thing of the past. Technology and automated industrial processes have made it possible for employers to get the same (or increased) level of output with a reduced workforce. The hierarchical boundaries and distinctions between the management and laborers have blurred, and focus is given on innovation, efficiency, and productivity. The emergence of new concepts in organizational designs such as cross-functional teams, virtual and boundaryless organizations are preferred over traditionally rigid organization structures. The production process has thus evolved to become more standardized, stable, and segmented. As a result, employment conditions are independently determined by the company policies rather than the government rules and regulations. This changing environment provides little to no opportunity for trade unions and collective bargaining, which is fundamental to any industrial relations.
The multidimensional nature of globalization
The impact of globalization on industrial relations can be analyzed at regional, national, and international levels. The multidimensional nature of globalization characterized by the free flow of capital and labor, increasing competition, development of information and communication technology are supposed to create opportunities for the skilled workforce and present some significant challenges to the industrial relation system of the country. The extent of this impact of globalization varies from one country to another. It is determined by the institutional setting within each country. Development experts regard globalization as a form of exogenous development, and thus it is perceived as the pressure that comes from ‘outside’ the country. Maybe this is why the research and studies on challenges associated with globalization primarily highlight labour standards, international competition, cross-cultural management, and, most recently, the prospects for transnational trade unionism and decentralized collective bargaining. It will require the trade unions to revise their recruitment policies and the need for international cooperation among trade unions to abide by the philosophy of globalization.
Impact of Globalization on Industrial Relations
Globalization affects industrial relations systems both directly and indirectly, and the factors surrounding it. For instance, internationalization of markets, free movement of capital and labor, increasing competition, and markets’ importance impact the global industrial relations systems. While it accelerates economic interdependence between countries, it can lead to convergence in global industrial relations. With more organizations starting to take their business global, work standards and wages start to level out, and unions have to alter their recruitment policies to prepare for differences in work culture. Developed countries are looking to hire more workers from developing ones to bridge labor demand and supply gaps. The shortage of labor could threaten their economic growth, international competitiveness, and productivity performance. In conclusion, globalization is here to stay, and any country that wants to be on the world’s economic map has to enter this competitive environment. |
Hello, my dear readers and writers! As you know from my previous post, I have experienced some dental issues and I have to take care of my oral hygiene more than I did before. Because cavities.
What are cavities?
Cavities are caused by tooth decay. Tooth decay can affect both the outer coating of a tooth (called enamel) and the inner layer (called dentin).
Cavities are formed when foods rich in carbohydrates like bread, cereal, milk, soda, fruit, cake, candy, etc stay on our teeth. In this way, the bacteria in our mouth transforms them into acids.
The bacteria, acid, food debris, and our saliva combine to form plaque, which clings to the teeth. The acids in plaque dissolve the enamel, creating holes called cavities.
Untreated, cavities get larger and affect deeper layers of our teeth. Cleaning our teeth should be a habit, as in time, cavities develop and we may suffer from severe pain, infections, and tooth loss.
How tooth decay occurs
As I mentioned, cavities are formed by tooth decay, which is a process that occurs in time.
Plaque forms. Dental plaque is a clear sticky film that coats our teeth. It’s due to eating a lot of sugars and starches and not cleaning our teeth well. When sugars and starches aren’t cleaned off our teeth, bacteria quickly begin feeding on them and form plaque. Plaque that stays on your teeth can harden under or above our gum line into tartar (calculus). Tartar makes plaque more difficult to remove and creates a shield for bacteria.
Plaque attacks. The acids in plaque remove minerals in our tooth’s hard, outer enamel. This erosion causes tiny openings or holes in the enamel — the first stage of cavities. Once areas of enamel are worn away, the bacteria and acid can reach the next layer of our teeth, called dentin. This layer is softer than enamel and less resistant to acid. Dentin has tiny tubes that directly communicate with the nerve of the tooth causing sensitivity.
Destruction continues. As tooth decay develops, the bacteria and acid continue their march through our teeth, moving next to the inner tooth material (pulp) that contains nerves and blood vessels. The pulp becomes swollen and irritated from the bacteria. Because there is no place for the swelling to expand inside of a tooth, the nerve becomes pressed, causing pain. Discomfort can even extend outside of the tooth root to the bone.
What causes cavities?
Foods that cling to our teeth for a long time, such as milk, ice cream, honey, sugar, soda, dried fruit, cake, cookies, hard candy and mints, dry cereal, and chips — are more prone to cause decay than foods that are easily washed away by saliva.
Frequent snacking and sipping. Even if it is recommended in certain diets, the frequent snacking and sipping give mouth bacteria more fuel to produce acids that attack our teeth and wear them down. The situation gets worse if we consume acidic drinks like Coca Cola.
Brushing. It’s very important to brush our teeth sooner after we eat or drink, because plaque forms quickly, and the first stages of tooth decay can begin.
Dry Mouth. Saliva prevents tooth decay by washing away the foods and plague from our teeth. Substances found in saliva also help counter the acid produced by bacteria.
Heartburn. Heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause stomach acid to flow into our mouth (reflux), wearing away the enamel of your teeth and causing significant tooth damage.
How to prevent cavities?
It is important to brush our teeth after we eat, preferably with fluoride toothpaste. To clean between teeth we can floss or use an interdental cleaner. We can also use a mouth wash with fluoride to wash away the excess foods between the teeth after the brushing process.
Eating tooth-friendly foods should be on our list as well. We should avoid foods that cling to our teeth, and brush soon after eating them, if required. Foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables increase saliva flow, and unsweetened coffee, tea, and sugar-free gum help wash away food particles.
It’s advised to avoid frequent snacking and sipping, because our teeth are constantly under attack, as we help our mouth bacteria create acids that can destroy tooth enamel.
Tap water is high in fluoride which can help reduce tooth decay significantly. If we only stick on to bottled water, we might miss the fluoride benefits.
In the end, it’s essential to consult with our dentist, have regular visits, and get professional help. The best advice that I can give is to start early. If you have a tooth sensitivity, a small cavity, don’t let it dwell and get worse. Seek professional help and have a healthy smile! 😉😁
Cashew nuts
Hello, dear readers! Today’s post is going to be about Cashew nuts. I grew fond of them not a long time ago, hence, today I wanted to share with you more information about Cashew nuts and why are they so delicious and yet healthy.
What is the cashew nut?
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple. The tree can grow as high as 14 m (46 ft), but the dwarf cashew, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), has proven more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields.
The cashew seed is often considered a nut in the culinary sense; this cashew nut is eaten on its own, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter. Like the tree, the nut is often simply called a cashew.
Beneficial effects of the Cashew nuts
Heart benefits
The National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in its case study shows that nuts are likely to be beneficial for health, keeping away various ailments, such as heart diseaseCashews help lower LDL (bad cholesterol levels) and increase the carrying capacity for HDL (good cholesterol level). HDL is responsible to absorb the cholesterol from the heart and take it to the liver where it can be broken down.
The study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) stated that nutrients in nuts, such as unsaturated fatty acids, protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants may confer heart-protective, anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Cashew nuts are a rich source of monounsaturated fats (MUFA) that slow the release of blood into the bloodstream. The anti-diabetic properties of cashews work thanks to hydro-ethanolic substances in the form of anarcadic acid, which controls the spread of glucose in the body. Sufficient cashew intake also helps prevent arterial hypertension (blood pressure greater than 140/90).
Prevention of blood disease
Cashew nuts are rich in copper, which plays an important role in the elimination of free radicals from the body. Copper deficiency can lead to iron deficiencies, in my case, anemia.
Protector for the eye
Cashews contain a rich antioxidant pigment named Zea Xanthin. This pigment is directly absorbed by our retina, says nutritionist Anju Sood. This then forms a protective layer over our retina which prevents the harmful UV rays.
Dr. Anshul Jaibahrat Bhatnagar says small quantities of Zea Xanthin help prevent age-related macular degeneration in the elderly and hence helps maintain eye health.
Improves the skin
Cashew nut oil is rich in selenium, zinc, magnesium, iron, and phosphorous. Also, they are great sources of phytochemicals, proteins, and antioxidants. The high percentage of selenium in cashews is not only good for your skin but it helps to prevent cancer as well.
Enriches the hair follicle
The consumption of cashews as well as the application of cashew oil on your scalp ensures healthy hair. “Copper present in cashew nut oil helps in the production of skin and hair pigment called melanin,” says nutritionist Gargi Sharma. Cashew enhances hair color and will provide a silky-smooth texture due to the presence of linoleic and oleic acids.
Healthy gums
Eating cashew nuts will maintain the gums and teeth healthy, as cashews have a positive effect for the oral cavity. The chewing causes excessive saliva production which neutralizes streptococcal bacteria in the mouth.
Prevents headaches
Besides promoting a healthy brain function, cashews also contain phytosterols that reduce the duration of headaches.
(Image Source)
H. Pylori Insights on food intake
Hello, my dear readers and writers! Yesterday, I told you about my infection with H. Pylori and offered you a small insight into it in general. Today, I am going to speak about foods that are permitted and not permitted during the treatment of H. Pylori.
Foods that need to be avoided in H. Pylori infection and chronic gastritis
Researches show that a diet in high fiber increases the risk of developing ulcer disease. Foods like oats, psyllium husk, flax seeds, nuts, and certain fruits like apples, pineapples, lemon, oranges, and carrots can affect our health when consumed in large quantities.
Both caffeinated and decaffeinated drinks can increase the acid production and exacerbate symptoms in the affected organisms.
Alcoholic beverages can erode the protective mucosal lining along the gastrointestinal tract and lead to further inflammation and bleeding.
All forms of caffeine, including Colas, Pepsi, chocolate, ice cream, candies, coffee, and decaffeinated coffee can cause heartburn problems for people.
Spicy foods like jalapeño, cayenne peppers, salsa, Asian curries, miso paste, and spicy mustard need to be avoided at all costs because they might worsen the symptoms.
Pickled vegetables like pickled herring and kimchi have to be withdrawn. Pickling involves preserving foods in vinegar, and is very acidic causing the irritation of the stomach.
Fatty foods, fried and greasy meals along with yellow cheese are to be avoided because they are rich in fat, make digestion difficult, and can cause stomach pain and heartburn.
It is important to stay away from instant rice, pretzels, egg noodles, brown rice, oatmeal, and popcorn.
Processed meats and canned foods need to be removed from our diet as well, because they have a lot of preservatives and chemicals that can damage the stomach and the intestine, causing inflammation and pain.
It is suggested to avoid salt intake, because it can increase the risk of cancer if you have an H. Pylori infection. Salt disturbs the viscosity and the integrity of the stomach mucus, making it easier to colonize and cause damage.
(Image Source – DajiWorld)
Beneficial foods during the treatment of H. Pylori and chronic gastritis
Studies have shown that Vitamin A can increase the production of mucus in the gastrointestinal tract and it has a protective effect against the development of ulcer disease. Foods rich in Vitamin A are: broccoli, carrots, sweet potatoes, kale, spinach, collard greens, and liver.
Studies conducted in China show that green tea and other foods rich in flavonoids can fight chronic gastritis. According to the studies, white and oolong tea can inhibit the growth of H. Pylori but cause no harm to beneficial types of bacteria normally found in the stomach (L. acidophilus, L. Plantarum, and B. Lungum).
Foods rich in flavonoids: garlic, onions, colorful fruits and vegetables, such as cranberries, strawberries, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, carrots and snap peas.
It is recommended to eat non-acidic fruits and boiled vegetables during the treatment for H. Pylori because they can be easily digested and improve the bowel function.
Cranberry juice can help reduce the risk of H. Pylori growth in the stomach. The normal amount of cranberry juice that should be drank is a cup of 250 ml a day. Cranberry tannins can block the bacteria without destroying it. Cranberry helps by either not allowing the bacteria to attach itself or by disengaging it from the body once it is attached, and prevent inflammation.
White meats and fish contain a lower amount of fat which helps with digestion and prevents the foods from staying too long in the stomach, causing pain and a fullness feeling. During the treatment for H. Pylori it is recommended to eat these meats boiled with a pinch of salt and a bay leaf to add flavor and avoid increasing the acidity.
Probiotics are present in foods like kefir or yogurt. Probiotics form the good bacteria that live in the intestine and stimulate the production of substances that fight H. Pylori.
Omega 3 and Omega 6 help to reduce stomach inflammation and prevent the growth of H. Pylori. These good substances can be found in fish oil, olive oil, carrot seeds, and grapefruit seed oil.
According to a study, some types of honeys, such as oak tree and manuka honeys can lower the H. Pylori infection if taken at least once a week.
Rice extract protects the gastric mucosa from stress-induced damage. According to this study, the rice extract was effective in suppressing the inflammation and epithelial cell proliferation in the gastric mucosa in H. pylori infection.
Staying hydrated, drinking more water, eating more fresh fruits low in acids, and consuming white cheese can reduce the stomach inflammation and regulate the intestinal transit.
(Image Source – Unsplash)
Other tips to fight chronic gastritis and H. Pylori infection
• Take the medicines as prescribed by the doctor;
• Avoid any foods that bother your stomach, rich in acids like oranges, tomatoes, coffee, carbonated drinks;
• Avoid cigarettes, alcohol, or chewing tobacco because they slow the healing process. If you smoke, try to quit.
• Try to get 8 hours of sleep;
• Stay fit, performing exercises;
• Try to keep a healthy weight, eat the appropriate foods for healing the stomach lining and avoid overeating, stop when you have the sensation of fullness;
• Eat smaller meals and eat them more often. Have the necessary amount of 3 meals a day;
• Avoid spicy or greasy foods;
• Try to avoid getting stressed out, and find new ways to relax and be happy. Take walks, watch a movie, listen to music. A positive thinking can help you get healed;
• Avoid taking pills like Aspirin, Ibuprofen. They can irritate the stomach. If needed, take Tylenol in case of pain.
• Always wash your hands when going to the bathroom, or cooking.
(Image Source – Unsplash)
Is it Helicobacter?
Hello, dear readers! It’s been a few days since I have not posted anything. I got a little busy, and to admit, I have also been sick. I had a flu that kept returning, felt dizzy, had lung pains, lost my appetite, nausea, difficulty swallowing, and had abdominal pains.
At the beginning I thought that maybe I had the Covid19 Virus, and got scared. Feeling tired of taking so many over the counter medicines that did not actually work I thought that it’s time to visit a doctor and get tested.
So, on Friday, I took my courage and in the morning, went out to the clinic. Everything went well, no problems and by 4 PM I had the results. Turns out, it’s not the Virus that caused all my problems but a chronic gastritis with high reflux and Helicobacter Pylori.
Hence, today’s post is going to be, mostly about Helicobacter Pylori.
(Image Source – Laurus Medical)
What is Helicobacter?
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacteria that causes infections in our stomach. These germs can enter our bodies and live in the digestive tract. After many years, these germs can cause sores called ulcers in the lining of our stomach or the upper part of our small intestine.
H. Pylori can also be found in stool, saliva, and plague on the teeth. H. Pylori can be transmitted from a person to another especially if people who are infected do not thoroughly wash their hands after a bowel movement. People may also spread the bacteria through kissing or other close contact.
The infection with this bacteria is very common and affects two-thirds of the world’s population.
What are the causes of Helicobacter pylori?
The causes of Helicobacter are multiple, the bacteria can be present in water, spicy foods, and can be caused by smoking habits but it can also be triggered by stress and a bad lifestyle.
(Image Source – NatRen)
In cases of an ulcer, we may feel a dull or burning pain in our belly. The pain will come and go, but we will feel it the most when the stomach is empty, between meals or in the middle of the night. The pain can last for a few minutes or even hours. Drinking milk, eating, and taking and anti-acid can help us calm the pain.
Other symptoms may include: bloating, burping, nausea, vomiting, weight loss for no reason. Also, in advanced cases we may experience trouble breathing, dizziness, pale skin color, heartburn, feeling very tired for no reason, severe, sharp pain in the stomach.
I preferred a blood test, as it was the fastest method, because I did not even know that I had Helicobacter, I only tested because my doctor advised me to do so. But your doctor may also recommend you: physical exams, endoscopy, biopsy or CT or an MRI.
Helicobacter Treatment
In severe cases of Helicobacter, a treatment is required to kill the germs, heal the stomach lining, and keep the sores from coming back.
The treatment consists of:
1. Antibiotics – to kill the bacteria in the body, as amoxicillin or metronidazole.
2. Drugs that reduce the amount of acid in our stomach by blocking the tiny pumps that produce it. Examples: Esomeprazole, Omeprazole.
3. Bismuth subsalicylate which may help to kill the H. Pylori bacteria along with antibiotics.
4. Medicines that block the chemical histamine, which prompts our stomach to make more acid. Examples: Cimetidine, Ranitidine.
The treatment is prescribed by a doctor and the dozes and period are established by him/her only. Mine prescribed a treatment of two months, because I am in an advanced state.
1. Wash our hands after using the bathroom or after preparing or eating the food.
2. Avoid foods or water that are not clean;
3. Avoid caffeine (a challenge for me);
4. Don’t eat anything that is not cooked thoroughly.
It’s important to avoid eating spicy foods, carbonated drinks, picked foods, smoking, or drinking alcohol. Also stress can be a huge triggering factor for this Bacteria, and we need to stay relaxed or at least try to.
The foods that are considered natural treatments for H. Pylori (not scientifically proven though) are the following: broccoli, matuka tea, manuka honey, coconut oil.
I don’t know what exactly caused me to have this bacteria in the first place. I do have a history of medical issues with gastritis since childhood, because I made poor choices in regards to the foods and ate fast food and unhealthy meals.
But I thought that it passed away and now I am healed. Turns out, it’s the other way around. I just hope that things will get better and that I will get healthy after following the treatment prescribed by the doctors.
(Image Source – Unsplash, Adam Nieścioruk)
Funny Wednesday
Hello, my dear ones! I decided today to share with you a few health memes, to loosen up the tension gathered throughout the week. To be mentioned, I collected the pictures from the Google Images search engine. Most of them have the original source pinned. Enjoy!
‘Our health plan is quite simple. You get a shiny apple each day.’
„I don’t care if it keeps the doctor away…we were told not to eat it!”
30 Days Change Plan
Hello, dear readers and writers! I have been reading recently the posts of „Chatting with San„, she is an amazing blogger and a real example to us all, if you are curious you can check out her page.
As I was saying, I was reading her posts and she had a 30 days challenge, that included getting rid of all the sweets in the house, and stop eating junk food, this along with cardio and exercising.
I have been exercising for a while, but in regards to the food and diet, I haven’t paid so much attention. I am trying to be more aware in regards to the foods that I eat and try to cut out on sweets.
Taking a look at my daily foods
I eat sweets and sugary foods for like 7-8 times a day. I started to count every sweet aliment that I eat: sweet yogurts, sweet bars, cakes, pancakes, chocolate and even salty and fatty foods like potato chips, salty bacon chips etc.
Taking a look at my diet I am ashamed 😩. I did cut out on the fast food as I don’t travel so much and I don’t spend time in the food court at the mall anymore, but I am still dissapointed. I also used to order pizza or crispy menus. Therefore, from a cheat day, I managed turned every day into a fatty meal plan, without even knowing it.
My meals are disordered, as I change shifts at work frequently, from the morning up to the core hours, and end up eating and 12 AM in the morning. I am a huge consumer of coffee but in exchange I don’t consume any alcoholic beverages.
According to the weighing scale I am now 64 kg in and have 1.68 height. Now, that is not my purpose. I wish to arrive back at 50 kg, as I used to be.
In Julie I have planned a little trip to Bulgaria (if the quarantine and Covid19 situation will calm down) and I don’t want to look like a chubby girl. I have to try harder to make a difference. For me and my health.
(Image Source – Unsplash,
Louis Hansel @shotsoflouis)
Scheduled changes
I want to replace all the sweets with a fruit (orange, bananas, kiwi, apples etc) and every salty food with a vegetable. It is not going to be easy because I have to admit that I am a sweet junkie but I need to change this unhealthy food plan.
I took some time and ordered fish oil supplements, iron supplements (because of my iron deficiency) and also some Korean Ginseng Supplements. I will make sure to make a post with the new natural supplements when they will arrive.
Today is going to be the first day of 30 days of changes. I have avoided every sweet foods, had only an egg in the morning with vegetables and a chicken soup at lunch.
Most probably, the next meal will be somewhere between 7 or 8 PM with a few fruits and maybe cashew nuts in between. Also, I made myself a nice lemonade and prepared a large cup of water. The shift will be over at 1 AM after I finish all my tasks.
If you have any advice in regards of my diet plan and my 30 days challenge I invite you to comment or even to join, if you would like to, of course!
(Image Source – Unsplash, Iga Palacz)
Lemon and its beneficial effects
Lemongrass (Citris Lemon) is a shrub of the Rutaceae family, sourced from Asia and its fruits are used around the world, having various uses for both culinary and non-culinary purposes.
Lemon is used for: juice, pulp and bark. Lemon juice contains about 6% citric acid which gives a distinct sour taste.
Short history
Initially, lemon was used for its antiseptic properties, being used as an antidote for various poisons. In India it is endless being used in daily life for different purposes, especially in traditional Indian medicine Siddha and Ayurveda but also in the kitchen as the main ingredient.
It was later used as an ornamental plant, in the 20th century in the Islamic gardens.
(Image Source – Han Lahandoe, Unsplash)
Uses for culinary purposes
The fruit has various uses in the kitchen, as follows:
• Fresh lemon juice can be used to season the fish or marinate it;
• Vinegar substitute in salads;
• Together with water and sugar, lemonade is obtained but can also be used in cocktails or alcoholic beverages;
• Lemon juice is considered a short-term preservative for certain foods that tend to oxidize;
• Key ingredients in the preparation of lemon pie.
Medicinal uses
• Lemon juice has antiseptic properties due to low pH, being used from first aid products to treatments for sore throat.
• The juice is rich in vitamin C, which makes it a key ingredient in treating degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
• In cosmetics it is used because it gives the skin elasticity, but also in the preparation of masks helping to remove impurities. The lemon also has an astringent effect and helps fight acne.
Applications in the Chemical Industry
• The oil obtained from the lemon peel is used to clean wood surfaces, dissolve old wax, fingerprints and dirt.
• It is used for copper vessel rejuvenation products.
• Lemon is also used in cleaning products for the kitchen and the toilet, as an deodorizer but also to remove grease, stains and in order to disinfect.
Benefits of Lemon Tea
• Lemon tea helps detoxify the liver, being recommended for consumption 4 times a week, in the morning on an empty stomach;
• Being rich in vitamin C, lemon tea helps the body fight the cold and seasonal flu, acting as a natural antiseptic and regular consumption helps fight infections and other diseases. It is recommended to make tea with lemon, honey and ginger for a quick effect.
• Lemon tea is known to increase metabolic rate, preventing fat deposits, being recommended in the morning on an empty stomach;
• The consumption of lemon tea reduces the fatigue accumulated along the way and revitalizes the body, conferring energy;
• Lemon tea is recommended for cardiac patients because it lowers blood pressure. The flavonoids present in the lemon help reduce inflammation and prevent the formation of blood clots in the arteries;
• In long-term consumption, lemon tea lowers cholesterol levels;
• Lemon tea prevents and eliminates kidney stones;
• Being rich in antioxidants, lemon tea helps prevent cancer.
(Image Source – Anda Ambrosini, Unsplash)
The beneficial effects of honey in the human body
Bees honey is one of the healthiest foods for human consumption and is well known for its beneficial effects on the body. Being consumed worldwide for thousands of years, honey is a viscous, sweet liquid produced by bees for nourishment. Honey is widely used in nutrition, cosmetics and natural medicine.
Honey can be classified according to:
• Flower honey – or floral honey, being made by processing nectar and pollen from flowers;
• Honey – or extra floral honey, or forest honey is made from other substances that come from plants such as pine, spruce, oak.
Depending on the flowers from which the nectar was collected:
1. Poly flower honey;
2. Acacia honey;
3. Lime honey;
4. Colza honey;
5. Manuka honey;
6. Tualang honey.
Depending on the extraction mode:
1. Extraction of honeycomb pieces;
2. Free flow from honeycomb;
3. Extract by centrifugation;
4. Honeycomb pressing;
5. Melting the honeycombs.
(Image Source – Unsplash)
The nutritional value of honey
Honey is a food with various nutrients, being suitable for all categories of consumers, from children to the elderly. 100 grams of honey contains: 300 calories, 82 g of carbohydrate, 0.3 g of protein, 52 mg of potassium, 6 mg of calcium, 2 mg of magnesium, 0.5 mg of vitamin C, 4 mg Sodium, 0.4 mg of Iron.
The medical benefits of honey
Honey has antibacterial and anti fungal properties fighting infections in the body.
Honey help to heal wounds and ulcers, fighting the proliferation of bacteria and accelerating the process of tissue recovery.
Due to the fact that honey is a good emollient, it helps to relieve sore throat and dry cough.
Honey increase the endurance of athletes, representing an energy source that does not induce hypoglycemia, being recommended for consumption just before training.
Tualang honey helps regulate blood glucose, helping to fight diabetes.
Honey strengthen the immune system and help alleviate the symptoms of seasonal allergies. Honey stimulates the production of antibodies, contributing to the prevention of diseases of any type and at the same time helping the body to fight against pathogenic microorganisms.
Due to beneficial microorganisms, honey contributes in improving the health of the digestive system. Probiotics present in honey help to balance the intestinal flora and maintain optimal intestinal transit.
(Image Source – Unsplash)
The cosmetic benefits of honey
Honey helps treat skin conditions, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Also, honey help to cleanse the skin, improve acne and prevent wrinkles.
Honey can be applied directly to the skin, its dense and smooth texture contributing to the hydration, elasticity and shine of the skin.
Honey can be used with maximum efficiency in the care of dry skin due to the moisturizing effect (the property of honey to attract and keep moisture).
Honey is recommended for people with oily skin, because it can deeply hydrate and maintain the elasticity of the skin without drying it.
Honey protects against sun exposure and aging due to the antioxidant elements present in it. Antioxidants repair, restructure and heal in depth, acting at the cellular level generating a multitude of beneficial effects.
What is the optimal consumption of honey?
Although honey is a natural product and beneficial to the body, there are contraindications that must be observed regarding this product.
Excess honey is not recommended because it leads to increased blood sugar and diabetes.
Honey is a contraindicated product for people suffering from gastritis, gastric ulcer or hormonal disorders. Also, honey is prohibited in the case of people allergic to pollen, because it leads to severe allergies and anaphylactic shock.
For adults, the recommended dose of honey is maximum 3-4 teaspoons a day. As for the consumption of honey at children, it is gradually introduced into nutrition. In older children cases, the recommended consumption is 2-3 teaspoons of honey per day.
In babies younger than one year of age it is not recommended to use honey because there is a risk of contacting Clostridium Botulinum, honey can contain the spores of this bacterium and can lead to disease.
(Image Source – Unsplash)
Efectele benefice ale mierii de albine in organismul uman
Mierea de albine reprezinta unul dintre cele mai sanatoase alimente destinate consumului uman fiind bine cunoscuta pentru efectele sale benefice asupra organismului.
Fiind consumata in intreaga lume timp de mii de ani, mierea este un lichid vascos, dulce produs de albine pentru a se hrani. Mierea de albine are larga utilizare in alimentatie, cosmetica si medicina naturista.
Mierea de albine poate fi clasificata in functie de:
In functie de provenienta:
1. Mierea de flori – sau miere florala, fiind realizata prin prelucrarea nectarului si a polenului din flori;
2. Mierea de mana – sau miere extraflorala, sau miere de padure este realizata din alte substante ce provin din plante precum seva arborilor de pin, molid, stejar.
In functie de florile din care a fost adunat nectarul:
1. Miere poliflora;
2. Miere de salcam;
3. Miere de tei;
4. Miere de rapita;
5. Miere de manuka;
6. Miere de tualang.
In functie de modul de extragere:
1. Extragerea bucatilor de fagure;
2. Scursa libera din fagure;
3. Extrasa prin centrifugare;
4. Presarea fagurilor;
5. Topirea fagurilor.
(Sursa Imaginii – Unsplash)
Valoarea nutritiva a mierii de albine
Mierea de albine este un aliment cu variate substante nutritive, fiind potrivit pentru toate categoriile de consumatori, de la copii pana la varstnici.
100 de grame de miere de albine contine: 300 de calorii, 82 g de carbohidrati, 0,3 g de proteine, 52 mg de potasiu, 6 mg de calciu, 2 mg de magneziu, 0,5 mg de vitamina C, 4 mg Sodiu, 0,4 mg de Fier.
Beneficiile medicale ale mierii de albine
Mierea de albine are proprietati antibacteriene si antifungice luptand impotriva infectiilor in organism.
Mierea de albine ajuta la vindecarea ranilor si ulceratiilor, combatand proliferarea bacteriilor si accelerand procesul de refacere a tesuturilor.
Datorita faptului ca mierea de albine este un bun emolient, aceasta ajuta la calmarea durerilor in gat si a tusei uscate.
Mierea de albine creste anduranta sportivilor, reprezentand o sursa de energie ce nu induce hipoglicemie, fiind recomandata consumului chiar inainte de antrenament.
Mierea Tualang ajuta la reglarea glucozei din sange, ajutand la combaterea diabetului.
Mierea de albine intareste sistemul imunitar si ajuta la ameliorarea simptomelor alergiilor de sezon. Mierea stimuleaza productia de anticorpi, contribuind la prevenirea imbolnavirilor de orice tip si totodata ajutand corpul sa lupte impotriva microorganismelor patogene.
Datorita microorganismelor benefice, mierea de albine contribuie la imbunatatirea sanatatii sistemului digestiv. Probioticele prezente in mierea de albine ajuta la echilibrarea florei intestinale si la mentinerea unui tranzit intestinal optim.
(Sursa Imaginii – Unsplash)
Beneficiile cosmetice ale mierii de albine
Mierea de albine ajuta la tratarea afectiunilor pielii, precum psoriazis si dermatita atopica. De asemenea, mierea de albine ajuta la curatarea tenului, ameliorarea acneei si prevenirea ridurilor.
Mierea de albine se poate aplica direct pe piele, textura densa si neteda a acesteia contribuind la hidratarea, elasticitatea si stralucirea pielii.
Mierea poate fi utilizata cu maxima eficienta in ingrijirea pielii uscate datorita efectului umectant (proprietatea mierii de a atrage si pastra umezeala).
Mierea este recomandata pentru persoanele cu tenul gras, deoarece aceata poate hidrata in profunzime si pastra nivelul de elasticitate al pielii fara sa il usuce.
Mierea protejeaza impotriva expunerii la soare si a imbatranirii datorita elementelor antioxidante prezente in aceasta. Antioxidantii repara, restructureaza si vindeca in profunzime, actionand la nivel celular generand o multitudine de efecte benefice.
Care este consumul optim de miere de albine?
Cu toate ca mierea de albine este un produs natural si benefic pentru organism, exista si contraindicatii ce trebuie respectate cu privire la acest produs.
Nu este recomandat excesul de miere deoarece acesta duce la cresterea nivelului de zahar din sange si la aparitia diabetului.
Mierea este un produs contraindicat pentru persoanele ce sufera de gastrita, ulcer gastric sau tulburari hormonale. De asemenea, mierea este interzisa in cazul persoanelor alergice la polen, deoarece duce la alergii grave si soc anafilactic.
Pentru adulti, doza recomandata de miere este de maxim 3-4 lingurite pe zi. In ceea ce priveste consumul de miere la copii, aceasta se introduce treptat in alimentatie. La copii mai mari, consumul recomandat este de 2-3 lingurite de miere pe zi.
La bebelusii mai mici de un an nu se recomanda consumul de miere deoarece exista riscul de a contacta Clostridium Botulinum, mierea poate contine sporii acestei bacterii si poate duce la imbolnavire.
(Sursa Imaginii – Unsplash)
Reteta prajitura turnata cu mere
Ieri am reusit sa prepar o prajitura turnata cu mere, exact cum bunica obisnuia sa pregateasca pentru cei dragi. Trebuie sa recunosc totusi, ca nu sunt un fan al deserturilor cu mere. Insa uneori, parca iti doresti sa iesi din rutina cotidiana si a retetelor mult incercate pregatind un altfel de desert.
Prajitura turnata cu mere este un desert de sezon, usor pentru organism si foarte delicios.
Ingrediente pentru aluat:
• 3 oua;
• 9 linguri rase de zahar;
• 9 linguri ulei;
• 9 linguri de lapte proaspat;
• 13 linguri de faina cernuta;
• 1 pliculet praf de copt.
Ingrediente pentru crema de mere:
• 5 mere mari;
• 1 cubulet de unt;
• Coaja de la o portocala;
• 6 linguri de zahar alb tos;
• 1 lingurita de scortisoara;
• cateva picaturi de esenta de rom;
• stafide.
Mod de preparare:
Ouale se bat cu ajutorul unui mixer pana isi dubleaza volumul. Treptat se adauga zaharul in ploaie dupa care se adauga uleiul. In prealabil, faina se amesteca cu praful de copt si se adauga treptat peste compozitia obtinuta ulterior, alternand cu laptele.
In acest moment, preincalzim cuptorul la temperatura de 180 de grade Celsius si introducem jumatate din compozitia obtinuta pentru aluat.
In timp ce prima parte din aluat se coace la cuptor, pregatim crema de mere, pentru care: curatam merele de coaja, le taiem in bucati si le maruntim la robot pentru cateva secunde.
Pasta de mere obtinuta se introduce in tigaie, alaturi de un cub mic de unt, 6 linguri de zahar alb, coaja de portocala, scortisoara, picaturile de esenta de rom si stafidele. Astfel, compozitia se amesteca la foc mic, timp de cateva minute pana cand va scadea sucul obtinut dupa mixare.
Se scoate prima parte din aluat de la cuptor (lasata 10-12 minute la 180 grade Celsius), se aseaza compozitia de mere obtinuta si se aseaza al doilea strat de blat ramas din prima transa.
Compozitia de mere nu va patrunde in amestecul pentru blat, ci se va aseza corespunzator, cuprinzand in mod egal toate laturile prajiturii.
Dupa asezarea compozitiei de mere si a mixului de aluat, prajitura se coace la foc mediu timp de 20 minute dupa care se lasa la racit. In total, prajitura va avea un timp de coacere cuprins intre 35-40 de minute.
Dupa ce s-a racit prajitura se va scoate din tava, se va aseza pe un platou fiind „rasfatata” cu zahar pudra din belsug.
Pofta buna! |
Salt has found its place in almost every kitchen around the world, rightfully so. Salt is a staple in many cuisines and a must-have seasoning for any dish. But, while many people stick to one type of salt, there is a wide variety of salts you can use and all have their specific function. This guide will help you in knowing how to salt food, all food.
An illustration of different types of salt
Before we dive into the deep world of salts to understand their characteristics and function you need to know that salt is nothing more than the chemical compound sodium chloride (NaCl) in its crystallized form. These crystals can be obtained in different ways depending on the type of salt and this is what created a specific flavor that works better with specific recipes/food.
12 Types of Salt That Are Best for Cooking
There is a broad variety of salt types on the market. Not every salt will work with every dish, ingredient, or preparation method. The 12 types of salt for cooking are:
• Table Salt: The most popular type of salt present in pretty much any home. Often iodized, table salt is usually very fine and with the highest content of sodium chloride of all options. Besides that, it is often used as the first option for cooking salt (while not always the best).
• Kosher Salt: This type of salt often has a softer and more natural flavor with a coarser texture than regular table salt and is mostly free of additives. Its characteristics make it particularly good at adhering to certain types of preparations (like meats).
• Sea Salt: Sea salt is produced by evaporating seawater. The major differentiator between the different types of sea salt is its place of manufacturing, giving it special characteristics and flavor.
• Specialty Salts: This category mostly focuses on very specific specimens like Himalayan pink salt and black salt. They offer very little in regards to flavor differences, with a couple of subtleties that make them interesting, at least.
• Seasoned Salts: These are nothing more than regular salt mixed in with spices to make them more suitable as condiments. Options like garlic, onion, and celery salt seem to round this market.
• Pickling Salt: Pickling salt is a pure granulated salt that has no iodine, no anticaking agents, and no potentially discoloring trace minerals. It is mainly used for canning and manufacturing pickles
• Hawaiian Salt: This comes in black and red colors. The difference between Black and Red Hawaiian salt is their source. Black Hawaiian salt is a mixture of activated charcoal and volcanic sea salt. On the other hand, Red Hawaiian salt is unrefined sea salt combined mixed with red volcanic clay.
• Flake Salt: This type of salt has crunchy crystals which is why it’s best used as a finishing garnish while adding flavor to food, like meat and vegetables.
• Fleur de Sel (Flower of Salt): This salt is originally from the Brittany coast of France. It is not ground or crushed but harvested from the top of salty water ponds as the very top layer starts to crystalize. It’s lower in sodium than normal with higher mineral content. It is a delicate and aromatic choice and often considered creme de la creme.
• Celtic Sea Salt: Also known as Sel Gris, it comes from the same region as Fleur de Sel. Celtic Sea Salt comes is “is raked from the tidal floor”, according to Masterclass. Because of its large and moist crystals, it gets a strong briny flavor.
• Smoked Salt: This is salt that has been stayed over slow-burning wood for over two weeks absorbing the aromatic intensity of whichever wood has been used.
• Rock Salt: This is salt in its natural form and is sometimes also Halite.
What is the best sea salt for cooking?
Another truth that might surprise you is that…there is no wrong answer regarding sea salt. To know how to salt food you need to know what you’re looking for and understand the different types of salt.
Depending on the desired characteristics of your preparation, you might prefer fine crystals or even salt flakes. More often than not, fine crystals seem to be the way to go thanks to their flexibility and ease of dissolution. Finally, other options like the coveted fleur de sel are worth considering; bearing their premium price.
What is the difference between table salt and cooking salt?
The main differences between table salt and cooking salt are in their texture, taste, and processing.
Table salt is often regarded as inexpensive. It’s very fine and contains more sodium chloride than sea salt. It’s often misused as cooking salt or added to water when cooking vegetables or pasta. While table salt is produced through the evaporation of salty water from oceans and lakes, cooking salt is mostly mined from underground salt deposits. This means that all salts that use this type of process can be considered cooking salt.
How Salt Impacts Flavor
Salt is one of the five basic flavors that we are geared to detect. It essentially improves the volume of salty flavors in foods. It also suppresses the bitter taste in foods and balances other tastes like sour and sweet.
The texture of salt also enhances the taste of food. When flake salts like Maldon are sprinkled on a salad, they bring out a short explosion of saltiness. This enhances the soft texture and earthy flavors of vegetables and other ingredients
How to Salt Food
There are a few recommended steps to follow when learning how to salt food:
1. Understand your salt.
• Get to know your salt because salt can vary in its saltiness. Whichever salt you’re using, get to taste a tiny bit by itself first before adding it to your food. If you have multiple brands, taste each of them at a time with a lot of water in between to understand their differences.
2. Keep tasting your food as you cook.
• Different cooks salt food differently, Some go heavy at the beginning, some sprinkle through the entire cooking process while some season at the end. Whichever method you’re using, keep tasting your food as you cook, of course, when it’s safe to taste the food (avoid tasting raw meat, etc). Always remember that you can always add more salt but you can’t remove it.
3. Strive for balance.
• Apart from salt, there are other ingredients needed to make food taste great! In fact, the role of salt is to enhance the natural flavors of whatever you’re cooking. If you’re going to add other ingredients like chile or herbs to enhance heat and freshness, it is recommended that you do that first, then add salt to season it. This can be done throughout the cooking process but be sure to do it just before serving.
How to Salt Steak
The aim of seasoning steak is to allow the natural flavor of the beef to shine. There are 3 ways of salt steak, each with its pros and cons.
1. Salting before cooking: Seasoning your steak with kosher salt and oil half an hour before cooking is a simple but amazing way of seasoning your steak.
2. Wet brining: This method involves soaking your steak in a salt solution for 24 hours before cooking it.
3. Dry brining: This is a process that involves rubbing your steak with salt and letting it rest in a cooled environment with plenty of airflows for 48 hours before cooking it.
How to Salt Vegetables.
Vegetables can be salted before cooking, while cooking, and after cooking. Raw vegetables for salad are seasoned by sprinkling salt to reduce moisture that would water down the dressing.
Vegetables can be salted while cooking by adding salt to their boiling water. It speeds up cooking and minimizes nutrient loss. Lastly, salting after cooking is done or seasoning only. The best time to add salt for the sole purpose of seasoning is after cooking. That way, you get the greatest flavor with the least amount of salt. This also prevents oversalting as it is easier to salt and taste.
When to salt food
The answer to this question depends on what you’re cooking.
• Sauteed vegetables: While sauteing vegetables, it is important to add salt in the end for a crunchy and caramelized texture. Salt removes moisture from vegetables so if you add it at the beginning you’re likely to have soggy vegetables. This trick works well for all vegetables with high water content such as tomatoes.
• Meat: It is important to always add salt to meat in the beginning. Adding salt to raw meat ensures that the flavor is absorbed well. When meat cooks, the cells close up and the meat may not be able to absorb any flavors.
• Rice and pasta: It’s recommended to add salt to the water while boiling rice and pasta. This is because starches require a lot of salt to infuse flavor and this method enables them to take all of the salt and become more flavorful. Adding saltwater, will not have the same effect so it is important to add it while boiling them.
How to Make Food Less Salt
You may now have a better understanding on how to salt food, but that doesn’t mean you won’t ever over-salt your food. There are different ways of de-salting food. This majorly depends on the kind of dish. If you’re dealing with soup, you can simply dilute by adding more water.
A salty salad can be desalted by adding more of the base green. For roasted vegetables, the salt can be reduced by adding a sour component such as vinegar or lemon juice but you have to be careful not to make it too sour.
For baked foods, it is tougher to desalt them as you’re not supposed to taste batter that has raw eggs or flour in it (but we won’t judge), so you’re not likely to know it’s oversalted until it’s fully cooked. However, toppings and frostings with a sour taste like cream cheese can come in handy. It is important to go slow when applying any of these de-salting methods and taste as you go to avoid over-correcting.
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When to use negative identity
The identity value in relational databases is a field that increases automatically. It is often used to create surrogate primary keys. Surrogate keys Surrogate keys are meaningless and are only used to uniquely identify the row, not the data itself. For example, assume the following table: As we can see,
Use CONTEXT_INFO to avoid firing triggers
DML Triggers are commonly used to apply some business rules to the data in the table. The most common implementation would be updating the date_updated column automatically whenever the data in the table changes. For the illustration, this can be done with a following trigger: However, there are times where |
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[Health] People, of course, also appear in cat and vitiligo and other ‘albinism’
In a recent TV program, the appearance of a child suffering from albinism is reflected in the 'albino' model, which overcomes the albino and overcomes the beauty of its bright and bright skin with the 'hi odoii' Interest of netizens is growing. Obesity is caused by a lack of 'tyrosinase enzyme' which has the function of converting tyrosine to melanin. It is a congenital genetic disorder caused by a lack of melanin synthesis in melanocytes, which is different from vitiligo. Eye and hair, skin whitening or skin whitening occurs only in the eyes. Eye skin albinism is autosomal recessive, and symptoms can occur with Cady's-Higashi syndrome or Halsman's-0 poodle syndrome. When albinosis occurs, the pigment of the skin or eye decreases or disappears, resulting in white or pink skin. In the case of hair, it grows as a white head. It grows as it grows, or it has a normal hair color depending on the person. Obsessive-compulsive disorder may be accompanied by pain or lack of pigmentation, redness of the pupil, and glare. The diagnosis of albinism is made by eye shaking or transparency of the iris. The treatment for albinism has not yet been clarified. However, if the vision is poor due to albino, it is recommended to correct the sight and wear long sleeved clothes with sunglasses in summer.
The diagnosis of whiplash can be made by genetic testing and can be done by visual acuity test and retina and optic nerve examination.
Cat disease - albinism
Obesity can occur in not only humans but also the pets we grow. The albino cat has a blue iris in the eyes with albinism, and the ear with albinism is not audible. There may be glare symptoms and strabismus when cat whitening is present.
Notes on Obscurity
In cases of albinism, the melanin pigment is in a relatively insufficient state, making it impossible to completely defend against ultraviolet light. Therefore, care must be taken for keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, etc., avoiding excessive sunlight exposure and applying sunscreen. It is advisable to regularly take a dermatology checkup to find and treat skin cancer early.
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Mysterious Demon Gators and Crocodilian Cryptids of North America
Throughout the world are countless cases of unidentified, out of place, or just plain weird mystery creatures, commonly called cryptids. Ranging from lake monsters like Nessie to the likes of Bigfoot, they are the denizens of the wilds beyond our understanding, evading classification. Among these mystery monsters are the various strange creatures that seem to be very much crocodilian in nature, and which may be undiscovered species or even something more mysterious altogether.
One of the most enduring and well-known cases of mysterious alligator cryptids are the stories of alligators roaming New York City’s sewer systems. Accounts of alligators lurking under New York’s streets date back to the 1930s, when it is said to have been popular for families to buy baby alligators as pets. The story typically goes that when the alligators got too big to be properly cared for, they were flushed down the toilet or otherwise released into the sewer system, where they survived on a diet of rats, garbage, or anything else they could get their teeth into. Over the years various frightening reports surfaced of sewer workers coming across alligators lurking in the city’s sewers. Sometimes the reports were embellished with details such as albino alligators or alligators that had somehow reached freakish sizes larger than normal. There were even stories of alleged mutant alligators that had developed abnormal coloring or other physical anomalies.
In 1959, a curious account was reported in the book The World Beneath the City, by Robert Daley, which is a history of the development of utilities in New York City. One chapter of the book is entitled “Alligators in the Sewers,” and stems from a series of interviews conducted with long time Commissioner of Sewers in New York, Teddy May. In the account, May explained that alligators had been sighted in the sewers since 1935 by sewer workers, but no one took such reports seriously at first. When the sightings continued and started truly spooking utilities workers, May personally ventured into the sewers. It was there that May was startled to come across alligators with an average length of 2 feet. Seeing that the stories were indeed true, a campaign was launched to eradicate the animals with poisoning, as well as flushing the alligators out to be shot by gun toting hunters. In the account, May claimed that all of the sewer alligators had been wiped out by 1937.
Cryptozoologist Loren Coleman, who has done extensive research on the history of alligators in New York’s sewers, has uncovered many historical articles outlining actual alligators being found, captured, or killed in the sewers of New York, particularly during the 1930s. The results of his findings have the historical significance of establishing a link with the supposed urban legend of alligators in the sewers and real historical cases of alligators being killed and even officially hunted down there. The results of Coleman’s findings were published as Alligators-in-the-Sewers: A Journalistic Vehicle, in the Journal of American Folklore, September-October 1979.
One intriguing article that Coleman uncovered was a story that originally appeared in The New York Times on Feb. 10, 1935. The article describes how several youths who were shoveling snow into a manhole cover near Harlem River came across an alligator measuring 7 to 8 feet long thrashing about in the icy water below. The teens, led by a Salvatore Condoluci, proceeded to capture and kill the animal. Many years later when interviewed about the incident, Conduluci insisted that the event was true and factual. Articles such as these uncovered by Loren Coleman, as well as the accounts outlined in Daley’s book, clearly are at odds with the current official stance that alligators in the sewers of New York have always been pure urban legend. It seems through these accounts that the knee jerk response of alligators in New York’s sewers being merely a myth are glossing over some of the history of alligators in fact being found there.
Many modern day reports seem to further point to the reality of alligators in the sewers. On July 22, 2013, a live 8-foot-long alligator was pulled from a sewer near Central Park. The alligator had allegedly long been preying on dogs, which prompted a hunt for it culminating in its capture. The alligator was killed, and an analysis of its stomach contents revealed the remains of at least two dogs, some rats, and a wristwatch fortunately with no hand still attached to it. In 2010, an alligator measuring 2 feet long was found under a car near a sewer opening at Newton Avenue and 29th Street, in the heart of Queens, New York. Surrounded by startled onlookers, an Emergency Service Unit used a long pole and a noose to corral the creature into a cage and capture it. The animal was handed over to City Animal Care & Control officers, who sent it to a wildlife sanctuary. In a perhaps ominous addition to the story, in the wake of the baby alligator’s capture, Animal Care and Control spokesman Richard Gentles stated that between two to four alligators or crocodiles are rescued in the city by his agency every year. It is not known how many of those statistical alligators were recovered from sewers. It seems clear that regardless of whether dramatic reports of giant, mutant albino alligators existing under the streets are true or not, there certainly seems to be some truth to the idea that at least regular alligators can indeed be found in New York City’s sewers.
Moving along we come to other enigmatic alligator-like monsters. Deep in the dense, stagnant swamps along the border between Alabama and Florida a curious story began circulating among the locals in around the 1920s, and was first officially recorded by the University of Alabama professor Carl Carmer when he visited the area in order to write his 1934 travelogue Stars Fell on Alabama. During his visit, locals told Carmer of a vicious alligator measuring 4.5 meters (nearly 15 feet) long, which had emerged from the swamps to wreak havoc on the community, and while alligators were a fact of life in this area, nothing was like the enormous beast that allegedly appeared out of the muddy murk to begin terrorizing the area from seemingly nowhere. Contrary to normal alligators, which are shy and mostly avoid humans, the lore is that this particular massive alligator had begun to aggressively haunt the swamps near Florala, Alabama, actively and fearlessly attacking dogs, cattle, mules, horses, and even people, but it seemed that in addition to its unusual size this was no ordinary alligator. It was said that the creature possessed fiery red glowing eyes and was immensely powerful, able to easily rend large prey to pieces with its jaws, and its tail was claimed to be able to flip over a full grown horse with one lash. One of the beastly alligator’s feet had allegedly been partially shorn off by a steel trap at some point, giving it a distinctive two-toed track and leading to its nickname “Two-Toed Tom.”
As attacks spread to other areas and became more frequent, rumors began to spread that the alligator was not an ordinary animal at all, but rather a malevolent demon from Hell, and his allegedly sinister exploits grew from attacking livestock and humans to hunting down and raping women it found out in the swamp by themselves. As such stories spread, so did the terror they invoked, and those who wandered into the wilderness or near the water were very wary of the telltale two-toed footprints in the muck, and red eyes glowing in the evening gloom. Locals in the areas where the monster was said to lurk were said to have begun to take matters into their own hands, waging a war against the demon gator. A hefty bounty was supposedly offered for Two-Toed Tom, and hunters scouring the swamp supposedly often shot the beast but it was unfazed, laid steel traps which it managed to mostly avoid, and it proved to be very good at eluding those who would kill it while at the same time continuing its bloody rampage. For nearly 20 years it was said that the mysterious gator was actively hunted, even as it mercilessly stalked the swamps for more victims, yet it always managed to get away or shrug off all efforts to harm it.
Perhaps the most well-known incident during this raging battle against the monstrous Two-Toed Tom is the account of a farmer named Pap Haines, who raised livestock on 40 acres of land he had purchased from a lumber company. Although he had been assured that the tales of the monster alligator were just scary folklore, Haines allegedly one day found one of his mules ripped apart and two-toed tracks trailing blood and viscera down to a nearby pond. Speculating that the beast was probably still wallowing in the pond digesting its meal, the infuriated Haines then set about destroying it once and for all. With the help of his sons, Haines filled up 15 syrup buckets with sticks of dynamite and began tossing them into the pond 3 at a time, perhaps not overkill considering the creature’s legendary toughness. The loads of dynamite resulted in a spectacular explosion that sent plumes of water, mud, vegetation, and shattered trees high into the air, completely devastating the pond and leaving very little chance for anything to have survived.
Satisfied that Two-Toed Tom would soon be “floating belly up,” everyone present got quite a shock when, just moments after the massive eruption of water and flying debris, there were screams accompanied by a riotous thrashing of water coming from another nearby pond. Knowing what this undoubtedly meant, a grim Haines went to go finish what he’d started, along with his sons and a posse of 8 armed local men. When the men arrived, they were greeted by the glinting red eyes of Two-Toed Tom sinking under bloodied water still frothing from all of the splashing about. It soon became apparent where all of the blood had come from, as the badly mauled, ripped apart corpse of Haines’ 12-year-old granddaughter was reportedly laying nearby. It was later surmised that she had been on her way to the other pond to see what all of the explosions were about when she had come across the vengeful demon alligator, perhaps none too happy about the explosive efforts to exterminate it. The heartbroken, furious Haines would allegedly spend the rest of his days caught up in an obsessive quest to kill the beast, and it is said that even when hard times hit the community and his friends and family were moving away to make a living, Haines refused to budge, instead intent on remaining where he was in order to complete his vendetta to slay Two-Toed Tom. He would die a lonely old man without ever having gained the vengeance he sought.
One of the reasons that Haines may not have been able to ultimately kill the enormous alligator could be because it is said that shortly after the dynamite attack, Two-Toed Tom apparently went on the move, crossing the state line into Florida to continue his marauding slaughter of cattle and people. Two-Toed Tom began to actively prowl the waterways of Choctawhatchee River and Holmes Creek swamps of Holmes, Walton and Washington Counties, as well as Sand Hammock Lake in the town of Esto, in Holmes County, where he was often seen wallowing about or basking on shore, and it was said that his groaning bellows could often be heard reverberating through the night. The alligator was often said to let out a terrifying grunting roar in response to the whistle signaling shift changes at the Alabama-Florida Lumber Co., and his shining red eyes and two-toed tracks became a common sight in these areas. It was reported that Tom drove out all of the other alligators in the areas he frequented, and that the corpses of slaughtered cattle, as well as dogs, missing chickens, and other farm animals were common. Interestingly, sightings of Tom at this time tended to make him out to be much larger than he had ever been depicted before, and one group of boys who spied him basking on a sandy shore described the beastly gator as being from 5.5 to 7.3 meters (18 to 24 feet) long. Again, efforts to shoot Tom proved futile, and it was reported that the creature was impervious to bullets.
One particularly dramatic encounter that occurred during this period happened when a young girl was walking with her mother along a sandy path near Sand Hammock Lake. The girl went ahead to play and was surprised to hear her mother let out a sharp, panicked scream. When the girl turned to see what was going on, she was met with the sight of the monstrous alligator lunging out from the brush onto the path they were on. Two-Toed Tom then allegedly reared up on its hind legs and let loose with a bloodcurdling roar which, along with the screams of the girl and her mother, attracted the attention of some nearby local men. The men reportedly came running to the scene, with one of them armed with a high-powered rifle. A few rounds were fired at the beast and it fell still, seemingly dead, yet when the men gathered around it to inspect the corpse, Tom jumped to life and allegedly swept them all off their feet with a mighty lash of its tail before scurrying off into the swamp.
After years of terrorizing the swamps, rivers, and lakes of the region, Two-Toed Tom started to be seen less and less, until he apparently just sort of disappeared. The tales of the giant alligator were very much still alive, though, and he became a prominent legend in the area. Then, in the 1980s, a giant alligator path was found scrawled across a muddy sandbar on Boynton Island on the Choctawahtchee, which suggested a specimen of enormous size. When the tracks of the alligator were examined, it was found that one of the feet had only two toes, once again propelling Tom into the limelight and igniting talk that the killer gator was still alive and well. Despite the fact that Tom would have been coming along in years by that time, sightings reports of the legendary beast started coming in again, and several hunts were organized to try and track the creature down without success. There was much speculation about what had happened to Tom in the previous years, with talk that he had merely gone into hiding in the remote areas of the swamp. To this day there are those who claim Two-Toed Tom is still out there prowling the swamps of Northwest Florida and Southeast Alabama, with the occasional sighting still made, and the alligator is a major fixture of local folklore. There is even a Two-Toed Tom Festival held every summer in the town of Esto, Florida.
Was Two-Toed Tom ever real, or is this all pure folklore and eerie campfire stories? If it is based in factual events, how much of the tale has been exaggerated and how much is true? We may never know for sure the answers to these questions, but it seems to be an interesting case that illuminates how legends of strange creatures can take off, weaving around themselves ever expanding tales that make the line between reality and fantasy blurred and uncertain, as well as the possibility that such tales potentially have their roots in real animals. Where does myth end and reality begin? More than just being considered flights of fancy, perhaps such stories are worth further analysis, maybe offering insights that can be revealed if we just dig deep enough and make the line between the real and fantastical clearer and more defined. Who knows? Maybe Two-Toed Tom is lurking out there after all, more than just a dark tale, coiled in the gloom ready to pounce, his malevolent gaze piercing the swamp night.
Another cryptid gator with ties strongly to myth and folklore is a giant amphibious creature long reported particularly from around Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Called the Snoligoster, it is said to be an enormous alligator-like creature with a thickly muscled tail with propeller-like blades on the end, a long bony spine on its back, and is often described as having scraggly hair up and down its body and as lacking any legs. They are said to lie in wait in shallow water of cypress swamps for unsuspecting prey, which they will then either stun with their tail, throw onto their back spike, or just clamp down upon with their formidable jaws. It is known to store uneaten carcasses upon its spike in a grisly display, and tends to prefer clubbing the bodies into a bloody pulp before eating them.
Woodsmen and travelers throughout the ages have long come back with spectacular tales of coming across the Snoligoster in the swamps, insisting that it is a real creature. One curious historical account involves a man named Inman F. Eldredge, of De Funiak Springs, Flordia, who was on the hunt for a slave who had escaped into the swamp. He apparently came across the body of the slave lying face down, which he at first took to be impaled upon a branch of a toppled tree in the water. It was only when the massive “tree” began to swim off into the murk that he realized that this was some sort of gargantuan crocodilian monster with the slave skewered upon a single, wicked looking back spine.
Other crocodilian cryptids seem to be more along the lines of a classic lake monster. One of the more well known strange beasts of Utah is what has come to be called the Bear Lake Monster. Bear Lake itself is located on the Utah-Idaho border just northeast of Salt Lake City, and is a popular destination for people looking to enjoy the lake’s many outdoor activities such as boating, fishing, and the taking in the rather breathtaking azure, turquoise coloration of its waters, which have earned it the nickname “The Caribbean of the Rockies.” It is a locale of stunning natural vistas to be sure, but it is also purportedly the home of a large, mysterious water monster very much like some sort of prehistoric dinosaur.
Tales of a monster in Bear Lake go back to at least the early 1800s, and the creature was apparently often seen by early Mormon colonists cavorting about in the water near shore, which has most commonly been reported as being a cream-colored serpentine creature around 30 feet in length, with a wide, alligator-like head, short, squat legs, and a powerful tail. At times the creature was said to come ashore for brief periods to roam about, and it was also occasionally reported as spewing water as if through an air hole. The creature was also known to the Native Shoshone people of the region, who called it the “water devil” and regarded it as a malicious, evil entity to be avoided at all costs. The monster was said to not be shy about dining on unwary animals or even humans that came to close to the shore or went swimming in the lake’s inviting waters, and was mostly reported as quite aggressive indeed. The Shoshone often claimed that the beast’s favorite thing to eat was the various bison of the area at the time.
Sightings were supposedly made of the creature well into the late 1800s, with some notable reports by early pioneers to the region. The creature was seen in 1860 by the sons of a Marion Thomas and Phineas Cook, as they were out on their boat fishing. The massive creature in this case came dangerously close to the small boat and the two witnesses were terrified that it might actually capsize them. In 1871, two men named Milando Pratt and Thomas Rich saw the bizarre creature and claimed to have hit it with shots fired from their rifles, but that the bullets had had no noticeable effect. A few years later, in 1874, a wagon train captain named William Budge saw the monster around 20 yards from shore and would describe the encounter thus:
Its face and part of its head were distinctly seen, covered with fur, or short hair of a light snuff color. It was flat-faced, with very full large eyes, prominent ears, and a neck of about four to five feet in length.
This particular sighting gained a lot of publicity at the time, as it had been related personally to none other than Brigham Young himself, who many may know as one of the early Mormon pioneers and leaders of the Latter Day Saint Movement, as well as the 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Indeed, after the sighting Young himself supposedly made arrangements to catch the creature by linking a 300 foot long length of rope to the shore and topping it with thick cable and a massive barbed hook baited with mutton, which was then suspended in the water with a buoy. Although on every attempt the bait was stripped away by something, the creature was not caught. Around this time, a local rancher claimed that something had taken 20 of his sheep from their grazing grounds near the shore of the lake.
The creature would become a sensation in the media, appearing in a variety of newspapers such as the Deseret News and The Salt Lake Tribune, among others, but the furor faded somewhat when one of the first journalists to report on the creature, a Joseph C. Rich, claimed that his original story in an 1868 article had been an elaborate hoax. Nevertheless, sightings continued on into the 1900s. In 1907, two men rather dramatically claimed to have seen the monster come crashing into their camp to kill and drag away one of their horses, and there were other sightings as well this year. It was seen again in 1946 by a Boy Scout Scoutmaster and was seen as recently as 2002 by local business owner Brian Hirschi. Whether it ever really existed or not, The Bear Lake Monster has certainly become part of the area’s lore and legends, and has interestingly become a sort of tourist attraction.
Bear Lake
Similarly there is a lake monster in Nebraska’s Alkali Lake, now popularly called Walgren Lake, that is said to more or less look like an oversized, 40-foot-long horned crocodile of some sort. Reports of the monster began coming in from 1921, and perhaps the most famous sighting was made in 1923, when witness J.A. Johnson was with two friends at the lake shore when they spotted a large creature with rough grayish skin that looked very much like an alligator with a rhinoceros horn atop its head. After a moment of observing the odd creature it apparently thrashed its mighty tail and disappeared under the waves. Considering that sightings quickly petered out and it has not been seen again in modern times, despite all of the recreation seekers at the area, it is thought that the Alkali Lake monster is either gone or was a complete hoax from the beginning.
Here we have looked at a mere selection of some of the very odd crocodilian monsters and demon gators said to prowl the waters of North America, and which could fall into a whole range of categories. Are these just myths and folklore? Are they mysterious undiscovered species? Are they something more demonic or supernatural in nature? Or are they merely hoaxes and trickery? It is hard to lean into any one answer too heavily considering the variety of cases we have seen here, but no matter what one may think they are all intriguing accounts nevertheless, and a category of strange creatures all their own. |
Safer Cyptocurrency?
A Q&A with Prof. Rich Lyons
Construction of a digital house
Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, with their roller-coaster price movements, are not investments for the faint of heart. In recent years, however, a new form of cryptocurrency has emerged with the promise of less volatility. So-called stable coins, such as market leader Tether, are pegged one-to-one to the U.S. dollar or other asset, in theory making them safer. Prof. Rich Lyons, an expert in currency exchange rates, recently co-authored a paper examining what keeps stable coins stable.
What exactly are cryptocurrencies?
They are part of the digital asset economy, which lies outside the traditional banking system and is generally housed on a blockchain, a secure, decentralized electronic ledger used to record transactions. The digital asset economy includes cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and so-called initial coin offerings. These assets serve multiple purposes. For example, I could issue 100 tokens and, by buying one, you could own one one-hundredth of a work of art. In addition, this digital asset economy gives people in countries that might not be able to hold assets because of capital controls or other restrictions access to more of the world’s assets.
What’s the purpose of stable coins?
The issuers and traders of cryptocurrencies aren’t like regulated financial institutions. They don’t have “know-your-customer” rules or anti-money-laundering regulations. At first, this digital asset economy lacked a store of value, that is, assets with relatively low volatility that people could hold knowing the value wouldn’t change drastically. Because Tether and other stable coins are pegged to traditional currencies, they have become stores of value in that alternative financial world.
Haven’t stable coins been controversial?
Yes. For example, there was a question of whether the issuers of Tether were manipulating the price of Bitcoin. That scenario is possible in part because in more than 50% of transactions, people use Tether to buy and sell bitcoins. It’s cheaper and more frictionless because both are outside the banking system. Going from dollars to bitcoins has higher transaction costs, because you are going from outside to inside the banking system.
Are stable coins as safe as claimed?
Tether is pegged to the dollar at one-to-one, and its price has generally traded within 1% of this. But about 18 months ago, there was some concern that Tether was not backed one-to-one with assets; i.e., if there was a mass redemption of Tether, the collateral would not be sufficient to cover the full amount. This concern led the price to fall as low as 95 cents to the dollar. There was an audit, which was not 100% transparent, but it did restore confidence in the marketplace.
What questions should we be asking about stable coins?
Stable coins come in a number of different flavors. Some purport to be 100% backed by redeemable collateral that’s in escrow and can’t be run away with. But part of the question, even with Tether, is whether it really is 100% collateralized. And is all that collateral really liquid? If you have to sell in fire-sale conditions, even a “100% collateralized” asset may not turn out to be so.
What are the long-term prospects for cryptocurrencies?
There will be a lot of shakeout. The stable coins that have the greatest market confidence concerning the legitimacy and liquidity of their collateral will win out. Meanwhile, if you think about the literally thousands of initial coin offerings, all the tokens, all the cryptocurrencies—90% of them will be valueless in 10 years, in my judgment.
How are cryptocurrencies evolving?
Many of the big central banks are saying they will launch a digital currency in the next five years. My prediction is in 10 years we will have three or four important stable-coin digital currencies based in blockchain and issued by central banks. They will live more in the traditional regulated banking system, filling in the continuum.
Read the latest campus information on coronavirus (COVID-19) here → |
National Records of Scotland
Preserving the past, Recording the present, Informing the future
National Health Service Central Register
National Health Service Central Register
How is the Register used for Tracing People?
The NHSCR is used to trace people who have lost contact with their families – without breaching patient confidentiality. The tracing procedure involves identifying the person being traced and alerting that person to the opportunity to re-establish contact with his/her family. If the person agrees, a letter from the family will be forwarded to him/her.
The tracing procedure will only be initiated by a request from a named charity specialising in tracing people (such as the Salvation Army). The NHSCR will not accept requests from adopted people who wish to trace their natural parents (or vice versa), from current or former partners looking for spouses, from fathers who are not named on birth certificates, or from companies or law firms. |
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Levels of automation
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The oil and gas industry is becoming more technologically advanced every day. As automation, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics improve, it may be increasingly tempting to employ automatic means to accomplish industry goals. The degree to which a task is automated is referred to as levels of automation (LOA). The most comprehensive list was developed by Thomas B. Sheridan and W. L. Verplank[1]. Levels of automation range from complete human control to complete computer control.
Automation levels
Level 1
The human operator does the task and turns it over to the computer to implement.
Level 2
The computer helps by determining the options.
Level 3
The computer helps determine and suggests options. The human operator can choose to follow the recommendation,
Level 4
The computer selects the action and the human operator decides if it should or should not be done.
Level 5
The computer selects the action and implements it if the human operator approves the action.
Level 6
The computer selects the action and informs the human operator in case the operator wants to cancel the action.
Level 7
The computer does the action and tells the human operator what is did.
Level 8
The computer does the action and tells the human only if the human operator asks.
Level 9
The computer does the action when told and tells the human operator only if the computer decides the operator should be told.
Level 10
The computer does the action if it decides it should be done. The computer tells the human operator only if it decides the operator should be told.
Four-stage model of human information processing
Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens[2] went on to introduce the idea of associating levels of automation to functions.
The four-stage model of human information processing includes:
1. Sensory processing
2. Perception and/or working memory[3]
3. Decision making
4. Response selection
Sensory processing
Refers to the acquisition and registration of multiple sources of information. This stage includes the positioning and orienting of sensory receptors, sensory processing, initial pre-processing of data prior to full perception, and selective attention.
Perception and/or working memory
Involves conscious perception,and manipulation of processed and retrieved information in working memory. This includes cognitive operations such as rehearsal, integration and inference, but these operations occur prior to the point of decision.
Decision making
Decisions are reached based on such cognitive processing.
Response selection
Involves the implementation of a response or action consistent with the decision choice.
These functions are based on a four-stage model of human information processing and can be translated into equivalent system functions[4]:
1. Information acquisition
2. Information analysis
3. Decision and action selection
4. Action implementation
The four functions can provide an initial categorization for types of tasks in which automation can support the human operator.
Information acquisition
Automation of information acquisition applies to the sensing and registration of input data.[2]
Information analysis
Automation of information analysis involves cognitive functions such as working memory and inferential processes.[2]
Decision and action selection
This stage, decision and action selection, involves selection from among decision alternatives[2]
Action implementation
This final stage of action implementation refers to the actual execution of the action choice.[2]
Levels of automation across any of the above functional types do not need to be fixed at the system design stage. Instead, the level of automation could be designed to vary depending on production demands during operational use.[2]
Human-centered automation
Automation should be human-centered. Billings detailed this in his book "Aviation automation: The search for a human-centered approach."[4]
• Automation systems should be comprehensible.
• Automation should ensure operators are not removed from command role.
• Automation should support situation awareness.
• Automation should never perform or fail silently.
• Management automation should improve system management.
• Designers must assume that operators will become reliant on reliable automation.
1. Sheridan, T. B., & Verplank, W. L. 1978. Human and computer control of undersea teleoperators. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Man-Machine Systems Laboratory. PDF
2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers., & IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society. 2000. A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics: A publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society. New York, NY: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Vol. 30. No. 3.
3. Baddeley, A. D. 1986. Working memory. Oxford [Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press.
4. 4.0 4.1 Billings, C. E. 1997. Aviation automation: The search for a human-centered approach. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Noteworthy papers in OnePetro
Krome, J. D., Bloom, M. H., Swanson, A. B., Anthony, D., Derise, S., & Rightmire, L. (2015, September 28). Revealing the Benefits of the Intelligent Well Pad Program for Onshore Shale Assets. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Martin, J. T. (1970, January 1). Low-level Automation For Marginal Leases. American Petroleum Institute.
Million, C. L., & Bowler, D. L. (1969, November 1). Feasibility Study of Oilfield Automation. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
External links
Calefato, Caterina, Roberto Montanari, and Francesco Tesauri. "The Adaptive Automation Design." Human Computer Interaction: New Developments. 2008. The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Web.
Endsley, Mica R. "Level of Automation Effects on Performance, Situation Awareness and Workload in a Dynamic Control Task." Ergonomics 42.3. 1999: 462-92. North Carolina State University.
"Human-Centered Systems Engineering Design Approaches." Human Supervisory Control. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
See also
Automated drilling
Digital oilfields
Drilling automation
Human factors |
At Sagafluid we offer you the ideal solutions for process automation. This automation is based on a PLC control system.
What is a PLC?
The acronym PLC comes from English (Progammable Logic Controller), it is a programmable system used for industrial automation that allows managing the input and output of signals from instrumentation and machinery used in processes. These PLC systems can be governed by SCADA software.
What is SCADA?
The SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) allows, through a touch screen, the connection with the PLC and the introduction of control parameters, as well as the supervision of the entire process and industrial automation.
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Litter Size
How many babies does a Colombian white-faced capuchin have at once? (litter size)
How many baby Colombian white-faced capuchins are in a litter?
A Colombian white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) usually gives birth to around 1 babies.
Each of those little ones spend around 161 days as a fetus before they are released into the wild. Upon birth, they weight 239 grams (0.53 lbs) and measure 20 cm (0′ 8″). They are a member of the Cebidae family (genus: Cebus). An adult Colombian white-faced capuchin grows up to a size of 37.8 cm (1′ 3″).
The average litter size of a Colombian white-faced capuchin is 1
The Colombian white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus), also known as the Colombian white-headed capuchin or Colombian white-throated capuchin, is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. It is native to the extreme eastern portion of Panama and the extreme north-western portion of South America in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.The Colombian white-faced capuchin was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae. It is a member of the family Cebidae, the family of New World monkeys containing capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. It is the type species for the genus Cebus, the genus that includes all the capuchin monkeys.Until the 21st century the Panamanian white-faced capuchin, Cebus imitator, was considered conspecific with the Colombian white-faced capuchin, as the subspecies C. capucinus imitator. Some primatologists continue to consider the Panamanian and Colombian white-faced capuchins as a single species. In 2012 a study by Boubli, et al demonstrated that C. imitator and C. capucinus split up to 2 million years ago. Although the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is the most well-studied capuchin monkey species, as of 2014 there had been no field studies of the Colombian white-faced capuchin.Two subspecies of Colombian white-faced capuchin are recognized:C. c. capucinus, from mainland South America and PanamaC. c. curtus, from the Pacific island of Gorgona, sometimes referred to as the Gorgona white-faced capuchin.Like other monkeys in the genus Cebus, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is named after the order of Capuchin friars because the cowls of these friars closely resemble the monkey’s head coloration. The coloration is black on the body, tail, legs and the top of the head, with white chest, throat, face, shoulders and upper arms. The head and body length is between 33 and 45 cm (13 and 18 in) with a tail length of between 35 and 55 mm (1.4 and 2.2 in). Males weigh between 3 and 4 kg (6.6 and 8.8 lb), while females are about 27% smaller, weighing between 1.5 and 3 kg (3.3 and 6.6 lb). C. c. curtus has a shorter tail.The white-faced capuchin is found in the extreme north-western strip between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains in Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.C. c. capucinus has been listed as least concern from a conservation standpoint by the IUCN, while C. c. curtus has been listed as vulnerable.
Other animals of the family Cebidae
Colombian white-faced capuchin is a member of the Cebidae, as are these animals:
Animals that share a litter size with Colombian white-faced capuchin
Those animals also give birth to 1 babies at once:
Animals that get as old as a Colombian white-faced capuchin
Other animals that usually reach the age of 54.75 years:
Animals with the same weight as a Colombian white-faced capuchin
What other animals weight around 3.01 kg (6.63 lbs)?
Animals with the same size as a Colombian white-faced capuchin
Also reaching around 37.8 cm (1′ 3″) in size do these animals: |
What is an interconnector?
An interconnector is a connection between the electricity transmission systems of different countries, in this case via submarine cables. An interconnector provides the opportunity to trade electricity with other countries, thus helping to ensure a safe, secure and affordable energy supply for Great Britain and Denmark. |
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Pocahontas has been romanticized throughout American history, thanks in no small part to the accounts of English settlers John Smith and John Rolfe, and of course, the 1995 Disney animated movie. But who was the real Pocahontas?
To help dispel the many myths surrounding the popular Native American figure, here are some facts that originate from Native American oral history and contemporary historical accounts.
Pocahontas was actually her nickname
Born around 1596, Pocahontas was actually known as Amonute, and to those closest to her, Matoaka. The name Pocahontas, in fact, belonged to her mother, who died while giving birth to her.
Devastated by his wife's death, Pocahontas' father, Chief Powhatan Wahunseneca of the Pamunkey tribe of Virginia, called his little daughter Pocahontas as a nickname, which meant "playful one" or "ill-behaved child."
A spirited young girl who liked to do cartwheels, Pocahontas grew up to be a brave and intelligent leader and translator on behalf of her people.
There was no romance between Pocahontas and John Smith
By the time 27-year-old Smith and the rest of the English colonists arrived on Native American lands in 1607, Pocahontas was probably around 10 years old. Despite Smith embellishing the idea of a romance between them in order to sell books that he'd later author, they were never involved.
What is true is that Smith spent a few months with Pocahontas' tribe as a captive, and while there, he and Pocahontas taught each other basic aspects of their respective language.
Pocahontas would later marry Indian warrior Kocoum at age 14 and shortly give birth to their son "little Kocoum."
Pocahontas Saving John Smith
A depiction of Pocahontas saving John Smith from her father, a story that is now reportedly false
Pocahontas didn't warn Smith of a planned assassination against him
While Smith was being held prisoner, Chief Powhatan grew to trust him. In 1607 the chief decided to offer Smith a "werowance" role, which was the tribe's way of acknowledging him as an official leader of the colonies, giving him access to coveted resources such as food and better land.
Smith would later allege that while he trained to become a werowance, Pocahontas warned him of a deadly plot against him, and thus, saved his life. However, contemporary accounts show that if a Native American chief was honoring a man, there would be no threat to his life.
Additionally, children were forbidden to attend a werowance ceremony, so Pocahontas wouldn't have been present.
Pocahontas was not traded to the English; she was kidnapped and raped
With tensions rising between the Powhatan and the English, rumors spread that Pocahontas was a prime target for kidnapping. Hoping to prevent future attacks by Native Americans, English Captain Samuel Argall made those rumors a reality and took the Chief's beloved daughter away with him after threatening violence against her village.
Before leaving, Argall offered a copper pot to the tribe and later claimed the two parties had made a trade. Forced to leave her husband and small son, Pocahontas boarded an English ship, not knowing that colonists had murdered her husband Kocoum shortly after.
While captive in Jamestown, Pocahontas was raped by possibly more than one colonist — an act that was incomprehensible to Native Americans. She grew into a deep depression and had a second son out of wedlock. That son would be named Thomas Rolfe, whose biological father may have actually been Sir Thomas Dale.
Pocahontas was not an eager goodwill ambassador of the New World
The story of Pocahontas marrying tobacco planter Rolfe for love is highly unlikely, especially considering Rolfe was under great financial pressure to somehow forge an alliance with the Powhatan to learn their secret tobacco curing techniques.
In the end, he decided the best way to win over the Powhatan was to marry Pocahontas, who all the while was being forced to wear English clothes, convert to Christianity and adopt the name, Rebecca.
Out of fear of being kidnapped himself, Chief Powhatan didn't attend Rolfe and Pocahontas' wedding ceremony and instead, offered a pearl necklace as a gift. He'd never see his daughter again.
To help further fund the tobacco business in the colonies, Rolfe took Pocahontas and son Thomas with him to England to show the court the "goodwill" between the colonists and Native Americans. Thus, Pocahontas was used as a prop, paraded around as an Indian princess who embraced western culture.
Although she was considered in good health right before leaving England, Pocahontas suddenly fell ill and died after dining with Rolfe and Argall, the man who kidnapped her. The tribesmen who accompanied Pocahontas on the trip believed she was poisoned.
At the time of her death, Pocahontas was around 21 years of age. She was buried in Gravesend, England at Saint George’s Church on March 21, 1617. The location of her remains is unknown. |
Gamme from Amund Johnsen (copy)
A gamme is an ancient earthen hut that has wooden structures and is covered with earth and peat. Along Rv7 on the Hardangervidda you will find an old one from Amund Johnsen which has now been given new life as a sales place for souvenirs and typically Norwegian products. Feel free to stop here for a good break with both fantastic views of the Hardangervidda and the opportunity to buy souvenirs and other typical Norwegian products.
Construction method
Gamme is often associated with Sami, but this type of housing has been used all over the country, ever since the first people came to Norway. The way of building is the same as the Sami tent lavvo and is often oblong. The roof consists of twigs that were covered with 4 to 5 layers of bark, on top of this a thick layer of peat. On top of all this, there were two layers of different varieties of moss that did not retain moisture, but dried quickly and provided thermal insulation.
Usually an old gamme had only one room, but it could also be divided into several rooms. The fireplace for heating and cooking is located in the middle of the gamme right on the floor. On the floor was a thick layer of short-cut birch twigs, which kept soil moisture and odors away. Sitting and lying places along the side were covered with reindeer skin.
Amund Johnsen
Sami Amund Johnsen was from Hamarøy in Nordland (born 13.01.1907 - died 23.05.1970). Here he worket with reindeer herding, among other things, with his family. He married Ella and had in total 6 daughters.
When the second world war started, Amund and his family were helpen those who crossed the border into Sweden for both work and freedom. Unfortunately, a picture was printed in a Swedish newspaper, of Amund who helped the refugees. He was quickly overtaken by the Germans, taken prisoner and eventually sent to Grini in July 1943, where he received prisoner number 12202. Here he met fellow prisoner Sigurd Fossgård, who was to prove important for the future of Amund.
Amund was sentenced to life in prison in Germany. Without knowing what he was convicted of, he was sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp on September 30, 1943, where he remained until peace came. He was given prisoner number 72120. Hunger, abuse, torture, and disease were about to take the life of Amund in Sachenhausen, and without his physical strength from the job of reindeer husbandry, it might have gone differently.
When the White Buses from the Swedish Red Cross came and picked up the surviving prisoners after the Germans had capitulated, Amund was only skin and bones, debilitated and dressed in rags, but alive.
He was taken to Sweden, where he regained his strength before returning to Ella and the girls.
He had a small herd of reindeer left from before the war, but due to bad times after the war, he had to sell the herd and move south. He took his family with him and moved to Skurdalen on the Hardangervidda, where Sigurd Fossgård offered him a job as a reindeer herder in the Dagali reindeer herd. When the domestic reindeer herd sold all its reindeer in 1956, Amund and Sigurd bought their own reindeer herd which they had on summer pasture on the Hardangervidda, and winter pasture in Jotunheimen. They drove reindeer for several years together, until Amund was badly injured one winter, and was no longer able to work with reindeer herding.
The injury caused him to focus on tourism instead. He built several gamme barns on the Hardangervidda, and sold Sami products and souvenirs in the summer. In collaboration with the tourist manager and hotel in Geilo, Amund picked up tourists with reindeer and sledges, drove them to the Ustedalsfjord for sightseeing, boiled and served coffee in one of the vultures, and managed to support his family with it. One of the daughters, Ingrid, took over the company of the Sami Gamme in the late 60s, and continued selling Sami products and souvenirs to tourists until 2017, when she sold the operation on.
Madsen Design has restored the gamme and brought the company into the 21st century, in honor of Amund Johansen.
(text about Amund Johnsen is from Madsen Design)
Read more about Madsen Design under trade.
• Street address 1 Hardangervidda
• Opening hours From May to October For openinghours of the shop check out facebook
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SPSS vs SAS | Which Data Analysis Software Is Best?
Are you looking for a comparison between SPSS vs SAS? If yes, then this blog is for you. A major concern of statistics students is the difference between SPSS vs SAS. This blog will talk about the key differences between SPSS vs SAS. Before going any further, let’s briefly introduce each of these terms.
What is SPSS?
SPSS full form is “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”. This is a tool from IBM. It was launched in 1968. The software package consists of one application. This package is particularly useful for the statistical analysis of data.
The SPSS software is primarily used in several areas, such as healthcare, marketing, and educational research and by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, education researchers, government, marketing organizations, and data miners.
The system analyzes the data for descriptive statistics, numerical results predictions, and group identifications. Additionally, the software allows users to manage data smoothly with features such as data transformation, graphing, and direct marketing.
Features of SPSS
Following are the key features of SPSS.
• SPSS stores data in the.SAV format. It mostly stores survey data. Data can be easily manipulated, analyzed and retrieved by using this method.
• With Spss, we can access different types of data. These variables are easy to understand. Most of the process is automated in SPSS; researchers can quickly set up models.
• SPSS begins working after data is entered. The possibilities for analysis are endless.
• SPSS can also get data from critical sources. Spss offers trends analysis, assumptions, and predictive models.
• SPSS is a simple program to learn, use, and apply.
• Making use of editing tools and data management systems is helpful.
• You can use SPSS for in-depth statistical analysis of the results.
• With SPSS, we can create designs, plots, reports, and presentations for better clarity.
See also R Vs Python - which is better to choose?
What is SAS?
SAS is a software tool used for analyzing and visualizing statistical data. SAS stands for Statistical Analysis Software. This software allows you to utilize qualitative processes and techniques to boost employee productivity and increase your profit. In addition to data mining, SAS is also used for advanced analysis like business intelligence, crime investigation, and forecasting. SAS is pronounced as “SaaS.”
SAS extracts and categorizes data, enabling you to analyze and identify data patterns. To compete in the competitive & changing business conditions, you need to perform advanced analysis, Business Intelligence, Predictive Analysis, and data management. SAS also works on both Linux and Windows, so it can run on either platform.
Features of SAS
SAS has the following key features:
• Data files from external databases can be accessed easily. Read and write almost any data format
• Entering, editing, retrieving, formatting, and converting data using data management tools
• Data can be analyzed using descriptive, statistical, forecasting, modeling, and linear programming
• Business practices can be improved through advanced analytics.
• Forming perfect graphs for reports
• Project management and operations research
• Modification and updating of data
• Language capable of handling large amounts of data
• Cleanup of data is excellent
• Multi-host system interaction
SPSS vs SAS: Limitations
Following are the limitations between SPSS vs SAS.
• SAS has a much larger information storeroom, whereas SPSS has a smaller one. Due to this, it cannot manage and handle very large datasets.
• SPSS is likewise closed source and expensive to purchase. Huge enterprises and associations can only use this product with high information requirements.
• This programming instrument gives constrained punctuation and highlights, likewise characteristic of other programming instruments like R and SAS.
• SAS is a closed-source program. You must purchase a license to use it. It is so expensive that individuals and small companies cannot afford it.
• In graphical representations, SAS needs the most highlights. When compared with an open-source program like R, it lags.
• In SAS, the majority of the highlights are constrained. If you wish to use factual procedures or AI models, you need to obtain R software to indicate the total costs.
See also Data Science vs Machine Learning-Most Valuable differences
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Differences between SPSS vs SAS
History and Basic difference
SPSS is a software program that is used for statistical analysis. The acronym stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Researchers in health, market, education, and marketing also use it. SPSS is a statistical programming language for the PC developed for the social sciences. The original version of SPSS was created at Stanford University in 1968, eight years after the company SPSS Inc. was founded, and in 2009 IBM bought SPSS Inc.
The SAS programming language creates software for advanced analytics, business intelligence, data management, and predictive analysis. SAAS means Statistical Analysis System. SAS software was developed at North Carolina State University with the primary purpose of being able to analyze large amounts of agricultural data.
Data Processing
Data smaller than 100 MB can be processed using SPSS. It will provide appropriate results.
In the case of a huge amount of data, SAS is excellent and provides various functions like sorting or splicing the data.
Ease of Learning
With SPSS, a user doesn’t have to learn to code. Pasting steps within a user interface create syntax for the steps.
If you are familiar with SQL, SAS’s coding is easy to learn. If you don’t know what is SQL software then You can learn SAS from scratch with no problem.
Purpose and Usability
The SPSS software is an incredible tool for those who aren’t statisticians. Its interface is user-friendly, and the drop-down menus are easy to use. The method can be used in various fields, but it is most commonly used in social sciences.
SAS should have a considerable amount of high-quality production code for various purposes.
The company is considered to be a leader in commercial analytics. The SAS software is well tested, as it is updated in a controlled environment, which leads to strong handling capabilities.
Many universities use SPSS. It comes with a good user interface with detailed instructions. With the ‘Paste’ button, you can easily write code with click and play functionality. The company provides a very good level of support to its users in case of any problems.
See also Top 8 Programming languages of 2021
On the other hand, SAS is widely used in the industry. Its flow-based interface provides drag-and-drop functionality. It can handle large datasets with ease.
SPSS is expensive and has different licenses based on its features. This language is limited in syntax, and it is slow to adopt new technologies. Furthermore, it is not able to handle very large datasets.
SAS is also expensive. You must write code to customize options not included in the user interface. Each visualization or data mining program has its program.
These are some of the differences between SPSS vs SAS. We hope you got enough information from this article.
SPSS vs SAS each has its way of investigating information. Despite this, both are extremely useful. In addition to providing a method for improving the fair worth of an association, they also perform various functions that help a business recognize its worth and increase it. The newest technology allows you to combine SPSS vs SAS to enhance operational expenses and logical flexibility.
SAS is a good choice if you are familiar with programming. As an alternative, you could use SPSS. Both are IBM products. It makes SPSS a very reliable software package.
Furthermore, if you need programming assignment help then you can talk to our experts and receive immediate help.
Frequently Asked Questions
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SAS Advanced Analytics and IBM SPSS are powerful data science platforms used to analyze data. IBM SPSS uses Java and does not require programming to run, while SAS Advanced Analytics uses its own programming language.
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Ice Cube
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A traditional small block of frozen water that is used to keep beverages and foods cool while they are being stored, prepared, served, and consumed. A beverage with Ice Cubes was often referred to as on the rocks when referencing the use of Ice Cubes. Ice Cubes made from water are frozen in square, rectangular, round, and decorative shapes with the use of Ice Cube Trays. Since most freezers are designed to freeze water quickly, there is little chance for small air bubbles and gases dissolved in the water to be released. Thus, most home produced ice will have a cloudy appearance. When making ice with water, check the clarity of the water in order to keep the ice and the beverage being cooled free of particles that may discolor or change the appearance of the liquids being cooled if the water contains miscellaneous particles. Often, a calcium carbonate substance that is commonly found in many sources of water will create a harmless, flaky white particle to be frozen into some Ice Cubes and will be released into the beverage as the drink is consumed.
Ice Cubes made from frozen water are often used for making other forms of ice which include crushed ice or shaved ice flakes. Although the crushed and shaved Ice will melt quickly, they do serve as a good way to arrange a large amount of ice into a small area or to chill foods quickly, compacting it together to retain the cooler temperature. However, when placed into a liquid, the crushed or shaved Ice will quickly melt.
An alternative to the traditional Ice Cube made from household water is to use a refreezable Ice Cube. Also referred to as synthetic, fake or plastic Ice Cubes, this type of Ice is made from a transparent plastic material that is molded to have the appearance of a typical Ice Cube or a decorative and symbolic Ice Cube made for holiday events. The plastic Ice Cube is filled with freezable liquid that may be water, depending on the manufacturer. The artificial cubes are placed in the freezer and then are ready when frozen to be placed in beverages or bowls to add a refreezable version for use in cooling foods and beverages.
Ice Cube Reviews
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Caring for the Lawn in Winter
Front of Home During Winter
Cavan Images/Getty Images
In most parts of the country, lawn grass goes dormant in the winter. In the south, cool-season ryegrass is often overseeded into the turf to maintain a green lawn. In the north, it's too cold for any grass to grow, so we wait patiently for spring, sometimes under snow cover, sometimes not. However, lawn care doesn't quite end in the winter. Try these tricks to keep your yard healthy.
Apply fertilizer with a spreader. As you move the machine back and forth over the grass, grip the handle like a trigger, it releases pellets when you "shoot." Follow the instructions on the fertilizer package. Apply only the recommended amount. Be careful because too much fertilizer can burn your grass.
Aerate the Lawn
Provide some extra air for grassroots by aerating your lawn. Use a spade to take out spikes of soil across your lawn to make holes for planting seeds. If your lawn is large, you might want to rent a motorized aerator or a manual one.
Spread Cool-Weather Grass Seed
Purchase grass seed that says "cool season" or "cool weather" on the package, such as most fescues. You can sprinkle the seed over the lawn with the same spreader you used for the fertilizer. Try to spread the seed evenly so you won't have clumps of grass later.
Rake and Water the Lawn
Drag a rake over the lawn to break up soil clumps and cover the seeds a bit. Water the lawn with the garden hose spray. After that, keep the soil moist, don't let it dry out.
Clean it up
It is extremely important not to leave debris, leaves, or toys out on the lawn. These things can smother the grass, create disease conditions, and invite insects, mice, and other damaging pests.
Lower the height of your mower
The last few times you mow, lower the height of your mower by a notch or two. Excessively long grass can smother itself, cause disease, and is at risk of damage from freezing and thawing conditions. However, do not cut the grass so short that you scalp it, thus exposing the crown of the plant to extreme conditions.
Be aware of traffic
Under snow cover or exposed to the elements, dormant grass will tolerate a moderate amount of traffic, but a heavily worn path will be slower to green up in the spring and cause compaction.
Monitor weather conditions
Turf is very resilient and can tolerate an extreme winter, but certain conditions can be harmful in the long term. It might be worthwhile to chip away a bit of little-exposed ice in a low spot if you know a winter storm or deep freeze is approaching.
Winters can often be unpredictable and may put your lawn through some extreme conditions during the course of the season. The best thing to do is make sure the grass has hardened off, once you've "put the lawn to bed" properly, you can focus on keeping your sidewalks clear and building snowmen. Just remember to keep an eye on the weather. |
“Claudette” forms in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico
Photo: (Sipse)
Mérida, Yucatán, (June 17, 2021).- “The low pressure that is located in the south of the Gulf of Mexico and that keeps the Yucatan Peninsula with rains maintains its high probability of cyclonic development and it is expected that tomorrow night, it will become either a depression or a tropical storm that would be named “Claudette,” reported the meteorologist Juan Vázquez Montalvo.
The UADY specialist explained that on Friday, June 18th, it is expected that this system will begin to move slowly towards the north of the Gulf of Mexico because the high pressure that has it confined in that area will begin to lose strength. Today, the National Hurricane Center of the United States reported that the meteor has an 80% probability of cyclonic formation for the next 48 hours and a 90% probability for the next five days.
“The high pressure that is in the United States will lower its intensity, that will allow it to start moving north, also by lowering the intensity of the dry wind it will grow and develop slowly.”
On Friday “Claudette” will already be heading towards the southern coast of the United States, somewhere between the coast of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, or West Florida, he said. “It is expected to arrive at some point on Saturday night as a tropical storm.”
“If it takes longer to move, then logically the effects of the rain will last until Sunday and if it moves quickly the day after tomorrow it would be the last rainy day and on Saturday there would be good weather,” explained the Yucatecan specialist, a member of the Institutional Committee for Attention to Extreme Meteorological Phenomena of the UADY.
The meteorologist recalled that cyclones are unpredictable.
“The model that indicates that it will not directly affect the Peninsula continues to persist; however, the cloud bands are over this area so their energy, wind, and rain are going to be concentrated over the region ”.
The low-pressure rains are practically concentrated in the Yucatan Peninsula, where there have already been rains that have already reached quite high water levels, such as Abalá, which reached 134 liters per square meter; the north coast with 60 liters per square meter; the northeastern part of Mérida 70 liters per square meter and some areas of the east and south of the state also with 60 liters, which is already a significant amount of water depth. |
Gut-Brain Connection & Anxiety
If you’ve been a health enthusiast for more than a week or are struggling with your own gut issues you’ve likely heard the phrase gut-brain connection. At first glance it can be easy to dismiss this as the foundation of your issues, but the connection is well researched and supported by many health professionals.
In fact, those with high levels of anxiety may find themselves on the gut-brain cycle where poor gut health leads to anxiety and vice-versa. The gastrointestinal tract is highly sensitive to emotions like anger, sadness, elation, and anxiety. For instance, have you ever felt nauseous from bad news? Get butterflies in your stomach from excitement? Lost your appetite from
anger? These are just a few minor ways that show the gut and brain are connected.
What is the Gut-Brain Axis?
In technical terms this connection is referred to as the gut-brain axis. It indicates the very real and physical-chemical connection between the gut and the brain. The body consists of millions of nerves and neurons that run all over, including between the brain and gut.
Neurotransmitters are the chemical portion of this physical pathway that act as messengers throughout the body, sending signals from one location (like the brain) to another (like the gut). Their primary role is to transmit signals to target cells from nerve cells, from muscles to glands and other nerves.
The connection? These neurotransmitters, along with other chemicals, are produced in the gut and impact the brain. In the same way, the brain has a direct effect on the stomach. A small example of this is how just the thought of eating causes stomach juices to be released in preparation for digestion before food ever reaches the gut.
Anxiety and Gut Health
Now that we understand just how closely the two are connected it is easy to see that anxiety can be both the cause and the result of intestinal issues. The two are intimately and intricately connected. If you’ve struggled with GI upset for any period of time with no clear cause or answers, anxiety may be playing a role.
Anxiety – The Cause
Common gastrointestinal symptoms like heartburn, loose stools, and abdominal cramps may be a red flag that your anxiety is causing some deeper issues. Living with these side effects of stress can cause significant quality of life interruptions and lead to more serious health concerns. If you’re experiencing these symptoms without any known cause, consider speaking with your healthcare provider to determine if anxiety could be the cause and work together to mitigate the stress and anxiety in your life.
Anxiety – The Result
One of the primary causes and effects of poor gut health is inflammation of the
gastrointestinal lining. When the gut is unhealthy, and the microbiota are out of balance this results in gut dysbiosis. Gut dysbiosis and inflammation have both been linked to numerous mental illnesses including depression and anxiety.
Natural Approach
While there are many pharmaceutical approaches to anxiety and mental health, those with poor gut health at the root may benefit from natural approaches to mitigating their symptoms.
One study to note found that when comparing probiotics and antidepressants in mice the probiotics were more effective at improving key neurotransmitters for mood including; GABA and tryptophan. Alluding to a method of improving gut health as a means of improving anxiety.
The inverse of this is true as well. Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a natural neurotransmitter necessary for nervous system balance and ultimately mood. By supplementing with GABA you can improve your stress response, anxiety, and your gut health at the same time.
Ashwagandha is another herbal supplement that may improve your gut health on multiple levels. Primarily, it can reduce cortisol levels, the potentially damaging hormone released from chronic stress which has earned it the nickname stress hormone. Reducing this hormone can improve anxiety, which ultimately improves gut health.
Final Thoughts
Thinking you may be experiencing gut related anxiety or anxiety related gut issues? You may benefit from a conversation with your healthcare provider to determine whether supplements, lifestyle changes, counselling, or all would improve your symptoms.
Adding a natural, herbal supplement to your regimen allows you to take a natural approach first with compounds that can improve other areas of health simultaneously. Many pharmaceuticals can exacerbate existing health issues and often lead to significant fluctuations in weight and sleep issues. Natural remedies like GABA and ashwagandha may actually improve these areas.
As with any condition always speak to your healthcare provider before starting or stopping any medication or supplement.
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Silo : définition de Silo et synonymes de Silo (anglais)
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définition - Silo
silo (n.)
1.a cylindrical tower used for storing silage
2.military installation consisting of an underground structure where ballistic missiles can be stored and fired
3.A container, often cylindrical in shape, for the storage of grain.
1.A container, often cylindrical in shape, for the storage of grain.
Merriam Webster
SiloSi"lo (?), n. [F.] A pit or vat for packing away green fodder for winter use so as to exclude air and outside moisture. See Ensilage.
définition (complément)
voir la définition de Wikipedia
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silo (n.)
ensilage, ensile
dictionnaire analogique
silo (n.)
Steel grain silos in Ralls, Texas.
Grain elevators are composed of groups of grain silos such as these at Port Giles, South Australia.
A silo (from the Greek σιρός - siros, "pit for holding grain") is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in agriculture to store grain (see grain elevators) or fermented feed known as silage. Silos are more commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. Three types of silos are in widespread use today - tower silos, bunker silos and bag silos.
Silo types
Cement storage silos
Coal silo under construction using aluminum concrete formwork
There are different types of cement silos such as the low-level mobile silo and the static upright cement silo, which are used to hold and discharge cement and other powder materials such as PFA (Pulverised Fuel Ash). The low-level silos are fully mobile with capacities from 10 to 75 tons. They are simple to transport and are easy to set up on site. These mobile silos generally come equipped with an electronic weighing system with digital display and printer. This allows any quantity of cement or powder discharged from the silo to be controlled and also provides an accurate indication of what remains inside the silo. The static upright silos have capacities from 20 to 80 tons. These are considered a low-maintenance option for the storage of cement or other powders. Cement silos can be used in conjunction with bin-fed batching plants.
Tower silo
Storage silos are cylindrical structures, typically 10 to 90 ft (4 to 30 m) in diameter and 30 to 275 ft (10 to 84 m) in height with the slipform and Jumpform concrete silos being the larger diameter and taller silos. They can be made of many materials. Wood staves, concrete staves, cast concrete, and steel panels have all been used, and have varying cost, durability, and airtightness tradeoffs. Silos storing grain, cement and woodchips are typically unloaded with air slides or augers. Silos can be unloaded into rail cars, trucks or conveyors.
Tower silos containing silage are usually unloaded from the top of the pile, originally by hand using a silage fork, which has many more tines than the common pitchfork, 12 vs 4, in modern times using mechanical unloaders. Bottom silo unloaders are utilized at times but have problems with difficulty of repair.
An advantage of tower silos is that the silage tends to pack well due to its own weight, except in the top few feet. However, this may be a disadvantage for items like chopped wood. The tower silo was invented by Franklin Hiram King.
In Canada, Australia and the United States, many country towns or the larger farmers in grain-growing areas have groups of wooden or concrete tower silos, known as grain elevators, to collect grain from the surrounding towns and store and protect the grain for transport by train, truck or barge to a processor or to an export port. In bumper crop times, the excess grain is stored in piles without silos or bins, causing considerable losses.
Concrete stave silos
High contrast image showing the intermeshed concrete staves, and how the lower hoops are aligned over the stave edges.
Small stave silos can be expanded upward. More hoops are added to strengthen the lower staves.
Concrete stave silos are constructed from small precast concrete blocks with ridged grooves along each edge that lock them together into a high strength shell. Much of concrete's strength comes from its high compressibility, so the silo is held together by steel hoops encircling the tower and compressing the staves into a tight ring. The vertical stacks are held together by intermeshing of the ends of the staves by a short distance around the perimeter of each layer, and hoops which are tightened directly across the stave edges.
The static pressure of the material inside the silo pressing outward on the staves increases towards the bottom of the silo, so the hoops can be spaced wide apart near the top but become progressively more closely spaced towards the bottom to prevent seams from opening and the contents leaking out.
Concrete stave silos are built from common components designed with high strength and long life. They have the flexibility to have their height increased according to the needs of the farm and purchasing power of the farmer, or to be completely disassembled and reinstalled somewhere else if no longer needed.
Low-oxygen tower silos
Low-oxygen silos (commonly seen as blue Harvestore farm silos[clarification needed]) are designed to keep the contents in a low-oxygen atmosphere at all times to keep the fermented contents in a high quality state and to prevent mold and decay, as may occur in the top layers of a stave silo or bunker. These silos are only opened directly to the atmosphere during the initial forage loading, and even the unloader chute is sealed.
It would be expensive to design a such a large structure that is immune to atmospheric pressure changes over time. Instead, the silo structure is open to the atmosphere but outside air is separated from internal air by large impermeable bags sealed to the silo breather openings. In the warmth of the day when the silo is heated by the sun, the gas trapped inside the silo expands and the bags "breathe out" and collapse. At night the silo cools, the air inside contracts and the bags "breathe in" and expand again.
While the iconic blue Harvestore low-oxygen silos were once very common, the speed of its unloader mechanism was not able to match the output rates of modern bunker silos and this type of silo went into decline. Unloader repair expenses also severely hurt the Harvestore reputation, because the unloader feed mechanism is located in the bottom of the silo under tons of silage. In the event of cutter chain breakage, it can cost up to US$10,000 to perform repairs. The silo may need to be partially or completely emptied by alternate means, to unbury the broken unloader retrieve broken components lost in the silage at the bottom of the structure.
In 2005 the Harvestore company recognized these issues and worked to develop new unloaders with double the flow rate of previous models to stay competitive with bunkers, and with far greater unloader chain strength. They are now also using load sensing soft-start variable frequency drive motor controllers to reduce the likelihood of mechanism breakage, and to control the feeder sweep arm movement.
This bunker silo contains sugar. Chillan, Chile
While the sight of multiple tall silos may look impressive, many have been abandoned for silage use, or converted to hold grain. Ground-level bunker silos carry none of the hazards outlined above, and need only a standard tractor/loader to feed out with, and no specialized machinery.
Bunker silos
Bag silos
8' diameter by 150 foot silo bag shown just after filling and sealing.
Bag silos are heavyweight plastic tubes, usually around 8 to 12 ft in diameter, and of variable length as required for the amount of material to be stored. They are packed using a machine made for the purpose, and sealed on both ends. They are unloaded using a tractor and loader or skid-steer loader. The bag is discarded in sections as it is torn off. Bag silos require little capital investment. They can be used as a temporary measure when growth or harvest conditions require more space, though some farms use them every year.
This silo bin contains 27 variations of stone, sand and gravel, Copenhagen, Denmark
A bin is typically much shorter than a silo, and is typically used for holding dry matter such as concrete or grain. Bins may be round or square, but round bins tend to empty more easily due to a lack of corners for the stored material to become wedged and encrusted.
The stored material may be powdered, as seed kernels, or as cob corn. Due to the dry nature of the stored material, it tends to be lighter than silage and can be more easily handled by under-floor grain unloaders. To facilitate drying after harvesting, some grain bins contain a hollow perforated or screened central shaft to permit easier air infiltration into the stored grain.
Sand and Salt Silos
Sand and salt for winter road maintenance are stored in conical dome shaped silos. These are more common in North America, namely in Canada and the United States.
Ancient Greek vases shaped as grain silos, 700/650 BC, Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, Athens.
Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that silos were used in ancient Greece as far back as the late 8th century BC, as well as the 5th Millennium B.C site of Tell Tsaf, Israel. The term silo is derived from the Greek σιρός (siros), "pit for holding grain".[1][2][3]
The first modern silo, a wooden and upright one filled with grain, was invented and built in 1873 by Fred Hatch of McHenry County, Illinois, USA.[4][5]
Forage silo usage
Forage harvesting
Forage harvester - forage wagon 320x240.ogv
320x240 200kbit/s video of a PTO-driven towed New Holland forage harvester, John Deere 4020 tractor, and Gehl forage wagon. See also: High detail 600kbit/s 640x480
Forage silo filling is performed using a forage harvester which may either be self-propelled with an engine and driver's cab, or towed behind a tractor that supplies power through a PTO.
The harvester contains a drum-shaped series of cutting knives which shear the fibrous plant material into small pieces no more than an inch long, to facilitate mechanized blowing and transport via augers. The finely chopped plant material is then blown by the harvester into a forage wagon which contains an automatic unloading system.
Tower filling
Silo filling 320x240 VidQual-0.ogv
Short video of the steps involved for filling a farm tower silo, with English captions. 4 min 15 sec 320x240 30fps 200 kbit Low quality, see also:
320x240 400 kbit Low quality
640x480 600 kbit Medium quality
640x480 1200 kbit High quality
Tower forage filling is typically performed with a silo blower which is a very large fan with paddle-shaped blades. Material is fed into a vibrating hopper and is pushed into the blower using a spinning spiral auger.
There is commonly a water connection on the blower to add moisture to the plant matter being blown into the silo. The blower may be driven by an electric motor but it is more common to use a spare tractor instead.
A large slow-moving conveyor chain underneath the silage in the forage wagon moves the pile towards the front, where rows of rotating teeth break up the pile and drop it onto a high-speed transverse conveyor that pours the silage out the side of the wagon into the blower hopper.
Bag filling
Silo bags are filled using a traveling sled driven from the PTO of a tractor left in neutral and which is gradually pushed forward as the bag is filled. The steering of the tractor controls the direction of bag placement as it fills, but bags are normally laid in a straight line.
The bag is loaded using the same forage harvesting methods as the tower, but the forage wagon must be moved progressively forward with the bag loader. The loader uses an array of rotating cam-shaped spiraled teeth associated with a large comb-shaped tines to push forage into the bag. The forage is pushed in through a large opening, and as the teeth rotate back out, they pass between the comb tines. The cam-shaped auger teeth essentially wipe the forage off using the steel tines, keeping the forage in the bag.
Before filling begins, the entire bag is placed onto the loader as a bunched-up tube folded back on itself in many layers to form a thick pile of plastic. Because the plastic is minimally elastic, the loader mechanism filling chute is slightly smaller than the final size of the bag, to accommodate this stack of plastic around the mouth of the loader. The plastic slowly unfurls itself around the edges of the loader as the tube is filled.
The contents of the silo bag are under pressure as it is filled, with the pressure controlled by a large brake shoe pressure regulator, holding back two large winch drums on either side of the loader. Cables from the drum extend to the rear of the bag where a large mesh basket holds the rear end of the bag shut.
To prevent molding and to assure an airtight seal during fermentation, the ends of the silo bag tube are gathered, folded, and tied shut to prevent oxygen from entering the bag. Removal of the bag loader can be hazardous to bystanders since the pressure must be released and the rear end allowed to collapse onto the ground.
Tower unloading
View of silo unloader doors, silage drop tube, and paddle conveyor leading into barn.
Interior view of silo unloader conveyor paddles and drive chain.
View of doors under shroud. Due to the limited space, the door hinge frame is also the ladder. On the right is the unloader power cable and yellow silage drop tube with removable access doors for insertion of the silage drop spout.
View of the silo unloader drop chute inserted into the very top of the silage drop tube 60ft up. The tube is illuminated by light entering through fiberglass panels every 20ft along the outer steel shroud.
Electric winch for raising and lowering silo unloader.
50 amp, 250 volt unloader power socket, with shroud to keep out debris.
A silo unloader specifically refers to a special cylindrical rotating forage pickup device used inside a single tower silo.
The main operating component of the silo unloader is suspended in the silo from a steel cable on a pulley that is mounted in the top-center of the roof of the silo. The vertical positioning of the unloader is controlled by an electric winch on the exterior of the silo.
For the summer filling of a tower silo, the unloader is winched as high as possible to the top of the silo and put into a parking position. The silo is filled with a silo blower, which is literally a very large fan that blows a large volume of pressurized air up a 10-inch tube on the side of the silo. A small amount of water is introduced into the air stream during filling to help lubricate the filling tube. A small adjustable nozzle at the top, controlled by a handle at the base of the silo directs the silage to fall into the silo on the near, middle, or far side, to facilitate evenly layered loading. Once completely filled, the top of the exposed silage pile is covered with a large heavy sheet of silo plastic which seals out oxygen and permits the entire pile to begin to ferment in the autumn.
In the winter when animals must be kept indoors, the silo plastic is removed, the unloader is lowered down onto the top of the silage pile, and a hinged door is opened on the side of the silo to permit the silage to be blown out. There is an array of these access doors arranged vertically up the side of the silo, with an unloading tube next to the doors that has a series of removable covers down the side of the tube. The unloader tube and access doors are normally covered with a large U-shaped shield mounted on the silo, to protect the farmer from wind, snow, and rain while working on the silo.
The silo unloader mechanism consists of a pair of counter-rotating toothed augers which rip up the surface of the silage and pull it towards the center of the unloader. The toothed augers rotate in a circle around the center hub, evenly chewing the silage off the surface of the pile. In the center, a large blower assembly picks up the silage and blows it out the silo door, where the silage falls by gravity down the unloader tube to the bottom of the silo, typically into an automated conveyor system.
The unloader is typically lowered only a half-inch or so at a time by the operator, and the unloader picks up only a small amount of material until the winch cable has become taut and the unloader is not picking up any more material. The operator then lowers the unloader another half-inch or so and the process repeats. If lowered too far, the unloader can pull up much more material than it can handle, which can overflow and plug up the blower, outlet spout, and the unloader tube, resulting in a time-wasting process of having to climb up the silo to clear the blockages.
Once silage has entered the conveyor system, it can be handled by either manual or automatic distribution systems. The simplest manual distribution system uses a sliding metal platform under the pickup channel. When slid open, the forage drops through the open hole and down a chute into a wagon, wheelbarrow, or open pile. When closed, the forage continues past the opening and onward to other parts of the conveyor. Computer automation and a conveyor running the length of a feeding stall can permit the silage to be automatically dropped from above by each animal, with the amount dispensed customized for each location.
Tower forage silo hazards
There are also many opportunities for a farmer to be injured, maimed, or killed by the various mechanical systems of the silo loading and unloading process. Filling a silo requires parking two tractors very close to each other, both running at full power and with live PTO shafts, one powering the silo blower and the other powering a forage wagon unloading fresh-cut forage into the blower. The farmer must continually move around in this highly hazardous environment of spinning shafts and high-speed conveyors to check material flows and adjust speeds, and to start and stop all the equipment between loads.
Preparation for filling a silo requires winching the unloader to the top, and any remaining forage at the base that the unloader could not pick up must be removed from the floor of the silo. This job requires that the farmer work directly underneath a machine weighing several tons suspended fifty feet or more overhead from a small steel cable. If the unloader were to fall, the farmer would likely be killed instantly.
Unloading also poses its own special hazards, due to the requirement that the farmer regularly climb the silo to close an upper door and open a lower door, moving the unloader chute from door to door in the process. The fermentation of the silage produces methane gas which over time will outgas and displace the oxygen in the top of the silo. A farmer directly entering a silo without any other precautions can be asphyxiated by the methane, knocked unconscious, and silently suffocate to death before anyone else knows what has happened. It is either necessary to leave the silo blower attached to the silo at all times to use it when necessary to ventilate the silo with fresh air, or to have a dedicated electric fan system to blow fresh air into the silo, before anyone attempts to enter it.
In the event that the unloader mechanism becomes plugged, the farmer must climb the silo and directly stand on the unloader, reaching into the blower spout to dig out the soft silage. After clearing a plug, the forage needs to be forked out into an even layer around the unloader so that the unloader does not immediately dig into the pile and plug itself again. All during this process the farmer is standing on or near a machine that could easily kill them in seconds if it were to accidentally start up. This can happen if someone in the barn were to unknowingly switch on the unloading mechanism while someone is in the silo working on the unloader.
Dry-material / bin hazards
Defunct silo in Merrinee, Victoria, Australia.
Silos are hazardous, and people die every year in the process of filling and maintaining them.[6] The machinery used is dangerous and with tower silos workers can fall from the silo's ladder or work platform. Several fires have occurred over the years.
There have also been many cases of silos and the associated ducts and buildings exploding.[7] If the air inside becomes laden with finely granulated particles, such as grain dust, a spark can trigger an explosion powerful enough to blow a concrete silo and adjacent buildings apart, usually setting the adjacent grain and building on fire. Sparks are often caused by (metal) rubbing against metal ducts; or due to static electricity produced by dust moving along the ducts when extra dry.
The two main problems which will necessitate cleaning in dry-matter silos and bins are Bridging and Rat-holing. Bridging occurs when the material interlaces over the unloading mechanism at the base of the silo and blocks the flow of stored material by gravity into the unloading system. Rat-holing occurs when the material starts to adhere to the side of the silo. This will reduce the operating capacity of a silo as well as leading to cross-contamination of newer material with older material. There are a number of ways to clean a silo and many of these carry their own risks. However since the early 1990s acoustic cleaners have become available. These are non-invasive, have minimum risk, and can offer a very cost-effective way to keep a small particle silo clean.[citation needed]
Notable silos
Three types of wheat silos, Delungra, NSW
See also
External links
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Why web pages cannot be designed like printed layouts
On this page: Why the web just isn't DTP. Lois reads lots of anguished messages from people trying, unsuccessfully, to emulate the printed page in their web sites. She considers how web authors can make their lives easier, and improve things for their site visitors at the same time.
Although the web has been around a fair while now, it still hasn't settled down into any fixed forms, and probably never will. By contrast, paper documents have a number of well-defined and usable forms (posters, catalogues, flyers and leaflets, encyclopaedias and dictionaries, novels, comics, children's story books etc.) We mostly know what to expect, and the designs, though all different, tend to follow hallowed typographical principles (or at least they did before DTP allowed anyone to have a go). Ignoring the worst home-grown efforts then, professionally-produced paper publications usually look OK, and are fit for their purpose.
If only we could say the same for web sites. Of course, the ease of web publishing means that anyone can do it – unfortunately, not everyone can do it well. It is a challenge to make a good site, because of all the technological and other constraints, in addition to the principles of good content and organisation that every content author (book or web site) needs to consider.
Pitfalls for the page designer
Some of the ways that technology can work against you are:
Extreme solutions
What can you do to avoid these pitfalls, as a page designer? There are two extreme approaches:
1. Make plain vanilla pages that use the lowest common denominator. OK – everyone will see the same, but it will be pretty boring and unattractive to visitors. This may be OK for an academic archive, but probably not for most web sites.
2. Assume one resolution and screen/browser configuration, and design just for that. Tie everything down to the last pixel by using very complex tables for layout. This is what I call the DTP approach – and believe me, it just isn't effective!
With "WYSIWYG" web authoring packages (like Adobe GoLive or NetObjects Fusion for example), it's very easy to be tempted into believing that pixel precision is achievable. It might be OK on your monitor with your browser and work habits, but it almost certainly isn't for some poor sap working on an old laptop, an executive using her PDA on a plane, a potential consumer using his WebTV set, or a blind surfer listening to a screen reader.
Assuming that you care enough about both design and accessibility to reject both 1 and 2, what should you do? Read on to find out...
The middle way
I am going to suggest some simple principles that you could follow to make a usable but attractive site. This is a good English compromise, between the fusty and the bleeding edge, as you might expect from this wishy-washy liberal English writer <G>.
1. Read the link to external site article I suggested above, and vow not to design for 800x600 only. Come up with a design that makes the most of the web's flexibility. Think of your page as a mould into which you can pour your content – but a mould whose dimensions and aspect ratio will change for every visitor.
This is my main point about not trying to do DTP on the web. Don't think in terms of grids, fixed areas and aspect ratios, but of an elastic rectangle within which you can loosely arrange your content. Kalbach describes different ways of doing this – unfortunately, all the best are "complicated to implement", as he acknowledges, and may only work in later versions of certain browsers.
You should ensure, especially on your home page, that all the essential information appears without scrolling for the average visitor. In newspaper terms - it needs to be "above the fold". On long inside pages, this may mean having a page summary and a navigation bar in the top 350 pixels, say.
2. Use CSS style sheets to control the basic colours and fonts used in your page, and the spacing of individual elements like paragraphs and lists. (Read my article on using style sheets to find out more). As the article explains, you can design so that those visitors who can't see styles get a reasonable experience. Make sure you have a reasonable list of fonts to choose from: read my article on accessible fonts for more detail.
3. Try to follow the KISS principle when laying out your pages. When I first wrote this in early 2001, I didn't recommend tackling the more difficult areas of CSS styles like absolute and relative positioning, because browser support was poor. Things are very much better now, but if you are not happy to take the time necessary to get CSS layouts working, you can use simple tables to position your elements.
There are many resources for CSS design on the web; a good place to start is link to external site A List Apart's archive from Jeffrey Zeldman, which not only details the author's struggle to lose the design habits of a web lifetime, but also includes some useful hints on how to do it.
Some hints on tables used for layout:
• Consider the accessibility of your tables: blind people may 'see' the content sequentially, cell after cell, rather than being able to take in your carefully crafted design.
• Long tables can take a while to display, unless the browser can calculate the space it needs to reserve at the outset, so it can start pouring text in immediately. A full consideration of this point is outside the scope of this page, but a good starter is to ensure that all your images in tables have height and width attributes.
• You will often (but not always) get better results by allowing the browser to calculate cell widths according to the content, than by setting pixel/percentage widths.
• If you need to specify cell widths, you may run into problems when you specify all but one cell, a mixture of pixels and percentages, or when the overall table width and the constituent cells don't add up to the same value. (I say "may", because there are no hard and fast rules – one table will work, and another almost the same won't, in the same browser.)
4. Simple rollovers (beloved of DreamWeaver authors everywhere) are fine as an enhancement to the appearance of a page. But if they contribute to the content of the site (for example revealing a text description when you roll over part of a map or diagram, or drop-down menus), some of your visitors will lose out. Effects like this don't work in all browsers, and you probably need to provide down-market alternatives.
5. Don't rely on Java applets or client-side JavaScript to provide essential content for your pages, as not everyone will be able to see it. The same is true of content that requires a plug-in to view. If you must use it, think about providing a text commentary or other alternative.
And finally ...
All I have to say in conclusion is, whatever your page design, if you are serious about your visitors' experience at your site, then please test it properly. Start by using a link checker for the mechanical errors, but then try it in as many browsers as you can, on as many platforms as you can. Putting a notice on the home page saying "this site works best in Netscape Navigator 7 at 1024x768" is no excuse not to test in others! Try it with scripting disabled, see if you can navigate to other pages with the keyboard, and see how easy it is to use with the monitor set to a lower resolution. (The list for a comprehensive test is a lot longer than this, but this is a good start.) |
2021年4月21日 星期三
Who’s Going to Refill the Hand Soap?
Mom. Here's why, and how to equalize domestic labor.
Who's Going to Refill the Hand Soap?
Nadia Hafid
I have been writing about the gender gap in housework and child care among heterosexual couples for almost a decade, and while more and more men are stepping up to do their fair share, there's one thing that remains frustratingly uneven: the mental load, which is a mostly invisible combination of anxiety and planning that is part of parenting.
The way I usually describe it in my own life is: I can't make my husband start thinking about summer camp in January, or when we're running out of refills for the soap dispensers (apparently, a common gripe!). In other words, I can't export my brain to him. In most aspects of domestic work, we are fairly equal — I probably do more housework and he does more child care, but we feel good about our balance. And yet, the mental load is more on me.
Because of the perniciousness of this issue, I was excited to read the work of Allison Daminger, a Ph.D. candidate in sociology and social policy at Harvard University. She published a paper in the American Sociological Review that breaks down the mental load — "cognitive labor," in sociological terms — into four parts: anticipate, identify, decide, monitor.
If we're using the summer camp example, "anticipate" is realizing we need to start thinking about options for the summer before they fill up; "identify" is looking into the types of camps that will suit our family's needs; "decide" is choosing the camp; and "monitor" is making sure the kids are signed up and their medical forms are sent in.
For this paper, Daminger conducted in-depth discussions with 35 couples, and found that the two parts of the process that are most heavily imbalanced are "anticipate" and "monitor" — women do the vast majority of those steps. "Identify" and "decide" tend to be done by men and women jointly. I talked to Daminger about her study and how parents can try to equalize their cognitive labor; a condensed and edited version of our conversation is below.
How have you been handling the division of labor at home during the pandemic? The Modern Love Podcast is returning for a new season, and they want to hear about the creative, or fraught, ways readers are solving these problems. Send in a submission, and you might make it onto a future episode.
Jessica Grose: I loved the way that you categorized the mental load into four discrete categories, and I was intrigued that the biggest gender disparity is in "anticipation" and "monitoring." Can you tell me a little more about that?
A.D.: One of the things that my advisers were a little bit worried about when I started this project was they thought: You're just going to find that women do more of this. How is that interesting? We know that instinctively.
And that's why I really wanted to break down not just "women do more," but what exactly is it that they're doing more of? And are there aspects of it that are more and less gendered?
I found that in the majority of cases, decision-making that rose to a certain level was very collaborative. So, not necessarily the decision of what we'll have for dinner, but decisions about how we'll parent, where we'll send our child to school, things like that. Both partners were consulted before moving forward.
But the act of putting the item on the agenda seemed to be overwhelmingly something that women were doing, as well as on the back end, following up once the decisions had been made. And that was true, even in domains of life like household maintenance, where it was pretty clear to both parties that the man was ultimately responsible for clearing the gutters.
Women's antenna seemed to be constantly up and looking for these things. Whereas men were often very happy to help once their partner had alerted them to the issue and they might've gotten to it eventually on their own, but women were consistently getting there first and either doing it themselves or saying: "Hey, this is the thing you need to handle. Are you thinking about it?"
And then the $1 million question is what to do about that.
J.G.: Whenever I write about this subject, that is always what people want to know!
A.D.: One initial step is making this work explicit. Part of my goal with my research is to help people have the language to talk about these inequities. You might sense you're doing more for the household, but it's hard to put your finger on it because your husband is so helpful with dishes and cooking. Having the language is a first step, but of course that's not going to be enough.
Beyond that, being explicit about what each of those tasks entails and including both the physical and cognitive labor in it. So, if one partner is in charge of laundry, does that also mean that they're responsible for monitoring the supply of detergent? Sometimes you have to get really granular and agree on what's a shared standard of acceptable practice. I think Eve Rodsky's book "Fair Play" does a really nice job of talking about when you're assigning tasks, you have to not just delegate individual chores, but whole areas of responsibility.
Additionally, one of the things that I've found talking with couples is that they understand cognitive labor as almost an expression of who they are as individuals. There's this interaction between context and temperament. In my sample, there are all sorts of men who clearly are capable of planning ahead and being organized and doing all this executive function work for their profession. And yet those same traits are not activated at home. The way we understand ourselves is a big part of why it's so hard to change, but I don't think that actual abilities are the limitation.
J.G.: Is it because we have culturally defined good mothering as worrying and doing this sort of mental labor, whereas we don't define good fathering in quite the same way?
A.D.: I think that's exactly true. One of the things that I hear often from my respondents is, "She's anxious, she's uptight." And I think part of that is if something goes wrong, like if the kid is not prepared with the materials they need for school that day, the mom is going to be the one who is held to account.
I don't think that's necessarily something that is at the top of people's minds as they're making decisions, but part of the worry comes from fear of something bad happening. And part of that is: I will be judged as a bad mother. I think notions of good fatherhood are changing. We expect men to help with changing diapers and to do a lot of the physical care work. And yet, we don't see them as ultimately responsible for the child's development and happiness in the same way.
We did actually manage to divide the mental load a bit more with summer camp this year. While I still did the anticipating, we decided together, and then my husband did the monitoring: When our pediatrician's office did not send the kids' medical forms in a timely manner, he's the one who ran them down. He may never notice when we run out of soap, but I feel like we are making progress.
Tiny Victories
Parenting can be a grind. Let's celebrate the tiny victories.
My 2-year-old insists that we lie on her floor every night until she falls asleep. This can take anywhere from 15-45 minutes. We then have to army crawl out of her room so we don't wake her. We've tried so many tactics to get her to go to sleep like a "big girl": sticker charts, bribes, threats, etc. Since she is also potty training, one tiring night, I told her I couldn't lie down because I had to poop really bad, so she had to sleep on her own. This has become the only acceptable method to get her to sleep by herself. Whatever works! — Kara Loyal, Long Island, N.Y.
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia.
(invertebrate zoology)
An artificial taxon considered to be a phylum in some systems of classification, but variously defined as including all invertebrates except arthropods, or including all vermiform invertebrates.
(worms), a heterogeneous group of invertebrates that includes about 46,000 species. As a general rule, worms have an elongated body whose walls consist of a cutaneous covering and musculature (the musculocutaneous sac). Locomotion is mainly peristaltic. Together with mollusks and arthropods, the Vermes belong to the group Protostomia. They cover an extensive morphophysiological range in the evolutionary series of invertebrates.
In the 19th century, the Vermes were regarded as a separate phylum. Scientists now consider that they constitute several independent phyla: Plathelminthes (flatworms), Nemathelminthes (nematodes), Nemertini, Echiurida, Sipunculida, and Annelida. The first three phyla are often united under the designation Scolecida. The remaining phyla are usually united with mollusks and arthropods in the higher group of trochophores (Trochozoa). Some zoologists consider Annelida and Arthropoda as subphyla of an extensive phylum known as Articulata.
Rukovodstvo po zoologii, vols. 1–2. Moscow-Leningrad, 1937–40.
Beklemishev, V. N. Osnovy sravnitel’noi anatomii bespozvonochnykh, 3rd ed., vols. 1–2. Moscow, 1964.
References in periodicals archive ?
Yet with Kansas in the middle of a schedule of three games in six days and playing in heat of 90F, Vermes wants some flexibility with his squad, and threatened to include a host of junior players if there is no lenience.
Vermes is refusing to look past the next round though and claims his players aren't focusing on making history.
Geza Vermes (1924-2013) took part in the Jesus research during the so-called third quest for the historical Jesus, and she believes that after many years of the professed third quest, it is time to look back and consider what it has wrought.
Pesquisas vem apontando a polpa da graviola e seus residuos como uma excelente fonte de minerais e de compostos fitoquimicos, destacando-se no tratamento de vermes e parasitas e na oncologia como complemento a terapias tradicionais como quimioterapia e radioterapia, que vem sendo estudada por nao provocar efeitos severos como queda de cabelo e nauseas, protegendo tambem o sistema imunologico, evitando possiveis infeccoes sem destruir as celulas saudaveis.
"We thought it was important to adopt the 'redlQ' name because it more effectively communicates the services we provide to the commercial real estate industry as well as the sophisticated features we will roll out in the coming months," Vermes said.
The film, directed by David Wnendt, is based on the provocative bestselling novel by Timur Vermes published in 2012 which describes an imaginary situation in which Hitler returns from the dead straight into the 21st century and tries to acclimate to the new Germany.
The film "Look Who's Back" is an adaptation of a satirical novel by Timur Vermes which has sold over a million copies.
By Timur Vermes, translated from the German by Jamie Bulloch
By Geza Vermes. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
John Kelly meets Timur Vermes, author of Look Who's Back, a bestselling German novel now translated into English. |
The skyline of Taipei. Source: Heeheemalu (via. Wikimedia Commons)
International Affairs
The China-Taiwan dilemma
The Chinese Communist Party has been firmly embedded into our mainstream media in recent months due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the treatment of the Uyghur population and their actions in Hong Kong writes Meghan Francis.
However, their relations with Taiwan is often a matter that is paid little attention. It is important that democratic countries do not take their eye off the rising tensions between these two countries.
The last few months has seen increased tensions between these two countries, due to China staging military exercises near Taiwan in both air and sea. This is a clear attempt to showcase the Chinese strength and willingness to use force in order to annex the island. Warplanes have been flying over Taiwan almost daily in January, showing that China is rapidly ramping up the pressure on the island and attempting to prevent independence being declared.
For China, reclaiming Taiwan is of exceptional importance as this would fulfil President Xi’s ‘Chinese Dream’, which is to make the Chinese state the world’s most dominant power and retake all ‘Chinese’ lands. The ongoing events in Hong Kong illustrate how the CCP are becoming more assertive in their desires of becoming the global hegemon and directly challenging the United States.
If China were able to successfully reclaim the island, they would be able to project their force over sea lines of communication, threatening existing routes for oil to Japan and South Korea. Taiwan is also home to the world’s most cutting-edge technologies which in the hands of the CCP could be extremely dangerous, advancing their surveillance of their population and developing their militaristic capabilities. This would shift the regional and global power balance and would most likely trigger a reaction for the United States. Two superpowers, at conflict on the global stage.
As we have seen from the treatment of the Uyghur population and the events in Hong Kong, it is no surprise that the Taiwanese population are growing more and more resistant to the CCP and the idea of unification. The support for independence is growing, generating incredible fear for the Chinese State which has sparked the rise in military exercises over Taiwan.
The President of Taiwan – Tsai Ing-wen, leader of the Democratic Progress Party, is firmly against the idea of unification, the One China policy which has created diplomatic isolation in the international community for the country and further political ties has proven to be a strong force against China, refusing to give in to their desires. Taiwan’s efforts to remain an autonomous political democracy has been bolstered by support from the United States.
Due to the One China policy, other nations are not permitted to have diplomatic relations with Taiwan however, the US has ensured a military agreement allowing the island to build up their defences in the event of a Chinese attack. However, this relationship developed under the Trump Administration with new arms agreements being implemented and the US ambassador to the UN declaring support for Taiwan’s membership as an independent nation. It has been reassuring to see President Biden is unwilling to abandon Taiwan and has reinforced America’s commitment to the country by inviting Hsiao Bi-khim, Taiwan’s representative to the US to the presidential inauguration – the first time such an official invitation has been extended since the US and Taiwan severed diplomatic ties in 1979.
The coronavirus pandemic has distracted governments globally, as they focus on their domestic security and health of their population.
Is it a coincidence that when other nations are domestically distracted that Taiwan are experiencing an increase in pressure from the CCP?
This is an assumption that democratic countries should not adopt. China’s actions should not go unnoticed. It is time for democratic countries to stand up for Taiwan, against the Chinese State, condemn their actions and support Taiwan’s membership in international organisations such as the World Health Organisation and the UN. Taiwan has been a shining light for democracies in handling the COVID-19 pandemic.
For example, on December 31 2019, Taiwan was the first nation to notify WHO of the potential of human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus and as a precaution, the Taiwanese government started to implement measures for detecting imported cases from Wuhan.
Taiwan has been extremely pro-active and forward thinking in infectious disease control since the outbreak of SARS in 2003 which prompted investment in strengthening their pandemic control measures. An illustration of their commitment to controlling outbreaks is shown after over 3,000 passengers from the Diamond Princess visited numerous places in Northern Taiwan. Due to their information technology capacity, 627,386 potential contacts were found and advised to quarantine at home, preventing community outbreaks.
To date, Taiwan has had a total of 919 cases and 9 deaths, out of a population of close to 24 million. The 31st of January marked the first COVID death in Taiwan for 8 months. Many people look to New Zealand as the beacon of excellence in pandemic management, however I think our attentions need to be turned towards Taiwan.
It is time to give Taiwan the international voice that they deserve and stand up against Chinese aggression.
Meghan Francis is an international relations student at Swansea University & the Welsh Conservative Shadow Youth Cabinet Member for Health & Wellbeing. |
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10 Foods That Boost the Immune System
This may be a no-brainer, but you need a strong immune system to live well. In this case, you can take advantage of nutrients that are available in whopping amounts in natural foods.
There are wide ranges of foods that boost the immune system. Here you can learn about some of them and later can enjoy their exquisite taste and benefits.
Foods That Boost Immune System
1. Citrus Fruits
People look for Emergen-C drinks as a home remedy for many health problems. This is because it is a high source of vitamin C. You don’t need to take tablets or energy drinks to boost the immune system. It is best to consume the crude forms of vitamin C. Means eat citrus food such as lemons and oranges.
2. Button Mushrooms
Button mushrooms contain niacin and riboflavin, which helps your immune system to function properly, but it also contains selenium. This element is a vital nutrient that your body can’t produce, and you need to get it from food.
3. Red Bell Peppers
Similar to citrus foods, this amazing food comes packed with vitamin C. They are also a high source of beta carotene, which makes them best to boost the immune system.
4. Garlic
Garlic is one of the highly beneficial foods. They are perfect for fighting many health issues. Allicin in garlic is the reason for its effectiveness. Garlic boosts your immune system and makes it healthier for the future.
5. Sweet Potato
Sweet potatoes are not only delicious but also packed with beta-carotene. This element converts into vitamin A in your body and aids to support your immunity.
6. Spinach
spinach 1
It would be best if you keep green veggies in the center of the dining table instead of keeping them aside. All of them are highly beneficial for your health. Spinach also boosts your immune system because it is rich in antioxidants, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. To enjoy its benefits to the maximum, you need to eat it raw.
7. Chickpeas
You may know chickpeas are a high source of fibers and protein. But do you know that they contain a high amount of zinc? It is the best mineral for regulating immune function and making it strong.
8. Elderberry
This delicious food, elderberry, is loaded with many nutrients, including antioxidants. Elderberry helps to boost the immune system, as it can block foreign particles from entering your system.
9. Acai Berry
The dark color of acai berry is a sign that it contains plenty of nutrients called anthocyanins. While there is no research about its effects on immunity, but the antioxidants in it can help you maintain a healthy lifestyle.
10. Watermelon
This fruit is not only unique in taste but also comes loaded with antioxidants called glutathione. This element strengthens your immune system. To gain the maximum health benefits of the watermelon, eat the red part from near the rind.
Bottom Line
If you can, then try to eat as many nutritious foods as possible. The more you eat healthily, the more you can fend off the unhealthy microbes. Plus, they boost the immune system, which can help you prepare for future health issues. |
Reexamining American history is a great idea, but why stop there? Western civilization is African.
“It is impossible to continue to oppress a consciously historical people.” — Dr. John Henrik Clarke
Western Civilization is African
The cradle of Western civilization wasn’t in Rome or Greece; it was in ancient Africa.
Look around you today. Consider everything you see, from our Democratic form of government, to the quintessential Western architecture of Washington D.C., to the way we understand time; our art, our legal system, our monotheistic ideas about religion.
What if it all originated from the ancient peoples of Africa?
1619 project efforts by the New York Times, and writer Nikole Hannah-Jones, are laudable, of course. A reexamination of American history is long overdue. Why stop with reexamining American history?
The story of Americans with African ancestry did not start in 1619, far from it. The story started in the true cradle of Western civilization- probably somewhere near Ethiopia, long before 2500 B.C.
How African Culture Became Western Culture
The U.S. was colonized primarily by Great Britain. Much of our everyday reality reflects the English people who first settled in North America.
Great Britain inherited its culture when it was conquered by the Romans. Everything from Roman road building techniques to systems of government were absorbed by the inhabitants of Great Britain.
The Romans, in their turn, had drawn most of their philosophy, government, art, and many other aspects of cultural life from the Ancient Greeks.
The Ancient Greeks were revered by the Romans, even as the Romans were subjugating them. In Roman society, it was considered the height of wealth and privilege to employ enslaved Greek scholars as tutors and teachers.
The Greeks, in their turn, had built their entire culture around an ancient society the Greeks revered- before they conquered and subsumed it: The Ancient Egyptians.
Luckily, the Ancient Egyptians were nothing in not a nation of excellent record keepers. Thanks to their attention to detail, and a good many tax records, we know a great deal about ancient Egyptian culture. Unfortunately for the human story, we know the most about the latter rulers of Egypt, whereas the earliest Egyptian rulers are still somewhat shrouded in mystery.
For instance, the most ancient Egyptians were the master builders; highly accomplished in architecture, mathematics and engineering. It was one of the many reasons the Ancient Greeks venerated the Egyptians.
For some reason historians can’t explain, older Egyptian architecture is better than what came later. That would be today’s equivalent of the iPhone being invented before the telegraph machine.
As Egyptian pyramids of more modern construction have crumbled to dust, the far older Great Pyramids of Giza have endured. The explanation, explored in the seminal works of the ancient African historian and African studies teacher Dr. Asa G. Hilliard III, is simple:
The earliest ancient Egyptians were carrying forward the advanced accomplishments of another, older civilization. And as Dr. Hilliard pointed out often in his lectures: “The farther back you go, the Blacker it gets.”
That highly advanced ancient African civilization was the cradle of our Western world. Reflected in the earliest art are the architects of this ancient society. The likenesses of these rulers, some of which endure to this day, reflect facial features and hair-types which are distinctly African
Image for post
Photo by Adrian Dascal on Unsplash.
There is plenty of other archeological evidence to support the African origins of ancient Egypt. There are other accounts as well.
In fact, if you were raised in the Abrahamic faith traditions, you’ve already heard of this highly-advanced ancient African kingdom; it is from there that the Queen of Sheba hailed.
Hearing of Solomon’s wisdom, these faith traditions tell us, the Queen of Sheba traveled with a rich retinue to speak to the neighboring monarch. It wasn’t a meeting between subject and subjugator; it was a meeting of two intellectual and socioeconomic equals.
Dark-skinned peoples from Africa are far more than a people brought as slave labor to a New World in 1619: Dark-skinned peoples from Africa were the earliest architects of our entire modern world.
Why start the story of such an ancient and proud people, a people with what Dr. Hilliard refers to as an, “ancient African excellence tradition”, in 1619?
To understand the legacy of ancient Africa in the U.S. and elsewhere, we must look far beyond 1619 A.D. We must look further back even than 1619 B.C.
In 1619, a great evil was perpetrated on the peoples of Africa; it was not the only defining moment of African history and African ancestry. Perhaps it should not be the definitive one.
In the annals of scholars who deserved a bigger audience, we find the seminal work of the late Dr. Asa G. Hilliard III. His exhaustive research into what he called, “Ancient Africa’s Excellence Tradition,” begs a question we should all be asking:
Why weren’t we taught this in school?
“How come we’re just seeing these pictures?” Dr. Hilliard asked his audience during one of his lectures. He had just revealed that the so-called “Greek” columns we all know so well are actually ancient African columns with Greek names.
Image for post
“Greek” columns predating the Ancient Greeks. To the south, is the Area of the Temple of Mut, that was already linked to the main temple by a cross of sphinxes with heads of ram. September, 2017. (Photo: Elias Rovielo)
The columns were designed and constructed by an ancient people who left intricate carvings of their own likenesses. Likenesses which reflect features that are unmistakably African in phenotype.
“How come our babies aren’t shown these pictures in school?” Dr. Hilliard laments, with good reason. “Why they have to sit there and the first time ‘Black’ comes up in school is at the time when they talking about slavery?”
Dr. Hilliard points to the Hollywoodization of history. We are given Cleopatra and King Tut, if anyone. Perhaps Queen Nefertiti, if we’re lucky. Cleopatra was, of course, a Ptolemy- a Greek, not an Egyptian.
When Cleopatra was born, she was closer in time to you in 2021 than to the builder of the great pyramids of Giza- who were dark-skinned people from Africa.
We are told nothing of Queens Tetisheri, Tiye, and Hatshepsut- three ancient rulers who far pre-date Nefertiti- to say nothing of being shown their likenesses, which confirms Dr. Hilliard’s assertion that much is being left out about ancient African history and the contributions of African peoples to the modern world.
The rich history of African-American people did not begin in 1619 A.D. Western civilization is an ancient African tradition.
(Contributing writer, Brooke Bell) |
Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.
Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.
The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.
Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.
Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups.
A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.
Inherited myotonic disorders with early childhood onset MYOTONIA. Muscular hypertrophy is common and myotonia may impair ambulation and other movements. It is classified as Thomsen (autosomal dominant) or Becker (autosomal recessive) generalized myotonia mainly based on the inheritance pattern. Becker type is also clinically more severe. An autosomal dominant variant with milder symptoms and later onset is known as myotonia levior. Mutations in the voltage-dependent skeletal muscle chloride channel are associated with the disorders.
An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.
The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.
Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.
Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.
The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.
Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.
Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.
An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.
A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.
Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.
A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.
A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.
CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form.
A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.
A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.
A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.
Solutions that have a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.
A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.
A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.
A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.
A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.
A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.
Derivatives of ACETIC ACID which contain an hydroxy group attached to the methyl carbon.
A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.
A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute.
An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.
A group of disorders caused by defective salt reabsorption in the ascending LOOP OF HENLE. It is characterized by severe salt-wasting, HYPOKALEMIA; HYPERCALCIURIA; metabolic ALKALOSIS, and hyper-reninemic HYPERALDOSTERONISM without HYPERTENSION. There are several subtypes including ones due to mutations in the renal specific SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.
A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.
Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.
A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.
Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.
Inorganic binary compounds of iodine or the I- ion.
A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.
The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.
A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.
A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.
An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.
A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.
An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.
Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.
A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.
Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.
A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT.
A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.
Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 2 or 6 of the benzene ring structure.
Organic salts or esters of methanesulfonic acid.
A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.
A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A group of compounds with three aromatic rings joined in linear arrangement.
A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.
Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.
A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.
Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.
A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.
A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS of the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels that are opened by hyperpolarization rather than depolarization. The ion conducting pore passes SODIUM, CALCIUM, and POTASSIUM cations with a preference for potassium.
Inorganic compounds that contain gold as an integral part of the molecule.
CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.
A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.
A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.
A family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. They play an essential role in mitochondrial CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, are often regulated by BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS, and have been implicated in APOPTOSIS.
Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.
A subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific LIGANDS.
A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.
A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, widely distributed in the United States and Europe.
A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is closely related to KCNQ2 POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.
The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES.
A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.
An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.
Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.
A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Defects in the SCN2A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with benign familial infantile seizures type 3, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 11.
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.
A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.
A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.
The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.
The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.
A subclass of symporters that specifically transport SODIUM CHLORIDE and/or POTASSIUM CHLORIDE across cellular membranes in a tightly coupled process.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.
A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium compounds. It is a bactericidal quaternary ammonium detergent used topically in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, as a surgical antiseptic, and as a as preservative and emulsifier in drugs and cosmetics.
A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.
A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.
A family of membrane proteins that selectively conduct SODIUM ions due to changes in the TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. They typically have a multimeric structure with a core alpha subunit that defines the sodium channel subtype and several beta subunits that modulate sodium channel activity.
ATP-BINDING CASSETTE PROTEINS that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. They form an integral part of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs.
A sulfamyl diuretic.
Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.
A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.
Na-K-Cl transporter ubiquitously expressed. It plays a key role in salt secretion in epithelial cells and cell volume regulation in nonepithelial cells.
Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.
The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow.
Cell surface proteins that bind biogenic amines with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells. Biogenic amine is a chemically imprecise term which, by convention, includes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the indoleamine serotonin, the imidazolamine histamine, and compounds closely related to each of these. |
Can Protein Make You Bloat?
Diet & Nutrition Inspiring People
Protein is a common cause of bloat. That's because most types of protein contain potential gut irritants like casein, lactose, or fiber which could cause excessive fermentation in some people.1,2,3,4 The common symptoms associated with protein bloat are: abdominal pressure, nausea, belching, flatulence, fatigue, stomach pain and diarrhea.
Read below as we discuss the types of protein that may cause digestive issues and options that can support your digestion.
What Protein Types Cause The Most Bloat?
1. Whey Protein
Popular among fitness communities, whey protein is derived from whey, a by-product of cheese manufacturing. This means that it's from cow’s milk, making it unsuitable for vegans. It also contains all the essential amino acids required by the body.
There are immense benefits of taking it — improved immune system5 and muscle growth — but whey contains small amounts of lactose, which is hard for most people to digest.1 The condition, called lactose intolerance, results in bloat, abdominal upset, and discomfort.
2. Soy Protein
Unlike whey, soy protein is isolated from soy-bean, a legume, and is a good choice for vegans. Soy protein has been available for consumption since 19596 and is considered a complete plant source of protein. It contains all essential amino acids, and consuming it reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes.7
However, there are claims that soy protein can block thyroid hormone production and lead to hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) or thyroiditis (thyroid autoimmune disease).4 Soy also contains phytate, which can inhibit mineral absorption.4
3. Casein Protein
Casein is another protein source that's derived from milk8 and most commonly found in large amounts in cheese. Like whey, it has a high concentration of amino acids but is lower in lactose, a major cause of bloat. Casein is the major allergen from dairy and so, can cause allergies for some people and it is not suitable for vegans.2
4. Hemp Protein
Hemp protein is derived from cannabis seeds. It has high levels of fiber, zinc, iron, magnesium and amino acids.9 But studies differ on whether hemp is a complete protein source or not. Some studies conclude that hemp has all the nine essential amino acids while others don't.10,11,12 Hemp might not be the best choice if you're prone to digestive upset, because it contains higher amounts of fiber which can be irritating for people with a sensitive gut.
What Protein Type Won't Cause Bloating?
Fortunately, pea protein won’t cause bloating or digestive upset for most people.
Pea protein is made from peas, which makes it a great choice for vegans. It contains all the essential amino acids needed by the body and its protein content is high.13 Like whey, pea protein stimulates muscle growth and is also a great source of iron and fortifies the body against deficiency-related diseases.14 Fortunately, pea protein doesn't contain casein, or appreciable amounts of lectins or phytic acid — usually present in legumes that cause bloat. So if you're bothered by digestive issues, pea protein is a great choice.
Clean Lean Protein is made from golden peas that undergo a water-based isolation process that effectively removes lectins and phytic acid from the protein. Clean Lean Protein also has a 98% digestibility rate and contains no artificial ingredients. You can also try Clean Lean Protein Digestive Support, which is blended with probiotics and other gut-friendly ingredients for healthy digestive support.
4. Dean and Wheeler (2006) IBS For Dummies. Wiley Publishing: Indiana.
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Limited overs cricket
Limited overs cricket, also known as one-day cricket, is a version of the sport of cricket in which a match is generally completed in one day. There are a number of formats, including List A cricket (8-hour games), Twenty20 cricket (3-hour games), and 100-ball cricket (2.5 hours). The name reflects the rule that in the match each team bowls a set maximum number of overs (sets of 6 legal balls), usually between 20 and 50, although shorter and longer forms of limited overs cricket have been played.
The concept contrasts with Test and first-class matches, which can take up to five days to complete. One-day cricket is popular with spectators as it can encourage aggressive, risky, entertaining batting, often results in cliffhanger endings, and ensures that a spectator can watch an entire match without committing to five days of continuous attendance.
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Course Outline
Displacement Mode: A planing hull, when operated at very slow speeds, will cut through the water like a displacement hull.
Planing hull performing like a displacement hull
Plowing Mode: As speed increases, a planing hull will have a raised bow, reducing the operator’s vision and throwing a very large wake. Avoid maintaining a speed that puts your boat in plowing mode.
Planing hull in plowing mode
Planing Mode: Your boat is in planing mode when enough power is applied so that the hull glides on top of the water. Different boats reach planing mode at different speeds.
Planing hull in planing mode
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Every year there are thousands of people making the move to a healthier, more socially responsible way of living. These people care about the lives of animals and want cruelty to come to an end, they want to live long healthy lives and avoid the perils of heart disease, and they want to have beautiful bodies sustained by living in tune with the Earth. Who are these people? They’re vegetarians, and World Vegetarian Day celebrates their decision to eliminate meat and animal products from their diet and live a more conscientious life.
Learn about World Vegetarian Day
Did you know that roughly every one in ten people around the world is a vegetarian? That figure often shocks people. It’s more than you would probably expect, right? A lot of people are also surprised to learn the fact that India is the country that has the lowest meat consumption per capita around the globe.
On World Vegetarian Day, we celebrate all of the good things that are associated with being a vegetarian. It is a good day to show people that you can still enjoy eating food by going meat-free! It is not boring, and there are some amazing recipes out there.
Even if you are not a vegetarian yourself, you can celebrate World Vegetarian Day. Why not go vegetarian for this day and see how you manage? From veggie burgers and cheese pizza to tofu and carrot sticks; there are a lot of amazing meat-free delights that you can enjoy on this day. Plus, you never know, it may inspire you to have more meat-free days in the future.
There are a number of different benefits that are associated with going meat-free. Firstly, you have the benefits for your body. Vegetarian diets tend to involve consuming a lot of the good stuff that you cannot typically find in meat. This includes a large number of phytochemicals, unsaturated fat, magnesium, vitamins E and C, folic acid, and fiber. This translates into a healthier weight, lower blood pressure, reduced risk of heart disease, and also lower cholesterol.
If that was not enough, going veggie also offers a number of different benefits in terms of the environment. Not only does this spare animals, but it conserves fossil fuel too. For example, one calorie of beef requires 78 calories of fossil fuel! This is something that a lot of people don’t realize. For soybeans, only one calorie of fossil fuel is needed for one calorie of beef. This means that it is 780 percent more efficient when compared to the production of meat.
History of World Vegetarian Day
World Vegetarian Day was established by the North American Vegetarian Society (NAVS) in 1977 to help promote the vegetarian way of life, and educate people on the health and social benefits of making the move to eliminate meat from their diets. As omnivores, humans are capable of surviving in complete health on a diet that contains no animal meat or products of any kind, but are there other benefits than merely a clean conscience?
As it turns out, the answer is an unequivocal yes. Vegetarian diets are significantly more healthy than diets that contain animal products, especially when you are conscientious about your fat intake. With a low-fat vegetarian diet you can completely avoid any issues with cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States alone.
Not only do vegetarian diet remove animal fat and cholesterol from their diets (especially true for vegans), but they consume more fiber and anti-oxidants, well known for their ability to fight cancer! So profound is the effect of vegetarianism on our health it has statistically been shown to add 13 healthy years to our lives.
Need more proof? Just look at Okinawa, where the people with the longest life-span in the world live. Guess what their diet primarily consists of?
How to celebrate World Vegetarian Day
Even if you have no desire to live a Vegetarian lifestyle every day, give yourself a chance to explore the world that is vegetarian cuisine on World Vegetarian Day. Explore the health benefits and find out how delicious and healthy eating no animal products can be by eliminating them from your diet for just one day.
It can even give you an opportunity to try out new restaurants and dishes, just stop in at your local vegetarian restaurant or order off the vegetarian menu at your favorite restaurant. Recruit some friends to go with you and have a wonderful night out, without hurting any animals!
There are a number of other ways that you can celebrate World Vegetarian Day as well. Aside from opting for a meat-free day, you can also enrich your knowledge and/or share your knowledge about the benefits of being a vegetarian online. Educate your friends, followers, and family members about the advantages of going vegetarian. You will find a lot of resources online about this. Especially on World Vegetarian Day, there are going to be a lot of infographics, videos, and other pieces of content that are going to be going around, so why not share these with people you connect with online so that you can be part of this movement?
Another way to observe World Vegetarian Day is by shopping at your local farmer’s market. Farmer markets tend to have some of the most delicious and freshest fruits and vegetables. With fall in the air, you should have no trouble finding a good selection of meat-free foods that appeal to your mood and your tastebuds.
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What you need to know about diabetes
What You Need to Know About Diabetes – Live Great – Great Eastern Life
Derived from Greek and Latin terms, Diabetes Mellitus means ‘the passing through of honey’ and refers to the body’s inability to process sugar into energy. This malfunction is related to a hormone called insulin that is produced in the pancreas. Every time we eat any form of carbohydrate (rice, potatoes, pasta, noodles, sugar), the body converts them into a simple form of simple sugar called glucose. When the pancreas detects this increase of glucose in the bloodstream, it releases insulin.
The insulin is carried in the bloodstream and taken up by the insulin receptors found on the surface of every cell. Once the insulin binds with these insulin receptors, it tells the cell to start absorbing the glucose in the bloodstream and turn it into fuel. Diabetes occurs when there is a problem with this process of turning glucose into energy.
Type I diabetes is caused by the lack of a hormone called insulin where the body cannot produce insulin at all. People with Type I diabetes require daily insulin injections to help the body use and store glucose.
Type II diabetes is where the pancreas can produce insulin, but the cells receptors cannot bind with well with it. Without the insulin telling the cells to start using glucose, the cells starve because they are unable to access the glucose for fuel and glucose builds up in the bloodstream.
Diabetes symptoms and diagnosis
Considering that the body is highly dependent on glucose for fuel, it’s no wonder that the inability to obtain energy from the food we eat can make us feel unwell. Some common signs of diabetes include:
• Constant fatigue caused by the inability to use glucose for fuel. The body has to metabolise fat stores as a fuel source, a process that requires more energy.
• Unexplained weight loss due to not being able to process the calories in the foods we eat. As the body tries to excrete the excess sugar via the kidneys, this causes dehydration that adds to the weight loss.
• Excessive thirst and urination is a common indicator of high blood sugar levels. As the kidneys try to excrete the extra sugar, it uses large amounts of water that in turn, triggers thirst.
• Excessive eating or hunger can result from insulin resistance. This occurs because the body tries to secrete more insulin (which stimulates hunger) in order to try to manage the excessive blood sugar levels.
• Poor wound healing and increased infections can arise from hyperglycaemia because the presence of too much glucose suppresses the functions of white blood cells (antibodies which help defend the body against bacteria and clean up dead tissue).
If you or a loved one experiences any of these symptoms, it is best to seek medical advice. A definitive diabetes diagnosis is commonly made with a blood test. This can be either with a finger stick blood glucose test or a fasting plasma glucose test.
A finger stick blood glucose test is a less accurate, but speedy test that involves taking a small drop of blood (usually from the finger) and assessing the blood sugar level. This test is usually used to as a preliminary test for diabetes or for diabetics to monitor their blood sugar levels at home.
With a fasting plasma glucose blood test, you will be required to abstain from food or drink for at least 8-hours (plain water is usually allowed) and have your blood drawn first thing in the morning. This reading offers a good baseline result of the amount of glucose in your system. A reading of over 126 mg/dL usually indicates diabetes.
It’s a good idea to screen for diabetes once every few years – more often if you have a family history of diabetes or are obese.
Diabetes-related complications
One reason that early screening and early treatment is so crucial in diabetes is that, left unchecked, the ‘sugar overdose’ in the blood (hyperglycaemia), can badly affected organs and tissues over time and result in life-threatening and debilitating conditions.
Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness due to diabetic retinopathy and is the also one of the most common reasons for kidney failure. Diabetes also affects the nerves and the body’s ability to heal itself. Diabetic-related neuropathy (disease of the nerve) causes foot wounds and ulcers, that in severe cases, result in the need for amputation. Diabetes even increases the risk of atherosclerosis or the hardening and narrowing of the arteries – the key cause of heart attack, stroke and poor circulation in the legs and arms. Other conditions that can arise from uncontrolled hyperglycaemia are high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Other medical issues that can arise in diabetes include a weakened immune system that increases the risk of infection, fluctuations in blood sugar level and gum disease.
This highlights the importance of understanding your risk and reducing them. For diabetics, the most important thing to note is that life with diabetes can be a fulfilling one as long as you make some simple lifestyle changes and comply with your doctor’s medical advice.
Managing diabetes
While there is no cure, diabetes can be managed. Diabetes management involves controlling your blood sugar with a combination of:
• Lifestyle change
• Dietary consideration
• Medical interventions
• Routine monitoring
These all come together to maintain one’s optimal blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of complications so that a diabetic can lead a normal, healthy and fulfilling life.
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Tenth Grade (Grade 10) Arts Questions
You can create printable tests and worksheets from these Grade 10 Arts questions! Select one or more questions using the checkboxes above each question. Then click the add selected questions to a test button before moving to another page.
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Grade 10 Music
The order of sharps as they appear for scales is:
Grade 10 Scales
The sharps or flats at the beginning of a line of music is called the:
1. key measure
2. key time
3. key largo
4. key signature
Grade 10 Theater
What is a protagonist?
1. the good guy
2. the main character
3. the secondary character
4. the character who plays tag
5. the oldest character
Grade 10 Visual Arts
The way we show objects in relation to one another; size, shape, etc.
1. Proportion
2. Gesture
3. Linerar Perspective
4. Sketch
Grade 10 Ceramics
Clay that has been fired once but not glazed.
1. vessel
2. texture
3. bisqued
4. fired
Grade 10 Drawing
Which technique can be used to show the illusion of depth?
1. Linear perspective
2. Shading/Value
3. Overlapping
4. All the above
Grade 10 Theater
Talk between or among characters is:
1. dialogue
2. a monologue
3. speech
4. setting
Grade 10 Drawing
1. Primary colors
2. Shapes, forms, and texture.
3. Lines, shapes, contrast, and repetition.
4. Landscapes, squares, black and white.
Grade 10 Ceramics
Grade 10 Musical Terms
The term for "the end" is:
1. find
2. finde
3. fine
4. fina
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Have you heard of either or thinking also referred to as black or white thinking? It’s the manner in which we, as human beings, have categorized our thinking. This is not really a fault but an asset. Without our ability to partition our thoughts and then make generalizations, the world wouldn’t have math, language, or even the ability for coherent thought. However, even though we’ve been conditioned to do this, it can be a dangerous mistake that limits our possibilities.
Either or thinkers don't see shades of gray. When we fall victim to either or we mistakenly limit an entire spectrum of possibilities to the two most extreme choices, each typically the polar opposite of the other without any shades of gray. This is a fallacy because when we limit our choices to two possibilities we block out the multiple options which have not been given consideration.
People who are either or thinkers want easy answers to difficult questions, so they see life in terms of winners and losers, good guys and bad guys, success or failure, right and wrong. The real world, however, is not that simple.
They sometimes fail to realize that success or failure, right or wrong, often depend on time, place, culture, and purpose. They fail to understand that no one is all good or all bad. That success and failure depend on how we define them - just like winning and losing do.
Either or thinkers don't see the degrees of difference that stretch between most opposites, because if they did, it would require more complex thinking skills and a willingness to deal with the differences.
Either or thinkers tend to build blind spots walls to data and information to reflect those ideas or thoughts that threaten their belief system. So even if it the data and information is true, it can't get through their protective mechanisms.
Let’s try a little experiment for the next week or so. While at work, home, or play listen intently to the conversations around you. What are you hearing? How many people are engaging in this either or thinking? How does it affect the rest of the people in the conversation?
Either or thinking is like an infection, reducing the terms of discussion unnecessarily, eliminating an entire range of possible ideas and often demonizing others by implicitly categorizing them as right or wrong. What we might observe during this experiment is that many insist that the situation conforms to our preconceptions rather than adjusting our thinking to accept things as they are.
Most of us have periods of either or thinking but we should work to expand our paradigms as it drastically limits our options and blocks out a multitude of possibilities. Deliberate self-awareness is essential. A strong desire to keep your mind open to the full range of possibilities will keep you from getting locked in to an either or world.
Think about it. |
» Getahead » 10 skills to develop while you're in college
10 skills to develop while you're in college
By Ajay Mohan Goel
August 12, 2015 08:39 IST
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Use your college years to network with resourceful people and build new skills.
Skills to develop while you're in college
The three to four years invested in college or university can be used meaningfully to prepare yourself for the world of work, irrespective of what career you want to pursue.
Developing the right skills and attitudes is important for transitioning from the world of higher education to the world of work.
There are plenty of opportunities during your time in college to develop the necessary skills, attitudes and aptitude.
Ten key essential skills are detailed here:
1. Communication
Oral, written and e-mail communication skills for sharing knowledge, interests, attitudes, opinions, feelings and ideas is important to influence and ultimately lead others.
The skills include ability to listen and observe for gaining understanding, clearly and effectively relating to ideas, and developing strategies to work effectively with others.
2. Teamwork
It is about being able to operate smoothly and efficiently within a group.
This amounts to drawing on a number of other skills like the ability to encourage and inspire other team members to perform better; being able to control one’s own ego; communication and other interpersonal skills such as negotiation, influencing, advising and interpreting.
3. Data and numeracy skills
This relates to an understanding of the basic principles of day-to-day numeracy and data analysis.
Knowledge of and ability to work with numbers (percentages, proportions, discounts, profit and losses) and different units of measure (currency, weight, volume and area) is essential for any work situation.
Being comfortable with data and statistics (texts, tables and graphs), and recognising and working with mathematical relationships, patterns and proportions expressed in verbal or numerical form leads to work efficiency.
4. Technology skills
Ability to use computers and computing devices for performing a variety of tasks like using e-mails, developing spreadsheets, preparing presentations, using web applications, entering and analysing data, and processing information is now a basic requirement in many entry-level mid-skill jobs.
Browsing and researching on the internet and familiarity with social media platforms and e-commerce sites are added skills useful to your profile.
5. Data gathering and analysis
Observing, receiving and obtaining information from meetings, interviews, internet, documents or research are analytical skills that all employers of today look for.
This also includes the ability to study data from different perspectives and draw inferences in an effective manner by using tables, graphs, diagrams and presentations.
6. Problem solving and decision-making
Using analytical skills for decision-making and problem solving requires the ability to ask questions, formulate a problem statement, collect data, reach conclusion(s), consider multiple ways of resolving problems and decide which is the most appropriate.
Recognising long-term consequences of solutions to problems while probing, devising and evaluating towards a plan of action can go a long way in efficient decision-making.
7. Networking
Networking has become critical in professional and social life.
Establishing and nurturing contacts with people, leveraging social media to communicate with opinion makers, publics and government are skills required to keep pace with the changed business environment.
Networking can also be an invaluable skill for job hunting, start-ups and picking up best practices.
It pays to develop constructive and collaborative working relationships, and maintain them over time.
8. Organising and prioritising
Managing self and/or others, and resources including time and surrounding circumstances, is critical to achieving goals and objectives.
Working professionals are expected to take responsibility for their performance, exhibiting high standards of organising and planning skills.
9. Work ethics
This refers to values and behaviours which are expected to be ethical and productive, and in tune with the organisation’s policy.
In other words, "ethics" is the name given to our values or good behaviour.
A positive work ethic is the collection of all values and actions appropriate for the work place.
Individual attributes that can significantly impact your work performance are habits such as honesty, integrity, positive attitude, cooperation, respect, compassion and taking ownership.
10. Learning how to learn
Acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes and aptitudes to set, plan and reach your own learning goals and become independent autonomous learners.
You need to become a self-directed learner and rely on your own learning capacities.
It is about learning what you know, learning what you do not know, and learning what to do about it.
This will also provide you confidence to know when and who to ask for help.
Now how do you learn these skills?
Well, one can start by doing specific tasks and documenting the new skills learnt.
Also, multiple skills can be practiced and learnt in a single task or a project.
Some of the activities which you could undertake during the college years are:
• Group projects
• Teaching others
• Using social networks
• Attending or organizing seminars and conferences
• Applying the learnings in your local community or class or college
• Work part-time
• Find a mentor.
These skills must be nurtured throughout the 3 to 4 years of college in order to enter the workplace with confidence and to realise ambitions.
Creating an e-portfolio of the work done and skills developed will help you in the long run.
You must prepare yourself to deal with the complex and uncertain world, and not just with routine work. Good luck!
Lead image used for representational purposes only. Credit: Matylda Czarnecka/Creative Commons
The author of this piece, Ajay Mohan Goel is executive vice president, Wadhwani Foundation.
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Sustainability During the Holidays!
In early December, the Social Justice Club devoted a week to raising student awareness about the dangers of fast fashion and the resulting importance of ethical purchasing. As the holiday season approaches, you are likely scrambling to find gifts for a secret Santa, significant other, or family member. When searching for these gifts, the Social Justice Club encourages you to try and purchase at least one ethically sourced item. If you do not know what qualifies an item as ethically sourced or why this topic is so important right now, look no further.
Fast fashion is the rapid mass production of clothing at minimal costs, harming both workers and the environment. In prioritizing profit margins, large corporations choose to dispose of wastes in cheap ways resulting in excess waste and chemical buildup in landfills. Additionally, a rise in fast fashion results in the use of cheap materials such as polyester which are typically worn one or twice then disposed of. In Australia alone, 500 million kilograms of unwanted clothing ends up in landfills. Supplementing waste, fast fashion has encouraged factories to be moved to countries where companies pay workers unlivable wages. These wages, commonly around 25 cents per hour, make it nearly impossible for garment workers to financially support their families.
The international push for an ethical fashion market is on the rise with an emphasis on fair trade. Fair trade certified companies are clothing manufacturers which use safely sourced products while maintaining high wages for their workers. The growing success of fair trade is rooted in the idea of ethical purchasing. Ethical purchasing is defined as “intentionally purchasing products which are manufactured with minimal harm to animals, environment and humans.”
The issue for the average consumer is that it can be difficult to distinguish ethical and unethical brands. Numerous websites and apps have information highlighting ethical brands of ranging price and popularity, specifically The Good On You app and The Fair Trade Certified websites. These sites are two of my favorite options to look at the pros and cons of various brands as they provide rankings of company policies and conveniently give buyers a price range of each brand.
A few examples of sustainable clothing brands to shop at this holiday season include Reformation, Patagonia, and Pact. This year I decided to buy my dress for the winter formal from Reformation, and made an effort to look for sustainable brands this holiday. Therefore, while ethical purchasing can often be difficult, this holiday season is the perfect time to try an ethical choice when adding to your Christmas list! |
Heat Pumps
How does a Heat Pump work?
There are two mains versions of a heat pump, and air source heat pump (ASHP) and ground source heat pump (GSHP) each with their own benefits that will suit every individuals needs.
Ultimately the systems themselves are very similar.
The heat pump will extract heat from either the air or ground surrounding it. This heat will be absorbed into a fluid called a refrigerant, which compresses and then increases the temperature, allowing you to heat your home and water.
Air Source Heat Pump
An air source heat pump will sit outside the house, similar to an air conditioning unit. Whilst it is slightly less efficient than a ground source heat pump, an indicative cost for a large 4 bed home, the cost could be in the region of around £15,000.
An ASHP will have a shorter installation time due to it being installed above ground, and will last an average of 20 years. One of the mains concerns with an ASHP is the level of noise it produces, but with the significant progress over recent years it runs almost silently!
Ground Source Heat Pump
There are many benefits to both, however there are more specific bonuses with a GSHP. Both types of GSHP will last considerably longer than an ASHP, potentially up to hundreds of years! A long term investment that is truly worth considering.
Whilst an ASHP takes up very limited space, a GSHP will require a larger area of ground to be buried underneath. But the benefits that bring are substantial, with less fluctuations in the temperature of the ground, it will maintain a consistent level all year round. It will remain out of sight and sound once installed, you won't know it's there until you see your energy bills!
Horizontal Heat Pump
Horizontal Heat pumps are exactly as they sound! They require a larger area of space outside than the ASHP, and use cables dug into the ground, just below the surface. Comparatively at £30,000 for a large house they are a larger investment than the ASHP but have zero noise or visual impairment!
Vertical Heat Pump
A Vertical Heat pump is the most effective method of heat pump, in which boar holes are drilled down around 100 meters to extract the heat required. Comparatively it would be around £50,000 to cover a similarly large house and will last much longer. Less space is required and it covers a larger area to pull more heat from lower in the ground where the temperatures are further stabilised! The other benefit of vertical heat pumps is that much larger systems can be installed to power the likes of a large country estate.
Benefits of a Heat Pump
To run the compressor and pump, electricity is required. It produces more energy than it takes to run and can easily be fueled by Solar PV to bring carbon emissions to zero!
No longer reliant on the ever changing prices of gas or oil!
Both ASHP and GSHP work in temperatures as low as -15 degree, to provide heating and hot water all year round, with zero reliance on oil or gas to provide heat.
RHI Scheme
Until March 2022 all Heat Pumps are viable for the Domestic Renewable Heat Incentive, a government backed initiative that offers a quarterly financial rewards.
Heat Pump Case Studies
The Barn - Bath
The Residential client installed a 16kW ASHP remaining out of sight and running almost silently at the back of the house. The unit is powered by 12kW of Solar PV and a Tesla Powerwall enabling the property to be carbon neutral and without bills on both its power and heat requirements across the year.
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Manor Barn - Somerset
This client installed 2 ASHP on the main barn and outbuildings to move completely away from oil, onto an entirely renewable heating source. Combined with the installation of solar panels and Tesla Powerwall, this has allowed the client to bring down energy bills and run almost entirely from renewable sources.
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Physics of Tsunami (Part 1 of 2)
Uploaded by laputa1729 on 20.03.2011
So I think since we had the tsunami,
let's discuss a little bit of that.
Some of the physics connected with that very briefly.
Because we heard its magnitude was 8.9 in Richter scale.
So what energy released does it correspond to?
You know all these Richter scales are logarithmic,
as most other things in Physics,
like magnitude of stars. That's also logarithmic.
And you know the sound intensities,
they are in decibels, that's also logarithmic.
Wind speeds are also logarithmic.
Beaufort scale they call it.
So here also Richter and Gutenberg introduced the logarithmic scale
to quantify the earthquakes.
So the formula, they generally use this for,
suppose you know the earthquake of Richter 8.9 or 8 or whatever
or 6 or whatever,
what is the energy released?
How do they estimate the energy released?
So, i'll just give you the formula they use normally.
So this log 10 E in Joules. This is in Joules.
So, this is given by
This is just a coincidence that we have a similar thing for the luminosity scale for stars
You know 2.5 log I2 by I1
So here, 2.5M, M is the magnitude and they put a minus 1.2.
So that explains, suppose it is...
this is in Joules, that's why J.
So you can calculate now, this is 8.9, almost 9
so it works out to about 10^20 Joules.
This is roughly the energy released.
So this works out to about...
if you take the typical 1 Megaton nuclear weapon
this works out to be the intensity of about fifty thousand nuclear bombs.
So one hundred megaton, which is the most powerful nuclear weapon tested
so far by Russia. Russia once tested a sixty megaton nuclear bomb.
So that's about five into 10^24 ergs.
So this is equivalent to something like about thirty thousand or forty thousand
typical nuclear weapons
of one megaton.
So that is why you would have seen that it is said that it was equivalent to several tens of thousands of nuclear weapons.
About hundred times weaker.
So the most powerful earthquake recorded was about 8.9 or 9.
And this also, of course, triggered a Tsunami.
And for that you know you need a little more information.
So what's happening is these underground earthquakes, normally, it comes about because of these tectonic plates.
One tectonic plane subducts, it goes down under another tectonic plate.
So the material in between is pushed up.
And, it so happens, only on Earth we have this plate tectonics.
It doesn't happen on any other planet.
Venus doesn't have plate tectonics, Mars doesn't have.
So, there's an essential condition for this that there should be a lot of water on the planet.
This water goes deep inside. In fact this phenomenon effects only the
crust and the mantle, the upper part of the mantle.
So you know the Earth is made up in layers.
So you've got the outer crust, the lithosphere. Lithosphere is the crust and the mantle.
The upper mantle goes upto about twenty kilometers.
So most of the earthquakes have the origin around ten kilometers deep or twenty kilometers deep.
Not very much deeper than that.
So, essentially, as far as the diameter of the Earth is concerned, this is basically a surface phenomenon.
So what's happening is, because of the presence of water
we have got all this molten rock
because there is an increase of pressure with depth,
and temperature also.
So we go a few kilometers down, a temperature gradient is there.
So the rock becomes quite molten.
Originally these things became molten because of the radioactivity in the Earth's crust.
A lot of isotopes like 40 Calcium, 40 potassium, so many isotopes are there.
So these initially provided much of the heat to keep the earth hot.
So what has happened is that these rocks get molten and they form what is called magma.
Not plasma but magma, nothing but molten or semi-molten rock.
So it's a highly visco-elastic fluid.
Both viscous and elastic.
And it can move.
So the continents are literally floating on this.
The continents are nothing but continental plates floating on this magma.
Every continent has got its own plate. Even other landmasses have got their plate.
India has got its own plate called the Indian plate.
And Asia has got its own, China has its own plate.
So apparently India was at one time near the Atlantic.
About two hundred million years ago, India was very much in the southern hemisphere.
Then the Indian plate broke up.
So initially, there were only two huge continents, Laurentian and Gondwanaland.
And even before that there was only one super continent Panagea.
All the landmasses were in one piece.
And it was Alfred Wegener who suggested that
all the continents were part of only one land mass,
because he noticed that like a jigsaw puzzle,
the west coast of Africa fits nicely in the east coast of South America,
and similarly, he could fit India and Australia and Africa, and so all these, like a jigsaw puzzle.
He could fit all that into one piece.
So he suggested the continents are actually drifting.
But nobody believed in that time.
But now it has become a reality with GPS and everything because they are actually able to measure the small drift in continents.
In fact Indian plate is still going northwards.
They are pushing against China.
And, so, what's happening is that the Himalayas are growing taller.
And the Himalayas were the result of the Indian plate colliding with the Asian plate
about forty million years ago.
So the Himalayas are pretty young mountains because they formed only forty million years ago.
And as evidence for this we see even fossils of marine animals on top of Mount Everest.
This shows that at one time it was all part of the sea.
So all this mountain building and movement of continents are all connected.
So the Earth's surface is in a state of flux.
Continuous flux. So all the continents are moving around.
So even the Mediterranean is closing because the African plate is pushing northwards again.
And similarly Europe is trying to merge with America. So the Atlantic is shrinking.
In another hundred million years, maybe sometime I will talk about it.
People have actually estimated what all will happen after another hundred million years.
The face of the continents will be very different.
So you see after all humanity has been there only for a few...
you know, when we started doing science, technology on a vast scale
we are hardly a few centuries in existence as far as these things are concerned.
Whereas these things have been going on for several millions of years or hundreds of millions of years.
So earthquakes are a result of all these. Several continental plates are there.
The American plate is there. South America has got one plate. Africa has got one plate.
Australia has got one plate. They are all drifting.
And especially around the Pacific, you know, there is a highly...
all these plates are sort of merging.
So it is the biggest ocean right now.
But maybe it won't be the biggest ocean after say, hundred million years.
So actually there is a ring of fire around Japan and all these islands in the Pacific
So that's why they are highly earthquake prone regions.
Because these plates, every now and then they collide.
And the intensity of the collision depends on how much matter is thrust up and so on.
In fact, in 2004, there was another big underground earthquake in Indonesia
that led to again a big tsunami
which caused two lakh people to die
including several in the Sri Lanka coast, Chennai also. Lot of people died.
So again, that happened hardly around seven years back in 2004
Six years back.
And even last year there was Chile. In 2010 again, there was a big earthquake. Haiti, you know.
And in Chile there was a big earthquake and a tsunami.
So, in the past year there have been three or four such events. |
2 Samuel 1-2
1. Was David quick to assume the throne after Saul's death?
2. When David was told that Saul and Jonathan were dead, he asked the man who brought the news how he knew this. What did the man say?
3. Was his answer truthful?
4. What happened to this man?
Challenge Question
5. David said, "Tell it not in Gath, Proclaim it not in the streets of Ashkelon... ." Where were these two cities, and why did David mention them in particular?
6. Over what tribe did David initially reign?
7. Who reigned over the rest of Israel? What military support did he have?
8. From what city did David first reign, and for how many years?
9. Describe the contest proposed by Abner.
10. Who was Asahel, and how did he die?
11. Summarize 2 Samuel 2:24-29.
2 Samuel 3-5
1. How were Absalom and Amnon related?
2. Who were Adonijah's parents?
3. What caused the conflict between Abner and Ishbosheth?
4. Because of Ishbosheth's complaint, what did Abner decide to do?
5. What requirement did David make of Abner before accepting Abner's offer to help David?
6. Who was Paltiel (or, Palti)?
7. How did Joab react to David's peaceful parting with Abner?
8. Why did Joab kill Abner? (2 Samuel 3:27, 30)
9. Had Joab previously been able to forgo seeking vengeance against Abner?
10. What was the concern Joab had expressed to David, regarding Abner?
11. When Abner was buried, what did David refuse to do till the sun went down?
Challenge Question
12. What was accomplished politically by David's lamentation and fasting?
13. After Abner's death, what did David say about the sons of Zeruiah?
14. Who was Mephibosheth's father, and how had Mephibosheth come to be lame?
Challenge Question
15. Rechab and Baanah made the same mistake as the man who came claiming to have killed Saul, and suffered a similar fate. Explain.
16. How old was David when he began to reign, and for how many years did he reign? How many of those years were spent in Hebron?
17. Who inhabited Jerusalem at that time?
18. What was the older name of the city? (1 Chronicles 11:4)
19. Tell the story of David's conquest of this city. Include a description of Joab's role in the conquest (1 Chronicles 11:4-9). |
History of the headstone from where it originated
Over the long-haul convictions and customs, once in the past ideas to be written in stone, start to change and blur taking on new significance and new reason. How we care for our friends and family after their passing holds critical sociological and anthropological importance and the history behind it very well may be astounding. What was a charming beloved memory of an age is, indeed, connected to a great many long periods of custom and strange notion? This is the history behind tombstones and the root of present-day memorial service customs and conventions. In the stone age, when people were as yet roaming in nature, the dead would be covered and an incredible stone or rock moved on the grave. These stones were called Headstones and their motivation was to keep the perished from ascending after death, a dread still common in present-day society. These tombstones, and the notion of directing their utilization, endured as clans started settling down. Yet, as time wore on the rocks and stones were supplanted with more advanced grave markers called tombs.
Importance of stones used in the graveyard
The most recognized gathering of tombs goes back more than 2,000 BC is known by the moniker “Stonehenge.” Located in Wiltshire, England, the reason for the Stonehenge was acknowledged in mid-2008 by a group of archeologists upheld by the National Geographic’s Committee for Research and Exploration. A dominant part of the world’s marvels, from the pyramids in Egypt to the long-term old stone age graveyard that is the Stonehenge, is an encapsulation of our relationship with death and misfortune. As the social structure of humankind turned out to be more inactive, entombment strategies driven by dread and leaked with odd notions changed into a memorable craving and honor for the dead. Mesopotamian and antiquated Egyptian societies accepted the after-world existed inside the Earth thus their preserved friends and family were covered inside the ground alongside their devices of exchange and any resources to help their entry. It was accepted when a precursor was overlooked, they stopped to exist, and even though the after-universe of antiquated Egypt and Mesopotamia was accepted to be a dim shadowy spot, non-presence was considered far more terrible than death.
Pyramids are developed for the identity of the graveyard
Burial chambers and enormous pyramids were raised in a Pharaoh’s name and picture, while those of basic birth was covered near the home with graves tended to consistently. Stones cut into the perished resemblance would be set on a “mastaba,” signifying ‘seat’, to safeguard their memory. In antiquated Greece, recognition of the dead was viewed as likened to community obligation, every individual answerable for the honor of their predecessors. They also accepted the great beyond occurred in the Earth and their dead were covered in burial chambers and graves canvassed in marble and stone. Although various states watched diverse entombment customs, each thought to be critical to their cherished one’s section to the after-world, protecting the memory of your predecessor was viewed as generally significant. Stone sculptures were cut in the resemblance of the dead and put over the entombment site and in certain states, youngsters were named after their grandparents. |
Information in Animal Communication
Information technology has evolved but has the information communicated through the technology also evolved, or are we communicating the same information as other animals on the planet? This week’s blog considers the information in animal communication.
In a recent BBC television documentary series, ‘Talk to the Animals’ (16-17 July 2014), zoologist Lucy Cooke met researchers around the world exploring how animals communicate with one another. While investigating the verbal and non-verbal communication within and between social groups of the same and different species, researchers have started to decode the information that is being communicated. The information may be communicated through sound, body language, chemical scent, bioluminescence, vibrations or infra-red radiation. Although the methods of communication may seem primitive when compared with the information communication technology used by humans, the information content of the communication is not so dissimilar.
Banded mongooses live in extended families and have a complex society that requires the co-ordination of activities. The mongooses use a contact call to maintain contact with the clan. The contact call contains two parts. The first part of the call identifies who they are; the second part of the call reports their current activity, such as digging or searching for food. They report and continually update their status activity in the social network.
Spotted hyenas also live in clans and work together to defend communal territory, however, the hyenas do not stay together all the time. When danger is detected the hyena emits a whoop sound that can be heard 5Km away to call for reinforcements. When threatened by a rival hyena clan, hyenas can count how many hyenas are in the rival clan by listening to the noise of the threat, count how many of their own clan are present and determine the potential rate of success, deciding whether to fight or flee. The chickadee bird also assesses and communicates the size of a threat it faces, changing its call depending on the size of the threat it faces as it also calls for reinforcements. The verbit monkey communicates both the type of threat and the action that needs to be taken to avoid the threat, recognizing that the action to be taken differs depending on the type of predator that has been detected.
A bottlenose dolphin develops a unique whistle to identify itself. The dolphins can copy the whistles of other dolphins to call for them, as we might call for others. Drongoes have the ability to mimic-the calls of 15 other birds. Drongoes use this ability to deceive meerkats by issuing a false alarm call that danger is near in order to steal food from the meerkats. When the alarm call no longer works, the drongoe changes the call. Fringed-lip bats have also evolved the ability to listen and interpret the calls of other species, which allows them to identify frogs that are poisonous.
Human information communication technology allows us to communicate over wider distances than these animals but the information we communicate is the same as these animals. For example,
o We identify who we are (like the dophin).
o We report our activities, we co-ordinate activities and make requests of others (like the mongooses).
o We warn others of danger and offer advice to avoid danger (like the monkeys).
o We listen in to other conversations (like the meerkat and bat) and sometimes we seek to deceive others (like the drongoe).
Social media provides us with the mechanism to replicate the communication of mongoose clans over vast distances, but the information content of the communication is very similar.
Further Reading: information is defined in Chapter 1 and social networking is discussed in Chapter 14.
Please use the following to reference this blog post in your own work:
Cox, S. A., (2014), ‘Information in Animal Communication’, 1 August 2014, -communication/, [Date accessed: dd:mm:yy]
© 2014 Sharon A Cox |
The Supreme Court Puts Climate Change and the Administrative State on Trial
By Dewey Warner.
On October 29, the Supreme Court agreed to hear West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency. The case, a consolidation of four cases brought by coal and energy companies and Republican-led states, will scrutinize the power of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate carbon emissions under the Clean Air Act. The plaintiffs contend that the Act does not provide a constitutional basis for such regulation. The Court’s decision to hear this case is a monumental one. It creates the potential for an outcome that would thwart meaningful climate change action while upending the federal government’s regulatory apparatus. If the Supreme Court rules in favor of these states and companies, it will have profound implications.
In 1963, Congress enacted the Clean Air Act to address poor air quality following a period of rapid industrialization. This landmark legislation empowered the federal government to police air pollution. Amendments under presidents from both major political parties expanded this authority; the 1970 amendments enacted by President Nixon were especially significant. Those amendments were aimed at reducing air pollution that “may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.” To achieve that goal, the amendments mandated that power plants apply “the best system of emission reduction” possible, taking into account cost, energy requirements, and non-air quality health and environmental impacts.
In a 2007 case, Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, the Supreme Court clarified that the Act’s description of air pollution that may reasonably endanger public health or welfare is quite broad, encompassing things like carbon emissions from vehicles. The Court ruled that the EPA was actually required to regulate these emissions.
In 2015, the Obama administration unveiled the Clean Power Plan, which sought to reduce power plant carbon emissions and steer plants toward cleaner energy sources. The plan never took effect, however, as the Supreme Court in 2016 barred it amidst lower court challenges. In 2019, the Trump administration replaced that plan with the Affordable Clean Energy Rule, a considerably weaker regulation. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit struck down that rule in January 2021 because, in part, it too narrowly construed the EPA’s requirement to regulate carbon emissions. The Biden administration has not attempted to salvage either policy, deciding instead to design its own.
The D.C. Circuit’s ruling will be reviewed in West Virginia despite the Biden administration not yet issuing regulations. With no specific federal policy left to challenge, the plaintiffs instead contest altogether the constitutionality of the EPA’s regulation of carbon emissions within the power sector, alleging that Congress either cannot or has not properly delegated this authority.
It is extraordinary that the Supreme Court decided to hear this case before the Biden administration has even issued any emissions regulations. The administration argued in its brief that this is essentially an attempt to get the Court to “help guide the upcoming rule-making,” something “little more than a request for an impermissible advisory opinion.” Such preemptive guidance from the Court contradicts the basic notion that the highest judicial body is a check on the actions of other branches of government. It also overlooks Article III of the Constitution, which limits federal courts to hearing only actual cases or controversies before them, not hypothetical issues that might later arise.
In fact, the Court just this past June affirmed this very limitation on its power. In a 7–2 ruling in California v. Texas, Justice Breyer wrote for the majority that federal courts cannot “issue what would amount to an advisory opinion without the possibility of an Article III remedy,” noting that it “would threaten to grant unelected judges a general authority to conduct oversight of decisions of the elected branches of Government.”
Nonetheless, the Court will hear the case. So, what would a ruling in favor of the plaintiffs actually mean? For starters, it would severely hamper the Biden administration’s ability to take action at perhaps the most critical juncture that will ever exist in combating anthropogenic climate change. The window to mitigate devastating impacts is rapidly closing to a mere matter of years. With fossil fuel-burning power plants responsible for roughly one-third of annual US energy-related CO2 emissions, meaningful action to reduce US emissions will require reductions in this sector. If the Court decides that its interpretation of the Clean Air Act in Massachusetts somehow doesn’t extend to power plant emissions (and the fact that three of the four dissenting justices in that case remain on what is now a much more conservative Court suggests that it very well might), it would stymie the EPA’s ability to remedy this substantial source of emissions.
There is also concern that the Court will use this case as an opportunity to bolster the major questions doctrine or even resurrect the long-defunct nondelegation doctrine, potentially upending a substantial amount of federal regulation.
The plaintiffs’ assertion that regulatory authority has not properly been delegated to the EPA potentially raises broader doubts about federal regulation. Congress regularly passes legislation directing federal agencies to enforce new laws and delegates authority to those agencies to craft necessary regulations, creating what is often referred to as the administrative state. This enlistment of federal agencies promotes efficiency and produces expert-driven rules—both vital to functional modern governance. An enormous amount of federal regulation—spanning matters as diverse as workplace safety, prescription drugs, and food safety—stems from this scheme. If the EPA’s authority to regulate carbon emissions is stripped by the Court, it could delegitimize other federal regulations that are the result of similarly delegated authority. Ian Millhiser of Vox notes, “In this scenario, hundreds of laws could be weakened or even deactivated. Many of them would be gone for good, and reenacting any of these laws would require passing legislation through a bitterly divided Congress.”
If the Court rules for the plaintiffs, its reasoning will likely rest on one of two legal theories: the nondelegation doctrine or the major questions doctrine. The former is a long-defunct idea not really seen since disputes over the legality of New Deal programs in the 1930s. In simplest terms, it claims that Congress is restricted by the Constitution from delegating rulemaking authority to federal agencies because rulemaking is a form of lawmaking, over which only Congress holds power. Strict adherence to this doctrine would require Congress to onerously pass new legislation whenever any regulation is issued or updated. Despite the nondelegation doctrine’s longtime obsolescence, there are signs of support for it among some of the Justices, particularly Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch. If the Court resurrects the doctrine, it is unclear just how strictly it would construe it, but the administrative state’s magnitude and long-accepted validity should urge caution.
The major questions doctrine is less extreme but is similarly defined by skepticism toward the administrative state. Put very simply, it posits that Congress is permitted to delegate authority to agencies but that this must be done clearly and explicitly, with Congress defining exactly how these agencies may regulate. In the absence of such instructions, the doctrine presumes that Congress does not intend to delegate authority over questions of major economic or political significance. This doctrine, too, has evidence of support among some Justices, particularly Brett Kavanaugh. Strengthening this doctrine would likely present a lower risk of regulatory chaos than reviving the nondelegation doctrine; however, there is a considerable amount of currently delegated rulemaking authority over matters with major economic or political significance, including the regulations at issue in this case. A ruling for the plaintiffs could raise doubts about these instances of delegation if they appear insufficiently specific (the 1970 Clean Air Act amendments, for example, of course did not foresee the 2021 need to limit carbon emissions in response to climate change).
The Supreme Court’s decision to hear this case “is the equivalent of an earthquake around the country for those who care deeply about the climate issue,” Harvard Law professor Richard Lazarus recently declared. Indeed it is, with the potential for aftershocks damaging to climate action as well as broader federal regulation.
"Battersea Power Station (as featured on the cover of Pink Floyd - Animals)" by scotbot is licensed under CC BY 2.0
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By Dewey Warner
J.D. Candidate 2023
Dewey Warner is a 2L Staff Writer raised in Kenosha, WI. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2016 with a B.A. in History and minors in Middle East Studies and Integrated Liberal Studies. He is interested in constitutional and administrative law. In his spare time, Dewey enjoys collecting vinyl records, following Chicago sports, and hanging out with his puppy, Ozzy.
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How to make notes for UPSC exam like a topper
Making notes for UPSC is an art – some people are naturally better at it than others. While strategies and learning styles may vary widely, what’s common to all UPSC aspirants is that they must make notes to condense the vast syllabus of this exam.
Even though making notes for UPSC is inescapable, no one teaches you exactly how to do it intelligently. The purpose of this article is to address this issue once and for all.
PQN Syndrome while making notes for UPSC
Let’s first take a quick quiz to figure it out if you have PQN (Poor-Quality Notes) syndrome-
1. Do your notes ends end up being bulkier than you expected them to be?
2. Do you have trouble understanding your own notes at times?
3. Do you feel the need to refer to original content/book often while going through your notes?
4. Do you often copy & paste from online documents to your digital notes?
5. Do you find it difficult to revise your notes?
6. While revising, do your notes appear to make the content more complex rather than simplified?
If your answer is yes to more than 3 of the above 6 questions, you might have the PQN syndrome. It is a surprisingly common syndrome which effects 8 out of 10 aspirants leading to an annual loss of thousands of wasted minutes each year. But don’t worry! It is curable.
how to make notes for upsc poor-note quality
The most common cause of the PQN syndrome is not understanding the ultimate purpose for which you make notes for UPSC. Intelligently made notes serve to simplify, condense, digest, consume, process and remember vast amounts of information, in the shortest amount of time possible.
• Notes are snapshots. Notes for UPSC are like condensed images which are meant to help you recall relevant information. Exactly like photographs bring back memories of past events when you look at them, notes are your mind’s content about a topic rendered onto paper for easier recall. This includes not just the superficial details (Facts like names, dates etc.) but also the deeper, conceptual meaning of the content.
• Intelligently made notes are designed for repeated revisions. During times of revisions, you want the entire syllabus to be recalled from your memory in the shortest possible amount of time. This allows for repeated revisions, which if you are a serious aspirant, you know is something very important.
• Good notes help in understanding as well as recall. Making notes for UPSC is not just about remembering data but about creating a map of your conceptual understanding about a topic. Intelligent notes help you consume the information effectively in easy-to-understand digestible chunks.
Here is a page from my Polity notes for UPSC-
notes for upsc polity
How to control Quantity of Notes for UPSC
More often than not, you will find your UPSC notes to be heavier than you expected them to be especially when it comes to dynamic portions in the syllabus. With a syllabus which appears to be infinite, you are not sure what may turn out to be important. So, you end up writing everything you think is important. This defeats the very purpose of making notes. Notes are like ‘Salt in a curry’. Add too much of it and you can no longer consume the curry itself. So, what is the magic secret to ‘just the right amount’? Here is the recipe-
1. Understand the UPSC syllabus– Make sure you are very comfortable with the UPSC syllabus. As comfortable as you can be! Break down different portions in the syllabus and structure your notes accordingly. For example, in current affairs, it’s not a good idea to prepare notes date wise. Not only will there be overlaps and repetitions, there won’t be any linkage with syllabus. In some time, you will completely lose track of what’s part of syllabus and what’s not. Your notes will end up being bulky which will practically render them useless. So understand your syllabus and make a classification which suits you.
2. No Haste: Remember the UPSC examination is a marathon not a sprint. It is neither desired nor advisable to start making notes on the Day 1 of your preparations. Take your time analyzing what is important and what is not. Go through the Previous Year Questions. When we read something for the very first time, everything seems important making your notes bulkier than they need to be. Give a couple of readings to your content before jumping to writing notes. It will prevent you from writing unnecessary things in your notes. Once you understand the exact requirement of the examination, it is easier to weed out unwanted information. Once you are thorough with your original source, you will not feel the urge to write everything down.
3. Avoid Copy Paste: One of the most mischievous culprit behind bulky notes is the habit of copying content from online sources onto our notes. At that point, it seems like a very fruitful exercise. In no time, you will find your digital notes running into hundreds of pages and a couple of thousands of words. Even in handwritten notes, we tend to reproduce books in our notes which makes the notes bulky and revision impossible. This is counterproductive. Limit your notes according to the requirement of the examination. Use your own language!
How to control Quality of Notes for UPSC
Imagine the following scenario: You are pretty convinced that your Geography notes are ready. You picked up your NCERT, you read the chapter and then wrote down the important points. But when you pick them up for revising, you realize that you are unable to truly understand the concept. So you have to pick the book and read the whole thing again. Why does this happen? You may have fallen victim to ‘Passive Note making’.
notes for UPSC staring blankly
It is nearly impossible to revise everything from the original source one day before the examination. Following tips will ensure that the quality of your notes is top-notch and your notes serve their destined purpose-
1. Engross yourself in ‘Active’ note making: Engage with the subject. Rather than just writing things down, try to understand the concept and then write them in your own words. Take your time but do it right! Next time you pick up those notes, there won’t be a need to refer to the original source again. Good quality notes are self-explanatory. The more you engage with your topic, better is the quality of the notes you generate.
2. Be creative: Note-making is a very personal thing. There is no ‘ideal’ way of making notes for UPSC. Throw in those tables, flow-charts, maps and diagrams. Make your notes graphical. Whatever helps you remember! If making a cartoon helps you remember the concept, then go ahead and doodle. It’s your space. Remember your end goal is to easily digest the bulky content. Include examples that help you simplify complicated topics.
Here is a page from my Art & culture notes for UPSC –
how to make notes for upsc history
3. Be Consistent: Rome was not built in a day and nor will be your notes. Note-making is a routine exercise. Pace yourself. You cannot collect a week’s newspaper and do the entire note-making on a Sunday afternoon. That’s not how it works. Do not write notes just for the sake of ticking a box. Note-making has to go simultaneously with your learning. It has to be integrated with your preparation and your understanding of a particular theme. Once you engage with your content on a regular basis, the quality of your notes is bound to improve.
Note making is something which takes up a lot of time. But it is a worthwhile investment.
The above suggestions will make sure they are worth the time you spent making them. Remember that notes for UPSC are not a ‘make and forget’ type of deal. Periodic revision of the notes is very important.
The more times you go through your notes, the more you will be able to grasp the topic better. You will have to continuously engage with your notes to increase your understanding, knowledge and critical thinking. So make sure your notes stay flexible. Don’t forget to leave those margins on the side in case you need to add some details later.
notes for UPSC aspirant
Last but not the least, do not compare your notes with others. Do not change your style now and then just because somebody told you a ‘perfect’ way of making notes. Do not lose heart if your notes making style is different from so and so topper.
Enjoy the process, achieve the directed goal. Nobody can take it away from you!
Comment below to let me know what you found to be helpful in this article and let me know your pain-points when it comes to making notes for UPSC!
– Divya Mittal, AAO (Assistant Audit Officer), Cleared SSC CGL 2016, IAAD batch of 2018.
2 thoughts on “How to make notes for UPSC exam like a topper”
1. It’s really helpful sir. I prepared my notes by the help of digital media. But i couldn’t to remember all the notes i were leraned. Thank you Sir for giving this tips.
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Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais
Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais
Liberal Catholicism was a current of thought within the Catholic Church. It was influential in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, especially in France. It is largely identified with French political theorists such as Felicité Robert de Lamennais, Henri Lacordaire, and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert influenced, in part, by a similar contemporaneous movement in Belgium. Since 1834, liberalism and "liberal" Catholicism have been condemned by the Catholic Church.[1]
Being predominantly political in nature, liberal Catholicism was distinct from the contemporary theological movement of modernism. It is also distinct from both the attitude of Catholics who are described as theologically "progressive" or "liberal".
Liberal Catholicism has been defined as "in essence a trend among sincere Catholics to exalt freedom as a primary value and to draw from this consequences in social, political, and religious life, seeking to reconcile the principles on which Christian France was founded with those that derived from the French Revolution".[2] The phrase was used to describe the currents of thought and action that arose in the wake of Napoleon's remaking of Europe, and the restoration of traditional monarchies.
The National Congress of Belgium, an alliance between Catholics and secular liberals on the basis of mutually recognized rights and freedoms,[3] adopted in 1831 a constitution that enshrined several of the freedoms for which liberal Catholicism campaigned. The Congress Column in Brussels, erected in honour of the congress, has at its base four bronze statues that represent the four basic freedoms enshrined in the constitution: freedom of religion, freedom of association, education and freedom of the press. These four freedoms are also reflected in the names of the four streets that lead to the Place de la Liberté/Vrijheidsplein (Freedom Square) of Brussels: the Rue des Cultes/Eredienststraat (Religion Street), the Rue de l'Association/Verenigingsstraat (Association Street), the Rue de l'Enseignement/Onderrichtstraat (Education Street) and the Rue de la Presse/Drukpersstraat (Press Street). The constitution adopted almost all of Lamennais's proposals for the separation of church and state, granting the Catholic Church independence in church appointments and public activities, and almost complete supervision of Catholic education.[4]
J.P.T Bury suggests that Lamennais and his associates found inspiration in a Belgian Liberal Catholic movement centered in Malines and led by Archbishop de Méan's vicar-general, Engelbert Sterckx.[5] Largely Catholic Belgium seceded from the Netherlands in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy. Sterckx, who became archbishop in 1832 found a way not merely to tolerate the new liberal constitution, but to expand the Church under the new liberties guaranteed.
At a noted Catholic congress in Malines, Belgium in 1863, Montalembert gave two long addresses on Catholic Liberalism, including "A Free Church in a Free State"..”[6]
The movement of liberal Catholicism was initiated in France by Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais with the support of Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, Charles Forbes René de Montalembert and Olympe-Philippe Gerbet, Bishop of Perpignan, while a parallel movement arose in Belgium, led by François Antoine Marie Constantin de Méan et de Beaurieux, Archbishop of Mechelen, and his vicar general Engelbert Sterckx.[7]
Lamennais founded the newspaper L'Ami de l'Ordre (precursor of today's L'Avenir), the first issue of which appeared on 16 October 1830, with the motto "God and Liberty". The paper was aggressively democratic, demanding rights of local administration, an enlarged suffrage, separation of church and state, universal freedom of conscience, freedom of education, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press. Styles of worship were to be criticized, improved or abolished in absolute submission to the spiritual, not to the temporal authority.
On 7 December 1830, the editors articulated their demands as follows:
We firstly ask for the freedom of conscience or the freedom of full universal religion, without distinction as without privilege; and by consequence, in what touches us, we Catholics, for the total separation of church and state ... this necessary separation, without which there would exist for Catholics no religious freedom, implies, for a part, the suppression of the ecclesiastical budget, and we have fully recognized this; for another part, the absolute independence of the clergy in the spiritual order ... Just as there can be nothing religious today in politics there must be nothing political in religion. We ask, secondly, for freedom of education, because it is a natural right, and thus to say, the first freedom of the family; because there exists without it neither religious freedom nor freedom of expression.
With the help of Montalembert, Lammenais founded the Agence générale pour la défense de la liberté religieuse, which became a far-reaching organization with agents throughout France who monitored violations of religious freedom. As a result, the periodical's career was stormy and its circulation opposed by conservative bishops. In response, Lamennais, Montalembert and Lacordaire suspended their work and in November 1831 set out to Rome to obtain the approval of Pope Gregory XVI. Archbishop Quelen of Paris had warned Lammenais that he was being unrealistic and was viewed as a demagogue in favor of revolution. As Quelen was a Gallican, Lammenais ignored him.[8]
Although pressured by the French government and the French hierarchy, Pope Gregory XVI would have preferred not to make an official issue of the matter.[9] After much opposition, they gained an audience on 15 March 1832 only on condition that their political views should not be mentioned. The meeting was apparently cordial and uneventful. Prince Metternich, whose Austrian troops ensured the stability of the Papal States, pressed for a condemnation. The Pope's advisors were convinced that if he said nothing, it would viewed that he did not disapprove of Lamennais's opinions. Mirari vos was issued the following August, criticizing Lamennais's views without mentioning him by name.[8]
After this, Lamennais and his two lieutenants declared that out of deference to the pope they would not resume the publication of L'Avenir and dissolved the Agence générale as well. Lamennais soon distanced himself from the Catholic Church, which was a blow to the credibility of the liberal Catholic movement, and the other two moderated their tone, but still campaigned for liberty of religious education and liberty of association.[10]
They corresponded with Ignaz von Döllinger regarding their views on reconciling the Roman Catholic Church with the principles of modern society (liberalism); which views had aroused much suspicion in Ultramontane, mainly Jesuit-dominated, circles. In 1832 Lammenais and his friends Lacordaire and Montalembert, visited Germany, obtaining considerable sympathy in their attempts to bring about a modification of the Roman Catholic attitude to modern problems and liberal political principles.[11][12]
In 19th-century Italy, the liberal Catholic movement had a lasting impact in that it ended the association of the ideal of national independence with that of anti-clerical revolution.[13][14]
See also
1. ^ Pope Gregory XVI (1834). "Singulari Nos". Papel Encyclicals Online.
2. ^ "Essentiellement une tendance, chez des catholiques sincères, à exalter la liberté comme valeur première avec les conséquences que cela entraîne pour les principes qui régissent la vie sociale, politique et religieuse : on en vient à vouloir concilier des inconciliables, les principes sur lesquels étaient fondés la France chrétienne et ceux qui découlent de la Révolution" (Arnaud de Lassus, Connaissance élémentaire du Libéralisme catholique, 1988).
3. ^ Stuart Joseph Woolf, A History of Italy, 1700–1860 (Routledge 1979 ISBN 978-0-416-80880-3), p. 339
4. ^ Ellen Lovell Evans, The cross and the Ballot (Brill Academic Publishers 1999 ISBN 978-0-391-04095-3), p. 25
5. ^ Bury, J.P.T., "Religion and Relations of Churches and States", The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 10, CUP Archive, 1960 ISBN 9780521045483
6. ^ "Charles le Comte de Montalembert", The Acton Institute, 20 July 2010
7. ^ J. P. T. Bury, The New Cambridge Modern History: The Zenith of European Power, 1830–70 (Cambridge University Press 1960 ISBN 978-0-521-04548-3), p. 77
8. ^ a b Chadwick, Owen. "Gregory XVI", A History of the Popes, 1830–1914, Oxford University Press, 2003 ISBN 9780199262861
9. ^ Bernard, Cook. "Lamennais, Hugues-Felicité Robert de (1782–1854)", Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions, (James Chastain, ed.), Ohio University, 2005
10. ^ Parker Thomas Moon, The Labor Problem and the Social Catholic Movement in France (Macmillan 1921), pp. 32–34Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
11. ^ Lias 1911, p. 390.
12. ^ Baumgarten, Paul Maria. "Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 24 January 2019Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
13. ^ Mikuláš Teich, Roy Porter, The National Question in Europe in Historical Context (Cambridge University Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-521-36713-4), p. 86
14. ^ Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian revolution of 1848–49 (Cambridge University Press 1979 ISBN 978-0-521-22077-4), p. 49 |
Calamos Supports GreeceCalamos Supports Greece
GreekReporter.comAncient GreeceStunning Trojan War Mosaic Uncovered in England
Stunning Trojan War Mosaic Uncovered in England
Mosaic Trojan War
The mosaic was discovered in a farmer’s field in England. Credit: University of Leicester Archaeological Services
Archaeologists in the UK uncovered on Thursday a stunning mosaic from the Roman era depicting the famous battle between two protagonists of the Trojan War: Achilles and Hector.
The artwork, measuring 11 meters (36 feet) by almost 7 meters (22.9 feet), was discovered in the county of Rutland, central England, during excavations of an elaborate villa complex made up of a host of structures and other buildings, dating to the third or fourth century AD.
Duncan Wilson, Historic England’s chief executive, described the find as “remarkable”. Historic England is a public body that helps people care for, enjoy and celebrate England’s historic environment.
Mosaic Trojan War
Archaeologists in England uncover the mosaic. Credit: University of Leicester Archaeological Services
Roman-era mosaic in England “most exciting” such discovery in a century
John Thomas, of the University of Leicester, told the Press Association that it was “the most exciting Roman mosaic discovery in the UK in the last century”, and a “very well-preserved example of a villa in its entirety”.
He added that the person who commissioned the artwork clearly had “a knowledge of the classics… who had the money to commission a piece of such detail”.
Other buildings and features revealed by site surveys include what appear to be aisled barns, circular structures, and a possible bathhouse, all within a series of boundary ditches.
The story of Achilles and Hector in the Trojan War
The Trojan War as described magnificently in Homer’s “Iliad” is so vivid that it is considered by many as historical fact and not simply an epic poem.
As described by Homer, Hector is one of the principal defenders of Troy, and he very nearly won the war for the Trojans. After Achilles temporarily deserted the Greeks, Hector stormed the Greek camp, wounded Odysseus and threatened to burn the Greek fleet—until Agamemnon rallied his troops and repelled the Trojans.
Later, with Apollo’s help, Hector killed Patroclus, the best friend of the great Greek warrior Achilles, and stole his armor, which actually belonged to Achilles.
Afterward, the Greeks desecrated Hector’s corpse by dragging it around the grave of Patroclus three times. King Priam, Hector’s father, then went to Achilles to beg for his son’s body so he could give it a proper burial.
Despite the abuse of the corpse at the hands of the Greeks, Hector’s body had been kept intact due to the intervention of the gods.
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Definition of Note:
4. A brief record of facts, topics, or thoughts, written down as an aid to memory.
5. Annotation or memorandum for later reference. See also notes.
6. A banknote.
7. A particular quality or tone that reflects or expresses a mood or attitude.
8. A short informal letter or written message.
9. Notice or pay particular attention to (something).
10. Record (something) in writing.
Synonyms of Note
Write down, Put down, Jot down, Take down, Set down, Mark down, Inscribe, Enter, Mark, Record, Register, Scribble, Scrawl, Pencil, Banknote, Tone, Intonation, Inflection, Sound, Hint, Indication, Sign, Element, Streak, Strain, Vein, Suggestion, Suspicion, Record, Account, Entry, Item, Notation, Minute, Jotting, Inscription, Bear in mind, Be mindful of, Consider, Observe, Take into account, Take into consideration, Take note of, Listen to, CD, Federal Reserve note, French pitch, IOU, MO, Parthian shot, Accent, Acceptance, Acceptance bill, Accidental, Acknowledgment, Address, Adversaria, Advertence, Advertency, Affidavit, Affirmation, Affix, Aide-memoire, Air, Alertness, Allegation, Allonge, Allude to, Animadvert, Animal noise, Annotation, Answer, Apostrophe, Apparatus criticus, Appendix, Apperception, Appreciation, Appreciativeness, Argue, Aria, Article, Assertion, Assiduity, Assiduousness, Assignat, Atmosphere, Attend, Attend to, Attention, Attention span, Attentiveness, Attestation, Aura, Authority, Authorization, Averment, Awareness, Badge, Balance, Balance the books, Bank acceptance, Bank check, Bank note, Banknote, Banner, Bark, Barking, Be indicative of, Be significant of, Be symptomatic of, Bespeak, Betoken, Bill, Bill of draft, Bill of exchange, Bill of health, Billet, Birdcall, Blank check, Blurt, Blurt out, Book, Breve, Business letter, Calendar, Call, Call attention to, Callable securities, Canto, Cantus, Capitalize, Care, Carry, Carry over, Carve, Cast up accounts, Catalog, Cats and dogs, Causerie, Certificate, Certificate of deposit, Certificate of proficiency, Certification, Certified check, Chalk, Chalk up, Character, Characteristic, Characterize, Charge off, Check, Check in, Check out, Checkbook, Cheque, Chit, Chronicle, Clang, Classical pitch, Climate, Close out, Close the books, Clue, Coda, Codicil, Cognition, Cognizance, Comment, Commentary, Commentation, Commercial paper, Communication, Concentration, Concern, Concernment, Connote, Consciousness, Consecutive intervals, Consequence, Consequentiality, Consider, Consideration, Conspicuousness, Contemplate, Corporation securities, Crack, Credential, Credit, Criticism, Critique, Crotchet, Cry, Cue, Currency, Cut, Debenture, Debit, Declaration, Degree, Demand bill, Demand draft, Demisemiquaver, Denominate, Denote, Deposition, Depth, Descant, Descry, Device, Diapason, Diatessaron, Diatonic interval, Diatonic semitone, Dictum, Differentia, Differentiate, Diligence, Diploma, Discern, Disclose, Discourse, Discussion, Dispatch, Display, Disquisition, Dissertation, Distinction, Distinguish, Docket, Dollar bill, Dominant, Dominant note, Double entry, Double whole note, Draft, Due bill, Ear, Earmark, Earnestness, Eighth note, Eisegesis, Element, Elevation, Eminence, Emphasis, Enclitic, Engrave, Enharmonic, Enharmonic diesis, Enharmonic interval, Enharmonic note, Enroll, Enscroll, Entail, Enter, Entry, Envoi, Epilogue, Epistle, Espial, Espionage, Essay, Etude, Exaltation, Examination, Excellence, Exchequer bill, Exclaim, Exclamation, Excursus, Exegesis, Explanation, Exposition, Express, Expression, Fan letter, Favor, Feature, Feel, Feeling, Fiat money, Fifth, File, Fill out, First approach, Flat, Folding money, Footnote, Foreign securities, Fourth, Fractional note, Frame, Frame of mind, Futures contract, Give evidence, Give thought to, Give token, Gloss, Government note, Government securities, Grandeur, Grave, Greatness, Greeting, Grunt, Half note, Half step, Halftone, Hallmark, Heart, Heed, Heedfulness, Height, Hemidemisemiquaver, High mightiness, High order, High pitch, High rank, Highlight, Hint, Homily, Howl, Howling, Humor, Idea, Identify, Idiosyncrasy, Image, Impanel, Import, Importance, Incise, Index, Indicant, Indicate, Indicator, Infix, Inkling, Inscribe, Insert, Insight, Insignia, Intentiveness, Intentness, Interest, Interject, Interjection, Interlineation, Interpolation, Interval, Intimation, Introductory study, Investigate, Involve, Item, Jot down, Jotting, Journalize, Junior securities, Keep books, Key, Keynote, Lay, Legal-tender note, Less semitone, Let drop, Let fall, Letter, Letter of credit, Line, List, Listed securities, Loftiness, Log, Look, Look into, Looking, Lookout, Low pitch, Lucubration, Make a memorandum, Make a note, Make an entry, Make out, Make reference to, Manifest, Marginal note, Marginalia, Mark, Mark down, Marketable securities, Mash note, Materiality, Mating call, Matriculate, Mean, Measure, Melodia, Melodic interval, Melodic line, Melody, Memo, Memoir, Memorandum, Memorial, Mention, Merit, Message, Milieu, Mind, Mindfulness, Minim, Minute, Minutes, Missive, Moment, Money, Money order, Monograph, Mood, Morale, Morceau, Motif, Municipal securities, Muse, Musical note, National bank note, Natural, Navicert, Negotiable instrument, Negotiable note, Negotiable securities, New philharmonic pitch, Nobility, Noesis, Noncallable securities, Notability, Notarized statement, Notation, Note down, Note of explanation, Note of hand, Notes, Notice, Obiter dictum, Observance, Observation, Observe, Octave, Opine, Outline, Outstanding securities, Outstandingness, Over-the-counter securities, Overtone, Pandect, Paper, Paper money, Paragraph, Parallel octaves, Paramountcy, Patent note, Pay attention to, Peculiarity, Perceive, Perception, Philharmonic pitch, Philosophical pitch, Phrase, Picture, Piece, Pitch, Place upon record, Poll, Portfolio, Position, Post, Post up, Postal order, Postscript, Precedence, Preeminence, Prefix, Preliminary study, Prestige, Primacy, Priority, Proclitic, Prolegomenon, Prominence, Promissory note, Pronouncement, Property, Put down, Put in writing, Put on paper, Put on tape, Quality, Quarter note, Quaver, Question, Realization, Recognition, Record, Records, Reduce to writing, Refer to, Reflect, Reflection, Refrain, Regard, Regardfulness, Register, Registry, Remark, Reminder, Renown, Reply, Report, Representation, Representative, Reputation, Repute, Rescript, Research paper, Respect, Responding note, Reveal, Rider, Rough draft, Saying, Scholia, Scholium, Screed, Scrip, Seal, Second, Securities, See, Self-importance, Semibreve, Semiquaver, Semitone, Senior securities, Sense, Sensibility, Sentence, Set down, Seventh, Shaped note, Sharp, Sheepskin, Shinplaster, Short-term note, Show, Sight bill, Sight draft, Sigil, Sign, Signal, Signature, Significance, Signify, Single entry, Sixteenth note, Sixth, Sixty-fourth note, Sketch, Solo, Solo part, Song, Soprano part, Sound, Speak, Special article, Spiccato, Spirit, Spirits, Spying, Staccato, Stamp, Stand for, Standard pitch, State of mind, Statement, Step, Stocks and bonds, Strain, Stress, Stridulation, Strike a balance, Study, Subject to call, Subjoinder, Sublimity, Substance, Suffix, Suggest, Suggestion, Supereminence, Superiority, Supremacy, Sure sign, Survey, Suspicion, Sustained note, Sworn statement, Symptom, Symptomatize, Symptomize, Synopsis, Tabulate, Tail, Take down, Take note, Take notice, Tape, Tape-record, Telltale sign, Temper, Tend, Tenor, Tercet, Term paper, Testamur, Testify, Testimonial, Theme, Thesis, Think about, Third, Thirty-second note, Thought, Thumbnail sketch, Ticket, Time bill, Time draft, Tip, Tip-off, Tonality, Tone, Touch on, Tract, Tractate, Trade acceptance, Trait, Treasury bill, Treasury bond, Treasury certificate, Treasury note, Treatise, Treatment, Treble, Triplet, Tune, Ululation, Undertone, Undigested securities, Unison interval, Unregistered securities, Utterance, Value, Vein, Videotape, View, Viewing, Visa, Vise, Voucher, Warrant, Warranty, Watch, Watching, Weight, Whole note, Whole step, Witness, Witnessing, Woodnote, Word, Word of explanation, Worth, Write, Write down, Write in, Write out, Write up, Message, Communication, Letter, Missive, Epistle, Line
How to use Note in a sentence?
1. Ill make a note in my diary.
2. He noted down her address on a piece of paper.
3. Noting his mothers unusual gaiety.
4. I left her a note explaining where I was going.
5. A ten-pound note.
6. The last notes of the symphony died away.
7. There was a note of scorn in her voice.
Meaning of Note & Note Definition
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Note Definition:
1. A record is a legal document that acts as a confession to lenders or investors. Interchangeable liability has the same characteristics as a bond, in that the investor receives interest payments to maintain the transfer obligation and the amount actually invested, called the principal, is later deducted. Is paid.
• Records are legal documents that represent loans issued to lenders or investors.
• Bonds pay off borrowed capital as well as default interest.
• The US government issues treasury bills (notes) to raise funds for infrastructure.
2. Written commitment to pay a certain amount for a particular facility on request or on a specific date.
3. Note refers to We Customs and Border Protection (CBP) automated the I94 and I94W process for all passengers requesting entry into US entry ports. Air and sea passengers do not need to complete the paper form I94 or I94W.
4. A simple definition of Note is: The term institutional fund is often used interchangeably with the term regional fund in the economy. Reported tuition fees should be viewed as institutional resources. According to the Texas State Education Code, there are significant legal differences between the definition of institutional funds and local funds (see State Education Code).
5. Note means: Contact Accounting and Financial Reporting at [email protected] for an inquiry to submit billing and sales tax for doing business in a state other than Texas.
Meanings of Note
1. Watching or paying attention (something)
2. Enter (something) in writing.
3. A brief note about an event, title, or idea written as a reminder.
4. Informal short letter or text message.
5. A specific sound that is produced by a musical instrument or a human voice.
Sentences of Note
1. Seeing your mother's extraordinary happiness
2. Write the address on a piece of paper
3. I will make notes in my diary
4. I left a note and told him where he had gone
5. Symphony's last note is gone.
6. There is a hatred in your voice
• Note means: A note is a legal process that acts as a confession to a lender or investor's borrower. Debt securities have bond-like characteristics that the investor receives interest on the deposit of the loan security and the amount actually invested, called principal, is returned on a certain date.
• Debt protection is a legal action that represents a loan from the issuer to a lender or investor.
• Bonds result in the payment of the principal amount of the loan as well as the default interest.
• A simple definition of Note is: Written commitment to pay a certain amount on request or on a specific date.
• We Customs and Border Protection (CBP) have automated the I94 and I94W process for all passengers requesting entry into US ports, eliminating the need for air and sea passengers to complete paper I94 or I94W forms. Goes
• The term institutional NDS is often used interchangeably with the term local NDS in the business education world. Entered tuition fees can be viewed as an institutional node. According to the Texas State Education Code, there are significant legal differences between institutional and local node definitions (see State Education Code).
• Note means, If you have questions about VAT refunds and remittances when doing business in a state other than Texas, please contact Accounting and Financial Reporting at [email protected]
Meanings of Note
1. A brief note of ideas or points as a reminder.
2. Short informal letters or text messages.
3. A special sound produced by a musical instrument or a human voice.
4. Observe or pay attention to (something).
Sentences of Note
1. I will make a note in my diary.
2. I left a note of where he went.
3. Symphony's last notes disappeared.
4. There is hatred in your voice
Synonyms of Note
take notice of, put in black and white, transactions, flimsy, transcript, precis, proceedings, jottings, email, details, be guided by, greenback, put down on paper, commit to paper, pay regard to, observations, deets, summary, impressions, data
How Do You Define Note?
• Debt protection is a legal action that represents a loan from the issuer to the lender or investor.
• Negotiation obligations lead to the payment of the principal as well as the default interest.
• The US government issues Treasury Bills (Tnotes) to raise funds for infrastructure.
2. We Customs and Border Protection (CBP) have automated the I94 and I94W process for all passengers requesting entry into US ports, eliminating the need for air and sea passengers to complete a paper I94 or I94W form. ۔
3. The term institutional NDS is often used interchangeably with the term local NDS in the business education world. The tuition fee entered can be viewed as an institutional node. According to the Texas State Education Code, there are significant legal differences between the definitions of institutional and local nodes (see State Education Code).
4. If you have questions about reporting sales and shipping taxes when doing business in a state other than Texas, please contact accounting and financial reporting at [email protected]
Meanings of Note
1. Write (something).
Sentences of Note
1. I left a note stating where he had gone. |
World War One: An Unpleasant Victory
This war put an end to an age which was, despite its contradictions, full of serenity and optimism. The French weren’t mistaken in later calling it the Belle Epoque (“Beautiful Age”); a name that evokes turn-of-the-century Paris with its new boulevards and quaint cafés or Prague and Riga with their beautifully-adorned Art Nouveau architecture. However, this attitude doesn’t just reflect a sense of nostalgia for elegant carriages and clothes, for theaters and for the waltz that makes us mourn the loss of the “status quo ante” 1914.
An evil in itself and for its consequences
Pope Benedict XV called the war a “useless slaughter” in a document dated August 1, 1917, where he demanded a cessation of hostilities. To realize the extent of this slaughter, we have but to consider the death toll on both sides: nearly ten million soldiers died, eight million soldiers went missing and nearly seven million civilians were killed. This leaves us with a grimly impressive (and unprecedented) total of twenty-five million deaths, to which we must add the twenty million who were crippled in battle. From an ideological point of view, the First World War has its roots in the French Revolution: its aims were the same as those of the war that was fought in 1792, one that was instigated by sabre-rattling ideologues in the National Assembly that declared “the Fatherland is in danger!” and domestically instigated the reign of terror. They intended not only to defeat, but to destroy the enemy (externally and internally, as in the case of the Vendée). This contrasted markedly with the concept of “just war”, one that holds that war should be primarily defensive in nature. Moreover, in 1914 the French interventionists themselves presented the conflict as a sort of revolution aimed at establishing a “universal democracy” in Europe. A great historian, the French Hungarian-born François (Ferenc) Fejtö (1909-2008), author of a critical essay on the First World War (Requiem for a defunct Empire, 1988), described the conflict as a successful attempt to “republicanize and de-Catholicize Europe”. In 1914, in fact, in the Europe of the five Empires (the four already mentioned plus the British one), only three countries, Switzerland, France and Portugal, were republics. After the war, four empires disappeared: only the British Empire survived, although there were a handful of kingdoms such as Italy and the Netherlands and minor principalities such as Luxembourg and Andorra. With the exception of a handful of regions which were absorbed into the newly-formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Kingdom of Romania, all of the territory of the former empires belonged to newly-established republics (some of which were constituent members of the Soviet Union). These included Germany, Turkey, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, several short-lived republics in Ukraine (which would later be split between the USSR, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia), as well as Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (which were all subsequently absorbed into the USSR).
Birth of republics and nationalism
The pernicious nature of the political restructuring of Europe that occurred in the wake of the Great War was not confined to the abolition of these monarchies and communism’s victory in the East. Another French historian, Francois Furet (1927-1997), argued that the Treaty of Versailles and other associated post-war treaties that were signed in 1919-1920 constituted “more than the peace of Europe, a European revolution”, because they upset the balance on which Europe had rested since the Congress of Vienna.
This was mainly due to the influence of American President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), who presented himself as the prophet of a new era, one that reflected the “self-determination of peoples”. This principle also had its antecedents in the French Revolution: the absolute right of nationalities to constitute themselves as independent states, which was elevated to become a legal principle and emerged as the supreme rule of international politics.
This resulted in the fragmentation of the once-great Austrian Empire, which was replaced by an impoverished mosaic of smaller states, several of which lacked the ethnic uniqueness that could have justified their birth. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were entirely artificial manifestations of the deal-making that had taken place among the major allied victors. Czechoslovakia consisted of two major ethnic groups (the Czechs and the Slovaks), but also many Hungarians, Carpatho-Rusyns, German-speaking Jews, Roma, and most importantly, millions of Sudeten Germans, whose claims were later used by Hitler to occupy their territory. Yugoslavia was the result of the mating of Serbia with Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and most of Slovenia and Croatia; it gave the dominant Serbs access to the resources of integral parts of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire as well as to the Adriatic Sea, which they had previously lacked.
This effectively resulted in the doubling of Serbia’s territory, rather than the establishment of a balanced, representative state in that area (the problems caused by this mismatch finally manifested in the turmoil and tragedy of the 1990’s). It also led to friction with Italy, its new neighbor. Italian-speakers in Fiume and along the Dalmatian coast were culturally marginalized in the new Slavic-oriented state.
Although they had been on the winning side, the Italians considered 1918 to have resulted in a “mutilated victory” and regretted having taken part in an affair that had resulted in so many deaths and so much pain; one in which their interests had been betrayed in Yugoslavia. It was believed that they could have achieved the same result through diplomatic channels, rather than by betraying the Triple Alliance (Italy had been allied with Austria and Germany until 1914).
Two other more serious errors were made in the division of central and northern Europe: specifically, with respect to Poland and Germany.
Poland, which since the 12th century had played a leading role in Christianity, could have become a bastion of European values against the Bolsheviks to the east while containing the forces of Germany. However, the peace conference weakened Poland to the east, separating it from Lithuania, with which it had been united in a commonwealth for about five centuries. It also recognized the independence of Ukraine and Latvia from Russia, which led to intense fighting in the former and poverty in the latter. By giving the Poles Prussian lands such as the Danzig Corridor and territory which had been Germanized during the 18th century partitions of Poland, the treaty ensured that the re-establishment of Poland would inevitably constitute a casus belli for the Germans and lead to the Second World War.
For its part, Germany, despite being deprived of certain territories (the Danzig Corridor and part of Prussia to the east and Alsace-Lorraine and the Sudetenland to the west), being made to pay war reparations and being transformed into a republic, remained united. Indeed, paradoxically, the Paris Peace Conference did Pan-Germanism a greater service than Bismarck himself had by eliminating the country’s small sovereign states (including four kingdoms – Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony and Württemberg, six Grand Duchies, several duchies, seven principalities, three Free Hanseatic cities, in addition to the Alsace-Lorraine Imperial Territory), which could have represented a valid element of resistance to totalitarianism.
Following the end of the conflict, having lost one-seventh of its territory (plus its colonies in Africa, Asia and Polynesia) and a tenth of its population, the new German Republic presented itself as a highly centralized state, with a population of sixty million individuals who had been humiliated by the allied victors via a series of so-called “insulting paragraphs” of the treaty of Versailles. These placed the responsibility for the conflict entirely on the Germans and created the pretext for the establishment of a “anti-Versailles front” which united liberals and conservatives, pushing the entire nation towards rearmament and revanchism.
Final considerations
The peace that followed the Great War merely set the stage for the next world war. The imbalance created by the Peace of Versailles resulted in the ascent of two “enemy brothers”, Bolshevism and National Socialism. These ideologies were ostensibly “enemies” because they were opposed to one another, but were at the same time “brothers” because of their similar ideological base and propensity for fostering genocide. Only by mistakenly advocating communism, which was at one point considered a bulwark against fascism and the darling of the “avant-garde” for its sham plebiscites and presumed role in bringing about social equality, can one miss the intrinsically identical features of these ideologies, both of which saw their proverbial birth pangs in the French Revolution.
In light of their historical consequences, it can be affirmed that the end of the four Empires, the fall of the monarchies and the weakening of Catholic Austria brought only weakness to the European continent: the “peace” saw the success of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia (which had been shortsightedly fostered and even bankrolled by the Kaiser, who in 1917 had facilitated Lenin’s return to Petrograd), and chaos in Italy and Germany, with the rise of the corrupt (financially and morally) Weimar Republic, and the outbreak of aspirations of revenge in half the continent. Furthermore, the democracies of the fledgling republics were often short-lived: Poland’s democracy, modeled on France’s Third Republic, died in a 1926 coup, as did Lithuania’s democracy. Democracy was overthrown in both Latvia and Estonia in 1934.
Democracy witnessed one of its most immediate failures in Hungary. The Hungarian Democratic Republic lasted a single year before being overthrown by communists, who declared a dictatorship of the proletariat and executed almost 600 people. They later made the mistake of attempting to invade royalist Romania, which prompted the Romanians to invade Budapest. A military government followed which executed approximately 5,000, jailed 75,000 and forced another 100,000 to flee; a monarchy was re-established in 1920. By 1938, Finland and Czechoslovakia were the last remaining states in central Europe not to have retained a monarchy or succumbed to authoritarian rule. They were invaded by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, respectively.
The consequences of this situation were inevitable: Europe would fight a Second World War, an even deadlier conflict in which 62 million lost their lives, including 25 million soldiers and as many as 37 million civilians (the disproportionately high number of civilian casualties was historically unprecedented, and Europe suffered the most).
The question is whether or not this state of affairs was artificially created in order to further weaken Christian Europe. If this is case, that result was fully |
Friday, January 14, 2022
Unlocking adults’ implicit statistical learning by cognitive depletion
Smalle et al. make the fascinating observation that inhibition of our adult cognitive control system by non-invasive brain stimulation can unleash some of our infant implicit statistical learning abilities - the learning of novel words embedded in a string of spoken syllables. This suggests that adult language learning is antagonized by higher cognitive mechanisms.
Statistical learning mechanisms enable extraction of patterns in the environment from infancy to adulthood. For example, they enable segmentation of continuous speech streams into novel words. Adults typically become aware of the hidden words even when passively listening to speech streams. It remains poorly understood how cognitive development and brain maturation affect implicit statistical learning (i.e., infant-like learning without awareness). Here, we show that the depletion of the cognitive control system by noninvasive brain stimulation or by demanding cognitive tasks boosts adults’ implicit but not explicit word-segmentation abilities. These findings suggest that the adult cognitive architecture constrains statistical learning mechanisms that are likely to contribute to early language acquisition and opens avenues to enhance language-learning abilities in adults.
Human learning is supported by multiple neural mechanisms that maturate at different rates and interact in mostly cooperative but also sometimes competitive ways. We tested the hypothesis that mature cognitive mechanisms constrain implicit statistical learning mechanisms that contribute to early language acquisition. Specifically, we tested the prediction that depleting cognitive control mechanisms in adults enhances their implicit, auditory word-segmentation abilities. Young adults were exposed to continuous streams of syllables that repeated into hidden novel words while watching a silent film. Afterward, learning was measured in a forced-choice test that contrasted hidden words with nonwords. The participants also had to indicate whether they explicitly recalled the word or not in order to dissociate explicit versus implicit knowledge. We additionally measured electroencephalography during exposure to measure neural entrainment to the repeating words. Engagement of the cognitive mechanisms was manipulated by using two methods. In experiment 1 (n = 36), inhibitory theta-burst stimulation (TBS) was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or to a control region. In experiment 2 (n = 60), participants performed a dual working-memory task that induced high or low levels of cognitive fatigue. In both experiments, cognitive depletion enhanced word recognition, especially when participants reported low confidence in remembering the words (i.e., when their knowledge was implicit). TBS additionally modulated neural entrainment to the words and syllables. These findings suggest that cognitive depletion improves the acquisition of linguistic knowledge in adults by unlocking implicit statistical learning mechanisms and support the hypothesis that adult language learning is antagonized by higher cognitive mechanisms.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe – The World’s Last Underachiever
25 years ago, the Russian historical empire melted down. Although often underreported, this also marked the end of alternative society in Europe. Collapse of the II world, made the 3rd way (of Yugoslavia and further, beyond Europe – globally, of the Nonaligned Movement) obsolete.
That 9/11 was a moment when the end of history rested upon all of us, the day when the world became flat. The EU entered East, but only as a ‘stalking horse’ of NATO. No surprise that Eastern Europe –following the slaughter of its pivot, Yugoslavia – has soon after abandoned its identity quest, and capitulated. Its final civilizational defeat came along: the Eastern Europe’s peoples, primarily Slavs, have silently handed over their most important debates – that of Slavism, anti-fascism and of own identity – solely to the recuperating Russophone Europe.
Terrified and rarified underachievers
Is today’s Eastern Europe a classic case of indirect rule? Is that a deep imperial periphery of nominally independent native rulers, while in reality the true power holder resides outside, although is domestically supported by a dense web of NGOs, multinational corporations and locally handpicked ‘elites’?
Everything in between Central Europe and Russia is Eastern Europe, rather a historic novelty on the political map of Europe (see four maps above). Very formation of the Atlantic Europe’s present shape dates back to 14th–15th century, of Central Europe to the mid-late 19th century, while a contemporary Eastern Europe only started emerging between the end of WWI and the collapse of the Soviet Union – meaning, less than 100 years in best cases, slightly over two decades in the most cases. No wonder that the dominant political culture of the Eastern Europeans resonates residual fears and reflects deeply insecure small nations. Captive and restive, they are short in territorial depth, in demographic projection, in natural resources and in a direct access to open (warm) seas. After all, these are short in historio-cultural verticals, and in the bigger picture-driven long-term policies. They are exercising the nationhood and sovereignty from quite a recently, thus, too often uncertain over the side and page of history. Therefore, they are often dismissive, hectic and suspectful, nearly neuralgic and xenophobic, with frequent overtones.
The creation of a nation-state (on linguistic grounds) in the Atlantic, Scandinavian and Central Europe was relatively a success-story. However, in Eastern Europe it repeatedly suffered setbacks, culminating in the Balkans, Caucasus and the Middle East, but also remains evident in the central or Baltic part of Eastern Europe.
Above statement might come as a shock for many. Why? For the last 25 years, our reporting on Eastern Europe was rather a matter of faith than a reflection of the empirical reality. This ‘rhetoric’ was dominated by fragmented intellectual trends that are more cultural (e.g. poetry, paintings, film, etc.) than coherently economic and geo-political in focus as they should be. How one defines a challenge largely determines the response – effectively points out Brzezinski. Hence, the arts will always elaborate on emotions, science will search for and examine the facts.
What is the current standing of Eastern Europe – state of its economy, the health of its society and the efficiency of its governance?
By contrasting and comparing available HDI data (UN DP’s Human Development Index) and all relevant WB, OECD, UNCTAD, ILO and WHO socio-economic and health indexes including the demographic trends of last two decades, we can easily spot a considerable green, economic and socio-human growth in Asia, in Latin America and moderate growth elsewhere. The single trend of negative growth (incl. the suicide and functional illiteracy figures) comparable by its duration and severity to this of Eastern Europe, is situated only in the sub-Saharan Africa (precisely the CHAD-lake region and partially between Grand lakes and Horn of Africa). Further on, recent generational accounting figures illuminate a highly disturbing future prospect for the youth of Eastern Europe. Neither their economic performance nor birth rates would sustain the financial burden left for the future by the present, irresponsible and defeatist, generation.
East does not exercise its political sovereignty (gone with the EU), its military sovereignty (gone with the NATO), its economic and monetary sovereignty (gone with the massive domestic de-industrialization ‘preached’ by the IMF, EBRD, EIB and eventually ECB),[3]and its financial sovereignty (gone by full penetration of German, Austrian and Swedish banks).[4]Those national currencies still existing in Eastern Europe lost – for already long ago – the vital substance: their anthropological and economic function.
Most of the Eastern European states do not control a single commercial bank on their territory.[5]East does not control its own narrative or (interpretation of) history: Due to the massive penetration of Central Europe, East grossly relativized, trivialized and silenced its own past and present anti-fascism. Additionally, this region does not effectively control its media space. Media there (of too-often dubious orientation and ownership) is discouraging, disorienting and silencing any sense of national pride, influence over destiny direction and to it related calls for self-(re)assessment.
East is sharply aged and depopulated –the worst of its kind ever – which in return will make any future prospect of a full and decisive generational interval simply impossible.[6]Honduras-ization of Eastern Europe is full and complete.[7]If the post-WWII Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe was overt and brutal, this one is tacit but subversive and deeply corrosive.[8]
East between Ukrainization and Pakistanization
It is worth reminding that the NATO remains to be an instrument of the US physical, military presence in Europe. Or, as Lord Ismay defined it in 1949: ‘to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down’. The fact that the US remained in Western Germany, and that the Soviet Army pulled out from Eastern Germany did not mean ‘democratization’ or ‘transition’. It represented a direct military defeat of the Gorbachev Russia in the duel over the core sectors of Central and Eastern Europe. As direct spoils of war, DDR disappeared from the political map of Europe being absorbed by Western Germany, while the American Army still resides in unified Germany.[9] In fact, more than half of the US 75 major overseas military bases are situated in Europe. Up to this day, Germany hosts 25 of them.
No wonder that the absolute pivot of Eastern Europe – Ukraine, is a grand hostage of that very dilemma: Between the eastern pan-Slavic hegemony and western ‘imperialism of free market’.[11]For Ukraine, Russia is a geographic, socio-historic, cultural and linguistic reality. These days, this reality is far less reflected upon than the seducing, but distant Euro-Atlantic club. Ukraine for Russia is more than a lame western-flank’ geopolitical pivot, or to say, the first collateral in the infamous policy of containment that the West had continuously pursued against Russia ever since the 18th century. For Moscow, Kiev is an emotional place – an indispensable bond of historio-civilizational attachment – something that makes and sustains Russia both Christian and European. Putin clearly redlined it: Sudden annexation of Crimea (return to its pre-1954 status) was an unpleasant and humiliating surprise that brings a lot of foreign policy hangover for both the NATO and EU.
Thus drifting chopped off and away, a failed state beyond rehabilitation, Ukraine itself is a prisoner of this domesticated security drama. Yet again, the false dilemma so tragically imploded within this blue state, of a 50:50 polarized population, over the question where the country belongs – in space, time and side of history. Conclusively, Eastern Europe is further twisting, while gradually combusted between Ukrainization and Pakistanization.[12] The rest of Europe is already shifting the costs of its own foreign policy journey by ‘fracking’ its households with a considerably higher energy bills.
In short, Atlantic Europe is a political powerhouse, with two of three European nuclear powers and 2 out of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, P-5. Central Europe is an economic powerhouse, Russophone Europe is an energy powerhouse, Scandinavian Europe is all of that a bit, and Eastern Europe is none of it.
* All displayed maps per the author’s idea made by Anneliese Gattringer.
1. Bajrektarević, A. (2013), Future of Europe (Of Lisbon and Generational Interval), EU Journal Europe’s World, Brussels
2. Brzezinski, Z. (1997), The Grand Chessboard, Basic Books (Perseus);
3. Fukuyama, F. (2012), The Future of History, Foreign Affairs Magazine 91(1) 2012
4. Friedman, G. (2009), The Next 100 Years, Anchor Books/Random House NY;
5. Ferguson, N. (2005), Colossus – The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Penguin Books (page 255)
7. Clark, C. (2013), The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, HarperCollins Publishers
8. Eco, U. (2001), Eternal Fascism: 14 way of looking at a Blackshirt, Five Moral Pieces – Essays (orig. Cinque Scritti Morali, 1997),Essay first published in the NY Review of Books, 22 VI 1995 (pp.12-15)
9. Stiglitz, J.E. (2012), The Price of Inequality, Penguin Economics
10. Wallerstein, I. (1999), The End of the World as We Know it: Social Science for the XXI century, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
11. OECD (2014), Society at a Glance 2014 – The Crisis and its Aftermath (OECD Social Indicators), OECD Paris Publications
12. World Bank (2014), World Development Report 2014: Risk and Opportunity – Managing Risk for Development, WB Publications
13. Mead, W.R. (2014), The Return of Geopolitics – The Revenge of the Revisionist Powers, Foreign Affairs Magazine 93(2) 2014
14. Greco, T.H. (2009), The End of Money and the Future of Civilization, Chelsea Green Publishing
15. Serfaty, S. (2014) Why we need to be patient with Russia, Europe’s World – the EU Foreign Policy Journal, Brussels (page 73)
17. Ikenberry, G.J. (2014), The Illusion of Geopolitics, Foreign Affairs Magazine 93(3) 2014
18. Kagan, R. (2004), Of Paradise and Power, Vintage Books (page 85)
[1] A sharp drop in LE (life expectancy) in Russia, from age 72 to 59, is something faced only by nations at war. The evidence that Russia has suffered such a steep decline, unreversed ever since the collapse of the Soviet Union, is unprecedented in a peace-time history of any industrialized nation. Although not so alarming like in the post-SU Russia, the rest of post-Soviet republics and Eastern Europe closely follow the same LE pattern – not to mention devastating birth rates, brain drain and other demographic data. E.g. the projected LE of the today’s born Berliner is around 100 years, while of Muscovite is only 67 years. Simply, the East is unable to (re-)produce its own life. Or, once it is conceived, to keep (the best of) that life at home. Some would argue that it again is the war for a lebensraum, but this time of the self-imposed Endlösung (final solution).
[3]“The entry criteria for Eastern European states was particularly costly: the so-called small and open economies, de-industrialized and over-indebted didn’t have any chance to be equal partners. For most of them, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is the only economic solution, which turned them into colonies…” – admitted even the Nobel laureate, economist Stiglitz in his The Price of Inequality. Moreover, the overly strong and rigid exchange rate of the domestic currencies in Eastern Europe is good only for foreign landers. It awards importers while disadvantages domestic manufacturing base and home exporters. This outdated anti-growth and anti-green economic policy has been universally abandoned long ago, even by the LDC (the UN-listed Least developed countries). No wonder that the GDP in the most of Eastern European states is well below its pre-1990s levels, and their ecological footprint index is of an alarming trend.
[4]According to findings of the Budapest Institute of Economics (Corvinus University), for the past two decades, the volume of Austrian banking sector has increased 370%. How is this spectacular percentage achievable for the country of a flat domestic economic and negative demographic growth? This covert occupation of south-eastern Europe by the foreign financial sector did not create new jobs or re-create any industrial base there. As the Budapest Institute concluded aftermath, it was only meant to dry-out the remaining liquid assets (and private savings) from the rapidly pauperized, defeated belligerent. In 1914, Austria controlled banks as well; in Croatia, Bosnia, western Romania, northern Serbia, Hungary, southern Poland and western Ukraine. However, at that time, it also had a strict governing obligation as all of them were a part of the Monarchy. By having recognized the formal sovereignty to each of these entities, Austria today (like Sweden towards the three Baltic States in the northeast flank of Europe, and Germany in the central sector of Eastern Europe) has no governing obligations whatsoever. It can easily externally socialize (externalize) all its costs including banking risks, and individualize all profits (internalize), yielding it only for itself. Hence, the EU accession criteria, combined with a nominal independence of Eastern European entities (pacified by the pre-paid media and guided by the post-paid ‘elites’), means that the economic and other assets are syphoned out, but the countries have to take a burden of the state maintenance solely on themselves. “Creating the market economy attractive for FDI (foreign direct investments) in our case meant a de-industrialization, pauperisation, which eventually led to defunding of most of the state social activities. When someone dare say ‘our education, housing and health sectors are knocked down due to this’, they are quickly denounced as socio-romantics and accused for the social conservatism…” says Head of the Croatia’s Economic Institute prof. Slavko Kulic, and concludes: “…suffering of ever larger segments of societies means nothing to the architects of misery, to those Talibans of neoliberalism.” Recently released edition of the Oxfam study on the wealth distribution worldwide, unfortunately, confirms this bleak picture.
[5] Current labor relations in the most of Eastern Europe (Rusophone Europe, too) resembles pictures of the 18th rather than of the 21st century’s conditions, especially in the private sector of employment. It is all with a weak or even totally absent trade unionism, dismal labor standards, as well as the poor protection of other essential social, environmental and health rights. “We have stringent labor conditions to the unbearable maximum, so that the few self-styled ‘top managers’ can play golf more frequently and for a longer time… How can you possibly build any social cohesion when disproportionately many suffer for the dubious benefit of the asocial, predatory few…” – confessed to me the Ambassador of one of the largest Eastern European countries who served as a mayor of his country’s capital, before his ambassadorship in Vienna.
[9] Gorbachev’s capitulation helped Germans to further gain confidence: Once territorially extended (or to euphemistically say; unified), Western Germany transposed that new size and its centrality into the advanced version of Machtpolitikdrang nach export-based über-economy. No wonder that the über-Mutti’s cabinet is gradually maneuvering the country out of the NATO-enforced Westbindung (an alliance, it does not see any more as its strategic necessity) towards an old, solely/unilaterally determined Ostpolitik of Wandel durch Kopf-Handel (change via altered mindset). Chancellor Markel’s ambassador Michael Schäfer is even more forthcoming on this eventual post-Western Made in Deutschland foreign policy. In the interview for the leading Chinese press he concludes: ‘I do not think there is such a thing as the West anymore.‘ /Kundnani, H. (2015), Leaving the West Behind – Germany Looks East, Foreign Affairs Magazine 94(1) 2015/
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Eastern Europe
Ukraine’s issue may endanger peace in the whole of Europe
Big challenges ahead, the world may face uncertainty, and unrest, as NATO allies have put forces on standby and sent ships and fighter jets to bolster Europe’s eastern defenses as tensions soar over Russia’s military buildup near Ukraine.
The military alliance’s move, announced on Monday, came as the United Kingdom began withdrawing staff from its embassy in Kyiv as fears persist of an imminent Russian invasion. Britain’s move came after the United States took similar action.
The UK’s foreign office said in a statement that it was pulling out “some embassy staff and dependents” in response to “the growing threat from Russia”.
Tensions in Ukraine are high following Russia’s massing of some 100,000 troops near its neighbor. The West says Moscow, which is angered by the growing relationship between Kyiv and NATO, is preparing to attack Ukraine.
The Kremlin has repeatedly denied planning to make an incursion, but the Russian military already took a chunk of Ukrainian territory when it seized Crimea and backed separatist forces who took control of large parts of eastern Ukraine eight years ago.
UK’s Johnson warns against ‘disastrous’ invasion
Johnson has said that a Russian invasion of Ukraine would be a “disastrous step” by Moscow.
“We need to make it very clear to the Kremlin, to Russia, that that would be a disastrous step,” he told broadcasters, adding an incursion would be a “painful, violent and bloody business”.
Asked whether he thought an invasion was now imminent, Johnson said intelligence was “pretty gloomy on this point”.
“I don’t think it’s by any means inevitable now, I think that sense can still prevail,” he said.
Moscow accuses the West of ‘hysteria’
Moscow has accused the US and its allies of escalating East-West tensions by announcing plans to boost NATO forces in Eastern Europe and evacuate the families of diplomats from the US embassy in Ukraine.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov accused the West of spreading information filled with “hysteria” and “laced with lies” and said the probability of military conflict in eastern Ukraine being initiated by the Ukrainian side was higher than ever.
He claimed Kyiv has deployed a large number of troops near the borders of breakaway regions controlled by pro-Russian separatists, indicating it is preparing to attack them. Ukraine has repeatedly denied having any plans to do so.
Although Europe was part of the cold war and many other wars in other parts of the world but was away from any big war on its own soil for several decades. The prosperity and economic development were due to peace and stability in Europe for such a long time. People were feeling safe and secure, and focusing only on economic developments. If any misadventure happened in Europe, the unrest and instability may cost a heavy price.
It is appealed to politicians and decision-makers to avoid any misadventure and avoid any instability in Europe as well as other parts of the world. Wars never benefit humankind, even, winning the war does not mean success absolutely. The cost is on the human lives, either side of the warring countries. The world has been emerged as a global village and may impact whole humanity if any part of the world is disturbed.
Pakistan was the victim of the four-decade-long Afghan war for four decades and suffered heavy losses in the form of precious human lives as well as economic losses. The bitter lesson learned was to stay away from wars. Pakistan has learned this bitter lesson after huge suffering. Hope, the rest of the world may learn from our experience and may avoid any big loss.
It is believed that there is nothing that cannot be resolved through peaceful diplomatic dialogue, as long as there is a strong will for peace. The UN may intervene and play its due role to protect human lives. Hope all concerns may initiate meaningful dialogue and save humanity from big loss. Humankind is the most precious thing in this universe and must be protected at all costs.
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Eastern Europe
Ukraine Lies About 2022 Russian Attack to Hide Dying Economy
Image source: Wikimedia Commons
Yesterday, Ukraine’s president Zelensky speaking to the Ukrainian Foreign Intelligence Service said “We have learned to contain external threats. It is time to launch an offensive to secure our national interests. We are united in wanting our territory returned immediately”.
Beginning the day after Joe Biden’s inauguration, Ukraine has been complaining of Russia’s troop buildup of over 90,000 men on its border. According to Ukraine’s Zelensky, Russia was prepared to attack at any moment.
In response to this, Ukraine mobilized over ½ its army or over 170,000 troops to the frontline with all the heavy weapons at its disposal accompanying them.
This force was a supposed counter to the Russian invasion army, which again, was just over the border.
In reality, the Russian army staged planned war games near the city of Yelnya, 160 miles (257 kilometers) from the Ukrainian border. You read that right, the Russian army was160 miles away from the Ukrainian border even though every major western publication made it sound like they were already in Kiev.
For the average modern army, that means over a day’s travel just to get to the Ukrainian border. Then another 4-5 hours travel on top of that to where the Ukrainian army is. So much for a surprise attack.
So what is it that Ukraine’s President Zelensky finds so threatening about Russia?
Ukraine’s President Zelensky told visiting US Senators in early June that the country’s military defense against Russia and the completion of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline are inextricably intertwined.
Once the project is completed, Ukraine will be deprived of the funds required to fund defense spending and defend Europe’s eastern border.
“Nord Stream 2 will cut Ukraine off from gas supplies, which will cost us at least USD 3 billion per year.”
Zelensky, always the joker, wants Russia to pay $3 billion per year so he personally can defend Europe from Russia who is paying him.
What a great story. He’s confusing screenwriting fantasy with diplomacy again.
“We won’t be able to pay for the Ukrainian army,” Zelensky observed.
In reality, Ukraine has about one month’s worth of diesel if Kiev ignores Ukraine’s responsibility to its own people to provide a safety net or at least access to necessities like bread or shelter in below-zero weather that’s on its way next month by heavily subsidizing gas and electric costs.
The only thing the government in Kiev is concerned about is losing the $3 billion in transit fees from the country they accuse of attacking them.
Zelensky’s government went as far as demanding fees from Germany and Russia when Nordstream II took over the transit game.
Zelensky’s Ukraine is shuffling Europe, NATO, and the US closer and closer to the line where one mistake in diplomacy, one stupid move by any of Ukraine’s infamous Neanderthal nationalist volunteers, and bang!
The next headline reads- Oops! Thousands dead in Ukraine as the war spreads to Europe.
Joe “Brandon” and club RINO are sleepwalking America right into this level of catastrophe by coddling his pet kleptocracy who’s already stolen billions of US dollars meant as aid.
And why? Why oh-why indeed.
Ukraine is using the supposed Russian attack to renegotiate its unsolvable gas situation.
It’s either this or tells Ukrainians; Oops! We screwed the pooch guys! You’re gonna freeze because we can’t afford gas.
Russia won’t invade because then Russia will be responsible for providing a total civil safety net including gas and electricity for Ukrainian people who otherwise can’t afford it.
Ukraine’s economy is dying. Russia doesn’t plan to foot the bill.
According to Oleg Popenko, the head of the Union of Consumers of Utilities (UCU), high gas costs will prevent most small and medium-sized firms from operating and will force them to close.
According to him, small business owners will be unable to “pull” the payment of 7,000 hryvnias (22,000 rubles) for heating.
As a result, we can anticipate a reduction in the activities of hairdressing salons, bakers, dry cleaners, dental offices, and so on.
They will either have to include the higher-priced communal unit in the pricing of their services, or they will have to close.
All types of businesses, from small dry cleaners to big agricultural holdings, use gas to some extent.
The only ones who benefit from the price increase are Ukrainian gas-producing businesses, which are now raising the price for their users’ dozens of times, resulting in massive profits.
In a recent interview, former President’s Office head Andriy Bogdan forecast a total economic collapse by February of next year.
“Here we still have December – this is the pre-New Year’s, joyous month, when everyone spends money, and somehow with hope:” We’ll pluck something out of the egg-box and live.”
However, this will not be the case in January and February.
“We will dismiss people, our industry will grow, our budget revenues will fall, and our economy will boom based on the price of gas and electricity,” Bogdan added.
“With a further rise in gas prices, the chemical industry and the production of fertilizers are at risk of dying altogether, predicts energy expert Valentin Zemlyansky.
“Industry will die. I am not kidding. The impact of energy prices on the business situation is an inertial process. The business will not close immediately, it will happen in stages. The beginning will be in March 2022, we will see the peak by May-June,”the expert says. Zemlyansky also emphasizes that this happens with a favorable market environment – mineral fertilizers are in demand, they are actively purchased by India, Pakistan, and China, but Ukrainian enterprises cannot afford their production. This was confirmed by the recent suspension of the specialized work of the Odessa Port Plant.
Thus, Ukrainian exporters are squeezed out of world markets. Many of Ukraine’s neighbors that produce similar products (for example, nitrogen fertilizers) receive gas at fixed low prices. In Turkey, for example, the government regulates gas prices for such businesses. It will also be difficult to sell the products that have risen in price on the domestic market due to the falling purchasing power.
Economic analyst Igor Deysan also warns that an increase in fertilizer prices will lead to the abandonment of sowing of many crops and an increase in the price of agricultural products, especially wheat in the 2022-2023 season.
“The cost of gas is largely carried over to the cost of wheat and other crops. If gas prices remain high for a long time, the rise in gas prices can make a significant contribution to the price of wheat,” the expert predicts.
Farmers still need to dry the harvested wheat crop, which also implies significant gas consumption. The next in the cycle of its processing are millers and bakers, who are also going bankrupt due to high gas prices.”
The breadbasket of Europe is empty. Ukraine hasn’t seen this scarcity since the 1932-33 famine they are constantly enshrining. The difference between then and now is this time the government is responsible for all of it.
Bakeries will close down because Ukraine oversold wheat to Turkey and its stocks are empty. Now, the breadbasket nation needs to purchase flour from Turkey.
Even if the grain was there, the gas needed to furnish the bakeries, cities, businesses, homes, hospitals, and government buildings with heat and electricity is not.
Deputy from the “Opposition Platform – For Life” Yuriy Boyko said on the air the other day that high gas prices are ruining bakeries. “I came to a bakery in the Kiev region. A modern enterprise. The bakery today pays for gas seven times more than a year ago. And for electricity twice. And energy carriers play a very significant role in the cost of bread, about 20%. That is, in reality, already today they are forced to either increase the cost of bread, or there will be no bread, ”the deputy said.
The short-term gas forecast for Ukraine looks bleak even though Ukraine has the second-largest proven gas reserves in Europe right behind Russia.
Former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, now the leader of the Batkivshchyna party, stated on the Nash TV station on December 22 that Ukraine could furnish itself with gas in three years, but only under particular conditions.
Earlier, the politician said that Ukraine should not wait to purchase Russian gas supplies until the end of the heating season, because there is nowhere else to get it.
According to Tymoshenko, “To enhance gas production in Ukraine, the president’s will is required first and foremost because this should become a strategic and critical program for the development of the state’s energy sector.”
Today, there is no such political will. “Licenses are dispersed on the right and left,” she explained.
Secondly, according to Tymoshenko, non-budget banking investment resources must be directed to Ukrgazvydobuvannya, which also needs to be licensed for all explored deposits. In this case, the ex-prime minister is sure that Ukraine will provide its own gas in 3 years.
Gas firms promise to reinvest revenues in increased production and modernization, but in the meantime, all other industries and small businesses can relocate across the world.
The Association of Gas Production Companies (AGKU) vehemently rejected proposals to impose state regulation of Ukrainian gas pricing in October, citing the fact that it would “inflict a blow on Ukraine’s image in the world arena and severely harm the European Union.” integration processes”.
Only those Ukrainian oligarchs’ enterprises like those of Rinat Akhmetov, Igor Kolomoisky, and Viktor Pinchuk, who control gas production companies and can send natural gas to their enterprises are affected in this situation.
If Ukraine could produce enough gas tomorrow, its citizens can’t afford high-priced Ukrainian gas and hydrocarbon products. The reserves are 5000 ft. below the surface and the costs of drilling and extraction are quite high.
The only way Biden’s Ukraine can become energy independent is if fuel prices perpetually soar from now on. Ukraine will be able to pay financial obligations like World Bank loans and investors like Hunter Biden.
According to Yuriy Vitrenko, the newly appointed CEO of Ukraine’s energy behemoth Naftogaz, Nord Stream 2 will give Gazprom a dominant position in Europe, giving it significant leverage over Germany and other EU countries.
The only option to avert this scenario is for Ukraine to gain access to gas from other gas-producing countries like Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, or Azerbaijan, which would gladly use Ukraine’s transit system to sell gas to Europe.
“Germany should ensure that Gazprom cannot obstruct us,” Vitrenko argues.
“They must do so before Nord Stream 2 is completed, while Germany retains the essential leverage.”
The Germans must impose a moratorium until this type of competitive solution is implemented.”
If Russia refuses to cooperate, it will show that Nord Stream 2 is simply a geopolitical weapon aimed at harming Ukraine and monopolizing Europe’s energy markets, according to Vitrenko.”We have a transit system in Ukraine.” Let us compete to bring other gas providers into Europe,” we argue.
Vitrenko believes that once Nord Stream 2 is completed and the present five-year contract expires in 2025, Russian gas will no longer flow via Ukraine.
Arsen Avakov, Ukraine’s Interior Minister, has claimed that Russia may not even complete the current contract.
He warned that Moscow may disrupt Ukraine’s pipeline network to hinder gas transit across the nation and boost the argument for Nord Stream 2.
What’s interesting about this is it brings us right back to a graft-investor scenario reminiscent of Biden-Burisma. The companies feed profits to investors instead of reinvestment into equipment and permitting.
Secondly, Vitrenko wants the most expensive gas in Europe to materialize in his Ukrainian pipe. Caspian Sea gas, like Ukrainian fracked gas, is extremely costly to produce. The average Ukrainian won’t be able to afford it even if it was a possibility.
It’s only now that we get to the part that will make Americans and Europeans equally appalled.
Biden is using gas and oil cost spikes due to his mandated production cuts and the attempt to shutter Nordstream II to support Ukraine.
The more hydrocarbon product costs spike, the less dependent the EU and Ukraine are on Russian gas. This means fewer Russian gas transits to the EU.
As a consequence, Ukraine can profitably frack hydrocarbons and pay oligarchs, political grafts, and international loans. The gas is too expensive for Ukrainian people but investors like Hunter Biden or Amos Hochstein make out like bandits.
The more profitable the expensive EU oil and gas production rigs become, the more diverse gas purchases are and short-term energy diversification and security is achieved through extremely high price energy products.
If energy costs are through the roof, Joe “Brandon” has a clear runway to dismantle the US economy and Democrats will do what Democrats are doing.
Why should this infuriate you? What’s the difference between $1.80 per gallon and $4.00 per gallon gasoline in the US when it’s coming out of your pocket? The difference is Ukraine’s ability to pay its bills. The difference is Ukrainian politicians dealing with their own problems like grownups. The difference is Ukraine starts acting like a partner and less like a petulant child throwing temper tantrums.
How do higher fuel costs transfer to high retail off-the-shelf product costs?
Do high energy costs contribute to runaway inflation?
Now you know.
It is a hard enough choice to bear the cost in lives when a war is worth fighting and can’t be avoided. Ukraine’s Zelensky doesn’t want Donbass back in the fold. Just a few weeks ago, Zelensky described the citizens he claims to want back as “subhuman.”
The Ukrainians, as of January 2022, are not good partners or friends to America. They are unworthy of American support. Do we want to give them the opportunity to send American kids to war so their oligarchs and our politicians can steal more?
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We now ask about the magnetic field produced by the currents in this situation. Suppose we draw some loop $\Gamma$ on a sphere of radius $r,$ as shown in Fig. 18–1. There is some current through this loop, so we might expect to find a magnetic field circulating in the direction shown.
enter image description here
But we are already in difficulty. How can the $\boldsymbol B$ have any particular direction on the sphere? A different choice of $\Gamma$ would allow us to conclude that its direction is exactly opposite to that shown. So how can there be any circulation of $\boldsymbol B$ around the currents?
This is an excerpt from Feynman's Lectures on Physics; here he explains how there exists no magnetic field for a spherically symmetric current & that he proves later using Maxwell's third equation including the term $\frac{\partial \boldsymbol E}{\partial t}$.
But I've not understood his reasoning; how by changing $\Gamma$, the direction of the magnetic field be different? I'm failing to visualise it.
So, could anyone please help me explain how by changing the loop, the direction of the magnetic field be reversed?
• $\begingroup$ Imagine a second loop right next to the first. Where does the magnetic field point where the two meet? It points in the exact opposite direction of the field in the first. It seems to me that is what is meant. Maybe somebody can draw a diagram in an answer. $\endgroup$
– CuriousOne
Dec 25 '15 at 7:13
• $\begingroup$ @CuriousOne: Firstly, MERRY CHRISTMAS!! I've been missing your comments during your leave:) .... I think you are right because at the intersection point with a different sense of positive circulation, direction of magnetic field is reversed. Let me see others' view if there are any. $\endgroup$
– user36790
Dec 25 '15 at 7:21
• 1
$\begingroup$ Merry Christmas to you, too. Yes, I would like to hear another answer, too. Displacement currents are interesting beasts, for sure, although, it wouldn't have to be a displacement current, the problem is the same in a conducting spherical shell. $\endgroup$
– CuriousOne
Dec 25 '15 at 7:33
Let's assume (since you didn't say) that the charge in the middle is decreasing (getting more negative if negative, getting negative if zero, and decreasing if positive) and that the current density is radial outwards.
If you choose one orientation for the loop then the circulation of the magnetic field around that loop is proportional to the total current (electric and displacement) through the smaller enclosed surface, the one that looks like a small hat.
If you choose the opposite orientation for the loop then the circulation of the magnetic field around that loop is proportional to the total current (electric and displacement) through the larger enclosed surface the one that looks like all the other points on the surface except the small hat.
If the current is spherically symmetric and the electric field is spherically symmetric then it ($\vec J+\epsilon_0\partial \vec E/\partial t$) either has a positive outwards flux, a negative outwards flux, or a zero outwards flux.
If positive then when you take the flux of the small cap you get a positive flux and so a positive circulation. But same when you take the flux of the larger surface, the surface that is the whole sphere except the cap, so the circulation of the magnetic field in the opposite orientation also gives you a positive line integral. That's a contradiction because they should be negatives of each other.
The same happens if the flux is negative.
If the flux is zero, there isn't a problem. But this does not show that the magnetic field is zero. It shows that the displacement current and the electric current give a zero net flux.
You could place your spherical setup inside a huge solenoid and the magnetic field would not be zero. And anyway, these arguments about line integrals on a spherical surface tell you absolutely nothing about the radial component of the magnetic field.
This problem first comes up in the Feynman Lectures as an exercise for Chapter 3 (problem 39.3 in the blue edition). At that point Feynman is interested in getting a basic feel for the Maxwell equations and showing their consistency. From that point of view, the argument that the $\dot{\mathbf{E}}$ term cancels the $\mathbf{j}$ term in the curl $\mathbf{B}$ equation is interesting.
But Feynman failed to be clear about the reason why $\mathbf{B}=0$. The setup has rotational symmetry about $O$ the centre of the sphere. So $\mathbf{B}$ must be radial. [Take any point $P$ outside the sphere. Rotating about the axis $OP$ must leave $\mathbf{B}$ unchanged, so it must be radial.]
Now use the integral version of the grad $\mathbf{B}$ equation - integrating over the surface of the sphere radius $OP$ - to show that $\mathbf{B}=0$ (no magnetic monopoles).
[Incidentally, grad $\mathbf{B}$= curl $\mathbf{B}=0$ alone is not enough to prove that $\mathbf{B}=0$. ]
Your Answer
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The Voyager probes have a scan platform, which allowed them to point their cameras independently of the orientation of the spacecraft. New Horizons doesn't have a scan platform, so the entire spacecraft must be rotated to point the cameras in the right direction. As a result, the mission planners had to choose between observations and downlinking data at several points during the Pluto flyby.
Why wasn't a scan platform included in New Horizons?
PS: The reason I've asked this question: a couple of recent questions here are about Pluto encounter planning. The answers usually refer to NH's lack of a scan platform, but we haven't tackled the underlying reason yet.
• 1
$\begingroup$ Whatever the reasons, I see no problem halting transmissions for some hours during observations knowing it will take many months to download that data. $\endgroup$
– Juancho
Jul 15 '15 at 12:13
Mass, reliability and power. Adding the ability to rotate a device adds to the mass and power requirements of the system. It also gives more points that could go wrong. New Horizons is one of the spacecraft that has taken the longest to reach its intended target. Moving parts would have made it more complex.
Remember, the New Horizons only weights 478 kg. To add more mass would be very difficult. Hard drive space is much cheaper and better now than it was when Voyager was made. With Voyager, it was more important to send data quickly than it is with New Horizons. Voyager was also doing quite a bit longer encounter than New Horizons, due to the larger systems it visited. As a result, it was easier to store it, allowing for more science to be accomplished.
• 1
$\begingroup$ Hard drives also have delicate moving parts. Storing the data on hard drives seems like it would add a significant risk to the mission. $\endgroup$
– kasperd
Jul 15 '15 at 14:21
• 7
$\begingroup$ New Horizons is using solid state memory. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… and Voyager has digital tape storage en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1#Communication_system $\endgroup$
– duzzy
Jul 15 '15 at 14:34
• 1
$\begingroup$ New Horizons is the spacecraft that has taken the longest in history to reach it's intended target - Rosetta took more than 10 years to reach 67P. +1 still $\endgroup$ Jul 15 '15 at 15:06
• 1
$\begingroup$ Forgot Rosetta, but at least it had several flybys on the way... $\endgroup$
– PearsonArtPhoto
Jul 15 '15 at 15:19
• 1
$\begingroup$ Also note that electronics sent into space must be hardened against radiation; off-the-shelf stuff is often susceptible. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hardening $\endgroup$
– user151841
Jul 15 '15 at 16:39
(beginnings of a long answer)
There were several reasons for that decision:
1. Cost. According to Alan Stern, New Horizons' Principal Investigator:
Voyager also had a scan platform that allowed its remote sensing instruments to be trained on their targets even while the spacecraft was transmitting data to Earth- a high-cost technology that the New Horizons team chose to forego.
2. Reliability. The Voyagers used a scan platform. It's difficult to make sure mechanical components continue to work reliably in space. Lubricants evaporate in the vacuum, temperature swings, cold welding.
shortly after concluding operations at Saturn, Voyager 2’s science scan platform seized, and its gear and shaft were damaged because of the apparent migration of lubricant away from the gear-shaft interface due to overuse in a short amount of time.
Chris Hersman, Mission systems engineer for NH:
"We chose to avoid mechanisms, because mechanisms have a tendency to fail" (source: 'Mission Pluto', National Geographic Channel)
Secondary source for reliability as a driver for this design:
New Horizons’ elimination of excess mechanisms was implemented to save weight, shorten the schedule, and improve reliability to achieve a lifetime of at least 15 years.
The Voyager incident also provided proof that operation without a scan platform was possible:
Between Voyager 2’s encounter with Saturn in 1981 and Uranus in 1986, controllers developed a technique called “image motion compensation.” This involved moving the scan platform at slow rates, which was found to be possible despite the damage, in conjunction with thruster firings to rotate the entire spacecraft at a rate that would allow a target to be tracked long enough for imaging.
Your Answer
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Practical Standalone Tuning: Input Setup and Testing
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Input Setup and Testing
00:00 - To do its job properly the ECU relies on signals from a range of inputs to tell it what the engine's doing.
00:06 These inputs may include air flow into the engine, throttle position, manifold pressure, and air temperature, just to name a few.
00:14 We may also have some digital inputs configured for controls such as air conditioning, power steering, or driver controlled switches.
00:22 What we want to do is individually test each input to make sure that it's functioning correctly, and the ECU is receiving the correct information.
00:30 We're going to go through this process now and check each input.
00:35 Let's start with the throttle position sensor.
00:37 We can go to the throttle pedal set up sheet and we can see that the throttle pedal sensor resource is allocated to analogue voltage input 4.
00:46 If we go to the throttle pedal main offset and press Q with our foot off the throttle, it will enter the closed throttle voltage.
00:54 We can now go to the throttle pedal main scale function and press Q while holding full throttle.
01:00 This will set the throttle span.
01:02 Once we've done this, we want to check that the throttle position is moving smoothly as we move the throttle pedal.
01:09 While there are a number of ways of calculating engine load, the speed density principle is still the most common in aftermarket ECU's and this requires a manifold pressure sensor, or a MAP sensor for short.
01:21 We can enter manifold pressure sensor in the all calibrate menu and this will bring up all the parameters and settings related to the MAP sensor.
01:29 If we scroll down to the voltage resource setting, this defines which input pin the MAP signal is connected to.
01:35 In this case, it's analogue voltage input 2.
01:39 Next we can move up to the sensor calibration and we have a table of MAP voltage versus pressure.
01:46 If we press the A key, we can adjust the axis, if required.
01:50 Most ECU's will allow you to select predefined calibrations for most popular sensors.
01:56 Once the sensor is calibrated, we want to make sure the reading is sensible.
02:01 With the ECU powered up and the engine not running, we would expect to see a MAP reading of around 100 kPa, plus or minus about 5 kPa.
02:12 Next, we're going to look at setting up an analog temperature sensor.
02:16 Normally an intake air temperature sensor and engine coolant temp sensor will be fitted to your engine.
02:22 For our example, we're going to look at setting up the engine coolant temp sensor.
02:27 We can enter engine temperature in the all calibrate menu and this will bring up all of the parameters and settings related to the coolant temp sensor.
02:36 If we look at the sensor voltage resource, we can see that the engine temp sensor is connected to the analogue temperature 2 input.
02:45 If we move up to the sensor calibration, we have a table of voltage versus engine temperature.
02:51 In our example, this is calibrated to suit the factory FA20 temp sensor.
02:56 Again, most ECU's will provide predefined calibrations for most common sensors.
03:02 As usual, after configuring the sensor, it's time to check that the reading you are seeing is actually reasonable.
03:09 The coolant temp and air temp on an engine that hasn't been running should measure approximately the same as your ambient temperature.
03:17 If there's a difference of more than a couple of degrees, it's time to check your calibration.
03:23 With a complicated ECU installation, you may also have a range of digital or switched inputs to perform certain functions.
03:30 These inputs are quite simple and are generally either switched to ground or high voltage when active.
03:37 The important point here is to make sure that you have configured the polarity of these inputs correctly in the ECU and to test they're becoming active when you expect them to be.
03:47 For an example, we're going to look at the air con request on the M150.
03:52 This is actually generated via CAN, but the principle is still the same.
03:57 If we go back to the all calibrate menu and enter air conditioning, we get all of the relevant parameters.
04:04 The air con request resource is where we define where the request comes from.
04:09 Currently this is set to not in use, since the request is via CAN.
04:14 If I click on it, though, we have the option to select the digital input.
04:18 Next we need to select the active edge the output will trigger on.
04:22 This defines if the output will be active when the input signal goes from a high voltage to low, or vice versa.
04:29 Lastly, we have the air con request pull up control.
04:33 This turns the pull up resistor for the selected channel on or off.
04:38 This is used on signals that switch to ground, to allow the ECU to differentiate between the input being high or low.
04:45 Lastly, we can run the engine and test the air con request as we switch the air con on and off.
04:51 We would repeat the same basic procedure for each different input. |
Now Is The Time For You To Know The Fact About Game.
A game is a kind of home entertainment in which individuals take on each other. It has an agreed-upon objective, rules and also constraints and also typically requires a little bit of luck. Along with home entertainment, video games can also be utilized to show new skills or express one’s status. The regulations of a game are frequently understandable, and also gamers can discover the regulations and also their importance by playing them. Nevertheless, some video games are much more intricate and also demand more skill and also perseverance than others.
A game has a specified goal as well as policies. It can be played alone or with others. It may have several goals, such as winning a race or accomplishing an objective before the challenger. It might additionally include role-playing or cooperation. The term “video game” is derived from the French word gamanan, which suggests “game.” It belongs to gammon and also the Chinese video game go. A game can be a physical experience between 2 individuals or an event. game creation
A video game is an activity that is carried out with rules and also in some cases includes a group of individuals. The things of the video game might be to defeat or get to an objective initially. It might likewise be a participating task that needs participation. Words game is stemmed from the Greek word gamana, which means “to play.” Words ‘game’ was first used in 1938, in a history book by Johan Huizinga. It originates from the word gammon, which means “game,” as well as was first utilized by the ancient Greeks.
Words “video game” is a term that describes a series of activities in which a team of players connect with each other. It is generally a board game, in which players relocate items around a level surface. Some of these games are affordable and also include teams, while others might be simply social and also have no clear function. A variety of games include unions or an objective to achieve. The interpretation of a video game is not universal.
The meaning of a game differs greatly relying on the kind of video game. In its most fundamental form, a game entails a number of players. The goal of these video games can be different, but they all have a common objective: to defeat the other player or to get to an objective first. Some video games, such as football and parlor game, can be categorized as multi-player tasks. Various types of video gaming are popular today, as well as the term video game is made use of in many different types.
In its a lot of fundamental feeling, a video game is a pursuit with rules. It can be a competition or a role-playing task. The purpose of a game is to accomplish a particular objective or to win the video game. This can be carried out in several ways, including role-playing or teamwork. The word “game” is derived from the Latin word gamanan, suggesting “game”. The meaning of a video game can vary too.
A game can be any kind of activity with regulations and also purposes. It can be played alone or with other individuals. A video game can be a sports competition, role-playing task, or an occasion. It can be an event where one person is completing against the other. In addition to a sport, a video game can be a competitors. In an affordable situation, the victor wins a reward. This is a typical aspect of the video game, and also it’s a way to demonstrate that individuals are capable of accepting each other.
A video game can be an easy activity that entails the activity of items on a level surface area. The things of the game is various depending on the type, yet most of the times, the objective is the same: to win the video game, or to get to completion first. In many cases, the video game is a role-playing activity, or a cooperative activity. A game is a competitive task in which people involve with each other in a way that advantages them.
A game is a competitive task that includes a collection of regulations. It can be played alone or with others and is carried out with the goal of defeating the various other player or getting to a goal initially. A game might be a role-playing activity, a cooperative activity, or a role-playing situation. Several of the most famous video games are based on rules and also method, or can be an outcome of the outcome of a competition.
A Video game is a quest that has policies and also objectives, and is normally carried out with other people. Its purpose is to beat various other gamers or to get to a goal initially. Some video games are role-playing, while others are participating. Words game originates from the Latin word gamanan, implying “video game” or “gamelish.” Gammon is an associated term. In modern usage, the word game describes a contest in between two or more people. It may be a total experience, or a single competition.
There are several type of video games. Electronic games are one example. They entail relocating items on a level surface area. While there is no global definition of a game, the majority of games have some type of item. In race-type video games, the item is to get to the end initially. Football has a comparable objective – to rack up more goals. The definition of a video game has been disputed for a long time, however one of the most crucial difference is between a video game and a masterpiece.
In 1938, Johan Huizinga released his book, Video game: An Inquiry into the Beginning of Human Habits, which recognized games as one of the most primitive human tasks. The initial known video game items are made from bone, and the earliest ones are called dice. These items have photos cut into them and also go back 5,000 years. In Turkey, the Senet video game was developed. As the initial taped game, it advanced right into a facility activity, and also came to be a religion.
A game is a collection of regulations as well as components that make it much more enjoyable for players. A common video game will have an objective, a collection of rules, and a typical objective. The guidelines of a game will certainly range video games, and also a video game can be specified by its aspects as well as the objectives of the video game. A game is a form of home entertainment, whereas a truth can be completely various. It can be as basic as a video game, or as facility as a board game. consultor SEO Sanderson Moreira
Some video games are much more complicated than others. For example, a game might have an extremely different purpose in various countries. A video game may be made use of as an instructional device or as an enjoyment source. However, it is not considered an art. It is merely a set of regulations that make a game. Thus, a video game can be called the result of a collection of actions, or a result of a series of events.
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The newest medical research found that these 7 foods that we are presenting today are extremely beneficial in the case of cancer, as they inhibit cancer growth.
What’s more, they have been shown to be even more powerful than chemo. The best thing about it all is that these seven foods are actually some of our favorite!
These are the following:
Curry, Green tea, Black chocolate, Raspberries, Blueberries, Tomatoes, and Red wine.
The normal process of formation of blood vessels is called angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is more active during some periods in life, for instance, in newborns.
On the other hand, it is reduced later in life, except for some particular cases, as the restoration of tissues and capillaries in wounds. Usually, activators and inhibitor molecules are responsible for the regulation of this process.
Inhibitors are generally more important, but activators of angiogenesis improve the growth of vascular cells for the formation of new blood vessels.
When they are completely developed, cancer cells normally release the angiogenesis activators due to the need of more blood vessels for nutrient supply.
Recently, modern medicine created drugs named Inhibitors of Angiogenesis. They differ from the chemotherapy, as they don’t fight tumor cells, but prevent the development of blood vessels to the tumor.
The 7 foods we present today contain strong anti-angiogenesis properties, and they hinder the supply of the blood to the cancer cells.
Hence, scientists advise the consumption of them in order to regulate angiogenesis. In this way, you will successfully inhibit the development and spread of the malignant cells.
Red wine
Apart from its numerous health benefits, turmeric is amazing in melting fat.
Blueberries and raspberries
These fruits are incredibly effective in preventing different types of cancer. Moreover, they stop angiogenesis and reduce oxidative stress.
Dark chocolate
The fight against cancer does not mean that you should completely avoid sweets. Namely, dark chocolate is extremely healthy, it promotes heart health, enhances your mood, and combats malignant cells.
Coffee and green tea
Coffee and green tea are extremely beneficial, and may also help in the struggle against different kinds of cancer. |
If you are aware of how copyright works, then you would probably know that copyrights have a broader spectrum than any other IP Right. Anything you draw, think of or picture it in your mind, if you can deduce it into a tangible medium, then yes, you won it. But can you actually claim ownership over the entire part of the work or just a few elements? This is something you will know at the end of this article.
Now when you write an article, as an author of the article, you own the copyright of the work, and anyone using your work without permission or giving due credits to you will constitute the act of plagiarism. Similarly, your drawings, videos, sound recording, etc., cannot be used without your permission. There are certain exceptions to copyright subject matter, and we will be dealing with those exceptions in this Article.
Title or Names:
There exists no copyright in the title or name of the work, as there involves no originality, creativity, or a reasonable amount of hard work in the title or name formation. In the case of E.M.Foster v. A.N. Parasuram, the court took a clear stand that “there is no copyright in the title of the work”.
The principle was made clear by the explanation given in the case of R.Radhakrishnan vs. A.N. Murugadoss, where the Court explained that title does not involve literary composition and is not sufficiently substantial to justify claiming protection.
Well-established and backed up by numerous case laws and judgements, it is a settled principle that there can be no protection given to ideas that are not presented or reduced in a tangible medium.
Slogans or sequences:
Slogans and sequences are a mere combination of letters, numbers, and algorithms. There is no required amount of creativity or originality in them and hence lacks protection under the Copyright Act, 1957.
Commonly known information:
Commonly known information is information that which are common to the public or has been in usage for a very long time now. There are basically common properties, and no one can claim ownership over the public property. That is why many ISO pictures, when uploaded on the website, cannot be subject to copyright.
Choreographic works:
Unless and until one doesn’t transcript their work into a tangible form, any sort of choreographic work cannot be a subject matter of copyright.
Methods or systems:
The collection of emails of the visitors in the website portal cannot be considered as a copyrightable subject matter. Similarly, a technical database derived from the rules, or dictated by technical considerations, cannot be considered as a creative matter to get protection under the Act. This was explained in the cases of Infopaq International A/s v. Danske Dagbladesh Forening and Tech plus Media v. Jyoti Janda.
Judgements passed in the court cannot be a copyrightable subject matter. Therefore, any person can reproduce or publish themselves, without worrying about infringement unless such infringement is prohibited by the judicial authority. This was held by the Court in the case of Eastern Book Company and Ors vs. D.B.Modak.
Further, the provisions under Section 52(1) – the doctrine of fair dealing provides an exception to use any work for education or research purpose.
Therefore, any work that is not original, in a tangible format, distinguished, and in the public domain not exhibiting a reasonable amount of
1. Creativity
2. Hard work
3. Skill and labor cannot be considered to be the copyrightable subject matter.
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History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology
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According to this school of thought, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner regardless of internal mental states. According to this perspective, only observable behavior should be considered—cognitions, emotions, and moods are far too subjective.
Illustration with people and behavioral psychology topics
Verywell / Jiaqi Zhou
A Brief History of Behaviorism
Behaviorism was formally established with the 1913 publication of John B. Watson's classic paper, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It." It is best summed up by the following quote from Watson, who is often considered the "father" of behaviorism:
Simply put, strict behaviorists believe that all behaviors are the result of experience. Any person, regardless of his or her background, can be trained to act in a particular manner given the right conditioning.
At this time, researchers were interested in creating theories that could be clearly described and empirically measured but also used to make contributions that might have an influence on the fabric of everyday human lives.
Key Concepts
There are several principles that distinguish behavioral psychology from other psychological approaches.
Two Types of Conditioning
According to behavioral psychology, there are two major types of conditioning, classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
Throughout the course of three distinct phases, the associated stimulus becomes known as the conditioned stimulus and the learned behavior is known as the conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
Learning Through Association
In physiologist Ivan Pavlov's classic experiments, dogs associated the presentation of food (something that naturally and automatically triggers a salivation response) with the sound of a bell, at first, and then the sight of a lab assistant's white coat. Eventually, the lab coat alone elicited a salivation response from the dogs.
Conditioning Can Be Influenced
Consequences Affect Learning
Behaviorist B.F. Skinner described operant conditioning as the process in which learning can occur through reinforcement and punishment. More specifically, by forming an association between a certain behavior and the consequences of that behavior, you learn.
Timing Plays a Role
Reinforcement schedules are important in operant conditioning. This process seems fairly straight forward—simply observe a behavior and then offer a reward or punishment.
Strengths and Weaknesses
• Focuses on observable, measurable behaviors
• Scientific and replicable
• Useful for modifying behaviors in the real-world
• Useful applications in therapy, education, parenting, child care
• Does not account for biological influences
• Does not consider moods, thoughts, or feelings
• Does not explain all learning
One of the greatest strengths of behavioral psychology is the ability to clearly observe and measure behaviors. Behaviorism is based on observable behaviors, so it is sometimes easier to quantify and collect data when conducting research.
Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to understanding human behavior. Critics of behaviorism suggest that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, and feelings.
Freud, for example, felt that behaviorism failed by not accounting for the unconscious mind's thoughts, feelings, and desires that influence people's actions. Other thinkers, such as Carl Rogers and the other humanistic psychologists, believed that behaviorism was too rigid and limited, failing to take into consideration personal agency.
Influencers and Impact
A Word From Verywell
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12 Sources
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Additional Reading |
The Malt
Barley is the world's oldest grain, proven by discoveries in ancient cities located in the Mideast and North Africa. It has been cultivated for about 8,000 years, and today is the world's fourth largest cereal crop.
Barley as a food is most commonly identified as pearl barley, traditionally used in soups. Pearl barley has many other food uses, such as casseroles, pilafs or salads. Barley flour and milling fractions such as bran, middlings, shorts and "red dog" can also be used for baked products and breakfast cereals.
There are many genotypes of barley that exhibit a wide range of physiological and morphological characteristics that somewhat determine the end use. A major factor affecting total dietary fiber in barley is the nude gene (nn) which controls the adherence or non-adherence of the hull to the kernel. This separates all barleys into one of the following types:
1. Covered, or having a hull that adheres tightly to the kernel;
2. Hull-less, sometimes called "nude," because the hull falls off the kernel, as with wheat, during harvesting.
If the yield increases due to the presence of the hull and demand for this type in malting, most common barleys are of the covered type. However, there is growing interest in the hull-less type, which is very adaptable for human food products causing the entire grain to be used without pearling.
Barley Malt
Barley malt is an important ingredient for beer production. It is also used in extracts and syrups for adding flavor, color or sweetness to commercially prepared foods such as cereals, baked goods, confections and beverages.
Barley malt is made by soaking and drying barley kernels. The kernels are then allowed to germinate or sprout in a controlled environment.
The malting process converts raw grain into malt. The malt is mainly used for brewing or whiskey making, but can also be used to make malt vinegar or malt extract. Various grains are malted, the most common grains used are barley, sorghum, wheat and rye.
There are a number of different types of equipment that can be used to produce the malt. A traditional floor malting germinates the grains in a thin layer on a solid floor, and the grain is manually raked and turned to keep the grains loose and aerated. In a modern malt house the process is more automated, and the grain is germinated on a floor that is slotted to allow air to be forced through the grain bed. Large mechanical turners keep the much thicker bed loose with higher productivity and better energy efficiency.
A traditional floor maltings at Highland Park Distillery in Scotland.
A traditional floor maltings.
At Highland Park Distillery in Scotland. By Lakeworther - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, |
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